B espais 1

GC8 ;Ë8::@ä @EK<>I8C ;<C JFCJFEßJ MFCLD @

www.larada.net/ca

yj g\id\jX cX Z g`X ` i\gif[lZZ` \e gXg\i [\ cË\[`Z` [`^`kXc [ËXhl\jk mfcld [\jZXii\^XYc\ X cX g~^`eX n\Y [\ cË\[`kfi`Xc [\ cË8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X1 nnn%cXiX[X%e\k&ZX GI@D<I8 <;@:@ä *'' \o\dgcXij# dX`^ [\ )''0 KàKFC GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc [\c Jfcjfe j% Mfcld @ 8LKFIJ DXi`eX M`cXj\ZX Gl`^g\cXk# 8cY\ik DXk\l DXik e\q ` If^\i GcXe\cc 8pd\i`Z_ :FII<::@ä CX`X J\^liX ;lZ_ ;@JJ<EP @ @DGI<J@ä >i~Ôhl\j Fcc\i# :%9% <;@:@ä 8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X :Xc GXc~# j&e '/)/( GiX[\j [\ cX DfcjfjX <$dX`c1 `e]f7cXiX[X%e\k n\Y1 nnn%cXiX[X%e\k 8EP ;Ë<;@:@ä )''0 ;@GçJ@K C<>8C 9$))%/.*$)''0 ;@JJ<EP @C×CLJKI8:@FEJ 8gXikXk + ` g~^`eX *,# IXdfe GfikX 8hl\jkX fYiX \jk~ jlYa\Zk\ X leX cc`Z eZ`X Zi\Xk`m\ Zfddfej X \oZ\gZ` [\cj dXg\j ` `c×cljkiXZ`fej \e hl\ jË`e[`ZX \c ZfekiXi`% I\Zfe\`o\d\ek $ Ef:fd\iZ`Xc $ :fdXik`i@^lXc Yp$eZ$jX 1 Ef \j g\id\k le j Zfd\iZ`Xc [\ cËfYiX fi`^`eXc e` [\ c\j gfjj`Yc\j fYi\j [\i`mX[\j# cX [`jki`YlZ` [\ c\j hlXcj jË_X [\ ]\i XdY leX cc`Z e$ Z`X `^lXc X cX hl\ i\^lcX cËfYiX fi`^`eXc% nnn%Zi\Xk`m\Zfddfej%fi^

G8@ s Gi c\^j

G<EJ8I <E <C K<II@KFI@1 LE8 FG:@ä ;< GIF>IyJ g\i ÁC<O :8J8;<DLEK Gi\j`[\ek [\c :JK :\eki\ g\i cX Jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk K\ii`kfi`Xc

yj X^fjXiXk ` k\d\iXi`# Xml`# [\dXeXi$j\ hl`e gX j mfc\d# \e hl`e k\ii`kfi` mf$ c\d m`li\6 8 alkaXi g\i c\j dfY`c`kqXZ`fej \e [\]\ejX [\c k\ii`kfi`# [XmXek cX i\$ jfclZ` jfm`ek gfZ [\dfZi~k`ZX [\cj ZfeÕ`Zk\j k\ii`kfi`Xcj2 g\cj Õlofj dXjj`lj [Ë\d`^iXZ` fYc`^X[X# g\i cX i\Zfem\ij` ]fi X[X [ËXZk`m`kXkj \Zfe d`hl\j g\i kXdY ZlckliXcj2 g\i cX k\e[ eZ`X `e]i\eXYc\ X _fdf^\e\ kqXi \cj efjki\j gX`jXk$ ^\j `# g\i kXek# kXdY \cj efjki\j i\Zfi[j2 j\dYcX hl\ _Xli \d [ËXÔidXi hl\ j % 8`o # leX gi\^lekX kXe Y~j`ZX g\i X cX _ldXe`kXk Zfd cX [\ [\dXeXi$efj ÊZfd ` fe mfc\d m`li\Ë j\Ëej e\^X# gXiX[foXcd\ek# \e efd [\c gif^i j%%% HL@E GIF>IyJ6 Le gif^i j \Zfe d`Z hl\ [`Zk\e lej gfZj \e efd [\ cË`ek\i j ^\e\iXc ` XdY \c hlXc \ej ]Xe Zi\li\ hl\ cX YfeX dXioX [\ cË\Zfefd`X _f jfclZ`feXi~ kfk6 Le gif^i j \Zfe d`Z hl\# ef fYjkXek X`o # efd j Ê]leZ`feXË X YXj\ [Ë`eZi\d\ekXi [\ ]fidX \jg\ZkXZlcXi \c Zfejld [\ i\Zlijfj XdY`\ekXcj ` \e\i^ k`Zj6 Hl\ j\dYcX ZX[X m\$ ^X[X d\epj ZXgX [\ kiXej]fidXi$efj Zfd X jj\ij _ldXej j\ej\ _Xm\i [\ kiXej$ ]fidXi \c efjki\ \ekfie6 Hl\ [\Zi\d\ekX ` Zfdgifd\k# g\i`ccfjXd\ek# cX efjkiX jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk ` [`m\ij`kXk# cX efjkiX jlg\im`m eZ`X Zfd X \jg Z`\6 DXc e\^fZ`% Le gif^i j hl\# \e [\Ôe`k`mX# ]iXZXjjX g\ihl ef gXik\`o [ËleX gi\^lekX kXe \j$ j\eZ`Xc Zfd cX [\ [\dXeXi$efj1 Zfd ` \e hl`e \ekfie mfc\d m`li\6 Le gif^i j hl\ [ eX g\i jlgfjXk \c hl\ j# \e ZXem`# \c ^iXe `ek\iif^Xek% CX i\cXZ` [\ kfk X`o XdY \c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc G8@ hl\ \ej gi\j\ekX cË8iX[X ef gfk j\i d j \m`[\ek1 <c G8@# hl\ _X \jkXk \cXYfiXk [`ej [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J# j# aljkXd\ek# leX gifgfjkX [\ gif^i j g\i Xc k\ii`kfi` ` [\j [\c k\ii`kfi`% <j kiXZkX# g\i kXek# [Ële `ejkild\ek [\dfZi~k`Z g\i X gfjXi$efj [ËXZfi[ jfYi\ hl \ek\e\d g\i gif^i j gi`d\i# ` g\i X [\dXeXi$efj# [\jgi j# hl`e gif^i j mfc\d g\i Xc efjki\ k\ii`kfi`% G\i le `ejkild\ek X[i\ Xk X lej Z`lkX[Xej ZXgX fj [\ Zfe `o\i# g\ejXi ` [\Z`[`i jfYi\ \c efjki\ \ekfie% @ j Xhl\jkX cX j\mX gi`eZ`gXc m`iklk%

Gi c\^j s G8@

CX gcXe`ÔZXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc k leX Z\ikX kiX[`Z` X ZXjX efjkiX2 Ôej ` kfk# _Xli \d [\ i\Zfe `o\i hl\ cËXZklXc ^fm\ie Xkfi^X leX gi`fi`kXk gfc k`ZX X cË\cXYfiXZ` ` [\jgc\$ ^Xd\ek [\ gcXej k\ii`kfi`Xcj% DXc^iXk kfk# Ôej Xml`# cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc _X \jkXk leX \`eX dfck gfZ X cËXYXjk [\cj Z`lkX[Xej# hl\ ef \cj _X Xal[Xk gXj X ]fidl$ cXi$j\ Zfc×c\Zk`mXd\ek cX dXk\`oX gi\^lekX1 Zfd ` \e hl`e \ekfie mfc\d m`li\% 8hl\jkj gcXej gf[\e gXik`i [\ Zi`k\i`j `eefmX[fij ` d j i\Xc`jk\j Zfd cX jfjk\$ e`Y`c`kXk# cË\ÔZ` eZ`X \Zfe d`ZX f cË\hl`kXk jfZ`Xc# Z\ikXd\ek% CX gcXe`ÔZXZ` k\ii`$ kfi`Xc j\dgi\ `ekif[l\`o leX d`ZX [\ iXZ`feXc`kXk \e cË j ` cX ^\jk` [\cj i\Zlijfj [\c k\ii`kfi`% KXedXk\`o# \e ef `eZfigfiXi m\i`kXYc\j gifZ\jjfj gXik`Z`gXk`lj# gXik\`o\e [\ ZfeZ\gk\j f gi`eZ`g`j k\ i`ZXd\ek Y\e ]feXd\ekXkj# g\i gfZ \ogc`$ ZXkj ` ^\ej ZfdgXik`kj% <cj \]\Zk\j [\ cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` j e# \e \c d`ccfi ZXj# `eZ\ikj% <c Z`lkX[~# `eZXgX [\ Zfdgi\e[i\ Ç\e cX j\mX `ek\^iXc`kXk ` ^cfYXc`kXkÇ \cj gif$ g j`kj [\c GcX# i\XZZ`feX efd j hlXe gfk m\li\ X]\ZkXkj&gfk\eZ`Xkj \cj j\lj `ek\$ i\jjfj gXik`ZlcXij% @ Xhl\jk# Ym`Xd\ek# ef _Xli`X [\ j\i \e ZXg ZXj \c gifg j`k [\ cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc% G\ihl # \e [\Ôe`k`mX# \j kiXZkXi`X [ËleX gcXe`ÔZXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc `eZXgX [\ i\jgfe[i\ X cX gi\^lekX1 hl`e gif^i j mfc\d6 HL@E8 GC8E@=@:8:@ä6 J` cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` g Yc`ZX ef XZfej\^l\`o jXcmXi Xhl\jk fYjkXZc\ `e`Z`Xc hl`e gif$ ^i j6 # g\i hl ef \eZXi\d cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` [\j [Ële glek [\ m`jkX cfZXc ` Zfdle`kXi`6 <c G8@ hl\ j\Ëej gi\j\ekX kXdY gXik\`o [\ Zi`k\i`j iXZ`feXcj1 cËXZZ\ek jfYi\ cX jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk \Zfc ^`ZX# \e leX ZfdXiZX XdY lej i\Zlijfj eXkliXcj kXe \oZ\g$ Z`feXcj# j\dYcX [\ ZXcX`o% G\i [\ gfZ j\im`i`X gifk\^`i \ok\ej\j ~i\\j eXkliXcj j` ef XZfej\^l jj`d Zfejfc`[Xi efm\j ]fid\j ZlckliXcj# jfZ`Xcj ` \Zfe d`hl\j [\ aljk`ÔZXi$c\j% G\ejXi Zfc×c\Zk`mXd\ek hl`e\j gf[\e j\i c\j Xck\ieXk`m\j \e ccfZ [\ [\`oXi$c\j Xc ZXgi`Z` `e[`m`[lXc# j j` d j ef le Yfe \o\iZ`Z` [\ Z`lkX[Xe`X hl\ aX \ej gifgfjX Xhl\jk G8@% KXdY Zfej`[\if iXZ`feXc m\kccXi g\i cX aljk Z`X [`jki`Ylk`mX f \hl`kXk jfZ`Xc2 \c G8@# efmXd\ek# \j gifgfjX XZfdgc`i le\j \og\ZkXk`m\j% DX` c\j kiXej]fidXZ`fej jfZ`f\Zfe d`hl\j ` c\j [\Z`j`fej gfc k`hl\j _Xm`\e \jkXk kXe Xc`\e\j Xc Z`lkX[~2 ` dX`# gfkj\i kXdgfZ# Xhl\jk Z`lkX[~ jË_Xm`X j\ek`k kXe kiXZkXk [\ j Y[`k gfc k`Z% <c df[\c e\fc`Y\iXc [\ ]\i c\j gfc k`hl\j kXdY k le Zfjk \e k\id\j [\dfZi~$ k`Zj# ef _f fYc`[\d% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# j dfck `c×cljkiXk`mX cX gfc k`ZX i\j`[\eZ`Xc ` [\df^i~ÔZX [\cj [Xii\ij Xepj% <cj gifZ\jjfj dXjj`lj [\ Zfcfe`kqXZ` liYXeX ZfejkilZZ` i\j`[\eZ`Xc ` XkiXZZ` [\ gfYcXZ` hl\ jË_Xe [feXk Xii\l# dfjki\e \c ZXi~Zk\i d j XiY`kiXi` ` `iiXZ`feXc [Ële ZfeZ\gk\ [\ gif^i j% 8iX# [XmXek [\c ]iXZ~j [ËXhl\jk Ê`em\ekË# c\j efjki\j Xlkfi`kXkj g Yc`hl\j ` gi`mX[\j# \ej [\dXe\e hl\ k`e^l\d gXZ` eZ`X%%%

G8@ s Gi c\^j

G\i X`o # d j hl\ dX`# ZXc i\g\ejXi \c k\ii`kfi` [\j [ËleX m`j` [`]\i\ek# [\j [Ële [`jZlij fe \j [fe` gi`fi`kXk Xc mXcfi XdY`\ekXc ` Xc Y\e\jkXi [\ cX ^\ek hl\ m`l \e k\ii`kfi`%%% `# \e kfk ZXj# aX gXicXi\d [\jgi j \e k\id\j \jki`ZkXd\ek \Zfe d`Zj f \jkiXk ^`Zj% Le k\ii`kfi` gfk j\i \jkiXk ^`Z# g\i m`li\ \e le k\ii`kfi` ef _Xli`X [Ë\j[\m\e`i dX` leX \jkiXk ^`X \o`jk\eZ`Xc# ef j j` dË\ogc`Zf% KXdgfZ cËXml` ef _X [\ j\i \c [\d~# ` g\i X`o ZXc g\ejXi d j \ecc~ [\c hl\ _\d Xgi j Ôej XiX1 le YfZ [\ k\ii`kfi` hl\ j~g`^X m`li\ XdY d\epj [\c hl\ XZklXc$ d\ek Zfejld\`o k # [Ë\ekiX[X# dfck d j ]lkli2 hl\ \c j\l YXcXe j`^l` ZcXiXd\ek gfj`k`l# \e \c j\ek`k [\ [feXi d j [\c hl\ i\g [\ cX k\iiX# j aX leX ^XiXek`X g\i X c\j ^\e\iXZ`fej ]lkli\j% =fd\ekXi leX Xlk ek`ZX ]fidXZ` ` gXik`Z`gXZ` g\i Zfd\e Xi X XZklXi Zfd X m\$ i`kXYc\ Zfdle`kXk# [\]l^`ek [\c Zfejld `iiXZ`feXc ` \^f`jkX [\ gif[lZk\j Zfd X dfkfi \Zfe d`Z# ` Zfejld`ek XdY d j jXm`\jX# j\i~ cX ZcXl g\i X Xjj\^liXi$efj le ]lkli Y\e\jkXek% 8gi\e[i\ cËXik [\ cX k\iiX# [\c hl\ j i\efmXYc\# [\ cX `^lXckXk# [\c gcX\i [\ m`li\ g\i X j\i d j jXm`# j e \c\d\ekj hl\ kXdY _Xli`X [\ Zfek\dgcXi cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc Xc j\im\` [\c efjki\ gX j% çYm`Xd\ek# g\i # Xhl\jkj \c\d\ekj efd j \j gf[\e gcXek\aXi [\j [\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ` Z`lkX[XeX \]\Zk`mX# [\j [\c j\ek`d\ek [\ ZfdgXik`i lej fYa\Zk`lj Zfdlej g\c hl\ ]X X cX ]fidX [Ë\ek\e[i\ \c gif^i j% @ Xhl\jk j \c ^iXe i\gk\ ` cX ^iXe fgfikle`kXk hl\ \ej f]\i\`o aljkXd\ek \c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j%

$ Ác\o :XjX[\dlek Dfe]fik Gi\j`[\ek [\c :JK :\eki\ g\i cX Jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk K\ii`kfi`Xc

Gi c\^j s G8@

<C JFC: ;< CË8I8;8%%% g\i D8I:<Cà :FIFD@E<J D\dYi\ [\c :\eki\ [Ë<jkl[`j CXZ\kXej

%%%\eZXiX j k\e[i\% <c Jfcjfe j e\Z\jj`kXmX leX `e`Z`Xk`mX Zfd cX [\ cË8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X% E\Z\jj`kXmX hl\ [\j [Ële ~dY`k gif]\jj`feXc# Xc` X cX Zfek\jX gfc k`ZX# X cX i`mXc`kXk \eki\ \cj [`]\i\ekj ^ilgj [\ gf[\i f [Ë`eÕl eZ`X jfZ`Xc ` `[\fc ^`ZX# \j gcXek\^ j cËfgfikle`kXk [Ële [\YXk j\i` j ` \e gif]le[`kXk g\i i\g\ejXi cË\j[\m\e`i gfjj`Yc\ [ËXhl\cc\j g\ijfe\j X hl` le\`o le m`eZc\ k\ii`kfi`Xc ` [\ Zfem`m eZ`X# hl\ \cj `[\ek`ÔZX ` j`e^lcXi`kqX Zfd cX Zfdle`kXk [\ c\j k\ii\j [\c Jfcjfe j% <c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J _X ]\k gfjj`Yc\ Xhl\jk [\YXk# [\j [\ cË\ohl`j`[\jX \e cX e\l$ kiXc`kXk [\ hl` _Xe \jkXk \cj j\lj gifdfkfij ` \cj j\lj ^\jkfij# ` cË\eZ\ik \e \c d kf$ [\% CX @em\jk`^XZ` $8ZZ` $GXik`Z`gXk`mX @8G j cX d\kf[fcf^`X hl\ _X g\id j `eZfigfiXi \e cX ZlckliX [\dfZi~k`ZX [\ cX efjkiX ZfdXiZX le ZfeZ\gk\ [`]\i\ek [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` % ;`]\i\ek g\c hl\ ]X X cX dXe\iX _XY`klXc [Ë\ek\e[i\$cX1 jfm`ek# _Xm`X Zfej`jk`k \e leX gfikX fY\ikX X cX i\Õ\o` ` Xc [\YXk [\j [Ë`ejk~eZ`\j gfc k`$ hl\j# jfZ`Xcj f `[\fc ^`hl\j% Le Zfg Ôe`k \c gifZ j# \i\e c\j gi g`\j `ejk~eZ`\j hl` \c gifdfm`\e ` eË\jkXYc`\e c\j ZfeZclj`fej Çd j f d\epj Zfej\ejlX[\j XdY \cj gXik`Z`gXekj% 8dY cX @8G cX gfYcXZ` # \cj X^\ekj jfZ`Xcj [\c k\ii`kfi`# \cj Z`lkX[Xej ` Z`lkX[Xe\j# kfkj \cj hl\ _Xe mfc^lk ` mfc\e gXik`Z`gXi \e cX i\Õ\o` Zfc×c\Zk`mX# j e Xc_fiX jlYa\Zk\ ` fYa\Zk\ [Ë\jkl[`% CX gfYcXZ` ef efd j XeXc`kqX# [\YXk# [`j$ Zlk\`o jfYi\ \c j\l gXjjXk Zfd # \c j\l gi\j\ek ` \c ]lkli X gifa\ZkXi# j`e hl\ jËXeXc`kqX# \j mXcfiX# \j Zi`k`ZX \ccX dXk\`oX% @ \c hl\ j kXe `dgfikXek Zfd Xhl\j$ kX XlkfZi k`ZX ZfejkilZk`mX1 j e \cj dXk\`ofj XZkfij [\c gifZ j hl` [\Z`[\`o\e cX [`X^efj`# \eld\i\e ` [\Ôe\`o\e \cj gXi~d\ki\j hl\ \ogc`hl\e g\i hl jfd fe jfd ` Zfd _` _\d Xii`YXk `# ÔeXcd\ek# XZfi[\e ` Zfej\ejl\e \cj fYa\Zk`lj [\ ]lkli ` \cj gcXej [ËXZZ` % <c d kf[\# [feZj# _X g\id j Ç` Xhl\jkX glYc`ZXZ` eË j \c k\j$ k`dfe` \jZi`kÇ cX gc\eX cc`Y\ikXk [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` ` [\ [\Z`j` \e kfk dfd\ek% CX e\Z\jj`kXk [ËX^`kXZ` [Ële k\ii`kfi` ` leX Zfdle`kXk ]feXd\ekXcd\ek iliXc \iX hl\cZfd `dgi\jZ`e[`Yc\ \e le \ekfie \e i~g`[X kiXej]fidXZ` ` \e le Zfek\ok `ek\ieXZ`feXc `dd\ij `e[\]l^`Yc\d\ek \e leX ^cfYXc`kqXZ` j\ej\ dXioX \ei\i\% :Xc`X fYi`i \c [\YXk# kXek [\ k\dgj XafieXk# jfYi\ \c df[\c jfZ`f\Zfe d`Z ` [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek% @ _X \jkXk le \eZ\ik gcXek\aXi$_f \e YXj\ X le\j gi\d`jj\j ZcX$ iXd\ek Zfdgifd\j\j XdY cX jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk i\Xc% 8`o # \c df[\c jfZ`Xc ` \Zfe d`Z

G8@ s Gi c\^j

hl\ \j [\i`mX [\ c\j gifgfjk\j [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J# \jk~ mfc^l[Xd\ek \eZXd`eXk X ^XiXek`i cË\hl`kXk jfZ`fZlckliXc# cX aljkX gifjg\i`kXk \Zfe d`ZX ` cË\hl`c`Yi` \Zf$ c ^`Z [\ cX Zfdle`kXk ` \c k\ii`kfi` [\c Jfcjfe j% C\j gi\d`jj\j fYc`^Xm\e# g\i kXek# X le \j]fi [\ i\Xc`jd\ ` [\ j\i`\kXk \e cX m`XY`$ c`kXk [\ c\j gifgfjk\j [ËXZZ` # g\i ef _Xe `dg\[`k cX `eZfigfiXZ` [Ë`[\Xcj lk g`Zj# XdY \c Y\e\ek j hl\ \c ]lkli [ËleX jfZ`\kXk d`ccfi ` d j aljkX j\dgi\ jË`ejg`iX \e cX lkfg`X% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# j jfigi\e\ek cX ]i\jZfi hl\ \j [\jgi e [\cj \jZ\eXi`j \dgiXkj# X kXcc [Ë\o\dgc\# g\i X [\j\emfclgXi \cj kXcc\ij [\jk`eXkj Xcj dle`Z`g`j [\c Efi[ [\c Jfcjfe j% @eZfigfiX \e \c gX`jXk^\ [\ c\j `[\\j lej \jZ\eXi`j gfjj`$ Yc\j Zfd cX gi\jX [\ [\Z`j`fej g\i Zfej\ccj XdY ifkXZ` [\ Z~ii\Zj ` cX dXk\`oX i\gi\j\ekXk`m`kXk [Ë\[Xk ` j\o\2 leX \Zfefd`X \jkilZkliX[X \eki\ cËXlkfjlÔZ` eZ`X ` cË\jg\Z`Xc`kqXZ` 2 \c Zfejld g\i gXik [\ cX gfYcXZ` [\cj i\Zlijfj ` j\im\`j ^\e\$ iXkj Xc gifg` dle`Z`g`2 ef lY`ZXi Xc k\ii`kfi` ZXg XZk`m`kXk \Zfe d`ZX hl\ \c gifg` \ekfie ` cX jfZ`\kXk ef gl^l`e kfc\iXi% Lej gcXek\aXd\ekj [ËXlkf^\jk` ` \hl`c`Yi` \eki\ i\Zlijfj eXkliXcj ` XZk`m`kXkj _ldXe\j hl\# dXc^iXk j\dYcXi lk g`Zj# ef \jkXe dfck cclep [\ c\j XZk`m`kXkj ` df[\cj kiX[`Z`feXcj hl\ \e Xc^le dfd\ek [\ cX _`jk i`X _Xe k`e^lk \cj gfYc\j [\c Jfcjfe j% 8hl\jk\j gleklXcj cc`Z eZ`\j \e \cj ki\YXccj [\cj kXcc\ij _Xe g\id j cX i\Õ\o` gi~Zk`ZX# j\ej\ Z~ii\^X `[\fc ^`ZX# jfYi\ cX lk`c`kXk ` cX Zfem\e` eZ`X [ËXc^lej [\cj gi`eZ`g`j \dgiXkj \e \cj [\jXiifcc`jd\j# Zfd cËXZZ\gkXZ` [ËXZk`m`kXkj \Zfe d`$ hl\j e`ZXd\ek g\i cX j\mX i\e[`Y`c`kXk k\dgfiXc% G\i X`o \cj i\jlckXkj [\c gif$ a\Zk\ <JG8@J j e le Xlk ek`Z ki\jfi% Jld\e X c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j d j `[\Xc`jk\j gif$ gfjk\j [Ële i\Xc`jd\ ` leX m`XY`c`kXk `e[`jZlk`Yc\j% @ k\e\e \c mXcfi X]\^`k [\ jfi^`i [Ële [\YXk `c×clj`feXk# j`eZ\i# ef d\[`Xk`kqXk ` iX[`ZXcd\ek ZfejkilZk`l% @ XdY le `ek\i j ZfdgXik`k1 ZfeZ\Yi\ \c d`ccfi df[\c [\ ]lkli g\i X cX efjkiX ZfdXiZX ` Zfdle`kXk% CË\j]fi [\ cË8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X g\i ^XiXek`i cX gcliXc`kXk# cX [`m\ij`kXk# cË\hl`c`Yi` ` cX j\i`\kXk \e \cj [\YXkj jË_X m`jk Zfii\jgfjk XdY leX `dgfikXek gXik`Z`gXZ` \e \cj [`]\i\ekj kXcc\ij# kXlc\j if[fe\j# Zfe]\i eZ`\j ` XZk`m`kXkj [lk\j X k\id\% CX i\gi\j\ekXk`m`kXk [ËXhl\jkX gXik`Z`gXZ` hl\[X ]fiX [\ [lYk\% ?\d [\ k\e`i \e Zfdgk\ hl\ aX leX [\ c\j gi\d`jj\j d\kf[fc ^`hl\j [\c gifa\Zk\ \iX XZfej\^l`i cX gXik`Z`gXZ` [\c dXafi efdYi\ gfjj`Yc\ [ËXZkfij [\c k\ii`kfi`1 kXek cË`e[`m`[l hl\ \j i\gi\j\ekX X \cc dXk\`o# Zfd Xhl\ccj X^\ekj jfZ`Xcj hl\ g\i cX j\mX Zfe[`Z` [\ i\$ gi\j\ekXekj [Ë\ek`kXkj# XjjfZ`XZ`fej f ^ilgj jfZ`Xcj Xgfik\e \c mXcfi X]\^`k [\c j\l Zfdgifd j XdY Xc^leX [\ c\j gXiZ\c×c\j [\ cX m`[X Zfdle`k~i`X# ` cX j\mX \og\i` e$ Z`X ` Zfe\`o\d\ek [\ c\j gifYc\d~k`hl\j hl\ \cj j e d j gifg\i\j ` Zfe\^l[\j% J e Xhl\jkj Zfe\`o\d\ekj ZfdgXik`kj \e \cj kXcc\ij ` \e c\j Zfd`jj`fej g\i cX `e$ k\im\eZ` [\cj X^\ekj jfZ`Xcj# [\cj XZkfij [\c k\ii`kfi`# \c jXY\i gfglcXi# \cj hl\ ^\e\i\e eflj Zfe\`o\d\ekj% Kfkj \cj gXik`Z`gXekj X[hl`i\`o\e ` gif[l\`o\e eflj

Gi c\^j s G8@

Zfe\`o\d\ekj% @ Xhl\jk \ei`hl`d\ek ` cX i\Õ\o` ZfealekX g\id\k\e leX dXafi \ÔZ~Z`X kiXej]fidX[fiX X cË_fiX [\ gcXe\aXi c e`\j [ËXZZ` % @# Xc_fiX# dfk`m\e cX ZfejkilZZ` [ËleX ZfejZ` eZ`X Zfc×c\Zk`mX# XdY cX Zfii\jgfe\ek gi\jX [\ [\Z`j`f$ ej% 8hl\jk \iX le fYa\Zk`l e\Z\jjXi` ` dX` XYfi[Xk# Ôej XiX# XdY cX e\lkiXc`kXk [\j`kaXYc\ g\ihl k`e^l j cX m`iklk [\ ]XZ`c`kXi cX gi\jX [\ [\Z`j`fej ef `ek\im`e$ ^l[X f d\[`Xk`kqX[X% <cj i\jlckXkj [\c gifZ j \j dXk\i`Xc`kq\e \e \c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc ` X[hl`i\`o\e Xhl\jk mXcfi \oZ\gZ`feXc \e cX efjkiX kiX[`Z` [\ [\dfZi~Z`X gXik`Z`gXk`mX1 \c [\ cX gcliXc`kXk [\ cX j\mX ]fidlcXZ` # cX cc`Y\ikXk \e cX gi\jX [\ [\Z`j`fej ` \c Zfej\ej Zfd X efidX ^\e\iXc \e cX YXj\ [\ cX j\mX XZZ\gkXZ` % 8`o [feZj# \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J _X Xjjfc`k# Xc efjki\ \ek\e[i\# d j hl\ jXk`j$ ]XZk i`Xd\ek \cj j\lj fYa\Zk`lj1 \cXYfiXi leX [`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX [\c d e il$ iXc [\c Jfcjfe j# Zi\Xi le \jgX` [\ [\YXk jfYi\ \c gfj`Z`feXd\ek jfZ`fgfc k`Z [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\ cX gfYcXZ` [\ cX ZfdXiZX ` [\Ôe`i \jkiXk ^`\j ` XZZ`fej [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc YXjXek$j\ \e \c gfj`Z`feXd\ek jfZ`fgf$ c k`Z Zfej\ejlXk% <c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc ` \cj ^ilgj [Ë`ek\i j% <cj i\gk\j [\ cX Zfek`el kXk% <c jfcZ [\ cË8iX[X# [ `\d Xc Zfd\e Xd\ek# \eZXiX j k\e[i\% :Xc hl\ \j Zfek`el e Zfei\Xek \cj \jgX`j fY\ikj g\i leX `e`Z`Xk`mX hl\ mX Xcj dXk\`ofj ]feXd\ekj [\ cX Zfdle`kXk hl\ j fYa\Zk`l [\c gifa\Zk\% <c ki\YXcc _X \jkXk dfck ` ^\e\i j g\i gXik [\ kfkj \cj hl\ _` _Xe gXik`Z`gXk# ` XdY leX ZcXiX mfclekXk [\ j\i k`c ` gifa\ZkXi$j\ \e \c ]lkli Zfc×c\Zk`l% G\i Xc Jfcjfe j# _X \jkXk cX gi`d\iX m\^X[X hl\ jË_X df^lk jfZ`\kXk ` k\ii`kfi` XdY cX gifgfjkX [\ g\ejXi \c ]lkli [\j [\c Zfe\`o\d\ek ` cËXe~c`j` gif]le[ ` Zi k`Z [\c gXjjXk ` \c gi\j\ek% <c gifZ j _X \jkXk \jj\eZ`Xc X cË_fiX [\ ]feXd\ekXi leX ZfejZ` eZ`X Zfc×c\Zk`mX hl\ _Xli~ [\ dfjkiXi cX j\mX ]fikXc\jX \e \c ]lkli `dd\[`Xk% <cj i\$ jlckXkj d j ZfeZi\kj ` gif^iXd~k`Zj j e [`m\ijfj ` [`e~d`Zj2 ef j e `eXdfm`Yc\j j`e # gi\Z`jXd\ek ` g\i gi`eZ`g`# i\m`jXYc\j ` \e Zfek elX kiXej]fidXZ` # gXik`ek [Ële [\cj mXcfij d j \jj\eZ`Xcj [ËXhl\jk gifa\Zk\1 cX jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk i\Xc% G\i kfk Xhl\jk Zfj k\ i`Z ` gi~Zk`Z# [\ i\Õ\o` $`em\jk`^XZ` Zfek elX# [\ [\YXk ` [\ gif$ gfj`Z`fej# [\ [`X^efj`j ` [\ gifgfjk\j [ËXZZ` # k cX j\mX m\i`kXYc\ iX [\ j\i \e cËfYa\Zk`l [Ë`dgc\d\ekXi \c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc Zfd X \jkiXk ^`X ~dgc`Xd\ek ZfdgXik`[X% <jk\d gXicXek [Ële gifa\Zk\ hl\ k \e \cj j\lj fi ^\ej cX mfclekXk [\ kiXej]fidX$ Z` [\ cX jfZ`\kXk ` \c k\ii`kfi` [\c Jfcjfe j# [\j [\ cX i\Õ\o` ZfdleX# Zfd X d kf$ [\# ` XdY \c Zfej\ej Zfd X dfkfi% LeX kiXej]fidXZ` hl\ mfc dXek\e`i cX Zfe[`$ Z` [\ jfZ`\kXk iliXc ` gX^\jX# g\i hl\# [\ ]fidX `ek\c×c`^\ek ` [\dfZi~k`ZX# mfc

G8@ s Gi c\^j

]\i$cX \mfclZ`feXi ZXg X cX jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk i\Xc# hl\# i\Zfi[\d# cX ]feXd\ek~m\d \e cË\hl`kXk jfZ`fZlckliXc# cX gifjg\i`kXk \Zfe d`ZX ` cË\hl`c`Yi` \Zfc ^`Z% @ ef j le \o\iZ`Z` `[\Xc`jkX% <c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J# _f gf[i\l ZfdgifmXi \e cc\$ ^`i c\j g~^`e\j [ËXhl\jk ki\YXcc# j le \o\iZ`Z` [\ i\jgfejXY`c`kXk ZfdgXik`[X ` Zfc×c\Zk`mX% C\j gifgfjk\j XYXjk\e kfkj Xhl\ccj Xjg\Zk\j [\ cËXZk`m`kXk _ldXeX hl\ [\Ôe\`o\e le df[\c jfZ`f\Zfe d`Z ` ZlckliXc# \c efjki\ df[\c [\ [\j\emfclgX$ d\ek% yj le gclaX [Ë`[\\j \okiXfi[`e~i`X# hl\ Zfe]fid\e \c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\$ ^iXc% C\j gifgfjk\j hl\ \e^cfYX Xhl\jk gcX e\Z\jj`k\e# g\i # \c Zfdgifd j ` cX `e`Z`Xk`mX X kfkj \cj e`m\ccj1 `e[`m`[lXc# Zfc×c\Zk`l ` g Yc`Z% <c ]lkli j# _X \jkXk ` j\i~ leX kXjZX [\ kfkj% :fd d j ZfdgXik`k ` Zfej\ejlXk# Zfd gifgfjX Xhl\jk gcX# d j gf$ k\ek ` d j j c`[% G\i _X [\ j\i le ki\YXcc hl\ Xgc\^l` ~dgc`\j dXafi`\j ` Zfej\ejfj% CË8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X# [ËXZfi[ XdY c\j ZfeZclj`fej [\c gifa\Zk\# aX _X \jkXYc\ik Zfe$ m\e`j [\ i\Zfe\`o\d\ek [\cj i\jlckXkj g\i gXik [\cj [`]\i\ekj dle`Z`g`j# X`o Zfd \c Zfdgifd j# \e cX d\jliX hl\ \cj j`^l` gfjj`Yc\# [Ë`dgc\d\ekXi$e\ c\j XZZ`fej% yj leX fgfikle`kXk \oZ\gZ`feXc cX hl\ \ej f]\i\`o \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J% CX jf$ Z`\kXk jfcjfe`eX _X [\ jXY\i XgifÔkXi \c ki\YXcc i\Xc`kqXk% <cj ^ilgj [Ë`ek\i j _Xe [ËXZfej\^l`i Xgc\^Xi X kfk\j Xhl\cc\j g\ijfe\j `e[`jg\ejXYc\j g\i X ÔXe Xi \c Zfej\ej jfZ`Xc ` `ejk`klZ`feXc hl\ le gifa\Zk\ Zfd Xhl\jk e\Z\jj`kX% <c ki\YXcc gif]\jj`feXc# j\i` j# i\Õ\o`l# Zi k`Z# ZfejkilZk`l# ]\k [\j [\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ` # cX gcl$ iXc`kXk ` \c Zfej\ej# hl\ i\Zlcc c\j g~^`e\j [ËXhl\jkX glYc`ZXZ` hl\ k\e`l \eki\ c\j dXej# _X [ËXii`YXi X c\j ZfejZ` eZ`\j [\ kfk\j Xhl\cc\j g\ijfe\j# `ejk`klZ`fej# X[$ d`e`jkiXZ`fej# X^\ekj jfZ`Xcj# XjjfZ`XZ`fej# gXik`kj gfc k`Zj%%% ` X cX k\mX# Y\emfc^lk c\Zkfi# XdY cX `ek\eZ` fi`^`eXc ` fi`^`e~i`X% <c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J j leX gifgfjkX% Ef j ZXg dXe[Xk# e` ZXg gcX f gif^iXdX `eXdfm`Yc\% CX gifgfjkX [\c gifa\Zk\ j \o\iZ`i [\dfZi~k`ZXd\ek \c [i\k X [\Z`[`i Zfd ` XdY hl`e\j Zfe[`Z`fej mfc\d m`li\ \cj _fd\j ` c\j [fe\j [\c Jfcjfe j2 Zfd mfc\d hl\ \j kiXej]fid` \c efjki\ k\ii`kfi` ` hl`e df[\c [\ Zi\`o\d\ek Zi\`\d hl\ j \c d j X[`\ek X c\j efjki\j j`e^lcXi`kXkj ZlckliXcj ` _`jk i`hl\j% ?` _X dfckX ]\`$ eX ]\kX ` j# Zfd m\li\l# [ËleX ^iXe hlXc`kXk% J\i\d ZXgX fj [ËXZZ\gkXi \c i\gk\6 <c ]lkli \e [\dfZi~Z`X j\dgi\ j X c\j efjki\j dXej%

$ DXiZ\c×c :fifd`eXj ` :fkj D\dYi\ [\c :\eki\ [Ë<jkl[`j CXZ\kXej

Gi c\^j s G8@

<C K<II@KFI@1 FI@><E @ ;<JKà g\i D% >FI<KK@ J8C8 Ái\X [\ gifdfZ` \Zfe d`ZX [\c :fej\cc :fdXiZXc [\c Jfcjfe j

8dY leX m`j` ^cfYXc ` `ek\^iXc# cË8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X _X c`[\iXk [liXek Xhl\jk [X$ ii\i Xep le `ek\ej gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l# Xjjfc`ek cËfYa\Zk`l ck`d [\ [`jj\epXi le GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc G8@ g\i Xc [\j\emfclgXd\ek jfjk\e`Yc\ [\ cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j% <c ki\YXcc hl\ k\e\e X c\j dXej \jk~ ZcXjj`ÔZXk \e ki\j ^iXej \`ofj k\d~k`Zj# Zfd j e1 J\im\`j ` ^\jk` g Yc`ZX <Zfefd`X ` ki\YXcc @[\ek`kXk ` gXki`dfe` 8hl\jkj \`ofj _Xe \jkXk ki\YXccXkj XdY le XZliXk gifZ j [\ [`X^efj`# [\Ôe`Z` [\ cË\jkiXk ^`X ` [\jZi`gZ` [\ c\j XZZ`fej ZfeZi\k\j# dfjkiXek X`o cX Zf_\i eZ`X e\Z\jj~i`X hl\ i\hl\i\`o le Yfe gcX [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek iliXc% yj gfj`k`l [`jgfjXi [Ële [fZld\ek Zfd Xhl\jk# \jg\Z`Xcd\ek XiX hl\ jË_Xe Zi\Xk \cj eflj >ilgj [Ë8ZZ` CfZXc hl\ _Xe [Ë\o\ZlkXi \c Gif^iXdX [\ ;\j\emfclgX$ d\ek IliXc [\ :XkXclepX G;I g\i Xc g\i f[\ )''.$)'(*% 8hl\jkj ^ilgj# XZklX$ iXe d`kaXe Xek leX \jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek cfZXc ^\jk`feX[X X kiXm j [\ cX d\kf[fcf^`X C\X[\i% G\i kXek# ZX[X efl >ilg [Ë8ZZ` CfZXc _X [\ [`jgfjXi ` [\j\emfclgXi leX \jkiX$ k ^`X hl\ k`e^l` \cj j\^ \ekj i\hl`j`kj1 ^Xl[`i [Ële \e]fZXd\ek `ek\^iXc ` ^cfYXc2 j\i Zf_\i\ek XdY \cj Zfe\`o\d\ekj k Ze`Zj \jg\Z ÔZj [\j\emfclgXkj \e \c k\ii`kfi`2 ` X^clk`eXi gifa\Zk\j [\ [`]\i\ekj ~dY`kj% 8`o # k\e`d hl\ cË\`o + [\ cX d\kf[fcf^`X C\X[\i [\c G;I )''.$(* ki\YXccXi~ \e c\j j\^ \ekj c e`\j \jkiXk ^`hl\j [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek cfZXc1 8l^d\ek [\c mXcfi X]\^`k [\cj gif[lZk\j X^i Zfc\j# d`ccfiX [\cj gifZ\jjfj# [\ cX

G8@ s Gi c\^j

kiXej]fidXZ` ` cX Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` # ` X^ifYfk`^l\j :i\XZ` ` [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\ d`Zif\dgi\j\j =fd\ek [ËXZk`m`kXkj kli jk`hl\j :fej\imXZ` ` d`ccfiX [\c gXki`dfe` iliXc GXiXc×c\cXd\ek \j ki\YXccXiXe gifa\Zk\j [\ Zffg\iXZ` `ek\ik\ii`kfi`Xc ` kiXejeXZ`feXc% <c ]\k hl\ \c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc _X^` [\Ôe`k ` ZfeZi\kXk c\j c e`\j [ËXZklXZ` hl\ gi`fi`kqX cX Z`lkX[Xe`X X kiXm j [\c gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l# ]XZ`c`kX cX `ek\ii\cXZ` [ËXhl\jk\j XZklXZ`fej XdY c\j d\jli\j hl\ Zfek\dgcX \c G;I )''.$)'(*% <ej kifY\d# [feZj# [XmXek [Ële `ek\i\jjXek ki\YXcc ]il`k [\ cX jldX [\ c\j fg`e`f$ ej# Zfd\ekXi`j ` gifgfjk\j [\ cX ^\ek [\c k\ii`kfi` ` g\i Xc k\ii`kfi`%

$ D% >fi\kk` JXcX Ái\X [\ gifdfZ` \Zfe d`ZX [\c :fej\cc :fdXiZXc [\c Jfcjfe j

G8@ s àe[\o

MFCLD @ àe[\o [\ Zfek`e^lk1

Gi c\^j%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% * G\ejXi \e \c k\ii`kfi`1 leX fgZ` [\ gif^i j% Ác\o :XjX[\dlek %%%%%%%%%%%%%% * <c jfcZ [\ cË8iX[X% DXiZ\c :fifd`e\j %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <c k\ii`kfi`1 fi`^\e ` [\jk % D% >fi\kk` JXcX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (' @e[\o [\ Zfek`e^lk %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%(* (% @ekif[lZZ` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (, )% 8glekj D\kf[fc ^`Zj %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)( )%(% <c mfc\i# \c jXY\i ` \c gf[\i gXik`Z`gXi% ClZi\Z`X Fc`mXi` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% )* )%)% <c Gifa\Zk\ <jgX`j %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ))%*% CX D\kf[fcf^`X @8G %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% *' )%+% 8glekj X cX d\kf[fcf^`X [\c Gifa\Zk\ <jgX`j %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% *+ )%,% CËfi^Xe`kqXZ` [\c gifa\Zk\ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% *)%-% Hl\ jË_X ]\k [liXek () d\jfj [\ ki\YXcc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +) )%.% >iXl [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` \e \c gifZ j %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ++ *% ;`X^efj` GXik`Z`gXk`mX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +. +% <jkiXk ^`X [\ ;\j\emfclgXd\ek %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -, +%(% @ekif[lZZ` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -. +%)% <c dXiZ \jkilZkliXc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -0 +%*% CX e\Z\jj`kXk [\ ZXem` [\ ildY %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% .. +%+% CËfg\iXk`m`kqXZ` [\ cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /0 ,% M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0.

-% MXcfiXZ` ÔeXc ` X^iX d\ekj %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ((* .% =fekj [\ =`eXe Xd\ek %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ((0

( @EKIF;L::@채

G8@ s @ekif[lZZ`

(.

<C GC8 ;Ë8::@ä @EK<>I8C ;<C JFCJFEßJ <c G8@ ef j leX ZXikX [\ ]Xmfij# j`e le Zfd$ gifd j hl\ X[hl`i\`o cX Z`lkX[Xe`X ` \cj ^ilgj [Ë`e`Z`Xk`m\j Zfd \cj gf[\ij \jkXYc\ikj% yj le gXZk\ [\ Zfii\jgfejXY`c`kXk fe ZX[XjZ XgfikX \c hl\ jXg ` gfk# ` fe \c Zfealek i\g jfcl$ Z` X c\j j\m\j gi`eZ`gXcj e\Z\jj`kXkj

K

\e`l X c\j dXej \c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc i\jlckXek [\c ÊGifa\Zk\ @em\jk`^XZ` $ 8ZZ` $GXik`Z`gXk`mX g\i X le [\j\emfclgXd\ek Zfdle`kXi` ` jfjk\e`Yc\ X cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe jË1 gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J% Le gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l `e`Z`Xk \c j\k\d$ Yi\ [\c )''. ` hl\ jË_X XccXi^Xk Ôej Xc alep [\c )''/% <c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc [\c Jfcjfe j [ËXiX \e \e[XmXek G8@ j le i\Zlcc [\cj i\$ jlckXkj [Ële Xep [\ ki\YXcc Zfealek \eki\ cË8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X ` c\j g\ijfe\j# \e$ k`kXkj ` `ejk`klZ`fej hl\ _XY`k\e ` [fe\e m`[X X cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j% Le Xep [\ gifZ j hl\ \ej _X gfikXk X i\Zfcc`i `dgi\jj`fej# Xe~c`j`j ` gifgfjk\j [\ kfkX Xhl\ccX g\ijfeX hl\ _X mfc^lk gi\e[i\ gXik \e \cj [`]\i\ekj kXcc\ij [\ gXik`Z`$ gXZ` i\Xc`kqXkj# X`o Zfd [ËXcki\j `e]fidXZ`fej hl\ _\d i\Zfcc`k ^i~Z`\j X [`]\$ i\ekj \eki\m`jk\j X XZkfij ZcXlj [\ cX ZfdXiZX f [\ [`m\ij\j ]fekj [Ë`e]fidXZ` ZfejlckX[\j% <c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j _X ZfdgkXk# [feZj# XdY cË\j]fi ` Zfc×cXYfiXZ` [\ efdYifjfj _XY`kXekj# ` m\l \c glek ` ÔeXc [\c gifZ j [Ë\jkl[` \e cX glYc`ZXZ` [ËXhl\jkj i\jlckXkj% 8 gXik`i [ËXhl\jk dfd\ek# j\i~ cX mfclekXk [\cj [`]\i\ekj XZ$ kfij [\ cX ZfdXiZX cX hl\ [\k\id`eXi~ \c ]lkli [\c gifZ j# XdY cX `ek\eZ` hl\ \c kXeZXd\ek [ËXhl\jkX ]Xj\ [\c gifa\Zk\ j`^e`Ôhl` cË`e`Z` [ËleX efmX \kXgX [\ dXafi `dgfik~eZ`X%

(/

@ekif[lZZ` s G8@

G<I 8 HLß J<IM<@O6

CËfYa\Zk`l [\ cX glYc`ZXZ` [\c G8@ j \c [\ Zi\Xi leX ^l`X# le i\Zlcc [\ kfk Xcc gifgf$ jXk Xc ccXi^ [\c gifa\Zk\ XdY cX gi\k\ej` [Ë\j[\m\e`i i\Xc`kXk% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# cX `e$ k\eZ` [\ cX glYc`ZXZ` [ËXhl\jk gifZ j j cX [ËXgfikXi leX YXk\i`X [\ gifgfjk\j# efm\j `[\\j ` gifa\Zk\j g\i X ]\i i\Xc`kXk leX d`ccfiX [\ cX hlXc`kXk [\ m`[X [\cj _XY`kXekj [\c Jfc$ jfe j \e [`m\ijfj j\ek`kj ` ]ifekj [ËXZklXZ` % <e]fik`i c\j m`iklkj ` [`jd`el`i c\j dXeZXe$ Z\j g\i ]\i ]ifek X c\j gifYc\d~k`hl\j XZklXcj ` \eZXiXi \c ]lkli XdY efm\j g\ijg\Zk`m\j ` \e\i^`\j i\efmX[\j%

HLß JË?@ GFK KIF98I6

;\^lk X cËXck mfcld [Ë`e]fidXZ` ^\e\iXk [liXek kfk \c gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l# _\d Zi\^lk Zfem\e`\ek [\j^cfjjXi \c Zfek`e^lk [\c G8@ \e ki\j mfcldj% <e Xhl\jk gi`d\i mfcld ` kifYXi\l kfkj Xhl\ccj XgXikXkj hl\ [ËXc^leX dXe\$ iX ]Xe i\]\i eZ`X X cX [\jZi`gZ` [\c hl _X \jkXk \c gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l Æ`ekif$ [lZZ` # d\kf[fcf^`X# fi`^\e [\c gifZ j ` XZklXZ`fej i\Xc`kqX[\jÆ# cX j ek\j` [\ c\j [l\j gi`d\i\j ]Xj\j [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J Æ;`X^efj` GXik`Z`gXk`mX ` [\Ôe`Z` [\ cË<jkiXk ^`X [\ ;\j\emfclgXd\ek$# le XgXikXk [\[`ZXk X c\j gfjj`Yc\j m`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` X \dgi\e[i\ le Zfg ÔeXc`kqXk \c gifZ j# ` [fj ck`dj XgXikXkj fe gf[\l kifYXi leX mXcfiXZ` ÔeXc# \cj g\ik`e\ekj X^iX d\ekj ` c\j `ejk`klZ`fej X kiXm j [\ c\j hlXcj jË_X ÔeXe Xk \c gifa\Zk\%

G8@ s @ekif[lZZ`

(0

;\cj [`]\i\ekj XgXikXkj hl\ gf[\l kifYXi \e Xhl\jk gi`d\i mfcld \ej X^iX[Xi`X [\jkXZXi [`]\i\ekj Xjg\Zk\j% <e cËXgXikXk [\[`ZXk X cX D\kf[fcf^`X ` gf[i\l kifYXi cË\ogc`ZXZ` [\c d kf[\ lk`c`kqXk \e kfk \c gifZ j# YXjXk \e cX @em\jk`^XZ` $8ZZ` $GXik`Z`gXk`mX @8G X`o Zfd kXdY leX `ekif[lZZ` ]il`k [\ cX Zfc×cXYfiXZ` [\ cË8jjfZ`XZ` 8ek ^feX# \e$ k`kXk hl\ ZfdgkX XdY le ccXi^ YX^Xk^\ \e gifZ\jjfj gXik`Z`gXk`lj j`d`cXij ` hl\ j d\dYi\ [\ cX :fd`jj` D\kf[fc ^`ZX [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J% <e \cj XgXikXkj * ` + _` kifYXi\l cX ;`X^efj` GXik`Z`gXk`mX ` cX [\Ôe`Z` [\ cË<jkiXk ^`X [\ ;\j\emfclgXd\ek# $Zfii\jgfe\ekj Xc ki\YXcc gXik`Z`gXk`l i\X$ c`kqXk aX \e \cj kXcc\ij$ hl\ j e cX j ek\j` [\ c\j [l\j gi`d\i\j ]Xj\j [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J% <e \c ZXj [\ cX [`X^efj` jË\ogfj\e Xhl\cc\j j`klXZ`fej d j Z\ekiXcj X c\j hlXcj jË_X Xkfi^Xk dXafi `dgfik~eZ`X \e cX m`[X ZfdXiZXc# ` \e \c ZXj [\ cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek \j [\jZi`l\e \cj gi`eZ`g`j ` `[\\j ]fi X hl\ i\^\`o\e \c gfj$ j`Yc\ dXiZ [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\j`kaXk j\^fej c\j XgfikXZ`fej [\ c\j g\ijfe\j gXik`Z`gXekj Xcj kXcc\ij% 8 d j [ËXhl\jk glek [\ m`jkX# jË`eZfigfiX kXdY le Yi\l i\g~j X cËXZklXc gXiX[`^dX [Ëfi^Xe`kqXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc ` [\j\emfclgXd\ek \Zfe $ d`Z% G\i Xdgc`Xi cX ZfejlckX Xcj Zfek`e^lkj ^\e\iXkj \e cX ]Xj\ [\ ;`X^efj` GXik`Z`gX$ k`mX ` [\ [\Ôe`Z` [\ cË<jkiXk ^`X [\ ;\j\emfclgXd\ek# gf[\l ZfejlckXi c\j j`j glYc`ZXZ`fej k`klcX[\j ;`X^efj` ` M`j`fej Æefi[# jl[ ` ^cfYXc$ Xc efjki\ gfikXc \c\Zki e`Z nnn%cXiX[X%e\k&ZX& %

8 cËXgXikXk M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` gi\j\ek\d Xc^le\j gfjj`Y`c`kXkj g\i X ]\i i\X$ c`kXk cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\ c\j XZZ`fej# hl\ j le [\cj gi`eZ`gXcj fYa\Zk`lj [ËXhl\jk gcX [ËXZZ` % @ kXehl\e \c gi`d\i mfcld cX MXcfiXZ` ÔeXc ` X^iX d\ekj $XdY leX Yi\l mXcfiXZ` ` Xc^le\j i\ZfdXeXZ`fej g\i [li X k\id\ ]lklij gifa\Zk\j j`d`cXij# X d j [\cj g\ik`e\ekj X^iX d\ekj$ ` c\j =fekj [\ =`eXe Xd\ek $fe \j gi\j\ek\e kfk\j c\j `ejk`klZ`fej hl\ _Xe Zfc×cXYfiXk \Zfe d`ZXd\ek \e \c gifa\Zk\% <e \c j\^fe mfcld \j gi\j\ek\e aX c\j gifgfjk\j ZfeZi\k\j jfi^`[\j Xc ccXi^ [\ kfk \c gifZ j1 c\j 8ZZ`fej# cX le`kXk Y~j`ZX [\ ki\YXcc [\c G8@% Gi\j\ekX[\j \e lej i\hlX[i\j hl\ \e j`jk\dXk`kq\e c\j [X[\j# c\j XZZ`fej jËX^ilg\e \e [`]\i\ekj gif$ ^iXd\j hl\# Xc_fiX# \j kifY\e `eZcfjfj [`ej le\j c e`\j \jkiXk ^`hl\j ` lej YcfZj k\d~k`Zj [\ ZXi~Zk\i d j ^\e i`Z% <c j\^fe mfcld jË`e`Z`X XdY leX Yi\l `ekif[lZ$ Z` fe jË\ogc`ZX Zfd jËXik`Zlc\e \cj [`]\i\ekj YcfZj# c e`\j ` gif^iXd\j# X`o Zfd leX ^l`X g\i ]XZ`c`kXi cX c\ZkliX ` cX `ek\igi\kXZ` [\ c\j [`]\i\ekj Ôko\j [ËXZZ` % :fd X k\iZ\i mfcld _\d Zi\^lk fgfik `eZfigfiXi ÆX df[\ [ËXee\o$ leX [`X^$ efj` k Ze`ZX f \jkl[` gi\m` lk`c`kqXk g\i Xgifo`dXi$efj X cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j

)'

@ekif[lZZ` s G8@

[\ dXe\iX ^\e i`ZX1 cX ;`X^efj` ZfdXiZXc% <j kiXZkX [ËleX Xgifo`dXZ` k Ze`ZX i\m`jX[X ` XZklXc`kqX[X jfYi\ cË\jkXk [\ [`]\i\ekj ~dY`kj [\ cX ZfdXiZX \e k\id\j \jkX[ jk`Zj% :Xc \jd\ekXi hl\ Xhl\jk XgXikXk hlXek`kXk`l i\jkX Xc dXi^\ [\c gifg` gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l# ` hl\ jfcj cË`eZcf\d Xhl X Ô ` \]\Zk\ [ËXgfikXi leX m`j` XZl$ iX[X ` i\Xc`jkX# dXc^iXk hl\ Xhl\jkX j`^l` ]i\[X ` ^\e\iXc`jkX%

;< HLß @ HL@ E<:<JJ@K86

:feÔXek i\\`o`i \e cË`ek\ek# cX efjkiX `ek\eZ` _X \jkXk cX [\ gi\j\ekXi c\j XZZ`fej [\ cX dXe\iX d j ZcXiX# ZfeZi\kX ` k`c g\i X cX ZfejlckX% <j kiXZkX [Ële [fZld\ek hl\ ef efd j _X [\ j\im`i g\i Xcj gif]\jj`feXcj [\ cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` ` ^\jk` k Ze`ZX f X[d`e`jkiXk`mX j`e hl\# `^lXc hl\ cX eXkliXc\jX dXk\`oX [\ kfk \c gifZ j i\X$ c`kqXk# \c G8@ _X [\ j\im`i kXdY Zfd X jlgfik ` ]fek [Ë`e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ cX jfZ`\kXk jfcjfe`eX \e ^\e\iXc% <e cX dXk\`oX c e`X mfc[i \d ZfejkXkXi# leX m\^X[X d j# hl\ j` Y ZfeÔ\d hl\ c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j gifgfjX[\j \e Xhl\jk [fZld\ek ^Xl[\`o`e [\ YfeX XZfcc`[X g\cj gif]\jj`feXcj Z`kXkj Ç[\j [Ë`ejk`klZ`fej [\ kfkX d\eX Ôej X cX gi g`X X[d`e`jkiXZ` cfZXc ` ZfdXiZXcÇ# j kXdY \c efjki\ [\j`^ \c ]\k hl\ cX jfZ`\kXk \e ^\e\iXc jË`emfclZi` \e cX j\mX i\Xc`kqXZ` % J e dfckj \cj ~dY`kj \Zfe $ d`Zj ` gif]\jj`feXcj Xcj hlXcj \c G8@ ]X i\]\i eZ`X2 g\i kXek# \e gf[iXe ]\i j g\i$ jfe\j [\ j\Zkfij [`m\ijfj Zfd cX gX^\j`X# \c j\Zkfi kli jk`Z# \cj Zfd\iZ`Xekj# cX ^\ek hl\ ki\YXccX \e j\im\`j# \[lZXZ` # jXe`kXk# ^\jk` g Yc`ZX# \kZ% 8c ZXg ` X cX Ô# \c Zfek`e^lk [\c dXk\`o G8@ _X jfi^`k [\cj _XY`kXekj [\ cX ZfdXiZX% :i\`\d# [feZj# hl\ jfl mfjXcki\j kXdY hl` _\l [\ ]\i i\Xc`kXk Xhl\cc\j gifgfjk\j hl\ _\l ]\k g\i# X`o # Xal[Xi X kiXej]fidXi Xhl\ccj Xjg\Zk\j hl\ XdY kXekX gi\[`jgfj`Z` \ej _\l kiXjccX[Xk ` \ogc`ZXk% <c [\j\emfclgXd\ek Zfdle`kXi` j ZfjX [\ kfkj ` kfk\j# ` Xhl\jkX j cX `[\X gi`eZ`gXc hl\ _\d gi\k j kiXejd\ki\ \e kfk Xcc hl\ _\d ]\k Xc ccXi^ [\cj <JG8@J% :feÔ\d hl\ j`^l` [\c mfjki\ `ek\i j ` lk`c`kXk% >i~Z`\j X kfk\j Xhl\cc\j g\ijfe\j hl\ _` _\l gXik`Z`gXk%

$ 8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X :i\Xk`m`kXk jfZ`Xc ` [`eXd`kqXZ` jfZ`fXdY`\ekXc GiX[\j [\ cX DfcjfjX# dXi [\c )''0

) 8GLEKJ D<KF;FCรง>@:J

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

)*

)%(% <C MFC<I# <C J89<I @ <C GF;<I G8IK@:@G8I g\i CL:I<:@8 FC@M8I@

y

j _XY`klXc hl\# \e \cj j`jk\d\j [\dfZi~k`Zj XZklXcj# \cj Z`lkX[Xej hl\[`e i\$ c\^Xkj X le ifc gXjj`l \e cX m`[X gfc k`ZX# c`d`kXek$j\ \e \c d`ccfi [\cj ZXjfj X mfkXi leX j i`\ [\ i\gi\j\ekXekj \e \cj hlXcj [\c\^l\e c\j [\Z`j`fej hl\ X]\Zk\e \c j\l \ekfie% 8hl\jkX `dgc`ZXZ` kXe \jZXjjX ]X hl\ j\ j\ek`e ZX[X m\^X[X d j cclep [\ cX m`[X gfc k`ZX ` [\ c\j `ejk`klZ`fej% 8c_fiX# Zfd\e X X _Xm\i$_` leX j i`\ [\ gifZ\jjfj hl\ ]XZ`c`k\e# gfk\eZ`\e ` [\$ dXe\e cX `ejkXliXZ` [Ële Xcki\ k`glj [\ [`e~d`hl\j1 k Ze`Zj ` gfc k`Zj hl\ ZX[X m\^X[X Zfe\`o\e d j ` d`ccfi cË~dY`k cfZXc# ` Z`lkX[Xej hl\ ZX[X Zfg d j gi\gX$ iXkj ` `e]fidXkj# hl\ Yljhl\e leX fgfikle`kXk g\i j\ek`i$j\ Zfii\jgfejXYc\j [\ cX m`[X g Yc`ZX% 8hl\jkj ck`dj Xepj jË_Xe gfjXk \e dXioX `eeld\iXYc\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ gXik`$ Z`gXZ` # kXek [\j [Ë~dY`kj `ejk`klZ`feXcj Zfd XjjfZ`Xk`lj f Z`lkX[Xej% <e dfckj [ËXhl\jkj gifa\Zk\j# cX gXik`Z`gXZ` \j c`d`kX X gifgfiZ`feXi `e]fidXZ` Xc Z`lkX[~ fÔZ`e\j [ËXk\eZ` Z`lkX[XeX# n\Yj `ejk`klZ`feXcj# i\m`jk\j# gifgX^Xe[X%%% % <e Xc$ ki\j ZXjfj jËXmXe X leX d`ZX d j# `eZfigfiXek d\ZXe`jd\j Zfejlck`lj d j f d\epj `eefmX[fij hl\ g\id\k\e i\Zfcc`i cËfg`e` [\cj Z`lkX[Xej jfYi\ [`]\i\ekj k\d\j \ehl\jk\j# n\Yj `ek\iXZk`m\j# i\]\i e[ldj%%% % Le k\iZ\i k`glj [Ë\og\i` eZ`\j XgfjkX g\i leX gXik`Z`gXZ` XZk`mX# lk`c`kqXek d\ZXe`jd\j [\c`Y\iXk`lj aliXkj Z`l$ kX[Xej# \ehl\jk\j [\c`Y\iXk`m\j f `dgc`ZXk`lj gcXej Zfdle`kXi`j# gi\jjlgfjkfj gXik`Z`gXk`lj % 8hl\jkj d\ZXe`jd\j gf[\e lk`c`kqXi$j\ [\ dXe\iX e`ZX f ZfdY`eXi$j\ Zfd X [`$ ]\i\ekj `ejk~eZ`\j [Ële gifZ j d j Xdgc` ` Zfek`elXk \e \c k\dgj% :X[XjZle k \cj j\lj glekj ]fikj ` \cj j\lj glekj [ Y`cj# ` \c j\l j [\g e [\ cX j`klXZ` Zfek\oklXc \e hl jË\ddXihl`e ` [\cj fYa\Zk`lj hl\ \j mlc^l`e Xjjfc`i% 8 d j# ZX[XjZleX [ËXhl\jk\j \og\i` eZ`\j jË\e^cfY\e [`m\ij\j ZfeZ\gZ`fej [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` # hl\ \j ]Xe i\Xc`kXk hlXe \c gifZ j \j gfjX \e dXioX% ;\j [\c efjki\ glek [\ m`jkX# hlXe jËfgkX g\i leX gXik`Z`gXZ` XZk`mX _` _X ki\j c e`\j hl\ jË_Xe [\ Zfeal^Xi \e cX ZfejkilZZ` [Ële gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l1 ( 8hl\jk\j ki\j c e`\j \c mfc\i# \c gf[\i ` \c jXY\i gXik`Z`gXi c\j kifY\d X ÊLE@C:F1 Le`m\ij`[X[ C`Yi\ gXiX cX :fejkilZZ` e :fc\Zk`mXË# [\ AXm`\i <eZ`eX# IfjX 8cZ e ` 9\^f X Cfli\e f2 k\ok \e \c hlXc \j ZfeZ\gklXc`kq\e g\i [\Ôe`i \c gXg\i [\ cX Le`cZf% (

)+

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

MFC<I G8IK@:@G8I Ef j ]~Z`c `eZfigfiXi \jgX`j ` [`e~d`hl\j gXik`Z`gXk`m\j \e jfZ`\kXkj XdY gfZX \og\i` eZ`X \e Xhl\jk ZXdg# XdY `ejk`klZ`fej hl\ gi\e\e [\Z`j`fej j\Zkfi`Xcd\ek ` XcclepX[\j [\ cX m`[X hlfk`[`XeX# ` \e c\j hlXcj gi\mXc\e mXcfij Zfd cX Zfdg\$ k eZ`X ` cË`e[`m`[lXc`jd\ g\i jfYi\ [\c ki\YXcc Zfd ` \c Y\e\jkXi Zfc×c\Zk`l% CX dfk`mXZ` [\ cX ^\ek g\i `eZfigfiXi$j\ X le gifZ j [ËXhl\jk k`glj# \c mfc\i gXik`Z`gXi# j leX g\ X ]feXd\ekXc j\ej\ cX hlXc j `dgfjj`Yc\ `dgc\d\ekXi le gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l% Ef \j kiXZkX [\ ÊZfem eZ\iË cX ^\ek [\ c\j ^iXe[\j\j [\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ` 2 e` [\ Ê]\i Zi\li\Ë X cX ^\ek hl\ k gifYc\d\j% CX ZcXl j gXik`i [Ële Ê[fcfiË# [Ële gifYc\dX j\ek`k g\i cX ^\ek% Jfm`ek j e \cj gfc k`Zj hl`# [\ dXe\iX le`cXk\iXc# [\Z`[\`o\e gfjXi \e dXioX d\$ ZXe`jd\j [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` g\i XYfi[Xi leX k\d~k`ZX hl\ [\j [\c j\l glek [\ m`jkX j le ÊgifYc\dXË g\i X cX Zfdle`kXk# \c YXii` f \c k\ii`kfi`% G\i # hl`e j\ek`k k ZfemfZXi cX ^\ek g\i i\jfc[i\ le gifYc\dX hl\ \ccj ef g\iZ\Y\e Zfd X kXc6 Hl`e j \c g\i X hl [ËXhl\jk k`glj [\ gifZ\jjfj6 ;\j [\ cX efjkiX g\ijg\Zk`mX# cX gXik`Z`gXZ` _X [Ë`dgi\^eXi \cj gifZ\jjfj [\j [\c Zfd\e Xd\ek# cX hlXc ZfjX `dgc`ZX hl\ cX ^\ek gXik`Z`g` \e cX [\Ôe`Z` [\c gifYc\dX% J` ef# \ej kifYXi\d [XmXek [\ gifZ\jjfj `dgfjXkj `&f gifdf^lkj [\j [ËXcki\j `ejk~eZ`\j ` XZkfij# \e \cj hlXcj cX ^\ek j ZfemfZX[X X ki\YXccXi jfYi\ k\d\j& gifYc\d\j hl\ \e i\Xc`kXk ef Zf`eZ`[\`o\e XdY c\j j\m\j gi\fZlgXZ`fej XZklXcj% GF;<I G8IK@:@G8I ;\jgi j [\ [\Ôe`i ` XZfkXi \c k\dX&gifYc\dX jfYi\ \c hlXc \cj XZkfij gfc k`Zj# k Ze`Zj ` Z`lkX[Xe`X _Xe [\ ki\YXccXi gXik`Z`gXk`mXd\ek# jË_Xli~ [\ ^\e\iXi [`$ ]\i\ekj \jgX`j ` d\ZXe`jd\j g\i X Zfejkil`i# gi\e[i\ [\Z`j`fej ` ^\jk`feXi$c\j# i\jg\ZkXek \cj e`m\ccj \e hl ZX[XjZ gl^l` ` [\Z`[\`o` gXik`Z`gXi% Ef kfkj \cj XZkfij `dgc`ZXkj \e leX gifYc\d~k`ZX k\e\e cX dXk\`oX [`jgfe`Y`c`kXk [\ k\dgj# e` c\j dXk\`o\j `ehl`\kl[j e` \c dXk\`o g\iÔc% <e ZX[X \jgX` ` d\ZXe`jd\ hl\ [`jj\ep\d _\d [\ k\e`i \e Zfdgk\ Xhl\jkj g\iÔcj [`]\i\ekj# Xjj\^liXek$efj hl\ kfk_fd hl\ MLC>L@ gXik`Z`gXi \e \c gifZ j GL$ >L@ ]\i$_f% 8`o `dgc`ZX k\e`i \e Zfdgk\ c\j XZk`m`kXkj hlfk`[`Xe\j [\cj gXik`Z`$ gXekj g\i [\Z`[`i \c [`X# _fiX ` ccfZ [\ i\Xc`kqXZ` [Ële kXcc\i# f ]\i hl\ \cj k Ze`Zj hl\ gfik\e \c gifZ j jËXZfjk`e Xcj \jgX`j hlfk`[`Xej [\ cX ^\ek% CX gXik`Z`gXZ` _X [\ ZfdgkXi XdY \c jlgfik gfc k`Z# jfZ`Xc ` k Ze`Z# ` XdY \cj d`kaXej jlÔZ`\ekj g\i ^XiXek`i cX `e]fidXZ` # cX [\c`Y\iXZ` ` cË\ogi\jj` cc`li\ [\cj gXik`Z`gXekj% ;ËXckiX YXe[X# le gifZ j j\dgi\ _X [Ë\jkXi fY\ik X cX `eZfigfiXZ` [\ d j ^\ek% CX gXik`Z`gXZ` _X [\ j\i Zfd d j ~dgc`X d`ccfi# ` i\gi\j\ekXk`mX [\c Zfealek [\ cX gfYcXZ` % Ef gf[\d gi\k\e[i\ hl\ Xc Zfd\e Xd\ek [Ële gifZ j aX _` _X^` kfkj \cj `dgc`ZXkj# g\i _\d [\ gifZliXi hl\ ZX[X m\^X[X jË_` Êjld`eË d j m\lj% yj YXjkXek _XY`klXc hl\ X c\j gi`d\i\j ZfemfZXk i`\j _` Xjj`jk\`o`e Xhl\ccj hl\ \jkXe d j XZfjkldXkj X Xhl\jk k`glj [\ gifZ\jjfj# ` hl\ X d j \jkXe [ËXZfi[ XdY \c

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

),

gcXek\aXd\ek hl\ ]\d \cj d j XÔej X gifZ\jjfj gXik`Z`gXk`lj % ;\ kfk\j dXe\i\j# ZXc [`jj\epXi leX j i`\ [Ë\jkiXk ^`\j hl\ \ej g\id\k`e XeXi jldXek kXdY Xcj Ê[`$ ]\i\ekjË \cj hl\ gcXek\^\e Xcki\j ]fid\j [ËXYfi[Xi cX k\d~k`ZX ` Xcj Ê`e$[`]\i\ekjË hl\ Zfej`[\i\e hl\ ef k\e\e i\j g\i XgfikXi % >\e\iXcd\ek# cX ZcXl [Ële gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l cX kifY\d \e cX efjkiX ZXgXZ`kXk [\ j\[lZZ` g\i ]\i gXik`Z`gXi \cj `e[`]\i\ekj# aX hl\ Zfejk`kl\`o\e cX ^iXe dXafi`X ` \c [\jXÔXd\ek d j ^iXe% J89<I G8IK@:@G8I :fd _\d [`k# ki\eZXi c\j [`e~d`hl\j _XY`klXcj hl\ jËlk`c`kq\e Xcj \jgX`j [\ gi\jX [\ [\Z`j`fej ef j leX kXjZX ]~Z`c% Kfk ` X`o # \c i\gk\ d j ^iXe ef j Zi\Xi ` dXe$ k\e`i lej d\ZXe`jd\j hl\ gifg`Z` e cX gXik`Z`gXZ` XZk`mX \e leX k\d~k`ZX [\k\i$ d`eX[X# j`e XZfej\^l`i hl\ Xhl\jk\j Êefm\j dXe\i\j [\ ]\iË mX^`e `dgi\^eXek c\j XZk`m`kXkj hlfk`[`Xe\j [\ cX ^\ek% <c gifZ j _X [Ë`eZfigfiXi# g\i kXek# \jkiXk ^`\j ]fidXk`m\j hl\ Xal[`e X Zfdgi\e$ [i\ ` kiXej]fidXi \c d e# [\`oXek `ejkXc×cX[X Xc k\ii`kfi` leX ÊXckiX dXe\iX [\ ]\iË% <c Zfdgfe\ek ]fidXk`l [Ële gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l ef jËfi`\ekX efd j X gifmfZXi ZXem`j \e c\j fi^Xe`kqXZ`fej2 j` gXic\d [Ële Xgi\e\ekXk^\ g\i X leX Z`lkX[Xe`X XZk`mX ` i\jgfejXYc\# cX gXik`Z`gXZ` kXdY _X [\ kiXm\jjXi \e kfkj \cj j\ek`kj cX m`[X hlfk`[`XeX [\ c\j g\ijfe\j% Ef _\d [ËfYc`[Xi hl\# \eZXiX hl\ le gifa\Zk\ k [XkX [Ë`e`Z` ` [\ ÔeXc`kqXZ` # \c gifZ j Zfek`elX% ;\j [\ cË`e`Z` [\c gifZ j# cË\hl`g k Ze`Z _X [ËXeXi gi\gXiXek [\ dXe\iX ^iX[lXc cX j\mX i\k`iX[X# ^XiXek`ek hl\ hl\[`e `ejkXc×cX[\j Xc k\ii`kfi` le\j [`e~d`hl\j ` le\j \jkilZkli\j hl\ Zfek`el e `dglcjXek cX `e`Z`Xk`mX# d j \ecc~ [\ cË\hl`g k Ze`Z `e`Z`Xc ` [\ cX ÔeXc`kqXZ` [\c gifa\Zk\% G\i X`o j \jj\eZ`Xc kiXejd\ki\ X cX ^\ek leX j i`\ [Ë\`e\j hl\ \cj g\id\k`e Xjjld`i c\j ]leZ`fej hl\# `e`Z`Xcd\ek# \j i\j\imXm\e X cË\hl`g k Ze`Z%

<e [\Ôe`k`mX# gf[\d [\Ôe`i cX gXik`Z`gXZ` Zfd le gifZ j [Ë`dgc`ZXZ` d`kaXe Xek \c hlXc \cj [`]\i\ekj XZkfij gcXek\^\e \cj gifYc\d\j ` c\j jf$ clZ`fej# XdY d\kf[fcf^`\j ` \`e\j hl\ ]fd\ek\e cX Zi\XZ` [Ë\jgX`j [\ i\Õ\o` ` [`~c\^ Zfc×c\Zk`lj# \eZXd`eXkj X cX ZfejkilZZ` [\ Zfe\`o\d\ek Zfd % 8hl\jkX g\ijg\Zk`mX k \e Zfdgk\ cË\jZ\eXi` \jg\Z ÔZ fe k ccfZ \c gifZ j X`o Zfd c\j Xck\ieXk`m\j# \e le Zfek\ok [\k\id`eXk gfc k`ZXd\ek# jfZ`Xcd\ek ` \Zfe d`ZXd\ek# XdY cËfYa\Zk`l [\ d`ccfiXi$cf%

$ ClZi\Z`X Fc`mXi` 8EKà>FE8 GifZ\jfj GXik`Z`gXk`mfj nnn%Xek`^feX%fi^%\j

)-

)%)% <C GIFA<:K< <JG8@J

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

)

;ËFE JFI><@O <C GIFA<:K< <JG8@J6 CËXep )''- ÔeXc`kqX le gifa\Zk\ [\ ÔeXc [\ ZXii\iX Z\ekiXk \e cËXe~c`j` [\cj [`$ ]\i\ekj ~dY`kj jfZ`f\Zfe d`Zj [\ cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j% CX YXj\ [\ cË\jkl[` mX j\i cX ZfejlckX [\ c\j [`]\i\ekj ]fekj hl\ _XY`klXcd\ek j e \dgiX[\j g\i X YXjk`i [Ë`e]fidXZ` le \jkl[` k Ze`Z hl\ g\id\k` iX[`f^iXÔXi cX i\Xc`kXk [Ële k\$ ii`kfi`% <e cË\kXgX ÔeXc [\ cË\jkl[`# ` [\ dXe\iX Yi\l ` k\jk`dfe`Xc# \j mX fYi`i le \jgX` [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` hl\ mX gfikXi X Xhl\cc\j g\ijfe\j hl\ _` mXe gi\e[i\ gXik X ]\i gXc\jX cX j\mX [\dXe[X [\ ^\e\iXi dXafij \jgX`j [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` % 8hl\ccX Zfc×cXYfiXZ` # gi\jkX[X `e`Z`Xcd\ek g\i X le \jkl[` k Ze`Z# \j[\m`e^l kXdY cX dXe`]\jkXZ` [\ cX dXeZX [Ë\jgX`j g\i X cX Zi\XZ` Zfc×c\Zk`mX X cX ZfdXiZX ` [\c [\j`^# g\i gXik [\ dfck\j g\ijfe\j# hl\ [ËXc^leX dXe\iX ` \e \cj ~dY`kj hl\ ]fj gfjj`Yc\ \j gf^l\jj`e Xik`ZlcXi d j `e`Z`Xk`m\j hl\ \cj g\id\k\jj`e fg`eXi ` gXi$ k`Z`gXi \e cË\j[\m\e`i [\c j\l \ekfie ` cX j\mX Zfc×c\Zk`m`kXk% 8`o mX j\i Zfd# XdY \c gXj [ËXc^lej d\jfj# \j mX XeXi gfc`ek cX mX^X `[\X hl\ _X XZXYXk [\j\dYfZXek \e \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J% 8iiXe [ËXhl \j Zfejk`kl cË8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X# XdY cX `[\X [\ k`iXi \e[XmXek le efl gifa\Zk\ hl\# XdY cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j Xcki\ Zfg Zfd X fYa\Zk\ [Ë\jkl[`# \j YXj j \e \c Zfe\`o\d\ek gfglcXi ` \e leX gXik`Z`gXZ` \jki`ZkX g\i [\Ôe`i le ]lkli [\j`kaXYc\ g\i Xcj [`]\i\ekj ~dY`kj [\ cX m`[X X cX ZfdXiZX% GXik \d [\c Zfe\`o\d\ek k Ze`Z aX ^\e\iXk# ` [\ cX [\dXe$ [X dXe`]\jkX[X [liXek cËXek\i`fi \jkl[`% CX i\jkX# \jkXmX kfkX g\i ]\i%

:FD JË@E@:@8 KFK GC<>8K%%% ;\jk`e~i\d cX gi`d\iX d\`kXk [\c )''. X [`jj\epXi Zfd \j gf[i`X [li X k\id\ le \jkl[` hl\ \jk`^l j YXjXk \e cX gXik`Z`gXZ` [\ cX gfYcXZ` `# Xc_fiX# X Xdgc`Xi cX CËXjj\jjfiXd\ek d\kf[fc ^`Z [\ kfk \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J _X \jkXk i\Xc`kqXk g\i cË8jjfZ`XZ` 8ek ^feX ` cËFYj\imXkfi` [\ :`lkX[Xe`X ` D\[` 8dY`\ek :@D8J [\ cX Le`m\ij`kXk :fdgclk\ej\ [\ DX[i`[% )

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

).

ZfejlckX jfYi\ cX `[fe\ kXk [Ë\dgi\e[i\ le gifa\Zk\ Zfd Xhl\jk X [ËXcki\j g\ijf$ e\j ` \ek`kXkj hl\ ef _Xm`\e gXik`Z`gXk \e cËXek\i`fi \jkl[` ` hl\ \ej \jg\ifeXi\e X ef [\]Xcc`i \e cË`ek\ek% KXdY \e Xhl\jk g\i f[\ ]fl hlXe \ej X[i\ ~i\d X c\j X[d`e`jkiXZ`fej cfZXcj ` ZfdXiZXcj g\i kiXjccX[Xi$cfj cX `e`Z`Xk`mX ` g\i ZfgjXi c\j j\m\j `dgi\jj`fej# i\cXZ` hl\ jË_X dXek`e^lk Xc ccXi^ [\ kfk \c gifZ j ` hl\# X d j [\ cX kXjZX [ËXZfdgXepXd\ek# jlgfik ` dlkl i\Zfe\`o\d\ek# _X gfikXk X cX j`^eX$ kliX [\ d ck`gc\j Zfem\e`j [\ Zfc×cXYfiXZ` % @# \m`[\ekd\ek# kXdY ZXc`X ZfekXZkXi XdY [`m\ij\j ]le[XZ`fej ` `ejk`klZ`fej g Yc`hl\j g\i kXc [ËXjjfc`i \c ÔeXe Xd\ek e\Z\jjXi` g\i \e^\^Xi$_f kfk gc\^Xk% MXd gf[\i ZfeÔidXi cX e\Z\jj`kXk [\ Zfek`elXi \e[XmXek# g\i \ej ]XckXmX \eZX$ iX jXY\i [\c kfk Zfd ]\i$_f%%% ;\j [\ cË8iX[X j\dgi\ _\d k`e^lk ZcXi hl\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ` ef \j gf[`X c`d`kXi X cX ki`X \eki\ le\j fgZ`fej [\ i\jgfjkX gi\[\k\id`eX[\j% 8`o j e Zfejlck\j# ` jXY\d hl\ jfm`ek \cj c d`kj X cX Zi\Xk`m`kXk gfik\e X leX dXeZX [\ dfk`mXZ` % Ef \iX Xhl\jkX# g\i kXek# cX efjkiX `[\X% ?Xm\ek i\Zfcc`k cX e\Z\jj`kXk [\ Zi\Xi leX \j$ kiXk ^`X ZfdXiZXc g\i Xc ]lkli# _Xm\ek ZfejkXkXk \c [\j`^ [\ dfckj XZkfij ` \ek`kXkj X gXik`Z`gXi [\ cX [\Ôe`Z` [\c j\l [\jk # \iX fYm` hl\ kXc \dgi\jX ef gf[`X j\i XYfi[X[X [\j [\ ZXg Êd~^`ZX i\Z\gkX k Ze`ZXË hl\ ef Zfdgk j# [\j [\c gi`eZ`g` ` j\ej\ ZXg i\jki`ZZ` # XdY cX `emfclZiXZ` [ËXhl\ccj hl` d`ccfi Zfe\`o\e \c k\ii`kfi`1 Xhl\ccj hl` cË_XY`k\e% 9XjXek$efj \e Xhl\jk\j gi\d`jj\j# ` ZfdgkXek XdY \c jlgfik \ogi\jjXk# [`jj\e$ p~i\d le ]lcc [\ ilkX dXi\ hl\ \ej g\id\k j `e`Z`Xi \c gifZ j% <c d kf[\ \e hl \ej YXjXi \d j\i`X \c [\ cX `em\jk`^XZ` $XZZ` $gXik`Z`gXk`mX @8G hl\# Y~j`ZXd\ek ` Zfd jË\ogc`ZXi~ d j \e[XmXek# Zfem\ik\`o Xhl\ccX gfYcXZ` hl\ \e le gi`eZ`g` \j gi\j\ekX Zfd X fYa\Zk\ [Ë\jkl[` Çhl jË\jkl[`XÇ# \e \c gifg` jlYa\Zk\ [\ cË\jkl[` Çhl` cË\jkl[`X% CX Êefm\kXkË hl\ jlgfjX hl\ le gifZ j [\ gcXe`ÔZXZ` ` `ek\im\eZ` \e \c d e il$ iXc \j YXj` \e c\j gi\d`jj\j Xek\i`fij# ]X gfjj`Yc\ cX Zfc×cXYfiXZ` [\ cX =le[XZ` [\c D e IliXc \e \c gifZ j% 8hl\jkX `ejk`klZ` \ek e \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J Zfd le gifa\Zk\ g`cfk \e cX [\Ôe`Z` [Ë\jkiXk ^`\j [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek iliXc ` gi\k e gfjXi X gifmX leX d\kf[fcf^`X `eefmX[fiX g\i X cX `ek\im\eZ` ` [`eXd`kqXZ` [\ cX gfYcXZ` iliXc%

;<=@E@:@ä @ =LE:@FE8D<EK ;<C GIFA<:K< ;\`oXek c\j d\el[\j\j [\c d kf[\ @8G g\i Xc j\^ \ek XgXikXk# j hl\ mXc cX g\eX ]\i le Yi\l \jd\ek [\ cË\e]fZXd\ek hl\ _\d [feXk Xc gifZ j g\i XZfej\^l`i cX d~o`dX XgfikXZ` gfglcXi gfjj`Yc\% ?\d i\Xc`kqXk \cj kXcc\ij [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` Ç \jg`eX [fijXc [\c gifa\Zk\Ç YXjXkj \e cX [`m`j` efi[$jl[ [\c k\ii`kfi` ZfdXiZXc g\i X[XgkXi$efj X cX [`m\ij`kXk k\ii`kfi`Xc ` X cX [`ÔZlckXk hl\ jlgfj\e Z\ikj [\j$ gcX Xd\ekj X cX ZfdXiZX% KXdY _\d `ek\ekXk XaljkXi cË_fiXi` ` cX [liX[X [\cj dXk\`ofj Ç[`ej [\ c\j gfjj`Y`c`kXkjÇ Xc i`kd\ ` [`jgfe`Y`c`kXk [\ cX gfYcXZ` X hl` \ej X[i\ ~m\d% KXek \cj kXcc\ij Zfd cX i\jkX [ËXZk\j fi^Xe`kqXkj Xc ccXi^ [\c gifZ j Ç

)/

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

8c^lej ZXik\ccj [\c gfa\Zk\ \jgX`j% CËXlkfi`X [\ c\j m`ep\k\j [\ Z d`Z j [\c [`Yl`oXek 8c]fejf =fek :Xii\iXj%

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

)0

XZk\j [\ gi\j\ekXZ` # Zfc×cfhl`j# gXjj`j [\ m [\f# i\gi\j\ekXZ`fej k\XkiXcj# \kZ%Ç _Xe \jkXk [`jj\d`eXkj Xc ccXi^ [\c k\ii`kfi` ZfdXiZXc# kiXZkXek [\ j\i j\ej`Yc\j Xcj efd$ Yifjfj dle`Z`g`j ` elZc`j \o`jk\ekj X cX ZfdXiZX% CX ]\`eX i\Xc`kqX[X ` \c i`kd\ [\cj kXcc\ij _Xe \jkXk ÔoXkj# \e ^iXe gXik# g\i cX [`e~d`ZX dXk\`oX hl\ jË_X ^\e\iXk \e \c [\j\emfclgXd\ek [ËXhl\jk\j XZk`m`kXkj% G\i X cË\hl`g `em\jk`^X[fi kfk X`o _X jlgfjXk# j\ej [lYk\# leX [\g\e[ eZ`X mfc$ ^l[X [\c i`kd\ ` [`e~d`ZX hl\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ` _X dXiZXk \e j` dXk\`oX% ?f jXY \d [\j [\c gi`eZ`g`# ` kfk ` hl\ X m\^X[\j \ej _\d m`jk fYc`^Xkj X X^`c`kqXi leX d`ZX \c ZXc\e[Xi` [\ ZfemfZXk i`\j# \e dfck\j Xcki\j fZXj`fej _X \jkXk \c efjki\ ZXc\e$ [Xi` [\ ki\YXcc \c hl\ jË_X m`jk df[`ÔZXk g\i cX gi g`X [`e~d`ZX [\c gifZ j% ;\ cX dXk\`oX dXe\iX# Xjj\^liXi f gi\m\li\ cX hlXek`kXk ` [`m\ij`kXk [ËXjj`jk eZ`X X c\j d ck`gc\j ZfemfZXk i`\j i\Xc`kqX[\j _X \jkXk leX hl`d\iX# ` dXc^iXk \cj `e^\ekj \j]fi fj g\i XkiXli\ \c d~o`d efdYi\ [\ g\ijfe\j ` [\ cX d j [`m\ijX gifZ\[ e$ Z`X ` j\ej`Y`c`kXkj# X mfck\j _\d i\\`o`k g\i \e [ËXcki\j ef _\d Xjjfc`k \cj e`m\ccj [\j`kaXkj% 8dY kfk# g\i # cX Z\ik\jX hl\ kfkX Xhl\ccX g\ijfeX hl\ _X mfc^lk gXik`$ Z`gXi _f _X ]\k [\ dXe\iX gif]le[X# \ej XgfikX leX jXk`j]XZZ` hl\ ZfeÔ\d hl\ j`^l` kXdY Xgi\Z`X[X g\i cX i\jkX [ËXZkfij [\ cX ZfdXiZX% ;\ hlXcj\mfc dXe\iX jË_Xli~ kiXZkXk [ËleX \og\i` eZ`X g`cfk hl\ _X XgfikXk \cj j\lj ]il`kj1 le gifa\Zk\ j`e^lcXi# Zfd \j[\m\e\e ^X`i\Y j\dgi\ gifa\Zk\j [ËXhl\jkX eXkliXc\jX# hl\ X d j [ËfYk\e`i lej i\jlckXkj gcXjdXkj \e \c cc`Yi\ hl\ k\e`l X c\j dXej# _Xli~ j\im`k# ZfeÔ\d# g\i Xal[Xi X \ogi\jjXi g Yc`ZXd\ek i\$ Õ\o`fej ` gifgfjk\j# g\i Zi\Xi Xhl\jk \jgX` g Yc`Z [\ [\YXk ZfdgXik`k \e Zfdl$ e`kXk hl\ kXek\j m\^X[\j \j kifYX X ]XckXi \e cËXZk`m`kXk gfc k`ZX hlfk`[`XeX [\cj efjki\j [`\j%

@ ;<JGIyJ ;<CJ <JG8@J%%% Le [\cj i\gk\j `dgfikXekj hl\ j\Ëej gcXek\aXmX [\j [\ cË`e`Z` \iX Zfd XZfej\^l`i hl\ \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J ef \j[\m`e^l j le j`dgc\ gifZ j [\ 0 f (' d\jfj ` hl\# gXjjXk Xhl\jk k\id`e`# j`dgc\d\ek \e hl\[ j le [fZld\ek \jZi`k XgXiZXk \e Xc$ ^le ZXcX`o% G\i Xhl\jk dfk`l# [\j [\ cË\hl`g [`eXd`kqX[fi _\d Z\iZXk [\j [\c Zfd\e Xd\ek gfjj`Yc\j m`\j hl\ g\id\k\jj`e# leX m\^X[X ÔeXc`kqXk \c gifZ j [\ [\Ôe`Z` [\c df[\c X j\^l`i# Zfek`elXi ki\YXccXek [\ dXe\iX Zfc×c\Zk`mX ` gXik`Z`gX[X \e cX `d$ gc\d\ekXZ` [\ c\j gifgfjk\j% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# \e \c g\e ck`d XgXikXk [ËXhl\jk mfcld gf[i\l kifYXi Xc^lej [\cj d\ZXe`jd\j hl\ gifgfj\d Zfd X gfjj`Yc\j m`\j X \ogcfiXi% ;\ kfk\j dXe\i\j# \c d j `dgfikXek j ef g\i[i\ [\ m`jkX hl`e j cËXZk`l gi`eZ`gXc [\ kfk gc\^Xk1 hl\ ZfeÔ\d hl\ \c gifZ j _X^` j\im`k g\i dfk`mXi \c [\YXk# cX i\Õ\o` ` cX gifgfjkX ZfealekX [\ cX gfYcXZ` % <jg\i\d# kXdY # hl\ \c gifZ j _X^` [\`oXk le g j`k [\ m`kXc`kXk hl\ j\im\`o` g\i X dfk`mXi cX `dgc`ZXZ` [ËXhl\jk\j dXk\`o\j ]fiZ\j \e cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` i\Xc ` \]\Zk`mX [ËXc^le\j [\ c\j d\jli\j hl\ \eki\ kfkj _\d Zfejkil k% 8hl\jk j\i`X# j\^li# cË\jZ\eXi` hl\ g\id\$ ki`X Zfek`elXi XdY cË\jj eZ`X [\c gifZ j `e`Z`Xk leX m\^X[X XZXYX[X cX gi\j\ek \kXgX%

*'

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

)%*% C8 D<KF;FCF>@8 @8G <c gifa\Zk\ @em\jk`^XZ` $8ZZ` $ GXik`Z`gXk`mX g\i Xc [\j\emfcl$ gXd\ek Zfdle`kXi` ` jfjk\e`Yc\ X cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j \j YXjX \e cX d\kf[fcf^`X [Ë@em\jk`^XZ` $ 8ZZ` $GXik`Z`gXk`mX# ` k cËfYa\Zk`l [\ j\i le gifZ j [Ë`ek\im\eZ` gj`ZfjfZ`Xc Ç\ek\e\ek Xhl\jk Zfd le gifZ j [\ dfk`mXZ` [\ cX gfYcXZ` g\ihl Xhl\jkX j\ j\ek` le \c\d\ek XZk`l [\ cX i\Xc`kXk \e le j\ek`k \Zfe d`Z# gfc k`Z ` jfZ`Xc% <c gifZ j \j YXjX \e cËXe~c`j` Zi k`ZX [\ cX jfZ`\kXk ` \e cX gfjj`Y`c`kXk [\ kiXej]fidXZ` [\ cX i\Xc`kXk g\i gXik [ËXhl\jkX%

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

*(

@EM<JK@>8:@ä$8::@ä$G8IK@:@G8K@M8 CX @em\jk`^XZ` $8ZZ` $GXik`Z`gXk`mX j Xc_fiX leX d\kf[fcf^`X [Ë`em\jk`^XZ` ` le gifZ j [Ë`ek\im\eZ` ` `dgc`ZXZ` jfZ`Xc% D`kaXe Xek Xhl\jkX d\kf[fcf^`X jËXeXc`kqX cX i\Xc`kXk Zfd X ]fidX [\ Zfe\`o\d\ek ` j\ej`Y`c`kqXZ` [\ cX gi g`X gf$ YcXZ` # hl\ gXjjX X Zfem\ik`i$j\ \e jlYa\Zk\ ` Xc_fiX \e fYa\Zk\ [\ cX `em\jk`^XZ` % :feZ\Yi\ \c [\j\emfclgXd\ek [Ële k\ii`kfi` Zfd X gXlkX `dgfjX[X g\i k\e[ e$ Z`\j f fi^Xe`jd\j jlgiXcfZXcj j leX [`e~d`ZX hl\ aX ]X dXjjX k\dgj hl\ \j giXZk`ZX# kXek \e \c ZXdg [\ cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc Zfd \e \c ZXdg [\ cX `ek\i$ m\eZ` jfZ`Xc% :fejZ`\ekj [\ ef mfc\i ZXli\ \e Xhl\jkX dXk\`oX j`klXZ` # jËX[fgkX leX efmX m\jjXek d\kf[fc ^`ZX ` \j i\[`Yl`oX \c ZfeZ\gk\ [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` % 8`o # ef j fYa\Zk`l [\ cË\hl`g `em\jk`^X[fi ZfgjXi ` [\k\ZkXi c\j gi`eZ`gXcj gif$ Yc\d~k`hl\j g\i kXc [\ Zi\Xi gfjk\i`fid\ek leX j i`\ [Ë\jkiXk ^`\j% J e# \e Xhl\jk ZXj# \c Zfealek [ËX^\ekj jfZ`Xcj [\c k\ii`kfi` \cj hl\ [`jZlk\`o\e# [`jZi\g\e# Xgle$ k\e ` [\Z`[\`o\e# Zfej\ejlXek \cj fYa\Zk`lj X Xjjfc`i X Zlik ` X ccXi^ k\id`e`# d`kaXe Xek cX [\Ôe`Z` [\cj gcXej [ËXZZ` % 8 d j [\ cËfYm`\kXk [\c ]\k hl\ cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` [\c k\ii`kfi` _X [\ j\i i\jlckXk [Ële gif$ Z j [\ i\Õ\o` ` ZfejkilZZ` g\i gXik [\ cX gfYcXZ` hl\ _` m`l# g\i X leX YfeX [\k\ZZ` ` Xe~c`j` jË_X [\ i\Z ii\i `e[lYkXYc\d\ek X cX gfYcXZ` cfZXc Çgfjj\ [fiX [\c mXcl j Zfe\`o\d\ek gfglcXi ` hl` Zfem`l ` [`jgfjX [\ cX dXafi g\iZ\gZ` jfZ`fXdY`\ekXcÇ# Zfd X Zfe[`Z` `dgi\jZ`e[`Yc\ g\ihl le gcX [ËXZZ` j`^l` fg\iXk`l% CX d\kf[fcf^`X @8G \ej g\id\k `eZi\d\ekXi cX [`m\ij`kXk [\ Zfe\`o\d\ek ` cËXgi\e\ekXk^\ dlkl g\i kXc [ËXZfej\^l`i XmXe fj k\ i`Zj ` ZXem`j jfZ`Xcj j`dlck~e`Xd\ek% CX @8G \j ZfeZ\g Zfd X \c\d\ek Y~j`Z ` ]feXd\ekXc g\i X cX Zfejfc`[XZ` [ËleX m\ikX[\iX [\dfZi~Z`X gXik`Z`gXk`mX# ZXd ZXg X cX [\dfZi~Z`X [`i\ZkX# ` le df[\c [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek g\i[liXYc\ \e \c k\dgj%

C8 @8G <J 98J8 <E KI<J GI@E:@G@J1 C8 @EM<JK@>8:@ä G8IK@:@G8K@M8% Le [\cj fYa\Zk`lj j hl\ kfk\j c\j g\i$ jfe\j `emfclZiX[\j \e \c gifZ j X[hl`i\`o`e Zfe\`o\d\ek% <c jXY\i gfglcXi# hl\ mX Zi\`o\ek ` \jkilZkliXek$j\ Xc ccXi^ [\c gifZ j# ^\e\iX efl Zfe\`o\d\ek gfglcXi% G\i kXek# ef \j gi\k e efd j Zfe `o\i j`e kXdY kiXej]fidXi% CË8::@ä% yj cX giXo`j i\jlckXk [\ cX i\Õ\o` $`em\jk`^XZ` Zfek elX jfYi\ cX i\X$ c`kXk XYfi[X[X% <e cX d\jliX hl\ _` _X^` d j i\Õ\o` # cË\ÔZ~Z`X kiXej]fidX[fiX Xl^d\ekXi~% G\i kXek# ZXc \ek\e[i\ hl\ \e \c gifZ j ef efd j \cj i\jlckXkj ÔeXcj [\c gcX [ËXZZ` j e XZZ` # j`e hl\ jËXZklX [liXek kfk \c gifZ j# `eZ`[`ek Zfek elX$ d\ek \e cX i\Xc`kXk% C8 G8IK@:@G8:@ä% <e cX d\kf[fcf^`X \dgiX[X# kfkj \cj XZkfij jË`emfclZi\e \e kfk\j c\j \kXg\j [\c gifZ j2 \c k\id\ gXik`Z`gXZ` ef \j ZfeZ\g Zfd X leX ZfejlckX gleklXc f X ccX[X ÇgXik`Z`gXZ` Zfejlck`mXÇ# j`e hl\ \j ZfeZ\g Zfd le gifZ j [Ë`ek\im\eZ` \e \c hlXc cX gfYcXZ` # X YXe[X [\ j\i fYa\Zk\ ` jlYa\Zk\ [Ë\jkl[`# j kXdY hl` `dgc\d\ekX \cj i\jlckXkj ` hl` Zi\X ` kiXej]fidX \cj Zfe\`o\d\ekj%

*)

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

<CJ F9A<:K@LJ <JG<:à=@:J ;< C8 D<KF;FCF>@8 @8G1 (% :fejkil`i leX gi\jX [\ [\Z`j`fej Zfc×c\Zk`m\j% Efd j [ËXhl\jkX dXe\iX jËXjjfc`iXe jfclZ`fej gcXlj`Yc\j ` Zfej\ejlX[\j# hl\ ^XiXek\`o`e cX jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk gfc k`ZX \e Zfek\okfj Zfdgc\ofj ` dfd\ekj \e hl cX [\jZfeÔXe X [\ cX Z`lkX$ [Xe`X \em\ij c\j `ejk`klZ`fej g Yc`hl\j \j[\m le \c\mXk ]XZkfi [\ i`jZ g\i X cX Zfii\ZkX ^\jk` [\cj ZfeÕ`Zk\j% )% CX `ek\im\eZ` gj`ZfjfZ`Xc# XdY cËfYa\Zk`l [ËXl^d\ekXi cX ZXgXZ`kXk [\ cX gf$ YcXZ` g\i X Xlkf[\k\id`eXi$j\% CX `ek\im\eZ` gj`ZfjfZ`Xc [\ cX @8G jË\ddXiZX [`ej [\c gXiX[`^dX Zi k`Z# fe \cj [\jk`eXkXi`j ` \cj X^\ekj [Ë`ek\im\eZ` j e gifkX$ ^fe`jk\j XZk`lj [\c ZXd ZXg Xc ZXem` jfZ`Xc% ;liXek Xhl\jk gifZ j# \cj mXcfij [\cj gXik`Z`gXekj ZXem`\e% <e \c gXiX[`^dX Zi k`Z \j gfjX d]Xj` \e c\j i\cXZ`fej [\ gf[\i# \e c\j \jkilZkli\j jfZ`Xcj \o`jk\ekj ` \e cX j\mX kiXej]fidXZ` % C\j `ek\im\eZ`fej i\Xc`kqX[\j [\j [ËXhl\jk gXiX[`^dX g\ij\^l\`o\e [`m\ijfj fY$ a\Zk`lj1 (% CX gi\jX [\ ZfejZ` eZ`X [\cj gXik`Z`gXekj1 [\ cX j\mX gfj`Z` \e cË\jkilZkliX [\ gf[\i# [\cj j\lj `ek\i\jjfj ` e\Z\jj`kXkj ` [\ cX i\cXZ` \eki\ XdY[ j Xjg\Zk\j )% <c [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\ cX ZfejZ` eZ`X Zi k`ZX ` [\ cËfi^Xe`kqXZ` jfZ`Xc *% CX ZfeZ\gklXc`kqXZ` ZfealekX [\ gfjj`Yc\j Xck\ieXk`m\j [ËXZZ` ` [\c [`jj\ep [Ële gcX [ËXZZ` +% CË\o\ZlZ` ZfealekX [\c gcX [ËXZZ` ,% CËXmXclXZ` Zi k`ZX g\idXe\ek Ç` [\ kfkj \cj `emfclZiXkjÇ [\ cËXZZ` -% CX Zf$ZfejkilZZ` [\cj i\jlckXkj

HL8;I< I<JLD1 :FDG8I8:@ä <EKI< C8 GC8E@=@:8:@ä KI8;@:@FE8C @ C8 GC8E@=@:8:@ä D@KA8Ex8EK C8 @8G1 *

GC8E@=@:8:@ä KI8;@:@FE8C GK

GC8E@=@:8:@ä 8D9 @8G G@8G

(% ;\k\id`e`jkX gi\[`ZZ`fej Z\ik\j

(% @e[\k\id`e`jkX gi\m`j`fej `ej\^li\j

)% FYa\Zk`m`jkX [`X^efj`j

)% JlYa\Zk`m`jkX Xgi\Z`XZ` j`klXZ`feXc

*% Gi\[`ZZ`fej e`hl\j

*% ;`m\ij\j Xgfjk\j \e \jZ\eXi`j

+% GcX [ËXZZ` g\i j\Zkfij

+% GcX [ËXZZ` g\i gifYc\d\j

,% :\ik\jX kfkXc

,% @eZ\ik\j\j ` jfigi\j\j

-% :~cZlc k Ze`Z

-% :~cZlc k\Zefgfc k`Z

.% <cj jlYa\Zk\j j e X^\ekj

.% <cj jlYa\Zk\j j e XZkfij

/% J`jk\dX kXeZXk d\k\j e`hl\j

/% J`jk\dX fY\ik [`m\ij\j gfjj`Y`c`kXkj

0% K\fi`X [\c Zfekifc [Ële j`jk\dX

0% K% [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` # ZfejkilZZ` [Ële j`jk\dX

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

**

8 [`]\i eZ`X [\ cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` kiX[`Z`feXc GK # cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` YXjX[X \e d\kf[f$ cf^`\j @8G G@8G j `e[\k\id`e`jkX ` ef \j YXjX \e i\Z\gk\j Ê e`hl\jË e` gi\[`Z$ Z`fej k Ze`hl\j Zfej`[\iX[\j Zfd X m\i`kXk XYjfclkX% :X[X ZXj f gifZ j X[hl`i`i~ le\j ZXiXZk\i jk`hl\j gi g`\j# [\g\e\ek [\ cX j\mX j`klXZ` Xgi\Z`XZ` j`klX$ Z`feXc % CX gcXe`ÔZXZ` \j ]X gXik`ek [\ cX gifgfjkX [\ [`]\i\ekj \jZ\eXi`j% ?Xm\ek XeX$ c`kqXk le j\^l`k [Ë\jZ\eXi`j \j Zfejkil\`o Xhl\cc d j `[fe` j\^fej ZX[X j`klXZ` % 8hl\jk \jZ\eXi` dXiZX cX ÔkX fe \j mfc Xii`YXi XdY \c GcX [Ë8ZZ` # \c ZXd [\c hlXc \j kiX Xi~ Zfek\dgcXek c\j ^iXej gifYc\d~k`hl\j ` fgfikle`kXkj \o`jk\ekj \e cË~dY`k [Ë\jkl[`# ` ef efd j YXjXek$j\ \e ^iXej j\Zkfij% KXek cX [\Ôe`Z` [\ cX i\Xc`kXk Zfd [\ cË\jZ\eXi` [\j`kaXYc\ i\jgfe\e X cX i\Õ\o` [\cj [`]\i\ekj X^\ekj [\ cX ZfdXiZX# X [`]\i eZ`X [\ cX GK hl\# j` Y gfk `eZcfli\ gifZ\jjfj gXik`Z`gXk`lj \e cX [`X^efj`# XZfjkldX X Z\ekiXi \c ki\YXcc [Ë\cXYfiXZ` ` `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\c GcX [Ë8ZZ` \e Zfejlck\j k Ze`hl\j ` mfclekXkj gfc k`hl\j R:fejlckX gfc k`ZX GK m\i$ jlj 8e~c`j` \jkiXk ^`ZX G@8G T% G\c hl\ ]X Xc GcX [Ë8ZZ` # \j Zfejkil\`o d`kaXe Xek cX e\^fZ`XZ` k Ze`Zf$gfc k`ZX \eki\ \cj [`]\i\ekj XZkfij [\ cX jfZ`\kXk k Ze`Zj# gfc k`Zj ` jfZ`\kXk Z`m`c 2 kXek c\j XZZ`fej hl\ Zfek Zfd cË\jkiXk ^`X hl\ c\j \ddXiZX# ef jË_Xe [\ g\iZ\Yi\ Zfd X Z\ik\jX kfkXc# j`e Zfd X i\jlckXk jljZ\gk`Yc\ [\ df[`ÔZXZ`fej ` X[XgkXYc\ X efm\j Zfe[`Z`fej hl\ \j gi\j\ek`e% 8c j\l kfie# cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\ c\j XZZ`fej _Xli~ [\ ZfdgkXi kXdY XdY cX gXik`Z`gXZ` [\cj ki\j XZkfij Xefd\eXkj% 8hl\jk ]\k j \jg\Z`Xcd\ek i\cc\mXek g\c hl\ ]X X cËXjjfc`d\ek [\cj fYa\Zk`lj gj`ZfjfZ`Xcj `e_\$ i\ekj X cX d\kf[fcf^`X @8G% <e [\Ôe`k`mX# cX G@8G \ek e cX i\Xc`kXk Zfd le j`jk\dX fY\ik ` ef [\k\i$ d`e`jkX# \c\d\ek `e[`jg\ejXYc\ g\i gf[\i ^XiXek`i cX `em\jk`^XZ` $XZ$ Z` $gXik`Z`gXk`mX# \ek\jX Zfd X \`eX [\ Zi\Xk`m`kXk jfZ`Xc hl\ \ej g\id\k` Zfejkil`i leX i\Xc`kXk d j [\j`kaXYc\%

*

Kfd}j I% M`ccXjXek\1 ÊGifZ\jfj gXiX cX Zi\Xk`m`[X[ jfZ`XcË

*+

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

)%+% 8GLEKJ 8 C8 D<KF;FCF>@8 ;<C GIFA<:K< <JG8@J

Kfk ` \jkXi YXjX[X gi`eZ`gXcd\ek \e \c d kf[\ @8G# cX d\kf[fcf^`X lk`c`kqX[X gi\j\ekX Xc^le\j ZXiXZk\i jk`hl\j gi g`\j hl\ jË_Xe XeXk X[XgkXek \e ]leZ` [\ cËXmXe [\c gifZ j% MXc X [`i hl\ \e ^\e\iXc \c d kf[\ @8G ef j le gifZ j kXeZXk# j`e hl\ j le j`jk\dX gifZ\[`d\ekXc hl\ gfk gi\j\ekXi Xc^le\j mXi`XZ`fej j\$ ^fej \c gifg` Zfek\ok ` c\j j\m\j g\Zlc`Xi`kXkj% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J ` \c ZXj ZfeZi\k [\c Jfcjfe j ef i\gi\j\e$ k\e leX \oZ\gZ` X Xhl\jkX j`klXZ` % 8 [`]\i eZ`X [ËXcki\j gifa\Zk\j j`d`cXij# \e \c efjki\ ZXj ef gXik \d [ËleX gifYc\d~k`ZX ZcXiX ` [\Ôe`[X jfYi\ cX hlXc XZ$ klXi2 Xhl\jkX \iX Z\ikXd\ek d j ^\e\iXc`jkX# [\Ôe`ek$j\ gi`eZ`gXcd\ek jfYi\ \cj Zi`k\i`j [\ dXeZX [Ë\jgX`j [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` g\i X cX Z`lkX[Xe`X X`o Zfd c\j [`Ô$ ZlckXkj hl\ gf[\e ZfdgfikXi c\j Zfe[`Z`fej [\ iliXc`kXk [\ cX ZfdXiZX \e le j\ek`k ^\$ e\iXc`kqXk% GXik`ek [ËXhl\jk ]\k Çhl\ j \c hl\ \ej gfikX X gcXek\aXi cX e\Z\jj`kXk [Ë`ek\im\eZ` Ç jËfYi\e \cj ZXeXcj e\Z\jjXi`j g\i X ]\i \]\Zk`lj Xhl\jkj \jgX`j [\ i\Õ\o` # hl\ XdY c\j XgfikXZ`fej [\cj gXik`Z`gXekj [\i`mXiXe ZXg X le ^iXe efd$ Yi\ [\ i\Xc`kXkj ZfeZi\k\j# [\jYfi[Xek$j\ ZXg X d ck`gc\j j\Zkfij ` [`d\ej`fej% G\i Xhl\jk dfk`l \cj kXcc\ij i\Xc`kqXkj [liXek kfk \c gifZ j jË_Xe fi^Xe`kqXk \ekfie X ki\j ^iXej ~dY`kj k\d~k`Zj# hl\ _Xe g\id j \jkilZkliXi d`ccfi \c ki\YXcc ` \cj k\$ d\j XYfi[Xkj% 8hl\jk\j ki\j ~dY`kj k\d~k`Zj _Xe \jkXk1 J\im\`j ` hlXc`kXk [\ m`[X# GX^\j`X# ` Kli`jd\ ` :fd\i % 8hl\jkX j`klXZ` _X gifmfZXk hl\# X e`m\cc fi^Xe`kqXk`l# jfm`ek ef _X^l\d gf^lk gXicXi `e[\g\e[\ekd\ek [\ gifYc\d\j f j`klXZ`fej Z\ekiXcj Çd kf[\ _XY`klXc [\ cX @8GÇ# j`e hl\ _X^l\d _X^lk [\ j`ek\k`kqXi ` fi^Xe`kqXi Xhl\jk\j j`klX$ Z`fej \e [`]\i\ekj ~dY`kj f j\Zkfij Çd kf[\ gifg` [\ cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` kiX[`Z`feXc% 8hl\jk [\jYfi[Xd\ek ÇkXek g\c hl\ ]X X cËXdgc`kl[ [\cj ~dY`kj [Ë`ek\im\eZ` Zfd Xc ^iXe mfcld [Ë`e]fidXZ` ^\e\iX[XÇ _X \jkXk Xc_fiX leX [`ÔZlckXk hl\ _X ZXc^lk m eZ\i# X`o Zfd leX m`iklk hl\ ZXiXZk\i`kqX \c gifZ j [\c Jfcjfe j% 8`o k leX [fYc\ Zfej\h eZ`X1 g\i leX YXe[X# \cj [`]\i\ekj ~dY`kj kiXZkXkj [f$ e\e Xc gifa\Zk\ leX `ek\^iXc`kXk d j hl\ gXcgXYc\ ` gif]le[Xd\ek i`ZX2 g\i cËXckiX#

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

*,

\e Xc^lej ZXjfj ef jË_X gf^lk Xgif]le[`i gifl \e j`klXZ`fej ` gifYc\d~k`hl\j hl\ jfm`ek gi\j\ek\e le Xck ^iXl [\ Zfekifm ij`X X cX ZfdXiZX% Kfk ` X`o # jË_X `e$ k\ekXk m`j`Y`c`kqXi$c\j [liXek \c gifZ j ` kXdY \e Xhl\jk ki\YXcc% <jg\i\d# [feZj# hl\ \e le ]lkli \j gl^l`e Zfek`elXi ki\YXccXek# ` hl\ cX dXk\`oX gfYcXZ` c\j XYfi[` g\i kXc [ËXii`YXi X Zfej\ejfj% <c [\jYfi[Xd\ek [\ cX `e]fidXZ` ` cX _\k\if^\e\ kXk [\cj ~dY`kj _Xe fZXj`feXk hl\ cËXgXikXk [ËXZZ`fej hl\ Zfek\dgcX Xhl\jkX \[`Z` _X^` _X^lk [Ë\jkilZkliXi$ j\ X gXik`i [\ Zi`k\i`j fi^Xe`kqXk`lj hl\ ]Xe i\]\i eZ`X X [`]\i\ekj k\d~k`hl\j ` [`d\ej`fej hl\ ZfeÔ^li\e cX i\Xc`kXk% <jg\i\d hl\ Xhl\jkX \jkilZkliX g\id\$ k` leX d`ccfi Zfdgi\ej` ` fi^Xe`kqXZ` [\ cËXgXikXk [ËXZZ`fej# \eZXiX hl\ gl^l` j\dYcXi leX ] idlcX [\ gi\j\ekXi \cj i\jlckXkj d j gi g`X [\ cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` kiX$ [`Z`feXc hl\ ef [\c d kf[\ @8G% :fd X ck`dX g\Zlc`Xi`kXk# ZXc [\jkXZXi hl\ \e cX gi\j\ek \[`Z` jË_X `eZfigf$ iXk leX gXik [\jk`eX[X X cX [`X^efj` hlXek`kXk`mX% <e gXik# Xhl\jkX Zfii\jgfe X cËXZklXc`kqXZ` [\ cË\jkl[` gi\m` hlXek`kXk`l i\Xc`kqXk XYXej [Ë`e`Z`Xi \c gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l% JË_X Zi\^lk Zfem\e`\ek `eZfigfiXi Xhl\jk XgXikXk Çhl\ ef j gifg` [\c d kf[\ @8GÇ# g\ihl gfk XgfikXi Xc^le\j [X[\j hl\ g\id\k`e d`ccfiXi cX `ek\igi\kXZ` [\ Z\ikj ]\e d\ej ` cX i\Õ\o` \ekfie [ËXc^lej k\d\j ZfeZi\kj hl\ _fd gl^l` Zfej`[\iXi [Ë`ek\i j% MXc X [`i hl\ Xhl\jkX gXik _X \jkXk \cXYfiX[X g\i cË\hl`g [\ cË8iX[X ` ef i\jgfe Xc gifg` gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l%

*-

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

)%,% CËFI>8E@KQ8:@ä ;<C GIFA<:K<

=8J<J ;<C GIFA<:K< <JG8@J <c gifa\Zk\ ZfejkX [\ hlXki\ ]Xj\j1 (% ;@8>EFJ@ HL8EK@K8K@M8 8mXclXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc \jkiXk ^`ZX% D\d i`X [\jZi`gk`mX X e`m\cc jfZ`Xc# \Zfe d`Z ` XdY`\ekXc )% ;@8>EFJ@ G8IK@:@G8K@M8 ;`X^efj` jfZ`fXdY`\ekXc gXik`Z`gXk`mX *%M@J@FEJ F <JKI8Kß>@8 ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK 8e~c`j` [\c gfj`Z`feXd\ek jfZ`fgfc k`Z [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek +% 8::@FEJ ;\Ôe`Z` [\c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc [\c Jfcjfe j

CX gi`d\iX ]Xj\ ef jË\ddXiZX [`ej cX d\kf[fcf^`X @8G ` ]X i\]\i eZ`X X le ki\YXcc k Ze`Z ]\k g\i cË8iX[X# hl\ i\jlckX \e leX [`X^efj` k Ze`ZX Zfem\eZ`feXc% <cj i\jlckXkj [ËXhl\jk \jkl[` k Ze`Z j e le `e^i\[`\ek Y~j`Z g\i X cË`e`Z` [\c gifZ j @8G% CË\jgX` gXik`Z`gXk`l jË`e`Z`X XdY cX ;@8>EFJ@ G8IK@:@G8K@M8% :fd \e c\j ]X$ j\j gfjk\i`fij# \cj ZfeZ\gk\j ` i\Õ\o`fej jËfi^Xe`kq\e \ekfie Xcj ki\j ^iXej ~dY`kj k\d~k`Zj \jd\ekXkj1 J\im\`j ` hlXc`kXk [\ m`[X2 GX^\j`X2 ` Kli`jd\ ` Zfd\i % <e Xhl\jkX gi`d\iX ]Xj\ [\ ;@8>EFJ@ \cj i\jlckXkj [\c ki\YXcc k Ze`Z \j kiXj$ ccX[\e X al[`Z` [\ cX gfYcXZ` % <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# \j ZfiifYfi\e f \j [\jd\ek\`o\e \c\d\ekj [\ cX [`X^efj` k Ze`ZX# `eZfigfiXek eflj \c\d\ekj \e \cj ZXjfj e\Z\jjX$ i`j% <c i\jlckXk j leX [`X^efj` ZfdXiZXc Zfejkil [X jfYi\ cX YXj\ [\cj j\lj glekj ]fikj ` glekj ]\Yc\j# ZcXjj`ÔZXkj j\^fej cX `dgfik~eZ`X% ?Xm\ek [\Ôe`k cX [`X^efj` jfZ`fXdY`\ekXc# cX ]Xj\ M@J@FEJ Ç\ek\jX Zfd cX [\Ô$ e`Z` [\ cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ekÇ k cËfYa\Zk`l [ËfYi`i le [\YXk \ekfie \c ]lkli d j [\j`kaXYc\ g\c k\ii`kfi` `# k\e`ek$cf \e Zfdgk\# Zfejkil`i Xhl\cc \jZ\eXi` ]lkli Xc hlXc \j mfc Xii`YXi%

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

*.

K\e`ek gi\j\ekj \cj i\jlckXkj [\ cX ;@8>EFJ@ ` _Xm\ek [\Ôe`k cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek ÇM@J@FEJÇ# X cX ]Xj\ 8::@FEJ jË\cXYfiX aX \c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc [\c Jfcjfe j ÆG8@ [\c Jfcjfe j% 8hl\jkX ]Xj\ j cX hl\ _X [\ g\id\$ ki\# X kiXm j [\ c\j gifgfjk\j [ËXZZ` jfi^`[\j [\cj kXcc\ij# ]\i \c gXj [\ cX k\fi`X X cX gi~Zk`ZX% C\j [`]\i\ekj XZZ`fej \ej _Xe [\ g\id\ki\ Xjjfc`i cË\jZ\eXi` [\j`kaXYc\# kiXej]fidXek Xhl\cc\j j`klXZ`fej d`ccfiXYc\j [\k\ZkX[\j \e cX ]Xj\ [\ ;@8>EFJ@% D j \ecc~ [\ cX ]Xj\ [Ë\jkl[` [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J# _` _X leX [Xii\iX ]Xj\ hl\ `dgc`ZX cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` Zfc×c\Zk`mX [\ c\j XZZ`fej jfi^`[\j [liXek \c gifZ j# X`o Zfd cËX[XgkXZ` [\c G8@ X efm\j j`klXZ`fej hl\ \j gi\j\ek`e%

FI>8E@>I8D8 G\i kXc [\ Zi\Xi leX \jkilZkliX ZXgX [ËXik`ZlcXi \c gifa\Zk\# ` YXjXek$efj \e \c\$ d\ekj gifg`j [\ cX d\kf[fcf^`X @8G# _\d \jkilZkliXk le j\^l`k [\ ^ilgj ` Zfd`j$ j`fej g\i fe Õl\`o cX `e]fidXZ` # cX Zffi[`eXZ` # cËXjj\jjfiXd\ek d\kf[fc ^`Z ` \c j\^l`d\ek `ejk`klZ`feXc [\c gifZ j% 8 Zfek`elXZ` # \j gi\j\ekX cËfi^Xe`^iXdX [\c gifZ j ` \cj Õlofj [Ë`e]fidXZ` # X`o Zfd le hlX[i\ \ogc`ZXk`l fe jË\ogfj\e \cj Zfdgfe\ekj ` c\j ]leZ`fej [\ ZX[Xj$ ZleX [\ c\j Zfd`jj`fej1

HL@ ?8 G8IK@:@G8K HL@E8 <J C8 J<M8 K8J:8 HL8E <J I<LE<@O

:FD@JJ@ä <OK<IE8

GfYcXZ` Xjj`jk\ek Xcj kXcc\ij1 efi[# jl[ ` ^cfYXc%

>ilg ]fidXk g\i () g\ijfe\j [\c k\ii`kfi` ^cfYXc 1 - [\c efi[ ` - d j [\c jl[%

CË\hl`g `em\jk`^X[fi [\ cË8I8;8# cË8jjfZ`XZ` 8ek ^feX ` cËFYj\imXkfi` [\ :`lkX[Xe`X ` D\[` 8dY`\ek :@D8J [\ cX Le`m\ij`kXk :fdgclk\ej\ [\ DX[i`[%

;`]\i\ekj Zf]`eXe X[fij [\c gifa\Zk\# XalekXd\ekj ` :fej\cc :fdXiZXc%

:fdgXik`i c \og\i` eZ`X [\ m`[X# \c g\ejXd\ek ` c\j gifgfjk\j# d`kaXe Xek cX i\]c\o` ZfealekX g\i X Zfejkil`i le efl \jZ\eXi` [\j`kaXYc\%

8eXc`kqXi \cj i\jlckXkj [\cj kXcc\ij [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` ` [\k\ZkXi gfjj`Yc\j [`jZlijfj hl\ ef _X^`e XgXi\^lk Xc [\YXk% <e ZXj [\ j\i X`o # \j [\k\ZkX \c [`jZlij ` cËXZkfi hl\ ef jË_Xe dXe`]\jkXk ` \j Z\ihl\e m`\j g\i Xjjfc`i$e\ cX `dgc`ZXZ` %

8ek ^feX ` :@D8J i\Xc`kq\e c\j kXjhl\j [\ j\^l`d\ek ` Xjj\jjfiXd\ek d\kf[fc ^`Z [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J%

DXek leX i\cXZ` `e]fidXk`mX XdY \c gifa\Zk\ hl\ \j dXk\i`Xc`kqX \e leX i\le` le Zfg ]`eXc`kqX[X ZX[X ]Xj\%

<e ZX[X ]Xj\ [\ c\j ki\j i\Xc`kqX[\j j _X ZfemfZXk le kXcc\i Xc efi[# le Xc jl[ ` le [\ ^cfYXc%

;\jgi j [\ ZX[X kXcc\i [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` # \e [`]\i\ekj ]fidXkj1 efi[ ` jl[ efd j - g\ijfe\j ` ^cfYXc kfk\j () %

<j i\Xc`kq\e kifYX[\j [\ i\m`j` [\ i\jlckXkj ` [\ gi\gXiXZ` d\kf[fc ^`ZX [\jgi j [\ cX Z\c\YiXZ` [\ ZX[X kXcc\i%

<j i\Xc`kqX leX i\le` [\ j\^l`d\ek `e]fidXk`l \e ]`eXc`kqXi ZX[XjZleX [\ c\j ]Xj\j%

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

:FD@JJ@ä D<KF;FCç>@:8

*/

>ILG DFKFI

<JKIL:KLI8 ;<C GIFA<:K< <JG8@J

K8CC<IJ ;< G8IK@:@G8:@ä

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

*0

CËFI>8E@KQ8:@ä K<II@KFI@8C ;<C GIFA<:K< <JG8@J <cj kXcc\ij [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` \j [`m`[\`o\e \e ^ilgj k\ii`kfi`Xcj efi[ ` jl[ g\i cË\o`jk eZ`X [\ [l\j i\Xc`kXkj k\ii`kfi`Xcj [`]\i\ekj ` g\ihl Xhl\jkX [`m`j` kXdY ]XZ`c`kX le dXafi efdYi\ [\ gXik`Z`gXekj Xcj kXcc\ij% C\j Zfe[`Z`fej fif^i~Ôhl\j# k\ii`kfi`Xcj ` cX [`e~d`ZX [\ cX gfYcXZ` [\Ôe\`o\e le\j ZXiXZk\i jk`hl\j gi g`\j [\ ZX[X k\ii`kfi` hl\ d\i\`o\e j\i ki\YXccX[\j g\i j\gXiXk% G\i kXc [Ë`ek\^iXi \cj i\jlckXkj [ËXhl\jkX [`m`j` # ` [\ ZfgjXi Xhl\cc\j j`klXZ`fej [\ ZXi~Zk\i ZfdXiZXc# \j Z\c\YiX le kXcc\i ^\e\iXc g\i X kfkX cX ZfdXiZX% G\i Xhl\jk\j dXk\`o\j iXfej \c >ilg Dfkfi \jk~ Zfdgfjk g\i d\dYi\j [\cj [fj ~dY`kj ^\f^i~ÔZj `# j` \j [ eX \c ZXj# \j Z\c\Yi\e i\le`fej fe \j [`m`[\`o \c ^ilg Xk\e\ek Xc Zi`k\i` k\ii`kfi`Xc efi[$jl[%

>ILG ;< ;@J:LJJ@ä ;<C JFCJFEßJ EFI; (% CX :fdX ` cX G\[iX )% >l`o\ij *% Jk%Ccfi\e [\ Dfilepj +% EXm j ,% CcX[lij -% F[ e

>ILG ;< ;@J:LJJ@ä ;<C JFCJFEßJ JL; .% Fc`lj /% JfcjfeX 0% :Xjk\ccXi [\ cX I`Y\iX ('% G`e\cc [\ Jfcjfe j ((% CcfY\iX ()% I`e\i (*% :cXi`XeX [\ :Xi[\e\i (+% G`e j (,% CX DfcjfjX

+'

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

C8 ;<MFCL:@ä ;< C8 @E=FID8:@ä 8dY cX mfclekXk [\ [feXi X Zfe `o\i cX [`e~d`ZX ` \c Zfek`e^lk [\c gifZ j X kfkX cX gfYcXZ` # g\i X ZX[X ]Xj\ jË\cXYfi\e ki\j glYc`ZXZ`fej ÇleX [\jgi j [\ ZX[X kXcc\i i\Xc`kqXkÇ hl\ \j [`jki`Yl\`o\e g\i kfkX cX ZfdXiZX% <e kfkXc jË_Xe \[`kXk 0 glYc`ZXZ`fej# [\ c\j hlXcj j\ eË_Xe `dgi j +%,'' Z g`\j [\ ZX[XjZleX# ` jË_Xe \em`Xk X kfk\j c\j ccXij [\c Jfcjfe j%

GfikX[\j [\ c\j glYc`ZXZ`fej

8 YXe[X [\ i\kfieXi \cj i\jlckXkj [\ ZX[X ]Xj\ X kfkj \cj X^\ekj ZfdXiZXcj# Xhl\jkX [\mfclZ` j \jg\Z`Xcd\ek `dgfikXek g\i X cË`eZ j hl\ ]X X cX i\Õ\o` Zfek elX [\ cX gfYcXZ` # kXek \ekfie \c gifZ j Zfd \ekfie \cj i\jlckXkj gi\j\ekXkj `# j` jË\jZXl# kiXjccX[Xi cX i\Õ\o` X c\j ]Xj\j j\^ \ekj% ;ËXckiX YXe[X \o\iZ\`o leX `dgfikXek kXjZX [\ [`eXd`kqXZ` g\i X cX `dgc`ZXZ` \e \c gifZ j [ËXhl\ccj hl\ ef _` _Xe gXik`Z`gXk%

<C :@:C< K@GLJ ;< :8;8 =8J< ?8 <JK8K <C J<>|<EK1 (% G\i kXc [\ gcXe`ÔZXi \cj kXcc\ij k\ii`kfi`Xcj Çefi[ ` jl[Ç i\cXk`lj X leX ]Xj\ \e \cj hlXcj cX [`e~d`ZX j `[ ek`ZX # cË\hl`g `em\jk`^X[fi \j i\le\`o XdY cX :fd`j$ j` D\kf[fc ^`ZX g\i kifYXi cË\e]fZXd\ek d\kf[fc ^`Z ` c\j \`e\j k Ze`hl\j d j g\ik`e\ekj g\i Xc [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\ c\j [`e~d`hl\j \e \cj kXcc\ij% )% <j ZfejlckX \cj d\dYi\j [\c >ilg Dfkfi jfYi\ hl`e [`X# _fiX ` ccfZ \j Zi\l d j Zfem\e`\ek g\i ZfemfZXi \cj KXcc\ij [\ GXik`Z`gXZ` %

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

+(

*% K\e`ek aX ZcXi Zfd ]leZ`feXiXe ` cX [XkX# _fiX ` ccfZ \e hl ZfemfZXi$cfj# \j i\Xc`kq\e \cj KXcc\ij [\ GXik`Z`gXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc1 \c gi`d\i \e le dle`Z`g` [\c efi[# ` \c j\^fe \e le dle`Z`g` [\c jl[% +% 8dY cX `e]fidXZ` Zfdg`cX[X [\cj kXcc\ij# \j ZfemfZX leX i\le` XdY c\j - g\ijfe\j [\c >ilg Dfkfi [\c Efi[# ` leX XckiX XdY \c >ilg Dfkfi [\c Jl[# g\i i\gXjjXi \cj Zfek`e^lkj# XeXc`kqXi j` \o`jk\`o Xc^le [`jZlij ~dgc`Xd\ek Zf$ e\^lk ` hl\ ef _X XgXi\^lk# cX [`e~d`ZX [\c kXcc\i# ` [ËXcki\j \c\d\ekj X Zfek\d$ gcXi% 8dY cX `e]fidXZ` ^\e\iX[X# ` k\e`ek \e Zfdgk\ c\j j\m\j i\ZfdXeXZ`fej# jË\[`k\e ` \j [`jki`Yl\`o\e c\j glYc`ZXZ`fej [\ i\jlckXkj hl\ j\iXe \em`X[\j X kfk\j c\j ccXij [\c Jfcjfe j% ,% ;\jgi j [Ë_Xm\i i\Xc`kqXk \cj [fj kXcc\ij k\ii`kfi`Xcj# j \c kfie [Ëfi^Xe`kqXi \c kXcc\i ^cfYXc XdY hl \j ZfeZcfl cX ]Xj\% 8 kXc \]\Zk\# cË\hl`g [`eXd`kqX[fi \j kfi$ eX X i\le`i XdY cX :fd`jj` D\kf[fc ^`ZX g\i gcXe`ÔZXi \c d kf[\ ` c\j k Ze`$ hl\j X \dgiXi \e \c kXcc\i% -% @^lXcd\ek# \j ZfekXZkX XdY \c >ilg Dfkfi g\i kXc [\ ÔoXi cX [XkX# _fiX ` ccfZ d j X[`\ek g\i X cX Z\c\YiXZ` [\c KXcc\i >cfYXc# `ek\ekXek dXo`d`kqXi c\j gfjj`$ Y`c`kXkj [ËXjj`jk eZ`X [\ cX gfYcXZ` 1 hl\ ef Zf`eZ`[\`o` XdY ^iXej \j[\m\e`d\ekj gfglcXij# hl\ j`^l` \e le ccfZ Zfe\^lk g\i kfk_fd# \kZ% .% <j Z\c\YiX \c KXcc\i [\ GXik`Z`gXZ` >cfYXc# Xc hlXc \jkXe ZfemfZXkj \cj _X$ Y`kXekj [ËXii\l [\ cX ZfdXiZX# ` fe \j kiXZk\e c\j k\d~k`hl\j [\ e`m\cc ZfdXiZXc# j\ej\ j\^d\ekXi$c\j \eki\ efi[ ` jl[% /% :\c\YiXk \c KXcc\i >cfYXc# j \c kfie [\ i\m`jXi cX `e]fidXZ` ^\e\iX[X ` cX [`e~$ d`ZX [lkX X k\id\% 8dY Xhl\jk fYa\Zk`l# \j i\le\`o \c >ilg Dfkfi Xc Zfdgc\k# XdY c\j () g\ijfe\j gifm`e\ekj [ËXii\l [\ cX ZfdXiZX% LeX m\^X[X ]\k X`o # jË\[`kX ` \j [`jki`Yl\`o cX glYc`ZXZ` i\]\i\ek Xcj i\jlckXkj [\c KXcc\i >cfYXc% 0% 8ii`YXkj Xc ÔeXc [\ ]Xj\# _Xm\ek i\Xc`kqXk \cj ki\j kXcc\ij# j \c kfie [\ i\le`i$j\ XdY cX :fd`jj` <ok\ieX g\i kXc [Ë`e]fidXi$cfj jfYi\ cË\jkXk [\ [\j\emfclgX$ d\ek [\c gifa\Zk\ ` jfYi\ c\j gi`eZ`gXcj h \jk`fej hl\ _Xe XeXk XgXi\`o\ek%

=`eXc`kqXk \c Z`Zc\ [\ cX ]Xj\# j \c kfie [\ Zfd\e Xi cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` [ËleX efmX ]Xj\# hl\ j\^l`i~ \c dXk\`o gifZ\[`d\ek \ogc`ZXk%

+)

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

)%-% HLß JË?8 =<K ;LI8EK () D<JFJ ;< KI<98CC

;

\j [\c d\j [\ j\k\dYi\ [\c )''. Ôej X cË\[`Z` [\c gi\j\ek mfcld# \e \c dXiZ [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J jË_Xe Z\c\YiXk , XZk\j [\ gi\j\ekXZ` [\ cX `e`Z`Xk`mX XZfdgXepXkj [\ gfe eZ`\j [Ë\og\ikj# 0 kXcc\ij [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` # (' i\le`fej XdY \c >ilg Dfkfi# d ck`gc\j i\le`fej XdY cX :fd`jj` D\kf[fc ^`ZX ` * i\le`fej XdY cX :fd`jj` <ok\ieX leX [\jgi j [\ ZX[X ]Xj\ % G\i kXc [\ Zfdgc\d\ekXi \cj i\jlckXkj ]il`k [\c ki\YXcc \e Zfd`jj`fej# jË_Xe i\X$ c`kqXk d j [\ +, \eki\m`jk\j X `e]fidXekj ZcXlj [\ cX ZfdXiZX# ` jË_Xe Z\c\YiXk [`m\ij\j i\le`fej g\i [\YXki\ cX gifgfjkX [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` [\c G8@ d`kaXe Xek leX Zffi[`eX[fiX# f cX Zfejk`klZ` [Ële ^ilg [\ ki\YXcc hl\ `dglcj` `e`Z`Xk`m\j \e cË~dY`k [\ cËXjjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\% <cj 0 kXcc\ij [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` jË_Xe XZfdgXepXk [\ o\iiX[\j f \ogfj`Z`fej% <e kf$ kXc# ki\j \ogfj`Z`fej ÇjfYi\ c\j JXc`e\j [\ :XdYi`cj# \c gXki`dfe` eXkliXc ` Zlckl$ iXc [\cj dle`Z`g`j [\c Jl[ [\c Jfcjfe j# ` cX j`klXZ` [\ cX [feX iliXc2 leX o\iiX[X \ekfie c\j \jkiXk ^`\j [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek iliXc ` i\gk\j [\ cX ]fidXZ` \e \c j\Z$ kfi X^iXi`2 leX m`j`kX ^l`X[X X cX `e`Z`Xk`mX [\ kli`jd\ iliXc ÊGl`^8ieXl$GlY`cc Ë X :XeXc[X2 ` leX dfjkiX [Ële ki\YXcc i\Xc`kqXk g\cj \jZfcXij [\ cX ZfdXiZX ÇX `e`Z`X$ k`mX [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@JÇ# XZfdgXepXk [\ [`e~d`hl\j g\i Xcj d j g\k`kj% KXdY _\d mfc^lk gi\jkXi Xk\eZ` X k\d~k`hl\j [Ë\jg\Z`Xc i\cc\m~eZ`X X cX Zf$ dXiZX% 8dY Xhl\jk fYa\Zk`l jË_Xe Z\c\YiXk ) fYi\j [\ k\Xki\ [\ ZXii\i \ekfie \c Zfejld`jd\2 ) i\gi\j\ekXZ`fej k\XkiXcj jfYi\ cË\mfclZ` _`jk i`ZX [\cj [i\kj [\ c\j [fe\j2 leX Zfe]\i eZ`X Xc mfckXek [\ cX j`klXZ` XZklXc [\ c\j [fe\j iliXcj2 ` leX XckiX Zfe]\i eZ`X jfYi\ cË j [\c gX`jXk^\% 8hl\jk\j Zfe]\i eZ`\j ]fi\e fi^X$ e`kqX[\j ZfealekXd\ek XdY [ËXcki\j \ek`kXkj [\ cX ZfdXiZX# ` gi\k\e`\e jljZ`kXi \c [\YXk ` cX i\Õ\o` \ekfie c\j k\d~k`hl\j kiXZkX[\j% 8 d j [ËXhl\jk\j Zfe]\i eZ`\j# kXek cË`e`Z` [\ gifZ j Zfd \c kXeZXd\ek jËXZfdgXep\e [\ o\iiX[\j Xc k\ii`kfi`% 8cj XZk\j [\ gi\j\ekXZ` c\j gfe eZ`\j XeXm\e [\jk`eX[\j X i\Õ\o`feXi jfYi\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ` # cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` ` \c [\j\emf$

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

+*

clgXd\ek% <e \c ZXj [\ cËXZk\ [\ Zcf\e[X# c\j gfe eZ`\j j\ Z\ekiXiXe \e cË\ogfj`Z` [Ë\og\i` eZ`\j \o`jk\ekj j`d`cXij X XZZ`fej Zfek`e^l[\j \e \c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j%

G\i kXc [ËXii`YXi X [`]\i\ekj \jkiXkj [\ cX gfYcXZ` # jË_X ki\YXccXk XdY c\j \jZfc\j [\ gi`d~i`X [\ cX ZfdXiZX% ;ËXhl\jkX kXjZX# eË_Xe jfi^`k () YXiXcc\j [\ ZXik\j hl\ gi\j\ek\e Xc j\l i\m\ij ÇXdY [`Yl`ofjÇ Zfd \cj d j g\k`kj m\l\e cX ZfdXiZX ` Zfd cX mfc[i`\e [ËXhl X (' Xepj% KXdY jË_Xe ]\k [`e~d`hl\j [\ i\Õ\o` jfYi\ \c [\j\emfclgXd\ek iliXc [\j`kaXYc\ X cË<:8 [ËFc`lj ` X cË8^ilgXd\ek <jZfckX GXi\ :cXi\k% <cj i\jlckXkj [\c gifZ j _Xe \jkXk gcXjdXkj \e (' glYc`ZXZ`fej% <o`jk\`o\e ki\j glYc`ZXZ`fej g\i ]Xj\ ;`X^efj`# M`j`fej ` 8ZZ`fej % <eki\ \cc\j ZXc [\jkXZXi# X d j# cX gi\j\ek glYc`ZXZ` [\c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j% 8:K@M@K8KJ I<8C@KQ8;<J% ALC@FC )''. $ D8@> )''0% ALC@FC $ 8>FJK )''. :fekXZk\j ` \eki\m`jk\j gi m`\j X X^\ekj [\c k\ii`kfi` J<K<D9I< )''.

8Zk\j [\ gi\j\ekXZ` ` Zfe]\i eZ`\j \e j`j dle`Z`g`j [\ cX ZfdXiZX F:KL9I< $ EFM<D9I< )''.

I\Xc`kqXZ` [\cj kXcc\ij k\ii`kfi`Xcj ` ^cfYXc [\ cX Gi`d\iX =Xj\1 ;`X^efj` GXik`Z`gXk`mX EFM<D9I< )''.

KXcc\ij [\ [`eXd`kqXZ` X c\j \jZfc\j [\c Jfcjfe j ;<J<D9I< )''.

I\gi\j\ekXZ`fej k\XkiXcj [\ ZXii\i \ekfie [fj \`ofj [\ j\ej`Y`c`kqXZ` ><E<I $ =<9I<I )''/ I\Xc`kqXZ` [\cj kXcc\ij k\ii`kfi`Xcj ` ^cfYXc [\ cX J\^feX =Xj\1 M`j`fej [\ ]lkli =<9I<I )''/ I\Xc`kqXZ` [\ [`m\ijfj XZk\j [\ j\ej`Y`c`kqXZ` ` i\Õ\o` D8Ix )''/ KifYX[X [Ë\ek`kXkj ZlckliXcj# jfZ`Xcj ` m\ eXcj [\c Jfcjfe j D8Ix $ 89I@C )''/ I\Xc`kqXZ` [\ [fj kXcc\ij g\i X cX ZfejkilZZ` ` i\[XZZ` [\c GcX [Ë8ZZ` D8@> )''/ =`eXc [\c gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l @e`Z` [\c kiXZkXd\ek [\ cX `e]fidXZ` i\Zfg`c×cX[X ` \cXYfiXZ` [\c gi`d\i \jY j [\c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc%

ALEP $ EFM<D9I< )''/ :\iZX [\ ÔeXe Xd\ek g\i cË`e`Z` [\c ki\YXcc XdY c\j XZZ`fej [\c G8@% KiXejZigZ` [\cj i\jlckXkj [\c gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l ` `e`Z` [\ cX i\[XZZ` [\ cX glYc`ZXZ` ÔeXc% 8e~c`j` [\cj i\Zlijfj e\Z\jjXi`j g\i kXc [\ gf[\i `dgc\d\ekXi c\j XZZ`fej [\c G8@% <cXYfiXZ` [ËleX [`X^efj` k Ze`ZX [\ cX ZfdXiZX% Ki\YXcc XdY c\j \ek`kXkj [\c Jfcjfe j g\i kXc [Ë\cXYfiXi leX ^l`X [Ë\ek`kXkj Zfd X i\Zlij Zfdgc\d\ekXi` g\i X cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j% ;<J<D9I< )''/ @e`Z` [\c ki\YXcc k Ze`Z g\i cX \cXYfiXZ` [ËleX >l`X [Ë\ek`kXkj% :\iZX [\ ÔeXe Xd\ek g\i cË`e`Z` [\c ki\YXcc XdY c\j XZZ`fej [\c G8@% ><E<I$=<9I<I )''0 I\m`j` ` Zfii\ZZ` [\ c\j glYc`ZXZ`fej ÔeXcj% Ki\YXcc \e cX ^l`X [Ë\ek`kXkj% @e`Z` [\ cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [ËXc^le\j [\ c\j XZZ`fej [\c G8@% Gifa\Zk\ Ê@dgc\d\ekXZ` GXik`Z`gXk`mX [\c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe jË% D8Ix$89I@C )''0 DXhl\kXZ` ` gi\gXiXZ` [\cj fi`^`eXcj g\i X cX `dgi\jj` % @dgi\jj` [\ cX glYc`ZXZ` ÔeXc% @e`Z` [\ cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [ËXc^le\j [\ c\j XZZ`fej [\c G8@% Gifa\Zk\ Ê@dgc\d\ekXZ` GXik`Z`gXk`mX [\c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe jË Ki\YXcc \e cX >l`X [Ë<ek`kXkj%

D8@> )''0 Gi\j\ekXZ` g Yc`ZX [\c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j% =`eXc`kqXZ` [\ cX >l`X [Ë<ek`kXkj% :fek`elXZ` [\c gifa\Zk\ Ê@dgc\d\ekXZ` GXik`Z`gXk`mX [\c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe jË%

++

8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z s G8@

)%.% >I8L ;< G8IK@:@G8:@ä <E <C GIF:yJ

J

` Y XeXc`kqXi \c ^iXl [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` \e \c gifZ j `dgc`ZX leX Xe~c`j` hlXe$ k`kXk`mX# kXek f d j `dgfikXek j cËXe~c`j` hlXc`kXk`mX% Kfk ` hl\ j `dgfikXek jXY\i ÊhlXekjË# \eZXiX _f j d j jXY\i ÊZfdË _` _Xe gXik`Z`gXk ` Êhl _X j`^e`ÔZXkË Xhl\jkX gXik`Z`gXZ` % 8 e`m\cc hlXek`kXk`l# gf[i \d ZfeZcfli\ XdY [l\j ZfejkXkXZ`fej1 cX gi`d\iX# hl\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ` _X \jkXk ^\e\iXcd\ek `e]\i`fi \e \cj dle`Z`g`j [\c efi[% CX j\^feX# hl\ cX [`jki`YlZ` [Ë\[Xk# j\o\ ` dle`Z`g` _X \jkXk ]fi X \hl`c`YiX[X% 8 e`m\cc [\ i\gi\j\ekXZ` dle`Z`gXc# kXc Zfd \j gfk Xgi\Z`Xi \e \c hlX[i\ X[alek# \c gifa\Zk\ _X ZfdgkXk XdY cX i\gi\j\ekXZ` [Ë_XY`kXekj [\cj hl`eq\ [`]\i\ekj dle`Z`g`j [\ cX ZfdXiZX% 8iX Y # g\i Zfek\oklXc`kqXi Xhl\jkX [X[X j e\Z\jjXi` ZfekiXjkXi$cX XdY \c g\iZ\ekXk^\ hl\ i\gi\j\ekX ZX[X dle`Z`g` \e \c g\j gfYcXZ`feXc i\cXk`l X cX ZfdXiZX% 8`o [feZj# Zfd \j gfk fYj\imXi \e ZfekiXjkXi c\j [l\j [X[\j# Xc ccXi^ [\c gifa\Zk\ _` _X _X^lk d j gXik`Z`gXZ` g\i gXik [\cj _XY`kXekj [\cj dle`Z`g`j d j iliXcj [\ cX ZfdXiZX2 g\c hl\ ]X X cX ZXg`kXc jfcjfe`eX ` \c m\ Fc`lj# \c j\l g\j gfYcXZ`feXc i\cXk`l \j m\l `e]iXi\gi\j\ekXk% LeX XckiX fYj\imXZ` hl\ \j gfk ]\i j cX dXafi i\gi\j\ekXk`m`kXk [\cj dle`Z`g`j iliXcj [\c jl[ \e]ifek leX i\gi\j\ekX$ Z` d j YX`oX [\cj dle`Z`g`j iliXcj [\c efi[% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# \j [ eX cË\oZ\gZ` [\ JXek Ccfi\e ` F[ e# fe cX gXik`Z`gXZ` jË_X m`jk Xl^d\ekX[X g\i cX Z\c\YiXZ` [\ kXcc\ij \e \cj i\jg\Zk`lj dle`Z`g`j%

8 YXe[X [\ cX i\gi\j\ekXk`m`kXk [\cj [`]\i\ekj dle`Z`g`j# ZXc gXiXi \jg\Z`Xc Xk\eZ` X cX gXik`Z`gXZ` [\cj Zfc×c\Zk`lj d j mlce\iXYc\j% yj \jg\Z`Xcd\ek `dgfikXek cX gXik`Z`gXZ` [\ c\j [fe\j \e \c gifZ j% J\^fej dfjki\e \cj `e[`ZX$ [fij hlXek`kXk`lj lk`c`kqXkj ÇkXlcX X[alekXÇ \e \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J \c +. [\ c\j gXik`Z`gXekj _Xe \jkXk [fe\j% <e leX j`klXZ` [Ë\jg\Z`Xc mlce\iXY`c`kXk \j kifYX kXdY \c Zfc×c\Zk`l `dd`^iXek% DXcXliX[Xd\ek# cX j\mX gXik`Z`gXZ` jË_X i\[l k X cX kifYX[X [Ë\ek`kXkj% CX gXik`Z`gXZ` [\ ^\ek afm\ ZfYiX kXdY \jg\Z`Xc `dgfik~eZ`X aX hl\# X YXe[X [\ j\i Zfej`[\iXkj kXdY le Zfc×c\Zk`l XdY e\Z\jj`kXkj \jg\Z Ôhl\j# \e [\Ôe`k`mX# \j kiXZkX [\ kiX Xi le gifa\Zk\ [\ ]lkli g\i X cX ZfdXiZX% yj \c Zfc×c\Zk`l hl\ g\iZ\$ Yi~ \cj \]\Zk\j [\ d j ccXi^ k\id`e` [\c gifZ j% Gifg [Ële )' [\cj Xjj`jk\ekj Xcj kXcc\ij \i\e d\efij [\ *' Xepj% KXc Zfd \j gfk m\li\ Xc ^i~ÔZ X[alek# ZXc [\jkXZXi

G8@ s 8glek d\kf[fc ^`Z

+,

cËXckX gXik`Z`gXZ` i\^`jkiX[X \e \c j\^d\ek d j afm\ [\ ), X *+ Xepj ` j jfigi\$ e\ek# gfkj\i# cËXckX gXik`Z`gXZ` ÇcX d j XckXÇ [\c j\^d\ek [\ +, X ,+ Xepj% G\i ck`d# d\eZ`feXi hl\ le ,. [\ c\j \ek`kXkj [\ cX ZfdXiZX _Xe gi\j gXik# [ËleX dXe\iX f XckiX# \e \c gifZ j% ;\ dXe\iX `e[`i\ZkX# k\e`ek \e Zfdgk\ \cj Xjj`jk\ekj Xcj kXcc\ij hl\ ]fid\e gXik [ËXc^leX [\ c\j XjjfZ`XZ`fej \o`jk\ekj X cX ZfdXiZX% @ [\ dXe\iX [`i\ZkX# d`kaXe Xek \eki\m`jk\j X i\gi\j\ekXekj [ËXc^leX XjjfZ`XZ` X`o Zfd X kiXm j [\ cËXjj`jk eZ`X X cX kifYX[X [Ë\ek`kXkj%

àE;<OJ HL8EK@K8K@LJ ;< G8IK@:@G8:@ä

@E;@:8;FI

M8CFIJ

G\iZ\ekXk^\ [\ gXik`Z`gXekj [`i\Zk\j Xcj [`]\i\ekj XZk\j jfYi\ cX gfYcXZ` [\ i\]\i eZ`X

+#.

G\iZ\ekXk^\ [\ [fe\j \eki\ \cj gXik`Z`gXekj Xcj kXcc\ij

+.

G\iZ\ekXk^\ [\ g\ijfe\j [\ eXZ`feXc`kXk \jkiXe^\iX \eki\ \cj gXik`Z`gXekj Xcj kXcc\ij

8 cX kifYX[X [Ë<ek`kXkj

G\iZ\ekXk^\ [\ gXik`Z`gXekj Xcj kXcc\ij d\efij [\ *' Xepj

(/#-

G\iZ\ekXk^\ [\ gXik`Z`gXekj Xcj kXcc\ij XdY \jkl[`j le`m\ij`kXi`j

*(#(

G\iZ\ekXk^\ [ËXjjfZ`XZ`fej gXik`Z`gXekj [\ dXe\iX [`i\ZkX f g\i d\dYi\j XjjfZ`Xkj

jfYi\ \c kfkXc [ËXjjfZ`XZ`fej \e cX gfYcXZ` [\ i\]\i eZ`X

,.

GXik`Z`gXZ` jfYi\ \c kfkXc [\ cX gfYcXZ` ZfdXiZXc

* ;@8>EFJ@ G8IK@:@G8K@M8

G8@ s ;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX

+0

C

X gXik hl\ j\^l\`o X Zfek`elXZ` ]X i\]\i eZ`X X Xhl\cc\j j`klXZ`fej d j Z\e$ kiXcj [\k\ZkX[\j XdY cX [`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX% 8hl\jk\j j`klXZ`fej jfi^\`o\e [Ële gifZ j [\ ZXk\^fi`kqXZ` # \e YXj\ X cX `dgfik~eZ`X hl\ \cj gXik`Z`gXekj \e \cj kXcc\ij Xkfi^Xm\e X Z\ikj ]\e d\ej f i\Xc`kXkj% Le Zfg [\Ôe`kj \cj ]\e d\ej Zfd X d j f d\epj `dgfikXekj# \i\e gfjXkj \e i\cXZ` [\ ZXljXÆ\]\Zk\ \eki\ \ccj# [\k\i$ d`eXek X`o c\j j`klXZ`fej Z\ekiXcj hl\ gi\j\ek\d X Zfek`elXZ` % 8hl\jk\j j`klXZ`fej Z\ekiXcj ]Xe i\]\i eZ`X kXek X gifYc\d~k`hl\j Zfd X ]fikXc\$ j\j# ` \e Xc^lej ZXjfj j\Ëe [\jgi\e\e gfjj`Yc\j i\gk\j ` Xd\eXZ\j# X`o Zfd fgfi$ kle`kXkj hl\ [\ ZXiX Xc ]lkli gf[\e [`Yl`oXi leX efmX i\Xc`kXk [\ cX ZfdXiZX hl\ Zfe\`o\d% :Xc# [feZj# hl\ k`e^l\d ZcXi cË\jZ\eXi` [\c hlXc gXik`d# g\i kXc hl\ XdY cX `ek\im\eZ` [\ ZX[XjZ gl^l\d kiXej]fidXi Xcc hl\ ef \ej X^iX[X ` gf$ k\eZ`Xi Xcc hl\ Xc^le [`X \ej X^iX[Xi`X j\i% KXdY _` gf[i\l kifYXi Xc^le\j ]iXj\j k\oklXcj jfi^`[\j [\ cX ^\ek hl\ gXik`Z`g~ Xcj kXcc\ij# \ogi\jj`fej i\gi\j\ekXk`m\j [\ dfck\j [\ c\j i\Õ\o`fej ` XgfikXZ`fej [\c jXY\i [ËXhl\cc\j g\ijfe\j hl\ m`l\e X cX ZfdXiZX%

,'

;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX s G8@

;ß=@:@K ;< J<IM<@J 8 C<J QFE<J ILI8CJ È8 e`m\cc [ËXjj`jk eZ`X d [`ZX \o`jk\`o\e \cj Zfejlckfi`j cfZXcj# g\i cËXjj`jk eZ`X j dXjjX gfZ ]i\h \ek ` kXdgfZ eË_` _X X kfkj \cj dle`Z`g`j%%%É ÈJ` gXic\d [Ë_fjg`kXc`kqXZ`fej g\i X hlXcj\mfc ZfjX hl\ `dgc`hl` kiXZkXd\ek [ËX^lkj kË_Xj [\ [\jgcX Xi X DXei\jX# @^lXcX[X f 9\i^X# ` Xc^le\j g\ijfe\j [ËF[ e mXe X cË_fjg`kXc [\ cX J\l [ËLi^\cc%%%É CËf]\ikX [\ j\im\`j X c\j g\ijfe\j gi\j\ekX leX Z\ikX [\j`^lXckXk \eki\ qfe\j il$ iXcj ` qfe\j liYXe\j% CX ZfeZ\ekiXZ` [\ j\im\`j X c\j ~i\\j liYXe\j jË_X `eZi\$ d\ekXk g\c gif^i\jj`l [\jgfYcXd\ek [\ c\j qfe\j iliXcj% <e \c ZXj [\c Jfcjfe j# cX Z\ekiXc`kXk hl\ al^l\e JfcjfeX ` JXek Ccfi\e \e Xhl\jk j\ek`k j ZXY[Xc% CX [`jki`YlZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc [ËXhl\jkj jË\jkXYc\`o j\^fej Zi`k\i`j [Ë\ÔZ` eZ`X ` Z\ekiXc`$ kXk2 leX [`jki`YlZ` [\Ôe`[X \e cX dXafi`X [\ ZXjfj d`kaXe Xek Zi`k\i`j liYXej% Kfk ` X`o # cX `dgfik~eZ`X hl\ al^l\e c\j qfe\j iliXcj X cX ZfdXiZX ]X hl\ ef \j gl^l` [`jjfZ`Xi \cj j\im\`j [ËXhl\jkX i\Xc`kXk [`jg\ijX% yj g\i X`o hl\ \e Xc^le\j h \jk`fej gleklXcj Ç\e cË~dY`k jXe`kXi`# \[lZXk`l ` Xjj`jk\eZ`XcÇ jË_X k`e^lk \e Zfdgk\ Xhl\jkX i\Xc`kXk# `eZfigfiXek d\ZXe`jd\j [\ Õ\o`Y`c`kqXZ` ` [\jZ\ekiXc`$ kqXZ` [\c j\im\`% 8hl\jk j \c ZXj [\cj [`jg\ejXi`j d [`Zj cfZXcj# cË\jZfcX iliXc f \c gif^iXdX [\ k\c\Xjj`jk eZ`X ` Xk\eZ` [fd`Z`c`~i`X gifdf^lk [\j [\cj J\im\`j JfZ`Xcj [Ë8k\eZ` Gi`d~i`X% 8hl\jkj j\im\`j# kfk ` j\i [`i`^`kj [\j [\ cX Z\ekiXc`$ kXk# jË`dgc\d\ek\e [\ ]fidX [`jg\ijX ` `ek\ekXek [feXi i\jgfjkX X c\j e\Z\jj`kXkj \jg\Z Ôhl\j [\ cË~dY`k [`jj\d`eXk% Ef fYjkXek X`o # ef gf[\d gXicXi [ËXhl\jkX dXk\`oX j\ej`Y`c`kXk \e dfckj Xcki\j j\im\`j% <cj ^iXej \hl`gXd\ekj Zfd \cj :\eki\j [Ë8k\eZ` Gi`d~i`X# \cj \hl`gXd\ekj _fj$ g`kXcXi`j# \cj `ejk`klkj# c\j ccXij [Ë`e]Xekj# c\j ]Xid~Z`\j f \cj j\im\`j \jg\Z`Xc`kqXkj g\i X cX k\iZ\iX \[Xk# k\e[\`o\e X \jkXi ZfeZ\ekiXkj X JfcjfeX ` JXek Ccfi\e % <c dXk\`o gXjjX XdY \cj j\im\`j ^\e\iXcj Zfd cËX[d`e`jkiXZ` # c\j ^iXej oXio\j [\ kiXejgfik# \c Zfd\i f \cj j\im\`j X c\j \dgi\j\j% G\i kXek# ef j [Ë\jkiXepXi hl\ c\j g\ijfe\j hl\ m`l\e \e qfe\j iliXcj _X^`e _X^lk [ËX[XgkXi c\j j\m\j gXlk\j [\ m`[X X leX `dg\iXek k\e[ eZ`X X cX dfY`c`kXk ` X cË j [\c kiXejgfik gi`mXk# g\i gf[\i [`jgfjXi [\ kfkj Xhl\ccj j\im\`j e\Z\jjXi`j \e \c j\l [`X X [`X% LeX dfY`c`kXk fYc`^X[X `ekiXZfdXiZXc hl\# j` Y Xml` \e [`X j\dYcX Z\ikXd\ek `ek\i`fi`kqX[X Zfd X gXlkX [\ m`[X \e c\j qfe\j iliXcj# gfk jlgfjXi le ^i\l^\ g\i X Xhl\ccj jfYi\ \cj hlXcj i\ZXl \c g\j [\ c\j g\ijfe\j [\g\e[\ekj# Zfd \cj Xm`j f

G8@ s ;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX

,(

\cj Ôccj% <e \c ZXj [\ cËf]\ikX ]fidXk`mX \e \jkl[`j d`kaXej ` jlg\i`fij f [\c j\im\` [ËXk\eZ` d [`ZX _fjg`kXc~i`X# Xhl\jk [ ÔZ`k aX ef \j i\jki`e^\`o X c\j qfe\j il$ iXcj# j`e hl\ X]\ZkX kXdY cX gfYcXZ` [\cj Z\eki\j liYXej Çhl\ \j m\l fYc`^X[X X [\jgcX Xi$j\ ]fiX [\ cX ZfdXiZX%

<EM<CC@D<EK ;< C8 GF9C8:@ä ÈK\e`d lej e[\oj [\ gfYcXZ` dXafi [\ -, Xepj efkXYc\d\ek g\i jfYi\ [\ cX d`kaXeX ZXkXcXeX%%% ` X`o Xml` \e [`X aX gifmfZX Z\ik\j gifYc\d~k`$ hl\j hl\# j\ej [lYk\# XdY \cj Xepj jËXe`iXe `eZi\d\ekXekÉ C\j k\e[ eZ`\j d`^iXk i`\j [\cj Xepj -' ` .' gifkX^fe`kqX[\j g\i afm\j ` g\ijfe\j [\ d`kaXeX \[Xk mXe gifmfZXi le `dgfikXek [\jZ\ej [\ cX gfYcXZ` # hl\ \j kiX[l \e le Xl^d\ek gifgfiZ`feXc [\ cX ^\ek ^iXe X cX ZfdXiZX ` le \em\cc`d\ek [\ cX gfYcXZ` \eZXiX dXafi \e c\j [ ZX[\j j\^ \ekj% 8hl\jk of[\ [\ g\ijfe\j afm\j \e \[Xk [\ k\e`i Ôccj ` leX j`klXZ` ^\e\iXc`kqX[X [\ cX ]\Zle[`kXk X cX YX`oX X kfk :XkXclepX# mXe gifmfZXi hl\ \e c\j [ ZX[\j j\^ \ekj c\j kXo\j [\ eXkXc`kXk ZX`$ ^l\jj`e \ogfe\eZ`Xcd\ek# ZXljXek X`o cË\jkXeZXd\ek [\c efdYi\ [\ gfYcXZ` `# Ôej ` kfk# cX j\mX [XmXccX[X% 8c Jfcjfe j \c g\j [\ cX gfYcXZ` dXafi [\ -, Xepj j d j \c\mXk hl\ cX d`kaXeX ZXkXcXeX% 8hl\jk ]\k ZfdgfikX leX j i`\ [\ gifYc\d~k`hl\j XjjfZ`X[\j# hl\ \e dfckj ZXjfj \j kiX[l\`o\e \e cX [\g\e[ eZ`X [\ cX gfYcXZ` dXafi [\ -, Xepj ZXg X cX gfYcXZ` [\ d`kaXeX \[Xk% DXcXliX[Xd\ek# cX dXeZX [Ë\hl`gXd\ekj ` j\im\`j jfZ`Xcj ]X hl\ Xhl\jk\j [\g\e[ eZ`\j i\ZX`^l`e jfYi\ \c elZc` ]Xd`c`Xi# ` d j Zfe$ Zi\kXd\ek jfYi\ cX [feX% CËX ccXd\ek [\ dfck\j dXj`\j ` [\ c\j qfe\j iliXcj Çfe jfm`ek jËXZZ\eklX cX k\e[ eZ`X X cË\em\cc`d\ekÇ# ef Zfeki`Yl\`o ^X`i\ X cX jfclZ` [ËXhl\jk\j [\g\e[ eZ`\j# hl\ jfm`ek Zfdgfik\e dfY`c`kXk fYc`^X[X g\i h \jk`fej d [`hl\j f Xjj`jk\eZ`Xcj hl\ _Xli~ [ËXjjld`i \c elZc` ]Xd`c`Xi% CË\em\cc`d\ek [\ cX gfYcXZ` ef efd j k Zfej\h eZ`\j X e`m\cc gfYcXZ`feXc# j`e hl\ gifmfZX [`ÔZlckXkj g\i Xc i\cc\l ^\e\iXZ`feXc [\ c\j \ogcfkXZ`fej X^i~i`\j ` \cj e\^fZ`j ]Xd`c`Xij Zfd Yfk`^l\j ` Zfd\i fj% 8hl\jk ]\k jËX^i\laX XdY cË of[\ iliXc [\cj afm\j# hl\ dXio\e g\i \jkXYc`i$j\ X cX Z`lkXk ` ki\YXccXi \e Xcki\j gif$ ]\jj`fej# jfm`ek d j hlXc`ÔZX[\j% 8hl\jk \em\cc`d\ek gfYcXZ`feXc gifmfZX leX dXeZX [\ [`eXd`jd\ \e \c k\ii`kfi`# hl\ ]X hl\ j`^l`e gfhl\j c\j g\ijfe\j hl\ `dglcj`e gifa\Zk\j ` gifgfjk\j hl\ mX^`e d j \ecc~ [\ c\j gXlk\j Zfem\eZ`feXcj%

,)

;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX s G8@

C8 I<CC<MÁE:@8 ;< C<J @EJK@KL:@FEJ <;L:8K@M<J ÈJ\ej\ cË\jZfcX iliXc ef _` _X m`[X Xc gfYc\É CX mXcfiXZ` hl\ X e`m\cc jlYa\Zk`l \j ]X [\ cË\o`jk eZ`X [\ c\j Q<I Zfd X df$ [\c \[lZXk`l X[XgkXk Xc k\ii`kfi` f [\cj Z\eki\j [\ ]fidXZ` ` `em\jk`^XZ` # j \e YfeX gXik jXk`j]XZk i`X% <e \c ZXj [\ cË\jZfcX iliXc \j ZfeZ\g Zfd X le \c\d\ek Y~j`Z g\i X cË\hl`c`Yi` k\ii`kfi`Xc \e c\j qfe\j iliXcj% Kfk ` X`o \o`jk\`o\e Z\ik\j [\dXe[\j g\c hl\ ]X X cX d`ccfiX# \c dXek\e`d\ek ` cX df[\ie`kqXZ` gi`eZ`gXc$ d\ek [ËXhl\jk\j \jZfc\j% MXc X [`i# g\i # hl\ \eZXiX Xml` \j i\Zfe\`o gfZ cX ^iXe kXjZX hl\ [\j\emfclg\e Xhl\jk\j \jZfc\j# kfk ` \c j\l gXg\i Z\ekiXc g\c hl\ ]X X cX Zf_\j` k\ii`kfi`Xc ` jfZ`Xc \e \cj g\k`kj dle`Z`g`j% G\c hl\ ]X X c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j ]fidXk`m\j Zfd \c :\eki\ K\Zefc ^`Z =fi\jkXc f cË<jZfcX [\ :XgXZ`kXZ` 8^i~i`X [ËFc`lj# \j Zfej`[\i\e g`cXij ]feXd\ekXcj g\i X cX ]fidXZ` ` cËX[XgkXZ` [Ë\jkl[`j d`kaXej ` jlg\i`fij X cX i\Xc`kXk [\ cX ZfdXiZX% <e i\]\i eZ`X X [ËXcki\j \hl`gXd\ekj \[lZXk`lj ÇZfd Z\eki\j [\ j\Zle[~i`X f c\j ccXij [Ë`e]XekjÇ# \j gfjX [\ dXe`]\jk leX m\^X[X d j cX k\e[ eZ`X X cX Z\ekiXc`k$ qXZ` hl\ \o`jk\`o \e cX dXafi`X [\cj j\im\`j% 8hl\jkX ZfeZ\ekiXZ` Xcj dle`Z`g`j [\ JfcjfeX ` JXek Ccfi\e \e Xc^lej ZXjfj gfk i\jlckXi gfj`k`mX g\i Xcj Xclde\j [\cj elZc`j iliXcj g\i Zfe `o\i leX XckiX i\Xc`kXk d j liYXeX g\i # g\i XckiX YXe[X# X cX ccXi^X gfk XZXYXi \j[\m\e`ek le Xjg\Zk\ e\^Xk`l g\c hl\ ]X Xc [\jXii\$ cXd\ek [ËXhl\jkj Xclde\j i\jg\Zk\ Xc j\l gfYc\ [Ëfi`^\e%

<O@JKßE:@8 ;ËLE G8KI@DFE@ E8KLI8C @ :LCKLI8C ;< >I8E M8CFI ÈK\e`d le gXki`dfe` e`Z ¿ # ` leX g\kaX[X _l$ dXeX XdY Xii\cj [Ë`[\ek`kXk% <c gXki`dfe` j KFK ¿ % :Xc Zfd\e Xi X mXcfiXi d j \c gXki`dfe` eXkliXc ` \hl`c`YiXi$cf \e kfkj \cj j\ek`kj Xc gXki`$ dfe` ZlckliXc ` Xihl`k\Zk e`ZÉ CX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j ^Xl[\`o [Ële `dd`ccfiXYc\ gXki`dfe` eXkliXc# Xihl`k\Z$ k e`Z ` ZlckliXc% 8hl\jkX XÔidXZ` kXe \jk\jX# g\i # \j ZfejkXkX Zfd X gfZ i\Zfe\$ ^l[X g\i cX dXk\`oX gfYcXZ` [\ cX ZfdXiZX% @^lXcd\ek# j gfZ i\e[`Y`c`kqX[X \e

G8@ s ;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX

,*

k\id\j [ËXkiXZZ` kli jk`ZX# j` Y ÇalekXd\ek XdY cX kiXehl`c×c`kXkÇ j \c gi`eZ`$ gXc XkiXZk`l [\ kli`jd\ X cX ZfdXiZX ` ]X hl\ cX [\dXe[X [ËXccfkaXd\ek kli jk`Z \j dXek`e^l` \jkXYc\ Xc ccXi^ [\ cËXep% CX gfk\eZ`Xc`kXk hl\ f]\i\`o \e Xhl\jk [Xii\i j\ek`k# \c [\ cX gifdfZ` kli jk`ZX ZfdXiZXc# j d`emX[X g\i cX dXeZX [\ j\epXc`kqXZ` ` [Ë`ek\im\eZ`fej [\ Zfe$ [`Z`feXd\ek [\cj \c\d\ekj Xihl`k\Zk e`Zj ` eXkliXcj# X`o Zfd g\i cX gfZX mX$ cfiXZ` [\ cX i`hl\jX ]fcbc i`ZX ` [Ë\j[\m\e`d\ekj [\ ZX`i\ gfglcXi \o`jk\ekj% 8 d j [ËXhl\jkj mXcfij gXki`dfe`Xcj# ZXc [\jkXZXi cX i\Z\ek kXjZX [\ Zffi[`eXZ` ` gifdfZ` [\ cËXik\jXe`X ZfdXiZXc# hl\ \j[\m le [\cj ^iXej XZk`lj [\c gXki`dfe` gifg` [\c Jfcjfe j% G\c hl\ ]X X cX j\mX gifdfZ` Zfd X gif[lZk\ kli jk`Z# \j kifYX X ]XckXi kXdY leX dXafi \cXYfiXZ` \e cX j\mX gi\j\ekXZ` # hl\ g\id\k` k\dXk`kqXi cËf]\ikX j\^fej cË`ek\i j [\c m`j`kXek ` \c k`glj [\ g Yc`Z X hl` mX [`i`^`[X%

<O@JKßE:@8 ;ËLE K<@O@K 8JJF:@8K@L I@: G<Iç D8E:8K ;< :FFI;@E8:@ä @ I<:FE<@O<D<EK JF:@8C ÈJË_X `ek\ekXk [`m\ij\j m\^X[\j [\ Zi\Xi leX kXlcX [Ë\ek`kXkj alm\e`cj¿ g\i dX` _X XZXYXk [\ ]leZ`feXi% C\j \ek`kXkj# g\i j` jfc\j# kXdY k\e\e ]fi X ]\`eXÉ 8c Jfcjfe j _` _X d j [\ (,' \ek`kXkj XjjfZ`Xk`m\j hl\ ki\YXcc\e \e [`m\ijfj ~d$ Y`kj1 ZlckliXc# \jgfik`l# XdY`\ekXc# \[lZXk`l# jfZ`Xc f Xjj`jk\eZ`Xc# m\ eXc# \kZ% CX j\mX kXjZX# g\i # jfm`ek ef j Zfe\^l[X g\i ^iXe gXik [\ cX gfYcXZ` # ` XZfjkldX X j\i gfZ i\Zfe\^l[X g\i gXik [\ c\j X[d`e`jkiXZ`fej% ?` _X leX dXeZX [\ m`j`$ Y`c`kqXZ` [ËXhl\jkX ^iXe i`hl\jX XjjfZ`Xk`mX ZfdXiZXc1 ef j\ cX k gi\j\ek ` ef j\ c` Xkfi^X \c i\Zfe\`o\d\ek d\i\jZlk \e leX ZfdXiZX [Ë\jZXjjX gfYcXZ` ` ]fi X [`eXd`jd\ XjjfZ`Xk`l% 8 d j# cX Zffi[`eXZ` \eki\ c\j \ek`kXkj j jfm`ek d`ejX# gifmfZXek j`klXZ`fej [\ Zf`eZ`[ eZ`X [ËXZk\j ` ZfemfZXk i`\j# ` [\jZfe\`o\d\ek dlkl \eki\ c\j [`]\i\ekj \ek`kXkj [\ cX dXk\`oX ZfdXiZX% <j kifYX X ]XckXi cË\jkXYc`d\ek [\ Z\ikj d\ZXe`jd\j hl\ g\id\k`e Xhl\jkX m`j`Y`$ c`kqXZ` [\ cËXZk`m`kXk XjjfZ`Xk`mX [\ ZXiX X cX gfYcXZ` \e ^\e\iXc Ç]XZ`c`kXek# X`o # leX dXafi YXj\ jfZ`Xc `dgc`ZX[XÇ# X`o Zfd [ËXcki\j d\ZXe`jd\j hl\ g\id\k`e \c i\Zfe\`o\d\ek ` cX Zffi[`eXZ` # j` \jZXl# [\ c\j gi g`\j \ek`kXkj%

,+

;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX s G8@

C8 E<:<JJ@K8K ;< EFM<J <JKI8Kß>@<J <E C8 ><JK@ä Gè9C@:8 È8 ZX[X gfYc\ _` _Xli`X [Ë_Xm\i Xc^ hl\ X`o\$ hl j \c ZXg ` ]\j gifa\Zk\j d j \ecc~ [\ cX ^\jk` [\c [`X X [`XÉ CËX[d`e`jkiXZ` g Yc`ZX X cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j m\ [\Ôe`[X# \e ^iXe d\jliX# g\c YX`o efdYi\ [\ gfYcXZ` ZfdXiZXc ` cX dXeZX [ËXck\ieXe X \e cË~dY`k gfc $ k`Z% ;ËleX YXe[X# [feZj# \c YX`o efdYi\ [Ë_XY`kXekj [\ cX dXafi`X [\ dle`Z`g`j ZfdgfikX [`ÔZlckXkj \e cX ^\jk` [\ cËX[d`e`jkiXZ` X e`m\cc k Ze`Z ` [\ i\Zlijfj ÔeXeZ\ij [`jgfe`Yc\j% ;\ cËXckiX# cX dXeZX [ËXck\ieXe X gfc k`ZX \e cË~dY`k [\ cËX[d`e`jkiXZ` Ç]\k ]~Z`cd\ek ZfekiXjkXYc\ fYj\imXek \cj i\jlckXkj [\cj Zfd`Z`j \c\ZkfiXcj [\j [\ cX kiXej`Z` \e ~Ç ZfdgfikX leX g\ig\klXZ` \e \cj \jhl\d\j ` gifZ\[`d\ekj X[d`e`jkiXk`lj hl\ ef X]Xmfi\`o\e cËfY\ikliX X efm\j gi~Zk`hl\j gfc k`hl\j# hl\ gf[i`\e g\id\ki\ Xjjld`i \cj i\gk\j [\c gi\j\ek XdY `e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ ZX`i\ `eefmX[fi% Kfk ` X`o # \c YX`o efdYi\ [\ gfYcXZ` ZfdgfikX leX gifo`d`$ kXk Xc gf[\i gfc k`Z ` leX Zf_\j` jfZ`Xc hl\ gf[i`\e \j[\m\e`i le `dgfikXek XZk`l g\i X cËXZZ` gfc k`ZX ZfdXiZXc% Ef fYjkXek X`o # cË\o`jk eZ`X [Ële Zc`dX fYa\Zk`l [ËfY\ikX Zfe]ifekXZ` gfc k`ZX \e dfckj dle`Z`g`j# gifmfZX leX Z\ikX XgXk`X \e$ m\ij c\j `ejk`klZ`fej X[d`e`jkiXk`m\j hl\# dXcXliX[Xd\ek# `dgfjj`Y`c`kX cX le`kXk e\Z\jj~i`X g\i Xc [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\ gfc k`hl\j \jkiXk ^`hl\j le`k~i`\j% CX e\Z\jj`kXk [\ efm\j \jkiXk ^`\j \e cX ^\jk` g Yc`ZX# gXjjXek [\ cX ^\jk` hlf$ k`[`XeX X cX Zi\XZ` [\ efm\j \jkiXk ^`\j `eefmX[fi\j# \j ]X gXc\jX% CX i\Z\iZX [\ dXafij i\Zlijfj [`jgfe`Yc\j g\i X c\j X[d`e`jkiXZ`fej# cX Zi\XZ` [\ eflj gcXej \jkiXk ^`Zj f cË\og\i`d\ekXZ` XdY efm\j ]fid\j [\ ^fm\ie fY\ik\j X cX gXik`Z`gX$ Z` # j\i`\e Xc^lej [\cj \o\dgc\j [\ c\j dXeZXeZ\j XglekX[\j% ;ËXckiX YXe[X# c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j aX \o`jk\ekj \e cË~dY`k [\c [\j\emfclgXd\ek# Zfd \cj gifa\Zk\j X Z~ii\Z [Ë8^\ekj [ËFZlgXZ` ` ;\j\emfclgXd\ek CfZXc# f cX `dd`e\ek Zi\XZ` [\cj >ilgj [Ë8ZZ` CfZXc \ddXiZXkj \e \c gif^iXdX C\X[\i Ç\eki\ [ËXcki\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j [\cj Z\eki\j ` \ek`kXkj [Ë`eefmXZ` X cX ZfdXiZXÇ dfjki\e kXdY le [`eXd`jd\ `eef$ mX[fi# \c mXcfi [\c hlXc ZXc Xgi\Z`Xi ` i\ZfcqXi%

G8@ s ;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX

,,

C8 ;@M@JçI@8 ;@>@K8C ÈC\j K@: _Xli`\e [\ j\i cX ^iXe XgfjkX g\i Xcj eflj k\dgj \e hl m`m`d# g\i hl gXjjX6 <e le dXk\`o gfYc\ [fj m\ ej k\e\e cX dXk\`oX Zfe$ e\o` X @ek\ie\k# ` d\eki\ hl\ X le c` ]leZ`feX g\i]\ZkXd\ek# Xc [\c ZfjkXk ef c` Xii`YX f c` ]le$ Z`feX dXcXd\ek%%%É <e gc\eX \iX [\ cX `e]fidXZ` cX jfZ`\kXk jËfi^Xe`kqX X cË\ekfie [\ oXio\j i\^`[\j g\i c\j efm\j k\Zefcf^`\j [\ cX `e]fidXZ` ` cX Zfdle`ZXZ` K@: % CX [`m`j i`X [`^`kXc j\gXiX le k\ii`kfi` hl\ k XZZ j X Xhl\jk\j k\Zefcf^`\j ` X c\j j\m\j fgfikl$ e`kXkj# [Ële Xcki\ k\ii`kfi` Çdfck jfm`ek iliXcÇ hl\ \e hl\[X \oZc j% <e cX Zfdl$ e`ZXZ` ` cË j [\c k\dgj [ËfZ` ZX[X m\^X[X gi\e d j ]fi X @ek\ie\k% 8hl\jk ]\k aX jlgfjX `dgfikXekj ^i\l^\j \eki\ c\j [`]\i\ekj fgfikle`kXkj [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\cj k\ii`kfi`j# hl\ jË`ek\ej`Ôhl\e j` gXic\d [Ële k\ii`kfi` [`jg\ij ` iliXc2 `# \eZX$ iX d j# k\e`ek \e Zfdgk\ \c [ ÔZ`k \o`jk\ek \e Xc^le\j qfe\j hlXek X ZfY\ikliX [\ k\c\]fe`X d Y`c ` Zfii\Zk\ ]leZ`feXd\ek [\c k\c ]fe Ôo% Ef [`jgfjXi [\ cËXZZ j X @ek\ie\k `dgfjj`Y`c`kX cX Zfejfc`[XZ` [\ dfckj gfjj`$ Yc\j eflj aXZ`d\ekj [ËfZlgXZ` YXjXkj \e \c k\c\ki\YXcc# ` `e_`Y\`o cX gfjj`Y`c`kXk [\ [`jd`el`i cX dfY`c`kXk fYc`^X[X [\ cX gfYcXZ` g\i ^\jk`fej X[d`e`jkiXk`m\j f [\ j\im\`j X c\j g\ijfe\j% 8 d j# [`jgfjXi [ËleX YfeX oXioX [\ Zfdle`ZXZ` \e YXj\ X c\j efm\j k\Zefcf^`\j g\id\ki`X `eZi\d\ekXi cËf]\ikX ]fidXk`mX X [`jk~eZ`X# f]\i`i`X leX ^iXe fgfikle`kXk \e \c j\Zkfi [\ cX m\e[X [`i\ZkX ` [\ gifo`d`kXk# ` X]Xmfi`i`X cX Zfejfc`[XZ` [\ oXio\j [\ Zffg\iXZ` % Kfk ` X`o # \c Jfcjfe j [`jgfjX Xml` [\c gif^iXdX \jg\Z ÔZ Ê Jfcjfe j :fee\ZkXËk Ë hl\# ^\jk`feXk [\j [\c :fej\cc :fdXiZXc# k cËfYa\Zk`l [\ jlg\iXi Xhl\jkX [`m`j i`X [`^`kXc% 8dY kfk# g\i # X [`X [ËXml` \eZXiX _` _X dfckj gfYc\j ` elZc`j [\ cX ZfdXi$ ZX hl\ ef [`jgfj\e [ËleX Zfee\o` X @ek\ie\k hl\ \cj g\id\k` j`klXi$j\ X cX YXe[X gfj`k`mX [ËXhl\jkX [`m`j i`X [`^`kXc%

,-

;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX s G8@

;@=@:LCK8KJ <E CË8::yJ 8 CË?89@K8K>< CX gifYc\d~k`ZX [\ cËXZZ j X cË_XY`kXk^\ ef j \jg\Z ÔZX [\c Jfcjfe j# j`e hl\ \j[\m leX j`klXZ` ^\e\iXc`kqX[X X kfk :XkXclepX ` cË<jkXk \jgXepfc% CX k\e[ eZ`X \jg\ZlcXk`mX [\c d\iZXk `ddfY`c`Xi` X cX `em\ij` jfYi\ lej Y ej j\^lij ` X cËXc X# Zfd _f j cË_XY`kXk^\# _X \jkXk le ]XZkfi ZcXl hl\ _X gifmfZXk j`klXZ`fej i\jki`Z$ k`m\j X cË_fiX [ËXZZ\[`i$_`% Kfk ` hl\ \e \cj ck`dj Xepj dle`Z`g`j Zfd JfcjfeX f JXek Ccfi\e _Xe gifdf^lk cË_XY`kXk^\ gifk\^`k# cX k\e[ eZ`X X cËXc X [\cj gi\lj _X gifmfZXk hl\ Xhl\jk i\jlck` `eXZZ\jj`Yc\ g\i Xcj afm\j ` g\ijfe\j XdY YX`o gf[\i X[hl`j`k`l% <cj hl\ _` _Xe gf^lk XZZ\[`i _f _Xe ]\k d`kaXe Xek ^iXej gifZ\jjfj [Ë\e[\lkXd\ek `# d\eki\ hl\ _` _X le Xck efdYi\ [Ë_XY`kXk^\ mXZXek# cX k\e[ eZ`X _X \jkXk Zfejkil`i [\ efl% Kfk ` X`o # `e`Z`Xk`m\j Zfd \c gif^iXdX [\ i\_XY`c`kXZ` [Ë`ddfYc\j Xc ZXjZ Xek`Z [\ JfcjfeX j\dYcX hl\ [\ d`ZX \e d`ZX gf[\e Zfd\e Xi X hlXccXi% <e c\j qfe\j iliXcj# cX k\e[ eZ`X X cËXc X [\cj gi\lj [\ c\j ZXj\j ` c\j dXj`\j [\cj ck`dj Xepj jË_X [feXk \e gXik g\i cËXl^d\ek [\ cX [\dXe[X [ËXhl\jkj `ddfYc\j g\i X ljfj j\Zle[Xi`j% Jfm`ek c\j g\ijfe\j [\c dle`Z`g` Ç`# \e dXafi gXik# \cj afm\j hl\ mfc`\e XZZ\[`i X leX m`m\e[XÇ ef _Xe gf^lk Zfdg\k`i XdY \c e`m\cc X[hl`j`k`l [\ c\j ]Xd c`\j hl\ c\j _Xe ZfdgiXk g\i ]\i$e\ le j gleklXc f mXZXZ`feXc% CX [`ÔZlckXk [ËXZZ\jj`Y`c`kXk X cË_XY`kXk^\ X c\j qfe\j iliXcj jË_X [feXk kXdY g\i Xcki\j j`klXZ`fej [`m\ij\j# Zfd j e1 \c i\Z\c X m\e[i\ g\i gXik [\cj gifg`\kXi`j2 cX dXeZX [\ mfclekXk g\i ccf^Xi2 \c dXc \jkXk [\ c\j ZXj\j2 cX [`ÔZlckXk g\i Xjjld`i \cj Zfjkfj XjjfZ`Xkj X cX i\_XY`c`kXZ` 2 f cX Zfdgc\o`kXk [\cj gifZ\jjfj YlifZi~k`Zj hl\ jlgfjX fYk\e`i leX cc`Z eZ`X [ËfYi\j%

È<e cX dXafi`X [\ ZXjfj# Xcj dle`Z`g`j iliXcj j` \k mfcj hl\[Xi X m`li\ Xc gfYc\ _f _Xj [\ ]\i X ZXjX [\cj gXi\jÉ 8hl\jk\j j`klXZ`fej# jldX[\j X cX c`d`kXZ` [\ j c liY~ ` le\j efidXk`m\j liYX$ e jk`hl\j hl\ \e cX dXafi`X [\ ZXjfj \j i\^\`o\e g\i efid\j jlYj`[`~i`\j hl\ _Xe hl\[Xk fYjfc\k\j# ]Xe hl\ kXdY j`^l` dfck [`] Z`c Zfejkil`i$_` [\ efl% 8hl\jkX j i`\ [\ Zfe[`Z`feXekj hl\ c`d`k\e cËXZZ j X cË_XY`kXk^\ _Xe gifmfZXk hl\ dfck\j [\ c\j g\ijfe\j hl\ mfc`\e hl\[Xi$j\ X m`li\ \e \cj dle`Z`g`j iliXcj _f _X^`e _X^lk [\ ]\i hl\[Xek$j\ X m`li\ X ZXjX [\cj gXi\j# f Y _X^`e _X^lk [\ dXioXi X Z\iZXi le _XY`kXk^\ \e Xcki\j dle`Z`g`j# gi`eZ`gXcd\ek X JfcjfeX% 8dY cX `ek\eZ` [Ë`e`Z`Xi ` gfk\eZ`Xi \cj gifZ\jjfj [\ i\_XY`c`kXZ` # ` XiiXe [\ cËXgifmXZ` [\ cX cc\` [ËliYXe`jd\ [\c )'')# XgXi\`o \c ZXk~c\^ [\ dXj`\j dle`Z`$ gXc Zfd X \`eX hl\ _Xli~ [\ gfjj`Y`c`kXi cX ZXkXcf^XZ` [ËXhl\cc\j dXj`\j j`klX$ [\j \e j c ef liYXe`kqXYc\ jlYa\Zk\j X j\i i\_XY`c`kX[\j ` _XY`kX[\j% Kfk ` X`o # \cj Zi`k\i`j jfYi\ \cj hlXcj leX dXj`X gfk f ef gfk \ekiXi Xc ZXk~c\^# ` \cj mXcfij g\cj

G8@ s ;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX

,.

hlXcj j\Ëe _X [\ ]XZ`c`kXi cX i\_XY`c`kXZ` # j e fYa\Zk\ [\ gfc d`ZX ` Zfekifm ij`X \eki\ X[d`e`jkiXZ` ` gfYcXZ` 1 d\eki\ hl\ g\i X lej gi`dX \c mXcfi gXki`dfe`Xc ` Xihl`k\Zk e`Z# g\i Xcj Xcki\j cX `dgfik~eZ`X i\ZXl \e \c ]\k [\ g\id\ki\ cËXZZ j X cË_XY`kXk^\# [feXek m`[X Xcj k\ii`kfi`j d j [`jj\d`eXkj%

È?\d [\ [`jj\epXi \cj gcXej [Ëfi[\eXZ` [\cj dle`Z`g`j k\e`ek \e Zfdgk\ \c gfYc\ hl\ jfd ` hl`e gfYc\ mfc\dÉ

898E;FE8D<EK ;Ë<OGCFK8:@FEJ ÈJ` [fe j g\i m`li\%%% dfckj afm\j jË_` hl\[Xi`\eÉ <e \cj [Xii\ij Xepj# X ZXljX [\ cX ZfealekliX \Zfe d`ZX XZklXc Ç`# \e ZfeZi\k# [\c d\iZXk dle[`Xc [\ gif[lZk\j X^iXi`jÇ# _Xe \jkXk dfck\j c\j \ogcfkXZ`fej X^i~i`\j hl\ jË_Xe XYXe[feXk `# g\i kXek# kXdY _X YX`oXk \c efdYi\ [\ gX^\jfj ` gX^\j\j% ;ËXhl\ccj hl\ _` ifdXe\e# - [\ ZX[X (' k`klcXij [\cj +'. hl\ hl\[\e k\e\e d j [\ ,' Xepj% CX YX`oX i\e[`Y`c`kXk [\c j\Zkfi gifmfZX le [\j\eZ j \e \cj afm\j \em\ij cËXZk`m`kXk# XdY cX Zfej\h \ek [`ÔZlckXk [\ i\cc\l ^\e\iXZ`feXc ` cË\em\cc`d\ek [\cj hl` jË_` dXek\e\e% C\j [`ÔZlckXkj [Ë`ek\ej`ÔZXi c\j \ogcfkXZ`fej Xc efi[ [\ cX ZfdXiZX ]Xe hl\ cËXYXe[feXd\ek [\ c\j k\ii\j ` cË\em\cc`d\ek [\cj k`klcXij _` j`^l`e dfck d j `e$ k\ejfj hl\ X cX qfeX jl[% 8 d j# ZXc k\e`i gi\j\ek hl\ cX YX`oX [fkXZ` [\ j\im\`j g Yc`Zj# ` cËX ccXd\ek ` cX [`jk~eZ`X [\cj Z\eki\j gifm\ [fij# ef ]XZ`c`k\e c\j Zfe[`$ Z`fej [\ m`[X \e le _~Y`kXk [`jj\d`eXk% CË\c\mXk Zfjk [\ cËXZk`m`kXk X^i~i`X# \c Zfekifc g\i gXik [Ë\dgi\j\j `ek\^iX[fi\j ` [`jki`Yl [fi\j jfYi\ \c mfcld [\ gif[lZZ` ` gi\l [\c gif[lZk\ X^iXi`# ` cX Zfdg\$ k eZ`X [\jcc\`Xc XdY c\j gif[lZZ`fej [ËXcki\j k\ii`kfi`j# ]Xe hl\ dfck\j [\ c\j \ogcf$ kXZ`fej X^i~i`\j j`^l`e gfZ i\e[`Yc\j% ;XmXek [ËXhl\jk gXefiXdX# cËXjjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\ \e cX gif[lZZ` Ç` Ôej ` kfk [`jki`YlZ` f Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` Ç g\id\ki`X \e gXik `e$ Zi\d\ekXi cX i\e[`Y`c`kXk \Zfe d`ZX [\ c\j \ogcfkXZ`fej% DXcXliX[Xd\ek# g\i # c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j [ËX^i`ZlckliX XjjfZ`Xk`mX j e \jZXjj\j Xc Jfcjfe j%

È8 cX efjkiX \[Xk# hl`eX XZk`m`kXk mfcj hl\ \j Zf$ d\eZ`6 8`o _f _X [\ ]\i ^\ek afm\% Hl`eX XZk`$ m`kXk Zfd\e Xi\d efjXcki\j j` [ËXhl X (' Xepj _\d [\ gc\^Xi É

,/

;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX s G8@

LeX Zfdle`kXk [\jdfk`mX[X ` \em\cc`[X c`d`kX dfck jj`d c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j g\i [\j$ dXiZXi$j\ [\ cX G8: ` [\ cX [\g\e[ eZ`X [\ c\j ^iXej \dgi\j\j# ZfjX hl\ Zfe[l\`o X `dgfikXi gif[lZk\j hl\ cX ZfdXiZX aX gif[l\`o% <e [\Ôe`k`mX# `e`Z`Xk`m\j `eef$ mX[fi\j hl\ g\id\ki`\e XZfjkXi \c mXcfi X]\^`k [\c gif[lZk\ X^iXi` Xc gif[lZkfi ÇZfd j e cX kiXej]fidXZ` ` cX m\e[X cfZXc f cËXgfjkX g\i gif[lZk\j [`]\i\eZ`Xkj# XdY [`jk`ek`lj [\ hlXc`kXk f [\ hlXc`kXk [`]\i\eZ`X[X [\cj Zfem\eZ`feXcjÇ Zfeki`$ Yl`i`\e X cËXlkfefd`X ` cË\jkXY`c`kXk [\ c\j \ogcfkXZ`fej% <e leX ZfdXiZX XdY le gXki`dfe` X^iXi` ` eXkliXc [`m\ij# Z\iZXi `e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ Zfdgc\d\ekXi`\kXk \eki\ \ogcfkXZ`fej ` gif[lZZ`fej [\ [`]\i\ekj qfe\j [\ cX ZfdXiZX ` [`]\i\ekj Ôehl\j# j leX fgfikle`kXk dfck gcXlj`Yc\ kXek g\i Xc dXe$ k\e`d\ek [\ c\j \ogcfkXZ`fej Zfd [\c gifg` gXki`dfe` X^iXi`% ;\ dfd\ek# X cX ZfdXiZX aX \o`jk\`o\e Xc^le\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j gifl `ek\i\jjXekj ÇZfd Xc^lej Z`iZl`kj cfZXcj [\c gif[lZk\Ç# X`o Zfd `e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ [`m\ij`ÔZXZ` gif[lZk`mX ÇcX m\e[X [\ Z\i\Xc X g\k`k\j \dgi\j\j gif[lZkfi\j [\ g`ejf [\ cX dXk\`oX ZfdXiZX# hl\ Xc_fiX \c m\e\e X iXdX[\ij cfZXcj% CËXYXe[feXd\ek [\ cËXZk`m`kXk X^i~i`X `# \e [\Ôe`k`mX# [\c k\ii`kfi`# \jk~ ek`dX$ d\ek i\cXZ`feXk XdY cX g i[lX [\c gX`jXk^\ iliXc Zfd X \c\d\ek `[\ek`kXi` [\ cX ZfdXiZX# X^i\laXek$j\# X`o # \c [\jZfe\`o\d\ek [\ cX gX^\j`X g\i gXik [\ cX jf$ Z`\kXk \e ^\e\iXc% <e ZfeZi\k# cËXYXe[feXd\ek [\ cËXZk`m`kXk ]fi\jkXc `eZi\d\ekX kXdY \c i`jZ [Ë`eZ\e[`j ` [\ efl i\]fi X \c j\ek`d\ek [\ [\j\eZ j ` \c g\jj`d`jd\ g\c hl\ ]X X c\j gfjj`Y`c`kXkj [Ë`eefmXZ` %

D8E:8 ;< KI8EJ=FID8:@ä @ :FD<I:@8C@KQ8:@ä CF:8C È<ej kifY\d \e le Zfek\ok [ËX^i\jj`m`kXk [\c d\iZXk ` [ËXY j [\ gf[\i [\cj È^iXejÉ% KI8;<D8 ` 9F@O# [\ Gl`^$I\`^# mXe X ZfdgiXi ]ljkX X =iXe X X dXafi gi\l hl\ cX [ËXhl # g\i \e]fejXi \cj d\iZXkj cfZXcj %%% % <c dXk\`o gXjj~ XdY c\j `ek\^iX[fi\j cfZXcj [\ gfccXjki\j ` XdY \cj Z\i\Xcj%%%É CX gfZX i\e[`Y`c`kXk [\ cË\ogcfkXZ` X^i~i`X \jk~ ek`dXd\ek i\cXZ`feX[X XdY cX dXeZX [Ë`e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ kiXej]fidXZ` [\c gif[lZk\ cfZXc ` [\ Z`iZl`kj Zlikj [\ Zf$ d\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` # hl\ g\id\ki`\e hl\ \c gX^ j g\iZ\Y j le dXafi Y\e\ÔZ` [\c gif$ [lZk\ hl\ m\e% J\^fej [X[\j [\ cX :F8> ( # \c gi\l [\ cX ZXie [\ m\[\ccX \e fi`^\e \j m\e`X X *#** \lifj \c hl`cf2 X [\jk Çf j`^l`# \c hl\ gX^XmX \c Zfejld`[fi ÔeXcÇ

G8@ s ;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX

,0

XjZ\e[`X X (,#'( \lifj# i\gi\j\ekXek le `eZi\d\ek [\c +,( % J\^fej cX dXk\`oX :F8># \c j\k\dYi\ [\c )''/ \c gi\l [\cj gif[lZk\j X^iXi`j \j dlck`gc`ZXmX g\i (( [\j [\ cX gif[lZZ` Ôej Xc Zfejld ÔeXc# j`^e`ÔZXek leX [`]\i eZ`X d`kaXeX [\c ,)* % CX dXafi gXik [\c Y\e\ÔZ` \j ^\e\iX# [feZj# \e c\j ]Xj\j [\ kiXej]fidXZ` ` [`jki`YlZ` %

È8hl \c hl\ \ej ]XckXi`X j leX Yfk`^X% Hl\ k`e$ ^l\jj`j gif[lZk\j k\lj ` \cj gf^l\jj`j Zfd\iZ`Xc`k$ qXi% CcXmfij j hl\ c` gfkj ki\li\ le mXcfi X]\^`kÉ Kfk ` hl\ Xepj \ei\i\ \c Jfcjfe j \jkXmX [fkXk [ËleX g\k`kX `e[ jki`X [\ kiXej]fi$ dXZ` # \e cËXZklXc`kXk \j gfk [\jkXZXi efd j KiX[\dX Zfd X `e[ jki`X [\ kiXej$ ]fidXZ` [\ ]ljkX% DXcXliX[Xd\ek# g\i # jfc kiXej]fidXi gif[lZk\ ef cfZXc `# g\i kXek# ef X]Xmfi\`o c\j \ogcfkXZ`fej ]fi\jkXcj [\ cX ZfdXiZX% 8 d\jliX hl\ c\j ^iXej \dgi\j\j `ek\^iX[fi\j ` [`jki`Yl [fi\j Xl^d\ek\e \c j\l gf[\i \e \c d\i$ ZXk X^iXi`# cX g\k`kX X^if`e[ jki`X kiXej]fidX[fiX [\c gif[lZk\ cfZXc mX kXeZXek% Le ZXj gXiX[`^d~k`Z j e \cj \jZfioX[fij1 leX XZk`m`kXk hl\ Xepj \ei\i\ ^Xl[`X [\ ^iXe i\cc\m~eZ`X# ` hl\ Xml` \e [`X efd j ZfdgkX XdY le \jZfioX[fi j`klXk X EXm j% Le Xcki\ \o\dgc\ \c kifY\d \e \c j\Zkfi ]Xi`e\i# kXdY [\jgcX Xk g\i ^iXej \dgi\j\j kiXej]fidX[fi\j [\ ]fiX cX ZfdXiZX% C\j efm\j i\cXZ`fej [\ gf[\i hl\ XZkl\e Xc d\iZXk dle[`Xc ]Xe hl\ dfckj [\cj X^i`Zlckfij _X^`e k\e[`k X cX gif[lZZ` [\ ^\e i`Zj# `ek\^iXek$j\ m\ik`ZXcd\ek \e ^iXej dlck`eXZ`feXcj hl\ fg\i\e \e cË\Zfefd`X ^cfYXc`kqX[X% 8`o ef j`^e`ÔZX XckiX ZfjX hl\ cËXZZ\gkXZ` [\c ]\k hl\ cX j\mX XZk`m`kXk gif[lZk`mX jË_X [ËX[XgkXi Xcj i\hl\i`d\ekj [ËXhl\jk\j ^iXej \dgi\j\j `# g\i kXek# gif[l`i dfckX hlXek`$ kXk [Ële dXk\`o Zlck`l% 8hl\jk k`glj [\ gif[lZZ` c`d`kX c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j cfZXcj [\ kiXej]fidXZ` [\c gif[lZk\ X^iXi`# aX hl\ \c mfcld [\ gif[lZZ` j dXjjX \c\mXk ` ef \j gf[i`X Xjjld`i% CX g i[lX [\ [`m\ij`kXk gif[lZk`mX hl\ ZfdgfikX Xhl\jkX `ek\^iXZ` c`d`kX \c [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\ cËX^if`e[ jki`X cfZXc% G\i j` cX kiXej]fidXZ` [\c gif[lZk\ cfZXc jË_X XcclepXk dfck [\c gif[lZkfi# \e$ ZXiX _f _Xe ]\k d j cX m\e[X ` cX Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` [\c gif[lZk\ kiXej]fidXk% Dfck jfm`ek c\j [`jki`Yl [fi\j j e ^iXej \dgi\j\j hl\ i\ZXgk\e YfeX gXik [\c mXcfi X]\^`k [\c gif[lZk\ X^iXi`# ` hl\ \c [`jki`Yl\`o\e X qfe\j cclepXe\j [\ cX gif[lZ$ Z` % CX dXeZX [Ë`e`Z`Xk`mX [\ m\e[X [`i\ZkX g\i gXik [\c gif[lZkfi# alekXd\ek XdY cX dXeZX [\ mXcfiXZ` [\c gif[lZk\ cfZXc g\i gXik [\c Zfejld`[fi# X^i\l^\e cX j`klXZ` [\c j\Zkfi% CX Zfejfc`[XZ` [Ë`e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ kiXej]fidXZ` ` Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` cfZXc ef efd j k`e[i`X \]\Zk\j jfYi\ \c gX^ j# hl\ i\ZXgkXi`X d j mXcfi X]\^`k# j`e hl\ [\ i\kilZ \j Zi\Xi`\e ccfZj [\ ki\YXcc \e cX `e[ jki`X ` \c Zfd\i Ç`# \e cX d\jliX hl\ Xhl\j$ k\j \j YXjXi`\e \e gif[lZk\j cfZXcj# \cj [fkXi`\e kXdY [\ d j \jkXY`c`kXk% :ffi[`eX[fiX \jgXepfcX [ËFi^Xe`kqXZ`fej [Ë8^i`Zlckfij ` IXdX[\ij# j\^fej [X[\j fÔZ`Xcj [\c )''/%

(

-'

;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX s G8@

89JßE:@8 ;ËLE8 CàE@8 <JKI8Kß>@:8 :C8I8 G<I 8C J<:KFI KLIàJK@: È;Ë`e`Z`Xk`m\j aX eË_` _X \e Xc^lej gfYc\j%%% \c gifYc\dX j hl\ ZX[XjZ mX X cX j\mX# ` \cj `e$ k\ekj [ËXalekXi$j\ hl\ _` _X _X^lk ef _Xe ]leZ`f$ eXk ` ef jË_X ]\k i\jÉ <c Jfcjfe j Kli jk`Z :fejfiZ`Xk jË_X dXek`e^lk `efg\iXek [liXek \cj j\lj ^X`$ i\Y ) Xepj [\ m`[X# g\i cX dXeZX [Ë\ek\jX [ËXhl\ccj hl\ \c Zfejk`kl \e% D j i\$ Z\ekd\ek# cX Zi\XZ` g\i gXik [\ cË8alekXd\ek [\ JfcjfeX [ËleX \dgi\jX g\i X cX gifdfZ` kli jk`ZX [\ cX Z`lkXk _X XgfikXk \og\ZkXk`m\j hl\ ZXc[i~ mXc`[Xi \e \cj gifg\ij Xepj% KiX[`Z`feXcd\ek# cX gifdfZ` kli jk`ZX X cX ZfdXiZX _X \jkXk Xjj`^eX[X Xc GXkifeXk :fdXiZXc [\ Kli`jd\# \ej Xc hlXc j\dYcX hl\ \j gi\k e gfk\eZ`Xi [\jgi j [\c ]iXZ~j [\c Kli`jd\ :fejfiZ`Xk# ` hl\ ^\jk`feX c\j fÔZ`e\j [\ kli`jd\ X`o Zfd cË\[`Z` [\c dXk\i`Xc [\ gifdfZ` \o`jk\ek X cX ZfdXiZX% DXc^iXk Xhl\jk\j k\dgkXk`m\j fi^Xe`kqXk`m\j ÇjldX[\j X fi^Xe`kqXZ`fej j\Zkf$ i`Xcj hl\ ki\YXcc\e kXdY \e \c j\Zkfi kli jk`ZÇ ` [ËXcki\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ ZX`i\ d j \jg\Z ÔZ ÇZfd cX ]lkliX Zi\XZ` [\c Z\eki\ [Ë`ek\igi\kXZ` X JfcjfeXÇ# \c j\Zkfi kli jk`Z ef _X Xjjfc`k cX ÔkX [\ dXiZXi$j\ leX c e`X \jkiXk ^`ZX ZcXiX% 8hl\jkX c` g\id\ki`X \jkXYc`i gif[lZk\j ` d\iZXkj j\^d\ekXkj# X`o Zfd leX ÊdXiZXË hl\ \e$ ^cfY j kfkX cËf]\ikX kli jk`ZX# d j \ecc~ [\ cËXccfkaXd\ek# gXjjXek g\i ^Xjkifefd`X# gXki`dfe`# gif[lZk\ cfZXc ` ZlckliX gfglcXi% ;ËXhl\jkX dXe\iX \j gf[i`X gfj`Z`f$ eXi \c kli`jd\ Xc Jfcjfe j Zfd X gif[lZk\ [`]\i\eZ`Xk [`ej [\c d\iZXk [\ [\jk`$ eXZ`fej ZXkXcXe\j%

G8@ s ;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX

-(

<C D@I8K>< LI9Á1 LE @DGFIK8EK =8:KFI ;ËßOF;< ALM<E@C È:fd\eZ\j XeXek X \jkl[`Xi X Cc\`[X f X 9XiZ\$ cfeX g\ihl \c hl\ mfcj \jkl[`Xi ef _f gfkj Zli$ jXi Xhl # g\i X cË_fiX [\ YljZXi ]\`eX kËX[fe\j hl\ X cX ZfdXiZX ef _` _X f]\ikX cXYfiXc [ËXcc hl\ _Xj \jkl[`Xk% 8`o # XZXY\j m`m`ek ]fiX \eki\ j\kdXeX ` \cj ZXgj [\ j\kdXeX gl^\j ZXg Xhl [Xck% J` ef ]fj g\i cX ]Xd c`X hlXj` j\i`X Zfd j` ]fjj`j le kli`jkX d jÉ <e c\j [Xii\i\j [ ZX[\j# c\j Zfe[`Z`fej [\ m`[X Xc ZXdg _Xe \j[\m`e^lk d\epj Z df[\j hl\ X Z`lkXk Ç\e gXik g\i cX dX^`eXZ` X[d`e`jkiXk`mXÇ# ` j e dfck\j c\j g\ijfe\j hl\ [\Z`[\`o\e XYXe[feXi \c ZXdg ` XeXi X cX Z`lkXk g\i X Z\iZXi d j Y\e\jkXi% 8 d j# X gXik`i [\cj ml`kXekX# mX e `o\i Xc ZXdg leX e\Z\jj`kXk [\ m`li\ j\^fej df[\cj liYXej XdY ]Xd c`\j dfefelZc\Xij# ZXj\j Zfe]fikXYc\j# \ekfiej liYXe`kqXkj# \kZ% <e \c ZXj [\ cX gfYcXZ` d j afm\# Xhl\jkX \dgXk`X g\i cX liYXe`$ kXk \j kiX[l\`o# dfck\j m\^X[\j# \e cË of[\ ZXg X c\j ^iXej Z`lkXkj% :fejld# fZ` f df[\ie`kXk# j e Xc^lej [\cj \c\d\ekj [\ jXk`j]XZZ` [\ c\j e\Z\j$ j`kXkj ^\e\iX[\j j\^fej c\j gXlk\j [\ Zfejld liYXe\j# `dgfjj`Yc\j [\ jXk`j]\i Xc d\[` iliXc% 8 Xhl\jkj \c\d\ekj [\ ZX`i\ d j jlYa\Zk`l# g\i # ZXc X]\^`i$_` c\j e\Z\jj`kXkj fYa\Zk`m\j [\ ]fidXZ` # ki\YXcc ` XZZ j X cË_XY`kXk^\ hl\ c\j afm\j ^\e\$ iXZ`fej Z\ihl\e jXk`j]\i# Zfd X e`ZX fgZ` gfjj`Yc\# X c\j ^iXej Z`lkXkj [\c gX j f# \e Xcki\j ZXjfj# \e \cj ZXgj [\ ZfdXiZX% 8hl\jk XkiXZk`l [\ cX m`[X liYXeX \e]ifek cX gi\jld`Yc\ [li\jX iliXc \j[\m le ]XZkfi [\ i`jZ `dgfikXek g\i Xc i\cc\l ^\e\iXZ`feXc [\ c\j gfYcXZ`fej iliXcj% <cj ` c\j afm\j# \e dfckj ZXjfj \d`^iXkj [liXek cË\kXgX [Ë\jkl[`j jlg\i`fij X c\j ^iXej Z`lkXkj ZXkXcXe\j# fgk\e jfm`ek g\i \jkXYc`i$jË_` [\Ôe`k`mXd\ek f Y # \e ZXj [\ i\$ kfieXi X cX ZfdXiZX# \jkXYc`i$j\ X cX ZXg`kXc jfcjfe`eX% <j kiXZkX [Ële i\gk\ hl\ ZXc X]ifekXi XgfjkXek g\i `e`Z`Xk`m\j hl\ kiXZk`e [\Z`[`$ [Xd\ek [\ ]XZ`c`kXi \c ÔoXd\ek [\ c\j afm\j ^\e\iXZ`fej Xc k\ii`kfi` iliXc# g\i kXc hl\ cX g\im`m eZ`X [\cj g\k`kj elZc`j ` dle`Z`g`j j`^l` leX i\Xc`kXk \e c\j gifg\$ i\j [ ZX[\j% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# `e`Z`Xk`m\j g\i [`m\ij`ÔZXi cË\Zfefd`X [feXek gXj X leX fZlgXZ` hl\ XYjfiY\`o` cX ]fidXZ` \o`jk\ek# f leX dXafi f]\ikX ]fidXk`mX [\ cX d~ [Ë`dgfikXekj Z\eki\j Zfd cË<jZfcX [\ :XgXZ`kXZ` 8^i~i`X f \c :\eki\ K\Zefc ^`Z =fi\jkXc# gf[\e j\i fgfikle`kXkj X Zfek\dgcXi g\i d`k`^Xi \c ]\e d\e [\ cË\em\cc`d\ek gfYcXZ`feXc%

-)

;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX s G8@

CË8::yJ 8C DäE C89FI8C <EKI< C<J ;FE<J @ <CJ AFM<J ÈEf _` _X leX `^lXckXk [Ëfgfikle`kXkj g\i X cX [feX g\c hl\ ]X X cËXZZ j Xc d e cXYfiXc% CX dX$ afi`X [\ ]\`e\j \jkXe dfck dXjZlc`e`kqX[\j ` cX [feX jË_X [\ i\]l^`Xi \e \c j\Zkfi j\im\`j% J` X d j \kj [feX iliXc f afm\# \eZXiX _f k\ej d j Zfdgc`ZXk%%%É CËXZZ j Xc d\iZXk cXYfiXc gi\j\ekX leX j i`\ [\ Zfe[`Z`feXekj g\c hl\ ]X Xcj Zfc×c\Zk`lj [\ [fe\j ` afm\j% LeX [`jZi`d`eXZ` hl\# \e \c ZXj [\cj afm\j# jËXki`Yl\`o X cX `e\og\i` eZ`X ` cX ]XckX [\ Zfdgifd j2 \e \c ZXj [\ c\j [fe\j# g\c gi\al[`Z` [\c ifc [\ dXi\ ` Zl`[X[fiX ` g\i leX `ee\Z\jj~i`X i\jki`ZZ` [\ [`m\ij\j fZlgXZ`fej Xc ^ e\i\ dXjZlc % G\i leX YXe[X# cX Õ\o`Y`c`kqXZ` [\c d\iZXk cXYfiXc gfikX `dgc Z`k \c ]\k [Ë_Xm\i [ËX[XgkXi$j\ ZfejkXekd\ek X efm\j j`klXZ`fej# _fiXi`j ` ]leZ`fej `# g\i cËXckiX# hl\ dfck\j [\ c\j ]\`e\j j`^l`e [\ ZXi~Zk\i k\dgfiXc% 8ml` \e [`X [`] Z`cd\ek le afm\ gfk Xjg`iXi X k\e`i le fÔZ` X cX dXk\`oX \dgi\jX kfkX cX m`[X% 8`o # dXc^iXk hl\ gfk j\dYcXi leX j`klXZ` [\ i\cXk`mX cc`Y\ikXk i\jg\Zk\ [\c d\iZXk cXYfiXc# \j$ [\m leX ]fek [Ë`ej\^li\kXk \Zfe d`ZX \e ZXj [\ mfc\i \dXeZ`gXi$j\# XZZ\[`i X cË_XY`kXk^\ f gcXek\aXi$j\ ]fidXi leX ]Xd c`X% 8 d j [ËXhl\jkj \c\d\ekj# cX YX`oX \jg\Z`Xc`kqXZ` ` leX YX`oX Zfii\jgfe[ eZ`X \eki\ ]fidXZ` ` fZlgXZ` X^i\l^\e c\j gifYc\d~k`hl\j [ËXZZ j Xc d\iZXk cXYfiXc# aX j`^l` g\ihl ef jËf]\i\`o\e ccfZj [\ ki\YXcc g\i X c\j [fe\j# f Y g\ihl \cj afm\j ef kifY\e ]\`eX [ËXcc hl\ _Xe \jkl[`Xk f \e \c ZXdg \e hl jË_Xe \jg\Z`Xc`kqXk% <e \c dXk\`o j\ek`k# cX dXeZX [Ë`e`Z`Xk`m\j hl\ ]fd\ek`e cX ZfeZ`c`XZ` \eki\ m`[X cXYfiXc ` ]Xd`c`Xi g\i X c\j [fe\j# ` cX gfZX \jkiXk ^`X [\ Zi\XZ` [\ ccfZj [\ ki\YXcc \jg\Z`Xc`kqXkj hl\ k`e^l`e \e Zfdgk\ \c gfk\eZ`Xc ZfdXiZXc ` cX ]fidXZ` [\cj af$ m\j# j e ]XZkfij hl\ ef Xal[\e X jfclZ`feXi cX gifYc\d~k`ZX [\ cËXZZ j Xc d\iZXk cXYfiXc%

G8@ s ;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX

-*

D8E:8 ;ËFGFIKLE@K8KJ G<I C8 ;FE8 ILI8C ÈCX dXeZX [\ j\im\`j X c\j qfe\j iliXcj gifmfZX Zfdgc`ZXZ`fej2 j` m`lj \e leX dXj`X X ccX[X# k\ej ZXeXccX ` m`lj XdY \cj Xm`j# aX ^X`i\Y ef ZXc hl\ ]XZ`j i\j d j% <k gXjj\j kfk \c [`X ]\ek m`Xk^\j XdY \c Zfko\ Xdlek ` XmXcc# f Y gfikXek \cj eX$ efj X JfcjfeX# f g\e[\ek [\ gfikXi cËXm` Xc :8G g\i X cX m`j`kX Xc d\k^\# XeXek X ]\i cX ZfdgiX j\kdXeXc%%% kXjhl\j hl\ \e cX dXafi`X [\ ZXjfj Xjjld`d j\dgi\ c\j [fe\jÉ KiX[`Z`feXcd\ek cX [feX jË_X ]\k Z~ii\Z [ËXhl\ccj \jgX`j d j ek`dXd\ek i\cX$ Z`feXkj XdY cX m`[X ]Xd`c`Xi ` Zfdle`k~i`X% 8hl\jkj j e gi\Z`jXd\ek \cj hl\ cX [feX \eZXiX [ll X cX j\mX dfko`ccX jfZ`Xc ` ZlckliXc# ` hl\ gfik\e `dgc Z`kX cX i\j$ gfejXY`c`kXk [\ ^XiXek`i$cfj X cX j\mX ]Xd c`X% Dfck\j [ËXhl\jk\j kXjhl\j hl\ [\j$ \emfclgX cX [feX \j g\iZ\Y\e Zfd X `dgc Z`k\j X cX j\mX Zfe[`Z` ]\d\e`eX# ` j e fd\j\j kXek g\c d\iZXk Zfd g\c j`jk\dX gXki`XiZXc% Le \o\dgc\ gXiX[`^d~k`Z hl\ i\Õ\Zk\`o Xhl\jkX j`klXZ` j cX `eZXgXZ`kXk [\ dfck\j [\ c\j [fe\j ki\YXccX[fi\j [\ cX ZXjX f [\c e\^fZ` ]Xd`c`Xi [\ [`]\i\eZ`Xi fe Zfd\e X cX j\mX kXjZX cXYfiXc ` fe Zfd\e X cX m`[X g\ijfeXc% CX gi\jj` jfZ`Xc ` ZlckliXc hl\ i\g cX [feX \e cË~dY`k ]Xd`c`Xi ` cfZXc [\j\d$ YfZX \e \c ]\k hl\ \eZXiX Xml` dfck\j [fe\j gi\]\i\`o\e gi\j\imXi cX ]leZ` [\ Zfc×cXYfiX[fi\j [\ cË\Zfefd`X ]Xd`c`Xi ` [fd jk`ZX# \e ccfZ [\ Zfek`elXi f `ek\e$ j`ÔZXi cX j\mX Xlkfefd`X \Zfe d`ZX% CX Z\ik\jX hl\ \e ZXj [ËfgkXi g\i cËfZlgXZ` ]fiX [\ cË~dY`k ]Xd`c`Xi _Xli~ [\ Zfek`elXi Xjjld`ek c\j kXjhl\j [fd jk`hl\j Ç_Xm\ek [ËXjjld`i# X`o # cX [fYc\ afieX[X cXYfiXcÇ gfk `eÕl`i \e \c dXek\e`d\ek [ËXhl\jk ifc kiX[`Z`feXc% 8hl\jkX gi\[\k\id`eXZ` ZlckliXc# d j `ek\ejX \e c\j qfe\j iliXcj# gfikX `dgc $ Z`kX leX [\j`^lXckXk [\ ^ e\i\ g\c hl\ ]X Xc e`m\cc [\ ]fidXZ` [\ c\j [fe\j d j ^iXej# ]\k hl\ i\g\iZlk\`o ` `ek\ej`ÔZX c\j [`]\i eZ`\j kXek \e cËXZZ j Zfd \e \c ^iXl [\ hlXc`ÔZXZ` [\ cX ]\`eX% J` Y Xhl\jk\j [\j`^lXckXkj j e [\k\id`eX[\j g\i cË`dX^`eXi` Zfc×c\Zk`l# cX dXeZX [Ë`e`Z`Xk`m\j g Yc`hl\j [\jk`eX[\j X e\Z\jj`kXkj hl\ kiX[`Z`feXcd\ek jXk`j]\`X cX [feX# eËX^i\laX cX j`klXZ` % <jk\d gXicXek [\ cX dXeZX [\ j\im\`j X cX ^\ek ^iXe# [\cj j\im\`j jXe`kXi`j [\ gifo`d`kXk f [\ c\j [\$ g\e[ eZ`\j XjjfZ`X[\j Xcj Ôccj%

-+

;`X^efj` gXik`Z`gXk`mX s G8@

Kfk ` hl\ gi\jld`Yc\d\ek _` _X leX Zi\`o\ek ZfejZ`\eZ`XZ` \ekfie cX e\Z\jj`kXk [ËXcc`Y\iXi cX [feX [ËXhl\jk\j gi\jj`fej# c\j `ek\im\eZ`fej g Yc`hl\j ` gi`mX[\j ]\k\j Ôej XiX \j YXj\e efd j \e cËf]\ikX [\ j\im\`j [\jk`eXkj X jlYjk`kl`i Xhl\jkj ifcj kiX[`Z`feXcj% <e ZXem`# \j [\`o\e [\ YXe[X \cj \j]fi fj hl\ jË_Xli`\e [\ ]\i g\i XZfej\^l`i cË\eZXiX dfck cclepXeX \hl`gXiXZ` \eki\ _fd\j ` [fe\j \e cX i\j$ gfejXY`c`kXk [\ c\j kXjhl\j [fd jk`hl\j% Ef fYjkXek X`o # [liXek cË ck`dX [ ZX[X _Xe XgXi\^lk efm\j fZlgXZ`fej g\i X cX [feX iliXc Xik\jXe`X Xc`d\ek~i`X# kli`jd\# j\Zkfi j\im\`j%%% hl\# alekXd\ek XdY cX gfZX m`XY`c`kXk [ËXc^le\j \ogcfkXZ`fej X^i Zfc\j ` iXdX[\i\j XjjfZ`X[\j Xc ki\YXcc dXjZlc # _Xe Zfe[l k X leX i\\jkilZkliXZ` \Zfe d`ZX [\c d e iliXc [\ dlekXepX# hl\ XiX j\ Z\ekiX d j \e \c kli`jd\ ` \e \c Zfd\i [\ hlXc`kXk% CX `dgfik~eZ`X \Zfe d`ZX [\c ki\YXcc ]\d\e _X Xl^d\ekXk `# \e Xc^lej ZXjfj# _X jlg\$ iXk cX Zfeki`YlZ` \Zfe d`ZX [\ ki\YXccj kiX[`Z`feXcd\ek dXjZlc`ej% 8hl\jkX i\Xc`kXk _X ]\k \m`[\ek leX Zi\`o\ek ]i`ZZ` \e c\j ZfejkilZZ`fej jfZ`Xcj [\ ^ e\i\# fe cË_fd\ j\ j\ek `eZ df[\ [XmXek cË\dXeZ`gXZ` [\ cX [feX% 8c_fiX# Xhl\jk ]\k fYjkXZlc`kqX cX g\iZ\gZ` [Ë\dgi\e\[fiX ` cËXlkfefd`X [\ cX [feX% CX efmX i\Xc`kXk [\ cX [feX iliXc gi`eZ`gXcd\ek cX [\ c\j d j afm\j ` cX e\Z\jj`kXk [\ ZfeZ`c`Xi cX m`[X cXYfiXc ` ]Xd`$ c`Xi# gfik\e X cËXgXi`Z` [Ële efl ZfeÕ`Zk\# hl\ i\j`[\`o \e cX k\e[ eZ`X gif^i\jj`mX X [\jm`eZlcXi$j\ [\ ifcj kiX[`Z`feXcd\ek XjjfZ`Xkj X cX [feX% Kfk Xhl\jk \ekiXdXk [\ Z`iZldjk~eZ`\j [\k\id`e\e hl\ \e \cj \g`jf[`j [Ë of[\ iliXc c\j [fe\j Ç`# gi`eZ`gXcd\ek# c\j d j afm\jÇ \e j`^l`e c\j gi`eZ`gXcj gifkX^fe`jk\j%

+ <JKI8Kß>@8 ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

-.

+%(% @EKIF;L::@ä

ÈKIF98I<D LE :8Dà @# J@ EF# <C :I<8I<DÉ 8EEà98C ;\Ôe`kj Xhl\ccj Xjg\Zk\j d j Z\ekiXcj [\ cX i\Xc`kXk [\ cX ZfdXiZX# \c j\^ \ek gXj [lk X k\id\ \e \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J _X \jkXk cX [\Ôe`Z` [Ële ÊdXiZ k\ i`ZË hl\# d`kaXe Xek \c Zfej\ej \eki\ \cj gXik`Z`gXekj# kiXZ j c\j gi`eZ`gXcj c e`\j ^\e\iXcj [Ële df[\c [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek ]lkli ` [\j`kaXYc\ g\i X cX ZfdXiZX% CË\cXYfiXZ` [ËXhl\jk Ê\jZ\eXi` [\j`kaXYc\Ë gi\k e Zi\Xi le dXiZ hl\ \e le ]lkli g\id\k` gXc×c`Xi Xhl\cc\j [\Y`c`kXkj `&f Xd\eXZ\j [\k\ZkX[\j \e cX ]Xj\ Xek\i`fi# X`o Zfd gfk\eZ`Xi Xhl\cc\j ]fikXc\j\j ` fgfikle`kXkj hl\ kXdY jË_Xe XglekXk% 8hl\jk ki\YXcc j \c hl\ \j mX i\Xc`kqXi \e cX j\^feX ]Xj\ [\c gifZ j2 cX ]Xj\ hl\ [\j [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J jË_X Xefd\eXk M@J@FEJ% <e Xhl\jkX ]Xj\ ÇZfd \e cËXek\i`fiÇ \j mXe i\Xc`kqXi ki\j kXcc\ij [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` 2 le kXcc\i Efi[ \e \c hlXc \j mX [li X k\id\ leX [`e~d`ZX \e hl jËXeXc`kqXm\e c\j k\e[ eZ`\j ` Zfej\h e$ Z`\j hl\ gf[`\e jlZZ\`i$j\ \e [fj \jZ\eXi`j ]lklij `dX^`eXi`j ` efkXYc\d\ek Zfe$ kiXgfjXkj2 le kXcc\i Jl[ \e \c hlXc \j mX g\iÔcXi d j XZliX[Xd\ek cX [\Ôe`Z` [\ cË\jZ\eXi` `[\Xc X`o Zfd c\j j\m\j gXik`ZlcXi`kXkj2 `# ÔeXcd\ek# le kXcc\i >cfYXc# \e hl aX \j mXe XglekXi Xc^le\j XZZ`fej f gifgfjk\j hl\ \j gf[i`\e [li X k\id\ k\e`ek \e Zfdgk\ Xhl\jk \jZ\eXi`%

-/

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

CX mfclekXk [ËXhl\jk ki\YXcc hl\ X mfck\j gfk j\dYcXi Z\ikXd\ek k\ i`Z ` [`] j \j gfk i\jld`i \e [fj Xjg\Zk\j ZcXl1 cX e\Z\jj`kXk [\ Zi\Xi leX ^l`X ` le _fi`kq [\ i\]\i eZ`X hl\ g\id\k` g\ejXi \e \c Jfcjfe j hl\ \ej X^iX[Xi`X \e le ]lkli Çk\$ e`ek \e Zfdgk\ hl\ \c Zi`k\i` Ê\ej X^iX[Xi`XË _X \jkXk [\Ôe`k g\i c\j g\ijfe\j hl\ mXe gXik`Z`gXi \e \cj kXcc\ijÇ ` \c ]\k [\ Zi\Xi le ÊgXiX`^ \jË f le dXiZ d j f d\epj ^\e\iXc \e hl jË\ddXihl`e c\j [`]\i\ekj XZZ`fej ` c e`\j \jkiXk ^`hl\j hl\ \j gifgfj\e \e cËXgXikXk j\^ \ek% K\e`ek \e Zfdgk\ Xhl\jkj Xjg\Zk\j \c gi\j\ek XgXikXk jË_X [\j^cfjjXk \e [`]\i\ekj gXikj% LeX gi`d\iX gXik hl\ gfikX g\i k kfc <c dXiZ \jkilZkliXc# \e cX hlXc \j ]X le Yi\l i\g~j [\ c\j ZXiXZk\i jk`hl\j ` k\e[ eZ`\j [\c df[\c [\ [\j\emfclgX$ d\ek ZXg`kXc`jkX [\cj ck`dj k\dgj ` Zfd Xhl\jk\j j`klXZ`fej _Xe k`e^lk c\j j\m\j Zfej\h eZ`\j \e \c k\ii`kfi`2 ` leX j\^feX gXik k`klcX[X CX e\Z\jj`kXk [\c ZXem` [\ ildY# \e hl jË\ogfjX cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek Zi\X[X [\ ]fidX gXik`Z`$ gXk`mX [\j [Ële glek [\ m`jkX [\cj kXcc\ij ` [\j [Ële glek [\ m`jkX d j ^\e\iXc`jkX% <e cX gXik [\cj kXcc\ij# ZXc k\e`i \e Zfdgk\ hl\ \c ki\YXcc i\Xc`kqXk gi\k\e`X [\Ôe`i le dXiZ `[\Xc ` [\j`kaXYc\ hl\# X m\^X[\j# gfk j\dYcXi ÔZk`Z` ` `ii\Xc% CËfYa\Zk`l [\c kXcc\i \iX# [feZj# hl\ \cj gXik`Z`gXekj i\Xc`kq\jj`e cË\o\iZ`Z` [Ë`dX^`eXi Zfd \cj X^iX[Xi`X hl\ ]fj cX ZfdXiZX j\ej\ k\e`i \e Zfdgk\ c\j gfjj`Yc\j c`d`kXZ`fej# ` j` X`o X cX gi~Zk`ZX gf[`X j\i d j f d\epj m`XYc\% G\i kXek# cËfYa\Zk`l \iX cX `dX^`eX$ Z` j\ej\ c d`kj# `ek\ekXek Xii`YXi Xc e`m\cc d~o`d [ËXYjkiXZZ` g\i kXc [\ [\Ôe`i \c glek [\ i\]\i eZ`X ` \c k`glj `[\Xc hl\ \cj gXik`Z`gXekj _Xm`\e `[\ek`ÔZXk Zfd X Xhl\cc \jkXk [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek d j [\j`kaXYc\% =`eXcd\ek# _\d `eZc j kXdY leX ck`dX gXik hl\ gi\k e \ogc`ZXi Zfd Xhl\jk \j$ Z\eXi` k\ i`Z ` `ddXk\i`Xc Xefd\eXk <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek \j kiX[l\`o \e leX h \jk` gi~Zk`ZX d`kaXe Xek cX [\Ôe`Z` [\ c\j gfjk\i`fij XZZ`fej% <e Xhl\jk ck`d XgXikXk \j ]X i\]\i eZ`X Xcj ~dY`kj hl\ fi`\ekXiXe c\j ]lkli\j c e`\j \jkiXk $ ^`hl\j ` c\j [`]\i\ekj XZZ`fej# X`o Zfd le j\^l`k [Ë`[\\j ]fi X XdY c\j hlXcj gi\$ k\e\d [feXi leX j i`\ [\ g`eq\ccX[\j hl\ i\jld\`o`e cËfYa\Zk`l hl\ g\ij\^l\`o\e c\j gifgfjk\j jfi^`[\j [\c gifZ j# X`o Zfd \c j\ek`k ^\e\iXc [ËXhl\jk GcX [Ë8ZZ` %

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

-0

+%)% <C D8I: <JKIL:KLI8C

;\Ôe`i leX \jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek g\i X le k\ii`kfi` [\k\id`eXk Zfd$ gfikX [`m\ij\j Zfejki`ZZ`fej% D j \ecc~ [\ cX ZXgXZ`kXk ` cX mfclekXk [\cj [`]\i\ekj XZkfij hl\ _` _Xe [\ gi\e[i\ gXik# \c dXiZ \jkilZkliXc Çgfc k`Z# \Zfe d`Z f jf$ Z`fZlckliXcÇ \e hl \j kifY\e le k\ii`kfi` ` cX j\mX jfZ`\kXk \e Zfe[`Z`feX c\j gfjj`Y`c`kXkj `# Zfej\h \ekd\ek# ZXc hl\ \j k`e^l` \e Zfdgk\ X cË_fiX [\ ^\e\iXi \og\ZkXk`m\j ` k\id`e`j [ËXZfdgc`d\ek% 8 Zfek`elXZ` # ` X df[\ [\ i\m`j` ^\e\$ iXc`kqX[X ` ]fi X `ekif[lZk i`X# \ogfj\d le i\g~j g\i c\j gi`eZ`gXcj [`d\ej`fej hl\ \c Zfejk`kl\`o\e%

C8 GI<<D@EßE:@8 ;< CËÁD9@K <:FEçD@: CX _`jk i`X [\c j\^c\ OO _X \jkXk dXiZX[X g\i cX `[\X hl\ le Zi\`o\d\ek \Zfe $ d`Z ZfejkXek i\g\iZlk`i`X \e \c Y\e\jkXi ^\e\iXc [\ cX gfYcXZ` % 8hl\jkX `[\X# hl\ jË_X dXe`]\jkXk \e cX dXafi gXik [\ gX jfj [\c d e fZZ`[\ekXc# ef \ej gfk gfikXi X fYc`[Xi cX `dgfik~eZ`X hl\ Xcki\j [`d\ej`fej [\ cX i\Xc`kXk k\e\e \e \c Y\e\jkXi [\ c\j jfZ`\kXkj% <e le dfd\ek \e hl \cj \jk~e[Xi[j [\ Zfejld ` [\ Y\e\jkXi dXk\i`Xc _Xe \jkXk Xjjfc`kj ` Ç\e ^iXe d\jliXÇ ^\e\iXc`kqXkj jXk`j]XZk i`Xd\ek# gcXek\aXi cX `[\X [\c [\j\emfclgXd\ek ]lkli Zfd leX h \jk` d\iXd\ek \Zfe d`ZX j\dYcX \jkXi ]fiX [\ j\ek`k% :Xc g\ihl \e k\dgj gXjjXkj ef jË_X ]\k XZfdgXepXi \cj \j]fi fj hl\ \j ]Xe \e cË~dY`k [\ cË\Zfefd`X [ËleX m`j` `ek\^iXc hl\ Zfek\dgc` Xcki\j [`d\ej`fej ` Zfe$ Z\gk\j m`eZlcXkj Xc [\j\emfclgXd\ek% Ef \j kiXZkX [\ gi`mXi cË\Zfefd`X [\c gXg\i Z\ekiXc hl\ fZlgX \e c\j efjki\j jfZ`\kXkj# g\i j [Ë\ek\e[i\ hl\ cX hlXc`kXk [\ m`[X ef jËXjjfc\`o \oZclj`mXd\ek [\j [Ële \e]fZXd\ek le`[`d\ej`feXc% 8hl\jk Zi\`o\d\ek \Zfe d`Z hl\ \ej _X gfikXk X cX ^\e\iXc`kqXZ` [\cj \jk~e$ [Xi[j [\ m`[X [\ ZcXjj\ d`kaXeX# ` hl\ \e \c efjki\ gX j Çd j kXi[ hl\ X cX i\jkX [ËfZZ`[\ekÇ jË_X m`jk `ek\ej`ÔZXk [\j [\cj [Xii\ij *' Xepj# _X i\hl\i`k kXdY [\ cËXjjldgZ` [Ële\j efid\j [\k\id`eX[\j g\i cË\Zfefd`X [\ d\iZXk# hl\ jfm`ek _Xe i\gfikXk Zfej\h eZ`\j Zfc×cXk\iXcj hl\ ZXc k\e`i dfck gi\j\ekj%

.'

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

CX gi`d\iX [\ kfk\j# j hl\ \c ]\k hl\ XZklXcd\ek c\j ]Xd c`\j [`jgfj`e [ËleX dX$ afi i\e[X# ef j`^e`ÔZX hl\ gl^l`e \jkXcm`Xi# aX hl\ \e k\id\j ^\e\iXcj \c dXk\`o j`jk\dX i\hl\i\`o hl\ Xhl\jk ZXg`kXc j`^l` i\`ekif[l k \e \c Z`iZl`k \Zfe d`Z XdY cËfYa\Zk`l [Ë`eZ\ek`mXi \c Zfejld% 8`o # cË\c\mXk ^iXl [\ Zfejld`jd\ [\ c\j efj$ ki\j jfZ`\kXkj j kfkXcd\ek e\Z\jjXi` g\i dXek\e`i \c j`jk\dX \Zfe d`Z \e dXioX2 kXek j\ mXc hl Zfdgi\d ` g\i jXk`j]\i hl`eX e\Z\jj`kXk%%% cX h \jk` \j dXek\e`i cX if[X [\ cX gif[lZZ` \e dXioX# ` X`o jËXZfej\^l\`o Zfejld`ek kfk Xcc hl\ Xhl\jkX if[X gif[l\`o% =il`k [ËXhl\jkX gi`d\iX `[\X# \ej kifY\d XdY \c gifYc\dX [\ ]Xd c`\j hl\ ef gf[\e \ekiXi \e Xhl\jkX if[X [\ Zfejld Çe` kXe jfcj jXk`j]\i c\j e\Z\jj`kXkj d j Y~j`hl\jÇ# \e ef [`jgfjXi [\ i\e[X jlÔZ`\ek% <e Xhl\jkj ZXjfj# j cË<jkXk hl` ^X$ iXek\`o lej e`m\ccj d e`dj [\ i\e[X Ç]il`k [\ c\j Zfehl\jk\j jfZ`Xcj [\c gi`d\i k\i [\ j\^c\Ç [\ dXe\iX hl\# kXdY # \j Zfejfc`[X Zfd X ^XiXek hl\ \c Zfejld ef [\]Xcc`i~ f# \e \c g`kafi [\cj ZXjfj# Zfd X `ek\im\ekfi Xc i\jZXk [\ c\j \dgi\j\j f \ek`kXkj Zi\[`kfi\j hl\ ef gl^l`e jlYj`jk`i Xc ]i\eXi$j\ Xhl\jkX if[X ÇZfd _\d m`jk i\Z\ekd\ek \e cËXZklXc Zfek\ok [\ Zi`j`% 8 e`m\cc k\ii`kfi`Xc# X d j# cË\ekiX[X [\c efjki\ <jkXk [`ej \c dXiZ \Zfe d`Z fZ$ Z`[\ekXc leX m\^X[X ZX`^l[X cX [`ZkX[liX# mX jlgfjXi kXdY cË\ekiX[X \e leX \Zfefd`X gc\eXd\ek ^cfYXc`kqX[X% J` Y ef j\i`X Ôej (' f (, Xepj [\jgi j hl\ \c k\id\ Ê^cfYXc`kqXZ` Ë gi\e[i`X ]fi X Zfd X ]fidX [ËXefd\eXi cX `ek\ej`ÔZXZ` [\cj dfm`d\ekj [\ ZXg`kXcj ÔeXeZ\ij X e`m\cc dle[`Xc# j hl\ XdY Xek\i`fi`kXk aX _Xm \d Xgi j hl j`^e`ÔZXmX gi\e[i\ gXik \e le df[\c \Zfe d`Z `ek\ieXZ`feXc% CX [`m`j` `ek\ieXZ`feXc [\c ki\YXcc j`klXmX c\j ]~Yi`hl\j fi`^`e~i`\j [\ hlXc$ j\mfc gX j \e le Xcki\# ef g\ihl \e Xhl\jk Xcki\ gX j [\ [\jk \o`jk j leX dXafi kiX[`Z` f d`ccfi [\jki\jX g\i leX f XckiX XZk`m`kXk# j`e j\dgi\ Xk\e\ek \cj Zi`$ k\i`j [\ d~o`dX i\e[`Y`c`kXk \Zfe d`ZX% 8`o mX j\i Zfd ^iXej \dgi\j\j kiXej$ eXZ`feXcj jË`ejkXc×cXi\e Xc efjki\ gX j YljZXek d~ [ËfYiX YXiXkX ÇZfd KXlilj X cX ZfdXiZXÇ# ` X`o j Zfd# leX m\^X[X ^X`i\Y Xjjfc`kj \cj \jk~e[Xi[j [\ i\e[X \lifg\lj# c\j dXk\`o\j \dgi\j\j Xe`iXe X [ËXcki\j gX jfj X Z\iZXi Xhl\jkX ÊZcXjj\ ki\YXccX[fiX [\ YX`o ZfjkË% JldXk X Xhl\jk df[\c [\ gif[lZZ` `ek\ieXZ`feXc# cX Zi\`o\ek `dgfik~eZ`X [\c ZXg`kXc`jd\ ÔeXeZ\i X gXik`i [\cj Xepj efiXekX _X Zfe[l k Xc ]\k hl\ cX i`hl\jX ^\e\iX[X d`kaXe Xek fg\iXZ`fej ÔeXeZ\i\j jlg\i` cX i`hl\jX ^\e\iX[X X gXik`i [\ gifZ\jjfj gif[lZk`lj% 8`o # alekXd\ek XdY \cj gifZ\jjfj [\ [\jcfZXc`kqXZ` ` [\jZ\ekiXc`kqXZ` \dgi\jXi`Xc# k i\g\iZljj`fej jfYi\ cX hlXc`kXk [\c ki\YXcc# ZX[X m\^X[X d j Õ\o`Yc\ ` d j k\dgfiXc g\i kXc [Ë\j[\m\e`i d j ÊZfdg\k`k`lË \e \c dXiZ [\ cË\Zfefd`X ^cfYXc% 8 d j [ËXhl\jkX `ek\ieXZ`feXc`kqXZ` # cX Z\iZX [\ cX d~o`dX i\e[`Y`c`kXk k`e[i~ Xc$ ki\j Zfej\h eZ`\j jfYi\ \c efjki\ df[\c \Zfe d`Z% CX `ek\ieXZ`feXc`kqXZ` kXd$

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

.(

Y _X ZfdgfikXk Ç\e YljZX [ËXl^d\ekXi cX i\e[`Y`c`kXkÇleX \jg\Z`Xc`kqXZ` [\cj k\ii`kfi`j YXjX[X \e leX c ^`ZX [\ j`dgc`ÔZXZ` \Zfe d`ZX# hl\ gf[i \d i\jld`i \e \c ]\k hl\ c\j XZk`m`kXkj gif[lZk`m\j aX ef jË`ejkXc×c\e \e \c k\ii`kfi` \e ]leZ` [\cj i\Zlijfj \o`jk\ekj# j`e g\i leX h \jk` [\ i\e[`Y`c`kXk \Zfe d`ZX% AX ef gi`dX \c ]\k hl\ leX XZk`m`kXk \j gl^l` [fkXi [\cj i\Zlijfj e\Z\jjXi`j \e le \e$ kfie `dd\[`Xk f [\ gifo`d`kXk# j`e hl\# jfm`ek# i\jlckX d j i\e[`Yc\ ]\i Xii`YXi \cj i\Zlijfj [ËXcki\j qfe\j f gX jfj cclepXej% 8 d j# Xhl\jk k`glj [\ gif[lZZ` XZXYX i\jlckXek d j ÊYXiXkXË \e k\id\j dfe\kXi`j ÇX ZXljX [\cj d\efij jXcXi`j f [\ c\j c\^`jcXZ`fej cXYfiXcj ` XdY`\ekXcj d\epj i\jki`Zk`m\jÇ [\ dXe\iX hl\ ZX[X Zfg d j \j k\e[\`o X \ogfikXi gif[lZk\j [\ qfe\j d j cclepXe\j# j`^l`e g\i Xc j\l Zfejld f g\i X cX kiXej]fidXZ` gif[lZk`mX% G\i Xhl\jkX j`dgc`ÔZXZ` \Zfe d`ZX# X d j# [\k\id`eX leX dXafi mlce\iXY`c`kXk [XmXek [ËleX j`klXZ` [\ Zi`j` f [\ mXi`XZ` [\cj d\iZXkj2 j` j`dgc`Ôhl\d cX efjkiX \Zfefd`X ` cX YXj\d \e \c k ok`c Ç` \e cË\ogfikXZ` [\ cX j\mX gif[lZZ` Ç# hlXe le Xcki\ gX j gif[l\`o` XdY d\efij Zfjkfj c\j i\g\iZljj`fej j\iXe dfck `dgfi$ kXekj% J` \c efjki\ k\ii`kfi` efd j gif[l\`o gXkXk\j# \e le Xep [\ dXcX Zfcc`kX \cj `dgXZk\j kXdY j\iXe dXafij% <e `eZi\d\ekXi cX [\g\e[ eZ`X [Ële k\ii`kfi` i\jg\Zk\ [\c d\iZXk `ek\ieXZ`feXc# ` jfkd\ki\Ëc X c\j [\Z`j`fej \Zfe d`hl\j hl\ \j gi\e\e \e [\jgXkofj cclepXej# cËXlkfefd`X k\ii`kfi`Xc [\jXgXi\`o ` \e g\$ i`ccX cX jlYj`jk eZ`X% J` Xhl\jkX j`klXZ` gXjjX \e qfe\j fe c\j XZk`m`kXkj \Zfe $ d`hl\j _` j e gfZ i\e[`Yc\j ÇZfd c\j qfe\j iliXcj \e ^\e\iXc ` cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j [\ dXe\iX \jg\Z ÔZXÇ# \cj gifZ\jjfj [ËXYXe[feXd\ek [\c k\ii`kfi` jË`ek\ej`Ôhl\e# Zfd \o\dgc`ÔZX \c gifZ j [ËXYXe[feXd\ek [\ c\j \ogcfkXZ`fej X^i~i`\j d\epj i\e[`Yc\j [\ cX ZfdXiZX%

CË<JKIL:KLI8 K<II@KFI@8C ;< GF;<I$;<G<E;ßE:@8 8ml` [`X c\j Xe~c`j`j k\ii`kfi`Xcj i\hl\i\`o\e k\e`i \e Zfdgk\ c\j [`e~d`hl\j dle[`Xcj hl\ fZfii\e \e le d e fi^Xe`kqXk \e k\ii`kfi`j j\^fej c\j j\m\j ]leZ`f$ ej \Zfe d`hl\j# aX j`^l`e gi\[fd`eXekd\ek gif[lZkfi\j f Zfejld`[fi\j \e cË~dY`k `ek\ieXZ`feXc% ;`ej Xhl\jk \ekiXdXk# c\j jfZ`\kXkj fZZ`[\ekXcj jË_Xe \jg\$ Z`Xc`kqXk Zfd X qfe\j Zfejld`[fi\j ` XdY le\j \Zfefd`\j gif]le[Xd\ek k\iZ`Xi`kqX$ [\j `# kXdY # Zfd X ^iXej qfe\j XZldlcX[fi\j [\ gf[\i Z\eki\j hl\ [`ZkXd`e\e \c [`X X [`X [\cj k\ii`kfi`j hl\ c` jlYd`e`jki\e Xcc hl\ e\Z\jj`kX cX g\i`] i`X % CX `dXk^\ ^i~ÔZX hl\ \o\dgc`ÔZX Xhl\jk\j i\cXZ`fej \eki\ Z\eki\ ` g\i`] i`X X e`$ m\cc `ek\ieXZ`feXc# j\i`X cX [\c gX j \e m`\j [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek \Zfe d`Z hl\ jË`e[ljki`Xc`kqX XccfkaXek XZk`m`kXkj efZ`m\j XdY`\ekXcd\ek f gfZ i\e[`Yc\j \Zfe $ d`ZXd\ek# hl\ \j [\jcfZXc`kq\e [ËfZZ`[\ek g\i g\i Zfek`elXi gif[l`ek g\i X fZZ`$ [\ek% 8hl\jk gifZ j [Ë`e[ljki`Xc`kqXZ` # X d j# \c Zfdgc\kX XZXkXek c\j efidXk`m\j ` i\hl`j`kj hl\ \cj gX jfj [\c Z\eki\ c` `dgfj\e X kiXm j [Ë`ejk`klZ`fej [\ ^fm\ie ` gi jk\Z dle[`Xc Zfd \c 9XeZ Dle[`Xc f \c =fej Dfe\kXi` @ek\ieXZ`feXc% 8hl\jkX [`e~d`ZX# hl\ gf[i \d `[\ek`ÔZXi Zfd X j d`c [ËXhl\cc fi`^`eXi` `d$

.)

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

g\i`Xc`jd\ [\ j\^c\j gXjjXkj# jË_X XeXk Zfejfc`[Xek Xc ccXi^ [\c j\^c\ OO XdY cX Zi\XZ` [\ ^iXej \dgi\j\j ]il`k [\ ]lj`fej# hl\ _Xe g\id j ZfeZ\ekiXi ZXg`kXc ` c`d`kXi cX Zfdg\k eZ`X% <e Xhl\jk Zfek\ok [\ dfefgfc`kqXZ` # \c Zfekifc [\ c\j i\cXZ`fej \Zfe d`hl\j hl\[X \e dXej [\ ^iXej \dgi\j\j hl\# XdY \c j\l gf[\i# i\Xc`kqXiXe \c i\gXik`d\ek [\ c\j qfe\j g\i`] i`hl\j hl\ c\j _XliXe [\ ef[i`i% 8hl\jk df[\c `ek\ieXZ`feXc [\ [`m`j` [\c k\ii`kfi` YXjXk \e qfe\j gif[lZkfi\j ` Zfejld`[fi\j \j kiXjccX[X kXdY X e`m\cc i\^`feXc# Zfd gf[i \d \o\dgc`ÔZXi \e \c ZXj [\ :XkXclepX%

<C :<EKI< @ C8 G<I@=ßI@8 <E <C K<II@KFI@ :8K8CÁ :XkXclepX k gi\j eZ`X Xc d e# ` \e cË\jZ\eXi` [\ cË\Zfefd`X `ek\ieXZ`feXc# X kiX$ m j [\ cX d\ki gfc` [\ 9XiZ\cfeX% CË~i\X d\kifgfc`kXeX [\ 9XiZ\cfeX \j Zfe$ m\ik\`o X`o \e cX d\ki gfc` hl\ Zfdg\k\`o XdY [ËXcki\j ^iXej Z`lkXkj \e \c d\iZXk `ek\ieXZ`feXc# `ek\ekXek XkiXli\ `em\ij`fej ` j`klXi$j\ Xc ZXg[Xdlek [\c i~ehl`e^ `ek\ieXZ`feXc% ;`ej \c k\ii`kfi` ZXkXc~# g\i kXek# j Xhl\jkX d\ki gfc` Çfe _XY`kX cX d\`kXk [\ cX gfYcXZ` [\ :XkXclepXÇ cX hl\ XZklX Zfd X Z\eki\% yj Xcc fe \j gi\e\e c\j [\$ Z`j`fej# ` cX i\jkX [\c k\ii`kfi` ZXkXc~ jË\jkilZkliX# \e ^iXe gXik# \e ]leZ` [\c j\l Zfii\Zk\ ]leZ`feXd\ek ` g\i X cX jXk`j]XZZ` [\ c\j j\m\j e\Z\jj`kXkj ]leZ`feXcj1 aX j`^l` g\i jlYd`e`jkiXi gi`d\i\j dXk i`\j2 aX j`^l` g\i [`jgfjXi \jgX`j g\i Xc ^Xl[` [\c ZXg [\ j\kdXeX2 f g\i jlYd`e`jkiXi cË\e\i^`X f \c kiXZkXd\ek [\ i\j`[lj hl\ leX ^iXe d\ki gfc` ` cX j\mX \efid\ g\kaX[X \Zfc ^`ZX i\hl\i\`o\e% @ Zfd X kfk Z\eki\# c` Zfii\jgfe cX j\mX g\i`] i`X% <e le gi`d\i Xe\cc ZfeZ eki`Z# ` kXdY Z\ekiXk \e cË\jg\Z`Xc`kqXZ` gif[lZk`mX# kifYXi \d Z`lkXkj Zfd JXYX[\cc f K\iiXjjX# \e gi`d\i k\id\# ` d\efij ZXg`kXcj [\ ZfdXiZX [Ële j\^fe Xe\cc Zfejk`$ kl k g\i Z`lkXkj Zfd M`Z# DXei\jX# @^lXcX[X f M`cX]iXeZX# hl\ Xc j\l kfie XZkl\e kXdY Zfd X Z\eki\j [\ d\efi \jZXcX hl\ Xik`Zlc\e c\j j\m\j ZfdXihl\j ` k\ii`kf$ i`j gifg\ij Çc\j Xefd\eX[\j Z`lkXkj `ek\id [`\j% 8c mfckXek [ËXhl\jk\j ck`d\j j fe kifYXi \d cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j# \eki\ [ËXcki\j# Zfd X k\ii`kfi` XdY le YX`o g\j `e[ljki`Xc ` fe cX j\mX `e[ jki`X jfm`ek \j ZXiXZk\i`kqX g\c ZXi~Zk\i \o$ kiXZk`l `&f jlYd`e`jkiX[fi ÇZfd _f j\i`\e cX BeXl] f KiX[\dX% 8 d j [ËXhl\jk Z\iZc\ ZfeZ eki`Z [\ cX gif[lZZ` d\kifgfc`kXeX# gf[i \d [\Ôe`i cX gcXeX [\ Cc\`[X Zfd X k\ii`kfi` \jg\Z`Xc`kqXk \e cX gif[lZZ` X^i~i`X2 \c ZXdg [\ KXiiX^feX XdY leX ZcXiX m`eZlcXZ` X cX gif[lZZ` \e\i^ k`ZX e\Z\jj~i`X g\i kfk :XkXclepX2 ` \cj G`i`e\lj \e gXik kXdY \c Jfcjfe j ` cX gifm eZ`X [\ >`ifeX [\jkXZXek g\i cX j\mX \jg\Z`Xc`kqXZ` kli jk`ZX% G\i \ek\e[i\ cË\jkilZkliX k\ii`kfi`Xc ZXkXcXeX ` jfcjfe`eX# ` g\i Zfdgc\kXi cË\jhl\dX [\ Z\eki\$g\i`] i`X# kXdY j `dgfikXek `ekif[l`i cX [`Zfkfd`X \eki\

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

.*

qfe\j iliXcj ` qfe\j liYXe\j% J` Y j Z\ik hl\# Zfd Zfd\ek~m\d# cX d\`kXk [\ cX gfYcXZ` ZXkXcXeX _XY`kX X cË~i\X d\kifgfc`kXeX# X Xhl\jkX liYXe`kXk ZXc X]\^`i$c` cX ^iXe \ok\ej` ^\f^i~ÔZX \e hl # aX j`^l` \e _XY`kXk^\j [`jg\ijfj# \e elZc`j g\$ k`kj f ZXg`kXcj [\ ZfdXiZX# \j [`jki`Yl\`o cX i\jkX [\ cX gfYcXZ` % <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# cX iliXc`kXk \j[\m le ]XZkfi ZcXl X cË_fiX [\ [\Ôe`i cË\jkilZkliX k\ii`kfi`Xc ZXkXcX$ eX# [\ cX hlXc \e [\i`m\e le j\^l`k [\ ZXiXZk\i jk`hl\j hl\ ZXc k\e`i dfck gi\j\ekj% <c [`jj\ep [\ gfc k`hl\j g Yc`hl\j [\j [Ële gi`jdX \oZclj`mXd\ek liY~ ÇZfd cX i~k`f [\ d\k^\j g\i hlfk\j [\ gfYcXZ` Ç f cX Z\ekiXc`kqXZ` [\ j\im\`j X c\j qfe\j liYXe\j ÇZfd cX dXafi`X [\ j\im\`j \[lZXk`lj jlg\i`fij# \cj Z\eki\j d [`Zj \j$ g\Z`Xc`kqXkj f c\j [\c\^XZ`fej [ËX^ eZ`\j g Yc`hl\jÇ# Zfdgfik\e le [\jXmXekXk^\ hl\ [`] Z`cd\ek gfk j\i ZfdYXklk ` hl\# Ôej ` kfk# gfk [\j\dYfZXi \e le Êd`iXk^\ liY~Ë hl\ ZfdgfikX \c d\epjgi\l g\i Xcc iliXc ` kiX[`Z`feXc ` cX j\mX jlYjk`klZ` g\i gXi~d\ki\j [\ m`[X liYXeX% 8 Xhl\jkX [`Zfkfd`X iliXc$liY~ X e`m\cc ZXkXc~# hl\ j`klXi`X cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfc$ jfe j \e cX m\jjXek [\cj ^i\l^\j ZfdgXiXk`lj i\jg\Zk\ [\ c\j qfe\j liYXe\j# ZXc jldXi$_` kXdY cX [lXc`kXk hl\ j\ jlZZ\\`o [`ej [\ cX gi g`X ZfdXiZX1 JfcjfeX XdY ^X`i\Y \c .' [\ cX gfYcXZ` ZfdXiZXc Z\ekiXc`kqX cX dXafi`X [\ j\im\`j [\ cX ZfdXiZX# j`klXZ` hl\ i\g\iZlk\`o \e ]fidX [\ dXafij [`ÔZlckXkj g\i X c\j ]Xd c`\j hl\ _XY`k\e \e _~Y`kXkj [`jg\ijfj% ;ËXhl\jkX [\jZi`gZ` # [feZj# j\Ëe [\jgi e hl\ hlXcj\mfc `ek\ek [\ i\[`jj\epXi \cj df[\cj [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek \e le dle`Z`g` f ZfdXiZX [\c k\ii`kfi` ZXkXc~ _X [\ k\e`i gi\j\ek# X d j [\ c\j gXik`ZlcXi`kXkj hl\ c` j e gi g`\j# \c\d\ekj \jkilZkl$ iXcj hl\ \c j`kl\e \e le Zfek\ok ` c` Xkfi^l\e le\j ]leZ`fej \jg\Z Ôhl\j hl\ \c Zfe[`Z`fe\e% Kfk ` X`o # c\j ZXiXZk\i jk`hl\j fif^i~Ôhl\j ` j`klXZ`feXcj [\ cX ZfdXiZX# X`o Zfd \c ]\k hl\ ef \o`jk\`o`e m`\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ` [`i\Zk\j XdY \c Z\eki\ ` Xhl\jkX ef j`^l` leX ZfdXiZX [\ gXj# _Xe ]\k [\c Jfcjfe j le k\ii`kfi` ZXiXZk\i jk`Z g\i cX j\mX eXkliXc\jX [\ ÊZlc [\ jXZË \e i\cXZ` XdY \c j\l Zfek\ok% 8hl\jk ]\k _X gifmf$ ZXk hl\ kfk ` hl\ Xhl\jkX _X^` i\Ylk c\j [`e~d`hl\j ` c\j i\g\iZljj`fej [\i`mX[\j [ËXhl\jk df[\c [\ [`jki`YlZ` a\i~ihl`Z \e oXioX# \e Xc^lej ZXjfj Xhl\jk\j ef _X^`e \jkXk kXe `ek\ej\j Zfd \e [ËXcki\j `e[i\kj%

C8 J@DGC@=@:8:@ä JF:@F:LCKLI8C :fd Y \eleZ`~m\d Xc gi`eZ`g` [ËXhl\jk XgXikXk# cX gi\[fd`eXe X [\ cX m`j` \Zfe d`ZX _X \jkXk Ç` Zfek`elX \jj\ekÇ \c gi`jdX gi`fi`kXi` [\j [\c hlXc jË_X \e$ ]fZXk kfkX `[\X [\ gif^i j ` hlXcj\mfc gifZ j [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek% J` Y j Z\ik hl\ ZXc k\e`i gi\j\ek cX [`d\ej` \Zfe d`ZX# ef j d\epj Z\ik hl\ kXdY ZXc Xk\e[i\ c\j [`e~d`hl\j Zfdle`k~i`\j ` ZlckliXcj hl\ [\Ôe\`o\e# kXdY # cX jfZ`\kXk hl\ \j gi\k e kiXej]fidXi ` ]\i XmXe Xi \e [\Ôe`i \jkiXk ^`\j [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek%

.+

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

JfkX Xhl\jkX `[\X# Zfem i\jjXckXi Xc^lej \c\d\ekj [\ ZXi~Zk\i jfZ`fZlckliXc hl\ _Xe \jkXk kiXej]fidXkj \e c\j [Xii\i\j [ ZX[\j# ` hl\ Zfejk`kl\`o\e Xml` lej mX$ cfij ` le\j gi~Zk`hl\j gi\[fd`eXekj X c\j jfZ`\kXkj fZZ`[\ekXcj% <e gi`d\i ccfZ# ` dfck cc`^Xk Xc ZfeZ\gk\ Xek\i`fi [\ cX Êif[X [\ gif[lZZ` \Zfe d`ZXË hl\ ef gf$ [\d [\`oXi [\ ]\i ^`iXi# \c Zfejld`jd\ jË_X \jk j Zfd X dXe\iX [\ m`eZlcXi$j\ XdY cX i\Xc`kXk [\ dXe\iX ^\e\iXc`kqX[X% 8 [`X [ËXml`# aX ef efd j gif[lZk\j Zfd cX ifYX# \cj Zfko\j f \cj Xc`d\ekj \jkXe [`ej cX c ^`ZX [\ d\iZXk hl\ \cj Xkfi^X le gi\l X gX^Xi2 Xjg\Zk\j Zfd cX ZlckliX# \c cc\li\# cX ]fidXZ` f \cj j\im\`j X c\j g\ijf$ e\j \j kifY\e ZX[X m\^X[X d j cc`^Xkj X le d\iZXk [\ gifm\ [fij ` Zfejld`[fij% <e \c dXk\`o j\ek`k# \cj ZXem`j \e \cj df[\cj ]Xd`c`Xij f \cj \c\mXkj e[\oj [\ dfY`c`kXk [\ c\j jfZ`\kXkj Zfek\dgfi~e`\j _Xe jlgfjXk kXdY `dgfikXekj kiXej$ ]fidXZ`fej \e \c [`X X [`X [\ c\j efjki\j Zfdle`kXkj% CX m\cfZ`kXk \e \cj kiXej$ gfikj# g\i kXdY \e \cj d`kaXej [Ë`e]fidXZ` ` Zfdle`ZXZ` # ]Xe ZX[X m\^X[X d j g\k`k le d e fe gfkj gXjjXi \c ZXg [\ j\kdXeX m`j`kXek leX Z`lkXk X d`c\ij [\ hl`c d\ki\j [\ ZXjX k\mX2 [\jgcX Xi$k\ d j [\ ('' bd ZX[X [`X g\i XZl[`i X cX k\mX ]\`eX2 jXY\i hl`e _X \jkXk \c i\jlckXk [Ële gXik`k [\ k\iZ\iX [`m`j` Xcj <L82 f Y gi\j\eZ`Xi \e [`i\Zk\ leX Z\i`d e`X Yl[`jkX [\j [\c K`Y\k% 8hl\jkX Ê\iX [\ cX `e]fidXZ` Ë# XdY kfk# j\^l\`o [`jZi`d`eXek ` \oZcf\ek Xhl\ccX gXik [\ cX gfYcXZ` hl\# aX j`^l` g\i dfk`lj [Ë\[Xk f g\i c\j [`ÔZlckXkj hl\ c` ZfdgfikX cË_~Y`kXk iliXc# _Xe hl\[Xk g\i jfkX [\ cËXefd\eX[X Ê[`m`j i`X [`^`kXcË% ;ËXhl\jk\j kiXej]fidXZ`fej# ` [\ cX m\cfZ`kXk \e hl jlZZ\\`o\e# j\Ëe i\jj\ek kXdY cX [`d\ej` `[\ek`k~i`X [\cj gifg`j `e[`m`[lj2 \c hl\ XYXej \iX le ÊZfd$ gifd j [\ g\i m`[XË ÇXdY cX gXi\ccX# XdY c\j Xd`jkXkj# XdY \c k\ii`kfi`# X cX ]\`$ eXÇ Xml` [`X \j kiXej]fidX \e le ÊZfdgifd j Ôej X efl Xm jË% CX ZfejkXek Zfej$ kilZZ` [\ c\j efjki\j `[\ek`kXkj# cX g\idXe\ek \c\ZZ` [Ë\eki\ \c ^iXe m\ekXcc [\ Zfj\j hl\ gf[\d j\i$]\i ` \c hl\ ki`\d# [\j\dYfZX \e le Ê`dg\i` [ËXcc \] d\iË# hl\ [`] Z`cd\ek g\id\k k\`o`i \cj ccX fj hl\ k\dgj \ei\i\ Zfejk`kl \e cX YXj\ [\ c\j i\cXZ`fej Zfdle`k~i`\j% yj \e Xhl\jk Zfek\ok hl\ Zfem gXicXi [ËXhl\ccX ZXiXZk\i jk`ZX kXe ZfdleXd\ek Zfe\^l[X ` \jk\jX1 cË`e[`m`[lXc`jd\ X c\j efjki\j jfZ`\kXkj% :X[X m\^X[X ÕX$ hl\^\e d j Ç[\ dXe\iX dXafi`k~i`XÇ c\j i\cXZ`fej XdY \c m\ eXk# cX Zfe\`o\e X [\ cË\ekfie# cËXZZ` Zfc×c\Zk`mX [XmXek c\j `ealjk Z`\j f c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j Zfdle`k~i`\j [\ hlXcj\mfc e[fc\% CX i\cXZ` XdY Xcc g Yc`Z# Xcc hl\ \jZXgX [\ cX jfik ` \c [\jk [\cj `e[`m`[lj g\i j\gXiXk# i\jkX X [`jgfj`Z` [\ cËXefd\eX[X fg`e` g Yc`ZX# d\[`Xk`kqX[X g\i d`kaXej [\ ^iXe XYXjk hl\ dXjjX jfm`ek i\jgfe\e X `ek\i\jjfj ZfeZi\kj ` hl\ ef j e g\id\XYc\j X eflj [`jZlijfj kiXej]fidX[fij%

CË_fdf^\e\ kqXZ` [\c g\ejXd\ek [feZj# Zfejk`kl\`o le Xcki\ [\cj ^iXej g`cXij hl\ [\k\id`e\e cX [`d\ej` jfZ`fZlckliXc [\ cËXZklXc`kXk% CX `iilgZ` [\ efm\j dX$ e\i\j [Ë\ek\e[i\ cX i\Xc`kXk hl\[X i\c\^X[X X k\dgj gXjjXkj# ` \c j\l ccfZ cËfZlg\e

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

.,

[`jZlijfj \jk\i\fk`gXkj hl\ Xd\eXZ\e XdY cX kiX^ [`X \e ZXj [\ j\i ZfekiX[`kj% J` Y j Z\ik hl\ Xhl\jk gXefiXdX gi\j\ekX leX m`j` ]fi X [\jfcX[fiX# kXdY j Z\ik hl\ Xcc [\jZi`k Ôej Xhl Zfii\jgfe X LE8 [`i\ZZ` ^\e\iXc`jkX [\ df$ [\c jfZ`\kXi` [\ c\j dfck\j hl\ \j gf[i`\e gi\e[i\% KXdY \o`jk\`o\e d ck`gc\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ ZX`i\ XjjfZ`Xk`l Çj` Y dXeZX[\j [Ële dXjj`l jlgfik jfZ`XcÇ# hl\ gi\k\e\e [\jk`eXi gXik [\c j\l k\dgj ` \cj j\lj \j]fi fj X ki\YXccXi g\i cX Zfc×c\Zk`m`kXk% KXdY j Z\ik hl\ \e \cj [Xii\ij [\l Xepj jË_Xe i\mXcfi`kqXk dfck\j [\ c\j `[\\j hl\ _Xm`\e \jkXk XYXe[feX[\j k\dgj \ei\i\% MXcfij Zfd cX jfc`[Xi`$ kXk# cX Zffg\iXZ` # cË\Zfcf^`jd\ f cX jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk ^Xl[\`o\e [\ YfeX XZZ\gkXZ` aX ef efd j \eki\ i\[l kj ^ilgj jfZ`Xcj# j`e hl\ kXdY j e lk`c`kqXkj g\i ^fm\iej j\eZ\ij Çj` Y XdY leX [lYkfjX Ô[\c`kXk Xc j\l Zfek`e^lk i\Xc% @e`Z`Xk`m\j hl\ lk`c`kq\e \cj eflj d`kaXej k\Zefc ^`Zj g\i `e]fidXi ` Zfdle`$ ZXi$j\# ^ilgj hl\ [fe\e jlgfik Xcj Zfc×c\Zk`lj d j mlce\iXYc\j# f X^ilgXZ`f$ ej hl\ m\kcc\e g\i cX gi\j\imXZ` ` \c Yfe \jkXk [\c j\l \ekfie# j\i`\e \o\dgc\j [ËXZklXZ`fej Zfdle`k~i`\j hl\ \o`jk\`o\e X dfckj k\ii`kfi`j# `eZcfjX cX ZfdXiZX [\c Jfcjfe j% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# cX gXik`ZlcXi`kXk hl\ cË\o`jk eZ`X [Ële mXjk k\ii`$ kfi` [\ ZXiXZk\i jk`hl\j iliXcj ` cX kiX[`Z` Zfdle`k~i`X gi g`X [ËXhl\jkj ~dY`kj jfZ`f^\f^i~ÔZj XgfikX X cX ZfdXiZX# _X Xal[Xk X dXek\e`i cX [`d\ej` Zfdle`$ k~i`X XdY Yfe \jkXk [\ jXclk% 8dY kfk# g\i # ZXc j\i ZfejZ`\ekj hl\ Xc^le\j [\ c\j kiXej]fidXZ`fej Ôej Xhl eXiiX[\j _Xe Zfd\e Xk aX X Xii\cXi \eki\ \cj d\[`j ef liYXej# ` hl\ Xd\eXZ\e [\ jlYjk`kl`i df[\cj Zfdle`kXi`j hl\ _Xe \jkXk ]fiaXkj ` mXc`[Xkj Xc ccXi^ [\ ^\e\iXZ`fej%

CË<MFCL:@ä ;< C8 ><JK@ä Gè9C@:8 <e gXicXi [\ cË\jkilZkliX ` cX ^\jk` gfc k`ZX X cË<jkXk \jgXepfc# ZXc k\e`i Y\e gi\$ j\ek hl\ cX kiX[`Z` [\ [\dfZi~Z`X i\gi\j\ekXk`mX \j i\dlekX efd j X ]X ki\j [ $ ZX[\j% Kfk ` X`o # j hl\ Zfem [\jkXZXi Xc^lej ZXem`j hl\ c\j [\dfZi~Z`\j i\gi\$ j\ekXk`m\j [\ c\j jfZ`\kXkj fZZ`[\ekXcj _Xe \og\i`d\ekXk \e \cj [Xii\ij Xepj ` hl\ kXdY jË_Xe `eZfigfiXk X cX ^\jk` [\c efjki\ <jkXk [\ dXe\iX gif^i\jj`mX% =`ej Xcj mfckj [\cj Xepj ml`kXekX gf[i \d [`i hl\ Z\ikXd\ek \cj \jkXkj \i\e \j$ kXkj jfY`iXej% 8 gXik`i [\cj Xepj efiXekX# g\i # gf[\d gXicXi [Ële [\Y`c`kXd\ek [ËXhl\jkX jfY`iXe`X X ZXljX [\ c\j efm\j i\cXZ`fej [\ gf[\i hl\ jË\jkXYc\`o\e X e`m\cc dle[`Xc# ` X cX Zi\XZ` ` gfk\eZ`XZ` [Ë\jkilZkli\j jlgiX\jkXkXcj hl\ [`ZkXd`e\e dfck\j [\ c\j d\jli\j hl\ gif^i\jj`mXd\ek X[fgkXiXe \cj [`]\i\ekj \jkXkj d\dYi\j% 8 Xhl\jk ]XZkfi# ZXc jldXi$_` cË`dgfikXek gXg\i ` \c Zi\`o\ek gf[\i [\ c\j ^iXej \dgi\j\j kiXejeXZ`feXcj \e cX [\Ôe`Z` [\ c\j gfc k`hl\j \Zfe d`hl\j [\cj [`]\i\ekj \jkXkj% CX [\ji\^lcXi`kqXZ` \Zfe d`ZX# cX Õ\o`Y`c`kqXZ` [\c d\iZXk cXYfiXc# ` c\j gfc k`$ hl\j [\ gi`mXk`kqXZ` [\ efdYifj\j \dgi\j\j ` j\im\`j hl\ Ôej Xc\j_fi\j _Xm`\e \jkXk [\ gifg`\kXk g Yc`ZX# j e cX k e`ZX [fd`eXek hl\ _X dXiZXk cËX^\e[X gfc k`ZX

.-

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

X e`m\cc dXZif\Zfe d`Z Ôej X [`X [ËXml`% <c gXg\i [\ cË<jkXk# X i\dfcZ [\cj [`Z$ k~d\ej `ek\ieXZ`feXcj g\i ef g\i[i\ Zfdg\k`k`m`kXk# jË_X m`jk ]fi X i\[l k Ç[\ dXe\iX ^\e\iXcÇ X cX ^\jk` hlfk`[`XeX [\cj gfjj`Yc\j ZfeÕ`Zk\j jfZ`Xcj# X le Z\ik Xjj`jk\eZ`Xc`jd\ ZXg X Zfc×c\Zk`lj XdY i`jZ [Ë\oZclj` # X i\gXiXi c\j \ok\ieXc`kXkj e\^Xk`m\j [\ cX gif[lZZ` `e[ljki`Xc k\ii`kfi`Xcj# \Zfc ^`hl\j f jfZ`Xcj # X jlZZ\j$ j`m\j i\]fid\j c\^`jcXk`m\j# ` X kiXZkXi XdY c\j j\dgi\ gfc d`hl\j Xjg`iXZ`fej [\ jfY`iXe`X [ËXc^le\j [\ c\j j\m\j i\^`fej% yj \e Xhl\jkX dXeZX [ËXlkfefd`X hl\ ZXc Zfek\oklXc`kqXi Xc^le\j [\ c\j gfc k`hl\j [Ëfi`^\e `ek\ieXZ`feXc hl\ d j gfc $ d`ZX _Xe jljZ`kXk \e \cj [Xii\ij k\dgj# Zfd cË8Zfi[ >\e\iXc [\ :fd\i ` J\im\`j >8KJ X[fgkXk g\i cËFi^Xe`kqXZ` Dle[`Xc [\c :fd\i cËXep (00,# ` hl\ fYi`X c\j gfik\j X cX gi`mXk`kqXZ` [\ efdYifjfj j\Zkfij g Yc`Zj# f \cj `ek\ekj Ç[\ dfd\ek ]iljkiXkjÇ [\ [fkXi [\ :fejk`klZ` cX Le` <lifg\X% J` gXic\d [\cj ~dY`kj [\ ^\jk` g Yc`ZX [\ dXafi gifo`d`kXk X cX Z`lkX[Xe`X# dXc^iXk cX gl`oXe X [\ eflj ZfeZ\gk\j Zfd _f j\i`\e cX ^fm\ieXe X ` cX ^\jk` \e oXioX# cX ^\jk` gfc k`ZX Zfek`elX \jj\ek g\iZ\Yl[X g\i cX gfYcXZ` \e ^\e\iXc Zfd hl\cZfd Xc` X cX j\mX `eZ`[ eZ`X% 8hl\jkX g\iZ\gZ` # \e gXik Xc`d\ekX[X g\i cX k\Ze`ÔZXZ` \e \cj [`jZlijfj [\cj efjki\j i\gi\j\ekXekj ` \c j\l \e]ifekXd\ek gXik`[`jkX# ` \e gXik kXdY g\i cX [\jZfeÔXe X ÇXdY dXafi f d\efi ]feXd\ekX$ Z` Ç ZXg X cX ZcXjj\ gfc k`ZX# _Xe ^\e\iXk leX [\jX]\ZZ` hl\ \j dXe`]\jkX \e \cj Xckj e[\oj [ËXYjk\eZ` \e \cj Zfd`Z`j \c\ZkfiXcj ` \e \c [\j`ek\i j g\i cX Êh \jk` gfc k`ZXË% <c Zfe\`o\d\ek gfglcXi hl\ gf[i`X j\i XgifÔkXk g\i cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\ efm\j ] idlc\j [\ [\dfZi~Z`X gXik`Z`gXk`mX ef j k`e^lk dXjjX \e Zfdgk\# g\i d j hl\ \j kiXZk` kXdY [Ële ZfeZ\gk\$]fi X hl\ \e \cj [Xii\ij Xepj \jk~ \e mf^X [\ c\j `ejk`klZ`fej% ;\ cX dXk\`oX dXe\iX# \c jXY\i k Ze`Z [ËXdgc`j j\Zkfij gif]\jj`f$ eXcj [\ cX jfZ`\kXk Z`m`c \jk~ cclep \eZXiX [\ j\i XgifÔkXk g\i X cX Zi\XZ` [\ gfc $ k`hl\j `eefmX[fi\j hl\ g\id\k`e Zi\Xi efm\j \jkiXk ^`\j ` XZfej\^l`i Zfej\ejfj hl\ ^XiXek\`o`e gifa\Zk\j X ccXi^ k\id`e`% C\j gfc k`hl\j cfZXcj ` ZfdXiZXcj# [feZj# dXeZX[\j [ËXlkfefd`X [\ dXe\iX d j X^i\laX[X hl\ c\j `ejk`klZ`fej Xlkfe d`hl\j f \jkXkXcj# \j m\l\e i\c\^X[\j X ^\j$ k`feXi cX hlfk`[`Xe`kXk [ËXcc \o`jk\ek ` `dgfjj`Y`c`kX[\j [ËXZfej\^l`i Zfej\ejfj# kXek gfc k`Zj Zfd jfZ`Xcj# hl\ g\id\k`e i\Xc`kqXi gfc k`hl\j XdY \e\i^`\j i\efmX$ [\j ` hl\ jË\e]ifek`e [\Z`[`[Xd\ek Xcj i\gk\j [\cj k\dgj XZklXcj ` ]lklij%

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

..

+%*% C8 E<:<JJ@K8K ;< :8EM@ ;< ILD9

<c Jfcjfe j j leX ZfdXiZX [\ kiXej`Z` kXek \e k\d\j gX`jXk^ jk`Zj Zfd \Zfe $ d`Zj ` jfZ`Xcj% 8hl\jkX g\Zlc`Xi`kXk# j` Y jfm`ek c` _X XgfikXk Zfej\h eZ`\j `e$ [\j`kaXYc\j Zfd cX dXeZX [\ m`j`Y`c`kXk ` Xk\eZ` g Yc`ZX# kXdY _X ]\k gfjj`Yc\ hl\ gifZ\jjfj e\^Xk`lj [\c dXiZ \jkilZkliXc XZklXc j`dgc`ÔZXZ` \Zfe d`ZX ` jfZ`f$ ZlckliXc# f g i[lX [\ jfY`iXe`X \e cX ^\jk` cfZXc ef jË_` _X^`e gf^lk dXe`]\jkXi XdY cX dXk\`oX `ek\ej`kXk hl\ X Xcki\j k\ii`kfi`j% 8hl\jkX j`klXZ` jlgfjX leX fgfikle`kXk ]feXd\ekXc g\c hl\ ]X X cX ZXgXZ`kXk [\ i\[`i`^`i \eZXiX cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek ZfdXiZXc% Le k\ii`kfi` i\cXk`mXd\ek Êm\i^\Ë hl\ k \eZXiX dfc$ k\j gfjj`Y`c`kXkj [\ ZXem`Xi [\ ildY# gfjXek \e mXcfi kfkj \cj XZk`lj [\ hl [`jgfjX leX ZfdXiZX i`ZX \e k\`o`k jfZ`Xc ` gXki`dfe` eXkliXc ` ZlckliXc% <j kiXZkX [\ ef i\j`^eXi$j\ X X[XgkXi$j\ Xc gXg\i Xkfi^Xk%%% g\i j Zfe `o\i \c dXiZ [\j [\c hlXc \j gXik\`o g\i `e`Z`Xi le efl ZXd % ;\ cX ;`X^efj` GXik`Z`gXk`mX j\Ëe [\jgi e cX e\Z\jj`kXk [\ Z\iZXi leX efmX [`$ i\ZZ` hl\ i\fi`\ek` \c ildY [\c [\j\emfclgXd\ek _ld~ ` k\ii`kfi`Xc% ;\ cË\eZXiX [ Y`c dXe`]\jkXZ` [\ c\j Zfej\h eZ`\j d j X^i\jj`m\j [\c [\j\emfclgXd\ek XZ$ klXc# j\Ëe [\jgi e cX `[fe\ kXk [\ ]\i$_f \c d j Xm`Xk gfjj`Yc\% 8hl\jkX e\Z\jj`kXk ` mfclekXk [\ ZXem` [\ ildY _X \jkXk leX ZfejkXek [\c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J# ` kfk ` hl\ jfm`ek cX ZfejkilZZ` [ËXhl\jkX mfclekXk ef jË_X^` i\Xc`kqXk [\j [Ële glek [\ m`jkX dXZif\Zfe d`Z f \jkilZkliXc# j hl\ jË_X dXe`]\jkXk \e YXj\ X c\j `ehl`\kl[j ` cX gfjX[X \e Zfd [\cj gifYc\d\j d j hlfk`[`Xej XdY hl \j kifYX cX ^\ek [\ cX ZfdXiZX% 8hl\jk\j gifYc\d~k`hl\j hl\ _Xe XeXk jfi^`ek \e \c gifZ j ]Xe i\]\i eZ`X X ~d$ Y`kj# k\d~k`hl\j ` j\Zkfij kXe [`jkXekj ` [`]\i\ekj Zfd cX dXk\`oX eXkliXc\jX [\cj XZkfij hl\ _Xe gXik`Z`gXk \e \cj kXcc\ij# \cj [`]\i\ekj g\iÔcj gif]\jj`feXcj# f \c g\ejXd\ek ` c\j ]fid\j [\ m\li\ \c d e [\ ZX[XjZ % Kfk ` X`o # cX Z\iZX ZfejkXek [ËXck\ieXk`m\j# cX `eefmXZ` \e [`]\i\ekj j\Zkfij f cX Zi\Xk`m`kXk X cË_fiX [\ gcXe$ k\aXi i\jgfjk\j Xcj gifYc\d\j hlfk`[`Xej j e le [\efd`eX[fi Zfd hl\ gfjX [\ dXe`]\jk cX li^ eZ`X [ËXhl\jk Z`kXk ZXem` [\ ildY%

./

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

LE EFL D8I: ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK JFI>@K ;<CJ K8CC<IJ

CË<JKI8Kß>@8 ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK ><E<I8C CË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek g\i Xc ]lkli [\ cX ZfdXiZX jfi^`[X [\cj kXcc\ij [\ cX ]Xj\ M@J@FEJ# gXjjX g\i Zi\Xi le efmX \jkilZkliX gfc k`ZX hl\ X kiXm j [\ eflj d\ZXe`jd\j ` ZXeXcj ]fd\ek` leX Xlk ek`ZX gXik`Z`$ gXZ` [\ cX ^\ek [\c k\ii`kfi` X cË_fiX [\ [\Z`[`i ` fg`eXi jfYi\ Xhl\ccj k\d\j# [\Z`j`fej ` h \jk`fej hl\ cËX]\Zk\e ` hl\ ]fid\e gXik [\c j\l [`X X [`X% 8 e`m\cc \Zfe d`Z jËXgfjkX g\i le df[\c d j aljk g\c hl\ ]X Xcj gi\lj \e$ ki\ gif[lZkfi ` Zfejld`[fi# ` hl\ \j YXj` \e \c [\j\emfclgXd\ek \e[f^\e Z\ekiXk \e cËXgifÔkXd\ek [\cj i\Zlijfj ` \cj gif[lZk\j cfZXcj [\ cX ZfdXi$ ZX% 8hl\jk df[\c _Xli`X [\ ^XiXek`i hl\ c\j XZk`m`kXkj \Zfe d`hl\j ` gif$ [lZk`m\j gi g`\j [\c Jfcjfe j gl^l`e [\j\emfclgXi$j\ \e cX kfkXc`kXk [\c j\l gifZ j# [\j [\ cX gif[lZZ` Ôej Xc j\l Zfejld% GXic\d# [feZj# hl\ \c gif[lZk\ cfZXc gl^l` j\i gif[l k# kiXej]fidXk# Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXk ` Zfejld`k [`ej [\ cX dXk\`oX ZfdXiZX% 8c_fiX# \c efl \jZ\eXi` gcXek\aXk g\ij\^l\`o leX jfZ`\kXk fe cX Zf_\j` jfZ`Xc \j gcXek\^ j Zfd X mXcfi Z\ekiXc# ` \j ki\YXcc j \e leX gk`ZX d j Zfdle`k~i`X g\c hl\ ]X X cX `ek\^iXZ` [\cj ^ilgj d j mlce\iXYc\j# \c ]f$ d\ek [\ cËXjjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\ ` c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j Zfc×c\Zk`m\j \e kfkj \cj gfYc\j ` Z`lkXkj% =`eXcd\ek# Xhl\jkX \jkiXk ^`X gfjXi`X \jg\Z`Xc d]Xj` \e \c dXek\e`d\ek ` YfeX Zfej\imXZ` [\ cË\ekfie kXek eXkliXc Zfd ZlckliXc% :Xc kifYXi# g\i kXek# cË\hl`c`Yi` \eki\ leX YfeX ^\jk` ` Zfej\imXZ` [\c gXki`dfe` ` \c [\j$ \emfclgXd\ek [\ c\j XZk`m`kXkj _ldXe\j ` \Zfe d`hl\j `e[`jg\ejXYc\j g\ihl cX ^\ek gl^l` ^lXepXi$j\ cX m`[X ` hl\[Xi$j\ X m`li\ Xc k\ii`kfi`%

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

.0

GXik`ek [ËXhl\jkX \jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek ^\e\iXc`jkX# \e \cj kXcc\ij \j mXe XeXi ki\YXccXek Xjg\Zk\j d j ZfeZi\kj jfYi\ cX i\Xc`kXk% 8`o # [\ d`ZX \e d`ZX# ` `e$ k\ekXek Z\ekiXi Xhl\jk Zi`k\i` jfYi\ \cj ~dY`kj k\d~k`Zj XdY hl jË_Xm`X ki\YXccXk aX \e cX ]Xj\ Xek\i`fi J\im\`j ` HlXc`kXk [\ m`[X# GX^\j`X ` Kli`jd\ ` :fd\i \j mXe gf[\i XeXi g\iÔcXek Xhl\ccj [\kXccj ` Xhl\cc\j mfclekXkj hl\ \cj gXik`Z`gXekj m\`\e \jj\eZ`Xcj X cË_fiX [\ gXicXi [ËleX efmX ] idlcX [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek% :fejZ`\ekj [\ cX c`d`kXZ` [\c k\dgj g\i [li X k\id\ Xhl\jk \o\iZ`Z` ` [\ cX Zfd$ gc\o`kXk jfZ`Xc hl\ jlgfjX \jkilZkliXi leX \jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek hl\ ]XZ` i\]\i eZ`X X kfk\j c\j [`d\ej`fej ` Xjg\Zk\j ZcXl [\ cX i\Xc`kXk jfZ`Xc# X Zfek`$ elXZ` gi\j\ek\d cËXgif]le[`d\ek \jkiXk ^`Z \e \cj ~dY`kj ki\YXccXkj% :Xc k\e`i gi\j\ek# g\i # hl\ \cj [fj XgXikXkj hl\ \j i\]\i\`o\e X cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek ÇkXek cËXgXikXk i\]\i\ek Xcj kXcc\ij# Zfd \c glek hl\ gfikX g\i k kfc ÊHl `dgc`ZX Xhl\jk efl dXiZ [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek \e k\id\j ^\e\iXcjËÇ# ef j e gifgfjk\j kXeZX[\j e` \oZcf\ekj [ËXcki\j i\Xc`kXkj f `e`Z`Xk`m\j hl\ aX jË\jkXe [f$ eXek X cX ZfdXiZX% yj X [`i# hl\ c\j gifgfjk\j hl\ jËXglek\e Xhl # \e dfckj ZXjfj j e efm\j `[\\j Zfdgc\d\ek~i`\j XdY c\j hlXcj \j gf[\e kiX Xi eflj ZXd`ej hl\ g\id\k`e fi`\ekXi leX efmX c e`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek ZfdXiZXc% <e ZXg ZXj \j gi\k e jlYjk`kl`i f \iX[`ZXi Xhl\cc\j i\Xc`kXkj hl\ aX ]leZ`fe\e f hl\ ef jËXefd\e\e \e Xhl\jkj ]iX^d\ekj% C\j XgfikXZ`fej Xhl \ogfjX[\j _Xe [\ g\i$ d\ki\ \e gi`d\i ccfZ fYi`i le \jgX` [\ i\Õ\o` # ` \e j\^fe ccfZ [fkXi [\ efm\j gXl$ k\j ` \c\d\ekj jfYi\ \cj hlXcj Zfek`elXi Zfejkil`ek leX ZfdXiZX d j X^iX[XYc\ g\i X kfkj \e \c ]lkli%

/'

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

<C JFCJFEßJ HL< <EJ 8>I8;8I@8 G<I 8CJ GIçO@DJ )' 8EPJ%%% DFJKI8 ;<C K8CC<I I<8C@KQ8K 8 =I<@O@E<K <C )- ;< ><E<I ;<C )''/

J<IM<@J @ HL8C@K8K ;< M@;8 )')/ ÈJ` \cj j\im\`j g Yc`Zj Zfd cX jXe`kXk ]fjj`e i\Xcd\ek [\ hlXc`kXk# ef _Xli \d [\ i\Z ii\i kXe jfm`ek X \jg\Z`Xc`jk\j ` d\k^\j [\ cX jXe`kXk gi`mX[X%%%É CË\jZ\eXi` Ê`[\Xc ` `dX^`eXi`Ë [\c )')/ _Xli`X XZfej\^l`k hl\ \cj j\im\`j ]fjj`e le`m\ijXcj# ^iXkl kj ` [\ hlXc`kXk% Kfkj \cj j\im\`j g Yc`Zj j\i`\e XZZ\jj`Yc\j X kfk_fd `e[`jk`ekXd\ek [\c k\ii`kfi` \e hl m`l2 g\i kXek# jË_Xli`X Xjjfc`k \c gif$ Z j [\ [\jcfZXc`kqXZ` ` [\jZfe^\jk` [\cj j\im\`j Xcj gi`eZ`gXcj elZc`j [\ gfYcXZ` JfcjfeX ` JXek Ccfi\e # ` Xhl\jkj \jkXi`\e [`jki`Yl kj g\i kfk \c k\ii`kfi`# Xjjfc`ek le oXioX [\jZ\ekiXc`kqX[X ` dXeZfdleX[X hl\ [fkXi`X [\cj j\im\`j Y~j`Zj \cj elZc`j iliXcj ` c\j dXj`\j [`jj\d`eX[\j%

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

/(

<cj j\im\`j f]\ikj jË\jkilZkliXi`\e \e [fj \`ofj1 \cj j\im\`j X[i\ Xkj X cX Zfdl$ e`kXk Çhl\ _Xli`\e [\ j\i \e YfeX gXik \cj hl\ `e`Z`\jj`e cX ZfejkilZZ` [ËleX d`ccfi Zf_\j` jfZ`Xc# ` Xal[\jj`e X `ek\^iXi \cj Zfc×c\Zk`lj d j [\jX]Xmfi`kjÇ ` \cj j\im\`j [ËXk\eZ` `e[`m`[lXc`kqX[X Ç]\ek i\]\i eZ`X X Xhl\ccj ZXjfj f g\ijf$ e\j hl\ e\Z\jj`k`e leX Xjj`jk eZ`X `e[`m`[lXc% <o`jk`i`\e dfckj i\Zlijfj gi\m`j X cX `ejk`klZ`feXc`kqXZ` # Zfd XiX cËXk\eZ` [fd`Z`c`~i`X% 8hl\jkj i\Zlijfj \j m\li`\e i\ZfcqXkj j\dgi\ g\i leX YfeX oXioX [\ kiXejgfik Zfc×c\Zk`l hl\ j\i`X X[XgkXYc\ j\^fej cX [\dXe[X ` hl\ `ek\iZfee\ZkXi`X kfkj \cj gfYc\j ` dle`Z`g`j [`jg\ijfj% C\j i\cXZ`fej \eki\ Z`lkX[Xe`X ` X[d`e`jkiXZ` _Xli`\e [feXk le ^`i2 cËX[d`e`jkiXZ` _Xli`X Xjjld`k ÔeXcd\ek \c gXg\i hl\ c` g\ikfZX X cË_fiX [\ m\kccXi g\i cËXk\eZ` ` ZliX [\cj `e]Xekj ` cX ^\ek ^iXe d`kaXe Xek leX j i`\ [\ j\im\`j ZfeZi\kj# i\cc\mXek X cX [feX Zfd X e`ZX jlgfikXek [\ kfk\j c\j kXjhl\j [\i`mX[\j [\ cX `ejk`klZ` ]Xd`c`Xi% G\i XckiX YXe[X jË_Xli`X gif[l k le ZXem` g\c hl\ ]X X cX d\ekXc`kXk [\cj Z`lkX[Xej jfYi\ cËXm\e`i [\ c\j h \jk`fej g Yc`$ hl\j# gXik`Z`gXek ZfealekXd\ek XdY cËX[d`e`jkiXZ` g\i kXc [\ gifgfjXi ` [\Z`[`i hl`e\j j\i`\e c\j d`ccfij XZZ`fej X [li X k\id\ g\i X i\jfc[i\ c\j gifYc\d~k`hl\j [\c k\ii`kfi` \e \c j\l [`X X [`X% <e \c ZXdg jXe`kXi` jË_Xli`X XmXe Xk gc\eXd\ek \e c\j h \jk`fej [\ cX hlXc`kXk [\c j\im\` ` \o`jk`i`X leX ^iXe kiXehl`c×c`kXk \em\ij cX gif]\jj`feXc`kXk [\cj j\im\`j ` [\cj \jg\Z`Xc`jk\j% JË_Xli`\e i\fY\ik f Zfejkil k [`jg\ejXi`j d [`Zj X kfkj \cj dle`Z`g`j# ` g\i XckiX YXe[X jË_Xli`X Zfem\ik`k cËXZklXc _fjg`kXc jfZ`fjXe`kXi` \e le _fjg`kXc g\i Xc kiXZkXd\ek [ËX^lkj% CË\[lZXZ` j\i`X le \c\d\ek Z\ekiXc g\i X cX Zf_\j` jfZ`Xc ` k\ii`kfi`Xc# ` jË_Xli`X XmXe Xk \e cX le`m\ijXc`kXk [\cj j\im\`j \[lZXk`lj g\i X kfk\j c\j \[Xkj% JË_Xli`\e Xl^d\ekXk \cj Z\eki\j ` \cj i\Zlijfj [`jgfe`Yc\j Zfd XiX Y`Yc`f$ k\hl\j# \jZfc\j [\ ]fidXZ` %%% ` jË_Xli`\e X[fgkXk d j d\jli\j [\jZ\ekiXc`kqX$ [\j gi\e\ek Zfd X \o\dgc\ \c df[\c [\ cË\jZfcX iliXc% 8 e`m\cc [Ë\jkl[`j d`kaXej ` jlg\i`fij# Xhl\jkj jË_Xli`\e [`m\ij`ÔZXk ` jË_Xli`\e gfk\eZ`Xk Xhl\ccj \jkl$ [`j i\cXZ`feXkj XdY cË\ekfie ` \cj i\Zlijfj [\ cX ZfdXiZX% CË_XY`kXk^\ ef \j Zfej`[\iXi`X le clo\ Zfd \e cËXZklXc`kXk# ` ÔeXcd\ek jË_Xli`X Xjjfc`k \c gXj [\ i\Zfe `o\i$cf Zfd X leX e\Z\jj`kXk jfZ`Xc% <j Zfejkil`i`X d j _XY`kXk^\ gifk\^`k ` Xhl\jk j\i`X d j XZZ\jj`Yc\ g\i Xcj afm\j ` c\j g\ijfe\j XdY i\e[\j d j YX`o\j# X`o Zfd kXdY jË_Xli`X gfk\eZ`Xk cË_XY`kXk^\ X c\j qfe\j iliXcj g\i kXc [\ ÔoXi cX gfYcXZ` \e \cj g\k`kj elZc`j f qfe\j [`jj\d`eX[\j%

<c ki\YXcc jË_Xli`X [`m\ij`ÔZXk Zi\Xek eflj aXZ`d\ekj [ËfZlgXZ` ` eflj d\iZXkj# ` Xhl\jk ki\YXcc j\i`X [\ hlXc`kXk% <j k`e[i`X d j \e Zfdgk\ cX ]fidXZ` ` jËXkfi^Xi`X d j i\jgfejXY`c`kXk X Zfc×c\Zk`lj Zfd \cj afm\j f c\j [fe\j% 8hl\j$

/)

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

k\j ÔeXcd\ek _Xli`\e XZfej\^l`k le i\Zfe\`o\d\ek [\cj [i\kj ` [\ cX gi g`X `[\ek`kXk# X`o Zfd cX `^lXckXk [Ëfgfikle`kXkj \e \c d e cXYfiXc ` X cË_fiX [ËXZZ\[`i X Z~ii\Zj [\ i\jgfejXY`c`kXk% <c ki\YXcc `eZfigfiXi`X efm\j ] idl$ c\j Zfd c\j efm\j k\Zefcf^`\j f cX [\jZ\ekiXc`kqXZ` [\c ki\YXcc \e g\k`kj gfYc\j ` elZc`j iliXcj% K\e`ek \e Zfdgk\ kfkX Xhl\jkX jlZZ\jj` [Ë\c\d\ekj# \cj g\k`kj gfYc\j f dl$ e`Z`g`j d j [`jg\ijfj i\Zlg\iXi`\e gfYcXZ` ` \j i\m\ik`i`X cX k\e[ eZ`X [Ë\em\cc`d\ek ` [\ [\jgfYcXd\ek ^i~Z`\j X le Zi\`o\d\ek fi[\eXk# \hl`c`YiXk ` gcXe`ÔZXk ÇkXek X e`m\cc liYXe jk`Z Zfd gfYcXZ`feXc% JfcjfeX Zfek`elXi`X \j$ j\ek cX ZXg`kXc [\ ZfdXiZX ` \c gi`eZ`gXc elZc` [\ gfYcXZ` # g\i ef \o`jk`i`X leX [\g\e[ eZ`X kXe ]fikX \eki\ cX ZXg`kXc ` cX i\jkX [\ dle`Z`g`j# aX hl\ \e cX dXafi`X [\ ZXjfj \cj j\im\`j# \cj kiXejgfikj ` \c ki\YXcc jË_Xli`\e [\jZ\ekiXc`kqXk ÇXkfi^Xek d j m`[X ` gifkX^fe`jd\ Xcj g\k`kj gfYc\j ` c\j qfe\j iliXcj%

È?X [\ j\i cË<jkXk hl` \j ]XZ` Z~ii\Z [\cj j\lj Z`lkX[Xej# jfYi\kfk \e \cj ZXjfj [\ [\g\e[ eZ`X [\ cX ^\ek ^iXe2 g\i Xc^leX ZfjX _\d \jkXk ki\YXccXek ` Zfk`kqXek kfkX cX efjkiX m`[X%%%É

G8><J@8 )')/ ÈEf jË_Xli`X [\ dXioXi [\ c\j ZXj\j gX`iXcj g\ihl \cj Z\i\Xcj# \cj iXdXkj# c\j ^iXe^\j¿ [feXi`\e g\i m`li\É

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

/*

<c )')/ cX ^\ek gf[i`X ^lXepXi$j\ cX m`[X XdY cX gX^\j`X ` Xhl\jkX XZklXi`X Zfd X \c\d\ek [\k\id`eXek \e cX ÔoXZ` [\ cX gfYcXZ` Xc k\ii`kfi` ` \e cË\jkXY`c`kXk \Zfe $ d`ZX# jfZ`Xc ` k\ii`kfi`Xc [\ cX ZfdXiZX2 Xkfi^Xi`X Yfej jXcXi`j# \cj Y\e\ÔZ`j hl\ XgfikX \e cX Zfej\imXZ` [\c k\ii`kfi`# gX`jXk^\ ` hlXc`kXk [\ cË\ekfie j\i`\e i\Zf$ e\^lkj jfZ`Xcd\ek ` `ejk`klZ`feXcd\ek# ` \j Zfejfc`[Xi`X Zfd X XZk`l X Zfej\i$ mXi g\i X dXek\e`i cX d\d i`X _`jk i`ZX ` cX `[\ek`kXk Zfc×c\Zk`mX% <c dXek\e`d\ek [ËXhl\jkX ef [\g\e[i`X [\ c\j jlYm\eZ`fej# j`e [Ë\ccX dX$ k\`oX g\ihl cË\jkilZkliX [\c d\iZXk `ek\ie _f ]Xi`X gfjj`Yc\# aX hl\ cX dXafi gXik [\ cX ZX[\eX gif[lZk`mX [\c j\Zkfi gi`dXi` fZfii\i`X X cX ZfdXiZX1 \c Z`iZl`k [\ kiXej]fidXZ` ` Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` [\c gif[lZk\ X^iXi` j\i`X \d`e\ekd\ek cfZXc ` ef jË`dgfikXi`\e gif[lZk\j hl\ cX ZfdXiZX aX ^\e\iX% <c ZXi~Zk\i cfZXc [\c j\Zkfi ` [\ cX ZX[\eX gif[lZk`mX g\id\ki`X cË\o`jk eZ`X [\ gi\lj aljkfj kXek g\i Xc Zfejld`$ [fi Zfd g\i Xc gif[lZkfi# ^XiXek`ek Xc_fiX cX jfY`iXe`X Xc`d\ek~i`X%

ÈEf \o`jk`i`X cX [\g\e[ eZ`X [\ c\j ^iXej \dgi\j\j [`jki`Yl [fi\j ` kiXej]fidX[fi\j [\c gif[lZk\ X^iXi`É G\i kXc [\ ]\i gfjj`Yc\ Xhl\jk d\iZXk `ek\ie# c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ Zffg\iXZ` \Zfe $ d`ZX j\i`\e `e[`jg\ejXYc\j2 c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j Zffg\iXk`m`jk\j ` [Ë\Zfefd`X jfZ`Xc j\i`\e efdYifj\j ` Zfejfc`[X[\j# ]\k hl\ Xc_fiX g\id\ki`X ZfdgXik`i Zfjkfj ` dXek\e`i g\k`k\j \ogcfkXZ`fej% G\i kXc hl\ \c j\Zkfi \j gf^l j ZfdgfikXi [ËXhl\jkX ]fidX ` j\i g\i[liXYc\ \e \c k\dgj# _Xli`X [\ j\i kfkXcd\ek [\g\e[\ek [\c Yfe \jkXk [\ cË\ekfie fe \j [\j\emfcl$ gX% 8hl\jk i\hl`j`k# alekXd\ek XdY \c [\ gf[\i kXeZXi \c d~o`d [\ gifZ\jjfj gif$ [lZk`lj gif[lZZ` $kiXej]fidXZ` $Zfejld X cX ZfdXiZX# \j ZfdgcXli`X XdY leX gX^\j`X [`m\ij`ÔZX[X kXek X e`m\cc [\ ÔeZX Zfd X e`m\cc ZfdXiZXc% Le d\iZXk X^iXi` ` lej Z`Zc\j gif[lZk`lj cfZXcj Zfeki`Yl`i`\e X cX [`m\ij`ÔZXZ` [\cj ccfZj [\ ki\YXcc% 8c j\l kfie# cX [\g\e[ eZ`X \eki\ \c dXek\e`d\ek [\c j\Zkfi ` le \ekfie \e Yfe \jkXk kXdY Zfe[l`i`X X cX e\Z\jj`kXk [ËXgfjkXi g\i df[\cj gif[lZk`lj d j g\i[liXYc\j \e \c k\dgj ` d\epj X^i\jj`lj \Zfc ^`ZXd\ek gif[lZZ` \Zfc ^`ZX ` `ek\^iX[X % Gi\Z`jXd\ek kXek cX gif[lZZ` \Zfc ^`ZX Zfd cX `ek\^iX[X# \e cX d\$ jliX hl\ i\hl\i\`o\e [\ d j d~ [ËfYiX# Zfeki`Yl`i`\e [\ dXe\iX [\Z`j`mX \e \c dXek\e`d\ek [Ële Yfe e`m\cc [ËfZlgXkj X^iXi`j% <e \c efdYi\ [ËfZlgXkj kXdY _` `ek\im`e[i`X [\ dXe\iX [\Z`j`mX cX ]XZ`c`kXk \e cËXZZ j X cX k\iiX% Kfk_fd hl` mfc^l j jË_` gf[i`X [\[`ZXi ` \o`jk`i`X leX kiXejgXi eZ`X \e \c d\iZXk [\ cX k\iiX# \e \c hlXc cËX[d`e`jkiXZ` k`e[i`X le gXg\i [\ d\[`XZ` ` [\ j\^l`d\ek% ÊCX k\iiX g\i X hl` cX ki\YXcc`Ë%

/+

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

8hl\jk\j i\g\iZljj`fej jfYi\ cËfZlgXZ` [\ cX ZfdXiZX# alekXd\ek XdY cX mXcf$ iXZ` jfZ`Xc gfj`k`mX# ]Xi`X hl\ \c j\Zkfi kXdY ]fj g\i[liXYc\ jfZ`Xcd\ek% <e Xhl\jk Zfek\ok# ` k\e`ek \e Zfdgk\ g\i kXek cX m`XY`c`kXk \Zfe d`ZX# jfZ`Xc ` \Zfc ^`ZX [\c j\Zkfi# \cj gifYc\d\j XjjfZ`Xkj Xc i\cc\l ^\e\iXZ`feXc [\ c\j \ogcf$ kXZ`fej ef \o`jk`i`\e% :fd aX jË_X ]\k gXc j# leX gX^\j`X hl\ \j [\j\emfclg j \e Xhl\jk Zfek\ok Ê`[\XcË ` Ê`dX^`eXi`Ë `e\m`kXYc\d\ek _Xli`X [\ [`jgfjXi [ËleX YfeX XZZ\gkXZ` ` [ËleX mXcfiXZ` jfZ`Xc ]XmfiXYc\% CX gX^\j`X j\i`X Zfej`[\iX[X Zfd X ZXY[Xc g\i Xc dXek\e`d\ek [\ cË\ekfie \e Yfe \jkXk YfjZfj e\kj# dXek\e`d\ek [\ cX ZX X# [\ c\j dXj`\j# dXek\e`d\ek ` ZfejkilZZ` [\ eflj \c\d\ekj gXki`dfe`Xcj `# XdY dfk`l [\cj Y\e\ÔZ`j k\ii`kfi`Xcj hl\ j\Ëe [\i`mXi`\e# \cj gX^\jfj ` gX^\j\j j\i`\e i\ki`Yl kj g\i Xhl\jk ]\k%

ÈEf \o`jk`i`\e gX^\jfj Zfej`[\iXkj ki\YXccX[fij [Ë ck`dX ÔcX# Zfej`[\iXkj kfkj XdY \jZXjjX ]fidXZ` ` ZXg mfZXZ` É ÈEf _` _Xli`X Zi`d`eXc`kqXZ`fej [\c j\Zkfi Zfd X M\ek[\cgc~¿ fe \j [ eX X \ek\e[i\ hl\ ef _` _X XZk`m`kXk iXdX[\iX j\ej\ ZfekXd`eXZ` g\i gli`ejÉ G\i kfk X`o cX gX^\j`X j\i`X# \eZXiX d j hl\ Xml`# le \c\d\ek dfck `dgfikXek \e cX ZfejkilZZ` [\ cX `[\ek`kXk Zfc×c\Zk`mX ` \e \c dXek\e`d\ek ` Zi\XZ` ZlckliXc%

KLI@JD< @ :FD<Ix )')/ ÈCËXik\jXe`X ` cX gif[lZZ` [\ hlXc`kXk j e c\j gi`eZ`gXcj m`\j hl\ ZXc \ogcfkXi X cX ZfdXiZX%%%É

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

/,

<cj Zfd\i fj kiX[`Z`feXcj ` ]Xd`c`Xij j\^l`i`\e \e XZk`l \e cË\jZ\eXi` [\j`k$ aXYc\ [\c )')/# ^i~Z`\j X cX Ô[\c`kXk [\ cX gfYcXZ` ` X cX ZfejZ` eZ`X ÇXdgc`X[X ^i~Z`\j X ZXdgXep\j [\ j\ej`Y`c`kqXZ` ` X c\j Ôi\j hl\ aX jËfi^Xe`kq\eÇ [\ cX `d$ gfik~eZ`X \Zfe d`ZX hl\ i\gi\j\ekX dXek\e`i \c k\`o`k Zfd\iZ`Xc m`l% 8 d j [\cj gif[lZk\j hl\ aX jËXZfjkld\e X Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXi# \cj Zfd\i fj gi`fi`k$ qXi`\e cX Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` [\ cX gif[lZZ` cfZXc# jfYi\kfk X e`m\cc Xik\jXeXc ` Xc`d\ekXi`% <cj gif[lZkfij# Xc j\l kfie# XgifÔkXi`\e `e`Z`Xk`m\j XjjfZ`Xk`m\j \e cX gif[lZZ` g\i kXc [\ jldXi \j]fi fj ` d`ccfiXi c\j gfjj`Y`c`kXkj [\ Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` % <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# X d j# \o`jk`i`X leX ZX[\eX [\ [`jki`YlZ` ` m\e[X hl\# X d j [\ ZfdgkXi XdY \cj XmXekXk^\j [\ c\j efm\j k\Zefcf^`\j [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ` # g\i$ d\ki`X leX i\cXZ` [`i\ZkX \eki\ gif[lZkfij XjjfZ`Xkj ` Zfejld`[fij# ]\ek ]ifek X`o ` jlg\iXek cËXd\eX X [\ c\j ^iXej jlg\i] Z`\j ` ZX[\e\j Zfd\i$ Z`Xcj# Xc_fiX hl\ ^XiXek`i`X le gif[lZk\ [\ hlXc`kXk X d j YX`o Zfjk%

ÈKXc ` Zfd mXe c\j Zfj\j%%% CX ^\ek hl\ mlc^l` ZfdgiXi \Zfc ^`Z¿ \j gf[i~ g\id\ki\ \c clo\ [\ ZfdgiXi Xc`d\ekj X gi\l d j \c\mXk6É <c j\Zkfi kli jk`Z kXdY XgifÔkXi`X c\j j`e i^`\j Zi\X[\j \eki\ gif[lZZ` ` Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` cfZXc# XgfikXek le dXafi ^iXl [\ hlXc`kXk ` `ek\i j \e \c Jfc$ jfe j Zfd X ZfdXiZX XdY `[\ek`kXk gi g`X [`ej [\c dXiZ ZXkXc~% 8`o # cX i\mXcfi`kqXZ` gXki`dfe`Xc ÇkXek Xihl`k\Zk e`ZX Zfd [\c gXki`dfe` gfglcXi Ôi\j# ]\jk\j# ^\^Xekj# Y\jk`Xi`%%% Ç g\id\ki`X [`jgfjXi [ËleX f]\ikX kl$ i jk`ZX hl\ Xe`i`X d j \ecc~ [\c gX`jXk^\ ` kiXehl`c×c`kXk# g\i f]\i`i XZk`m`kXkj [`m\ij\j m`j`k\j# ilk\j# fÔZ`j Xek`Zj# \kZ% # aX hl\ \j i\Zlg\iXi`\e Xek`Zj fÔZ`j Xik\jXeXcj hl\ m`li`\e [\ cX j\mX gif[lZZ` ` m\e[X [`i\ZkX kXek X kli`jk\j Zfd X cX gfYcXZ` jfcjfe`eX% Kfk gc\^Xk# \ej gfikXi`X X le \jZ\eXi` \e hl \cj XccfkaXd\ekj [\ kli`jd\ il$ iXc ^Xl[`i`\e [\ YfeX [\dXe[X# ` fe \c gXki`dfe` ` cX ZlckliX cfZXcj j\i`\e mXcfiXkj kXek [`ej Zfd ]fiX [\ cX ZfdXiZX% <o`jk`i`X# X d j# leX \jkiXk ^`X ZcXiX g\i m\e[i\ \c kli`jd\# XdY lej \`ofj [Ë`ek\i j m\_`ZlcX[fij [\ cËf]\ikX Zf$ dXiZXc# g\i X kfkj \cj g Yc`Zj ` XYXjkXek [`]\i\ekj k\d~k`hl\j# Zi\Xek leX dXiZX _fdf^\e\ kqX[fiX [\ cËf]\ikX ` [feXek X Zfe `o\i \c Jfcjfe j X cX i\jkX [\ :XkXclepX XdY cX `[\ek`kXk gXik`ZlcXi hl\ \c ZXiXZk\i`kqX%

/-

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

HLß @DGC@:8 8HL<JK EFL D8I: ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK <E K<ID<J ><E<I8CJ

G\i kXc [\ i\m\ik`i c\j i\g\iZljj`fej Z`kX[\j \e cËXgXikXk Xek\i`fi X`o Zfd \cj \]\Zk\j [\ cX gfcXi`kqXZ` k\ii`kfi`Xc hl\ \j [ eX kXek X [`ej [\ cX ZfdXiZX Zfd X e`m\cc i\^`feXc# ZXc hl\ \j Zfejkil\`o` le \jgX` \Zfe d`Z ` jfZ`Xc YXjXk \e cX cfZXc`kXk% 8hl\jk _Xli~ [\ g\id\ki\ cËXgifÔkXd\ek [\cj i\Zlijfj cfZXcj# aX j`$ ^l`e dXk\i`Xcj ÇcX k\iiX# \cj Zlck`lj# \c gXki`dfe` Xihl\fc ^`Z# cX `e[ jki`X# \cj Zfd\i fj# \kZ%Ç Zfd ZlckliXcj f `ekXe^`Yc\j Çgfk\eZ`Xc jfZ`Xc# ZlckliX gfglcXi# \kZ% 8`o g\id\ki`X [`jd`el`i c\j j`klXZ`fej [\ [\g\e[ eZ`X [\ c\j [`e~d`hl\j \Zfe d`hl\j# k\ii`kfi`Xcj ` ZlckliXcj \ok\i`fij Ç`dg\iXekj \e \c d\iZXk ` \e \c j`jk\dX k\ii`kfi`Xc Z\eki\$g\i`] i`XÇ# ` d`e`d`kqXi`X \e gXik Xc^le\j [\ c\j gi`e$ Z`gXcj gifYc\d~k`hl\j [\ cX ZfdXiZX% CX ZfejkilZZ` [ËXhl\jk \jgX` j`^e`ÔZX `e`Z`Xi le gifZ j ZXg X cX jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk \jki`ZkX# [fkXek \c k\id\ Êjfjk\e`Y`c`kXkË [ËleX `ek\igi\kXZ` hl\ mX dfck d j \ecc~ [\ Zi`k\i`j d\iXd\ek Zfej\imXZ`fe`jk\j% 8`o [feZj# \ek\e\d g\i Êjfjk\e`Y`c`kXk \jki`ZkXË# le gifZ j YXjXk \e cX `^lXckXk k\ii`kfi`Xc Ç\ek\e\ek hl\ ZXg k\ii`kfi` jË\ddXihl` [`ej [\ i\cXZ`fej [\ [fd`e` ` [\g\e[ eZ`X ÊZ\eki\$g\i`] i`XËÇ ` \e cX `^lXckXk jfZ`fZlckliXc ÇYXjX[X \e \c ]\k hl\ kfk_fd k`e^l` cX dXk\`oX gifdfZ` ` fgfikle`kXk g\i [\j\emfclgXi$j\% <cj ZXd`ej g\i Xjjfc`i \cj [`]\i\ekj Zi`k\i`j hl\ \j [\jgi\e\e [\c ZfeZ\gk\ gXj$ j\e# \e \c gi`d\i ZXj# g\c ]fd\ek ` [`m\ij`ÔZXZ` [\ cË\Zfefd`X cfZXc `# \e \c j\$ ^fe# g\c [\j\emfclgXd\ek Zfdle`kXi`% ;fj ZfeZ\gk\j hl\# alekj# _Xe [\ g\i$ d\ki\ hl\ kfkj \cj Zfc×c\Zk`lj gl^l`e m`li\ ` ^lXepXi$j\ cX m`[X \e \c k\ii`kfi` [\ dXe\iX g\idXe\ek% G\ihl Xhl\jk gifZ j j`^l` g\i[liXYc\ \e \c k\dgj `# g\i kXek# m\i[X[\iXd\ek jfjk\e`Yc\# g\i ]fi X jË_X [\ YXjXi \e cË j [\cj i\Zlijfj cfZXcj% 8hl\jk ]\k g\i j` jfc [ll `dgc Z`k dXek\e`i le \hl`c`Yi` \Zfc ^`Z [\ cË\Zfj`jk\dX fe jËX[jZi`l2 g\i X`o # `e\m`kXYc\d\ek _Xli~ [\ YXjXi$j\ \e Xhl\cc\j [`e~d`hl\j hl\ ^\e\i`e \cj d e`dj Zfjkfj jfZ`Xcj ` XdY`\ekXcj Ç`# \cj hl\ ^\e\i`# _XliXe [\ gf[\i j\i XYjfiY`kj g\c gifg` k\ii`kfi`%

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

/.

;\j\emfclgXi$j\ j\^fej Xhl\jk\j gi\d`jj\j# ` [\ dXe\iX \jg\Z ÔZX j\^fej cX e\$ Z\jj`kXk [\ d`e`d`kqXi \cj Zfjkfj jfZ`Xcj# `dgc`ZX g\i ]fi X le [\j\emfclgXd\ek Zfdle`kXi`# YXjXk kXek \e cX `ek\^iXZ` [\cj Zfc×c\Zk`lj [\ i`jZ Zfd \e cX i\Zlg\$ iXZ` [\ cX `e`Z`Xk`mX gfglcXi g\i kXc [\ ZXem`Xi Xcc hl\ ef \ej X^iX[X Xml` ` Zf$ d\e Xi X Zfejkil`i Xcc hl\ \ej X^iX[Xi`X [\d~% <e [\Ôe`k`mX# [feZj# cX jfjk\e`Y`c`kXk \jki`ZkX [\c k\ii`kfi` i\hl\i\`o `e`Z`Xi le gifZ j YXjXk \e cX cfZXc`kqXZ` hl\ k`e^l` \e Zfdgk\ kXek cX ZlckliX# Zfd cË\Zfefd`X# Zfd \cj dXk\`ofj i^Xej [\ [\Z`j` 2 \c\d\ekj hl\ [\Ôe\`o\e \c k\ii`kfi` ` cX Zfdle`kXk hl\ XZlcc# ` hl\ \j Zfii\jgfe\e XdY c\j [`d\ej`fej hl\ j\^l\`o\e%

C8 ;@D<EJ@ä JF:@F:LCKLI8C >Xl[`i [Ële gk`d [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\ cX [`d\ej` jfZ`fZlckliXc i\hl\i\`o [ËleX Zf_\j` jfZ`Xc hl\ [fk` \c k\ii`kfi` [ËleX g\iZ\gZ` [Ë`[\ek`kXk Zfc×c\Zk`mX Ç]feXd\ekXc g\i kXc hl\ cË\jkilZkliX \Zfe d`ZX ` gfc k`ZX gcXek\aX[X ]leZ`fe` X[\hlX[Xd\ekÇ ` [\ cË\o`jk eZ`X [ËleX `^lXckXk jfZ`fZlckliXc% =fd\ekXi cX `[\ek`kXk Zfc×c\Zk`mX ef j`^e`ÔZX i\kifYXi `[\ek`kXkj g\i[l[\j# j`e i\$ Zfe `o\i hl\ jfd \c Zfealek [\ dfck\j oXio\j hl\ \jkXe ZXem`Xek Zfek elXd\ek1 jXY\i hl\ ]fid\d gXik [Ële dXk\`o Zfealek [\ g\ijfe\j# oXio\j jfZ`Xcj# XZkfij \Zfe d`Zj ` `ejk`klZ`fej hl\# XdY \cj j\lj ZfdgfikXd\ekj ZfekiX[`Zkfi`j ` Ôej ` kfk fgfjXkj \e dfckj dfd\ekj [\Ôe\`o\e cX Zfdle`kXk [\c Jfcjfe j% I\Zlg\iXi kiX[`Z`fej ZlckliXcj \ej Xal[Xi~ X i\Zlg\iXi cX dfk`mXZ` g\i X `[\ek`ÔZXi$efj Zfd le Zfealek XZk`l# g\i j ZXY[Xc \jk`dlcXi cX Zi\Xk`m`kXk jfZ`Xc ` ]fd\ekXi$cX d`kaXe Xek cX Zi\XZ` [\ oXio\j# ` cËXZZ` ` Zfii\jgfejXY`c`kXk Zfc×c\Zk`mX%

C8 ;@D<EJ@ä <:FEçD@:8 :\iZXi leX dXafi Xlkfefd`X \e cË~dY`k \Zfe d`Z i\hl\i\`o `ek\ej`ÔZXi cË j [\ cX [`m\ij`kXk [\ i\Zlijfj [\ hl [`jgfjX \c k\ii`kfi` ZfdXiZXc% LeX \Zfefd`X d j Z\ekiX[X \e \cj i\Zlijfj cfZXcj [feXi~ d j \jkXY`c`kXk% G\ihl Xhl\jkX j`^l` g\i[liXYc\ ZXc[i~ hl\ j`^l` [`m\ij`ÔZX[X ` hl\ \cj [`]\i\ekj j\Zkfij gif[lZk`lj \jk`^l`e `ek\ii\cXZ`feXkj1 le \o\dgc\ j\i`X cËXgifÔkXd\ek [\c j\Zkfi gi`dXi` \e `e`Z`Xk`m\j [\ kiXej]fidXZ` Xc`d\ek~i`X# hl\ Xc j\l kfie f]\i`i`X \c gif[lZk\ Xc Zfd\i cfZXc% I\Zfem\ik`i cË\Zfefd`X cfZXc i\hl\i\`o# g\i kXek# [Ële Zfejld kXdY cfZXc2 \e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# j\i~ \jg\Z`Xcd\ek `dgfikXek `ek\im\e`i g\i X i\Zfem\ik`i kXdY c\j gXlk\j [\ Zfejld \o`jk\ekj%

//

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

8cki\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j YXjX[\j \e cX Zffg\iXZ` \Zfe d`ZX f c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j [Ë\Zfefd`X jfZ`Xc j e kXdY m`\j dfck gcXlj`Yc\j \e \c Zfek\ok [Ë\Zfefd`X cfZXc% 8hl\jk\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j# hl\ ef efd j Yljhl\e \c Y\e\ÔZ` \Zfe d`Z [\ cËXZk`m`kXk# fYi\e c\j gfik\j X leX ^\jk` gk`dX [\cj Zfjkfj jfZ`Xcj ` XdY`\ekXcj `dgc Z`kj X cX gif[lZZ` `# Xc_fiX# j e kXdY leX dfck YfeX \`eX [Ë`ej\iZ` cXYfiXc% LeX \Zfefd`X Z\ekiX[X \e \cj i\Zlijfj \e[ ^\ej# cfZXcj ` \d`e\ekd\ek i\efmX$ Yc\j# `dgc`ZX `e\m`kXYc\d\ek leX [\g\e[ eZ`X \eki\ \c gifZ j gif[lZk`l ` \c Yfe \jkXk [\c d\[` eXkliXc# [Ëfe gifm\e\e cX dXafi`X [\cj i\Zlijfj cfZXcj%

C8 ;@D<EJ@ä GFCàK@:F$8;D@E@JKI8K@M8 Le\j gfc k`hl\j g Yc`hl\j X[`\ekj g\id\kiXe Zi\Xi le \ekfie ]XmfiXYc\ g\i `d$ glcjXi \c gfk\eZ`Xc cfZXc j`^l` \Zfe d`Z f jfZ`fZlckliXc % G\i kXek# Xhl\jkX [`$ d\ej` _Xli`X [\ [\j\emfclgXi c\j \`e\j ` \c\d\ekj e\Z\jjXi`j g\i X cX ^\jk` ` gifdfZ` [\cj i\Zlijfj [\c k\ii`kfi`# [\ cX j\mX ^\ek ` [\ c\j j\m\j g\iZ\gZ`fej% @e\m`kXYc\d\ek _Xli~ [Ë\jk`dlcXi cX Zi\XZ` [Ë\jgX`j fe \j gl^l` Xii`YXi Xc Zfe$ j\ej XdY cX i\jkX [ËXZkfij [\c k\ii`kfi`1 k Ze`Zj$gif]\jj`feXcj# XjjfZ`XZ`fej j\Zkf$ i`Xcj# `e`Z`Xk`m\j gfglcXij ` X[d`e`jkiXZ` g Yc`ZX% CËXZfjkXd\ek Xc k\ii`kfi` ` cX iXZ`feXc`kqXZ` [\ cX gi\jX [\ [\Z`j`fej f j`$ ^l`# cËfY\ikliX [\ ZXeXcj [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` [`i\ZkX ` cË\[lZXZ` gfglcXi g\i X lk`c`k$ qXi$cfj # \j YXjX \e \c ki\YXcc Zfealek ` Zfdgc\d\ekXi` [\ c\j `ejk`klZ`fej g Yc`$ hl\j ` [\ cX gi g`X XZZ` jfZ`Xc% G\i X`o jË_Xli~ [\ j\i ZfejZ`\ek [\ cX e\Z\jj`kXk [Ë`ek\^iXi [\ dXe\iX i\Xc cX i\jkX [ËXZkfij [`ej cË\jkilZkliX [\ gf[\i# XdY cX `ek\eZ` [Ë`[\ek`ÔZXi ` i\jfc[i\ ZfealekXd\ek \cj gifYc\d\j ` [\j\emfclgXi c\j fgfikle`kXkj ` ]fikXc\j\j% 8`o `dgc`ZX leX dfY`c`kqXZ` ` i\fi^Xe`kqXZ` gfc k`$ ZX g\i kXdY leX [fkXZ` [\ i\Zlijfj \Zfe d`Zj hl\ ^XiXek\`o`e cX m`XY`c`kXk [ËXhl\jkj ZXeXcj [\ gXik`Z`gXZ` [`i\ZkX%

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

/0

+%+% CËFG<I8K@M@KQ8:@ä ;< CË<JKI8Kß>@8 ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK :fd Y jË_X Z`kXk \e cX `ekif[lZZ` [ËXhl\jk XgXikXk# ef gi\k\e\d hl\ Xhl\jk j`$ ^l` e`ZXd\ek k\ i`Z ` hl\ ef j\Ëe gl^l` [\[l`i cX j\mX Xgc`ZXZ` gi~Zk`ZX% 8`o [feZj# ZXc k\e`i \e Zfdgk\ hl\ \c ki\YXcc k\ i`Z i\Xc`kqXk ÇcX [\Ôe`Z` [\c efl dXiZ [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek Zi\Xk \e \cj kXcc\ijÇ \ej _X [\ g\id\ki\ gf[\i fi`\e$ kXi \cj gifg\ij gXjjfj X j\^l`i g\i kXc [ËXmXe Xi ZXg X cX kiXej]fidXZ` $XZZ` % <j X`o # [feZj# Zfd [ËXhl\jk dXiZ k\ i`Z ^\e\iXc eË_X jfi^`k le XYle[Xek dXk\i`Xc# \c hlXc jË_X XeXk ZfeZi\kXek ` g\iÔcXek [\ d`ZX \e d`ZX \e ZX[XjZle [\cj gXjjfj [lkj X k\id\ \e \c dXiZ [\cj kXcc\ij% K\e`ek \e Zfdgk\ hl\ j`ek\k`kqXi kfkj Xhl\jkj gXjjfj ef j leX ]\`eX ]~Z`cd\ek `ek\c×c`^`Yc\# X Zfek`elXZ` gifgfj\d le hlX[i\ \e hl \j gfk m\li\ d j ZcXiXd\ek cË\mfclZ` [\ cX `e]fidXZ` ` \cj gXjjfj j\^l`kj% :fd \j gfk fYj\imXi# \c hlX[i\ ZfejkX [\ ki\j ^iXej XgXikXkj1 cX [`X^efj`# aX kiXZ$ kX[X Zfd X gi`d\i XgXikXk [\c G8@# cË\jZ\eXi` [\j`kaXk# i\]\i\ek Xc gi\j\ek XgXikXk# ` cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek# i\]\i\ek kXdY X Xc^lej Xjg\Zk\j [ËXhl\jk XgXikXk ` [ËXcki\j aX gifg`j [\c j\^ \ek ÇZ\ekiXk aX \e c\j XZZ`fej ZfeZi\k\j% G\i kXc [\ [\j^cfjÆ jXi \cj [`]\i\ekj gXjjfj hl\ Zfe]fid\e cË\jkiXk ^`X X[alek\d kXdY X Xhl\jk hlX[i\ le g\k`k ^cfjjXi` hl\ g\id\k` XZcXi`i d`ccfi \cj ZfeZ\gk\j ` k\id\j lk`c`kqXkj1 FG<I8K@M@KQ8:@ä ;< CË<JKI8Kß>@8 ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK

0'

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

>CFJJ8I@ G<I ;<=@E@I <CJ G8JJFJ ;< CË<JKI8Kß>@8 ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK <JKI8Kß>@8 ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK ><E<I8C1 <jY j ^\e\iXc jfYi\ \c efl dXiZ [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek \e le j\ek`k gfc k`Z# \Zfe d`Z ` jfZ`Xc g~^`eX ./ % >I8EJ K<DÁK@HL<J1 <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek j\^d\ekX[X j\^fej c\j ^iXej k\d~k`hl\j XdY c\j hlXcj jË_X ki\YXccXk [liXek kfk \c gifZ j gXik`Z`gXk`l J\im\`j ` HlXc`kXk [\ m`[X# GX^\j`X ` Kli`jd\ ` :fd\i % =Xe i\]\i eZ`X Xcj \jZ\eXi`j [\j`kaXkj \ogfjXkj Xek\i`fid\ek% DfjkiX [\c kXcc\i i\Xc`kqXk X =i\`o`e\k \c )- [\ ^\e\i [\c )''/ g~^`eX /' % ÁD9@KJ <JKI8Kß>@:J1 :feZi\Z` [\cj \jZ\eXi`j jfi^`kj [\ c\j ^iXej k\d~k`$ hl\j% M e\e X j\i ^iXej fYa\Zk`lj hl\ \ej _Xe [\ g\id\ki\ Xii`YXi X cË\jZ\eXi` [\j`kaXk% <j [\j\emfclg\e X Zfek`elXZ` [ËXhl\jk ^cfjjXi`% CàE@<J <JKI8Kß>@HL<J1 ;\Ôe`Z` ZfeZi\kX [\cj ~dY`kj \jkiXk ^`Zj% K\d\j dfck d j j\^d\ekXkj ` XdY fYa\Zk`lj d j ZfeZi\kj% Gi\k\e\e Zi\Xi le gXiX`^ \j g\i X c\j gfjk\i`fij XZZ`fej% <c\d\ek gifg` [\c mfcld )# Z\ekiXk \e c\j XZZ`fej% GIF>I8D<J1 ;`]\i\ekj [`d\ej`fej f i\Xc`kXkj [\ c\j c e`\j \jkiXk ^`hl\j% <e$ ^cfY\e kXdY Zfealekj [ËXZZ`fej g\i [\ ]fidX d j [\kXccX[X% <c\d\ek gifg` [\c Mfcld )# Z\ekiXk \e c\j XZZ`fej% 8::@FEJ1 D\jli\j ZfeZi\k\j g\i [li X k\id\ Xc k\ii`kfi`% I\gi\j\ek\e cX le`kXk Y~j`ZX [\ ki\YXcc [\c G8@% <c\d\ek gifg` [\c mfcld )# Z\ekiXk \e c\j XZZ`fej% 8 d j [ËXhl\jkj ZfeZ\gk\j Y~j`Zj# g\i \ek\e[i\ \cj gXjjfj hl\ jË_Xe j\^l`k g\i X cËfg\iXk`m`kqXZ` [\ cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek _` _X le ck`d ZfeZ\gk\ hl\ kXdY mXc cX g\eX [\jkXZXi% J e c\j Xefd\eX[\j @;<<J =FIx8% 8hl\j$ k\j \j gf[i`\e [\Ôe`i Zfd \cj g`cXij f ]feXd\ekj gi`eZ`gXcj hl\ Xik`Zlc\e Xhl\jk gcX [ËXZZ` % Jfi^\`o\e [\ cX [\Ôe`Z` [\ cË\jZ\eXi` `[\Xc ` m`e[i`\e X i\gi\j\ekXi cË\jj eZ`X [\ kfk Xhl\jk ki\YXcc% C\j gf[i\l kifYXi Xc ÔeXc [\c gi\j\ek XgXikXk%

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

0(

<CJ ÁD9@KJ <JKI8Kß>@:J2 LE8 M@J@ä DyJ :FE:I<K8 ;< CË<JKI8Kß>@8 ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK

:fd jËXglekXmX \e \c ^cfjjXi`# \cj ~dY`kj \jkiXk ^`Zj \j gf[\e \ek\e[i\ Zfd X ^iXej fYa\Zk`lj hl\ _Xe [\ g\id\ki\ Xjjfc`i \c Z`kXk \jZ\eXi` [\j`kaXk% 8hl\jkj \j gi\j\ek\e kXc Zfd mXe jfi^`i \e \cj kXcc\ij# ` fi[\eXkj j\^fej c\j ^iXej k\d~k`$ hl\j XdY c\j hlXcj jË_X XeXk ki\YXccXek% MXc X [`i hl\ \e Xhl\jk glek [\c gif$ Z j \j mX `eZcfli\ leX efmX k\d~k`ZX hl\ ef jË_Xm`X ki\YXccXk [\ ]fidX gi g`X1 cË8jjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\% CX gf[i\l kifYXi kXdY \e cX j\^ \ek \eld\iXZ` %

J<IM<@J @ HL8C@K8K ;< M@;8 :I<8:@ä ;ËLE8 O8IO8 ;< J<IM<@J 8;8GK8KJ 8C K<II@KFI@ 8[\hlXZ` [\ cX oXioX [\ j\im\`j X cX i\Xc`kXk [\c k\ii`kfi` [`jj\d`eXk ` [`jg\ij [\c Jfcjfe j :i\XZ` [ËleX efmX oXioX [\ kiXejgfik X[XgkXk ` jfjk\e`Yc\# X[\hlXk X cX gfYcX$ Z` ` \c k\ii`kfi` D`ccfiX [\c [ ÔZ`k [\ j\im\`j jfZ`Xcj ` Xjj`jk\eZ`Xcj X c\j qfe\j iliXcj GFK<E:@8:@ä ;<CJ J<IM<@J <;L:8K@LJ Gfk\eZ`XZ` [\ cË\jZfcX iliXc Zfd X \c\d\ek `ek\^iX[fi [\c k\ii`kfi` ;`m\ij`ÔZXZ` [Ë\jkl[`j d`kaXej ` jlg\i`fij hl\ k`e^l`e \e Zfdgk\ Zi`k\i`j [Ë`^lXckXk [\ ^ e\i\# `^lXckXk ]fidXk`mX \e [`]\i\ekj \[Xkj ` cX Zfii\jgfe[ eZ`X \eki\ ]fidX$ Z` ` gfjk\i`fi XZZ j Xc d e cXYfiXc ;@M<IJ@=@:8:@ä ;< C8 @E;èJKI@8 @ <C KI<98CC Efm\j gi~Zk`hl\j XjjfZ`Xk`m\j hl\ k`e^l`e \e Zfdgk\ efm\j ] idlc\j fi^Xe`kqX$ k`m\j# Zfd \c ki\YXcc X [`jk~eZ`X Gfk\eZ`XZ` [\ cX `e[ jki`X Xik\jXeX ` ]Xd`c`Xi <ogcfiXZ` [\ eflj j\^d\ekj `e[ljki`Xcj i\cXZ`feXkj XdY \cj i\Zlijfj [\ cX ZfdXiZX

0)

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

=FD<EK ;< C8 @>L8CK8K ;< >ßE<I< @ C8 @>L8CK8K ;ËFGFIKLE@K8KJ <EKI< J<O<J <jg\Z`Xc Xk\eZ` \e h \jk`fej cXYfiXcj2 efm\j gi~Zk`hl\j [\ ki\YXcc# eflj aXZ`$ d\ekj [ËfZlgXZ` # ZfeZ`c`XZ` cXYfiXc ` ]Xd`c`Xi J\ej`Y`c`kqXZ` ` i\Zfe\`o\d\ek [\ cX dlck`]leZ`feXc`kXk [\ c\j kXjhl\j hl\ [\j$ \emfclgX cX [feX @[\ek`kXk [\ ^ e\i\ ` `^lXckXk D`ccfiX [\ cËf]\ikX ]fidXk`mX :I<8:@ä ;ËLE EFL D8I: ;< GFCàK@HL<J Gè9C@HL<J 8 CË<EKFIE ;< CËLI98E@JD<# CË?89@K8K>< @ <CJ AFM<J C\^`jcXi ÊX ]XmfiË [\c Zfc×c\Zk`l afm\ g\ihl Xhl\jkj \j gl^l`e ÊÔoXi \e \c k\ii`$ kfi`Ë \e kfkj \cj j\ek`kj >XiXek`i \c [i\k [\ cËXZZ j X cË_XY`kXk^\ g\i X kfkX cX gfYcXZ` =fd\ek [\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ` [\ cX jfZ`\kXk Z`m`c \e \cj gifZ\jjfj liYXe jk`Zj f gif$ Z\jjfj g Yc`Zj =fd\ek [\ cË_XY`kXk^\ [\ ccf^l\i X lej gi\lj iXfeXYc\j D`ccfiX [\ cËf]\ikX [Ë\jkl[`j ` ]\`eX \eki\ cX ^\ek afm\

G8><J@8 GFK<E:@8:@ä @ ;@M<IJ@=@:8:@ä ;< C8 GIF;L::@ä CF:8C ;`m\ij`ÔZXZ` [\ cX gif[lZZ` cfZXc <jk`dlcXi cËXjjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\ \e cX gif[lZZ` 8gfjkXi g\i le\j gi~Zk`hl\j X^i Zfc\j ` iXdX[\i\j XYjfiY`Yc\j g\i cË\ekfie ` cX jfZ`\kXk >XiXek`i cX jfY`iXe`X Xc`d\ek~i`X GFK<E:@8:@ä ;< C8 KI8EJ=FID8:@ä @ :FD<I:@8C@KQ8:@ä CF:8C Gfk\eZ`XZ` ` i\Zlg\iXZ` [\ cX `e[ jki`X cfZXc <jk`dlcXi cËXjjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\ \e cX kiXej]fidXZ` ` Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` 8gfjkXi g\cj Z`iZl`kj Zlikj [\ Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` ` m\e[X [`i\ZkX @ek\im\e`i \e c\j gXlk\j [\ Zfejld >XiXek`i cX jfY`iXe`X Xc`d\ek~i`X G<;8>F>@8 JF9I< C8 I<C8:@ä <EKI< <C 9FE <JK8K ;<C G8KI@$ DFE@ :LCKLI8C @ E8KLI8C @ <C D8EK<E@D<EK ;< CË8:K@M@K8K 8>IÁI@8 CF:8C @ ;< HL8C@K8K Gfk\eZ`Xi \c i\Zfe\`o\d\ek jfZ`Xc [\ c\j ]leZ`fej ZlckliXcj# jfZ`Xcj ` [\ ^\jk` [\c gX`jXk^\ hl\ cËXZk`m`kXk X^i~i`X [\ hlXc`kXk gfikX `dgc Z`k\j

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

0*

Gfk\eZ`Xi c\j Yfe\j gi~Zk`hl\j X^i~i`\j# ZfdgXk`Yc\j XdY le \ekfie ` leX Zlc$ kliX \e Yfe \jkXk

KLI@JD< @ :FD<Ix GFK<E:@8:@ä ;< C8 M@E:LC8:@ä <EKI< F=<IK8 KLIàJK@:8 @ G8$ KI@DFE@ :FD8I:8C EfmX \jkiXk ^`X ZfdXiZXc ^cfYXc [\ cX gifdfZ` kli jk`ZX @em\ekXi` ` gi`fi`kqXZ` [\cj \c\d\ekj [Ë\jg\Z`Xc `ek\i j kli jk`Z I\mXcfi`kqXZ` ` gifdfZ` [\c gXki`dfe` ZlckliXc ` eXkliXc Zfd X XZk`l kli jk`Z GifdfZ` [\c gXki`dfe` eXkliXc ` ZlckliXc [\ cX ZfdXiZX# kXek \eki\ \cj j\lj _XY`kXekj Zfd [\ ZXiX X cË\ok\i`fi <jkl[`Xi cX m`XY`c`kXk [ËXgfjkXi g\i cX Zi\XZ` [\ eflj XZk`lj kli jk`Zj <JK@DLC8:@ä ;<C :FEJLD 8 C8 O8IO8 :FD<I:@8C CF:8C J\ej`Y`c`kqXi cX gfYcXZ` cfZXc jfYi\ cX `dgfik~eZ`X [\ dXek\e`i \c k\`o`k Zfd\i$ Z`Xc m`l Gfk\eZ`XZ` ` i\Zlg\iXZ` [\c gif[lZk\ cfZXc1 Xik\jXe`X# kXcc\ij cfZXcj# _fik`Zlc$ kliX# \kZ <jk`dlcXi cËXjjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\ \e cX Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` [\c gif[lZk\ cfZXc 8gfjkX g\cj Z`iZl`kj Zlikj [\ Zfd\iZ`Xc`kqXZ` ` m\e[X [`i\ZkX M`eZlcXi \c gif[lZk\ cfZXc [\ hlXc`kXk X cËf]\ikX kli jk`ZX

8JJF:@8:@FE@JD< GIFDF:@ä @ ;@E8D@KQ8:@ä ;< CËÁD9@K 8JJF:@8K@L ;`eXd`kqXZ` [\ cË~dY`k XjjfZ`Xk`l ZlckliXc ` d\[` XdY`\ekXc :fejfc`[XZ` ` fgk`d`kqXZ` [\ c\j XjjfZ`XZ`fej j\Zkfi`Xcj kli jk`hl\j ` Zfd\iZ`Xcj =fd\ek [\ cËXjjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\ \e cË~dY`k gif[lZk`l cfZXc =fd\ek [\ cËXZfdgXepXd\ek X[d`e`jkiXk`l [\ c\j `e`Z`Xk`m\j \e^\^X[\j g\i cË~dY`k XjjfZ`Xk`l M8CFI@KQ8:@ä @ GIFDF:@ä ;< C8 :LCKLI8 GFGLC8I <e]fik`d\ek ` i\Zlg\iXZ` [\ Z\ikj jXY\ij kiX[`Z`feXcj I\Zlg\iXZ` ` [`]lj` [\c cc\^Xk ]fcbc i`Z ` gfglcXi

0+

<jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek s G8@

C<J @;<<J =FIx82 CË<JJßE:@8 @ <C =FE8D<EK ;<C G8@ Le [\j\emfclgXd\ek gfglcXi jfjk\e`Yc\% Le [\j\emfclgXd\ek YXjXk \e%%% C8 @EK<>I8C@K8K @ C8 :I<8:@ä ;< J@EßI>@<J Le [\j\emfclgXd\ek i\Xc _X [Ë\jkXi Xjj\ekXk jfYi\ cX kiXej]fidXZ` [\cj ki\j gi`jd\j [\ cX i\Xc`kXk1 \c jfZ`fZlckliXc# cË\Zfe d`Z ` \c gfc k`Zf$X[d`e`jkiXk`l% GXik`ek [ËXhl\jkX gi\d`jjX# jË\ek e hl\ hlXcj\mfc ZXem` jlYjkXeZ`Xc hl\ \j mlc$ ^l` i\Xc`kqXi _X [\ ZfdgkXi XdY kiXej]fidXZ`fej hl\ Zfek\dgc`e Xhl\jkj ki\j ~dY`kj# ki`Xe^lcXek c\j XZZ`fej X `dgc\d\ekXi ` kiX Xek le ]lcc [\ ilkX `ek\^iXc hl\ g\id\k` fYk\e`i lej i\jlckXkj gk`dj% ;ËXckiX YXe[X# \e `dgc\d\ekXi XZZ`fej Z\ekiX[\j efd j \e le [ËXhl\jkj ~dY`kj# ZXc k\e`i gi\j\ek# `^lXcd\ek# hl\ \o`j$ k\`o leX Zfdgc\d\ekXi`\kXk \eki\ XZZ`fej [\cj [`]\i\ekj ~dY`kj hl\ Zi\\e j`e i$ ^`\j# hl\ XZkl\e d j \ecc~ [\ cËfYa\Zk`l ZfeZi\k [\ cËXZZ` # gif[l`ek le \]\Zk\ Zfc×cXk\iXc \e c\j Xcki\j [`d\ej`fej [\ cX i\Xc`kXk% CË8::@ä @ C8 I<JGFEJ89@C@K8K :FC×C<:K@M8 CX i\jgfejXY`c`kXk \e \c ]lkli [\ cX efjkiX jfZ`\kXk ef [\g e# Zfd XiX Xglek~m\d# [\cj XZkfij i\jgfejXYc\j [ËleX jfcX [`d\ej` [\ cX i\Xc`kXk% E` \c gf[\i gfc k`Z# e` cË\Zfe d`Z# e` cX jfZ`\kXk Z`m`c k\e\e# g\i j` jfcj# cX gfjj`Y`c`kXk [\ [`i`^`i [\ dXe\iX \oZclj`mX \c ildY [\c [\j\emfclgXd\ek [Ële k\ii`kfi`% Gf[i \d `ek\e$ kXi hlXek`ÔZXi hl`e [\cj ki\j ~dY`kj k dXafi ZXgXZ`kXk [\ dXe`fYiX# g\i \c hl\ hl\[Xi`X ZcXi j hl\ cX jldX [\cj ki\j XZkfij j j\dgi\ dXafi hl\ c\j gXikj g\i j\gXiXk% 8`o [feZj# kXek cX i\jgfejXY`c`kXk jfZ`Xc Zfd cX e\Z\jj`kXk [ËXZZ` hl\ j\Ëe [\i`mX# j`^l` \e cË~dY`k hl\ j`^l`# _X [\ ZfdgkXi XdY cX gXik`Z`gXZ` [\ kfkj \cj XZkfij# _X [Ë\j[\m\e`i leX XZk`m`kXk [ËXZZ` Zfc×c\Zk`mX g\i kiXZkXi [\ dXo`d`$ kqXi c\j fgZ`fej [\ i\\`o`i \e Xhl\jk \o\iZ`Z` [\ jfY`iXe`X jfYi\ \c gifg` ]lkli [Ële k\ii`kfi`% CË8LKFEFD@8 @ C8 GI<J8 ;< ;<:@J@FEJ JF9@I8E<J <cj Zfe[`Z`feXekj X cË_fiX [\ [\Ôe`i leX \jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek ef j e gfZj# aX hl\ ef \jk\d kiXZkXek le k\ii`kfi` X ccXk [\ cX i\jkX [\c d e XdY le\j [`e~d`hl\j Xc`\e\j Xc ]leZ`feXd\ek ^\e\iXc`kqXk [\ cË\Zfefd`X# cX gfc k`ZX f Xcki\j \j]\i\j% 8iX Y # g\i kXc [\ [\Ôe`i leX \jkiXk ^`X gi g`X hl\ \ej g\id\k` XmXe Xi$efj X c\j `dgfj`Z`fej ` [\Z`j`fej X Z~ii\Z [ËXcki` jfYi\ \c efjki\ Xm\e`i# j [\ m`kXc `dgfik~eZ`X ]fd\ekXi cËXlkfefd`X [\ cX efjkiX gfYcXZ` # [\ c\j efjki\j `ejk`klZ`fej `# \e ^\e\iXc# [\c efjki\ k\ii`kfi`# g\i [\Z`[`i hl ` Zfd mfc\d hl\ j`^l` \e \cj Xepj ]lklij% 8hl\jkX Xlkfefd`X \ej _X [\ [li Ç[`ej lej Zfe[`Z`f$

G8@ s <jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek

0,

eXekj d j Xdgc`jÇ X gf[\i df[\cXi Xhl\ccj \c\d\ekj [\c [\j\emfclgXd\ek hl\ j\Ëej gi\j\ek\e Zfd X `eXg\c×cXYc\j `dg\iXk`lj hl\ ZXc XZZ\gkXi2 ` i\m\ik`i$cfj# \e cX d\jliX [\c gfjj`Yc\# g\i XmXe Xi ZXg X cX [`i\ZZ` hl\ Xlk efdXd\ek [\Z`[`d hl\ _\d [Ë\dgi\e[i\% :Xc# \e gfhl\j gXiXlc\j# g\ejXi \e hl k\e`d# hl mfc\d ` Zfd _` mfc\d Xii`YXi% @ ZXc hl\ Xhl\jk \o\iZ`Z` \c ]\d [\j [\c gifg` k\ii`kfi`% C8 :FFG<I8:@ä JF:@8C @ CË<HL@C@9I@ K<II@KFI@8C G\i Xjjfc`i \c [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\j`kaXk j e\Z\jjXi` le Zc`dX [\ Zffg\iXZ` \eki\ c\j [`]\i\ekj `e`Z`Xk`m\j aX \o`jk\ekj X cX ZfdXiZX% CX Zffg\iXZ` \eki\ [`]\i\ekj XZkfij ÇZfd aX jË_X [`kÇ# g\i kXdY \eki\ kfk k`glj [\ gifa\Zk\j# gif^iXd\j# gcXej f [\d j `e`Z`Xk`m\j# j Y~j`ZX g\i Xjjfc`i lej gk`dj i\jlckXkj# aX j`^l` d`k$ aXe Xek cX Zi\XZ` [\ oXio\j [\ Zffg\iXZ` f g\i cËXjjfc`d\ek [ËXZfi[j \j$ kiXk ^`Zj gleklXcj% ;Ë`^lXc dXe\iX# \cj \j]fi fj hl\ X [`X [ËXml` Ç` \cj hl\ m`e$ [iXeÇ jË\jkXe i\Xc`kqXek X [`]\i\ekj dle`Z`g`j \e `e`Z`Xk`m\j ZfeZi\k\j# ZXc hl\ j`^l`e ZfeZ\Ylkj Zfd leX gXik [\ hl\cZfd hl\ j [\ Y\e\ÔZ` Zfd \e \c ^cfYXc [\ cX ZfdXiZX# ` gi\jkXi$cfj \c kiXZkXd\ek hl\ d\i\`o\e% Ef ZXc [`i# [feZj# hl\ jË_X [\ k\e`i dfck gi\j\ek hl\ ÊZfdXiZXË ef j `^lXc X ÊZ\eki\ " g\i`] i`XË# j`e hl\ _X [\ j\i Zfek\dgcX[X ` ^\jk`feX[X Zfd X le kfk XdY c\j dXk\`o\j fgfikle`kXkj ` i\Zlijfj [`jgfe`Yc\j% CË8K<E:@ä <JG<:@8C 8CJ :FC×C<:K@LJ ;< I@J: Le Xcki\ [\cj ]XZkfij X Zfek\dgcXi \e cX [\Ôe`Z` [\cj \jZ\eXi`j [\j`kaXYc\j g\i Xc [\j\emfclgXd\ek Zfdle`kXi` j \c [\ cX j`klXZ` [\cj Zfc×c\Zk`lj [\ i`jZ% Af$ m\j# `dd`^iXekj# ^\ek ^iXe `# jfYi\kfk# [fe\j# j e Zfc×c\Zk`lj hl\# Xk\e\ek cX j\mX g\ik`e\e X X le [\k\id`eXk ^ilg# jfm`ek m\l\e c`d`kX[\j c\j j\m\j ZXgXZ`kXkj [\ gifdfZ` `e[`m`[lXc# ` Zfe[`Z`feXk cËXjjfc`d\ek [\ Z\ikj [i\kj f fgfikle`kXkj hl\ _Xli`\e [\ j\i `^lXcd\ek XZZ\jj`Yc\j X kfkX cX gfYcXZ` % <e \c ZXj [\ c\j [fe\j# cËXck ^iXl [\ iliXc`kXk \o`jk\ek X cX ZfdXiZX \e [\k\id`eX leX \jg\Z`Xc j`klXZ` [\ mlce\iXY`c`kXk# Xk\e\ek \c kiX[`Z`feXc ifc [\ jlYd`jj` Xc gXki`XiZXk% yj# g\i kXek# [\c kfk `dgi\jZ`e[`Yc\ `eZfigfiXi \cj dXk\`ofj Zfc×c\Zk`lj Zfd X XZkfij g\ihl `dglcj`e \c [\j\emfclgXd\ek ]lkli% C8 @;<EK@K8K CF:8C @ <C I<:FE<@O<D<EK <OK<I@FI CËXjjldgZ` [\ kfkj Xhl\jkj gi`eZ`g`j Xek\i`fij gXjjX g\i f gfikXi~ X le i\]fi X$ d\ek [\ cX gi g`X `[\ek`kXk ZfdXiZXc% <c i\Zfe\`o\d\ek dlkl [\ cX Zfc×c\Zk`m`kXk hl\ _XY`kX le dXk\`o k\ii`kfi`# X`o Zfd \c cc\^Xk ZlckliXc# dXk\i`Xc ` _`jk i`Z [\c hlXc j [`gfj`k~i`X# _Xe [\ j\im`i Zfd X \c\d\ekj ]fiaX[fij [Ële jlYa\Zk\ hl\ j\ j\ek` jfY`i~ jfYi\ \c j\l gifg` [\jk % <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k Xglek\e Xc^lej [\cj \c\$ d\ekj Xek\i`fid\ek d\eZ`feXkj `# [ËXcki\j# \j[\m\e\e Zfej\h eZ`X [\c gi`eZ`g` Xhl \jd\ekXk% 8dY kfk# g\i # \c i\]fi Xd\ek [ËXhl\jkX `[\ek`kXk Zfc×c\Zk`mX _X [\ j\im`i# alekXd\ek XdY cX [\k\id`eXZ` [\ [\Ôe`i c\j gi g`\j gi`fi`kXkj ` c\j m`\j g\i Xjjfc`i$c\j# g\i [feXi X Zfe `o\i cX ZfdXiZX% Hl` jfd# hl mfc\d `# \e ]leZ` [ËX`o # Zfd mfc\d hl\ \ej m\^`e \cj Xcki\j%

, M@<J ;ﾃ機DGC<D<EK8:@ﾃ､

G8@ s M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ`

00

,%(% @ 8I8 HLß6 GFJJ@9C<J M@<J ;Ë@DGC<D<EK8:@ä

;\jgi j [Ë\cXYfiXi cX [`X^efj` ZfdXiZXc# [\ m\li\ hl`e j \c ]lkli hl\ mfc\d g\i X cX ZfdXiZX ` [Ë_Xm\i \cXYfiXk \c GcX [Ë8ZZ` @ek\^iXc [\c Jfcjfe j# XiX j _fiX [Ë\eZ\kXi le efl gifa\Zk\ hl\ ]XZ` gfjj`Yc\ hl\ kfk\j Xhl\jk\j XZZ`fej \j[\m`e$ ^l`e i\Xc`kXk% ;\j [Ële gi`d\i dfd\ek# [\j [\ cË8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X ef \ej Zfe]fid~m\d XdY leX gXik`Z`gXZ` gfglcXi hl\ \j c`d`k j Çj\ej\ d\epjk\e`i cË\j]fi Ç X fg`eXi jfYi\ Xcc hl\ ]leZ`feX f Xcc hl\ ef mX Y X cX ZfdXiZX% ;\j [\ cË`e`Z`# _\d gi\k j hl\ \c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J Zfdgk j XdY leX gXik`Z`gXZ` i\Xc ` \]\Zk`mX \e kfkj \cj \c\d\ekj hl\ _\d XeXk kiXZkXek# ef c`d`kXek c\j fgZ`fej [\cj gXik`Z`gXekj X i\j$ gfjk\j gi\ZfeZ\Yl[\j \e hl cX gXik`Z`gXZ` \j kiX[l j X ki`Xi \eki\ YcXeZ f e\^i\# hlX[iXk f if[ % <c gifa\Zk\ <JG8@J \j YXjX \e cX gXik`Z`gXZ` $XZZ` # ` \e Xhl\jk j\ek`k c\j kifYX[\j ef k\e`\e cËfYa\Zk`l [\ Êki`XiË j`e [\ ÊZi\XiË ZfealekXd\ek le \jZ\eXi` [\j`kaXYc\ ` Xjjfc`Yc\2 [\cj `ek\iZXem`j [Ëfg`e`fej \o`jk\ekj Xcj kXcc\ij# [\ dXe\iX `dgc Z`kX j\Ëe [\i`mX cX Zi\XZ` [ËleX efmX fg`e` ` efm\j g\iZ\gZ`fej Zfejkil [\j [\j [\c gi`jdX [\ cX Zfc×c\Zk`m`kXk# ` ef [\j [\ cË`e[`m`[lXc`kXk% ;\ kfk X`o eË_X jfi^`k# \eki\ dfck\j Xcki\j Zfj\j# \c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j% G\i \e cX gXik`Z`gXZ` \e hl efjXcki\j Zi\`\d# \cj [`]\i\ekj XZkfij [\ cX ZfdXiZX ef j e efd j XZkfij f jlYa\Zk\j [Ë`em\jk`^XZ` g\i X Zfejkil`i le GcX [Ë8ZZ` 2 Xii`YXkj X Xhl\jk glek# jËXjjfc\`o \c dfd\ek [\ d j i\cc\m~eZ`X kXek g\i X cX Zf$ dXiZX Zfd g\i X c\j gi g`\j Zfem`ZZ`fej [\ dfckj [\c hl` _\l gXik`Z`gXk \e \c gifZ j1 cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` Zfc×c\Zk`mX ` gXik`Z`gXk`mX [\ c\j XZZ`fej% DXjjX jfm`ek dfckj gifa\Zk\j ]Xe j [\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ` Z`lkX[XeX Zfd X \`eX g\i X Xjjfc`i leX ÔeXc`kXk ZfeZi\kX1 [\Ôe`i \c Zfcfi d j XZZ\gkXk# g\i \o\dgc\# j`^l` \c YcXeZ f \c e\^i\% ;\j [\ cX Zfem`ZZ` hl\ Xhl\jkj d\ZXe`jd\j gXik`Z`gXk`lj j e d\iX$ d\ek Zfejlck`lj ` hl\ ef ]fd\ek\e cX mfc^l[X XjjfZ`XZ` \eki\ gfYcXZ` ` XZZ` # cX `em\jk`^XZ` $XZZ` gXik`Z`gXk`mX Ç` kXdY \c gifa\Zk\ <jgX`jÇ gfjX dfck [Ë d]Xj` \e cX ]Xj\ [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` Zfc×c\Zk`mX% yj \e Xhl\jkX fe iXl \c m\ikX[\i `e[`ZX[fi [ËXjjfc`d\ek [Ële [\cj i\gk\j d j ]feXd\ekXcj [\c gifZ j1 cX i\Zlg\iXZ` [\ cX `c×clj` [\ Zfejkil`i Zfc×c\Zk`mXd\ek ` `e`Z`Xi \c ZXd ZXg X leX i\Xc`kXk d j [\j`kaXYc\%

(''

M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` s G8@

È=<D :FJ<J% 8 8HL<CCJ HL< EF =8E I<J D8@ EF <CJ K@E>L<D <E :FDGK<# J@ EF yJ G<I ;@ËCJ$?@ 8@Oç1 ½=<L :FJ<J F :8CC<L% EF J@>L<L <C =<D<I HL< ;<JKFI98 <C M@8E8EK¾% @ J@ MFC<E G8IC8I# EF <CJ 8;D<K<D ;@JGLK8% =<D :FJ<JÉ AF8E J8CM8K$ G8G8JJ<@K

G8@ s M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ`

('(

HL@ @EK<IMy <E C8 @DGC<D<EK8:@ä ;<C G8@ ;<C JFCJFEßJ

;@D<EJ@ä GFC@K@:F 8;D@E@JKI8K@M8

;@D<EJ@ä JF:@F:LCKLI8C

J`klXZ` XZklXc

;@D<EJ@ä <:FEçD@:8

G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j

8Zkfij

I\gi\j\ekXekj

=`eXc`kXk G8@

<jhl\dX [\c gXg\i [\cj [`]\i\ekj XZkfij [\c k\ii`kfi` \e cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j%

<c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j j ]feXd\ekXcd\ek le i\Zlcc [\ d\jli\j [ËXlkfi`X Zfc×c\Zk`mX# le i\Zlcc [Ë`ehl`\kl[j ` gifgfjk\j [\ kfk\j Xhl\cc\j g\ijfe\j hl\ _Xe mfc^lk gXi$ k`Z`gXi [\c gifZ j% <jg\i\d ` ZfeÔ\d hl\ \cj [`]\i\ekj XZkfij [\ cX ZfdXiZX Ç_X$ ^`e f ef _X^`e gXik`Z`gXk \e \c gifZ jÇ X`o _f \ek\e^l`e# ` X[fgk`e cX j\i`fjX mXcfiXZ` hl\ le \o\iZ`Z` [Ë\j]fi Zfc×c\Zk`l kXe ^iXe \j d\i\`o% 9~j`ZXd\ek \jk\d gXicXek [\ ki\j ^iXej XZkfij# kfkj \ccj `^lXcd\ek `dgfikXekj g\i ZX[X le [Ë\ccj gifkX^fe`jkX [ËleX [\ c\j ki\j ^iXej [`d\ej`fej d\eZ`feX[\j X cË\jkiXk ^`X [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek1 XZkfij jfZ`Xcj ` ZlckliXcj Z`lkX[Xe`X XjjfZ`X[X f ef 2 [`d\ej` jfZ`fZlckliXc XZkfij \Zfe d`Zj Zfejld`[fij# gif[lZkfij ` \dgi\jXi`j 2 [`d\ej` \Zfe d`ZX XZkfij gfc k`Zj2 [`d\ej` gfc k`Zf$X[d`e`jkiXk`mX

(')

M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` s G8@

<e \cj gifZ\jjfj [\ gcXe`ÔZXZ` j dfck _XY`klXc hl\ cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` \j i\$ [l\`o` Xcj Êi\gi\j\ekXekjË [\ ZX[X [`d\ej` # Xhl\ccj \eZXii\^Xkj [\ [\]\ejXi \cj `ek\i\jjfj [Ële j\Zkfi [\k\id`eXk% G\i \e \c k`glj [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` hl\ jË\ogfjX \j [ eX cX dXk\`oX `dgfik~eZ`X Xcj i\gi\j\ekXekj hl\ Xcj ÊXZkfijË ÇXhl\ccj hl\ \j kifY\e \e cËfi`^\e [\ hlXcj\mfc XZZ` jfZ`Xc# [\j [\ c\j `dgc Z`k\j \e \c Zfd$ gfikXd\ek hlfk`[`~ kiXej]fidXZ` gXjj`mX [\c Z`lkX[~# Ôej X cX kiXej]fidX$ Z` XZk`mX [\ hlXcj\mfc Xjg\Zk\ [\ c\j [`]\i\ekj [`d\ej`fej% yj X [`i# [feXi kXek gifkX^fe`jd\ Xcj i\gi\j\ekXekj [ËleX [`d\ej` [\k\id`eX[X# Zfd X kfkj Xhl\ccj XZkfij hl\ `ek\im\e\e# [ËleX dXe\iX f XckiX# \e Xhl\jk j\Zkfi% @ j hl\ ZX[X `e$ [`m`[l \j [\j\emfclgX \e c\j ki\j [`d\ej`fej d\eZ`feX[\j1 le `e[`m`[l j Xc_f$ iX le XZkfi ZlckliXc ` jfZ`Xc \jkXYc\`o i\cXZ`fej jfZ`Xcj# ZlckliXcj ` Xc_fiX j le Zi\X[fi ZlckliXc # le XZkfi \Zfe d`Z ^\e\iX[fi [\ i`hl\jX d`kaXe Xek \c ki\YXcc# \c Zfejld f cX ^\jk` [Ë\dgi\j\j ` le XZkfi gfc k`Z ^\jk`feX ` [\Z`[\`o jfYi\ \cj i\Zlijfj ` c\j i\cXZ`fej \eki\ g\ijfe\j [\c k\ii`kfi` hl\ c\j XZlcc % 8hl\jk j le g`cXi ]feXd\ekXc g\i jlg\iXi cX YXii\iX [\ cË`e[`m`[lXc`jd\# aX hl\ \e cX d\jliX hl\ ]fd\ekX cËXZZ` jfZ`Xc# XgfikX \c ZXd g\i X Xjjfc`i le [\j\emf$ clgXd\ek Zfdle`kXi` ` g\i[liXYc\ \e \c k\dgj% <ek\e\d [feZj# hl\ \c ]\k hl\ \c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j \j[\m`e^l` i\Xc`kXk [\g\e[i~ [\ kfkj efjXcki\j%

@c×cljkiXZ` ZXi`ZXkli\jZX jfYi\ cX ZXgXZ`kXk kiXej]fidX[fiX [\ cË`e[`m`[lXc`jd\

G8@ s M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ`

('*

GFJJ@9C<J M@<J ;Ë@DGC<D<EK8:@ä

G\i X ]\i Xii`YXi X Yfe gfik c\j gifgfjk\j jfi^`[\j Xc ccXi^ [\c gifZ j [\ gXik`Z`$ gXZ` # Zi\`\d hl\ j e\Z\jjXi` XglekXi c\j m`\j hl\ gf[\e ]\i$_f gfjj`Yc\% C\j XZZ`fej hl\ \j gi\j\ek\e gf[\e `dgc\d\ekXi$j\ kXek X e`m\cc ZfdXiZXc# jlgiX$ dle`Z`gXc f dle`Z`gXc# Zfd X e`m\cc [\ gfYc\ f ccf^Xi\kj% 8c_fiX# \e ZX[X e`m\cc _` gf[\e `ek\im\e`i \cj [`]\i\ekj XZkfij d\eZ`feXkj \e cËXgXikXk Xek\i`fi% @ek\^iXek Xhl\jk\j [l\j mXi`XYc\j k\ii`kfi` [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` ` XZkfij jfi^\`o\e leX j i`\ [\ gfjj`Y`c`kXkj hl\ lj gi\j\ek\d XdY cX mfclekXk [Ëf]\i`i X ZX[X k`glj [ËXZkfi Xc^leX m`X g\i gXik`Z`gXi [\ cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` j` Xhl\jkX j cX j\mX mfclekXk1

8 KI8MyJ ;< C<J 8;D@E@JKI8:@FEJ Gè9C@HL<J CF:8CJ ;\j [\ cË8iX[X jË_X `dglcjXk cX j`^eXkliX [\ Zfem\e`j [\ Zfc×cXYfiXZ` XdY \cj \ej cfZXcj% <c i\jlckXk _X \jkXk cX ÔidX [\c Zfem\e` g\i gXik [\ efl [\cj hl`eq\ Xale$ kXd\ekj [\ cX ZfdXiZX1 :Xjk\ccXi [\ cX I`Y\iX# :cXi`XeX [\ :Xi[\e\i# >l`o\ij# CcfY\iX# cX DfcjfjX# G`e\cc# G`e j# JXek Ccfi\e [\ Dfilepj ` JfcjfeX% 8 d j [ËXhl\jkj Zfem\e`j j`^eXkj# hl\ i\gi\j\ek\e le jlgfik \ogc Z`k Xc gifZ j i\Xc`kqXk# \c :fej\cc :fdXiZXc ` cX i\jkX [ËXalekXd\ekj gf[\e `dgc\d\ekXi XZZ`fej jldXek$ c\j X gif^iXd\j aX \o`jk\ekj X cX ZfdXiZX f# j` \j Zi\l Zfem\e`\ek# Zi\Xi$e\ [\ eflj hl\ gl^l`e `eZfigfiXi c\j XZZ`fej% 8 KI8MyJ ;< C<J 8>ILG8:@FEJ GIF=<JJ@FE8CJ J<:KFI@8CJ# 8JJF:@8:@FEJ F 8CKI<J <EK@K8KJ <cj ~dY`kj k\d~k`Zj Xcj hlXcj ]Xe i\]\i eZ`X \c Zfealek [ËXZZ`fej i\Zfcc`[\j Xc G8@ j e gifl Xdgc`j Zfd g\ihl jljZ`k`e cË`ek\i j [\ [`m\ijfj j\Zkfij ` XZkfij jfZ`Xcj% ;ËXhl\jkX dXe\iX# Xhl\cc\j X^ilgXZ`fej gif]\jj`feXcj# XjjfZ`XZ`fej# ^i\d`j f [ËXcki\j \ek`kXkj hl\ aX [\j\emfclg\e kXjhl\j \e ]Xmfi [\ cX `eefmXZ` f cX d`ccfiX \e c\j [`]\i\ekj [`d\ej`fej# gf[iXe kifYXi \e \c G8@ Xc^le\j XZZ`fej hl\ \cj gf$ [\e j\i k`cj g\i `eZfigfiXi$c\j Xc j\l i\g\ikfi` _XY`klXc [ËXZklXZ`fej%

('+

M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` s G8@

8 KI8MyJ ;<CJ >ILGJ ;Ë@EK<IßJ 8LKçEFDJ G\i Xgc`ZXi c\j XZZ`fej [\c G8@ ef j i\hl`j`k `e[`jg\ejXYc\ \c ]\k [Ë\jkXi XjjfZ`Xk X Xc^leX \ek`kXk% KfkX Xhl\ccX g\ijfeX hl\ _f mlc^l` gfk kiXejd\ki\ \c j\l `ek\i j \e `dgc\d\ekXi d\jli\j [Ële [\k\id`eXk ~dY`k m\^\l ]fidlcXi` Xc ÔeXc [\ cX glYc`ZXZ` e d%0 % CËXjjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X \e i\Zfcc`i~ cX `ejZi`gZ` ` lj ZfemfZXi~ X leX kifYX[X g\i X Zi\Xi Xc^le ^ilg [Ë`ek\i j \ekfie leX k\d~k`ZX ZfeZi\kX# XdY cËfYa\Zk`l [\ k`iXi \e[XmXek XZZ`fej hl\ j`^l`e [\c mfjki\ `ek\i j% 8c^lej [\cj ^ilgj [Ë`ek\i j gifgfjXkj \e cX glYc`ZXZ` e d% 0 j e ËJ\im\`jË# Ê>\jk` G Yc`ZXË f Ê@[\ek`kXk# ^ e\i\ ` XjjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\Ë% Ef fYjkXek X`o # ZXc i\dXiZXi hl\ Xhl\jkj ^ilgj ef [\`o\e [\ j\i leX gifgfjkX# ` kfkXcd\ek X[XgkXYc\j X c\j e\Z\jj`kXkj ` mfclekXkj [ËXhl\cc\j g\ijfe\j hl\ \jk`^l`e `ek\i\jjX[\j X [feXi Zfek`el kXk Xc gifZ j d`kaXe Xek cX Zi\XZ` [\ ^ilgj Xlk efdj% 8 KI8MyJ ;< C8 :I<8:@ä ;ËLE8 :FFI;@E8;FI8 ;<C G8@ ;<C JFCJFEßJ <c gXjjXk d\j [\ dX`^ [\c )''/# gi\j\ek~m\d Xcj Xjj`jk\ekj \e leX i\le` \o$ kiXfi[`e~i`X \c gifa\Zk\ [\ :ffi[`eX[fiX [\c G8@1 leX `e`Z`Xk`mX hl\# j` Y Zfd$ gc\oX# fYi`X c\j gfik\j X gi\j\ekXi le gifa\Zk\ g\i Xc ÔeXe Xd\ek [Ële k Ze`Z [\j [\ [`]\i\ekj jlYm\eZ`fej g Yc`hl\j ` gi`mX[\j% ;ËXhl\jkX dXe\iX \j Zi\Xi`X leX \jkilZkliX hl\# XdY \c jlgfik [ËleX g\ijfeX k Ze`ZX [\[`ZX[X \oZclj`mXd\ek X `dglcjXi ` Zffi[`eXi cX `dgcXekXZ` [\ d\jli\j [\c G8@# X`ofgcl^Xi`X kfk\j Xhl\$ cc\j g\ijfe\j hl\ \j mfc^l\jj`e jldXi X Xc^le [\cj ^ilgj [Ë`ek\i j g\i k`iXi \e[X$ mXek XZZ`fej i\cXZ`feX[\j XdY cË~dY`k k\d~k`Z hl\ Zi\^l`e Zfem\e`\ek% Ef fYjkXek X`o # cX Zi\XZ` [\ cX :ffi[`eX[fiX j\^l`i~ \jj\ek gfjj`Yc\ j` Xhl\jkX m`X ]\j ]Xcc`[X% ;\g\e[i~ [\ cË\dg\ekX [\cj [`]\i\ekj ^ilgj [Ë`ek\i j hl\ \j gl$ ^l`e Zi\Xi# X`o Zfd [\ cX mfclekXk [\ Zffi[`eXi$j\ \eki\ \ccj# hl\ Xhl\jkX d\jliX Zfek`e^l[X Xc G8@ \j k`i` \e[XmXek ` g\id\k` `dgc\d\ekXi dfck\j Xcki\j XZZ`fej% <c gXjjXk d\j [\ dX`^# _Xm\ek kiXjccX[Xk cX gifgfjkX X kfkj \cj XalekXd\ekj [\ cX ZfdXiZX ` Xc dXk\`o :fej\cc :fdXiZXc# \j mX Zfejk`kl`i leX X^ilgXZ` mfclek~i`X# cË8^ilgXZ` [\cj Dle`Z`g`j [\c Jl[ [\c Jfcjfe j Ç]fidX[X g\cj dle`Z`g`j [\ cX DfcjfjX# G`e j# I`e\i# CcfY\iX# G`e\cc [\ Jfcjfe j ` :cXi`XeX [\ :Xi[\e\i% D`$ kaXe Xek Xhl\jkX X^ilgXZ` \j mX jfc×c`Z`kXi leX Xal[X Xc ;\gXikXd\ek [Ë@ek\i`fi# I\cXZ`fej @ejk`klZ`feXcj ` GXik`Z`gXZ` :`lkX[XeX `# g\i kXc [\ Zfdgc\d\ekXi c\j [\jg\j\j XjjfZ`X[\j Xc gifa\Zk\# \j mX gifZ\[`i X jfc×c`Z`kXi Xcki\j Xal[\j% DXcXl$ iX[Xd\ek Xhl\jkX jlYm\eZ` _X \jkXk [\e\^X[X# g\i [ËXcki\j gi\j\ekX[\j XdY \c dXk\`o fYa\Zk`l _Xe \jkXk ZfeZ\[`[\j% yj \c ZXj [Ële gcX [ËfZlgXZ` g\i X cX `d$ gc\d\ekXZ` gXik`Z`gXk`mX Xc k\ii`kfi` [\ cË8^ilgXZ` ` [ËleX jlYm\eZ` [\ cËFYiX JfZ`Xc cX :X`oX% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k ZXc [\jkXZXi kXdY cX jlYm\eZ` i\Yl[X g\i X [`eXd`kqXi \c k\`o`k XjjfZ`Xk`l ZfdXiZXc# hl\ [\ dfd\ek jË_X dXk\i`Xc`kqXk \e cË`e`Z` [\ cX Zfejfc`$

G8@ s M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ`

(',

[XZ` [Ële >ilg [Ë@ek\i j [Ê8jjfZ`XZ`fe`jd\# hl\ \e cËXZklXc`kXk ki\YXccX \e cË\cXYfiXZ` [ËleX >l`X [Ë<ek`kXkj 8jjfZ`Xk`m\j [\c Jfcjfe j% 8 E@M<CC @E;@M@;L8C Kfk ` hl\ cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` j d j \ÔZX j` \j gXik\`o [\ cX Zffi[`eXZ` \eki\ \e$ k`kXkj f ^ilgj [Ë`ek\i j# kXdY _` _X cX gfjj`Y`c`kXk [Ë`dgc\d\ekXi XZZ`fej X e`m\cc `e[`m`[lXc% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k# dfck\j [\ c\j XZZ`fej \j gf[\e \dgi\e[i\ kXdY [\ ]fidX `e[`m`[lXc2 [\j [Ë`e`Z`Xk`m\j [Ë\dgi\e\[fi`X \dgi\jXi`Xc Ôej X XZZ`fej [\ gifdfZ` g\ijfeXc ` jfZ`Xc Zfd cX ]fidXZ` f cX gXik`Z`gXZ` \e \cj gifa\Zk\j hl\ \j [l^l`e X k\id\ Xc k\ii`kfi`%

I<:LIJFJ E<:<JJ8I@J G<I 8 @DGC<D<EK8I C<J 8::@FEJ CX i\Zlg\iXZ` [\ cX `c×clj` [\ Zfejkil`i Zfc×c\Zk`mXd\ek ` cËXZZ\gkXZ` [\ cX i\j$ gfejXY`c`kXk ZfdgXik`[X \e \c [\m\e`i [\c k\ii`kfi` \e \c j\ek`k [\ cX e\Z\jj`kXk [ËleX dfY`c`kqXZ` kXek gfc k`ZX# jfZ`Xc Zfd \Zfe d`ZX g\i X cËXZZ` j e \cj `e$ ^i\[`\ekj Y~j`Zj g\i X cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` Zfc×c\Zk`mX [\c G8@% :\ikXd\ek Xhl\jkj i\Zlijfj _ldXej ` jfZ`Xcj j e `e[`jg\ejXYc\j# ` ]Xe i\]\i eZ`X kXek X cX df$ Y`c`kqXZ` [\c gfk\eZ`Xc jfZ`Xc Zfd gfc k`Z [\c k\ii`kfi`% CX [`jgfe`Y`c`kXk [ËXhl\jk i\Zlij j Y~j`ZX ` ]feXd\ekXc2 j\ej\ X`o # ` kfk ` [`jgfjXi [\cj i\Zlijfj dXk\i`Xcj# cËXZZ` ef j gfjj`Yc\% J e kfkj Xhl\ccj XZkfij ` X^\ekj \ogfjXkj \e \c glek Xek\i`fi% 8 YXe[X# _` _X ÊX^\ekjË hl\ g\i cX j\mX kiXa\Zk i`X f gif]\jj`feXc`kqXZ` X[hl`$ i\`o\e leX `dgfik~eZ`X [`]\i\eZ`Xc% 8hl\jkj jË\ogfj\e Xc glek * [ËXhl\jk dXk\`o ZXg kfc% Ef fYjkXek X`o # \cj i\Zlijfj _ldXej ` jfZ`Xcj dfY`c`kqXkj j\dgi\ i\hl\i`iXe# \e dXafi f d\efi d\jliX# [\ cË\o`jk eZ`X [Ële j\^l`k [\ i\Zlijfj dXk\i`Xcj# hl\ _XliXe [\ ^\jk`feXi ` gcXe`ÔZXi [\ dXe\iX XZliX[X g\ihl cX mfclekXk [\cj i\Zlijfj _ldXej ` jfZ`Xcj \j[\m`e^l` i\Xc`kXk% <ej \jk\d i\]\i`ek X cX e\Z\jj`kXk [ËleX dfY`c`kqXZ` \Zfe d`ZX# k\Zefc ^`ZX ` k\dgfiXc% Dfck jfm`ek \j [ eX leX [`jZfek`el kXk \e cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\ gif^iXd\j Ç` Ôej ` kfk cËXmfikXd\ek [ËXhl\jkjÇ X ZXljX [\ cX dXcX gcXe`ÔZXZ` [\cj i\Zlijfj% <e Xhl\jk j\ek`k j dfck `dgfikXek [\[`ZXi dfckj \j]fi fj X [\Ôe`i \cj i\Zlijfj e\Z\jjXi`j gi m`Xd\ek X cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\ cËXZZ` %

('-

M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` s G8@

<cj i\Zlijfj dXk\i`Xcj e\Z\jjXi`j j e1 <:FEçD@:J @ =@E8E:<IJ <cj i\Zlijfj \Zfe d`Zj gf[\e gifZ\[`i kXek [\ ]fekj gi`mX[\j Zfd g Yc`hl\j# j`^l` \e ]fidX [\ Zi [`kj# [\ jlYm\eZ`fej f [\ Yfe`ÔZXZ`fej% CX dXafi`X [\ c\j XZZ`fej gf[\e Y\e\ÔZ`Xi$j\ [\ jlYm\eZ`fej hl\ gifm\e\e [ËleX ^iXe mXi`\kXk [Ë`ejk`klZ`fej% 8 @ek\ie\k _` _X dfck\j g~^`e\j hl\ Z\ekiXc`kq\e Xhl\jkj i\Zli$ jfj% <eki\ kXekj Xcki\j# ZXc Z`kXi \c Ylkcc\k [\ JlYm\eZ`fej [\ cË8alekXd\ek [\ JfcjfeX# \cj XgXikXkj [\jk`eXkj X ÊjlYm\eZ`fejË [\ ZX[X [\gXikXd\ek [\ cX >\e\$ iXc`kXk [\ :XkXclepX f [\ c\j FYi\j JfZ`Xcj [\ c\j ZX`o\j% <e \c dXiZ [\cj gi jk\Zj Zi\[`k`Z`j [\jkXhl\e cË@ejk`klk :XkXc~ [\c :i [`k 8^iX$ i` @::8 ` cË@ejk`klk :XkXc~ [\ =`eXeZ\j# X YXe[X [Ë\ek`kXkj YXeZ~i`\j% <eki\ Xhl\jk\j ck`d\j ZXc [\jkXZXi c\j YXehl\j k`hl\j# hl\ [Xii\iXd\ek jË\jkXe Zfe$ jfc`[Xek kXdY X :XkXclepX ` hl\ f]\i\`o\e Zi [`kj X `ek\im\eZ`fej f gifa\Zk\j d\epj i\e[`Yc\j \Zfe d`ZXd\ek# g\i XdY `dgfikXekj ]leZ`fej jfZ`Xcj ` k\ii`$ kfi`Xcj% <eki\ [ËXcki\j# \e [\jkXhl\e Xc^le\j hl\ aX ]leZ`fe\e X :XkXclepX Zfd :ffg ,. f Ki`f[fj 9Xeb% G\i XZXYXi# i\dXiZXi kXdY cX gcXlj`Y`c`kXk [\ cX Zf$ fg\iXZ` \Zfe d`ZX \eki\ \ek`kXkj ` XjjfZ`XZ`fej%

I<:LIJFJ K<:EFCç>@:J :Xc [\jkXZXi cX `dgfik~eZ`X ZXY[Xc hl\ k\e\e c\j k\Zefcf^`\j [\ cX `e]fidXZ` ` Zfdle`ZXZ` @ek\ie\k# k\c\]fe`X%%% # ` j g\i Xhl\jk dfk`l hl\ c\j XZZ`fej [\jk`$ eX[\j X ^XiXek`i$e\ le Yfe [\jgc\^Xd\ek k\e\e le gXg\i Z\ekiXc ` Xik`ZlcX[fi% G\i # Xc_fiX# cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\ dfck\j XZZ`fej i\hl\i\`o \`e\j XdY leX k\Z$ efcf^`X [\k\id`eX[X# hl\ `eZcfl\e [\j [\ d~hl`e\j [\ k\Zefcf^`X j`dgc\ Ôej X d j Zfdgc\oX# hl\ g\id\k`e `eZi\d\ekXi cË\]\Zk`m`kXk [\ c\j ZXgXZ`kXkj _ldXe\j ` cX gif[lZk`m`kXk [\c ki\YXcc% 8hl\jk\j g\id\k\e kXdY fgk`d`kqXi cË j [\cj i\$ Zlijfj k\dgfiXcj `# g\i kXek# ]XZ`c`k\e \c [\j\emfclgXd\ek cfZXc [`i`^`k [\j [\ cX jfZ`\kXk%

I<:LIJFJ K<DGFI8CJ Kfk ` hl\ jfm`ek Xhl\jk i\Zlij ef \j Zfej`[\iX kXe Z\ekiXc Zfd \cj Xek\i`fij# j` c`d`k\d \cj i\Zlijfj k\dgfiXcj j\^liXd\ek jË`dgfjj`Y`c`kXi~ cË j gk`d [\cj i\$ Zlijfj _ldXej# \Zfe d`Zj ` k\Zefc ^`Zj% G\i kXek# j dfck e\Z\jjXi` X[d`e`jkiXi \c k\dgj ` gcXe`ÔZXi$cf [\ dXe\iX iXZ`feXc d`kaXe Xek Zifef^iXd\j ( f Xcki\j \`$ e\j% 8hl\jkX i\Xc`kXk j ]feXd\ekXc kXek \e cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\ c\j XZZ`fej `e$ ]fidXZ` hl\ \j [\kXccX X cX ÔkoX [\ ZX[X XZZ` Zfd \e cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` ^\e\iXc [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` [\ c\j [`]\i\ekj XZZ`fej% 8hl\jk ck`d \c\d\ek ef j Zfej`[\iXk \e c\j Ôko\j# aX hl\ j leX kXjZX hl\ _Xli`X [\ ]\i$j\ X gXik`i [\cj ^ilgj [Ë`ek\i j \ekfie \cj hlXcj cX ^\ek [\c Jfcjfe j jËfi^Xe`kq` g\i gfjXi \e dXioX \c G8@% <e XdY[ j ZXjfj j \jg\Z`Xcd\ek `dgfikXek Xk\e[i\ \cj [`]\i\ekj k\dgj [`jgfe`Yc\j

G8@ s M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ`

('.

[\cj [`m\ijfj X^\ekj `dgc`ZXkj \e cËXZZ` # [\ dXe\iX hl\ \j gl^l` i\^lcXi cX j\mX gXik`Z`gXZ` j\^fej \cj k\dgj [`jgfe`Yc\j gi\m`jkfj% :fejZ`\ekj [\ cX `dgfik~eZ`X [\ cX gcXe`ÔZXZ` \e cË j [\cj i\Zlijfj ` \e cX [\k\Z$ Z` [\cj i\Zlijfj \Zfe d`Zj# X ZX[X ÔkoX [\ c\j XZZ`fej [\c G8@ gf[\d m\li\$_` le XgXikXk [\[`ZXk X c\j kXjhl\j gi m`\j e\Z\jj~i`\j# Xc k\dgj Xgifo`dXk i\hl\i`k g\i X cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` ` Xcj i\Zlijfj \Zfe d`Zj ` ÔeXeZ\ij hl\ ZXc[iXe g\i gfi$ kXi$cX X k\id\%

8:KFIJ :FD8I:8CJ :fd [ `\d# cË`e`Z` [\ hlXcj\mfc XZZ` j\ Z\ekiX \e cX dfY`c`kqXZ` [\cj i\Zlijfj _ldXej ` jfZ`Xcj% HlXcj\mfc XZZ` i\hl\i`i~# \e d\efi f dXafi d\jliX# [\ cX `e$ mfclZiXZ` [\ [`]\i\ekj XZkfij gfc k`Zj# \Zfe d`Zj ` jfZ`Xcj % G\i kXc [\ ]XZ`c`kXi cX dfY`c`kqXZ` [ËXhl\ccj i\Zlijfj _ldXej e\Z\jjXi`j ` cX Zffg\iXZ` \eki\ \ccj# X Zfek`elXZ` \j dfjki\e ^iXej ^ilgj [ËXZkfij# ZcXjj`ÔZXkj \e ]leZ` [\ c\j k`gfcf$ ^`\j hl\ Ô^li\e X c\j Ôko\j [\ c\j XZZ`fej% ;\ ZX[X ZXk\^fi`X \j [\jkXhl\e efd j Xhl\cc\j \ek`kXkj f XjjfZ`XZ`fej hl\ k\e\e le ~dY`k [ËXZklXZ` ZfdXiZXc% CX i\jkX c\j gf[\l ZfejlckXi \e [ËXcki\j glYc`ZXZ`fej hl\ jË\jg\Z`Ôhl\e [\jgi j [\ ZX[X ^ilg%

GcXe`ÔZXZ`fej [\ c\j kXjhl\j X i\Xc`kqXi [liXek le g\i f[\ [\k\id`eXk [\ k\dgj d\jfj# Xepj # ` hl\ jËlk`c`kq\e g\i X ]\i le dfe`kfi\`^ [\ j` jË_Xe Zfdgc\ik \cj fYa\Zk`lj f ef# g\id\k\ek X]\^`i$eË_` [\ eflj \e ZXj hl\ XgXi\^l`e%

(

('/

M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` s G8@

8;D@E@JKI8:@ä Gè9C@:8 8alekXd\ekj ` :fej\cc :fdXiZXc [\c Jfcjfe j 8jjfZ`XZ` [\ D`ZifgfYc\j [\ :XkXclepX

@EJK@KL:@FEJ 8JJ@JK<E:@8CJ J\im\`j JfZ`Xcj [Ë8k\eZ` Gi`d~i`X 8jjfZ`XZ`fej Xjj`jk\eZ`Xcj2 8D@JFC# JFC [\c Jfcjfe j# :~i`kXj :8K# :i\l IfaX# =le[XZ` Mfc\d =\`eX% G\i X Xcki\j X^\ekj hl\ ef k\e\e XYXjk ZfdXiZXc m\^\l >l`X [Ë<ek`kXkj ` ZXg kfc ÊJ\im\`j jfZ`XcjË [\ cX ;`X^efj` hlXek`kXk`mX

@EJK@KL:@FEJ J8E@KÁI@<J :\eki\ JXe`kXi` [\c Jfcjfe j :\eki\j [Ë8k\eZ` Gi`d~i`X# jlY$:8G [\ JXek Ccfi\e # Zfejlckfi`j cfZXcj G\i X Xcki\j X^\ekj hl\ ef k\e\e XYXjk ZfdXiZXc Zfejlck\l ZXg kfc ÊJXe`kXkË [\ cX ;`X^$ efj` hlXek`kXk`mX

:FDLE@K8K <;L:8K@M8 @ejk`klZ`fej \[lZXk`m\j1 QfeX <jZfcXi IliXc [\c Jfcjfe j# L<: cË8]iXl# :\e$ ki\ [\ ;\j\emfclgXd\ek @e]Xek`c ` 8k\eZ` Gi\Zf :;@8G # :\eki\ [\ I\Zlijfj G\[X^ ^`Zj# <hl`g [Ë8jj\jjfiXd\ek G\[X^ ^`Z <8G % G\i X Xcki\j X^\ekj hl\ ef k\e\e XYXjk ZfdXiZXc# Zfd \cj :<@G ` \cj @<J# m\^\l ZXg kfc Ê<[lZXZ` Ë [\ cX ;`X^efj` hlXek`kXk`mX 8jjfZ`XZ`fej \[lZXk`m\j <jgcX`j# ÊZXljË ` 8jjfZ`XZ`fej [\ DXi\j ` GXi\j [Ë8clde\j 1 :IL: <jZfcX [\ :XgXZ`kXZ` 8^i~i`X [\c Jfcjfe j G\i X `e]fidXZ` [\kXccX[X jfYi\ c\j XjjfZ`XZ`fej \[lZXk`m\j m\^\l >l`X [Ë<ek`kXkj f >l`X Afm\

:<EKI<J ;< =FID8:@ä GFJK$F9C@>8KçI@8 <:8 [ËFc`lj# <jZfcX KXcc\i [\c :K=:# <jZfcX [Ë8[lckj

:<EKI<J ;Ë@EM<JK@>8:@ä :\eki\ K\Zefc ^`Z ` =fi\jkXc [\ :XkXclepX @ejk`klk :XkXc~ [\ cX =ljkX @E:8=LJK =le[XZ` DXj ` K\iiX

G8@ s M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ`

('0

<EK@K8KJ ;< ;<J<EMFCLG8D<EK ILI8C :\eki\ [\ ;\j\emfclgXd\ek IliXc @ek\^iXk [\ :XkXclepX :fejfiZ` g\c [\j\emfclgXd\ek [\ cX :XkXclepX :\ekiXc 8jjfZ`XZ`fej [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek iliXc1 K\`o`k IliXc# 8jjfZ`XZ` cË8iX[X%

K<@O@K 8JJF:@8K@L 8jjfZ`XZ`fej ZlckliXcj1 :\eki\ [Ë<jkl[`j CXZ\kXej :<C 8jjfZ`XZ`fej [\ [\]\ejX [\c k\ii`kfi` 8;=# ^ilgj Zfej\imXZ`fe`jk\j# XjjfZ`XZ`fej [\ ZX X[fij# XjjfZ`XZ`fej [\ g\jZX[fij# YfdY\ij mfclekXi`j%%% 1 >ilg EXkliX [\c Jfcjfe j# :\eki\ <oZlij`fe`jkX [\c Jfcjfe j% 8jjfZ`XZ`fej [\ [fe\j1 8jjfZ`XZ` [\ [fe\j [\c Jfcjfe j% 8jjfZ`XZ`fej [\ m\ ej 8jjfZ`XZ`fej \jgfik`m\j 8 YXe[X [\ c\j d\eZ`feX[\j \e cX cc`jkX k\`o`k XjjfZ`Xk`l# ZXc `eZcfli\$_` kXdY\ c\j Xj$ jfZ`XZ`fej \[lZXk`m\j# c\j Xjj`jk\eZ`Xcj# c\j [\ [\j\emfclgXd\ek iliXc ` c\j j\Zkf$ i`Xcj c\j hlXcj _Xe \jkXk ZcXjj`ÔZX[\j Zfd X Ê:fdle`kXk <[lZXk`mXË# Ê@ejk`klZ`fej Xjj`j$ k\eZ`XcjË# Ê<ek`kXkj [\ ;\j\emfclgXd\ek IliXcË ` Ê8jjfZ`XZ`fej gif]\jj`feXcj ` j`e[`ZXkjË# i\jg\Zk`mXd\ek% <cj [\kXccj [\ c\j \ek`kXkj XjjfZ`Xk`m\j Ô^liXiXe X cX gi o`dX \[`Z` [\ cX >l`X [Ë<ek`kXkj [\c Jfcjfe j# \cXYfiX[X \e \c dXiZ [\ cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` [\c G8@ [\c Jfcjfe j f Y X cX >l`X Afm\ hl\ \[`kX \c :fej\cc :fdXiZXc [\c Jfcjfe j%

<EJ J<:KFI@8CJ# 8JJF:@8:@FEJ GIF=<JJ@FE8CJ @ J@E;@:8KJ :XdYiX [\ :fd\i [\ Cc\`[X# ;\c\^XZ` [\c Jfcjfe j GXkifeXk :fdXiZXc [\ Kli`jd\ [\c Jfcjfe j J`e[`ZXkj1 Le` [\ GX^\jfj# Afm\j 8^i`Zlckfij ` IXdX[\ij [\ :XkXclepX# :f$ d`jj`fej FYi\i\j# Le` >\e\iXc [\ Ki\YXccX[fij 8jjfZ`XZ`fej j\Zkfi`Xcj1 Gif[lZk\j 8ik\jXej ` [\ HlXc`kXk [\c Jfcjfe j# 8jjf$ Z`XZ` [\ Kli`jd\ IliXc [\c Jfcjfe j KI8J # 8jjfZ`XZ` ZXkXcXeX [\ gif[lZkfij [\ gcXek\j Xifd~k`hl\j ` d\[`Z`eXcj# 8jjfZ`XZ` C@=< [\ gif[lZkfij [\ Yfc\kj ` k ]fe\j# 8jjfZ`XZ` =fi\jkXc [\c Jfcjfe j# 8^ilgXZ` [\ Gifg`\kXi`j =fi\jkXcj [\c Jfcjfe j# >i\d` [Ë?fjkXc\i`X [\c Jfcjfe j# ` L9@: [\ JfcjfeX%

(('

M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ` s G8@

@E@:@8K@M8 <DGI<J8I@8C GI@M8;8 I\jkXliXekj ` Z~dg`e^j :fejlck\l cX >l`X [\ J\im\`j [\ JfcjfeX ` ZfdXiZX ` nnn%\cjfcjfe\j`em`kX%Zfd <jkXYc`d\ekj [\ kli`jd\ iliXc :fejlck\l KI8J ` ^l`\j [\ kli`jd\ iliXc1 nnn%\cjfcjfe\j`em`kX%Zfd <jkXYc`d\ekj [\ Zfd\i Xc [\kXcc :fejlck\l cX >l`X [\ J\im\`j [\ JfcjfeX ` ZfdXiZX <dgi\j\j `e[ljki`Xcj :fejlck\l cX >l`X [\ J\im\`j [\ JfcjfeX ` ZfdXiZX :XdYiX [\ :fd\i [\ Cc\`[X# [\c\^XZ` Jfcjfe j

8CKI<J I<:LIJFJ ;Ë@EK<IßJ 8 YXe[X [\cj XZkfij Xek\i`fij# \e \c gifZ j [ËXZZ` ` `dgc\d\ekXZ` jË_X [\ [feXi dfckX `dgfik~eZ`X X cX Zfdle`ZXZ` [\ cË\jkXk [\c gifZ j2 X`o \ej g\id\ki~ leX XmXclXZ` Zfek elX g\i gXik [\ cX ^\ek hl\ ef _` gXik`Z`gX [\ dXe\iX [`i\ZkX `# g\i kXek# cË\ei`hl`d\ek ZfejkXek [\c gifZ j% :Xc k\e`i \e Zfdgk\ hl\ cX Zfdle`$ ZXZ` [\c gifZ j j le ]\k ZXY[Xc g\i X cX dfY`c`kqXZ` [ËXcki\j XZkfij `ek\i\jjXkj% <eki\ \cj d ck`gc\j ZXeXcj [\ Zfdle`ZXZ` \o`jk\ekj# [\jkXhl\d \cj XZk\j gfgl$ cXij ` \cj d`kaXej [\ Zfdle`ZXZ` % ;\jZi`li\Ëcj kfkj j leX kXjZX hl\ gfkj\i ef g\ikXep X Xhl\jkX glYc`ZXZ` % G\i Xhl\jk dfk`l _\d [\Z`[`k [\kXccXi efd j c\j Ôi\j ` d\iZXkj ZfdXiZXcj ÇcX i\jkX [ËXZk\j [\c k\ii`kfi` \cj gf[\l ZfejlckXi Xc n\Y [\c :fej\cc :fdXiZXc [\c Jfcjfe j g\jkXepX Êkli`jd\Ë# XgXikXk ÊÔi\j ` ]\jk\jË f X [ËXcki\j gcXkX]fid\j n\Y [\ [`]\i\ekj \ek`kXkj [\ cX ZfdXiZXÇ# ` \cj d`kaXej [\ Zfdle`ZXZ` [\ cX ZfdXiZX% =@I<J @ D<I:8KJ ;< C8 :FD8I:8 $=`iX [\c Kild]f X JfcjfeX% èck`d ZXg [\ j\kdXeX [\ ^\e\i $=`iX [\ JXek Gfe [\ GiX[\j cX DfcjfjX % <c gi`d\i [`ld\e^\ [\ dX`^ $=`iX [\ JXek @j`[i\ X JfcjfeX% <c ZXg [\ j\kdXeX d j gifg\i Xc [`X (, [\ dX`^ $=`iX [\ Gi`dXm\iX [\ JXek Ccfi\e [\ Dfilepj% CË ck`d [`ld\e^\ [\ dX`^ $=`iX [\ gif[lZk\j Xik\jXej [\ G`e j% <c [`ld\e^\ j\^ \ek X cX j\^feX GXjhlX $=`iX [\c :X X[fi [\ JfcjfeX% <c gi`d\i [`ld\e^\ [\ j\k\dYi\ $=`iX [\ cX Kfii\^XjjX Fc`lj % <c [`ld\e^\ d j gifg\i Xc [`X )' [\ j\k\dYi\ $=`iX [\ cË<dg\ck [\ G\iXZXdgj CcfY\iX % <c gi`d\i ZXg [\ j\kdXeX [ËfZklYi\ $=`iX [\ kXi[fi X JXek Ccfi\e [\ Dfilepj% <c gi`d\i [`ld\e^\ [ËfZklYi\ $=`iX [\ JXekX Cc Z`X [\ EXm j% <c j\^fe [`ld\e^\ [\ [\j\dYi\ $=`iX [\c 9fc\k [\ JfcjfeX% Gi`eZ`g` [\ efm\dYi\ $D\iZXk [\ JfcjfeX [`dXikj ` [`m\e[i\j $D\iZXk [\ JXek Ccfi\e [\ Dfilepj [`aflj ` [`ld\e^\ $D\iZXkj Xik\jXeXcj [\c Jfcjfe j gi`d\i [`jjXYk\ [\ d\j X JfcjfeX

G8@ s M`\j [Ë`dgc\d\ekXZ`

D@KA8EJ ;< :FDLE@:8:@ä I\m`jk\j [Ë <ek`kXkj 8jjfZ`Xk`m\j :fdXiZXcj :\eki\ <oZlij`fe`jkX [\c Jfcjfe j1 CX :fii`l :\eki\ [Ë<jkl[`j CXZ\kXej1 Fgg`[`ld :XjXc GfglcXi cË<jkXZX$ JXek Ccfi\e $ ` CX =liX ÆJfcjfeX$1 I`l 8dlek CË8k\e\l2 I\m`jkX GfglcXi [\ JfcjfeX CfZXcj 8jjfZ`XZ` :lckliXc <c 9XYXl# EXm j1 \c 9XYXl ki`d\jkiXc 8jjfZ`XZ` :lckliXc [\ GiX[\j1 CX =fieXc <ek`kXk Dle`Z`gXc ;\jZ\ekiXc`kqX[X [\ :XeXc[X1 =lcc `e]fidXk`l [\ :XeXc[X % 8jjfZ`XZ` [\c GXki`dfe` 8ik jk`Z ` :lckliXc [\ Kfi~2 <c CcfYi\^ j `e]fidXk`l 8jjfZ`XZ` :lckliXc [\ CcfY\iX1 <c Afl 8jjfZ`XZ` :lckliXc \c :i`k# JfcjfeX1 :i`k\i`

Gi\djX g\i` [`ZX :fdXiZXcj :\cjfeX I\^` . <c Jfcjfe j%e\k 9lkcc\k :fej\cc :fdXiZXc1 :fdXiZX Kfk FZ` Jfcjfe j J\kdXeXi` cX ;`i\ZkX J\^i\ CX DXepXeX CfZXcj 8alekXd\ek [\ JfcjfeX# Ylkcc\k dle`Z`gXc1<c GfikXc 8alekXd\ek [\ :Xjk\ccXi [\ cX I`Y\iX1<c 9fZXdfcc ;`Xi` [\ JfcjfeX# \[`Z` [`^`kXc nnn%[`Xi`[\jfcjfeX%e\k

I~[`fj JfcjfeX =D I~[`f 8ck`gc~ I~[`f cË8k\e\l

(((

. <CJ =@E8Ex8;FIJ ;<C GIFA<:K<

G8@ s <cj ÔeXe X[fij [\c gifa\Zk\

8hl\jk gifa\Zk\ ef _X^l j \jkXk gfj`Yc\ j\ej\ \c jlgfik \Zfe d`Z [\ c\j j\^ \ekj `ejk`klZ`fej1

()(