Spring 2022
Letter From The Editors
Hey everybody, We all hope you enjoyed the magazine and learned something new. You have read about the new James Webb Telescope, the importance of our sun, satellite infrastructure, and the Perseverance Rover. All these feature stories took weeks of editing and also the long, grueling process of getting interviews. We are very proud of all of our work, but in particular the ASF’s, or infographics, that we created. We made all of our infographics using Adobe software such as Illustrator, Photoshop and InDesign. We have gone through many obstacles with these programs such as our licenses expiring for five days, meaning that we couldn’t work on any of the adobe programs, and our work was not being saved correctly. The part that took the most work was scheduling the interviews. We all reached out to ten or more people and only a portion of the requests said yes. The next part was to schedule when the interviews would take place, and this was difficult since as young adults, we have many things that are going on at the same time. We are all really proud of our people we got to interview and appreciate the time they have given us to talk about different spacecraft. For example, Lucas got to interview Dr. Stephanie Milam, who was one of the top people who got to work on the James Webb Telescope. Thanks for checking out our space magazine and have a great summer!
Evan Lucas
Rohit Andrew
Table of Contents by Evan
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The Space Games
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the world wide webb
looking in the mirror
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Letter from the editors
Hurling through the flames
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ETU Spring 2020 5 by by Evan Evan
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blockchain nodes BY andrew
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space race 2 electricBoogaloo
persevering through mars by rohit
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flying too close to the sun BY andrew
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spacing in time meet the editors
Credits: Front Cover: Lucas Table of Contents: Rohit Pull Quote Design: Lucas Back Cover: Andrew Inside Covers: Andrew
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Spacechain Perseverance Probe
Rover Solar Space
Sun Telescope Webb
Let’s see if you remember facts from the magazine! 1. What is the spacecraft that is going to explore the history of the sun? 2. What is the spacecraft that is connected to blockchain network? 3. Name the telescope that was made in December of 2021? 4. Name the rover that is collecting samples on Mars?
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Spacechain Perseverance Probe
Rover Solar Space
Question Answers 1. The Solar Probe 2. Space Chain 3. James Webb Telescope 4. The Perseverance Rover
Sun Telescope Webb
By Lucas Plougmann
The World wide Webb The James Webb Telescope mirror. Courtesy of Nasa
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It’s Christmas Day, many from pointing the telescope from of fuel left, which means that families are celebrating time one part of the sky to another. we probably have a 20-year together with relatives mission.” and getting themselves stuffed, but the James Webb It’s not a country versus Milam specializes in astroSpace Telescope (JWST) chemistry and rotational another country. It lets team is celebrating somespectroscopy. Astrochemistry tribalism be set aside. thing more important to is the study of chemistry in In my opinion, there is them. It is the launch of the space, and it relies on mistelescope that they have sions to bring back samples something beautiful about been working on for years. to earth. that.” They are launching the telescope in the 170 footAriane “Because we can’t bring all Tim Dodd, Youtuber 5 rocket at 6 am in French of our things into a laboGuinea. It launches almost ratory and study them, we perfectly to what NASA had have to use telescopes and predicted, according to remote sensing,” Milam Stefanie Milam, deputy said. “So if we’re lucky project scientist for the enough, we can send a team. probe or a mission to a planet or comet or an “The James Webb is asteroid and study the good because we had chemistry, what we call such a beautiful launch,an institute.” just perfectly aligned with what we were On February 25 the wanting to do,” Milam JWST team announced said. “We actually got that the mirrors on the to save a lot of the fuel telescope were now that we needed, which aligned, three months afis really, really critical ter the launch. Now that because we are a the mirrors are aligned, fuellimited mission. And the team is able to take Stefanie Milam. Courtesy of Nasa even though we’re at a stable pictures with the highly sensigravitational point in our orbit, But because we were able to tive camera. The special thing we do have to unload momentum launch so well, we do have a lot about James Webb, is that it
ETU SPRING 2022 9
The Ariane 5 Rocket getting ready for launch. The James Webb Telescope sits in the cargo bay. Courtesy of Nasa
10 ETU Spring 2022
The JWST Mirror Unfolding Test: Courtesy of Nasa has an infrared camera which allows it to see farther into the universe’s past. One thing that Milam is very excited about is the data that JWST will bring about comets and their history. “I’m really excited to understand what JWST is going to reveal as far as comets go,” Milam said. “But I think the most exciting thing is going to be the discoveries that we don’t even know are going to happen. So every time we launch a new telescope into space or build a giant telescope on the ground, they’re having new capabilities. At the time, the Hubble space telescope was launched, planets around other planets weren’t a thing. We only knew planets existed in our solar system. And so people have fig-
ured out a way to use the Hubble space telescope, even though no instrument on there was actually designed to study exoplanets. We’re now doing routine exoplanet science with the Hubble space telescope because people were smart enough to figure out how to do so.” NASA relies on these creative people because they are able to interpret the data in ways they never thought of before. These people are very important, but something equally important is how the public gets informed of these findings. The answer? Public Relations. Peter Sooy, the outreach lead for Webb, has covered many projects such as the JWST and the
new and upcoming Roman Telescope. When JWST was about to launch, public interest piqued. “The media interest just ramped up tremendously,” Sooy said. “There’s just hundreds of requests. So I picked up just handling those, so I helped schedule, probably a hundred and fifty interviews in the past since November.” When COVID-19 appeared, they had to cancel a lot of in-person events. It was very hard to find another way to stay engaged with the public, but they were able to find the silver lining in the end. “We’re way more flexible,
ETU SPRING 2022 11 which is a good thing but I won’t lie, it’s hard with just all the we’re going, we’re going, we’re going, nope, we’re canceled. So it’s just trying to stay motivated and focused through all kinds of the fits and starts of covid” Sooy said. The team has been doing a lot to stay motivated. They were able to report very thorough information about Peter Sooy giving a talk. Courtesy of NASA JWST to the public, and it’s really important to be doing that so the public knows what NASA is achieving.
“The cool thing about rocket science is that you can break down individual parts of it. aWhat techniques do you use to hold a flame inside of the engine that is hot enough to melt the engine. Teaching people how to power a rocket engine. In SpaceX’s Raptor engine, the pumps that put propellant into the engine require 100,000 horsepower per engine. You know, how do you do that? Teaching people how things work is how to get them excited.”
“If you don’t tell the public what you’re studying, what you’re hoping to Rocket science is usually discover and then what a very technical job, but you do discover, they sometimes you should don’t know what’s going look at the bigger picon,” Sooy said. “They ture. Helping humanity don’t know why it matescape the bonds of ters and they don’t know being a mono-planetary what they’re missing. If species is a very importyou didn’t have the NASA ant job. Lots of people communications arm see the breaking of the telling people what these bonds as a goal that all discoveries are and mean of humanity should work in kind of like layman’s on. terms, and in the way that the public can under“What I love about Tim Dodd at SpaceX: Courtesy of Tim Dodd stand them, it would only space exploration is that be like this, 0.5% of society, cal youtuber, has amassed 1.24 it is humanity united under scientists, PhDs, that would under- million subscribers on Youtube a common goal. It’s not one city stand what’s going on.” by doing exactly that. He takes versus another city. It’s not a the common questions that many country versus another country. It Some people have taken these people have about rocket science lets tribalism be set aside. In my findings and made a career out and answers them on his Youtube opinion, there is something beauof it. Tim Dodd, an astronomichannel, EverydayAstronaut. tiful about that.”
Looking In the Mirror Comparing NASA’s Two Most Famous Telescopes
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ETU SPRING 2022 15
Hurtling Through THE
Flames By: Evan Ying
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he sun, it’s humanity’s survival, without it plants, animals, and humans would have never existed. It may hold the secrets to how life was created and it may also be humanity’s future. On August 12, 2018, around a decade’s worth of work and millions of dollars were sent up to space to analyze the sun. Labs from all across the nation collaborated on the Parker Solar Probe, each team designing their own unique instrument to place on the Probe. This project is only possible now due to massive technological breakthroughs in the last two decades.
ULA’s Delta IV Heavy rocket launches off with NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, on Aug 12, 2018. Photo courtesy of United Launch
“The Parker Solar Probe is a very old concept. In fact, the idea to send a spacecraft to the sun is even older than NASA,” explained Marc
Pulupa, a scientist at UC Berkeley who worked on the Parker Solar Probe. The idea of the Parker Solar Probe is pretty basic, but the technology and work required to do it isn’t. Inside the corona, temperatures can reach up to 9940 degrees Fahrenheit, because of that, there is a complex process required to allow spacecraft to function in such heat. This process is much harder than it sounds, according to Michael Stevens, an investigator on the Parker Solar Probe. “For decades and decades, NASA has been thinking about this idea of sending this spacecraft into the atmosphere of the sun and it’s always been a very expensive idea and it’s never been an idea we were very confident we had the technology to do,” Stevens said. “But in the last 15 to 20 years technology has sort of caught up to things and started to look like it could actually be done” Even with the huge technological breakthroughs like the heat shield
The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s plasma experiment, or the Solar Probe Cup. Photo courtesy of Smithsonian Atrophysical Observatory.
The Solar Probe Cup placed on top of the Parker Solar, the cup peeks out to the side of it. Photo courtesy of Smithsonian Atrophysical Observatory.
The Parker Solar Probe is encapsulated inside the fairing atop the United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy rocket. Photo courtesy of NASA.
the Parker Solar Probe still took many years and over a billion dollars to make. The Parker Solar Probe was also a one-of-a-kind project, according to Scott Messer, a ULA Program Manager for NASA missions. “Over my career, I’ve participated in about 50 different NASA missions and the Parker Solar probe probably fits right up in the most challenging that I’ve worked on,” Messer, a ULA Program Manager for NASA missions said.
This was the point where the science could finally start happening; the different instruments on the Probe could start collecting data and report back to the scientists back on Earth to decipher. “There are millions of stars in the galaxy, but there’s really only one star that we can send something to, and the more we learn about the sun the more we learn about every star in the universe,” Pulupa explained.
“There are millions of stars in the galaxy, but there’s really only one star that we can send something to and the more we learn about the sun the more we learn about every star in the universe”
The Parker Solar Probe has many unique features to it like the heat shield. Unlike many spacecraft, the probe had three stages to the rocket compared to two, and according to Messer -Marc Pulupa, UC Berkeley “The Parker Solar Probe scientist was the fastest or the second fastest spacecraft to ever leave the earth’s gravitational field” Pulupa said that learning more about the sun will be an import“I think that part of The Parker So- ant step for humanity to become lar probe was seeing if we could a spacefaring society. do it,” Stevens said. “If we’re going to be a human Since this was the first project race that goes out into space of its kind, people were unsure then we’re doing more and more whether the Parker Solar Probe in space. We’re going to be would actually work. Many things prone to that weather and there had to go right for it to succeed, are real dangers associated with getting the rocket launched was that,” Stevens said. only the first step and it still had much more to do. Being able to predict such events will be vital to us in the future, “When the Parker Solar Probe however, the problem is accrossed the corona, the destinacording to Stevens, “Forecasting tion of the whole mission was weather in space is just as hard reached,” Stevens said. “That as to forecast the weather on was when we could say, ‘ok, this Earth” mission is gonna work, it’s gonna do what we’re sending it to do.’” “Coronal Mass Ejections can
have impacts on things like disrupting communications disrupting GPS signals and in extreme cases, it can even affect terrestrial power grids on the earth there have been” Pulupa Explained. There have been many cases of these CMEs causing damage to things, such as back in the late ’80s where a power grid in Canada was knocked out by a solar wind, and more recently in 2018 where 40 of SpaceX’s Starlink satellites were knocked out. By studying these cases, humanity may be able to find out ways to protect our things from CMEs or at least be able to avoid them. There also may be things that are unknown about them yet. “The reason why you do things like this is to solve open problems that you don’t understand and that you might not even understand the implications of yet,” Stevens explained. One of these cases is switchbacks that occur in solar winds. They were recently discovered by the Parker Solar Probe when it first
entered the corona, at first they appeared to be an uncommon occurrence, but as the Probe went deeper they realized that it was actually the norm. “If we can answer what a switchback is then we should write a paper about it because that’s an open question,” Stevens said. There are many different theories as to why this happens; one theory is that solar winds are going through spontaneous reorientation of magnetic fields, another is that there are a bunch of micro explosions that are visible with our telescopes that cause these disruptions, and there are others who think it’s a turbulent wave phenomenon. Switchbacks aren’t the only phenomenon that puzzles the researchers back at NASA, there is also the case of coronal heating. “We can see the temperature of the sun is about 6000 kelvin but then the corona is much hotter in the millions of kelvin range so this is a little bit counter-intuitive if we
ETU SPRING 2022 17 look at a planet like the earth the atmosphere gets colder as you go away from the surface it’s hard to understand why this might happen if you can only look at from the Earth,” Stevens said “so in order to really understand the processes that are causing this heating you need to go there and make measurements from as close as you can” Since launched in 2018 the Parker Solar Probe has done 11 Venus flybys; its main mission was planned to do 24 flybys. Having only done 11 flybys the Parker Solar Probe still has over halfway to go; potentially going even longer than 24 flybys. Each time producing more information to help learn more about the sun. “When the flames start coming out the back of the rocket and everything that we worked for is finally being launched up into space,” Messer said. “From there on its sheer happiness and joy”
ULA’s Tony Bruno (right), and Dr Thomas Zurbuchen (left), meet the name sake of the Parker Solar Probe Dr. Eugene Parker (center). Photo courtesy of United Launch.
Flying Too Clos
On August 12th, 2018 The Parker Solar Probe was Launched with the mission of making observations of the outer corona of the sun.
On October 3rd 2018, The Parker Solar Probe had its first Venus Flyby being 2548 km away from Venus
9/27 4/4/2019 10/3/2018
8/12/2018
Graphics by Evan Ying
In 2019, 34 solar radii from the sun, The Parker Solar Probe discovered switchbacks in the solar wind a quite common occurrence for them
In 2021, er Solar discover switchba they em convecti structure supergra
se To The Sun
, The Parkr Probe red the ack origin, merge from ion cell es called anules
On April 28, 2021, during its eight flyby, The Parker Solar Probe reached the suns corona 18.8 solar radii away from the sun, before this we had no idea where the suns corona was
Sources: nasa Graphics by Evan Ying
On November 21st, 2021, on its 10th flyby The Parker Solar Probe reached the closest ever approach at 5.3 miles from the suns surface In 2024, The Parker Solar Probe will have its final Venus flyby being 317
7/2020 4/28/2021 11/21/2021
km away from the surface
12/12/2024
A Falcon 9 launches a testbed for Bitcoin multisignature authentication service to the ISS. Courtesy of NanoRacks
ETU SPRING 2022 21
Blockchain NODES
Revolutionizing how satellites are used in space. By Andrew Zhao
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satellite infrastructure (DSI). Each ith many companies but that is not its only use. When spacecraft in DSI is considered as it is Integrated onto a satellite, it such as SpaceX and Amazon all competing a network node, and each node opens up a whole new world of is connected to the network via to dominate space connectivity possibilities. a blockchain network. This in turn Right now, the SpaceChain team by launching thousands of allows for data to be seamlessly satellites, SpaceChain is is currently working on a select transmitted from anywhere in seeking a different route. few areas such as Instead of creating multi-signature wallet, their own network enhancing transparency with proprietary and security on data “The use cases for this satellites, SpaceChain transfer, and to provide really are limitless. A lot of is seeking to create a secure environment for a constellation of low satellites from different the ideas we haven’t even earth orbit satellites companies to work thought of yet, and then that are from satellite together. when you look at building operators around the world. The multi-signature wallet into the solar system, and as we grow, and how that would has been in use already, “We at SpaceChain, but never in space. A look.” we don’t want to do traditional multi-signature the same thing as wallet utilizes several Starlink, we want to private keys in order - Evan Slattery, Business Development provide a platform to sign a transaction in Manager at SpaceChain UK. for any company to order to make the whole be able to join us, to process more protected. form this constellation.“ But what SpaceChain has says Ziheng Xiang, done is they’ve taken that SpaceChain UK Technical the world, to anywhere else. and put the key on a satellite in Manager. Blockchain is commonly heard order to add another layer of in terms with cryptocurrencies security. This platform is decentralized such as Bitcoin and Ethereum,
payload so then in order to make the transaction valid a person needs to first sign the transaction from their own device, then they’ll get connected to the satellite and use the wallet on the satellite to sign the transaction. So then the overall transaction can be more secure.” said Xiang. Another possibility is the combination of cryptocurrencies along with DSI. This would create an exchange system that allows for the purchasing of satellite data and services using cryptocurrency. And since the satellites in the DSI are connected to each other in a web, this would make the transactions more secure and transparent.
“In this project we integrate a blockchain infrastructure to a
satellite constellation, so the overall idea is to provide a very convenient digital
marketplace with satellite data and satellite services. And then the second topic is to
enhance the security as well as the transparency among different satellites. So each spacecraft can share the data in a transparent and secure way with other satellites in a kind of overall constellation even if those satellites are not in the same company.” said Xiang. However, since DSI is still in its early stages of development, it still needs some time to reach its full potential. “The overall target will be to have coverage over the world. To approach this we first will need some time to make the architecture more mature.” said Xiang. Both SpaceX and SpaceChain are both aiming for a constellation around the Earth, but SpaceChain doesn’t stop there. Rather than using the satellites to provide
communications, they use it to provide a secure communications network, which can then be used for low latency interplanetary communications.
they can ETU SPRING 2022 23 return it and everything will be going through via a very transparent network.”
“Spacecraft can then collaborate on for example participating in a very difficult mission and let’s say some of the, like in the future if we want to do deep space exploration or space mining there must be some satellites performing the observation locating the space mines position and then the other satellites will be able to know that, and perform the task,” Xiang said. “If you as a satellite operator operating these space miners, you can talk to another company who provide the observation service and then just say “I want to use your satellite for half an hour, can you provide with me the location of the target constellation target” and then
Evan thinks that satellites are the future for all of technology as they can connect people across the globe and even in between planets. He thinks that there are a lot of new opportunities that can be achieved through the use of satellites and DSI. “We’re talking about some of these use cases, things that have never been done before, some sort of different types of satellites collaborating for specific tasks that have never been done before, so this could be looking at one location and also pulling on different types of space resource assets and all through the DSI”
The Perseverance Rover roams around Mars trying to find different rocks and evidence of life on Mars. Graphics by Rohit Vavilikolanu
Persevering Through Mars By Rohit Vavilikolanu
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ASA engineers spent five years building a rover that would answer questions about if there was life on Mars. This rover was called the Perseverance rover, and it would overcome many obstacles and hardships to find the answers. The Perseverance rover was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, and launched into space on July 30, 2020, to go to Mars. Its mission
is to look for evidence of ancient life and the different molecules that might have a presence on Mars. Perseverance was made due to the lack of features that the Curiosity Rover had, specifically the sampling feature. NASA programmed the rover to make it examine the atmosphere to see if there is enough oxygen for organisms to survive on Mars. “The rover will characterize the planet’s geology and past climate, pave the way for human
exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith,” Rebekah Siegfriedt said. Rebekah Siegfriedt, a surface engineer, worked on the movement and behavior of the Perseverance rover. For many years, scientists had high expectations while building to make sure that they were accomplishing their goals on another planet. Amanda Kooser is a journalist who wrote articles related to the Persever-
ance rover’s journey. “It’s so many people involved in thinking about them,” Kooser said, “designing them, building the parts for them, there are rover drivers, there are geologists and planners, there are people who talk to the media about what’s going on and their job is to communicate what’s going on with the rovers to journalists. The rover teams are very diverse, there’s a lot of women who work on them…” Many people with different backgrounds came to help build and advertise the rover. Even with all the help, there was a long process for getting the approval from NASA. Once the rover got approved, it was ready to launch, but there were a few setbacks. “Its launch and landing were very difficult because it was during the COVID pandemic… They couldn’t be in the same place, so they had to learn to work remotely and land this car-sized rover on another planet,” said Brendan Byrne. Brendan Byrne is another space journalist who focuses on space technology on Mars. Eventually, engineers found a way to launch the rover into space and onto Mars. Perseverance started exploring, but concerns for this
exploration were raised after the first rock collected was in many pieces. “They went to drill a sample, the rover can collect up to 40 or 50 samples that would be returned back to Earth, and the first one either the rock was too soft or it was rolling too fast so the sample crumbled,” said Byrne. The crumbled piece of martian rock got scientists thinking about what they could get out of this sample. Due to the uniqueness of this Mars rock, chemists were excited to look for a sample of the air on Mars. In hopes of getting martian rocks, engineers had tried to find a way to fix the problem by using prototypes on Earth. “They have rovers here on Earth which are models of the ones that are on Mars,” Kooser said. “They have them in these little testing grounds so they can try out methods here on Earth with their sibling rovers and see if
they ETU SPRING 2022 27 might work on Mars, and they can take those instructions, transfer them to the Mars rovers and they were able to clear out Perseverance’s sampling system, essentially to get those crumbs out of it so that it would work again.” This would enable the Perseverance rover to make more space discoveries, according to Kooser. Geologists are thrilled to look at these samples and compare the material on Mars to Earth. As Perseverance was collecting samples, it drove on Jezero Crater which had evidence of water on it. “We have discovered that the crater once contained water, multiple times over thousands of years and some of the rocks contain organic molecules,” said Siegfriedt. The rocks containing organic materials could be evidence
Rebekah Siegfriedt makes sure that the arms on the prototype rover function properly. Courtesy of NASA.
of ancient life that used to live on Mars. NASA had been exploring this by experimenting with the atmosphere to see if bigger organisms, like humans, could live on Mars as well. “Some of the other things that it has done was that it ran an experiment called MOXIE which proves that engineers were able to take the Martian atmosphere and convert it into oxygen which is extremely important for when we have human missions to Mars,” said Byrne.
Brendan Bryne helping make the Pereverance rover spotless in the cleaning room. Photo by Brendan Byrne.
MOXIE helped engineers get a feel for how oxygen in the martian atmosphere could affect the climate on Mars. They knew that the air consisted mostly of carbon dioxide, so the engineers
atmosphere, engineers created a spacecraft that could fly with the Perseverance rover.
planet and this has been super important for future missions,” said Byrne.
“There was also a little helicopter that went along with Persever-
This aircraft paved the way for future Mars orbiters. Ingenuity helped the Perseverance rover by notifying it of obstacles in its way while also letting scientists see another angle of the martian land.
“As operators on Perseverance, there are no borders. We are all in this mission together, to help find signs of past life on Mars and we all rely on each other to make it happen” - Rebekah Siegfriedt, Surface Engineer
wanted to know if adding oxygen would help support life on Mars. Using their knowledge of the
ance called the Ingenuity helicopter and engineers proved that you can fly an aircraft on another
“Ingenuity can help get the lay of the land and figure out the paths that Perseverance can take and possible targets to get samples that are safer to get samples from,” said Kooser. Ingenuity and the Perseverance rover aren’t the only technical spacecrafts discovering new things on Mars. Before the Perseverance rover was the
Curiosity Rover and it was the main reference for engineers and scientists.
can bring back to Earth would change our understanding of Mars.”
“Perseverance represents an evolution over Curiosity, but Curiosity was quite an evolution over the rovers that came before it,” said Kooser.
The Perseverance Rover has a higher technological resolution than the Curiosity Rover which
The Curiosity Rover has roamed on Mars for a couple of years and its main mission was to see if there was any evidence that Mars was habitable for organisms to live. The Perseverance was a direct upgrade of Curiosity to complete its task to find life according to Kooser.
some- ETU SPRING 2022 29 thing that was ancient or current life, I think that constitutes an extraordinary claim,” said Byrne. “ They need to get those samples back here on Earth because we are limited by the amount of equipment that you can put on a rover so our equipment is far more delicate to garner that extraordinary evidence to back up that extraordinary claim.”
Ingenuity was a spacecraft that orbited Mars, and it eventually became a helper for the Perseverance rover. Graphics by Rohit Vavilikolanu.
“If I had to highlight one upgrade that was the most important thing between those two, Perseverance has this rock sampling system that Curiosity doesn’t,” said Kooser. “Curiosity is like a geologist on wheels, and it can poke things, drill things, examine stuff, but Perseverance being able to do all of that and collect samples for safekeeping that we
helps scientists and engineers explore the different features of Mars from another perspective. The Perseverance rover could potentially identify if there was life on Mars, however, scientists will have to go through a process in order to prove that claim. “The fact that we may discover
According to Byrne, the evidence of life on Mars hasn’t been clear since there needs to be time for the samples to come back and be examined. Still, NASA is determined to find answers to many of the questions that scientists, engineers, and geologists
have made. “I think that the biggest question that we have in space exploration is ‘Are we alone in the universe?’ and Perseverance is going to attempt to answer that question,” said Byrne
Q-PACE January 17, 2021 Q-PACE is a 3U CubeSat that sees particles at a low speed. This device was an experiment about studying particles in a confined space colliding with each other.
Shenzhou 12 June 17, 2021 This is rocket that Ch launched and it is com ed of three crew mem who will spend time i space for three month
Tianhe Core Module April 29, 2021 This is the start of China building a space station and the Tianhe core module is the foundation layer for low Earth orbit.
Spacing
A lookback on the Sources: NASA, Space.com, Space News
Inspiration 4 September 16, 2021 This is the a mounumental moment for SpaceX since this spacecraft allows four non-astronauts to orbit around the Earth.
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Soyuz MS 20 December 8, 2021 Russia sent two tourists to go on a 12-day trip to the International Space Station and it arrived after four orbits around Earth.
Webb Telescope April 29, 2021 This is the first telecope by NASA that is explicitly going 1 million miles away to discover new galaxies and to see some stars forming.
Meet the Editors
Rohit Vavilikolanu
Lucas Plougmann
Hello, I’m Rohit Vavilikolanu and I wrote about the Perseverance Rover and how it affected space exploration. In my free time I like to swim because it’s a great form of exercise and also netting because it’s a great way to relieve stress. After I graduate I want to be an engineer as of now I am still unsure of what field. Something interesting about me is that I broke the same arm twice.
Hi, my name is Lucas Plougmann and the article that I wrote is about the James Webb telescope. When I graduate, there are many jobs that I want to explore, but I know that I want to be in the biology field. A hobby of mine is playing tennis since I am in the LASA tennis team, and that has been very cool to be a part of. A fact that not many people know is that I was born in London.
Evan Ying
Andrew Zhao
I am Evan Ying and my feature story is about the importance of the Sun. After high school, I want to be “not homeless”, and go to a decent college. I like biking because I get to travel places. I also swim. And I am, in fact, very short. I hope you like the magazine.
My name is Andrew Zhao and I wrote the feature story about the Global Space and Technology Convention. After highschool, I want to go to Baylor and enroll in their medical program, I’m not very sure though. I like to play videogames and my favorite sport is Tennis. I hope you enjoy the magazine.
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