The Scientific Inquiry

Native Bee Population Threats The Possibilities of Biofuels Can Extinction be Reversed?

The Rise of Robotics

Special Thanks To John Swan Tara Chapman Two Hives Honey Brandon E. Campitelli Jay Sullivan Bhavash Patel Travis County Beekeepers Association Rachel Schlossman JinJun Xiong Sanmit Narvekar Professor Luis Sentis Professor Peter Stone Kevin Garcia

On the Covers: Design by Luisa Mao. Images courtesy of NASA. Inside Front Cover: Design by Izzy Held.

Inside Back Cover: Graphic by Luisa Mao. Based on image by _DJ_ Table of Contents: Design by Jay Rountree.

Meet the Editors: Design by Jay Rountree.

Letter From the Editors: Design by Luisa Mao.

Table of Contents About the Editors

1-2

The Buzz on Bees

3-8

Fuel for Thought

9-14

Extinct Animals

15-16

Robots: The Future is Here

17-22

Crossword

23

Meet The Editors

Luisa Mao

Jay Rountree

Luisa is a swimmer on the Texas Longhorn Aquatics swim team as well as the LBJ swim team. Some of her other hobbies include playing the piano and art.

Working hard or working hardly? That’s the question Jay Rountree strives to answer in his daily life. Some of his favorite activities include eating Parle-Gs.

Izzy Held

Israel Reyes-Garcia

Izzy plays soccer and enjoys listening to music.

Some of her interests include bagel dots. Her favorite part of Ezine is designing page layouts.

Photos by Brynn Lampert 1

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Israel’s favorite part of science is learning about extinct animals and biology. Israel’s favorite food is pizza.

Letter From The Editors

No matter how bored the modern high schooler might feel in science class, science is one of the core foundations of our society. It is one of the broadest, most powerful, tools available to us to expand our knowledge of our place in the universe.

In this issue of The Scientific Inquiry, we bring to light four groundbreaking stories that call into question the possibilities of reality and the security of the future. A keystone population of the ecosystem declines as the possibility of eliminating extinction increases. Will this teach future generations of people to disregard precious natural resources and endangered species? How can there be a future where extinct animals can be brought back--where human action doesn’t have an irreversible consequence? An increasingly technological and energy-efficient future is also on the horizon. Robot technology advances, raising the question: when do we draw the line? How ethical is it to create tools so seemingly close to human? As for the future of our energy consumption, biofuels may soon be a viable option.

Through the advancement of science, thousands of possibilities may arise in the future, for the good or bad. We want our readers to open their minds to each event and the consequences they may entail. Above all, we want to inspire change. To spread the knowledge that each individual has the ability to explore and discover on their own. Who knows? It may be that bored high schooler that one day finds the impossible.

About the Editors

2

The Buzz on Bees

By Izzy Held

A native mason bee rests atop a flower. Photo courtesy of Jack Dykinga.

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ees sting, pollinate and make honey. Buzzing around, bees descend upon colorful flower beds. Residing in a hive whose walls are composed of uniform hexagons. Their yellow and black banded bodies bob up and down through the air.

Bees are characterized under this same one-dimensional story, but the reality of bees is so much more complex.

Four thousand different species of bees native to North America sustain the ecosystem, curating our plants and agriculture. But, 50 percent of bees native to the Midwest have disappeared from their habitat in the last 120 years. Due to a perplexing disease called

A mason bee rests atop a lantana.

Photo courtesy of Joaquim Alves Gaspar.

Colony Collapse Disorder, these staples of nature are at risk of leaving forever.

Movements like “Save The combination of the Bees,” which brought the dangerous pesticides, habitat decline of bees into the public destruction, and parasites are eye by educating people ravaging bee populations. about the plight of bees , Tara Chapman is the owner and media like the “Bee Movie” popularized bees and their situation. Although the dilemma surrounding bees is widely observed, The cause is lesser A mechanical sprayer douses a field known.

Colony of crops in insecticide. Photo courtesy of Aqua Mechanical.

Collapse Disorder is a disease whose origin is debated by both local of Two Hives Honey, a and commercial beekeepers. company that educates bee Pesticides, parasites and and beekeeping enthusiasts. deforestation have all been Chapman believes pesticides accused of disrupting bee are the leading practice populations.

Austin-area harming bees. beekeeper, John Swan “The largest contributor who is the president of the is a highly toxic group Travis County Beekeepers of pesticides called Association, has his own neonicotinoids, which is views on the subject. a pesticide made from “When CCD or Colony chemicals that is very similar Collapse Disorder was first to nicotine,” Chapman said. coming about in 2004 and These pesticides, 2006, they didn’t know used by large commercial what it was and still today beekeepers, invade the they don’t have a definite bee’s system through pollen pin point on it,” said Swan. and nectar. Because of the “But what it definitely boils chemicals and synthetics down to is a perfect storm now present in the bee, their of a bunch of different offspring will be affected as situations.” well. The offspring will be The Buzz on Bees

4

The brown disc upon the honey bee is a Varoa Mite,a parasite that preys upon bees with weakened immune systems. Photo courtesy of USDA Agricultural Research.

born with dysfunctional navigation systems and then in turn won’t become a member of the hive.

Because of industrialization, native plants that bees depend on for nutrients are being replaced with buildings and manicured gardens.

“You have bees that when their forage in their natural habitat starts getting depleted they start becoming undernourished and they start having problems with their immune system,” Swan said.

Not all bees rely 5

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strictly on beds of flowers, many native bees depend

The final contributor to CCD is the varroa mite, a parasite that preys “You take a upon weak and infected huge link out of bees. Swan explained, “ It doesn’t itself kill the chain and the bees but, it acts as the whole thing a vector organism that starts breaking transmits viruses through the entire colony and they down” -John Swan, President of the Travis reproduce exponentially.”

County Beekeepers Association When coupled with the weakened immune system on bare patches of dirt and from neonicotinoids and reeds, most of which are undernourishment from being covered up in green habitat loss, the Varroa Mite completes the perfect lawns. Without these storm of CCD. habitats and food sources, In the media, bees bees become weak and aren’t able to function at have a one dimensional their full capacity. purpose: They give us

food. Bees pollinate the there are ways that you your own backyard you plants that bear one third can help the plight of bees can do things like plant of the food we love to eat. in your own home. There bee friendly plants, which They pollinate apple trees are many ways to help, are plants that are nectar and broccoli plants, grape Chapman believes, “The and pollen producing” vines, and black eyed peas. most important thing that said Chapman. Texas If not for bees, wouldn’t people can do to support Bluebonnets and the Pink we lose our favorite foods? bees, not only honey bees Evening Primrose are “It has greater reaching but native bee populations bee friendly plants that implications,” explained is to support their local serve as both food sources Swan. “Because the bees farmers and their local and habitats. If possible, themselves they’re like sustainable beekeepers, bee friendly bushes are the harbinger… you take because those small ideal because they bloom the pollinators out of the sustainable farmers are the multiple times, whereas equation, yes there is ones that are giving our wildflowers only bloom some food that will stop bees good clean foods to once. growing that we A manicured love to eat but, blooming garden there’s also a lot is not the only way of food that stops to help bees in your growing that other backyard, many animals completely native bees are depend upon, actually in need of and then there’s bare patches of dirt other animals A leafcutter bee slices a leaf in it’s native and brush piles. that completely habitat. Photo courtesy of Bernhard Plank.

In urban areas depend upon those bare land is being animals, so you take a eat and doing things the covered up by buildings huge link out of the chain right way”. Buying from or lawns, depriving native and the whole thing starts small local companies bees such as ground breaking down.” Bees supports sustainable nesting or solitary bees of are a keystone species, an beekeeping and doesn’t a habitat. unbelievably necessary contribute to the use of “It, doesn’t matter connection in the web that toxic neonicotinoids that if you’re talking about a is our ecosystem. are harming bees. honeybee or native bees …

Although many of the Providing native it takes everybody working causes of CCD are carried habitats and food sources together,” said Swan. out by large commercial support native and honey beekeeping companies, bee populations alike. “In The Buzz on Bees

6

HOW Can P BE

Bees are Thirsty Too!

Strangely enough, bees are in need of water sources. You can help out by filling a bowl or birdbath with water and setting it outside in your yard. Make sure to place floating objects or pebbles in your bee bath so they don’t drown.

Creating a “Bee Hotel”

A “bee hotel” is meant to serve as a temporary nesting habitat for bees that don’t nest in a quintessential bee hive.

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Build a Frame: Any cylindrical materials you have will serve, a tin can, a mason jar, even a peice of cut wood will work

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Hang it Up: Use string to hang your hotel from a branch in your yard or other convenient places in your yard

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Fill Your Cylinder: The contents of your hotel should resemble tubes, reeds are the cheapest option but you can buy bee nesting tubes as well. If you chose the wood stump option you can drill holes into the wood.

W YOU Protect EES Flower Power: How To Make Your Yard Bee Friendly Simeaultaneously make your yard beautiful and bee approved. Here are a few native plant species you can intergrate into your yard to create shelter and a food source.

Texas Redbud Cercis Canadensis

Texas Lantana Lantana Urticoides

Shop Local

One of the major ways you can help bees is to buy from small, local companies who care about the wellbeing of their bees.

Here are a few great companies to choose from in the Austin Area!

Bonus Tips!

1. Flower bushes are preferable to wildflowers because the flowers renew every season.

2. Native bees are in need of bare patches of dirt and wood piles, leaving your yard unkept can be wildly beneficialto bees in need!

Two Hives Honey Good Flow Honey Austin Honey Company

Graphics by Izzy Held

Fuel for Thought

By Jay Rountree

Rice fields produce a source of biofuel Original photo courtesy of Asakawa Kohji

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world of worsening food shortages, wildfires, and mass die-offs of coral reefs by 2040. This is the reality that has been outlined in the recent UN climate report. Around the world, bioenergy is being touted as a possible solution by bioengineers and climate change scientists alike, it is important to the future of the planet to understand the extent at which biofuels can be implemented. Biofuels are rapidly becoming a more mainstream idea, but there is still a lot of doubt surrounding them.

Du r i n g the early 2010s the world saw a huge increase in investments in algae biofuels.

This combined with the media attention that they were getting led the public to believe that they may be pouring green water into our cars sooner that they would have thought.

According to Jim Oyler, CEO of Genifuel, algae

are truly the ideal biofuel.

They reproduce quickly, with some algae able to double their biomass in an hour, they produce up to 100 times more oil per acre than the land plants normally used for biofuels, and they don’t compete with them because they grow in the water. After oil is extracted from the algae, they can be eaten.

Many people around the world are becoming increasingly educated on the topic of biofuels. Brandon E Campitelli is a research educator at the University of Texas whose class teaches how biofuels can be implemented

today while recognizing the limits of plant productivity.

“Not only are we doing research on a set of problems that directly intersects with issues such as climate change, pollution, and energy security, we do this research with undergraduate students who represent voting citizens, and future potential scientists, leaders and policy decision makers,” Campitelli said.

Campitelli strives to provide his students with a greater sense of responsibility for the environment and the outdoors. There are many different things the students learn about biofuels,

Photo courtesy of Justin Garson

Microalgae on a microscopic level.

Fuel for Thought

10

I think clean energy is just not there yet, but it can replace oil and gas in the future -Bhavash Patel, Petroleum Engineer including an approach called Quantitative Trait Locus mapping “Essentially we measure 1000s of plants and use a set of statistical techniques that enables us to learn about the genetic architecture of interesting plant traits, and identify genomic locations responsible for trait variation,” Campitelli said. “Why is this science talk interesting? Many of my students eventually learn that this technique is effectively the same as what medical researchers use to find genes that affect things such as cancer.”

In the past, algae biofuels have been championed by climate scientists to be the oil of the future, and while they may solve some short term problems regarding climate change according to Campielli, they should be thought of as more of a stepping stone to a brighter future. Bhavesh Patel is a 11

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petroleum engineer in Canada who works towards a brighter for oil.

“I think clean energy is just not there yet, but it can replace oil and gas in the future,” Patel said. “People need to spend more time researching this technology and developing it further.”

It’s difficult for the

many of the investors dropped off and moved to different projects. Taking the algae out of the water and extracting oil from it proved to be a very difficult task to scientists, and effectively harvesting microalgae proved to be nearly impossible without the use of complicated machinery.

Microscopic algae can’t be harvested by hand and scientists are seeking easier ways to harvest microalgae.

“Biofuels are not the full solution to issues we face, such as climate

An microalgae processing plant which harvests microscopic algae.

Photo courtesy of IGV Biotech

average citizen to imagine a world without oil, but to investors, algae seemed like the most realistic alternative.

Then, just a few years later,

change as caused by rising atmospheric carbon dioxide,” Campitelli said, “In fact, there isn’t enough land on Earth that is viable

for agricultural row crops to produce enough biomass for biofuels to support our global energy requirements. However, biofuels directly offset carbon emissions, and we can easily generate liquid fuel that can be used in standard combustion engine cars....a technology that is likely to be with us for a while.”

The growing support for biofuels Sunflower oil is a common ingredient in biofuels, creating a clean around the world is burning alternative fuel. reaching even into Photo courtesy of Torange different oil companies world going forward...I think Sullivan said. “Without oil around the world. Jay at one point we were the our society would not be Sullivan specializes in largest Geothermal company able to function the way it building major capital in the world. We had a lot of does today.”. projects at Chevron. While Geothermal assets in Asia as Around the world Chevron is historically “big well as in other places around there is hope to implement oil”, even his job is being the world.” biofuels and other long term affected by the worldwide Since Chevron has alternatives to fossil fuels. push for cleaner energy. also worked with geothermal “Other countries “I know I’ve been energy in an attempt to such as Brazil, have had working a lot towards capitalize on that seemingly more success implementing increasing our natural gas,” limitless source of power, biofuels at larger scales, so Sullivan said. “That’s a move they have had to take risks. it is possible,” Campitelli for producing cleaner energy According to Sullivan, said versus coal. Natural gas working with oil can be a The truth is, the burns a lot cleaner. I think perilous job. technology may take longer we are making a play that it’s

“We sometimes have than we want and we will just going to be a larger part of to go to the most extreme have to wait. As Patel said: the portfolio of the company environments to get these “Clean energy is the energy and probably a larger part of resources. Whether it be the of future generations.” the energy production in the arctic or deep under the sea,” Fuel for Thought

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Most Promising Sources of Biofuels

1

Cellulose

1.3 billion tons available in the US

3

Soy

Created through transesterification

5 Sugar Cane

2

Algal Oil

Algae can store up to 50 percent of their body weight in fat

4

Corn

Biggest biofuel in the US right now

Second largest biofuel in the US

A Brief History of Biofuels 1917 Alexander Graham Bell advocated for alcohol based fuels saying that “alcohol makes a beautiful, clean and efficient fuel�.

2018

Today, biofuels contribute over 20 percent of all renewable energy consumed in the US. This number is expected to increase since biofuels will play a key role in future of our energy supply.

Graphics by Jay Rountree

1942 During World War 2, interest in biofuels waned. A primary component in biofuels, ethanol, was used to make rubbe during the war

The Energy Policy Act required car makers to offer models capable of using alternative fuels.

1996

After the oil embargoes of the 1970s, Professor Thomas B. Reed of MIT was outspoken towards his support of biofuels and other types of new fuels. Sadly, his research was canceled under pressure from Exxon, a major contributor to MIT.

1970

Passenger Pigeon

The passenger pigeon is a bird that used to roam the skies in huge flocks. They used to live in hardwood forests in North America. The once abundant species went extinct because of humans hunting it for sport and for its feathers for bedding.

Extinct Black Western Rhino

The black western rhino is a sub species of rhino. Around the 20th century, the rhino population was decimated due to poaching, mainly for their horns. The horns were valued for their medicinal and decorative status on the black market. The rise of industrialized agriculture furthered the destruction of their habitat, leading to extinction.

Pyrenean Ibex

The pyrenean ibex is a goat-like creature that used to reside in the Spanish and French mountains. This animal was going extinct because of hunting. Then, when there were only a few herds left, they could not compete with other animals over the resources of the land. Scientists managed to keep one alive long enough to get cell samples from it to make a clone.

Animals

By Israel Reyes-Garcia

Dodo

Graphics by Israel Reyes-Garcia

The dodo is a bird that lived on the island of Mauritius and lost their ability to fly because they had no natural predators to escape from. When the islands were colonized, the dodos were hunted for meat and sport. Since the dodos were not adapted to humans, they had no natural defenses and the species went extinct.

Robots:

The future is here

Students at the Woolrich Labs at the University of Texas listen to a presentation given by a fellow student.

Photo by Luisa Mao

O n a Friday afternoon in small room at Woolrich Labs in the University of Texas, a monumental step in developing bipedal robots was made. After six years of research, a pair of robotic legs dubbed Project Mercury marched in place, balancing on one leg and then the other. Although the robots of Terminator or Star Wars seem like a far stretch from a pair of walking legs, it may 17

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not be so far fetched.

Robots are a large part of popular culture. They have worked their way into the media, movies and novels, science fiction, and are the forefront of discussions on the future. There are endless possibilities of the future of robotics. The abilities of robots are growing by the second, from playing soccer, driving vehicles, using power tools, and even engaging in human-like conversation.

“There’s a lot of things that we’re gonna want robots to do in the future, like potentially working in factories and going into places that are dangerous in order to help with recovery for a disaster,” said Rachel Schlossman, a Mechanical Engineering student at the University of Texas. “I think that we’ll have robots available to help us. For example, older people who might need more assistance, they could wear

exoskeletons to support them and to help older people live independently for longer.”

The futuristic vision of living amongst robots has been explored more and more through movies and novels as technology advances, but there is still much to accomplish. Several challenges in the actual logistics of creating walking, bipedal robots still haven’t been figured out.

“I think that we’re making progress but there’s still a lot of progress that needs to be done,”

I think that we’re making progress but there’s still a lot of progress that needs to be done.

-Rachel Schlossman, Student at the University of Texas

Schlossman said. “I think that one of the challenges is trying to figure out a somewhat uniform way to get robots to walk. We’re still researching what is the best algorithm and then after that, making sure these algorithms are suitable for a lot of different robots.”

Intense experimentation isn’t the only way scientists a n d

Small robots line the ground in front of the shelf of spare parts. The robots are developed in this lab and tested on the soccer field. Photos by Luisa Mao.

engineers are expanding the field of robotics. Several realworld applications have been developed simply through the very human quality of playing games. The Robot World Cup Initiative (Robocup for short) was designed to advance robots through a simple game of soccer. An international robot soccer competition started in 1997 by a group of Japanese researchers, it aims to use competition as a catalyst for improvement.

“It’s is a competition that happens every year,” said Sanmit Narvekar, computer science student at the University of Texas. “The goal of the competition was by 2050, we want to have a team of robots to play against the human champions, the FIFA World Cup, and hopefully win.”

Te a c h i n g robots to play soccer may not seem complicated, but there are many hidden difficulties that The Future of Robots

18

are actually fundamental problems in robotics.

Locomotion, coordination, communication, and even just finding the ball are things that human players barely have to think about, and yet they provide challenges that scientists are still trying to overcome.

“The challenges involved in getting them to play soccer are very generic robotics problems,” said Narvekar.

“One’s just the locomotion, getting the robots to walk.

There’s also division problems when the robots have two cameras, like to be able to detect different objects. Then there’s also a problem with position. Say you were on this field and you were a robot, and you fall down. You get up and both sides look the same, so you need to know where you

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Issue

were and which way you’re competition between people... going. They’re the common the humans obviously destroy problems of robotics.” them every year, so obviously Sadly, we’re not the future close, but We don’t even have of thinking, it’s getting a sense of why we talking, and better.” think, how we think, maybe even There are not to mention socceralso similar playing problems about how to make r o b o t in the field a machine mimic butlers may of artificial how we think. be farther intelligence.

-JinJun Xiong, away than After all, Program Director at IBM the public one of the m i g h t think. Especially in RoboCup, differentiating qualities of asking the current foot-high robots from other machines robots to beat a team of is the ability to think. They professional football soccer are simply data processors players seems more than a able to perform various little improbable. tasks. Without artificial “We still have thirty two intelligence, they would be years, and let’s just say that no different than a standard the rate of growth will be kitchen appliance. Giving exponential,” said Narvekar. that appliance the ability to “Every year, they have this think and act like a human is

no easy task.

“In terms of general sense of AI, I think we are far away,” said JinJun Xiong, Program Director for Cognitive Computing Systems at IBM. “Yeah, I don’t think we are able to get it in the foreseeable future… We don’t even have a sense of why we think, how we think, right, not to mention about how to make a machine mimic how we think. I personally think that it’s a long way to go [sic].”

Most people are probably familiar with the extremely anthropomorphized robot, sometimes even with the ability to feel emotion. These robots are introduced to us through popular science fiction, social media, movies, and pop culture and have pushed society to wonder if that is really where the future

of robotics is headed.

“I’m thinking of Star Wars in particular, like walking next to humans and communicating, like sensing what’s going on, thinking and responding,” said Schlossman. “I think that’s going to be achievable someday.”

There are many different visions of the role robotics will play in the future. Robots have been imagined and reimagined. Humans have envisioned lovable robots like R2D2 and Baymax, but there is also no shortage of robots taking over in dystopian films such as Terminator or 9. It’s difficult to know which path robotics will take.

“Well, depending on what type of movie, you know, there’s so many movies, like Terminator, that type of movie is unlikely,” said Xiong.

“They do have some sort of

merit as well, right, to kind of portray a possibility in the future and provoke people to think what is the possibility if we answer certain questions.

I don’t think biologically we understand how we think and why think...but to really mimic how we act, I don’t know. Our human really is a machine, right?”

A s for which path robotics will take humanity, humanity will just have to wait and see.

“Now, you probably watch some of the movie or the shows about the machines taking over the human world,” said Xiong. “Is that the future we want to all be in? We should ask ourselves: so which kind of technology we are building for our future? That’s the question: what do we want?”

Project Mercury takes its first steps as Professor Luis Sentis and his students look on.

Photos by Luisa Mao. The Future of Robots 20

400-450 BCE: Archytas invents the robot pidgeon

1941: Laws of Robotics created 1950: Turing Test developed 1959: Computer assisted manufacturing developed 1961: FIrst industrial robot 1968: Honds begins research on humanoids

200

1999: Intro t

1989: ALVINN is the fir are laws created by writer and bichemist Isaac Asimov.

1.A robot may not injure a human being or, by failing to act, allow a human being to come to harm.

2.A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where carrying out those orders would break the first law.

3. A robot must protect its own existence, as long as the things it does to protect itself do not break the First or Second Law.

also known as the Imitation Game was published by Alan Turing in a 1951 paper. It proposed a test where a human judge was made to choose whether the subject they were communicating with was a computer or a human. If the judge was unable to guess correctly 50% of the time, then the computer would be a passable simulation of a human being and therefore intelligent.

in 1968 with a goal of creating a robot that can walk similarly to a human. ASIMO is the most advanced humanoid, able to transition smoothly from walking in a straight line to turning.

The Rise of Robotics

2005: Big Dog created 2003: Mars rover Spirit and Opportunity 2002: Roomba released

1: Canadarm 2 Launched

o AIBO by Sony

st car driven under computer control a.k.a. Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network, was the first self driving car. It was the first prototype of a self driving car built by Carnegie Mellon for the production of its first vehicle, Navlab 1.

(Artifical Intelligence roBOt) was introduced by Sony in 1999. It is an autonomous robot pet, able to move, learn, and express emotions. AIBO was built so it could interact with humans the same way a pet would but without the high maintenance.

was one of Canada’s contributions to the International Space Station.

It has an identical “hand” on each end, enabling it to walk or anchor one end while the other carries out tasks. This robotic arm can be commanded to perform maintenance, move supplies, and cosmic catches.

Graphics by Luisa Mao

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pre-Columbian America.

31- Underwater snake 32- to draw plans for something 33- To ___ your keep 34- A style of punk rock 35- this mite is a parasite that preys upon sickly bees 36- To move a spoon around in a liquid 37- The French word for me 38- socio-economic Philosophy that was by Mahatma Gandhi.

39- Bio____s study how to have cleaner solutions 40- Don’t put all your ___ in one basket 41- Opposite of death 42- Opposite of yes

13- Biodiversity 14- Artificial 15- Run 16- Clean 17- Endangered 18- Native 19- Solitude 20- AR 21- RR 22- AMOS 23- Loch 24- Cage 25- Sea

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Down 1- Green 2- Said 3- Cellulose 4- Ibex 5- Neonicotinoid 6- Robot 7- Gum 8- Nature 9- Parasite 10- Fuel 11- XO 12- Court

Crossword by Izzy Held.

Down 1- The color of algae 2- That’s what she 3- A substance that is used to make paper.

4- The pyrenean ____ is now extinct 5- Toxic pesticide 6- A mindless complex machine slave 7- Don’t chew this in class 8- Blobfish is a freak of 9- The Varroa mite is a 10- Bio____s are the _____ of the future 11- Kisses and Hugs 12- The Supreme 13- A logging industry is destroying forests 14- The A in AI 30- Inca 31- Eel 32- Design 33- Earn 34- Emo 35- Varroa 36- Stir 37- Moi 38- Trusteeship 39- Engineer 40- Eggs 41- Life 42- No

Across 1- Refined Petroleum 3- _____ Change is warming the Earth 9- Lima is the capital of __ 14- Farming 19- Self aware 22- The hit 90s sitcom about an alien life form 24- Colony Collapse Disorder 25- American word for football 26- Scientists search for ______ life forms on other planets 27- _____ Mobil is one of the largest oil companies 28- The largest robot sports event 29- The passenger pigeon is now______ 30- The largest empire in

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15- Corporate ___ hives are a breeding ground for CCD 16- _____ energy 17- Almost extinct 18- The ______ population 19- Superman has a fortress of 20- The __-15 is a controversial gun 21- slang for restroom 22- Add me on snapchat 23- ____ Ness monster 24- I know why the ____d bird sings 25- A body of salt water

Across 1- Gas 3- Climate 9- Peru 14- Agriculture 19- Sentient 22- Alf 24- CCD 25- Soccer 26- Intelligent 27- Exxon 28- RoboCup 29- Extinct

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Reality is an illusion.