May / June 2019 Issue

LAST FRONTIER THE LIFE & BEAUTY OF ALASKA

MAGAZINE | MAY - JUNE 2019

DENALI, IN ALL HER GLORY A quick escape into Denali National Park

“DAY HIKING SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA” An Alaska woman hits the trails to create a new resource

THE AIRSHIP NORGE

Making the first transpolar flight in 1926

RHUBARB MUFFINS

A tasty answer for any leftover rhubarb in the freezer

THE TRAVERSE, PART 1

Blazing a trail in the Eastern Alaska Range

SPRUCE BARK BEETLE Infestations—of the natural kind

U.S. $4.99

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THE PREVIOUS ISSUE

MARCH/APRIL 2019 FLYING OVER KNIK GLACIER TREKKING TO THE ICE CAVES WINTER FUN WITH MÉMÈRE BOOTY ROAD PART III SALMON RISOTTO TRUE TALES FROM AN AK STATE TROOPER

ON THE COVER

Christian, Leslie, and Genevieve enjoy the stunning view of Denali while waiting to begin the long drive out of the park after an amazing evening of photography. Photo by Cecil Sanders

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Alpenglow on Denali at Reflection Pond in Denali National Park.

Photo by Cecil Sanders

Read more about this photo adventure starting on page 14.

SOCIAL MEDIA

MAY / JUNE 2019 CONTRIBUTORS Tom Schneider, pg. 7

Ray Bonnell, pg. 22

Lisa Maloney, pg. 8

Michael Hopper, pg. 24

Judy Beatty, pg. 12

Wendy Wesser, pg. 32

Cecil Sanders, pg. 14

Laura Lowdermilk, pg. 34

Connect with us on your favorite social media channels: @LastFrontierMagazine @alaskalfmag @lastfrontiermagazine Last Frontier Magazine

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CONTRIBUTING Do you have an Alaskan experience and/or photos you would like to share?

Contact Anne Sanders at: editor@lastfrontiermagazine.com

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CONTACT INFORMATION Phone: 907.775.0816 Email: info@lastfrontiermagazine.com Web: lastfrontiermagazine.com Mailing: PO Box 4514 Palmer, AK 99645

Editor, Anne Sanders editor@lastfrontiermagazine.com Assistant Editor, Wendy Wesser wendy@lastfrontiermagazine.com Designer, Cecil Sanders publisher@lastfrontiermagazine.com Advertising, Jesse Carnahan ads@lastfrontiermagazine.com

EDITOR’S NOTES

LFM STAFF

While putting the content for this issue together, our assistant editor, Wendy Wesser, noted how this was an issue of inspiration, and I have to agree. We have Cecil’s story about his photo trip to Denali—his photos are motivation enough to plan a visit to “The Great One.” There’s also a story from Lisa Maloney, author of “Day Hiking Southcentral Alaska,” who talks about her experience writing her newly released book.

It’s a great resource, and after learning that she hiked more than 100 trails over the course of two summers, I’m sufficiently motivated to put on my hiking boots more often this summer.

CECIL SANDERS Inspired at a young age, Cecil has turned his love of photography into a lifestyle and a business, with a desire to capture the beauty and character of wherever his camera takes him. Always primed to set off on a new adventure, Cecil and his wife, Anne, have spent their eleven years of marriage going on road trips, touring Alaska and the country, and planning ahead to their next destination.

Cecil has combined his artist’s perspective and aptitude for design in order to contribute his talents to the collaborative effort of bringing Last Frontier Magazine into a reality.

Anne Sanders

And then there is The Traverse (pg. 24) by Michael Hopper. Michael and a group of friends set off on a 150-mile trek in the Eastern Alaska Range just a month after Michael had gone through an invasive heart procedure in order to help with his atrial fibrillation. Another member of his group recently had a hip replaced. I’m always amazed by some people’s ability to persevere against extreme odds in order to pursue their dreams.

But hiking inspirations during the next few weeks are on hold for me. By the time you receive this issue I will be a first-time mother! In the last issue Cecil wrote the editor’s notes, voicing his excitement to meet our baby, and now it’s my turn! As I’m editing this issue, my due date is just over a week away. This summer I may not be on my way toward hiking 150 miles, or exploring dozens of trails, but I’m definitely looking forward to sharing the wonders of Alaska with our new baby boy.

MISSION STATEMENT At Last Frontier Magazine we strive to captivate our readers with an entertaining experience; to propel our advertisers forward in a competitive market; to actively enrich our community and serve our Lord with all our heart, mind, soul, and talents.

We are Alaskans and above all want to promote a healthy community that can come together and celebrate Alaska and its people, culture, beauty, and identity. Our desire is that through the content of LFM a positive representation of Alaska will be felt and enjoyed.

ANNE SANDERS Anne was born and raised in Alaska. She graduated with a B.A. in English Literature from the University of Alaska Anchorage. With a love for the written word, she recognizes the treasure of stories and fascinating people Alaska offers. Paired with her husband, Cecil, who complements her narratives with his eye for the visual, Anne is on a mission to bring her beloved home of Alaska to life on the pages of Last Frontier Magazine.

WENDY WESSER Writing, history, gardening, and traveling are a few of Wendy’s interests. She grew up in Alaska, living as far south as Metlakatla and as far north as Fairbanks. Her family’s history of six generations in Alaska reaches back to the Gold Rush years. She loves reading, hearing and sharing Alaskan stories of newcomers and oldtimers alike—Last Frontier Magazine has provided her the opportunity to work in this very venue.

JESSE CARNAHAN Raised in Alaska, Jesse has a special affinity for the state and the people that live here. Along with his wife and two children, Jesse loves being outdoors and experiencing this amazing place. He has always loved hearing the unique stories that can only come from Alaska, and is excited to be able to share more of them through Last Frontier Magazine.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIFE IN ALASKA

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CREAMER’S FIELD

Waterfowl refuge in the Golden Heart City

O U T D O O R S / A R T S & C U LT U R E

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“DAY HIKING SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA”

An Alaska woman hits the trails to create a new resource

RECIPE

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RHUBARB MUFFINS A tasty answer for any leftover rhubarb in the freezer

ADVENTURE & PHOTO GALLERY

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DENALI, IN ALL HER GLORY A quick escape into Denali National Park

ALASK A HISTORY

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THE AIRSHIP NORGE Making the first transpolar flight in 1926

O U T D O O R S & R E C R E AT I O N

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THE TRAVERSE, PART 1 Blazing a trail in the Eastern Alaska Range

ALASKA GARDENING

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SPRUCE BARK BEETLE Infestations—of the natural kind

LIFE IN ALASKA

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THE ALASKAN Understanding the Alaskan way, mind, and soul

Photographer Chris Davila pauses to absorb the beauty in front of him before capturing this scene with his camera.

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CREAMER’S FIELD

WATERFOWL REFUGE IN THE GOLDEN HEART CITY

ARTICLE AND PHOTOS BY TOM SCHNEIDER

E

ach spring, thousands of migrating waterfowl stop in

grounds, and fields are planted for the migratory birds. Trails and

Fairbanks on the way to their northern breeding locations.

facilities are maintained mostly by volunteers.

These birds have flown many miles from their southern

wintering grounds, often arriving in the Golden Heart City before

The Refuge is open year-round to visitors, and there are numerous

the snow melts, usually in early April. Numerous species can be

activities in which the general public can participate. Some programs

observed, including swans, ducks, geese, and sandhill cranes.

are geared for children, some for adults, and always for families.

The Creamer’s Field Migratory Waterfowl Refuge also provides a

Ongoing environmental education programs and a great deal of

jumping-off point for birds after the breeding season, before they

information is available at the interpretive center. There are several

once again take to the air, heading south.

miles of clear trails, including a wheelchair loop, several viewing stations, seasonal wetlands, and free parking. Winter activities

The Refuge is owned by the State of Alaska, and thanks to a

include cross-country skiing, skijoring, and hiking. The northern side

memorandum of understanding between the Alaska Department

of the Refuge joins the Jeff Studdert Race Grounds, where sprint

of Fish and Game (ADF&G), and Friends of Creamer’s Field, a local

sled dog races begin and end, crossing some of the winter trails

non-profit, it is preserved in its natural state. This partnership works

on the Refuge. Several major seasonal activities include the Spring

to protect the habitat for migratory birds, especially waterfowl.

Equinox Walk, Spring Migration Celebration, Camp Habitat for kids,

The area covers over 2,000 acres of forest, wetlands, and fields,

Design Alaska Wild Arts Walk, Tanana Valley Sandhill Crane Festival,

and is home to resident birds including raptors, ravens, grouse,

Thanksgiving for the Birds, and Winter Solstice Walk. A

chickadees, and redpolls, plus numerous mammals, both small and large. Wood frogs can also be found—an amphibian that can survive the brutally cold winters thanks to an internal “glycol system” that allows their bodies to freeze solid and return to life each spring.

In the early 1900s, Creamer’s Dairy was the largest dairy operation

Creamer’s Field Migratory Waterfowl Refuge is a wonderful place to enjoy the outdoors every day of the year, and become one with nature. For more information on the Refuge and schedules for the events, visit www.friendsofcreamersfield.org.

in the Interior of Alaska, and remained in operation until the mid 1960s. The herd size of over 100 milk cows produced milk, cheese, ice cream, etc., and the dairy was one of the most successful operations in the area. Some of the buildings on the property were constructed in the 1930s, remain today, and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The fields at the front of the Refuge are maintained by ADF&G, and each spring the snow is plowed off the

TOM SCHNEIDER is a photographer, and lives with his wife, one dog, and four cats in Fairbanks. He is retired for the second time, and enjoys all things outdoors, especially fly tying/ fishing, hunting, and photography, and volunteers for several organizations in Fairbanks.

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“DAY HIKING SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA” AN ALASKA WOMAN HITS THE TRAILS TO CREATE A NEW RESOURCE STORY & PHOTOS BY LISA MALONEY

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didn’t grow up hiking. But lucky for me, when the “bug” caught me almost twenty years ago, I stumbled across a copy of the iconic guidebook “55 Ways Into the Wilderness in Southcentral Alaska.” Between that and a copy of the beloved green IMUS Geographics map of Chugach State Park, I had plenty of

options to explore.

By the time that green map wore to pieces, I’d managed to investigate almost every dotted line on it, along with most of the trails in the book. Then I moved on to the USGS quad maps for my immediate surroundings.

Almost all the Alaska quads are very old, so frequently their markings didn’t match up with existing trails— but the act of hunting for the real-world manifestations of those dotted lines cemented my habit and joy of using the mountains around Anchorage as a homing beacon, gradually extending my range north and south as I heard of new trails that might—or might not—actually exist.

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Those early years—as I wrote column after column for a local

happened often enough that it started to feel like a running joke.

newspaper about my hiking adventures, chronicling the search for, and enjoyment of, the trails—helped form me both as a hiker and

As much as the desire to hike is ingrained in my being, that was a lot

a writer. And when Mountaineers Books, the same company that

to ask. The saving grace was falling in with a great group of friends

published “55 Ways Into the Wilderness,” approached me about

who were equally mad about hiking. If my enthusiasm or energy

writing a guidebook, I didn’t even pause to think before saying yes.

flagged they were right there, buoying me up with their energy or already planning for the next hike. Suddenly, those far-flung

In many ways my new book, “Day Hiking Southcentral Alaska,” is

trailheads became a bonus, since we could all carpool out together

an update and expansion of the area covered in “55 Ways Into the

and camp for a while, or put our newfound buns of steel to work

Wilderness”—with the big caveat that everything in my book is a

and check off several trails in one long day.

day hike; no pleasant canoe trail detours or backpacking trips. That said, I’ve been awfully generous in my definition of “day hike,” so

If you hike that many trails you’re bound to wander into some fun

you’ll find plenty of potential backpacking material in there, too.

stories, like the time we quickly “adopted” a poor fellow from out of state who stumbled across three grizzlies just a quarter-mile or so

Perhaps the most special aspect of this book is that it covers one

from a trailhead. Then there were the couchsurfers that one friend

hundred trails all the way from the northern Mat-Su Valley down

would bring along from out of state, or sometimes out of country.

to the far side of Kachemak Bay, just opposite Homer—the literal end of the road. It’s the only book that covers that much ground in

One of my favorite experiences was the perplexity of realizing we’d

this much detail, but that scope also made the process of creating

been following a little-known trail up the wrong mountain; the

the book very interesting. The round-trip drive time from my home

turnoff we didn’t know we needed to look for was buried in the

in Anchorage to the most far-flung trailheads was about four hours

bushes.

heading north and ten hours, plus a short boat ride, when heading south.

Taking notes and putting what I saw into words also helped crystallize something I’ve been dimly aware of for a while now: Southcentral

Cut to the mad scramble to hike one hundred trails over two

trails have changed a lot. In some cases, hikes that were narrow,

summers—actually more than a hundred, because sometimes

little-known footpaths are now trampled avenues with what used

wildlife or bad weather shut me down, and not every trail made

to be the most elusive of amenities: actual signage. In other places,

it into the book for a variety of reasons. Some trails had to be

the typical Southcentral route—a social path that would beeline

mapped twice, when trail crews created much-needed redirects

straight up the most direct route to the summit, difficulty and dicey

or improvements just after I’d passed through the first time; this

footing be damned—has been replaced by beautiful, deliberately

Photo page 8: Lower Fairangel

Following a pleasant sand beach along

The railroad-straight corridor of the Palmer-

Lake - A secluded cousin to the Reed

the outlet from Diamond Gulch, near

Moose Creek trail, which alternates between

Lakes Trail. Photo by Lisa Maloney

Homer. Photo by Lisa Maloney

following the Matanuska River and an old railbed. Photo by Lisa Maloney

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Day Hiking crafted switchbacks that are designed to handle the ever-growing traffic.

I have to laugh about that, because the switchbacks don’t always take hold. Take the “old” trail up Lazy Mountain, one of those calfcrushingly steep and straightforward trails. A few years ago the Valley Mountain Bikers and Hikers put in a beautiful series of switchbacks called the Lazy Moose Trail, which starts in the same place and goes up to the same place—it just gets there via a much more genteel, forested walk with beautiful lookout benches. Some, like me, love it.

Others deliberately scorn the Lazy Moose Trail and take the old trail anyway, as eroded and difficult as it is, because it’s “more interesting.”

They actually want to buzz straight uphill.

Given the sheer amount of hiking we did over the course of two summers, the fact that most outings were totally uneventful is a testament to the virtue of preparedness, and perhaps a bit of luck, because every once in a while there was a close call.

The most memorable, for me at least, was hiking the Emerald Cove

The Gold Mint Trail follows the gorgeous Little Susitna River for miles — if you don’t mind the brush. Photo by Lisa Maloney

Trail in Whittier. This is a gorgeous trail on dry days, but we made the mistake of visiting during “rainy season,” when the ever-present layer of slick, rainforest mud morphs into pits and troughs that easily swallow you calf-deep. Wooden bridges and walkways make things

LISA MALONEY has lived in Alaska for more

easier, but the rainforest around you is slowly and determinedly

than 25 years. A former outdoors columnist for

digesting them, leaving most mud-slick and a few crumbling around

The Anchorage Press, she also covered a nation-

the edges.

wide hiking and backpacking beat for About. com, served as senior editor at Alaska magazine,

Our little group of friends, all strong hikers who had adapted to the

authored the award-winning travel guidebook

point that a 3.5-mile-per-hour “run” felt like an amble—struggled

Moon Alaska, and contributes outdoors and life-

with that slick ground. Almost all of us took serious falls, and it’s truly

style articles to a number of publications.

a miracle nobody was injured. The stopping point that I recommend in the book is only a couple of miles in, but the trail—overgrown and slippery as it was—continued, so we tried to follow it just in case something better lay around the next bend.

@HikingAlaska

@HikingAlaska

@HikingAlaska

hikingalaska.net

What we found instead was the “beariest” section of trail I’ve ever experienced, a melange of piles of rotting salmon carcasses and big piles of bear poop, with a brooding, ursine presence that none of us could ignore. That’s one way to find out that you’re hiking near a salmon stream. The group decision-making process about leaving the way we’d come consisted of a quick U-turn. No argument there.

Ultimately, I couldn’t be prouder of the finished project—and as a writer who’s previously made it a point to hide behind the keyboard, I’m thrilled to have a publicist that’s nudging me out of a comfort zone, giving me a series of opportunities to talk about one of the things I love most in this world: Hiking in Alaska. Maybe, if I’m lucky, I’ll be inspiring the next man or woman—of any age—who wants to

Where to find “Day Hiking Southcentral Alaska” You can find Lisa’s new book almost anywhere in Southcentral that books are sold, as well as Amazon, Indiebound, and the Mountaineers Books website, mountaineers.org.

Lisa will also be signing and selling copies of her book at a series of events throughout Southcentral, including the Eagle River Nature Center on May 5th and REI in Anchorage on June 13th. Get the latest schedule of her meet-and-greets under the “Author Events” tab at hikingalaska.net.

start chasing dotted lines on a map. A 10

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Trekking to the Ice Caves

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RHUBARB MUFFINS

A TASTY ANSWER FOR ANY LEFTOVER RHUBARB IN THE FREEZER RECIPE BY JUDY BEATTY | PHOTO BY CECIL SANDERS

T

he sight of the green leaves of rhubarb plants peeking out of the winter soil in April is a sure sign that spring is almost here. I know it will be

only a few weeks before I’ll be harvesting the bright red stalks, and it’s also a reminder that l have several bags of rhubarb from last year in the freezer still to be used.

When I moved back to my home state of Washington, after living and working in Alaska for 22 years, I brought with me several Alaskan cookbooks, among them my well-used copy of the Cooperative Extension pamphlet, Rhubarb Recipes. Eager to bake their Rhubarb Custard Pie, one of the first things I planted in my new yard was, of course, rhubarb. It’s also the one crop I carefully tend and, so far, haven’t killed!

Once my rhubarb is mature enough to pick, it’s almost a full-time job processing it. There is way too much to use it all fresh (in fact, I’m not sure I’ve ever made anything with it fresh!), so I freeze it. After cutting off the leaves, I wash and trim the stalks, cut them into about ½ inch pieces, and spread them out on cookie sheets. These go in the freezer, and once the rhubarb is frozen, I pack it into quart-sized plastic bags, label with the date, and store in the freezer. To use this frozen rhubarb, I empty the bags into a colander over a bowl and let it thaw on the counter. The “juice” that results can be added to orange juice or a smoothie, if you don’t want to waste it.

So, what to do with last year’s rhubarb? Rhubarb pie?

Rhubarb raspberry crisp? More sauce or jam? A new favorite is rhubarb muffins. They keep well in the freezer, and heated up for a few seconds in the microwave, they make a quick breakfast or snack. My husband highly recommends them!

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Rhubarb Muffins Mix together in a large bowl:

Mix together in a medium bowl:

Notes: Nuts and cinnamon chips are optional, but add flavor and

2 1/2 cups flour

1 cup kefir milk (or buttermilk)

crunch. Cinnamon chips are available at most grocery stores, but I

1 tsp. baking powder

1 cup brown sugar

like to purchase mine online at Prepared Pantry. If you don’t have

1 tsp. baking soda

1/2 cup canola oil

kefir or buttermilk, you can substitute a tablespoon of lemon juice

1/2 tsp. salt

1 egg

or vinegar with enough milk to make a cup. These muffins are also

1 tsp. cinnamon

2 tsp. vanilla

good with raspberries or a mix of rhubarb and raspberries. An easy way to make the topping is to mix the dry ingredients in a small

Add liquids to dry ingredients in large bowl and stir together until

bowl, add the butter (unmelted) and place in microwave for a few

just mixed. The batter should be about as thick as pudding. If it

seconds til the butter melts. Then mix all together with a fork. I use

seems too runny, add more flour or some oats.

muffin top pans to enjoy more of the crunchy sweet topping. A

Then add and stir in: 2 cups rhubarb (chopped finely) 1/2 cup chopped nuts (pecans or walnuts) 1 cup cinnamon chips

Mix together for topping: 2 tbsp. oats 1 tbsp. flour 2 tbsp. brown sugar (or white) 2 tbsp. finely chopped nuts 1 tsp. cinnamon 1 tbsp. melted butter

For 22 years, JUDY BEATTY lived, worked, and raised a family in Alaska. She was a teacher in Metlakatla and Anchorage, and then a paralegal for the District Attorney’s Office in Ketchikan. Now retired in Washington state, she keeps busy with

Fill greased or paper-lined muffin tins about 2/3 full, sprinkle top-

triathlons, baking and needlework, and driving trips

ping over and press in lightly. Bake at 400 degrees for 20 minutes.

up the Alaska Highway with her husband, Bill, to

(Toothpick placed in center of muffin should come out clean.)

visit family. Alaska will always be her second home.

Makes about 18 (or more) muffins.

en ergy

To sign up for service or other inquiries, visit one of our local offices.

Eagle River 11623 Aurora Street 694-2161

Wasilla 1401 S. Seward Meridian Parkway 761-9500

Palmer (MEA Headquarters) 163 E. Industrial Way 761-9300

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100 Days in Denali

DENALI, IN ALL HER GLORY A QUICK ESCAPE INTO DENALI NATIONAL PARK

STORY BY CECIL SANDERS PHOTOGRAPHY BY CECIL SANDERS, CHRISTIAN HOLLUMS & CHRIS DAVILA

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F

or more than 20 years Denali has loomed over me and I’ve felt a sense of pride from living near North America’s tallest peak. However, Denali always seemed

like an attraction for non-residents, so I’d done little more than admire it from a distance while driving to and from other places. On clear winter days in the vicinity of my hometown of Wasilla, Denali adorns the horizon. Occasionally, a summer drive to Talkeetna on the Parks Highway yields a closer view, though it is still quite a distance away. Seeing the grandeur of the mountain from afar has felt insufficient, and I’ve longed to experience a closer look.

My opportunity came in 2018 when Christian Hollums, founder of Wayfare Collective (a locally based North American adventure photography collective), offered me the chance for a quick escape to Wonder Lake in Denali National Park and Preserve. I eagerly accepted.

The tour van arrived early one morning in Wasilla. After I loaded my camping and photo gear into the back, our driver opened the passenger side door and I was met by a sleepy cabin of Wayfare members. I greeted those who woke up from my intrusion with a quiet hello. Several passengers were still trying to come awake, while another was stretched out fast asleep. We had a long day of driving ahead and I didn’t blame them for wanting to rest before reaching our destination. Pulling out of the Carrs/Safeway parking lot, we headed north on the Parks Highway.

After a while members of the group stirred a bit, and conversations commenced. Air Force acquisitions officer, Chris, originally from Texas, and I found we both enjoyed our Sony A7 cameras. Melody from Anchorage, KG, and son Cayden from Eagle River, conversed about their past

Wayfare member Chris Davila looking out across the lush Denali National Park landscape. Photo by Christian Hollums

Looking down upon the braided Toklat River, near Polychrome Pass.

Photo by Cecil Sanders

group photo adventures with Wayfare. Two more, Leslie and Genevieve, were fast asleep in a mash of jackets and photo gear in the front row next to Christian. I soon felt the sense of a close camaraderie amongst the members. One thing we all had in common was our silent wishes and audible requests for the weather to cooperate so that we could catch a glimpse of Denali. Rain was in the forecast.

When we arrived at Stoney Hill Overlook, our group was thrilled to see clouds were starting to break away from the peak of Denali.

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Denali, In All Her Glory

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Denali, In All Her Glory After a long and sleepy ride, our driver exited the Parks Highway

here as mere spectators, but to capture the show. We gathered our

onto Denali Park Road—we were halfway to our destination,

gear and raced to find an angle, a leading line, or a subject to frame

Wonder Lake Campground. Only about 85 miles separated us from

within this surreal scene.

the campsite, but the travel would be much slower, and we hoped photo opportunities would be the only cause for delays.

Our group was on a mission to photograph Denali. Everyone went their separate ways, searching for unique angles. Little did we

Clouds partially covered the Alaska Range. The midday sun burned

know, this was only the beginning of a long incredible afternoon

the thinning cloud cover encompassing the mountain and much of

and evening for photography.

the range. Our group would let out hopeful and energetic appeals to the mountain and the weather every time a new ridgeline or

Upon our return to the parking lot, a lady with a pleasant but tired

partial view of the peak would make a brief appearance.

voice talked with several of us. She, a tourist named Leesa, had long wanted to see this sight. She conveyed her sense of satisfaction, but

We descended into a deep valley and Denali’s summit disappeared

then began to tell us her troubled story. As we were on a mission

behind a ridgeline; it was anybody’s guess as to what we would see

for amazing photos, she also was on a mission to save her life. She

at the next viewpoint. Our van motored back up from the valley,

needed a kidney replacement, and her time was running short. In

and at about 1:45 p.m. we exited the dusty road to a small parking lot—the Stony Hill Scenic Overlook. Elation and joy spread quickly throughout our group. Denali, in all her glory, was on display like an actor on a stage, and we were the audience. We stood amazed at the performance before us, but suddenly remembered we weren’t

A sow and two cubs bask in the warm summer heat as clouds move away from the peak of Denali.

Photo by Cecil Sanders

Our group meandered around Reflection Pond at 10:30 p.m. waiting and hoping to see vibrant evening tones on the Alaska Range.

Photo by Cecil Sanders

Park Road connects Reflection Pond to the Wonder Lake Campground.

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Alpenglow on the Alaska Range reflecting on Reflection Pond in Denali National Park. Photo by Cecil Sanders

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Denali, In All Her Glory this moment all our wonderment of Denali took a pause … life:

sleeping bags, and food down a small park road to the Wonder

our trouble, our joy, our desires are given a new perspective when

Lake Campground. The clouds around the Alaska Range had almost

learning of the challenges others are facing. Leesa’s journey was

entirely dissipated and the scenery was stunning. So much for the

resting upon hope—hope that she could find a match that would

forecast of rain. Upon arrival at the campground, we set about

allow her to continue life’s journey.*

erecting our tents, and then scouting Wonder Lake, as well as a trail above the ridgeline east of the lake. Before venturing too far

We parted ways with Leesa at Stony Hill, and continued down our

we prepared needed sustenance so we’d be ready for our evening

bumpy course to Wonder Lake. Suddenly, a new set of characters

adventure—finding the perfect shot of Denali at sunset. In late July

entered the stage. As if the view of Denali wasn’t spectacular

the glow of the sunset is still on the mountains at 11:30 p.m.

enough, we were now offered a grizzly sow and two playful cubs in the warm mossy tundra at a low spot next to a marshy creek. We

A light breeze kept the mosquitoes slightly at bay, but it also meant

excitedly climbed back out of the van, and staying within arm’s reach

Wonder Lake would have surface ripples. The group’s goal was to

of safety, once again began capturing this wild and dangerous, yet

find a body of water large enough and properly situated in elevation

somehow serene, setting on display about 150 yards off the road.

to capture the desired composition of Denali with alpenglow and a

Mama and her cubs plodded gracefully across the hummocks. She

glassy reflection. All signs pointed to Reflection Pond as having the

kept an eye on us and her cubs, and occasionally peered off into the

most potential in our vicinity.

distance to a line of figures walking down a ridgeline. She closely watched the unsuspecting hikers until they finally caught sight

Warm sunset hues began to cover the Alaska Range. We gathered

of her. This was a reminder that in the backcountry one must be

our gear and hiked uphill to the Denali Park Road, and west to the

observant and take every precaution to preserve life and limb, as

pond. Excitement reached a fever pitch as the mountain, adorned

this sow was ready to do so as well.

with tinted clouds and a soft glow, stood silent, ready and waiting to be our glorious subject. The dusty single-lane road finally led

Later, in the early evening, we arrived at a wide spot in the road

us to an overlook of Reflection Pond, elevated above and to the

where our driver let us out. We hiked our photo gear, tents,

side of Wonder Lake. We hooped, we hollered, we exchanged

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Denali, In All Her Glory

Wayfare member KG explores a glassy pond at Mile 78 early the next morning.

Photo by Christian Hollums

animated comments laden with colorful descriptors at the sight we now beheld. Our long journey was rewarded by a view that so many visitors, residents and tourists alike, long to see.

Denali reflected with alpenglow across the pond for what felt like an eternity as we squeezed our shutter buttons, resituated our angles, and continued capturing the illuminated mountain. We were immensely grateful for this glorious sight. Yet, a part of me didn’t feel worthy. Tourists spend thousands upon thousands of dollars to get this view, many times completely missing it because of cloud cover.

We locals have endless opportunity to stroll into the park all year long to take in this breathtaking sight. Unfair? No. Incredibly blessed?

Definitely! My gratitude is said best through the lyrics of a Tracy Byrd country music song: “I tip my hat to the keeper of the stars.”

The next morning we packed up early and hauled our gear to the road where our driver was to meet us for the journey back home. Our window for sleep was narrow, and most of us had an ache here or there, but no one was complaining. We were each gratified with what we were bringing back from our short 20 hours in the park. We were bringing back memories of an evening that could only be described with the overused adjective, ‘epic,’ and photos that would rise to the top of our personal portfolios. Yes, epic is the definite descriptor of

Wayfare member Cayden capturing the scene.

Photo by Chris Davila

EXCLUSIVE CONTENT To see many more photos by the different members of the Wayfare Collective on this trip, check out our digital magazine at LastFrontierMagazine.com.

our experience with Denali—in all her glory. A *Since this article was written, we’ve followed Leesa’s story. She received a kidney transplant and is regaining her strength daily. We hope to see her again on her next Alaskan adventure.

Thank you to Wayfare Collective member Melody Anne for her inspiration for writing this article, as well as Aurora Expeditions for the

CECIL SANDERS is the owner and publisher of Last Frontier Magazine. He enjoys getting away from the computer and experiencing Alaska’s incredible beauty when the opportunity presents itself.

transportation to Denali and back.

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THE AIRSHIP NORGE

MAKING THE FIRST TRANSPOLAR FLIGHT IN 1926

An advance base for the Norge was constructed at King’s Bay on Spitzbergen, an island in the Svalbard archipelago off the northern coast of Norway. Facilities included a 350’-long hangar and a mooring mast. (The mast is still there, near the tiny settlement of Ny-Ålesund.)

STORY AND ILLUSTRATION BY RAY BONNELL

N

orwegian explorer Roald Amundsen capped his illustrious career in 1926 by commanding the first expedition to fly across the top of the world. That transpolar expedition

utilized the dirigible Norge.

Lighter-than-air airships such as the Norge used hydrogen gas for lift (modern airships utilize helium) and it could stay aloft indefinitely.

They were much in vogue during the 1920s and 30s. Amundsen had flown airplanes in the Arctic with limited success. Based on his and others’ experiences, he believed airships would be ideal for polar exploration. However, the cost for a new airship was prohibitive.

An Italian airship, the N1, came on the market second-hand in 1925.

Amundsen’s fellow explorer, Lincoln Ellsworth, came from a wealthy family and he provided funds to purchase the Italian ship in early 1926. The 348’-long airship was retrofitted and renamed “Norge,” (Norwegian for Norway). With the airship’s designer, Umberto Nobile as captain, and a crew of Italians and Norwegians, the Norge left Rome on March 29, 1926, bound for Norway.

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The Norge arrived at King’s Bay on May 7th. According to Amundsen’s book, First Crossing of the Polar Sea, at 9:55 a.m. on May 11th the Norge lifted off with Amundsen, Ellsworth, Nobile and a crew of 13, headed north. It reached the edge of the ice pack within two hours, and several hours later encountered snow and freezing fog, which persisted through much of the flight.

The fog was extremely dangerous for the Norge. Rigid airships such as German zeppelins had stiffened, waterproof outer skins stretched over structural frameworks. The framework and skin supported and protected the zeppelin’s gas envelopes.

However, the Norge was a ‘semi-rigid’ airship. Only the keel had a rigid framework, and most of the airship, including the envelope containing hydrogen gas, was only protected by a canvas covering.

Ice from the fog coated the dirigible’s skin, increasing the airship’s weight and reducing lift. The ice also broke off in chunks, and if swept into the Norge’s propellers would be driven forcefully towards the canvas covering, shredding it and possibly puncturing the hydrogen-filled envelope. Falling ice might also break propeller

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blades. In addition, the ice fog made visual navigation almost

The Norge was deflated, disassembled, and packed up for shipment

impossible and coated the Norge’s radio antenna, interfering with

back to Europe. Its crew proceeded by boat to Nome. That city’s

radio reception.

populace was greatly disappointed that the Norge was not able to utilize Nome’s recently installed airship mooring mast.

The fog decreased as the airship neared the North Pole. At 1:30 a.m. on May 12th, the Norge arrived, circling the pole and dropping

As a footnote, citizens of Fairbanks were perhaps also disappointed

Norwegian, U.S., and Italian flags. It then headed across the Arctic

that the Norge’s journey ended in Teller. Pete Haggland, director

Ocean towards Alaska.

of the Pioneer Air Museum, told me that Weeks Field airport in Fairbanks also had a dirigible mooring mast.

Before long the fliers were again engulfed by thick fog, and for a time lost radio contact with the outside world. As they approached

A large model of the Norge is on display at the Alaska Aviation

the Alaska coast, the fog again receded. Reaching land near Point

Museum in Anchorage. A

Barrow, the Norge proceeded southwest and then south along the coast. Headed into increasingly turbulent weather, the Norge at one point was blown off course out over the Bering Sea. Struggling back to land, the Norge finally rounded Cape Prince of Wales, the western-most point of the Seward Peninsula. The fliers’ destination was Nome. However, worsening weather, depleted supplies, and an exhausted crew forced them to set the Norge down on the still-ice-covered harbor at Teller, 70 miles short of their goal.

They had traversed 3,390 miles in just under 71 hours. (Compare

RAY BONNELL specializes in pen & ink drawings of historic buildings, and is also a columnist for the Fairbanks Daily NewsMiner newspaper. His column won the Alaska Historical Society’s “Contributions to Alaska History” award in 2011. His books include: “Interior Sketches, Ramblings around Interior Alaska historic sites” and “Interior Sketches II, More ramblings around Interior Alaska historic sites.” Original drawings are also available. Check out Ray’s blog at http://sketchesofalaska.blogspot.com.

that to a modern flight from Frankfurt to Fairbanks, which travels over 4,400 miles, but only takes about nine hours.)

“

Just like my Dad, I’m not afraid to get my hands dirty.

”

Kids are always dreaming about

what they are going to be when they grow up. No matter what your child becomes, the UA College Savings Plan can help you save for it. Use savings at a variety of educational institutions, including vocational schools which offers courses that give your child the training required for an entry-level job in a wide variety of career fields.

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If you are not an Alaska resident, you should compare this Plan with any 529 college savings plan offered by your home state or your beneficiary’s home state and consider, before investing, any state tax or other state benefits, such as financial aid, scholarship funds, and protection from creditors that are only available for investments in the home state’s plan. Go online or call the number listed above to request a Plan Disclosure Document, which includes investment objectives, risks, fees, charges and expenses, and other information that you should read and consider carefully before investing. | Offered by the Education Trust of Alaska. T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc., Distributor/Underwriter. *Certain restrictions apply; visit UACollegeSavings.com for complete rules.

201812-677784

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Photo by Grant Wilson

THE TRAVERSE

PART I: BLAZING A TRAIL IN THE EASTERN ALASKA RANGE STORY: MICHAEL HOPPER

Lodge at Black Rapids with a growing band of cohorts. For three years running from 2009 to 2011, I’d watched the Alaska Wilderness Classic racers head out in packrafts to cross the daunting Delta River on their separate ways along the Range’s north flanks. From my breakfast counter bar stool I always secretly thought, How hard could it be if they can race it?

PHOTOGRAPHY: STEVEN MILEY, GRANT WILSON & PHILIP WILSON

“Adventure is a dish that is best eaten takeout, in the comfort of one’s own home…” - Michael Cabon

T

he “slip”—like all dumb-ass moments in my life—is perversely burned into my memory. One step too far in a rapidly rising creek—two poorly placed trekking poles— and I was face down in a roiling water slide. Desperate only to shed the waterlogged burden of my backpack—the trekking poles were blessedly history—I never noticed the missionary ride over a huge midstream boulder that I took before I managed to flip onto my back and pull my arms free. I was able to snag one shoulder strap and so crawled the last few feet of the crossing underwater, still equipped for the remainder of The Traverse.

The Traverse of the Eastern Alaska Range (EAR) earned italics as a grand dream only after too many dark winter-night beers at the

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The Eastern Alaska Range is a distant mirage for most Interior Alaskans and only a rumor in Anchorage. A small percentage of Fairbanksans can name Deborah, Hess, and Hayes as the dominant features titillating their southern horizon but few know which is which. I have made six unsuccessful attempts to climb the true queen of that triumvirate, 13,800 foot Mt. Hayes. I knew of her beauty and her beast, but I had always flown in.

The one out-of-print guide book to the area assured me that it was a simple three-day ski in to her base from the highway and an equally simple three-day climb. But years of climbing—and skiing—in our local mountain drainages had taught me otherwise: nothing is simple in the EAR and nothing in the alpine distance is a predictable “three-day” jaunt. So I, like the vast majority of Interior Alaskans, knew next-to-nothing about the land between the Richardson Highway and Mt. Hayes and fully nothing about the unseen miles of terrain from her to her sisters, Hess and Deborah.

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And there the trails ended … and this story began.

After an overflight to determine a potential route, we divided The Traverse into three 30-air-mile portions. The actual hiking mileage There is none of John Muir’s “gentle wilderness” in Alaska. In over novel, uneven, demanding terrain was difficult to estimate. fact, what I found on my summer forays into the Alaska Range I conservatively guessed 30 air miles might be more like 50 on was arduous bushwacking on dubious map headings that the ground. Unlike the Wilderness Classic racers (the winners usually ended with soaked feet and blunted spirits. Buried in my completed it in a little over four days), we estimated taking 15 misery and alder-hell, I got only brief glimpses days of hiking which would amount to 10 miles of the mountains that called to me from distant each day. We planned to eat and sleep comfortably But there hasn’t been Fairbanks. Eventually backcountry skiing became throughout our journey and so arranged for two my key to entering the vastness of our local strategically placed food/fuel depots to lighten our a single summer day mountain kingdom. Winter’s cold and snow limited loads and brighten our spirits. at the Lodge where my explorations to the access provided by the frozen drainages and glaciers of Isabel Pass. Once But my interest wasn’t to simply repeat with a the foothills just construction of the Lodge at Black Rapids began in modicum of comfort what hardier racers had across the Delta River 2002, I was content to spend my summers building pioneered. I had come to Alaska in 1984 with an and maintaining the Lodge and day-hiking. adventurous itch I first scratched in high school haven’t called to me. with my older brother in the alpine meadows But there hasn’t been a single summer day at the and mountains of Yosemite Park. Each summer Lodge where the foothills just across the Delta River haven’t throughout college we’d rendezvous to follow new trails into called to me. Mts. McGinnis and Moffit, just visible from the lodge the Sierra Nevadas as we slowly found our separate ways to in amongst foothill gaps, sing snow-covered backup, the siren adulthood. Ultimately my way took me to distant Interior Alaska song of an extreme alpine Shangri La. And with equal regularity, and I immediately sought out area trails. Repeated hikes to the European visitors would innocently ask upon arrival, “Where are heights on the Granite Tors and Eagle Summit Trails served only to your trails?” I would sheepishly point to the rough cross-country point me in the direction of the distant Alaska Range.

Trail map—hiking from east to west, the group set out from The Lodge at Black Rapids.

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The Traverse ski trails I had hacked out on the tame slopes that rose behind the lodge…

The summer of 2018 I vowed would be different. So with the patient compliance of my wife and the knowing sighs of my grown kids, I decided to lay out the makings of a trail that started across the river and went west until it met macadam. I not only wanted to walk in the footsteps of the Wilderness racers, I wanted to document the journey and assess its trail potential and building challenges. Ultimately I wanted to see Alaska host a second John Muir Trail, one on a scale even he might have trouble imagining.

To that end I enlisted a former long-time trail-building crew boss of the National Park Service, Tim Beale, professional wilderness photographer, Steven Miley, and an undergraduate geology student from the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) and his younger brother, both experienced drone operators, Philip and Grant Wilson. Together we set August 1st for tip-off. But talk about ‘build it and they will come’—Peter Winsor, UAF professor of oceanography and long-distance trail runner and accomplished climber, and Steven Decker, senior civilian instructor at the elite Northern Warfare Training Center at Black Rapids, soon added their names to the roster. Retired special-ed teacher and world adventurer extraordinaire, John Hildebrand, returning just in time from a solo 30-day mountain bike circumnavigation of Iceland, rounded out our entourage. Someone besides me had to be eligible for Medicare.

Sunny August 1st found us right on schedule, dragging a 14-foot rented raft nearly a mile to a calm river bend put-in on an alarmingly high Delta River. We’d had weeks of sunshine and warm weather but Alaskan rivers are weird: hot, dry weather melts glaciers and raises rivers. Seven guys with full packs crammed in paddle-ready and shoved off; Steven had preceded us in a packraft to film our arrival on the far side of the Delta River. Every single paddle was needed to safely moor our mildly-panicked boatload into our planned pull-out.

Group paddling across the Delta River. Photo by Steven Miley

Decker on top of the outflow cave. Photo by Philip Wilson

We gratefully tied our deflated craft to a half-buried logjam— Steven stashed his personal packraft judiciously apart—and we set out on our grand adventure.

An owl calmly watched our creekbed approach in the last broad daylight we were to see for the next seven days; five miles up-creek it was to start raining, the small glacier creek was to swell, and we would not cross any mountain defile without trepidation for the next seven days. Our photographic ambitions were to prove as dampened as the low-hanging clouds that soon smothered our pleasantly Google-mapped route.

From the air the small un-named glacier with which we were confronted on our first day seemed as unremarkable as the 26

Group hiking up a steep slope into the fog.

Photo by Grant Wilson

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The Traverse “gently” sloping meadowed approach to the first inter-glacier pass we were subsequently to ascend. Philip had skied up-glacier in an impressive ascent of a nearby peak the previous winter and buoyed our over-flight confidence. But at their terminus, even anonymous glaciers become giant fire-hoses as ice compressed over the centuries suddenly melts and seeks flow and release. No way were we crossing that moving water. Somehow we had to go up and over that cavernous outlet.

rain-swept tundra ramp to our first campsite I was to experience my first real intimation of aging.

It was a moment into which Army Rangers are taught to step.

And the only former Ranger amongst us—everyone called him “Decker”—stepped in, calmly climbing up, over, and around the gaping hole from which a foaming grey geyser shot.

Three and a half years earlier I had survived being buried in an avalanche. I managed to dig myself out but not in time to save my buddy, Erik Peterson, or my best dog, Rowdy [see Last Frontier, June 2015 issue]. Two months later I was rushed into emergency lung surgery during which the surgeon discovered I’d inhaled glacier grit along with snow during my ordeal and had an abscessed, infected left lung. In the interim I’d nearly coughed myself to death, developed pleurisy in that lung, and laid in bed losing weight. Out of the hospital, I was determined not to give in to a crippling fear of avalanches. I was backcountry skiing by spring hoping to leave the tragedy behind.

Seven of us sheepishly followed only to be confronted with the nightmarish navigation of razor-sharp, loose, wet glacial moraine in dense cloud cover. GPS mapping apps kept telling us where we were on our phone-size map but the terrain was so tortured, no “route” seemed obvious.

Eventually, after skirting ice cliffs that fell away to frightening foggy depths, we found our way down to a glacial drainage we hoped might prove to be a side boundary and a way off and out, only to be confronted by a steep, scree-filled slope blocking our way on the other side.

Decker again proved his worth scrambling straight up the bluff, leaving the rest of us to somehow navigate our way up while avoiding the falling rocks of those ahead.

Our first rest break was amongst the seemingly impenetrable brush atop the bluff; the way out and up was only clear to Decker. He’d somehow taken a compass heading to the hidden pass above from what little we could glean of our place on the map and so, he confidently pointed us all in a general direction up. Switchbacking game trails soon merged and led us out of the brush and steeply up a clear trail to the spine of a distinctive hogback ridge I recognized from my overflight.

It wasn’t like I was dying. I knew that much from experience. I’d become something of a standing joke amongst family and friends for the many brushes with death I’d managed to survive. But I was to learn on this trip that the most recent was one I may never leave fully behind.

But something didn’t feel right; I just didn’t have the oomph I once did. It took nearly three years of avoiding the issue—and doctors in general—before I finally confided to a new one that I suspected residual lung damage. She suggested pulmonary and stress tests. Turns out my lungs were fine but my heart wasn’t.

Somewhere along the line I had developed atrial fibrillation (afib).

My doctors, plural now (you soon have a team when you have “heart troubles”), don’t know what caused the afib; it can and, not infrequently, does come with age. It can also occur when your heart is put under extreme stress. My surgeon confirmed what I vouchsafe: being buried in an avalanche slide—for what felt like

Our party soon spread out in a line that was to prove typical: Decker and Peter leading, Steven ranging about looking for interesting photographic perspectives, the Brothers Wilson gamely keeping up with packs loaded down with camera and drone gear, Tim trudging stolidly with a pack as wide as it was high (we came to learn he was used to mules carrying his gear, and had yet to learn to pack for human load bearers in the backcountry), John conscientiously sweeping, sprinkling encouragement and aid on any flagging member, and, finally, me … dragging my increasingly humbled self in unfamiliar distant last place.

This was not a situation or feeling I was used to. While I’m not the biggest or most accomplished climber or backpacker, I’d nonetheless always held my own in the backcountry. But on this

Panorama of McGinnis Glacier from the south.

Photo by Steven Miley

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The Traverse forever—and subsequently suffering a debilitating undiagnosed lung infection for two months counts as “extreme stress.” I had to consider that my near-death experience left me with a heart break that wasn’t just emotional.

The news came as I was putting together the Traverse team. I quietly went for a quick fix. When the defibrillation didn’t hold, I elected the more invasive repair of an ablation in early July. A surgeon threaded a catheter from an artery in my groin up to my heart; once there he inflated a tiny balloon in six small apertures in the upper chamber of my heart and freeze-burned the rims, effectively and strategically scarring my heart. Scar tissue had proven to be a poor conductor of the errant electrical impulses known as “afib” that can skip across the heart’s surface.

Three weeks later, follow-up found that the fix was in and holding, but my blood pressure needed management. I prepared to launch on our expedition with a newly regular heartbeat and an untested medication regimen.

Hiking down to a hidden lake. Photo by Philip Wilson

I tried to tell myself that the struggle up that first major rise was just a break-in period, but it proved emblematic of my Traverse.

I felt throughout like an aging Toyota Camry that couldn’t downshift from drive; I did OK on the flats but quickly bogged down going uphill.

As we climbed into the clouds, we couldn’t tell if and when we’d reached the actual pass between our first, unnamed glacier valley and the second larger McGinnis Glacier. We were forced to yell out routinely to keep track of our trailblazers. With some of us— certainly me—near hypothermic, we began searching instead for our first campsite and discovered the most surprising thing about summer hiking in the Range’s high alpine tundra. Though we stood in a driving rain, we could find no readily available source of drinking water by which to camp. The spongy tundra acted just like it looked and seemed to soak up all moisture. We stumbled along until finally we found a marshy series of tiny pools, threw up our tents, and dove inside. Quick meals were cooked inside our tents—against all bear-safety rules—and we were out.

We woke in the same thick cloud cover, but the rain had let up.

We followed Decker’s compass heading and soon found ourselves dropping out of the clouds and into the McGinnis Glacier drainage.

To our left, two separate arms of the glacier carved their way down out of the clouds, joined, and seemed to explode into a tortured morass of boulders, ice, and scree. To our right was the moraine terminus and rushing outflow of McGinnis Creek. With that crossing denied us, up onto another geological nightmare we headed, through which we struggled for hours; every step was tested; none, ever sure.

In the far uphill distance was a hazy green pinnacle that Decker assured us was a kinder, reachable goal. Closer by to our right 28

Dinner at campsite. Photo by Grant Wilson were the steeply sloping sides of a high ridge that penned in the lower glacier. Its green cover drew us to the promise of a softer path, but Decker seemed intent on fighting his way up the rocky moraine path; he hated bucking brush.

I finally asserted what little authority I had left from the rear and led just long enough to drop us off the moraine and around an incredibly picturesque jewel of a lake tucked secretly along its edge.

Decker’s hated brush appeared to block our way up alongside the moraine, but as is so often the case in Alaskan wilderness, the way forward had quietly been judiciously cut by centuries of large mammal travel. We found ourselves quickly skirting our geological prison and steadily gaining higher tundra slopes, finally on a clear march forward.

I remember passing John on a promontory as he sat staring at

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The Traverse McGinnis’ muscular mountain panorama slowly emerging from the clouds. I was too worn out to appreciate the moment and kept my feet moving and my eyes upwards on the still distant tundra ridgeline over which Peter and Decker had disappeared.

They were again in search of a watered campsite in this green desert. The ridgeline proved to be a pass into yet another valley and afforded us the most spectacular and pleasant campsite of our whole adventure. It did have one drawback. The only available water was a long downhill trek to the tiny trickle of an almost-dry stream that drained from the pass. I gratefully accepted the heroic efforts of my dromedary teammates and set about erecting the tent I shared with John.

The air was still and the clouds were lifting so the Brothers Wilson managed our first drone overflight, obtaining some spectacular aerial footage of this seldom seen mountain wonderland. Those moments validated all we had put into organizing our trip. This was truly a place that needed to be seen, appreciated, and protected.

It was a place to which one would always yearn to return.

Group in front of icefall between McGinnis and Moffit.

Photo by Steven Miley

We could have spent the rest of the trip staring at what we’d Our third morning dawned with the peaks towering over us still stumbled upon … but we were too wet, cold, and hungry. After a hidden in clouds. The way on the map was clear. We were edging quick standing snack we had to figure out a way forward. Decker around the northern edge of Isabel Pass, on a westerly course argued for rocky navigation of the lateral moraine downstream towards the Trident Glacier and the Mt. Hayes massif. The way until we could avoid the yawning crevasses created by a great forward, down into a wide-open valley and then up an ascending bend in the glacier’s path. Once there, Steven argued, we could ramp, was blessedly clear and an inviting green. But as we march directly across the ice. I relished neither prospect and switchbacked up to hidden ramparts of the Range, advised retreat. The creek bank far above our heads we again entered the clouds and misting rain that on the downstream side was wide level tundra and It is a totally alien stole any sense of progress, place, or destination. held at least a promise of a surer, gentler path that environment, We headed out hugging the high line, crossing stayed off the glacier. To gain access required a gravel slopes riven with run-off. half-mile retreat back up the drainage, but we soon

one in which you

found ourselves on a grand game trail that rivaled know you are not My memory of that day emerges only as we did out any scenic highway for scale and grandeur. of those clouds, dropping down a gentle ridgeline supposed to be. and into a funnel leading in the direction of the The trail ran along the narrow top of a grassy lateral legendary Trident Glacier. From the air, the Trident spine and continued unabated until it descended is huge and very distinctive. But, on our approach, as we stumbled to a dry moat that shadowed the glacier’s downstream run. We our way down, pressed hard up against the Range, we could only comfortably followed this distinctively glacial characteristic for suspect its existence. miles until we looked down and out over the beginning of the glacier’s huge terminal moraine and our best rocky route across.

When finally, in a cold drizzle, we reached the confluence with that There we set up camp high above our only source of water, a river of ice, we were completely unprepared for the scale of the tortured and steep hike down to glacial melt. vista that confronted us. Even our drone footage can only hint at it. What stands out for me in memory is the impossibly huge icefall Day four dawned with a hike down onto the Trident Glacier terminal pouring out from the shadows between McGinnis and Moffit. I’d moraine that for scale I can only compare to descending into the long studied pictures of the famed Khumbu Icefall that pours Grand Canyon. It is a totally alien environment, one in which you down towards basecamp on Everest. And I’d long known that know you are not supposed to be. Hiking through it is like finding from base to top, Mt. Hayes matched the elevation gain from that a path through a geological war zone. In this challenging terrain, basecamp to the top of the world. Here was further spectacular Peter and Steven took charge. Steven had previously crossed the proof that in the Eastern Alaska Range, Alaska possesses a Trident—alone—during a solo photographic outing while Peter commensurate wonder of the alpine world. visits Antarctica every year for his oceanographic research. To him jumbles of ice and rock are standard fare.

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The Traverse To the uninitiated and less world-traveled, the way forward across the Trident is not obvious.

It looks like one of those mazes that has only one way through. A wrong choice looks to leave one stranded above a gushing glacier outflow or staring at a foreboding wall of ice.

Even as we approached the final pitch that seemed to lead us up and off the glacier, our exit wasn’t guaranteed, and those first few steps on relatively solid ground were all the more welcome.

We paused only briefly to take in the crystal-clear beauty of Twin Lakes and waded through the mile of grassy marsh that fed them. By the time we reached relatively level tundra, a rising wind drove a steady rain, visibility was maybe 30 yards, and the only sense of direction again came from Decker’s compass rudder. Ghostly caribou flitted in and out of view—as startled by our presence as we were in begrudging awe of theirs.

My spirits were flagging and I privately dreaded the loss of my inexhaustible tent mate and selfishly hoped he would continue.

My memory of that endless trudge over soggy tundra tussocks, once again in search of a water source for camp in a cold downpour, is the stuff of an old man’s nightmares. But camp we did. Our reverse-oasis was tagged by a few scraggly bushes that hinted at the hidden tiny trapped rivulet. I like to think we all collapsed exhausted into the four tents we scattered on grassy islands amidst the marsh. But maybe it was just me. I owe my tent mate and longtime friend, John Hildebrand, my undying gratitude for his solicitousness on that cold wet night.

I must have awakened to pack up the following morning. I must then have shifted that soggy pack up onto my weary shoulders before heading out into the clouds in my usual last place in line as we headed towards Mt. Hayes. But memory only serves as we dropped down off our tundra approach and onto the first of two glaciers, this one pouring down from the East Ridge and near vertical face. As we wound our way through that tortured icy drainage, a massive hunk of ice broke off the ridge; Philip alertly managed to capture it on video.

A steep climb up a gravelly margin deposited us at the base of the long winding northern ridge of Mt. Hayes. We reluctantly had to pass on the perfect campsite next to the two abandoned stone cabins that had served as base camp on my many Mt. Hayes attempts. On this, our fifth day, we were already a day behind our projected itinerary and on something of a forced march to our first food drop at the terminus of Gillam Glacier and the East Fork of the Little Delta River. We gingerly skirted the slick ice of the West Hayes Glacier and, by following its outflow, managed to get within a day’s shooting distance of that interim destination.

Peter backlit by icewall of Trident Glacier. Photo by Grant Wilson

Group emerging from Trident Glacier. Photo by Grant Wilson

That evening, in the privacy of our nylon cocoon John struggled with the possibility of his early departure from the expedition. He had been one of the team’s strongest members— and certainly the most positive and funny—and his recently surgically replaced hip was doing fine! But he had joined our ranks, knowing the downhills would be painful on his well-worn knees and ankles. Although he’d had an exit strategy from the start, he was long past the point of a possible solo turn-around. But Tim and Decker—both short of time off work—had arranged a pickup at the first food depot. Their aerial ride out was John’s second option.

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The Traverse My spirits were flagging and I privately dreaded the loss of my inexhaustible tent mate and selfishly hoped he would continue.

But later that evening Peter popped his head in with the inReach texted news that John’s nearly 100-year-old father was on his deathbed; Kathy, John’s wife, was desperately trying to get John home to his side in Seattle.

We hit the ground the next morning with a new sense of mission, determined to get our buddy on a bush flight out that evening. The light rain that accompanied our long descent into the valley of the East Forks didn’t dampen our spirits. But the near disastrous drenching I took in the small side-creek crossing nearly drowned mine.

We just managed to rendezvous with John’s late evening bush flight out.

In the cold wet solitude of my tent that night, I knew my trek was over. My gear was soaked and not likely to dry out in the ongoing monsoon we seemed to forever follow. The next morning I watched the remaining team of Peter, Steven, and the Brothers Wilson head off bravely into the mist and rain that now hung over the daunting crossing of Gillam Glacier.

John taking a short breather with a smile.

Photo by Grant Wilson

They waded through waist-deep freezing water in that crossing and awoke to snow on the ground the following morning.

Undeterred they would cross two mountain passes, manage to wade the daunting West Fork of the Little Delta—twice!— encounter twin grizzly bear cubs and live to tell their tales over beers at the 49th State Brewery in Healy. But none of those thrills compared to the excitement of the aerial delivery of McDonald’s Big Macs, courtesy of Philip Wilson’s girlfriend Mary; her father is a bush pilot. But I will leave those stories for the others to tell…

No one will ever get to hear the whole story of an unsuccessful river crossing earlier that summer in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Two older, experienced backpackers were found dead, huddled by the side of a glacial stream. Their backpacks were found some distance away washed up on shore. Searchers surmised that the couple had fallen in their crossing attempt, managed to escape the raging water but lost their packs in the process. Devoid of dry clothes or a heat source, they died of hypothermia.

I could feel for that tragic couple like I felt for my ski buddy, Erik Petersen, and best friend, Rowdy. I survived only by chance events that ended other beautiful lives. And while my ability to brave the backcountry may be blunted, I still hope to make the Himalaskan beauty of the Eastern Alaska Range a little safer— and more accessible—for those hikers who want to wander and gawk rather than race. I still cannot believe those guys actually ran through that country! A

Group photo on Day 6 before John, Tim, and Decker flew out.

Photo by Steven Miley

MICHAEL HOPPER

- My friends and family joke that I have used up my nine lives, a few times over, in my Eastern Alaska Range misadventures. So I lay no claim to the brotherhood of true Arctic pathfinders. I do, however, share ownership of the historic Black Rapids Roadhouse with the legendary Frank Glaser, Alaska’s Wolfman…and my wife, of course. But we are just a blip in the remarkable alpine wilderness that floats on the southern Interior horizon. And I will hope to keep Last Frontier Magazine readers intrigued by our continuing story(s).

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SPRUCE BARK BEETLE INFESTATIONS—OF THE NATURAL KIND

STORY: WENDY WESSER | PHOTOS: WENDY WESSER & CECIL SANDERS

“Oh no, we have a problem,” I said to my husband last summer.

“Our two tallest spruce trees are dying! The spruce bark beetles have attacked and won.”

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t seemed like one week these two trees were healthy and the next week their needles were turning red. If I’d been paying closer attention I may have noticed the tell-tale tiny holes and the red sawdust-filled pitch oozing out of their trunks. These two giants were a focal point in our yard, but they no longer looked at all attractive. Was it too late to save them? Yes, and that was okay. Several younger spruce are growing up nearby, ready to take their place. Joel with Valley Tree Service said that the trees near the dying ones he cut down would sprout up fast with the extra daylight they will receive.

So we had our two trees cut down and got more proactive in saving the remaining spruce on our property. We have over two acres of land with several dozen spruce trees so I decided I needed to make a more thorough survey of the remaining ones. I was surprised to find another large dead spruce with brown needles, but so far the rest are looking good, probably because they are much younger than the three we lost.

make sure our trees are not suffering from drought and then we’ll apply the fertilizer. Because the spruce bark beetles are looking for new host trees from May through July, this is a good time to water and fertilize healthy spruce. Use the amount recommended on the fertilizer package you buy. There are no guarantees that this will work, but it’s worth a try for the spruce near our home.

Another option for some is spraying high-value trees, but that is not a consideration for us. There are a lot of reasons we won’t spray our trees: we live near a lake, we have grandkids, and we don’t want to risk harming the birds, bees, dogs, cats, and wild animals that live and wander on our property.

A couple other recommended things that we will do next fall is to thin some of our remaining spruce and trim off the lower limbs. It is important to wait until the spruce bark beetles are done flying before doing these activities, unless you want to attract more of them to your property. I’m going to wait until September to be sure.

Many people don’t know that spruce bark beetles are native to Alaska and not an introduced pest. They have been here as long as

Back in the 1990s we lived on the hillside in Anchorage, when the Kenai Peninsula was devastated by spruce bark beetles and lost millions of trees. I was taking a master gardener course through the Cooperative Extension Service at the time and one of the hot topics was how to protect the spruce in Anchorage. A gentleman in the class had property near Kenai and he stated that he hadn’t lost one tree. We were all very surprised at his claim and a little dubious.

Wow! How did he do that when so many spruce on the Peninsula had been killed in just a few years? He said that every spring he scatters 8-32-16 granular fertilizer around the base of each spruce.

I followed this man’s advice on my half-acre Anchorage property and then a few years later on our land in Wasilla.

Until last summer we didn’t lose one tree. I did not fertilize my trees in the last couple years when I should have. After doing some research and confirming with Jesse Moan of the UAF Cooperative Extension Service, we are going to try that method again. She said we should keep our nitrogen below 15 to prevent causing other problems. First we will Top photo: Spruce tree damaged from beetle infestation 32

Left photo: Spruce bark beetle larvae

Right photo: Mature spruce bark beetle

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spruce trees, are a natural part of a healthy ecosystem, and they help decompose weaker trees to make room for healthier habitat. Once the female beetles successfully enter a tree, using pheromones, they invite their male friends and other females to join them. Just one of these ¼” beetles can lay well over 100 eggs after boring its way into a tree. They, along with their offspring, will live, mate, dine, and spend the winter under the bark until they head off to another tree. They are just doing the job that they’ve been responsible for long before humans came on the scene.

Every few decades the spruce bark beetles get out of hand like they are now in the Matanuska and Susitna River Drainages. Why now?

The probable cause is the severe wind storm in the fall of 2012 that took down many trees and a couple of hot dry summers since then.

Those events may have stressed the spruce tree population and signaled the beetles that their services were needed. According to a chart I found on the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service website, in 2015 the number of acres attacked statewide was 33,000. By 2018, that number rose to 593,000 acres. This year the number is projected to go over a million acres.

How much should we be doing or not doing to curtail the spruce bark beetle activity is a subject that is debated among professionals.

So don’t get too upset with your neighbor if they don’t take care of their trees the way you think they should. Some say we should do all we can to stop the beetle damage and others say let Mother Nature do her job and let’s spend our resources on other pressing needs like firebreaks to protect communities and replanting for healthy forest diversification. It certainly is difficult for us to see our beautiful landscapes being marred by dead trees, but it helps some knowing that outbreaks are natural and occur every 50 years or so in areas like ours, dense with spruce.

After our two trees were cut down we had logs and limbs to deal with before warm weather arrived. The logs were fine for lumber or building, but we chose to split the wood and stacked it to dry, hoping that would be enough to kill any remaining beetles and

larvae. We rented a chipper to take care of the limbs. I’d read other recommendations saying we should debark the tree or burn the bark to kill any beetles before they take flight which happens when temperatures are above 60°F, typically in mid-May through July. Neither of these options were practical for us. Besides, our neighborhood and community is currently filled with countless infested trees, so for us to go through all the trouble and expense of doing either of these methods for two trees would make little difference. We chose to expend our resources on the healthy spruce we had left.

Our two big spruce trees probably should have been taken down years before anyway for a couple reasons: wind and fire. We live in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough where windstorms are common and fire danger is often high. They were too close to our home so they could easily have caused severe damage. Another benefit to having them gone is that my yard and greenhouse will enjoy a lot more sunlight, allowing other plants, shrubs, and trees to thrive. A The Cooperative Extension Service and the US Forest Service websites have a significant amount of information about this issue and I recommend that you educate yourselves further if you are concerned about spruce trees on your property.

WENDY WESSER

currently resides in Wasilla, Alaska, but has also lived in Metlakatla, Ketchikan, Juneau, Anchorage, and Fairbanks.

She enjoys sharing her life experiences of hiking, skiing, gardening, winter camping, etc…, as well as helping other Alaskans (old, new, current, or past) to share their own tales. Since she always says, “Yes!” to the next adventure, her backlog of stories is varied and almost endless.

@AlaskaGardens @AlaskaGardens

Left photo: An eagle sitting on top of a dying spruce tree

Middle photo: A healthy spruce branch

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Author’s note: It came to my attention that certain Alaskans complained about my sunny descriptions of our home state. There is concern that if Alaska is portrayed too attractively to Outsiders, then newcomers will flood in and ruin all that we love best about Alaska.

Don’t blame me, I’ve never pretended that Alaskans are friendly enough to enjoy sharing their favorite things like wilderness, silence, or salmon. Here follows my naysaying concession to the naysayers.

Alaskan summers are terrible, utterly and completely. Before you consider visiting or moving to Alaska, you should know just how much misery comes with our brief balmy season.

First. The Mosquitos. I realize that other places have small biting insects also called mosquitos, but in Alaska everything is bigger (hear that Texas?) and our mosquitoes are monstrous. I am not exaggerating. What many visitors don’t realize is that most of Alaska is covered in swampy, spongy terrains with names like muskeg, taiga, tundra, etc… all interlaced by sloughs, ponds, and quiet streams. Sounds idyllic, yes … for breeding mosquitoes. Even mountainsides are surprisingly damp and squishy if you make the mistake of sitting down to rest while hiking. Alaskan mosquitoes don’t need much moisture to establish themselves and, “Hello hiker,” you just delivered their dinner. Basically, if you’re outside, stagnant water lies close by, where mammoth mosquito mamas hatch out their blood-thirsty spawn by the millions. When a swarm catches you unprepared, you will realize your true place in the Alaskan food chain.

Welcome to your Alaskan summer! While you can say you’ve been kissed by the local wildlife, now the thought of going outside makes you cringe because of all the itching welt-sized bites you earned

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Stick around, because in each new volume of Last Frontier Magazine we dig deeper into the many mindsets, modalities, and manias that make up — The Alaskan.

last time. Changing tactics, you try a scenic drive to better enjoy wilderness landscapes from inside an armored climate-controlled vehicle, and maybe even outpace the swarm you picked up from that mountain hike a few days ago.

Unfortunately, you’ve miscalculated. Cars can theoretically drive faster than mosquitoes, but that assumes traffic is actually moving.

See, the problem is that in Alaska, in summer, there is no driving anywhere fast, because Alaskan winters are terribly rough on roads.

As soon as the ground thaws our Department of Transportation scrambles within our brief construction season to repave the most desperately ragged sections of highway. Just to be clear, all the highways are desperately ragged.

As you trickle past the repaving crews, there’s plenty of time to wave goodbye to the pilot car driver, because the motorhomes up front are barely moving. Someone spotted a moosey looking tree branch and pulled partially off the two-lane highway to take pictures, so every other motorhome (in both directions) has to slow and snap their photos too. Highway speed is 65 mph in the winter and closer to 45 mph in the summer simply because the motorhomes mindlessly enforce a sedate scenic-viewing speed.

Once you make it to an actual scenic pull-off, careless of the view, but desperate for the outhouses, you’ll find your faithful mosquito swarm waiting for you—in the outhouse.

So there you have it; actually, so far only part of it, because when I began typing out all the awful aspects of Alaskan summers I ran out of space. Consider this part one of a two-bit piece on why Alaskan Summers Are Terrible!

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THE CHUGACH RANGE EXPLORING THE RANGE

ARTICLE: KIERRE CHILDERS

PHOTOS: CHRISTIAN HOLLUMS, ROB SURRENCY & GEORGE KERR

In this issue we giving you a teaser of content to come. We recently ventured by air, land and sea exploring the Chugach Range and parts of Prince William Sound, including Columbia Glacier and the town of Valdez. This is a shortened version of a future article with a sample of photos.

While not as iconic as its counterparts further north, the Chugach Mountains offer more than a dozen peaks above the 10,000 feet mark and are home to approximately one third of Alaska’s glaciers. Measured base to summit, the range is Alaska’s second highest coastal range after the St. Elias Mountains to the east.

EARLY EXPEDITIONS WITHIN THE CHUGACH RANGE The central region of the Chugach Mountains has been enticing climbers for decades. Mount Marcus Baker (13,176’) was first summited in 1938 by mountaineer and cartographer Bradford Washburn. Washburn recounts the expedition of the peak (originally called Mount St. Agnes) in the American Alpine Journal (1939). The difficulty in summiting Mount Marcus Baker is not that it is a particularly technical climb, but that it is practically inaccessible. In addition, the weather can be an absolute nightmare. After nearly a month of slogging, Washburn’s group finally made the summit only to be greeted by a dense fog.

The second highest peak in the range, Mount Thor (12,251’), is named in conjunction with the Norse theme of nearby mountains, Mount Fafnir and Mount Valhalla.

Roughly thirty years passed between Mount Marcus Baker’s first expedition and the first summit of Mount Thor. Accessed via the Columbia Glacier, John Vincent Hoeman and his expedition trekked through heavy snowfall and cold wind to make the summit.

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The moon hangs over a lonely cold peak.

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Orange morning hues saturate the tall peaks. Credit: Rob Surrency 38

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A glacial lake in Prince William Sound.

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Deep crevasses create stunning details upon glaciers. Credit: Rob Surrency 40

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The small boat barbor at low light in Valdez. Credit: Christian Hollums M AY - J U N E

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A lone eagle perches on an ice berg near Columbia Glacier.

Credit: Christian Hollums

Chugach reflections in Valdez.

Credit: Christian Hollums

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The sun setting over the Chugach on the return flight.

Credit: Rob Surrency

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