Alabama Turf Times - Fall 2016

Fall 2016

The

Deep South Turf Expo Is Headed Back to Biloxi, October 11–13, 2016!

Watch Out for

Tawny Crazy Ants!

Improving Dallisgrass Control with Well-Timed

Herbicide Applications

Fall 2016

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Top Features ATA Member Spotlight — 9 Paul Patterson,

ATA’s Incoming President

Upcoming Event — 10 The Deep South Turf Expo

Is Headed Back to Biloxi, October 11-13, 2016!

Pest in the Spotlight — 16 Watch Out for Tawny Crazy Ants!

Turf Talk — 20 Improving Dallisgrass

Control with Well-Timed Herbicide Applications

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Landscape Notes — 25 What Grows There?

A Handy Guide for Identifying Nuisance Fungi that Commonly Occur on Bark Mulches and Media

Save These Dates — 29 2017 ATA Events Departments

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6 6 28 29 30

From the President’s Pen ATA Annual Sponsors News from ATA — 2016 Slate of ATA Officers/Directors Calendar of Events Advertiser Index

The Alabama Turfgrass Association serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, Alabama Turf Times, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or their identification as Alabama Turfgrass Association members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this quarterly publication. Copyright ©2016 by the Alabama Turfgrass Association. Alabama Turf Times is published quarterly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of the Alabama Turfgrass Association. Third-class postage is paid at Nashville, TN. Printed in the U.S.A. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertion please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Franklin, TN 37064, (615) 790-3718, www.LeadingEdgeCommunications.com

www.AlTurfgrass.org 4

Front-cover photograph courtesy of Mississippi Gulf Coast Regional Convention & Visitors Bureau

From the President’s Pen >>>

ATA’s Bright

Jason Cooper

2016 ATA Annual Sponsors Gold • • • • • •

ayer Environmental Science B Beard Equipment Company Greenville Turf & Tractor Harrell’s, Inc. Jacobsen Jerry Pate Turf & Irrigation

Silver • • • • •

BWI Companies Ewing Residex SiteOne Landscape Supply Syngenta

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Bronze • • • • • • • • •

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Agri-AFC, LLC Agromax Aquatrols BASF Dow AgroSciences Humphries Turf Supply PBI-Gordon Southern States Turf Sur-Line Turf

Future As

summer comes to a close, the ATA will head to the coast again for the second annual Deep South Turf Expo in Biloxi, Mississippi. We hope to build on last year’s success with four days of education, networking and the industry tradeshow. I hope you can join us for the Annual Business Meeting on Tuesday, October 11.

The Annual Business Meeting is a great way for our members to review the past year’s accomplishments, as well as see where we are headed in 2017. In addition to our annual reports, we will vote on our 2017 slate of officers and unveil the new ATA logo. The best way to keep the pulse of the ATA is to attend our Annual Business Meeting.

As we prepare for 2017, I would be remiss if I did not thank the 2016 ATA board members for their dedication to the ATA and the turf industry.

It has been a pleasure and an honor to serve with these men and to serve you, our members and sponsors.

Thank you, again, for your membership and participation in the ATA. Please know that the ATA board, staff and members are here to assist you in any way we can. If you have any questions, please contact our office.

Have a great end to 2016!

Jason Cooper 2016 ATA President Sweetspire Gardens

Alabama Turf Times is the official publication of the: Alabama Turfgrass Association P.O. Box 70 Auburn, Alabama 36831 Tel: (334) 821-3000 Fax: (334) 821-3800 Email: mailbox@alaturfgrass.org www.alturfgrass.org Published by: Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, Tennessee 37064 Tel: (615) 790-3718 Fax: (615) 794-4524 Email: info@leadingedge communications.com Executive Director Tricia Roberts Alabama Turf Times Editor James Horton Birmingham Botanical Gardens

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President Jason Cooper Sweetspire Gardens

Vice President Paul Patterson

Univ. of Alabama Huntsville

Treasurer Tres’ Wilkinson South Dallas Turf

Past President Jeremy Sutton

Montgomery Country Club

BOARD OF DIRECTORS At–Large Kim Byram University of Alabama

David Isbell

Twelve Oaks Landscaping

Mickey Pitts

Beard Equipment Co.

Golf Jeremy Sutton

Montgomery Country Club

Industry Buddy Williams BWI Companies

Institution Joshua Slaven Troy University

Lawn Care Andrew Bice

Blackjack Horticulture

Parks & Recreation Deven Peek City of Prattville

Salzmann Farms

EX OFFICIO/ EDUCATION ADVISORS Dave Han, Ph.D. Auburn University

Jim Jacobi, Ph.D.

Alabama Coop. Extension System 7

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Sod Paul Salzmann

<<< ATA member spotlight

ATA Member Spotlight on

Paul

Patterson,

Upcoming ATA President

By Tricia Roberts, ATA Executive Director

P

We are proud to have Paul as our incoming president for the Alabama Turfgrass Association. He has dedicated numerous years of service to this organization, and we are honored for his willingness to serve in this capacity. Thank you, Paul. You are a true asset to our organization, and we look forward to seeing your leadership this coming year. v

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aul Patterson has served on the ATA board of directors for two terms, first back in 2008 to 2010 and most recently from 2013 until present. Paul is currently our vice president and will assume the role of president after the elections at our Annual Business Meeting on October 11. Paul is the Landscape, Horticulture and Athletic Turf Supervisor for the University of Alabama in Huntsville (and he jokes that he has the longest title of all the employees on campus).

Paul grew up in the small town of Geraldine, Alabama. His family was in the poultry business, and he always tells people he was not raised in a barn but in a chicken house! He earned his bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree in anthropology from the University of Alabama and then worked there in the archaeology research office.

He was introduced to the turfgrass industry when he went to work as a lawn care crew foreman for a landscape company in Huntsville, Alabama. Jokingly he says, all of his jobs have involved dirt and grass in someway or another.

Paul now lives in Gurley, Alabama, with his wife of 22 years, Ginger, and their 17-year-old son, Jordan. Jordan is no stranger to ATA either; he has been attending ATA field days for several years now. Paulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s family enjoys vacationing on Jekyll Island, Georgia, and Paul stays busy teaching a senior adult Sunday school class at Gurley United Methodist Church. His photography talents have benefited ATA over the years, too.

Upcoming Event >>>

Deep South

Turf Expo Headed Back to Biolxi October 11–13, 2016!

By Tricia Roberts, ATA Executive Director

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The

second annual Deep South Turf Expo is right around the corner, and we are excited about our pre-conference numbers of attendees and exhibitors. We have an amazing conference planned for all our attendees, and we’re sure you will be eager to participate in this exciting program on the Gulf Coast in Biloxi, MS. Highlights of this year’s conference include our “fun day” on Tuesday, October 11, with the golf tournament at the Preserve Golf Course, a Skeet and Trap Tournament at the Gulf Coast Rifle and Pistol Club and a tour of the sports fields in the Biloxi/Gulfport area.

The day will end with the Home Run Derby & Dinner at the MGM Park

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directly across from the host hotel, The Beau Rivage. Attendees will be treated to dinner as well as a softball tournament and home run derby. If you’re interested in participating in either the softball tournament or the home run derby, please contact the DSTE office at 334-821-3000.

On Wednesday, October 12, all the activities will be held at the Mississippi Coast Convention Center. There, we will have keynote speakers and breakout sessions that morning, followed by a lunch for all attendees and exhibitors.

Then, the entire afternoon is dedicated to visiting our numerous exhibitors. We even have a fun 36-hole golf challenge to encourage you to see all the exhibitors, plus your participation in the

36-hole golf challenge will secure you drinks at the reception at the close of the trade show. This evening is left open for you to enjoy the local restaurants and casinos.

The conference will wrap up on Thursday, October 13, with educational sessions geared toward every industry segment, including golf, sports, lawn care, landscape and sod production.

There is something for everyone, and we trust that these sessions will be beneficial to all attendees.

If you haven’t registered yet, please do so at www.DeepSouthTurfExpo.org.

We look forward to seeing everybody in this wonderful industry on the gulf coast in October! v

HIGHLIGHTS More than 30 educational sessions on the latest turfgrass-management topics.

A tradeshow with more than 150 exhibitors, featuring products and services for the turfgrass industry.

Business meetings for AGCSA, ATA, ATRF, GCGCSA, LMGCSA and MTA.

Thank You to Our 2016 Sponsors!

Advertisers Agri-AFC, LLC AQUA-AID NatureSafe PBI-Gordon

Networking opportunities with industry peers and friends.

Activities for everyone’s interest: Golf Tournament, Trap and Skeet Tournament, Sports Field Tour and Schooner Cruise for Spouses and Families.

8:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

ATRF and MTA

8:30 a.m. – 9:00 a.m.

ATA and LMGCSA

9:00 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.

AGCSA and GCGCSA

10:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m.

Exhibitor Move-In (heavy equipment only) Golf Tournament at The Preserve • Sponsored by BWI Companies.

The Preserve is an 18-hole course that has been integrated within an 1,800-acre native preserve full of live oaks, cypress swamps, long leaf pines and native grass prairies designed by Jerry Pate. Bring your clubs, and prepare yourself for a wonderful afternoon of golf with your peers. Lunch and two drinks will be included in your registration.

12:00 p.m.

Skeet and Trap Tournament at Coastal Ridge and Pistol Club Sponsored by Aquatrols, Inc. Participants will be treated to lunch and then will enjoy a friendly shooting competition of both skeeting and trapping at this fabulous facility. All participants must bring their own guns. No alcohol is allowed on the premises.

12:00 p.m.

Sports Field Tour (meet in Beau Rivage Lobby) Take a tour of the area’s sports fields with Ken Edwards, CSFM, as your personal tour guide. The tour will include the Gulfport Sports Complex, Goldin Sports Complex and the new Biloxi Shuckers Stadium, plus lunch.

2:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.

Exhibitor Move-In

6:00 p.m.

Past Presidents’ Reception (by invitation only) Sponsored by Greenville and Beard Equipment.

7:00 p.m.

Home Run Derby and Dinner at MGM Park (home of the Biloxi Shuckers) Sponsored by Harrell’s and Bayer.

Entertainment sponsored by AQUA-AID and Regal Chemical Co. Dinner, drinks and entertainment, including a Home Run Derby and softball game, will be a part of the festivities.

Golf Tournament BWI Companies

Luncheon Jacobsen Ladd’s

Past Presidents’ Reception Beard Equipment Co. Greenville Turf & Tractor

CEUS from ASBA, GCSAA, IAA, NRPA, PLANET, ISA and PGMS.

12:00 p.m.

Entertainment AQUA-AID Regal Chemical Co.

Annual Business Meetings

8:00 a.m. – 8:30 a.m.

Syngenta

Bayer Harrell’s

State pesticide re-certification points for Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Tennessee.

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11

Continental Breakfast Dinner

Reception Jerry Pate Turf & Irrigation

Tee Sign Sponsors

Tradeshow Bags Sod Solutions

Trap & Skeet Tournament Aquatrols, Inc.

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Agri-AFC, LLC Dow AgroScience

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 12 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Exhibitor Move-In (hand-carry only)

8:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m.

General Session

8:00 a.m.

“Choosing the Correct Weed-Control Program, Turfgrass Cultivar and Light Beer: Deciphering Opinion, Data and Marketing to Make the Best Decision” • Scott McElroy, Ph.D., Auburn University The process of choosing the correct weed-control program for a turfgrass system is a similar process to choosing any other product in a complex market. This seminar will focus on real-world, weed-management issues to discuss how data is generated, how opinions can be biased and how marketing can manipulate customers. Attendees will be informed on new weed-control products and techniques for key weed species in the southeastern United States. In addition, attendees will be better equipped to see through the noise of data, opinion and marketing to select other herbicides and practices for their weed-control issue.

9:00 a.m.

“The Drainage Debacle — Issues in Constructed Rootzone” • Bill Kreuser, Ph.D. University of Nebraska This seminar will describe soil chemical properties that can lead to iron-layer formation in sand-based turf systems.

Understand the impact of clay content on putting green performance, and understand the potential risks that bicarbonate in irrigation water has on physical properties of sand-based turf systems.

10:00 a.m. – 12:00 a.m.

EDUCATIONAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS WEED MANAGEMENT

FERTILITY AND SOILS

INSECTS AND DISEASES

10:00 a.m.

Knowst Thou Herbicide Modes of Action Jay McCurdy, Ph.D., Mississippi State University Turfgrass weed management requires unique understanding of pesticide properties — how they kill plants and which ones are similar or different.

Rotating modes of action and using combinations or tank mixtures of different herbicides is a critical skill in the battle against herbicide resistance and reduced weed control. Don’t miss this opportunity to sharpen your skills as a weed scientist.

Turfgrass Response to Fe, Mn and Mg Raw Materials Travis Shaddox, Ph.D., University of Florida Attendees will learn to understand the role of Fe (iron), Mn (manganese) and Mg (magnesium) in turfgrass physiology, the differences among Fe, Mn and Mg raw materials, and how and why turfgrass responds (or does not respond) to Fe, Mn and Mg.

Neonicotinoids and Their Effect on Bees David Held, Ph.D., Auburn University It is no longer debatable that neonicotinoids, one of the more powerful insecticide chemistries, can negatively impact pollinators. This presentation will focus on the key issues related to pollinator interactions with turfgrass pesticides. Participants will learn to be better stewards of both pollinators and the pesticide chemistries used to manage pests of turfgrass on lawns, sports fields and golf courses.

11:00 a.m.

Herbicide Chemistry, Application and Movement Ramon Leon, Ph.D., University of Florida We will discuss the different herbicides registered for use in turfgrass, detailing their mode of actions, plant uptake and behavior in the soil. We will emphasize how herbicides move in the soil after application and their degradation, and how these processes affect herbicide efficacy, turfgrass safety and the environment. Additionally, we will cover how to determine the proper herbicide rate depending on herbicide behavior in the soil and weed-control needs when the label provides a range of rates.

Maximizing Foliar Fertilizers Beth Guertal, Ph.D., Auburn University Attendees will learn how foliar fertilizers work in the plant and how quickly nutrients are plant available. Different types of foliar fertilizers and the effectiveness of each will be covered.

Nematode Control for Warm-Season Turf Billy Crow, Ph.D., University of Florida Attendees will be able to understand the biology of different types of plant-parasitic nematodes that damage warm-season turfgrasses and the relative strengths and weaknesses of current management strategies. That knowledge will then be used to select the most effective, sustainable and economical management strategies for the nematode(s) of concern.

11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m.

12:00 p.m.

Spouse and Family Schooner Cruise (meet at Schooner Pier Complex) Hop on board the Biloxi Schooner while your spouse is in class. You will be treated to lunch and an afternoon cruising on the historic Biloxi Schooner along the Mississippi Sound.

Luncheon and Tradeshow Opening • Lunch sponsored by Jacobsen.

12:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Tradeshow Open • Tradeshow bags sponsored by Sod Solutions.

Attendees will go by all 36-hole challenge participants to get scorecards stamped. Scorecards can be redeemed during reception for beverages. (Exhibitors, be sure to register to be a hole sponsor!)

1:40 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.

TRADESHOW TALKS (on small stage in tradeshow) Hacking Putting Green Speed • Scott McElroy, Ph.D., Auburn University Green speed is traditionally measured with a stimpmeter, but this is more for putting quality than for speed.

Learn about new technology that can quantify not only measure speed, but also the trueness and smoothness of a green.

2:40 p.m.

How Much Light Is Your Turf Receiving? • Beth Guertal, Ph.D., Auburn University Learn how to quantify the amount of light your turf is receiving, the physiology behind why shade is detrimental to turfgrass growth and development, and cultivar differences in response to shade stress.

3:40 p.m.

New Turfgrass Varieties • Wayne Philley, Ph.D., Mississippi State University Dr. Philley’s specialty is turfgrass breeding and evaluation. His research was instrumental in the development of four new and improved bermudagrass cultivars.

4:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.

Reception & Silent Auction on Tradeshow Floor • Sponsored by Jerry Pate Turf & Irrigation Attendees turn in scorecards from 36-hole challenge for beverages.

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1:40 p.m.

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 13

7:00 a.m. Continental Breakfast Available

8:00 a.m. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:00 p.m. Exhibitor Break-Down 8:00 a.m. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12:00 p.m. Concurrent Educational Breakout Sessions (see below).

GOLF TURF

8:00 a.m.

Management of Centipedegrass & St. Augustinegrass Bryan Unruh, Ph.D., University of Florida Centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass are the predominant lawn grasses grown in the region. Gain a thorough understanding of the cultural practices needed to properly manage these two species to minimize environmental impact and maximize turf health. As a result, pest pressure will be reduced, leading to fewer pesticide inputs.

Baseball Infield Management: Become a Dirt Expert Barry Stewart, Ph.D., Mississippi State University Understand how moisture management is the key element in skin area behavior, soil particle size and how it determines infield skin properties, infield-skin conditioners and topdressing and how to use them, and infield-skin management strategies used at different levels of field expectations.

9:00 a.m.

Deciphering the Interactions of Primo, Nitrogen and Management Jim Harris, Austin Brown and Scott McElroy, Ph.D., Auburn University Understand plant growth regulator (PGR) chemistry and how different PGR products regulate the growth of bermudagrass, understand what a growing degree day model is and the importance of the base temperature, and learn management recommendations (mowing height, fertility and PGR use) for the next generation of bermudagrass putting green genetics.

Bermudagrass Cultivar Selection & Management Dave Han, Ph.D., Auburn University Become familiar with the characteristics of newer bermudagrasses, learn how these newer varieties differ from older bermudagrasses (i.e., why they were released in the first place), and understand how to use and maintain new bermudagrass varieties, especially where these practices may differ from more familiar varieties such as Tifway.

Non-Herbicidal Strategies to Managing Annual Bluegrass Beth Guertal, Ph.D., Auburn University Learn how different soil variables such as pH may affect populations of annual bluegrass.

The effects of cultivation, vertical mowing and other turfgrass-management tools of annual bluegrass will be discussed.

Blights of Bermudagrass Putting Greens Maria Tomaso-Peterson, Ph.D., Mississippi State University Learn about disease development on golf course putting green turfgrass, as well as application strategies for successful disease control.

Disease Management for Warm-Season Lawns Bruce Martin, Ph.D., Clemson University Learn the characteristics for diagnosis of major diseases of warm-season lawns, recognize environmental factors promoting these diseases, and learn the major cultural and chemical controls for managing these diseases.

Irrigation Maintenance and Design for Sports Fields Tom Burns, Ewing Irrigation Learn about factors in designing and maintaining your sports field irrigation system, including soil-water-plant relationships, advanced hydraulics, electricity, pumps, specialty valves and irrigation equipment.

Disease & Nematode Management for Bermudagrass Greens Bruce Martin, Ph.D., Clemson University Understand the relative impact of the major genera of nematodes to bermudagrass greens, learn about the relative efficacy of new controls for nematodes, and be able to devise a strategy for nematode management.

Weed Management in Centipede and St. Augustine Ramon Leon, Ph.D., University of Florida Understand the biology of the most problematic weed species and the herbicides that are key for proper weed control in these two turfgrass species. Also, learn about environmental conditions that can increase the risk of turfgrass phytotoxicity and how to maximize this problem. Finally, learn how to integrate cultural practices and herbicides to develop integrated weed-management programs for these turfgrasses.

Weed Management on a Shoe String Budget Jay McCurdy, Ph.D., Mississippi State University Weed-free sports turf doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to break the bank. Learn about an integrated approach to managing athletic fields that reduces weeds and requires fewer pesticides. Proven programs will be presented with a full range of budgets in mind.

11:00 a.m.

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SPORTS TURF

The Growing Degree Day Model for Primo Application on Putting Greens Bill Kreuser, Ph.D., University of Nebraska Understand how temperature impacts the performance of PGRs, understand how base temperatures impact growth and development of turf, learn how PGRs impact plant health and fertilization requirements, learn about soil chemical properties that can lead to ironlayer formation in sand-based putting greens, understand the impact of clay content on putting green performance, and understand the potential risks that bicarbonate in irrigation water has on physical properties of sandbased turf systems.

10:00 a.m.

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LAWN CARE

12:00 p.m. CEU Sign-Ups and Conference Adjournment

SOD PRODUCTION

LANDSCAPE

Preemergence Herbicides for Sod Production Jay McCurdy, Ph.D., Mississippi State University Sod producers face unique challenges during growin and harvest. Use of preemergence herbicides often hinders sod grow-in and may decrease harvestability. This presentation will assist producers in herbicide selection with special consideration of their unique scenario.

Proper Planting and Pruning of Shrubs and Trees Chris Francis, Chris Francis Tree Care Learn about plant selection, plant placement, nursery standards, arborist standards and pruning techniques for health and structure

New Worker Protection Standards: How They Affect Your Business Sonja Thomas, ACES Learn about new Worker Protection Standard changes and how they affect you and your employees, how and when to comply with the new changes and information about Train the Trainer events and annual trainings.

Colorful Commercial Landscapes Geoff Denny, Ph.D., Mississippi State University Learn the esthetic benefits of adding color to landscapes, what appropriate pairings are and their maintenance program.

Sod Farm Nutrient Management Bryan Unruh, Ph.D., University of Florida Nitrogen leaching and runoff events can occur during sod production while waiting for the plants to establish. In addition to the environmental implications that result from the loss of the nutrients, a significant economic cost negatively impacts the financial security of the sod producers, both individually and as an industry. Nutrient-management strategies that maximize production and minimize environmental impact will be discussed.

Designing Sustainable Landscapes Michael Symour, Ph.D., Mississippi State University Learn to identify the purpose of the top-ten sustainable landscape project types; identify the name, intent and applications of the Sustainable Sites Initiative; and identify an example of an â&#x20AC;&#x153;ecosystem service.â&#x20AC;?

Turfgrasses in Changing Times Ken Morrow, The Turfgrass Group This session will be an overview of the state of the turfgrass industry and its trends and future impacts on the landscape, sports turf and golf sectors, with an emphasis on the sod industry.

Irrigation Troubleshooting Tom Burns, Ewing Irrigation This session will review various field tests for your irrigation system and how to calculate accurate watering schedules.

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pest in the spotlight >>>

Watch Out for

Tawny Crazy Ants

By Lawrence â&#x20AC;&#x153;Fuddâ&#x20AC;? Graham, Ph.D., Coordinator of the Alabama Fire Ant Management Program, Auburn University

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim e s > >> Fall 201 6

T

awny crazy ants are fast becoming an economic, ecological and nuisance pest in the southeastern United States. They have been a serious problem in parts of Florida and Texas for more than ten years and have begun spreading to other states (see Figure 1). These ants were found in Mobile County in the early summer of 2014 near Theodore, AL. If you try to find information on the web or in the literature, the results may be confusing. Before 2012, when its identity was confirmed, the tawny crazy ant was known by a variety of other common names (Caribbean crazy ant, hairy crazy ant and Rasberry crazy ant).

Like many other pest ant species, tawny crazy ants are from South America. The earliest report of the tawny crazy ant in the U.S. is from Texas in 1938, but the ant did not become established at that time. Tawny crazy ants

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that were found in Texas around 2000 likely represent a recent, separate introduction, according to work by Jason Meyers at Texas A&M. Due to confusion of its identity with another related species of ant, it is unknown exactly when tawny crazy ants arrived in Florida, but they have been there as least as long or longer than they have been in Texas. Between 2009 and 2014, they were reported in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia.

Tawny crazy ants are often confused with the Argentine ant. The biology and general appearance of these two species are very similar. If you are not familiar with both species, it can be difficult to tell them apart. Both species form supercolonies with a large numbers of worker ants that take care of multiple queen nests.

However, some traits can help the untrained eye tell the difference

between workers of the two species.

Tawny crazy ant workers are small, orange to reddish-brown, hairy ants.

If you look at them under magnification, they have fine hairs covering much of the body and a few larger, stiff erect hairs (Photo 1). The argentine ant workers are dark brown, and they lack the erect, visible hairs and have a black appearance (Photo 2).

Trails of the tawny crazy ant are fast moving, erratic and wide. If an insecticide treatment has been applied for them, there may be large numbers of dead workers in corners and along walls.

Trails of the Argentine ant are usually narrow (less than 1/2" wide), and the workers tend to stay on the trail. Argentine ants tend to follow structural guidelines such as sidewalk edges. There will not be piles of dead workers associated with Argentine ants. Both of these ants will tend honeydew-producing insects, so trails of both species can be seen on the bark of trees as they move up the tree to collect the sugary honeydew.

Tawny crazy ant colonies can be found nesting in, on and under anything that can provide moisture. They have been found in mulch, leaf litter and landscape objects, under loose tree bark, pots and natural debris, and in signs and structures. One of the first measures of control is to clean up anything that the ants might be able to nest in or under.

No one has ever witnessed a mating flight of tawny crazy ants. Tawny crazy ants spread by a process called budding.

This occurs when a one or more queens from a colony moves or is relocated to an area outside of the parent colony.

Ed Lebrun in Texas has found that the parent colony expands its range by only several hundred feet a year, so movement to new areas is usually facilitated by human movement in cars, trash, mulch, potted plants, etc. Many of the sites where tawny crazy ants first became established in the Southeast are near ports.

In areas where tawny crazy ants are well established, workers can number in the millions. The colonies have multiple queens that share reproduction in the nest. This allows the colonies to reach very large populations of workers.

These colonies can occupy wide swaths of land. The initial area in Theodore

Continued <<< Cover Story

f i gur e

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Distribution of tawny crazy ants (Nylanderia fulva) in the U.S. Map by Joe MacGown, Mississippi State University. http://mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu//Researchtaxapages/Formicidaepages/genericpages/Nylanderia_fulva.htm#.VOYLw2B0yC0

P h ot o

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P h ot o

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Tawny crazy ant. Photo by Joe MacGown, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org.

number of native ant species and other insects as well as a reduction in the number of vertebrates.

In many areas, they have displaced fire ants. While many may think this is a good thing, I have heard that in Texas, homeowners would rather have their fire ants back. The tawny crazy ants do not have a sting, but they spray a small amount of formic acid that can irritate skin and eyes. They also use this substance to detoxify fire ant venom and

are able to overcome fire ants in the area due to the large number of work ers in the supercolony. In Theodore, we monitor movement by looking for fire ant mounds and then placing baits back toward the site of the original colony.

The movement of tawny crazy ants into infested areas is aided by human beings. It is critical that infested material moved from one location (such as mulch, straw, turf, potted plants, firewood, etc.) to another is inspected and ant free.

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where the ant became well established was over eight acres. They have moved out over a mile from that site now. In addition to being a terrible nuisance to the homeowner at the site, these ants can cause damage to electrical equipment and minor structural damage to buildings and vehicles.

Tawny crazy ants are also damaging to the local ecology and can affect local plant and animal communities. These ants may result in a decline of the

The Argentine ant. Photo by Eli Sarnat, Antkey, USDA APHIS ITP, Bugwood.org.

pest in the spotlight >>> Continued

P h ot o

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Large numbers of dead tawny crazy ants. Photo by Fudd Graham

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Before receiving any material from one of the infested areas, it should be inspected to make sure that all items are ant free. It is important that infested material not be moved from one of the current sites to a new location.

Control of the tawny crazy ant is similar to other ants, but large areas must be treated. Traditional pyrethroids insecticides, however, last only a week or two. We are currently looking at other chemistries that may be effective on tawny crazy ants. Baits have worked at times, but due to the large number of workers, a large amount of bait is needed. Baits are usually protein, lipid or sugar based. Tawny crazy ants tend to bait switch, so a sweet bait that works today might not be the preferred bait tomorrow.

If you find what you think is a tawny crazy ant infestation, contact your local Extension agent, or contact me at 334-750-3994 or grahalc@auburn.edu.

It is important to collect a sample of the ants for identification. We want to monitor the movement of this ant in Alabama and the Southeast. v

Turf Talk >>>

Improving Dallisgrass Control with Well-Timed Herbicide Applications

By Matt Elmore, Ph.D., Assistant Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist, Mississippi State University

Photo

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Photo 1: Dallisgrass growth habit in bermudagrass turf.

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim e s > >> Fall 201 6

D

allisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) is a warm-season perennial grass native to South America that was introduced to the United States in the late 1800s.

Currently, it is one of the most problematic turfgrass weeds in the Southeast.

Tolerance to close mowing allows it to proliferate in most managed turf areas, including golf course fairways.

Dallisgrass can be identified by its bunch-type growth habit, coarse texture and rapid vertical growth compared to desirable turfgrasses (Photo 1). Other

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Photo

2

Photo 2: Dallisgrass has a prominent midrib.

identifying features include a membranous ligule and prominent midrib (Photo 2), which can help distinguish it from other bunch-type grassy weeds such as crabgrass (Digitaria spp.). Dallisgrass produces seedheads from as early as late May through October, which further aid in identification (Photo 3).

Unlike most bunch-type grasses, dallisgrass produces short rhizomes that serve to increase the diameter of the plant and store carbohydrates (Photo 4). These reserve carbohydrates make controlling dallisgrass extremely diffi-

Photo

3

Photo 3: Characteristic drooping dallisgrass seedhead.

cult, even with systemic herbicide applications. Controlling dallisgrass with herbicides requires multiple herbicide applications over several seasons.

Selective control in warm-season turfgrass

Regardless of the herbicide you select for control, application timing is very important. Research consistently demonstrates that applications made in early to late fall while dallisgrass is still actively growing, but before winter dormancy, provide better control than

those made during late spring or summer. Regardless of the herbicide combination, several sequential applications are usually required for complete control. Larger plants will generally require more applications for control. Currently, programs of at least three sequential applications are recommended.

Applications in the fall should begin not prior to September and when the average 24-hour air temperatures fall below 72°F for at least three consecutive days. In a typical year, this might occur around mid- to late September in our region. The average 24-hour air temperature can be determined by averaging the high and low air temperature for a particular day. The second application should be made four to six weeks after the first application when dallisgrass regrowth is observed. A third application in the spring when dallisgrass regrowth is observed (usually in mid- to late April) improves control compared to two fall applications (Photo 5).

Most herbicides claim only dallisgrass suppression on the label. This means

these products have significant activity against dallisgrass but not enough to provide commercially acceptable control.

These products will be effective if multiple applications are made at the proper time.

The addition of metribuzin (Sencor) to MSMA may improve control, but this combination increases short-term bermudagrass injury. MSMA can also be used to improve control provided by other herbicides (see below).

MSMA

Sulfonylurea herbicides â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Celsius, Monument, Revolver, Tribute Total

As of this writing, MSMA cannot be used on residential, commercial or athletic field properties. It may be used twice annually on highway rights-ofway, twice per crop in sod production and as a spot treatment on golf courses (spots less than 100 ft2 and less than 25% of the golf course). These restrictions are expected to remain in place until at least 2019. For more information on these EPA restrictions, see http://www2.epa. gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/ monosodium-methanearsonate-msmaorganic-arsenical.

Two fall and one spring application of MSMA at 2 lbs./A applied at timings described above generally provide 60% to 80% dallisgrass control up to 9 months after the initial application.

These herbicides are registered for use in warm-season turfgrass only. They will cause severe injury to cool-season grasses such as tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Applying these herbicides with the proper adjuvant(s) is extremely important. Using methylated seed oil (MSO) instead of a non-ionic surfactant (NIS) may improve control with some products. Including ammonium sulfate or urea ammonium nitrate with MSO or NIS may also improve control. Refer to the product label for more information on adjuvant selection.

Applying these products as spot treatments may improve control. Spray solutions for spot treatments usually

Al abam a Tur f Ti me s >>> Fall 201 6

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Photo

Photo

4

5

Photo 4: Dallisgrass contains short rhizomes, making control from herbicides and hand removal difficult. • Photo 5: Dallisgrass regrowth in the spring following two applications of a sulfonylurea herbicide the previous fall. The dallisgrass in this photo is showing symptoms of previous applications, but it also has sufficient regrowth for a third application. At least three applications are necessary for control of larger plants.

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim e s > >> Fall 201 6

contain the same herbicide concentration as broadcast applications, but they are usually applied at a “spray to wet” application volume that, depending on the applicator, may be higher than those used in broadcast applications.

Thus, the actual herbicide application rate from a spot treatment may be higher. Note that this increases the risk of desirable turfgrass injury.

Celsius 68 WG: Active ingredients — thiencarbazonemethyl, iodosulfuron, dicamba Celsius is a good option for dallisgrass suppression in buffalograss when applied as a spot treatment at 0.085 to 0.113 oz./gal. (2.4 to 3.2 grams/gal.) tankmixed with Revolver at 2 fl. oz./gal.

Celsius is the only selective herbicide that may provide dallisgrass suppression in St. Augustine and centipedegrass. To prevent turfgrass injury, do not tankmix Celsius with Revolver when making applications in St. Augustinegrass and centipedegrass, and apply Celsius alone as a spot treatment. As both thiencarbazone-methyl and foramsulfuron have activity on dallisgrass, applying Celsius alone will reduce dallisgrass suppression compared to Celsius + Revolver.

Celsius is labeled for dallisgrass suppression only when applied with Revolver, so results may vary when Celsius is applied alone. Iodosulfuron and dicamba do not have activity against dallisgrass, but they will provide control of many broadleaf weeds.

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Monument 75 WG: Active ingredient — trifloxysulfuron-sodium Monument will provide suppression when applied as a spot treatment. Make multiple applications using timings described above. Research demonstrated that Monument provides less dallisgrass control than Revolver or Tribute Total. However, Monument will provide excellent yellow and purple nutsedge control and may be economical for control in areas with both nutsedge and dallisgrass infestations.

Revolver 0.19 SC: Active ingredient — foramsulfuron Revolver is labeled for dallisgrass suppression when applied as a spot treatment at 1.5 to 2.0 fl. oz./gal. Apply three sequential applications of Revolver alone or tank-mixed with MSMA in early fall at application timings described above. MSMA can improve control compared to Revolver alone. Alternatively, pre-treating dallisgrass with MSMA 7 to 14 days before a Revolver application improves efficacy. Revolver is registered for use in bermudagrass, buffalograss and zoysiagrass.

Tribute Total 60.5 WG: Active ingredients — thiencarbazonemethyl, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron Unlike other products labeled for dallisgrass suppression, Tribute Total is labeled for dallisgrass control when applied at the proper timings discussed above. For broadcast applications, apply at 3.2 oz./A with MSO and ammonium sulfate. In research trials, three sequen-

tial Tribute Total applications consistently provides 60% to 80% dallisgrass control for 9 months. Control may be improved by applying as a spot treatment (0.073 oz. per gallon). Do not apply more than 6.4 oz./A per year.

Tribute Total is labeled for use only in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass.

Overseeding with cool-season grasses

The herbicides listed above will kill cool-season grasses. They also have significant soil residual activity and should not be used immediately prior to overseeding with ryegrass (Lolium spp.). Revolver can be applied one week prior to overseeding. Monument and Tribute Total can be applied three and eight weeks prior to overseeding, respectively. Celsius can be applied four weeks prior to overseeding if applied as a spot treatment and two weeks prior to overseeding when applied as a broadcast treatment.

Control with glyphosate

Dallisgrass typically goes dormant later than bermudagrass, leaving a window for a glyphosate application to provide dallisgrass control. It is important to ensure that the bermudagrass is completely dormant before application.

Check the turfgrass canopy thoroughly to ensure dormancy. Application rates will vary based on the product being used. Refer to the label for application rates to dormant bermudagrass.

Continued <<< Turf Talk

Control with Fusilade II or Ornamec (active ingredient: fluazifop)

Apply only to tall fescue or zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.). Severe injury will result from application to other turfgrasses.

For dallisgrass control in tall fescue, make a single application of fluazifop (Fusilade II at 6 fl. oz./A or Ornamec at 20 fl. oz./A) in late summer/early fall.

Make a second application in early spring (early to mid-April) as a spot treatment only if dallisgrass regrowth is observed. Research indicates that a single application of fluazifop in the fall provides greater than 80% dallisgrass control for 12 months. Spring applications are more likely to cause turfgrass injury than fall applications; apply as a spot treatment to reduce injury risk.

Summer applications should be avoided.

The addition or triclopyrester (Turflon Ester Ultra) is often recommended for bermudagrass control, but it will reduce dallisgrass control. Overseeding with tall fescue at least two weeks after applying fluazifop in the fall is a key

cultural practice that will improve dallisgrass control.

Fluazifop can also be applied in zoysiagrass, but tolerance varies depending on cultivar. Zoysia japonica cultivars such as ‘Meyer’ and ‘Palisades’ are generally more tolerant than Z. matrella cultivars. Do not apply to ‘Diamond’ zoysiagrass. Fluazifop will cause more injury to zoysiagrass during early spring and fall when temperatures are below optimal for zoysiagrass growth. Zoysiagrass injury appears as short-term chlorosis of the leaves and reduction in turfgrass vigor. Refer to the label for more information on application rates and timings.

When Fusilade II is to be used in residential areas, it must be applied by a registered applicator; it can be used in ornamental beds of residential areas, but not on home lawns. Ornamec may be applied to home lawns.

Non-chemical control

In areas where physical removal is feasible, dallisgrass can be removed by hand. However, care must be taken to

ensure that the entire clump is removed, or regrowth will occur. A shovel is usually required to completely remove large plants, along with some topsoil to backfill the hole created by removing the plant.

Conclusions

Acceptable dallisgrass control requires multiple applications of post-emergence herbicides. Applying these herbicides at the proper time will reduce the number of applications required for control.

Proper cultural practices that increase the vigor and density of desirable turfgrass will increase control provided by herbicides. For all products, defer to the label for more information on applications rates, timings and adjuvants. v Mention of herbicide trade names is only for the purpose of providing information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement. It is always the applicator’s responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current label directions for the specific herbicide being used. The label always takes precedence over the recommendations found in this publication.

Al abam a Tur f Ti me s >>> Fall 201 6

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<<< landscape notes

What Grows There?

A Handy Guide for Identifying Nuisance Fungi that Commonly Occur on Bark Media and Mulches

By John Olive, Auburn University Ornamental Horticulture Research Center, Mobile, AL, and Alan Windham, Ph.D., University of Tennessee Extension Soil, Plant Pest Center, Nashville. All photos by Alan Windham.

W

ood, bark and other forest by-products are used extensively as mulches in landscapes and as potting media for commercial nurseries. Unfortunately, these organic substrates provide the perfect growing media for several common nuisance fungi. Although these fungi are not harmful to the plants growing in the media, they are often unsightly and aesthetically unappealing, or they are malodorous and can be disagreeable to the final consumer. These fungi can also speed decomposition of bark substrates and mulches.

Identifying these nuisance fungi can help homeowners and nursery growers ease fears and prevent unnecessary chemical applications. Many fungi are considered a nuisance in landscape mulches, potting media and greenhouses. Let’s take a look at some of the most common nuisance fungi.

These are aptly named for their vaseshaped resemblance to a tiny bird’s nest complete with a cache of eggs (see Photos 1 and 2). The fruiting structure varies in size depending on the species but is usually in the range of 5 to 12 mm (1/5 to 1/2 inches) across. The “eggs” are

Artillery fungi

In the genus Sphaerobolus, artillery fungi are much smaller (0.04 to 0.1 inches or 1 to 3 mm) than the bird’s nest fungi and therefore are often not as visible and are difficult to detect (Photo 3).

These “cannons” can send the single spore sac (shot from the tiny fruiting body) as far as 17 feet.

Like the bird’s nest fungi, they do no

damage to plants, but the tiny projectiles can cover leaves, plant labels and siding and are unsightly and often difficult to remove.

Artillery fungus is commonly found on hardwood mulch. Choosing an alternative mulch or mixing mushroom compost with mulch can reduce the incidence of artillery fungus.

Yellow houseplant mushroom, yellow parasol or flower pot parasol

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii is commonly found growing in containers in greenhouses and houseplants (Photo 4). As the common name indicates, it is easily identified as a yellow mushroom 1 to 4 inches tall. The cap usually has a nipple in the center and is 1 to 3 inches across.

There are reports of this mushroom causing gastrointestinal discomfort in some people, so it is not advisable to eat this mushroom, but it is not damaging to the plant, and there is no control recommended. They can be enjoyed as an unusual color surprise in houseplants.

Containers infested with Leucocoprinus may have an extensive network of mycelium throughout the bark substrate, which may affect water retention.

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Al abam a Tur f Ti me s >>> Fall 201 6

Bird’s nest fungi

a group of spore sacs called peridioles.

Dispersal of the spores occurs when a drop of water hits the cup and the eggs are splashed out as far as seven feet.

A number of genera and species make up this group of fungi, with the most common being Cyathus and Crucibulum spp. These fungi can cover house siding with black specks that are difficult to wash off. On greenhouse and nursery plants, the peridioles can look like insect frass and be so numerous on foliage that they cause the grower to believe it’s an insect infestation.

Peridioles of this group are easily recognized, as they often have a length of white hyphae attached called a funicular cord. They do not cause damage to the plants, and there is no need to control them.

Landscape Notes >>> Continued

Stinkhorn

Stinkhorn is the common name given to a number of fungi that are common in landscape wood mulches, three of which are discussed here. Stinkhorns are often first noticed as a slimy, gelatinous, white egg-shaped mass buried in mulch. The stinkhorns emerge from this structure and are identified by their shape.

The Elegant Stinkhorn (Photo 5), Mutinus elegans, forms a single pink to red narrow column thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 4 to 7 inches tall. Sometimes the top portion will be covered with a brown slime. The

Starfish Stinkhorn (Photo 6), Aseroe rubra emerges from the egg as a hollow white stalk topped with a crown of deeply divided arms radiating from the center like a flower. The Columnar Stinkhorn (Photo 7), Linderia columnata erupts from the egg as 5 to 7 spongy red to orange columns that are joined at the top that can grow 6 inches tall.

As indicated by the name, all are identifiable by the putrid smell they produce at maturity. When conditions are ideal, they can emerge in large numbers and be very malodorous. They

are often detected by their odor long before they are observed. Flies and other insects are attracted to stinkhorns and disperse spores. They are usually short lived and do not last long, but they can be removed by hand if needed (rubber gloves are recommended).

Dog vomit slime mold

This mold is not a fungus but is included in this discussion because it looks like a fungus and is a nuisance in bark mulches (Photo 8). It is in the Kingdom Protista like the amoeba. This organism, Fuligo septica appears in early evening as a white-to-yellow gelatinous mass that slowly moves across mulch. In pre-dawn hours, this slime mold contracts to form soft crusty growth, which is sometimes mistaken for something a dog threw up.

It can appear in mulch, lawns or even bare ground. It is extremely common on hardwood mulch. As with the other fungi, this growth is not harmful, does not last long, and control is not required.

Other common fungi

Other common fungi found in mulch include Coprinoid mushrooms (ink caps), Leucoagaricus americanus, Gyromitra esculenta (false morels, Photo 9) and puffballs (Photo 10) such as Geastrum, Lycoperdon and Scleroderma.

None of these fungi are harmful to the plants they grow adjacent to, but they are often the subject of frantic calls or emails to plant diagnostic labs and university horticulture departments.

Being able to identify these nuisance fungi is useful in educating consumers as well as possibly preventing unnecessary chemical applications. v Other Resources Arora, David. 1979. Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. 959pp.

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim e s > >> Fall 201 6

Davis, DD., L.J. Kuhns and T. L. Harpster.

2005. Use of mushroom compost to suppress artillery fungi. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 24: 212-214.

Volk, Tom. 2006. Tom Volkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fungi: Fungus of the Month. http:// TomVolkFungi.net Weber, Nancy Smith and Alexander H. Smith. 1985. A Field Guide to Southern Mushrooms. The University of Michigan Press. 280 pp.

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Photo 3

Photo 1

Continued <<< Cover Story

Photo 2

Photo 4

Photo 6 Photo 5

Photo 9 Photo 7

Photo 8

Photo 10

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Al abam a Tur f Ti me s >>> Fall 201 6

Photo 1. Bird’s nest fungus close-up. • Photo 2. Bird’s nest fungus colony on hardwood mulch.

Photo 3. Artillery fungi. • Photo 4. Yellow houseplant mushrooom, Leucocoprinus birnbaumii.

Photo 5. Elegant stinkhorn, Mutinus elegans. • Photo 6. Aseroe rubra, starfish stinkhorn fungus.

Photo 7. Columnar stinkhorn fungus, Linderia columnata. • Photo 8. Dog vomit slime mold, Fuligo septica.

Photo 9. False morel mushroom in mulch, Gyromitra sp. • Photo 10. Puffball, Calvatia cyathiformis.

News from ATA >>>

Alabama Turfgrass Association

2017 Slate of Officers

and Board of Directors

Board of Directors Golf Glen Junkin (2 years) Turtle Point Yacht & Country Club

Industry Buddy Williams (1 year) BWI Companies

The

membership of the Alabama Turfgrass Association will have the opportunity to vote on the following slate of officers and directors for the upcoming year at the ATA Annual Business Meeting, to be held at the Deep South Turf Expo on Tuesday, October 11 at 8:30 a.m. in the Mississippi Coast Convention Center. Please make every point to attend this important meeting and vote on the future leadership of your association.

Institution Joe Collins (2 years) Samford University

Lawn Care Andrew Bice (1 year) Blackjack Horticulture

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President

Treasurer

Paul Patterson (1 year) Univ. of Alabama Huntsville

Kim Byram (1 year) University of Alabama

Vice President

Past President

Tresâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Wilkinson (1 year) South Dallas Turf

Jason Cooper (1 year) Sweetspire Gardens

Park & Recreation Deven Peek (2 years) City of Prattville

Sod Paul Salzmann (1 year) Salzmann Farms

At Large Randy McQueen (2 years) TruGreen Simon Parkin, CGCS (2 years) Lakewood Golf Course Daniel Strickland (2 years) SiteOne Landscaping

Ex Officio/ Education Advisors Dave Han, Ph.D. Auburn University (334) 844-3980 handavi@auburn.edu Jim Jacobi, Ph.D. AL Cooperative Extension System (205) 879-6964, ext. 19 jacobjc@auburn.edu

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim e s > >> Fall 201 6

ATA EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Tricia Roberts (334) 821-3000 mailbox@alaturfgrass.org v

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<<< Calendar of Events

Save These Dates! >>>

2017 ATA Events RoadShow Seminars January 4 Auburn, AL

December 5, 2016 Sponsor Appreciation Sporting Clays Tournament

April TBA AU Turfgrass Field Day & Poa annua Classic

Montgomery, AL

Auburn, AL

February 8 GIS Show Chapter Hospitality Night

August TBA ATA Mole Cricket Classic Deep Sea Fishing Tournament

January 11 Loxley, AL

January 18 Dothan, AL

January 25 Montgomery, AL

Co-hosted by LMGCSA, GCGCSA, AGCSA and MTA Orlando, FL

February 1 Birmingham, AL

February 15 Huntsville, AL

March TBA ATA Lawn & Landscape Field Day Location, AL

Orange Beach, AL

November 7-9 Deep South Turf Expo Mississippi Coast Convention Center Biloxi, MS

October 11–13

Deep South Turf Expo Beau Rivage Biloxi, MS

October 19–21

LANDSCAPES 2016 (formerly the PLANET Green Industry Conference) Louisville, KY

October 20–21

GIE+EXPO and Hardscape North America Kentucky Expo Center Louisville, KY

January 18–20, 2017

Gulf States Horticultural Expo Mobile, AL

January 24–27, 2017 STMA Conference and Exhibition Orlando, FL

February 4–9, 2017

Golf Industry Show Orange Co. Convention Ctr. Orlando, FL

Al abam a Tur f Ti me s >>> Fall 201 6

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Digital Marketplace Scan the QR code: Download your favorite QR reader to your phone and scan the code to learn more about these companies.

Index of Advertisers >>>

Agri-AFC,LLC............................................................. 3 www.agri-afc.com Aquatrols Corporation of America.....................29 www.aquatrols.com Alabama Crop Improvement...............................26 BWI Companies......................................................28 www.bwicompanies.com Coosa Valley Turf Farms.......................................30 www.coosavalleyturffarms.com Ewing Irrigation.................................................... 24 www.ewing1.com FMC Professional Solutions..... Inside Back Cover www.fmcprosolutions.com Greenville Turf & Tractor, Inc....................................12 www.greenvilleturf.com Gulfcoast Organic Inc............................................. 5 Harrellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s LLC.................................... Inside Front Cover www.harrells.com Heritage Turf Inc............................................................7 Humphries Turf Supply................................................15 www.humphriesturf.com Jerry Pate Turf & Irrigation........................................ 19 www.jerrypate.com RD Murphy, LLC.......................................................9 www.rdmurphy.com Riebeling Farms, Inc..............................................26 Smith Seed Services..............................................30 www.smithseed.com Southeast Turf Maintenance............................ 6, 9 www.southeastturf.com Southern Specialty Equipment............................. 11 www.ssequip.net Southern State Turf..............................................30 www.ssturf.net Sur-Line Turf, Inc..................................................... 7 www.surlineturf.com Syngenta Professional Products...........................21 The Andersons Technologies, Inc....................... 18 www.andersonsgolfproducts.com The Turfgrass Group.........................8, Back Cover www.theturfgrassgroup.com TriEst Ag Group, Inc.............................................. 23 www.triestag.com Twelve Oaks Landscaping....................................26 www.twelveoakslandscape.com

Al ab ama Tu rf Tim e s > >> Fall 201 6

Weed Man..............................................................30 www.weedmanfranchise.com

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