Edible landscape

EDIBLE LANDSCAPE AR2U080 | spatial strategies for the global metropolis tutors | Lidewij Tummers Paul Broekhuisen

freke aalpoel nina bohm laura garcia megan los yidong yang

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PREFACE

This project is about food and is the result of a group work for the course “Spatial strategies for the global metropolis” in the master of urbanism of TU Delft.

The region that has been selected is the Ijssel Vecht Delta, in the Netherlands.

We had a first stage in which we decided a theme (food), we did some analysis of the region, we did a diagnosis and from it we created a strategy that fits the theme and the region. After 5 weeks, each one of us developed a crucial intervention, one that was important for the achievement of the strategy. In the final presentation, we told our story, explained the strategy and the interventions. We collected in this booklet all the information, data, maps, drawings and sketches that explain the “Edible Landscape”.

We hope you enjoy! freke aalpoel nina bohm laura garcia megan los yidong yang

HYPOTHESIS

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ANALYSIS

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STRATEGY

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

FOOD HUB 66

ING

PH

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AS

DIE

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60

CITY 82

VILLAGE 96

WATER 108

APPENDIX

SLOW NETWORKS 122

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HYPOTHESIS

CONSUMPTION 8/151

An avarage Dutch person eats 500 kilograms of food in a year. That equals 1/6 of an elephant.

500 KG

= 1/6 ELEPHANT

DAIRY AND CHEESE VEGETABLES

FRUITS

CONSUMPTION HYPOTHESIS

MEAT

SAUCES, SNACKS AND PASTRY The food consumed can be devided in multiple cetegories. In the Netherlands especially dairy products like milk, yoghurt and cheese form a large portion of the consumption, but also fruit, vegetables and potatoes have a big share.

The food we eat daily comes to us from all over the world. We eat meat from Argentina, kiwis from New Zealand, wheat from the USA, peppers form Spain and salmon from Norway.

BREAD

PASTA AND RICE

CONSUMPTION 10/151 Currently 519000 people are living in the region.

Together they eat 259.500.000 kg of food; the equivalent of 86500 elephants every year.

519.000 PEOPLE

86.500 ELEPHANTS

HYPOTHESIS

PRODUCTION

The region has a very big food production. In the region approximately 3900 million kg of food are produced. That equals 1.3 million elephants. Way more than the consumption in the region.

1.300.000 ELEPHANTS

PROBLEM STATEMENT Problem Statement The IJssel Vecht Delta, including the Noordoostpolder and Dronten, is one of the most productive food 12/151 regions in the Netherlands. Since the post war revolution the Netherlands as a hole has become one of the most efficient agricultural economies in the world. This has fundamentally changed the character of the landscape in the Netherlands, also in the IJssel Vecht region, making food one of our major export products. Although, the Netherlands consumes only 15% of the total food production, we import even more. Therefore, there is a discrepancy in the balance of the food production and consumption. At the same time, there is a growing trend visible towards local food preference and awareness about the relation food, environment and personal health is rising. These cultural trends demand a different economic framework that could enable the food balance to recover. Can the food balance between production and consumption recover by changing the economic framework into a circular economy regarding to the food chain in the IJssel Vecht Delta?

IN 2050 THE IJSSEL VECHT DELTA HAS A CIRCULAR FOOD CHAIN

HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS

In this booklet we will look into what it will take to have a circular food chain in the IJssel Vecht delta.

To replace the current global food system with a smaller, local one where the food consumed is produced close by, in the region. Looking at the numbers it should be doable....

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ANALYSIS

REGION

16/151 In the original region, the Ijsselvechtdelta, mainly milk and meat are produced. Therefore we expanded our region with the Noordoostpolder and Dronten to get a more divers food production. In Dronten and the Noordoostpolder are lot of vegetable and potatofarms. Zwolle is the only city in the region where the consumption of food is higher than production.

production and consumption

production consumption

AGRICULTURE AND NA

LAND USE MAP

Based on LGN7

Agricultural grass Corn Cereals Horticulture Other wetland vegetation Dedicious forest Conferious forest Potatoes Nature grassland Beets Moorland Other crops

ANALYSIS

Fruit farms

The land in the Flevopolder is more fertile than in the Ijsselvechtdelta. The land in the Ijsselvechtdelta is most of the time only suitable for agricultural grass. agriculture and nature

agricultural grass corn cereals horticulture other wetland vegetation dedicious forest conferious forest potatoes nature grassland beets moorland other crops fruit farms LGN7 ,Alterra, 2007

0

3

6

12

FARMS WITH ANIMALS In the region

3862 farms 346510 animals

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NUMBER OF FARMS WITH ANIMALS 700 600

623 536

500

385 401

400 300 200

325

315 226 145 150

100

253 161 175

113 45

9

0

TYPES OF ANIMAL FARMS 124

5

5

Cattle

245

Goats Horses and ponies Pigs

712

240

2531

Poultry Rabbits Fur animals

source: CBS

Typical animal farm:

Dairy farm in Raalte

ANALYSIS

126 X

AGRICULTURE FARM In the region

1329 farms 47097 hectares

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NUMBER OF AGRICULTURE FARMS 800

708

700 600 500

367

400 300 200 100

26

15

15

7

0

19

10

35

51

13

48

7

1

7

TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMS Potatoes

16 191 788

Agriculture vegetables 926

Cereals Grassseeds

5

Trade crops

50 43

926

942

Legumes Sugar beet Other agriculture crops Fallow

source: CBS

Typical agriculture farm:

Potato farm in Noordoostpolder ANALYSIS

37 ha

HORTICULTURE FARM In the region

269 farms

of wich 42 greenhouse horticulture

1942 hectares 22/151

NUMBER OF HORTICULTURE FARMS 100

91

84

90 80 70 60 50 40

31

30 20 10

5

3

0

7

0

13 2

14

7

5

0

0

7

TYPES OF HORTICULTURE FARMS 1

Fruit open soil

41 98

Horticulture vegetables Greenhouse fruit

129 Greenhouse vegetables

source: CBS

Typical horticulture farm:

Vegetable farm in Noordoostpolder ANALYSIS

9 ha

EDUCATION & RECREATION 24/151 Zwolle is a big education centre in the region. Next to the education there are valuable recreation areas in the region. There are three national parks, nature monuments and the cycling and hiking routes which are considered as positive attractions.

education and recreation

nature park visiting centre nature monument cycling and hiking route education

ANALYSIS

FOOD NOORD

FOOD REGION MARKETING

FOOD ACADEMY AMSTERDAM

In the Netherlands there are already many regions that use food as an identifier. If food is going to be part of the communicated identity of the IJsselVecht Region it should have a unique selling point considering the other food regions in the Netherlands.

FOODPORT ZEELAND

FOOD & FRESH LAB BRABANT

HEALTH HABITS

26/151 The population of Zwolle has the healthiest life style of the region and they also have a healthy life style compared to the Dutch average. This means that they smoke and drink alcohol less than average and that they work out more than average. Local and healthy food programmes might therefore catch on more quickly than in other areas. The population of Zwartewaterland have bad health habits compared to the Dutch average. In this region and also in the light pink areas there is a lot of room for improvement. health population

19-65 compared to dutch average

> 10 5 - 10 0-5 0 0 - -5 -5 - -10 Gezondheidsmonitor, CBS, 2012

MOBILITY urban areas

10min walking(0.8km) 10min cycling(2.5km) 15min Public transportation(4km) 10min Car(5km) rural areas 15min walking(1.25km) ANALYSIS

20min cycling(5km)

The transportation network is organised through the 20min Car(15km) railway, highway and local way. There are three ports and two airports located in the region. This mobility map can give an understanding of scale and time use of different transport modes.

port airport train station

mobility

10 min walking 10 min cycling 15 min public transport 10 min car

water transport highway railway local connection

15 min walking 20 min cycling 20 min car

0

3

6

12

18

Kilo 24

IMPORT

28/151 Exotic food like bananas and coffee are imported from outside the region. The highways and the ports form the main food transport route.

IMPORT import streams

ANALYSIS

EXPORT

From the Ijsselvechtdelta a lot of milk and meat is exported. The produced food is mostly gathered and Zwolle. As the main food distribution centre of the food products are transported from Zwolle to the rest of the world using the highways and waterways.

port airport train station water transport highway railway local connection

export

export streams

0

3

6

12

18

Kilo 24

FOOD RELATED JOBS 30/151 Zwolle is the economic centre of the region. Most jobs related to food storage and transport are located in Zwolle. Between Zwolle Dronten and Kampen there is backbone of food storage, industry and education. In the rest of the region the jobs are more related to food production and agriculture.

With this map we can see there is a potential for processing and distribution in the rest of the region and not only in the backbone.

economic sector

main economic development transport and storage agriculture food water management education

WATER SYSTEM Ramspol protect from high water levels due to wind

1 in 500 yr Dike ring 9 1 in 1250 yr

Dike ring 10 1 in 2000 yr

ANALYSIS

Not suitabla for grass, crops or buildings without severe measures

The red lines are the dikes in the region. The pink areas are not suitable for grass, crops or buildings without severe measures. The current use of polder Mastenbroek, located in this pink area, is mostly agricultural grass, while it is not suitable for this purpose. We should keep this in mind when we intervene in this areas.

Vecht

When dikes break and deep Dike ring 53 1 in 1250 yr Dike ring 11 1 in 2000 yr

IJssel (branch of Rhine)

H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten, Bureau BUITEN, Atelier 2T, De Beuk Organisatieadvies (2013).

Verkenning lange termijn perspectieven IJsselVechtdelta. Provincie Overijssel, Gemeente Zwolle, Kampen en Zwartewaterland, Waterschap Groot Salland.

Waterschap Groot Salland (2014). Legger primaire en regionale waterkeringen 2015. retrieved on: 9-4-2015 from:http://wgs.maps.arcgis.com/apps/OnePane/ basicviewer/index.html?appid=5de4299a0c6b42d6a 2dbfd7ff5197d78 0 3Legger 6 Waterschap Groot Salland (2014). oppervlaktewaterlichamen. retrieved on: 9-4-2015 from: http://www.wgs.nl/publish/pages/5622/ overzichtskaart_1_legger_2015.jpg

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TRENDS

TRENDS

URBAN AGRICULTURE FOOD PRODUCTION KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY LESS CO2/N2/ ANTIBIOTICS LOCAL FOOD ORGANIC FOOD VEGETARIANS EATING MEAT WATER LEVEL WORLD POPULATION

POST-WAR

COLD WAR

2000

1990

1980

1970

1960

OVERIJSSEL POPULATION

1950

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GLO

ANALYSIS

GLOBALIZATION

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

2050

2040

EXECUTION

2030

2020

2015

2010

2000

AWARENESS

-United Nations Database (web): http://esa.un.org/ wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm (18-02-15) -City population. Overijssel population by municipality (web): http://www.citypopulation.de/php/netherlandsoverijssel.php (20-02-15) -BBC news. Online article: “Quick guide: sustainable food” (web): http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/ nature/7121384.stm (15-02-15)

CURRENT SITUATION 34/151 In the current situation diagnosis map, we see that the region has a unbalanced relation between production and consumption of food. While in cities like Zwolle, the consumption is higher than the production, in the rest of the villages have a higer production than consumption. There is a big export center located in Zwolle, where all the food of the region goes to Zwolle, is processed and packed, and then sent to the rest of the world. There is also a protected area of the Natura 2000 system.

Near Dronten, there is a potencial area in terms of innovation and education, than may be connected to Zwolle in the future.

current situation

export direction production and consumption

export dirction

production and consumption national park nature momument revreation port airport train station natura 2000 national park

SWOT

strengths

port

weakness big food production

ANALYSIS

need to import food

opportunity

The quality of the landscape and the diverse soil types are a streghts that the regions has. As an threats opportunity, the region has a very big part in the world’s food production and because of this, it has a huge export. The weakeness of the region farms is the need to import food, since people that live here consume more imported products than local food. Finally, the climate change flood riskand the rise of the water level is a threat, but can be turned into an opportunity.

work

institute port

national parks

economic ce

fertile agricultural farms

technology swot

strength weakness opportunity threat

0

3

6

12

18

Kilometer 24

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

declining local stores excessive food miles

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standard food offer Notthingham Zwolle region

sustainable food procurement Nottingham, UK

issues

}

95% locally sourced meat

100% locally sourced milk

150.000 saved food miles/

using existing legislation

local produce preferred in tender

‘open house’ events inviting farmers to the hospital

year

€0 additional costs

fase-to-fase visits to farmers

tactics

to

NHS

outcomes

using existing legislation •

•

the department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) in England recommends the use of environmental requirements in the tender. defra has 29 policies focusing on sustainability on environment, food and rural affairs.

changing the metrics •

including environmental metrics in the tender requirements (lowinering food miles and carbon foodprint) was an important condition for the success of the project. It created the a level playing field between the established profiders and local businesses.

shared culture change • •

creativity and flexibility from the catering team to work with the seasonal changes. restructuring the process did not have a negative financial consequence for the NUH and did not require extra funding or infrastructure.

ANALYSIS

NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

• high population density

Foshan

1879 people/km²

mulberry fish pond areas

• huge demand for food

3797 KM² 7.260.000 people

• frequently flooded areas

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Foshan Zwolle region 202 people/km² 2572.12 KM² 519.000 people

20 km

Chu Chiang Delta

mulberry fish pond model Foshan, China

situations

challenges

tactics

embankments for planting crops

waterlogged area became fish ponds

man-made ecosystem •

•

Originally, the delta was just a waterlogged area. Farmers dug and moved soil, piling it into huge rectangle or round shapes and utilized these rasied embankments for planting crops and where embankments are wide enough, mulberry, bamboo,etc can be grown.

•

The excavated areas became deeper, making them ideal for fish culture.

• •

Mulberry leaves can yield cocoons, silkworm excreta and silkworm sloughs (molted skins).

The silkworm excreta can both serve as feed and fertilizer for fish.

It is a complete, scientifically based manmade ecosystem.

The whole principle of building mulberry fishpond depends on nature process.

ANALYSIS

FOSHAN MULBERRY FISHPOND MODEL

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SCENARIOS

CONDITIONS

PROBABLE FUTURE

42/151 There are several conditions that can influence our project. The first coming 5 years are easier to predict than how the situation will be in 2050. Therefore we notated three possible futures for the conditions that are important for our topic. We also marked the most probable possible future for each condition based on the trends of the last century. This matrix helped us to form three possible scenarios for our region.

2015

POSSIBLE FUTURE

2020

2050

POSSIBLE FUTURES FOR THE CONDITIONS Energy Production Accessibility = ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ 0 =/↓ ↑ Energy Production Accessibility 1 = ↑ ↓ Energy Production Accessibility ↓ 12 = ↑↑ ↓↑ MOST32PROBABLE↓0POSSIBLE=FUTURES CONDITIONS /↑ ↓ ↑↑ 1 2 3

3 1 2 3

0 Energy = ↓ 0

=/↓ Production ↑ ↑ =/↓

↑ Accessibility ↓ ↑ ↑

Waste =/↓ ↓ 0 Waste =/↓ Waste = ↓/ ↓ ↓0 0 Waste =/↓ ↓ 0

Knowledge ↓ = ↑ Knowledge ↓ Knowledge = ↓ ↑ = ↑ Knowledge ↓ = ↑

Emissions =/↓ ↓ 0 Emissions =/↓ Emissions = ↓/ ↓ ↓0

Water ↑ ↑ = Water ↑ Water ↑↑ = ↑

0 Emissions =/↓ ↓ 0

= Water ↑ ↑ =

Innovation ↓ = ↑ Innovation ↓ Innovation = ↓ ↑ = ↑ Innovation ↓ = ↑

Population ↑ = ↓ Population ↑ Population = ↑ ↓ = ↓ Population ↑ = ↓

Local Food Culture =/↓ ↑ ↑ Local Food Culture = / ↓Culture Local Food = ↑/ ↓ ↑↑ ↑ Local Food Culture =/↓ ↑ ↑

Exotic Foods ↓ = ↑ Exotic Foods Exotic↓Foods = ↓ ↑ = ↑ Exotic Foods ↓ = ↑

The first scenario is the efficient landscape. In this scenario the economic growth and the water protection are the most important factors. The economy will be service based and the main way of communication is digital communication. People will order there food online and it will be delivered at there homes. Because face-to-face contact is less important, housing development will be less clustered which results in urban sprawl. In this landscape even more will be produced and there will still be a big import and an even more huge export.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

WATER PROTECTION

COMMUNITY

SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION

BIG IMPORT - LITTLE LOCAL CONSUMPTION - HUGE EXPORT

SCENARIOS

THE EFFICIENT LANDSCAPE

THE INNOVATIVE LANDSCAPE

44/151 The second scenario is the innovative landscape. In this scenario all the stakeholders and factors have to work together and find a balance. In this scenario there will be still a lot of food export to feed the world population. Therefore there will still be food export, but the population only consumes what is locally produced. The waterstorage is combined with food production to protect the cities and villages from the rising sea level.

BIG LOCAL CONSUMPTION - BIG EXPORT

The third scenario is the community landscape. In this scenario the community and the farmers are the most important stakeholders and the community and the sustainable production are the most important factors. In this landscape the society is based on sharing and caring. Local food is locally available and accessible by bike. The economic value is less important than the circulair food chain, therefore the export of food is zero. In this landscape there are also innovative ways of food production to get more divers food, because there is no food import.

PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION

SCENARIOS

THE COMMUNITY LANDSCAPE

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STRATEGY

INGREDIENTS

Mix city with food production Use big institutions as catalysts for a local business network

Bring food related functions together in food hubs

48/151 The strategy is composed of several ingredients, which can be used in different ways, depending on the conditions and the scenarios. We can apply them to the three different scenarios, and this way, the strategy would adapt to the possible futures. Each ingredient can be used alone, but the interdependancy between them is what makes the strategy stronger. Also, the ingredients have subingredients, they appear in the crucial interventions, and help the strategy in a different scale.

Stimulate the development in innovative food sector in Zwolle business district Create slow networks through landscape

New educational programs in food innovation in the Zwolle-Kampen-Dronte backbone of the region Integrating water to food production

INGREDIENTS

STRATEGY

mix city with food production

legend

main economic center densification areas/urban agriculture new developments/vertical farms railway highway local connections

INGREDIENTS

bring food related functions together in food hubs and in food points 50/151

legend

food hub near urban area farm + factory + recyclling railway highway local connections

INGREDIENTS

STRATEGY

integration of water with food production

legend

floodable area aquaponics dikes + recreation

INGREDIENTS

use big institutions as catalysts for a local business network 52/151

legend

school catalyst hospital catalyst influence area connection with region

INGREDIENTS

STRATEGY

create slow networks through the landscape

legend

main economic center green corridor + cycling paths local connections

INGREDIENTS

new educational programmes in food innovation in the backbone of the region 54/151

legend

main knowledge centers area connected to agricultural sector food innovation institution knowledge network knowledge backbone

INGREDIENTS

STRATEGY

stimulate the development in innovative food sector in Zwolle’s business district

legend

main economic center area connected to urban sector area connected to agricultural sector railway highway local connections

STRATEGY APPLIED TO SCENARIOS

ZWOLLE AS THE ECONOMIC CENTER OF THE REGION

ZWOLLE AS PART OF A NETWORK OF INNOVATION IN THE REGION

THE REGION IN A NETWORK OF SOCIAL COHESION AND INNOVATION TOWARDS FOOD PRODUCTION

Landscape

Landscape Agricultural Landscape

Agricultural Landscape

Techno

logy

Digital connections

Landscape

Techno

logy

Production centers

Production centers

Production centers

Inn ova

Foo d

a oc

L ECONOMIC CENTER

Knowled

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ge

od

l fo

tion

Knowledge Economy

ov

Cyc ling

Inn

Inn

atio

n

ov

od

l fo

a oc

atio

n

ge

INNOVATION CENTER

Participation

Knowled

ge

od

l fo

ca

Lo

L

Knowled

Research

Participation

Research

Research

Participation

KNOWLEDGE CENTER

stes Wa Small scale production

Wast e

s

a icip

n

tio

t

r Pa

Recreational nature

Zwolle legend

zwolle densification areas + urban agriculture agricultural landscape social participation digital connections relation region-zwolle relation zwolle-region relations between the landscape, agriculturall and urban areas

as the economic

center of the region

Wast e

s

ipa

n

tio

tic

r Pa

Recreational nature

Zwolle as part of a network

the region in a network of social cohesion

of innovation in the region

and innovarion towards food production

In the Efficient Landscape, Zwolle is the economic center of the region, and its relation to the production areas is about an exchange of food, wastes, knowledge and innovation. The conditions given by the scenario are a digital communication, food delivery, efficient agriculture, high production, economic growth and water safety. In this monocentric model, some insitutions have started to consume local food and products and keep a digital connection between them.

PROBABLE FUTURE

POSSIBLE FUTURE

This scenario is part of a possible future, but not a very desirable one, because the production is not very sustainable and social cohesion is not strong enough.

STRATEGY

STRATEGY + THE EFFICIENT LANDSCAPE

STRATEGY + THE INNOVATIVE LANDSCAPE 58/151 In the Innovative Landscape, Zwolle is part of the network of innovation in the region. In this model, there is an exchange between the production centers, creating a network of support and collaboration. The conditions given by the scenario are a creation of knowledge centers, implementation of urban farming, organizing food hubs and food points, new technologies such as aquaponics.

PROBABLE FUTURE

POSSIBLE FUTURE

The innovative landscape is the most desirable future, due to its social participation and innovative technologies that allow the strategy to add a mix of the ingredients to it.

In the third scenario, the Community landscape, the region transforms into a network of social cohesion and innovation towards food production.

The conditions given in this scenario are use of innovative technology sucha as aquaponics, sharing and caring, local food accessibility. In the community landscape, there is a high social cohesion and participation, food is produced in a sustainable way, water is integrated to the landscape and to the food production, and there is also water storage to guarantee water safety.

PROBABLE FUTURE

POSSIBLE FUTURE

This scenario is a desirable future, specially for the social cohesion and the awarenes towards food production and consumption.

However, is the utopic scenario, because is a very closed system and is more focused to a small scale production.

STRATEGY

STRATEGY + THE COMMUNITY LANDSCAPE

PHASING food is integrated in new development plans urban farming introduced in cities all food points are connected

slow recreational network first food points function well

food hub development

food point development 60/151 Mastenbroek can be temporaily flooded

institutes as catalysts

equiping Mastenbroek for temporary flooding dike around Zwolle and IJsselmuiden

Koekoekspolder is entirely flooded

innovative foodproduction with water Koekoekspolder food related studies at Windesheim realising student housing for interns in countryside attraction food related companies

critical mass for train station

expansion bussines Zwolle realisatin of good bus connections

2020

realisation train station

2030

2040

2050

The phasing of the project is defined in each one of the crucial interventions, with some stages in which in needed a contributing factor/action and some stages in which one intervention must be finished to continue with the next one. In the built-up map we have determined the food hubs and food points as the essential interventions and the other as supporting interventions. So if the food hub in the Noordoostpolder starts getting together food related functions in the region, some food points start appering in the cities and these way the social awareness about local food consumption increases.

Then, farmers in the koekospolder would start implementing innovative solutions for water safety and storage and would be connected through slow networks to the landscape and the cities. legend

essential supporting

STRATEGY

BUILT-UP

STRATEGY MAP

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food hub in the Noordoostpolder

STRATEGY

mix village with food in Genemuiden

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

slow network in polder Mastenbroek water intervention in Koekoekspolder

mix city with food in Zwolle

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CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

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The aim of this first crucial intervention is to bring together different functions in the food supply chain.

By doing we hope to achieve three sub-goals:

INGREDIENTS

SUB-INGREDIENTS

• • •

Optimize the supply chain Stimulate collaboration between stakeholders in the food supply chain Allow consumers to experience the supply chain

TO OPTIMIZE centralised decentralisation

sustainable distribution

big institutions as catalysts

use existing initiatives

stimulate innovative production

accessibility by slow network

farms as entrance to food hub

‘open’ farms and factories

These developments will eventually support the circular food chain in the IJssel-Vecht Region.

big institues as catalysts TO COLLABORATE

TO EXPERIENCE

food hub/ points

slow network

preserve small farms

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

FOOD HUB

CURRENT SUPPLY CHAIN 68/151 The top diagram shows how the current supply chain functions. From the production column consisting of different types of farms food is moved to processing factories. Here, for example, milk is pasteurised or made into cheese, crops get packaged and after butchering, meat is made into sausages. After processing the products are moved to a very central distribution point and from there moved back to a local system of supermarkets.

production

processing

distribution

consumer

CURRENT SUPPLY CHAIN 1. Production is related to the soil types, as was already concluded from the analysis.

2. This local production is moved to a close by processing factory.

3. From these factories the food is moved to one central distribution centre. Here also food from other parts of the Netherlands or from outside the country is collected.

4. The distribution centre moves its products to supermarkets in the Netherlands.

Concluding, the current supply chain requires a lot of transport. An average box of food travels approximately 567 kilometres before reaching a supermarket (Coley, Howard & Winter, 2009). The very central organised distribution centre makes originally locally produced products not recognisable as such.

production

processing

distribution

consumer

Coley, D., Howard, M. & Winter, M. (2009) Local food, food miles and carbon emissions: A comparison of farm shop and mass distribution approaches. Food Policy 34(2), 150-155

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

The system that is described on the left page also applies to the IJssel-Vecht Region.

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Project Calendar showing existing and extended seasonality of traditional foods

The AFN project has a variety of architectures and interventions customizable to each community: Project Components: Stacks, Vaults, Meshes and Poles

In search for a suitable way to intervene in the supply chain the project of Lateral Office (2012) offers and interesting exemplary project. Lateral Office researched with a similar goal a food network for the Foxe Basin in Nunavit (Canada).

Although the differences between the IJssel-Vecht Region and Nunavit can not be underestimated, it is clear that effort search for new systems in the food supply chain is universal and that they can be profitable as well.

food culture • •

The traditional Inuit diet, which is centered on hunting and fishing, has been slowly compromised by an influx of southern manufactured food products.

The import products are not only expensive but they have also increased diabetes and obesity rates.

regional network •

The Arctic Food Network (AFN) addresses an urgent need for a snowmobile accessed regional network of arctic farms, freezers, and camp hubs.

Jáuregui, J.M., Shiva, V. & Wiskerke H.(2012) Food for the City. NAi Publishers: Rotterdam Lateral Office (2012). Retrieved from (March 20, 2015) http://lateraloffice.com/ARCTIC-FOODNETWORK-2011-12

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

SUPPLY CHAIN INTERVENTION 72/151 To optimize the supply chain, we suggest to centralise the processing column and decentralise the distribution column. Projected to the IJsselVecht Region this means that there will be four food hubs introduced. A food hub being an area in which several processing factories and one distribution centre is localised. In this way a big part of the transport costs can be cut out of the supply chain system.

TO OPTIMIZE centralised decentralisation

sustainable distribution

production

processing

distribution

consumer

TRANSPORT greenhouse gas emission total food supply chain

-35%

In the current supply chain 75% of the total greenhouse gas emission in the system consists of transportation (Coley, et al., 2009). This means that bringing functions together in one area, decreasing distances, could save a big part of the greenhouse gas emission in the system.

greenhouse gas reduction total food supply chain

-25% FOOD HUB

greenhouse gas reduction total food supply chain

Coley, D., Howard, M. & Winter, M. (2009). Local food, food miles and carbon emissions: A comparison of farm shop and mass distribution approaches. Food Policy 34(2), 150-155

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

SUPPLY CHAIN INTERVENTION

75%

74/151

To detail this intervention on the food supply chain, here the Noordoostpolder is chosen as a pilot project.

ecological framework

weerribben-wieden

agriculture greenhouse horticulture

Marknesse

Blokzijl

Emmeloord compoworld

agriculture

geomatics business park

Vollenhove

agriculture Urk

Blokzijl Emmeloord

fruit

Vollenhove Urk cultural triangle

Schokland

Analysis economic activity Noordoostpolder

Marknesse

Analysis present recreation facilities Noordoostpolder

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

NOORDOOSTPOLDER

COLLABORATION Blokzijl

76/151 Looking for the most fruitful location for new collaborations to arise in the Noordoostpolder the economic analysis shows that already three processing factories are located close to each other.

This could be a good starting point to gather more companies to create a food hub.

legend

possible stakeholder processing factory

TO COLLABORATE big institutions as catalysts

use existing initiatives

stimulate innovative production

preserve small farms

Marknesse compoworld

geomatics business park

In the intervention projects as Bioromeo and Weerribben Zuivel that already fit into the circular food chain should be used as catalysts and together with the overall strategy should gain more impact.

bioromeo • • •

BioRomeo is a collbaoration between agricultural farmers in the Noordoostpolder.

Through crowdfunding the farmers invest in solar panels on the roofs of their farms.

Who invests in these solar panels and contributes to a more sustainable food production receives payback in food boxes from the farmers themselves.

weerribben zuivel • • •

Weerribben Zuivel is a dairy farm on the edge of the Weerribben nature park.

The Weerribben produces milk and milk products in a biodynamic way, which also means the cows walk outside in the nature park a majority of the time.

Weerribben Zuivel is not just a farm, but also processe the milk that is produced into products that can be directly transported to the consumer.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

COLLABORATION

RECREATION weerribben-wieden

78/151 Together Urk, the village Nagele and the World Heritage side Schokland form a cultural triangle that the municipality of the Noordoostpolder tries to advertise (Gemeente Noordoostpolder, 2012). However, apart from this cultural hill the Noordoostpolder lacks the ability to attract many daytourists. The municipality expresses the wish for a new attraction point in the area.

cultural triangle Gemeente Noordoostpolder (2012). Recreatievisie Noordoostpolder 2012-2016.

Gemeente Noordoostpolder: Emmeloord legend

recreational attraction

TO EXPERIENCE accessibility by slow network

farms as entrance to food hub

‘open’ farms and factories

weerribben-wieden

Blokzijl

Emmeloord

INTERVENTION

Marknesse

weerribben-wieden

Blokzijl Marknesse

In the Noordoostpolder the food hub could form the new recreational attraction the municipality is looking for. Locating the food hub on the edge of the Weerribben-Wieden nature park creates a programme that could attract visitors from area.

Enhancing that location with recognisable cycling routes along the involved companies and farms will help consumers experience Choosing a location already close to three processing companies and in the middle of agricultural activity offers collaboration opportunities in terms of transport and recreation. legend

food hub recreational connection local distribution from food hub farms/ factories/ markets that are open to visitors distribution centre

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

Vollenhove

PHASING first food points introduced

food points are working together in foodhub

every foodhub is connected to regional network

attract entrepreneurs in recreational sector recreational routes connecting open farms

TO EXPERIENCE

transform farms to open typologies

create network for open farms

80/151 The phasing diagram shows the interdependency of the sub-ingredients used in the intervention and the way existing projects as the Weerribben and the BioRomeo initiative could be used as catalysts.

involvement compoworld and geomatics business park

TO COLLABORATE expand share solar panel project

construct regional distribution centre invest in sustainable trucks

develop regional product

move processing companies to project area

TO OPTIMIZE develop platform farmer, local business and recreational market

2015

2020

2030

2040

2050

Blokzijl

Marknesse compoworld

wild garden

geomatics business park

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

weerribben-wieden

82/151

INGREDIENTS

food hubs/points

mix city with food production

insitutes as catalysts

SUB-INGREDIENTS

community gardens

eco-industry parks

food parks

new developments

The objective is that Zwolle includes food production into the city’s land use plan, defining some new urban functions related to food.

With the proposed land use plan, the food production is going to be protected and enhanced in the city, giving tools of governance to the community and other stakeholders involved. By integratinng new urban categories, the city of Zwolle would have a high awareness towards food production and would help the region to achieve the circular food chain in 2050.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

MIX CITY WITH FOOD PRODUCTION

city center

fruit trees community gardens

84/151

community gardens

food parks

urban wetlands

1. Community gardens

Range of influence

30 %

70 %

Markets Food Awareness production

Gardens Production centers

2. Food parks Food production + water management

10 % Urban farming + fruit trees

90 %

Food Awareness production

Guidelines “More grows in the garden than the gardener sows” Old Spanish Proverb Social participation Self organization for selling

Plant fruit trees in city parks

MUNICIPALITY OF ZWOLLE

Initiative of the municipality in urban farming (maintenance) Spaces for recreation in relation to food production

Mixed functions, adaptable urban development, including food production as a urban function

Housing

50 %

Food Awareness production Transformation of industry and storage areas

More density Better mobility Green typology

FRAMEWORK

INDIVIDUAL GARDENERS ENTREPRENEURS

3. New urban developments

50 %

SOCIAL GROUPS

Social awareness for food production and consuption

Recreation

City expansion

Stakeholders

WATERBOARD

SOCIAL GROUPS AND INSTITUTIONS MUNICIPALITY OF ZWOLLE LAND OWNERS (FARMERS) INVESTORS AND DEVELOPERS HOUSING CORPORATIONS SOCIAL GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS

The main ingredient is mixing city with food production. There are some sub-ingredients, which are content into a framework with range of influence, guidelines and stakeholders. These sub-ingredients are: 1. community gardens 2. Food parks 3. New developments (divided in housing and industry). With the framework, the steps the city has to make in order to achieve a circular food chain are defined, and they give the clear path for the development of the urban areas, protecting the existing landscape.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

Sub-ingredient

LAND USE PLAN 86/151

legend

border of municipality roads existing buildings community gardens food parks new housing existing industry adaptable industry new industry protected agriculture

0 1

4

8

16

24 km

COMMUNITY GARDENS

LAYERS

Defining typologies Participation approach

FOOD PARKS Zoning Urban program

NEW HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT

INDUSTRY AND STORAGE Including other functions. Open typologies that offer different services (catering, restaurant) Mixed functions: industry-storage-housing eco-parks

AGRICULTURE Maintain the quality of the landscape and the existing agricultural land

The layers proposed for the land use plan of Zwolle introduce the food production into the existing urban functions. Defined by the framework, the new categories are: community gardens, food parks, new housing development, industry and storage and protected agriculture. Each one of these is going to be explained further on.

Also, we have looked at some international comparisons, the case of the community gardens in the city of New York and the case in the anning river valley in China. With these two references, we learn some tools and methods of approaching to the integration of food and city.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

Urbanization models: Food production community gardens high density self-built systems

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON 88/151

anning river new south town (project) Sichuan Province, China

adapting to the landscape •

•

Hung, Y., Waldheim, C. (2011). Infrastructure landscape: case studies by SWA. Birkhouser Basel.

the proposal of the master plan is to mix the traditional land use with future developments, maintaining the heritage landscape in the region. a master plan for 200 ha, providing housing, facilities and attractions for turists.

introducing a new urban program •

depending on the area and the relation to the river, the program is introduced. In this case, a wetland park, medium-density housing and working agriculture are combined, in a direct relation towards the river.

new agriculture •

the new agriculture mixes the food production with recreation, water and housing. The heritage landscape is maintained, as new developments, more sustainable, appear.

new york community gardens New York, US abc

abc community gardens •

due to the high amount of empty and abandoned lots in the city, people starts to build gardens for the community. Since the 70’s people in low income neighborhoods have the opportunity to grow their own vegetables and fruits, creating awareness in helathy eating habits.

branding •

many of the community groups that maintain the gardens have created their own name and brand. This helps them to be identifiable, accesible and to have support from people and municipality.

participaton • •

the community defends and protects their gardens. the municipality wanted to close some gardens in order to give a different use to that piece of land. However, people saved most of them and this created a need for legislation that protects community gardens.

Gittleman, M., Librizzi, L., Stone, E. (2010). Community garden survey: New York City: Results. GrowNY.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

COMMUNITY GARDENS

90/151

meerminnenplein, Zwolle city center

surrounded by housing

GUIDELINES

surrounded by water

in-between water and landscape

in-between row houses

The community gardens are an ingridient for social awareness towards food production. If we look at the total area of the 61 gardens we have mapped in the city of Zwolle, is comparable to the area of just one farm in the polder Mastenbroek (around 400.000 m2). This is not good in terms of production, as we know is very limited space and spetialization of people for growing diverse types of food. However, living close to the gardens, people can appropiate these new spaces, transform and integrate them into their lifestyles.

defining numbers and areas

61 community gardens area = 416,000 m2

1 farm in the polder Mastenbroek area = 400,000 m2 approx.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

in a closed block

FOODPARKS

92/151

almelose canal, Zwolle

GUIDELINES

Governance and stakeholders

50 %

20 %

30 %

wetlands river

fruit trees

recreational path

urban farming

wetlands

Recreational axis along the Almelose canal (connection to the natura 2000), implementing artificial wetlands for water purification and as a result enable land for food production. Plant fruit trees along the parks and roads, and open some areas for urban farming. These agricultural areas will be mixed with recreational functions, to enhance the awareness towards food. Is important to define the governance of the public spaces, so the stakeholders involved, especially the municipality, will be in charge of the maintenace.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

Urban program

ECOINDUSTRY PARKS

94/151 The industry and storage function is growing in the city of Zwolle. However, the way is being planned does not contribute to a healthy urban development.

Because of this, the industrial area in the city (very important for the region) needs to be mixed with other functions, ensuring an urban model in which employees and inhabitants of the area can enjoy the landscape around them. These new typologies are going to be connected by food parks and will contain areas for leisure and relaxing.

ikea, business district, Zwolle

new housing mixed with urban agriculture, Zwolle

efficient row houses, new neighborhood, Zwolle

food buildings, new neighborhood, Zwolle

The new housing developments are going to be designed under the framework of the new land use plan. This means that food production would be included in the typology of the architecture and would enhance social cohesion and integration. The vision for the new neighborhoods of Zwolle is based on a strategy of participation and sustainability, where food production must achieve at least the 50% of the consumption of these new households. Different urban typologies can ensure this and can integrate the new functions to the future city.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS

96/151

INGREDIENTS

Mix city with food

SUB-INGREDIENTS

food hubs/points

community gardens & food parks

recreation connection

institutes as catalyst

mix food with industry

mix food with housing

The main ingredient of this intervention is mix city with food. Besides this ingredient, the ingredient food points and institutes as catalyst is used. For this specific location also four sub-ingredients are implemented. Genemuiden is located in the north of our region in the northeast corner of the polder Mastenbroek. Compared to Zwolle this is the implementation of mix city with food on the small scale.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

FOOD VILLAGE GENEMUIDEN

CURRENT SITUATION 98/151 Genemuiden currently has approximately 10000 inhabitants. These inhabitants together eat 1600 elephants. In the area of Genemuiden 2000 elephants are produced. Unfortunately these elephants mainly consist of meat, fish and milk.

Genemuiden is dominated by (carpet) industry and the population have bad health habits compared to the Dutch average. There is currently no local food available. So there is a lot of room for improvement on these topics.

legend

roads buildings water park/green

Cijfers wijken en buurten, CBS, 2014

Current production

Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks (160.000 m2)

Current production: 2000 elephants Current consumption: 1600 elephants

Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks & Innovative food production company

Diversity current production Current production

Production with Community Gardens & Food needed for population Genemuiden in KG Food Parks & Innovative food production

Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks (160.000 m2)

Fish Cheese Meat Dairy Fruit Vegetables Potatoes Rice/Pasta/Bread Eggs

company

40000 130000 480000 1280000 520000 620000 350000 590000 7000

Pictures: Cellemuiden, www.maps.google.nl

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

On this page the main types of agriculture are shown. The land is mainly used as agricultural grass.

Mostly Cows and Sheep are grazing the meadow.

Agriculture characteristics the landscape.

Farm Cellemuiden Sheep and cows Cellemuiden

Agricultural grass Cellemuiden

CURRENT AGRICULTURE

COMMUNITY GARDENS & FOOD PARKS 100/151 If all green areas on the map will be transformed in community gardens or food parks, 50 % of the fruits and vegetables needed in Genemuiden can be produced. Community gardensproduction and food parks Current are definitely not the most efficient way of food production, but it could give a large boost to the awareness of the inhabitants about local and healthy food and food production.

Land & Tuinbuw, Ministerie Vlaamse Gemeenschap Picture: http://www.oregonlive.com/

Area: 160.000 meters Gardens & Production withsquare Community Production: % of fruits Food Parks50(160.000 m2)and vegetables

Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks & Innovative food production company

Production with Community Gardens & Food Parks (160.000 m2)

Production with Community Gardens & Production: fruitsfood and production vegetables.

Food ParksAdditional & Innovative Compensated seasonal fluctuation CG & FP company

Genemuiden has an large industrial area with a good transport system. This industrial area is therefore also a good spot for innovative food production companies. An artificial lighting food company good for example compensate the seasonal fluctuation of the community gardens and food parks and produce the additional amount of needed fruits and vegetables.

Picture: Microchip fabriek wordt slafabriek in Japan, www.tuinenbalkon.nl

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

on

FOOD INDUSTRY

FOOD HOUSING & CHURCH COMMUNITY AS CATALYST 102/151 food housing Because of the large industry Genemuiden has a lot of jobs. Therefore Genemuiden is still growing.

Genemuiden is currently expanding in the Tag West area, but it will probably grow even more. Food can be included in the development plans to create more awareness among the inhabitants. church as catalyst The church is very important in Genemuiden. At the last electives 50% of the inhabitants voted for a Christian party. So the church is the perfect institution to use as a catalyst for the plans of this intervention.

The church can be used to inform the community about local and healthy food and enhance the developments.

Pictures: www.flickr.com & https://www.maf.nl/staf/ fam-paas/zendingsbureau-cgk

GREEN CONNECTION CELLEMUIDEN Cellemuiden is an beautiful (production) landscape at the east of Genemuiden. Unfortunately it is currently blocked off by the large industrial area. Genemuiden can be reconnected with this landscape trough a slow recreation route. This route will cross the industrial area in the south and in the north. In the north it will connect the route with the inner-city and in the south it will connect it with the recreational area.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

Cellemuiden

LOCAL FOOD MARKET 104/151 To make the local food accessible a food point in Genemuiden is really essential. There is already a central market in Genemuiden. This market can be transformed into a local food market. All farmers and production companies can sell their food here and the inhabitants from Genemuiden can meet and relax.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

TOTAL PLAN

PHASING & ESSENTIALS

Food is integrated in new housing development plan Tag West

Food is intergrated in new housing development and renovation of existing housing stock

Food is integrated in new industrial development plans Attrackting new innovation food companies Local food market Local food in supermarkets, restaurants etc.

First CG Community gardens in every neighbourhood 50 % of fruits and vegatables is produced

First Food Park Expanding food parks in combination with the recreation connection with Cellemuiden Community programs in churches as catalyst

Creating slow food recreation connection with Cellemuiden

106/151 In the phasing it becomes clear that many ingredients contribute to each other. The food industry for example contributes for the local food market in the first stage.

2015

ESSENTIAL Although all the ingredients are contributing to each other there are some ingredients that are more essential for the intervention than others. The local food market is very essential, because without it local food would not be accessible. The food industry can create for diversity in the local food production. The church as catalyst is also important because it can reach a big part of the inhabitants very fast. The other ingredients are more contributing elements.

CONTRIBUTING

2020

2030

2040

2050

E

E

E

C

C

C

E

E

E

C

C

C

Industry/Work

Housing/Living

Housing/Living

Industry/Work

Industry/Work

Dalfsen

Wezep

Genemuiden

Local food market

Mix industry & food

Church as catalyst

Community gardens & Food park

Mix industry & housing

Recreation connection Cellemuiden

Genemuiden is quite a special village when you compare it to for example Dalfsen en Wezep. The percentage of industry in Genemuiden is way higher and in Dalfsen there is alreay done a lot to create awareness about local, healthy and sustainable food.

The percentage of Christian people in Genemuiden is also exceptionally high. Therefore not all ingredients used for this intervention can be implemented easily in other villages. The local food market, community gardens & food parks and mixing food with housing development are not only suitable for Genemuiden.

They could also be implemented in other villages in the region. The food industry, church as catalyst and the recreation connection with Cellemuiden are more specific ingredients for Genemuiden. That makes them less suitable for other cities.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

Living/Housing

IMPLEMENTING IN OTHER CITIES

108/151

INGREDIENTS

integrate water with food production

SUB-INGREDIENTS

food hubs/points

floating greenhouses

cycling and canoeing

slow network

natural shores

houses on mounts

This intervention uses the ingrediënt of combining food production and water storage and is located in the Koekoekspolder. The slow network an food hub ingrediënts also play a role. Next to these general ingrediënts sub ingrediënts specific for this area are used. These include floating greenhouses, houses and dikes on raised ground, cycling and canoeing and nature development on the embankments.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

WORKING WITH WATER

LAND USE MAP 110/151 The koekoekspolder lies in the north east corner of the polder Mastenbroek, just to the east of IJsselmuiden. Because of peat excavation in history the ground level is quite a bit lower (-3 NAP) than the surroundings. The area is mainly used for vegetable farming, partly in greenhouses. Because the area is the lowest in the region there is quite a lot of seepage. Also, in the unfortunate case of a dike break this area will be flooded with over five meters of water very rapidly.

H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten, Bureau BUITEN, Atelier 2T, De Beuk Organisatieadvies (2013).

Verkenning lange termijn perspectieven IJsselVechtdelta. Provincie Overijssel, Gemeente Zwolle, Kampen en Zwartewaterland, Waterschap Groot Salland.

If in this area floating greenhouses would be implemented in combination with flooding it and using it as water storage safe food production could be guaranteed and the seepage problem decreased.

Silvis, L. G., Gehrels, J. C., Lindenberg, J. J., de Boer, S., & Holleman, E. (2002). Haalbaarheidsstudie drijvende kassen: samenvatting, resultaten. Delft Cluster.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

WORKING WITH WATER

FLOATING GREENHOUSES 112/151

Floating greenhouses fit the area because there already are greenhouses and in this way the water problems of seepage and flood risk can be managed. In this way the space can be used double.

The houses, yards and roads would be raised on dikes and mounts. The embankments of these could be constructed in sush a way that they form interesting places for flora and fauna and thus add ecological value to the area.

The greenhouses move with the fluctuating water level and cope like this with deifferent wheather periods.

Silvis, L. G., Gehrels, J. C., Lindenberg, J. J., de Boer, S., & Holleman, E. (2002). Haalbaarheidsstudie drijvende kassen: samenvatting, resultaten. Delft Cluster.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

FLOATING GREENHOUSES

RECREATION

114/151

This new flooded koekoekspolder with have floating greenhouses would be very interestingfor isitors because of the unique and innovative landscape.

To facilitate these visitors the koekoekspolder should be to the existing cycling and canoeing routes in the area. Now the routes go around but new routes though the area will attract more visitors.

Provincie Overijssel, nationaal landschap IJsseldelta, Oost best. Ontdek de IJsseldelta. retrieved on 9-42015 from http://www.ontdekdeijsseldelta.nl/

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

RECREATION

FOOD POINT

116/151

FOOD POINT

cafe

information centre

store

playground

The area would contribute even more to the ircular food chain if a food point would be realised. A place where people can buy food produced in the greenhouses or sit on a floating terrace and have a slice of local strawberry cake. Also for instance a playground where children can experience the fluctuating water level, a kayak rent or information centre could be located here.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

kayak rent

COMPARISON

118/151 In the area is about 450 hectares of which 110 ha are greenhouses. The current land use plan allows for growth untinl 220 hectares, the physical maximum when space needed for infrastructure, facilities and water storage etc. is taken into account.

In the greenhouses 23 mln kg, or 7800 elephants a year of fruits and vegetables are produced. That is roughly a of the kg consumed in re region every year.

CBS (2015). Landbouw, gewassen dieren en grondgebruik naar gemeente. retrieved on 9-4-2015 from http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/ selection/?DM=SLNL&PA=80781NED&VW=T gemeente Kampen. (2013) bestemmingsplan Koekoekspolder 2013. retrieved on 9-4-2015 from: http://www.gisnet.nl/ruimtelijkeplannen/kampen/ CE3ACED5-AEAF-4862-B286-7005A2E9F85A/t_ NL.IMRO.0166.00991062-OW01.html#begin

If the area would be flooded and floating greenhouses would be implemented 270 ha could be realised. That is more than is possible with the current system because of the space that is needed for water storage when the greenhouses are built directly on the ground. Every year 58 mln kg or 19300 elephants could be produced. That is more than two third of the consumption in the whole region.

By intervening in this way next to the higher production the area would also be an attraction point for visitors.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

COMPARISON

120/151

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

122/151

INGREDIENTS

food hubs/points

slow network

integrate water with food production

SUB-INGREDIENTS

food point

running path

transition center

The purpose of this intervention is to connect people and food recreation. Slow network is the most important ingredients in this project. And the sub-ingredients are food point, transition center and running path. To use the ingredients to make a “food path” so that people can have food experience through slow network.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

SLOW NETWOK

N

y bike

CONCEPT

N

Koekoekspolder food point

KAMPEN

4 km 5km

ZWOLLE

ZWOLLE food point

y train

y car

N

124/151 This “food path� selected between Zwolle and Kampen is 16 km. The concept is to combine the slow and fast traffic to make a compact circle and use the new developed food point which located in the middle of Mastenbroek and the Koerkoerspolder to divide the path into small parts to make it more suitable for slow traffic and full of fun. And then to transform and upgrade the existing parking and transition areas into transition centers to encourage local residents and tourists to take advantage of the slow network and enjoy a health, green and food related lifestyle.

N

N

N

KAMPEN

KAMPEN

Koekoekspolder food point 4 km 5km

Koekoekspolder

KAMPEN

KAMPEN ZWOLLE

60 min by bike

food point 4 km

ZWOLLE 5km

10 min by train 18 min by car

60 min by bike

10 min by train 18 min by car

ZWOLLE

ZWOLLE

CONCEPT

N

KAMPEN

ZWOLLE transition center

running path

N

N

N

KAMPEN

Transition center

KAMPEN

KAMPEN

KAMPEN ZWOLLE

ZWOLLE

public transport car

Transition bike center

ZWOLLE

ZWOLLE

public transport car

bike

This intervention involved 3 stages: develop a food point, upgrade the transition center and improve the quality of the slow path. The newly developed food center in the middle of Mastenbroek consists of food parks, food factories, and food markets which gives people special food experience and help people to build the awareness of food. The transition centers make the food route clear in concept and encourage people to use it more frequently. And the running path is also indicating that the slow traffic is welcome here.

existing

proposed

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

N

PLAN N

Koerkoerspolder food point

kampen 126/151 This project consists of three parts, the food point develop in the middle of Mastenbroek, transition centers and improved slow traffic.

railway

highway

Zwolle legend

transition center slow traffic

APPLY TO REGION

Steenwijk Bant

Marknesse

Meppel

Hasselt Kampen Nieuwleusen Zwolle

The food path (food point-transition- running) can apply to the region which help people build up their awareness of food and also give people a strong reason to use the slow network. To make food part of their life and benefit from such things.

Het Harde

Epe legend

food path

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

Staphorst

FOOD POINT food market food park experienceing green house

128/151

N

kampen

Zwolle

This food point located in the middle of Mastenboek.

There are food parks, food market and experiencing green houses to provide people a chance to get close to the food, see how the food were grew and produced and have a better understanding of healthier lifestyle.

food park

The food point give people a chance to get close to the food, see how the food were grew and produced and have a better understanding of healthier lifestyle.

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

FOOD POINT

TRANSITION CENTER Public transport

Kampen 130/151

N

kampen

Zwolle

Bike Car

The two areas were located in the city near the public transport. To upgrade the existing parking areas into transition centers to fit more needs and more them clear for local residents as well as tourists.

Zwolle

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

TRANSITION CENTER

RUNNING PATH

existing

Type A

A proposed

existing

B 132/151

N

Type B proposed

kampen

Zwolle

C

Broaden the width of the slow traffic and make the running path clear.

legend

Type C

existing

proposed

slow traffic green car

10M

CRUCIAL INTERVENTIONS

RUNNING PATH

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CONCLUSION REFLECTION

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By implementing this strategy the IJssel-Vecht Region could be pushed towards a circular food chain in 2050. We believe that if people are involved in the food supply chain, where the edible landscape is protected and at the same time open for social awareness and if food is produced in an innovative and efficient way, accessible to its local consumers, food consumed in the region can be produced in the region.

CIRCULAR FOOD CHAIN 2050

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

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REFLECTION

Reflecting on the strategy we developed, we see elements that could stimulate stakeholders in this region to start collaborating towards a regional food system. However, this is a system in which increasingly global companies make up the rules and it is questionable if a new developing system can compete with them. If this strategy would be taken on and developed further we suggest looking for a strong economic feasibility research and target group discussions to embed the strategy in its context.

The context we have been working in, being a project group with different backgrounds and interests, we enjoyed as a challenge. The regional scale of the project made group work even more relevant, as our strategy could not have been as comprehensive now it is developed in a team of students. Our group grew into a team over the last eight weeks and we enjoyed making this end result.

CONCLUSION

Working on the theme has made us become very aware about the implications of the food system on our surroundings. It has become clear that food has a huge impact on the Dutch landscape and economy, even if it is not always as visible.

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APPENDIX

The IJssel Vecht Delta, including the Noordoostpolder and Dronten, is one of the most productive food regions in the Netherlands. Since the post war revolution the Netherlands as a hole has become one of the most efficient agricultural economies in the world. This has fundamentally changed the character of the landscape in the Netherlands, also in the IJssel Vecht region, making food one of our major export products.

Although, the Netherlands consumes only 15% of the total food production, we import even more. Therefore, there is a discrepancy in the balance of the food production and consumption. At the same time, there is a growing trend visible towards local food preference and awareness about the relation food, environment and personal health is rising. These cultural trends demand a

Team: Freke Aalpoel Nina Bohm Laura A. Garcia Megan Los Yidong Yang

Type: Idealistic strategy

current food production........................ 1.300.000

current food consumption..........................86.500

number of inhabitants in the region (2015).............519.000

1 elephant = 3000 kg

Program:

Problem Statement

>>> FACTS & FIGURES

IN 2050 THE IJSSELVECHTDELTA HAS A CIRCULAR FOOD CHAIN

EDIBLE LANDSCAPE

142/151 Our region, conformed by the Ijssel Vecht Delta and the Noordostpolder, has a very diverse food production, as a consequence of the different land types in the region. If we look only at the delta area, food production would be mainly of meat and dairy. If we have wider look to the noordoostpolder area, some cereals, fruits and vegetables, potatoes and corn are also being produced. In order to include all the qualities of the agricultural landscape in our strategy, we have selected a broader area.

Analysis

different economic framework that could enable the food balance to recover. Can the food balance between production and consumption recover by changing the economic framework into a circular economy regarding to the food chain in the IJssel Vecht Delta?

POST-WAR

1960

COLD WAR

fertile agricultural farms

The Community Landscape

The innovativeLandscape

The Efficient Landscape

SCENARIOS

OVERIJSSEL POPULATION

WORLD POPULATION

WATER LEVEL

EATING MEAT

VEGETARIANS

ORGANIC FOOD

LOCAL FOOD

LESS CO2/N2/ ANTIBIOTICS

KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY

FOOD PRODUCTION

URBAN AGRICULTURE

TRENDS

TRENDS

worldcircle food knowledge network

1950

2000

3

6

12

APPENDIX

18

AWARENESS

Kilometers 24

technology

0

6

EXECUTION

3

12

national parks

flood risk

farms

threats

weakness need to import food opportunity

strengths

18

Kilometers 24

technology

economic center

port

institute

big food production

0

3

6

12

national parks

flood risk

farms

threats

opportunity

weakness

strengths

PRODUCTION DIVERSITY

fertile agricultural farms

port

PRODUCTION VS CONSUMPTION

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

economic center

fertile agricultural farms

national parks

institute worldcircle food farms knowledge network port flood risk

threats

GLOBALIZATION

0

strength

weakness big food production opportunity

2010

need to import food

1970

strengths port

2015

need to import food big food production

1980

weakness

2020

port

1990

oppurtunity

2030

threat

2040

SWOT

2050

18

Kilometers 24

technology

economic center

port

institute

consumption

production

In the second scenario, the Innovative Landscape, Zwolle is part of the network of innovation in the region. In this model, there is an exchange between the production centers, creating a network of support and collaboration. The conditions given by the scenario are a creation of knowledge centers, implementation of urban farming, organizing food hubs and food points, new technologies such as aquaponics. Here, the knowledge backbone, concentrated between the cities of Zwolle, Kampen and Dronten, start interacting to the rest of the region, exchanging knowledge, research and

In the first scenario, the Efficient Landscape, Zwolle is the economic center of the region, and its relation to the production areas is about an exchange of food, wastes, knowledge and innovation.

The conditions given by the scenario are a digital communication, food delivery, efficient agriculture, high production, economic growth and water safety. In this monocentric model, some insitutions have started to consume local food and products and keep a digital connection between them. Also, the dikes are very important, they surround every city and village, protecting from the rise of the water level. This scenario is part of a possible future, but not a very desirable one, because the production is not very sustainable and social cohesion is not strong enough.

The strategy is composed of several ingredients, which can be used in different ways, depending on the conditions and the scenarios. These ingredients are: mix city with food production, bring food functions together in food hubs/points, slow networks through the landscape, integrate water to food production, use big insititutes as catalysts for a local business network, start new educational programmes in food innovation in the backbone of the region and stimulate the development in the innovative food sector in Zwolle district business. Having these ingredients, we can apply them to the three different scenarios, and this way, the strategy would adapt to the possible futures. If we look at the figures 1, 2 and 3, we have the diagrams that explain the conditions and variables of the region in each scenario.

Strategy

The Ijssel Vecht Delta region can achieve a circular food chain in 2050 applying these strategy, where people are involved in the food production, where the landscape is protected and enhanced by social awareness and where food is produced in an innovative and efficient way.

Conclusion

In the third scenario, the Community landscape, the region transforms into a network of social cohesion and innovation towards food production. The conditions given in this scenario are use of innovative technology sucha as aquaponics, sharing and caring, local food accessibility. In the community landscape, there is a high social cohesion and participation, food is produced in a sustainable way, water is integrated to the landscape and to the food production, and there is also water storage to guarantee water safety. Zwolle is no longer the center of the region, but every village and city is its own center, where people participate in the developing processes and there is a high awareness towars food production due to the food points. There are some slow networks connecting the hubs/points to the landscape and making food more accessible to everyone. This scenario is a desirable future, specially for the social cohesion and the awarenes towards food production and consumption. However, is the utopic scenario, because is a very closed system and is more focused to a small scale production.

innovative solutions for food production.

These institutions would be connected, and would work in collaboration with the aim of boosting the region with innovation.

Also, some food hubs are starting to come up with the aim of organizing the supply chain of the region, and some food points appear in the cities and villages.

The emergence of these new hubs is going to influence the urban development in the cities, demanding for a new model that contents food production within them.

This scenario is characterized for having a balance between economic growth, water safety, social participation and sustainable production. The innovative landscape is the most desirable future, due to its social participation and innovative technologies that allow the strategy to add a mix of the ingredients to it.

144/151 Stimulate innovative food sector

New educational backbone

Create slow networks

Use institutes as catalyst

Integrating water and food production

Food hubs and food points

Mix city with food

Figure 4

Figure 1

ge

Knowled

tion

s

ste Wa

ova

Foo d

Inn

Digital connections

l ca Lo

d

foo

Research

Knowledge Economy

Agricultural Landscape

ECONOMIC CENTER

Landscape

Production centers

Cyc ling

APPENDIX

Figure 2

ge

Knowled

on

ati

ov

Inn

logy

Techno

Recreational nature

s

Was te Pa

Participation

od

l fo

ca

Lo

Participation

INNOVATION CENTER

Agricultural Landscape

Landscape

ZWOLLE AS PART OF A NETWORK OF INNOVATION IN THE REGION

Research

ZWOLLE AS THE ECONOMIC CENTER OF THE REGION

tio ipa rtic

n

Production centers

Figure 3

Small scale production

Knowled ge

ov ati

Inn

logy

Techno

on

s

Recreational nature

Was te

Lo

ca

Participation

KNOWLEDGE CENTER

Landscape

l fo

od

Production centers

n tio ipa rtic Pa

THE REGION IN A NETWORK OF SOCIAL COHESION AND INNOVATION TOWARDS FOOD PRODUCTION

Research

distribution

59.500 ha.

25 km.

1200 ha.

139.000 elephants

consumer

Aimed effect: In the regional food hub different functions in the supply chain are brought together.

This is to achieve three goals: • Stimulate collaboration between stakeholders in the food supply chain • Allow consumers to experience food chain • Optimise the supply chain

Stakeholders involved: Farmers (BioRomeo and Weerribben Zuivel), local entrepreneurs, daytourists, companies in food sector, municipality, Geomatics business park and Compoworld

Program: net transformation infrastructure landscape food production

Team: Edible Landscape Nina Bohm

>>> FACTS & FIGURES

processing

INTERVENTION

Specifically in the Noordoospolder, a food hub could become the recreative attraction the municipality is looking for, as the hub could offer a look inside farms and factories involved. At the same time farmers and processing companies are offered the opportunity to work together.

This intervention focuses on the supply chain that functions between the farmers and the consumers. The current supply chain needs a lot of transport to get products from farms to processing factories to distribution centre and than back to a local supermarket. The concept of the food hub is to bring together several processing factories and a distribution centre in one area to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create opportunities for recreation and collaboration. In the region four food hubs are introduced, here we zoom into the Noordoostpolder.

FOOD HUB NOORDOOSTPOLDER

146/151 system with food hub

current system

CONCEPT

FOOD HUB

-25%

-35%

75%

APPENDIX

This intervention uses the ingredient of combining food production with water.

It focusses on the Koekoekspolder, the low laying (-3 NAP) north west corner of the polder Mastenbroek. The area has seepage problems and in case of a dike brake there will be more than 5 meters of water very rapidly.

By implementing floating greenhouses in this area efficient food production can be guaranteed while the area can at the same time become an attraction point for visitors because of the unique landscape.

To enforce this the recreational routes for bike and kayak in the vicinity could be expanded into the area. Also a food point where people can buy food produced in the area, sit down for a piece of very local strawberry cake or rent a kayak would enhance the attraction. This way the koekoekspolder can be used for effecient food production, water storage and at the same time be an attraction for vistors.

450 ha.

270 ha.

350 ha.

75 19300 elephants

Aimed effect: combine efficient food production with water storage

Stakeholders involved: growers, entrepreneurs, water board, municipality

Program: net transformation agriculture water houses food production

Team: Edible Landscape Megan Los

>>> FACTS & FIGURES

recreation

food FIT IMAGERY INSIDE THE BLUE FRAMES point + + AND TEXT INSIDE BLACK foodTHE production

+

water storage

KOEKOEK POLDER LAKE

55 ha.

10 ha.

100 ha.

61

Aimed effect: Create awareness in food production inside the city, bringing new urban functions together

Stakeholders involved: Social groups, entrepreneurs, individual gardeners, Municipality of Zwolle, waterboard, land owners (farmers), private investors and developers.

residential industrial port infrastructure landscape water community gardens

Program: net transformation

Team: Edible Landscape Laura Alejandra Garcia

>>> FACTS & FIGURES

Land use plan for Zwolle

eco-industry parks

Eco-industry parks

Food parks

food parks

new developments

Future neighborhoods in Zwolle

Zwolle with new urban functions related to food

community gardens

Mixing food with city is one of the ingredients of the strategy Edible Landscape to make a circular food chain in the Ijssel Vecht delta region.

The objective is that Zwolle includes food production into the city’s land use plan, defining some new urban functions related to food. These “sub-ingredients” are the community gardens, food parks, eco-industry parks and new urban developments.

With the proposed land use plan, the food production is going to be protected and enhanced in the city, giving tools of governance to the community and other stakeholders involved.

This way, social participation is going to be very important , and from it the awareness of how the food is produced will increase, creating healthier eating habits. By mixing the city with food production, other ingredients of the strategy will be implemented, such as the slow networks to connect the city to the agricultural landscape and food hubs to cluster procesing and distribution areas in the city. Also, the food points are very important for the accessibility of healthy food in the city.

protected agriculture

industry areas

new housing

food parks

community gardens

MIX CITY WITH FOOD PRODUCTION

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uction

C

CONTRIBUTING

Production + m2) FP& Food Parks Food (160.000 Parks (160.000 m2)CG

Production Production with Community with Community Gardens Gardens & &

E

E

Connection Cellemuiden

C

Production Production with Community with Community Gardens Gardens & & Food Parks Food &Parks Innovative & Innovative food production food production Production + FP,CG & industry company company

E

Local food market Genemuiden

C CONTRIBUTING CONTRIBUTING

ESSENTIAL

Food related industry

ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL

Local Food Market

E

CONTRIBUTINGC

ESSENTIAL

E

CC

CC

EE

C

E

C

E

C

E

Food mixed with housing

C

E

APPENDIX

The main ingredient of this intervention is mix city with food. The population of Genemuiden currently have bad E E health habits compared to the Dutch E average. food production E The current of Genemuiden mainly consists of milk, meat and fish. By implementing community gardens (CG) and food parks (FP)C 50% of the fruits and vegetables C can be produced. If innovative food production companies will develop in the C industrial area, 100% can be produced.

This food industry could also compensate C for the seasonal fluctuation of the CG and FP. The church is very important in Genemuiden. Therefore this community can be used to inform inhabitants about healthy and local food. The local food market will make the local food accessible. The green recreation route re-connects the beautiful production landscape of Cellemuiden again with Genemuiden.

C

Community Gardens & Food Parks

EE

C

E

EE

C

E

CC

CC

Church as catalyst

EE

C

E

C

C

E E

C

E

Recreation Connection Cellemuiden

Aimed effect: Making local food accessible in Genemuiden and making the population of Genemuiden aware of local and healthy food.

Stakeholders involved: Municipality of Zwartewaterland, Inhabitants, Church, Companies and Farmers

C

food parks and community gardens 160.000 m2

current food C production...............................2000

current food consumption...........................1600 C

Program: number of inhabitants .........10.000

EE

Team: Edible Landscape E Freke Aalpoel

>>> FACTS & FIGURES

Cellemuiden

FOOD VILLAGE GENEMUIDEN

C

E

C

E

C

E

C

E

2.36 ha.

16 km.

64 ha.

6 ha.

To connect people and food recreation to give people food experience through slow network.

Aimed effect:

Stakeholders involved: municpality of Zwolle and Kampen, land owners, local residents, design company, transportation companies

Program: net transformation urban area infrastructure landscape water

Team: Edible Landscape Yidong Yang

>>> FACTS & FIGURES

running path

KAMPEN

N

18 min by car

10 min by train

60 min by bike

This intervention involved 3 stages: develop a food point, upgrade the transition center and improve the quality ZWOLLE of the slow path.

KAMPEN

N

And then to transform and upgrade the existing parking and transition areas into transition centers to encourage local residents and tourists to take advantage of the slow network and enjoy a health, green and food related lifestyle.

This “food path� selected between Zwolle and Kampen is 16 km. The concept is to combine the slow and fast traffic to make a compact circle and use the new developed food point which is located in the middle of Mastenbroek and the Koekoekspolder to divide the path into small parts to make it more suitable for slow traffic and full of fun.

transition center

concept

plan

N

experienceing green house

ZWOLLE

food park

food park

food point food market

FOOD EXPERIENCE THROUGH SLOW NETWORK

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