Trees & Shrubs for the Prairies

A Gardener’s Guide to Hardy and Woody Plants

HARDINESS ZONE MAP

Grande Prairie

Edmonton Prince Albert Red Deer Banff

Saskatoon

Calgary

Dauphin

Fernie

Medicine Hat

Lethbridge

Cranbrook

Regina

Swift Current

Williston

Coeur d’Alene Missoula

Winnipeg

Brandon

Minot

Grand Forks

Great Falls

Fargo Bismarck

Helena Billings Bozeman Boise

Sun Valley

Sheridan Rapid City

Twin Falls

Pierre

Sioux Falls

Idaho Falls Casper

Cheyenne

Hardiness Zones: based on coldest minimum temperature Zone 1: below -46° C (below -50° F)

Zone 2: -46° to -40° C (-50° to -40° F)

Zone 3: -40° to -34° C (-40° to -30° F)

Zone 4: -34° to -28° C (-30° to -20° F)

Zone 5: -28° to -22° C (-20° to -10° F)

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G L O S S A RY o f T E R M S Acidic Soil – soil with a pH below 7 required for Azalea, Blueberry,Yew, Rhododendron and evergreens Acorn – nut of an Oak tree Alkaline Soil – soil with a pH above 8 found in southern Alberta Berm – small hill used in landscaping for planting on and as a noise barrier Berry – sweet fleshy fruit containing several seeds; such as Blueberry, Currant, Gooseberry and Grape Broad–leaved Evergreen – plant with leaves that persist over winter such as PJM Rhododendron Canes – fruiting shoots of Raspberry or flowering stems of Roses Canopy – upper spreading branch layer of a tree Catkin – spike-like, unisexual flowers of Birch and Willow Chinook – drying, warm westerly wind causing rapid and tremendous temperature fluctuations Chlorosis – leaf yellowing Compound Leaves – leaves composed of several leaflets such as on Ash, Sumac and Mountain Ash Coniferous – cone-bearing plant such as Cedar, Pine and Spruce Cordate Leaves – heart-shaped leaves such as of Annabelle Hydrangea, Common Lilac and Linden Cross pollination – pollination of the flowers of one plant by another to produce fruit such as Cherry and Plum Cultivar (Cv.) – cultivated variety; capitalized and within single quotation marks such as Juniperus sabina ‘Arcadia’ Deciduous – dropping or shedding of leaves in autumn Deltoid Leaves – triangular leaves of Plains Cottonwood Dioecious – unisexual flowers with male and female flowers on separate plants such as Buffaloberry, Sea Buckthorn, Willow, Juniper and Yew Dissected Leaves – deeply divided or finely cut leaves such as of Golden Plume and Sutherland Elder Drupe – single seed, stone fruit of Plum and Cherry Evergreen – plant retaining its foliage yearround such as most Conifers do Family – group of genera resembling each other in appearance such as pea family

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Fastigiate – with erect branches such as Columnar Blue Spruce & Pyramidal Mt. Ash

pH – a measurement which refers to acidity or alkalinity, with 7 being neutral

Floriferous – having many flowers such as Explorer and Morden Roses

Pome – fleshy fruit with a papery core such as Apple and Pear

Foliage – leaves of plants

Prickles – sharp protrusions on Roses, Raspberry canes and Gooseberry

Foundation Planting – planting of shrubs at the base of houses to hide unsightly walls and soften lines

Rugose – wrinkled leaves of some Explorer and hardy shrub roses

Frost Crack – occurs on southwest side of a tree trunk, especially on Amur Cherry

Saline Soil – soil with a high pH above 7 caused by sodium/salt

Genus – group of closely related species such as Syringa; capitalized and italicized

Salt Tolerant – shrubs such as Siberian Salt Bush, Sea Buckthorn and Silver Buffaloberry resistant to saline soil

Hardiness – ability of plant to survive low winter temperature; Zone 4 plants are semihardy in chinook areas Hedge – barrier or fence formed by closely planting together a row of shrubs such as Caragana or Cotoneaster Hybrid – plant produced by crossing two species and designated by ‘x’ between the genus and species such as Prunus x cistena Indigenous – plant native to a certain area Jam – fruit preserve by boiling with sugar & pectin from Raspberry and Plum Lanceolate – lance-shaped leaves of Willow Leaflet – one part of a compound leaf such as on Ash trees Lenticels – narrow openings in tree trunks for gaseous exchange; noticeable and attractive on Birch, Pin Cherry and Ivory Silk Lilac Lobe – round division of a leaf such as Bur Oak, Golden Currant & Toba Hawthorn

Samara – double-winged seed of Maple Self-fertile – plant capable of pollinating itself and of producing fruit such as Gooseberry and Saskatoon Serrated – saw-toothed leaves such as Elm and Snowbird Hawthorn Shrub – multi-stemmed, woody plant less than five meters in height Species – group of interbreeding plants such as C. alba; italicized but not capitalized Specimen – feature plant used alone for its valued characteristics such as color Spine – sharp, modified leaf protrusion such as on Pygmy Caragana & Barberry Standard – single stem, top-grafted form such as Walker Caragana Sunscald – damaged bark on southwest side of tree trunk, especially on Mayday Swale – low-lying, wet area suitable for Willow and other moisture loving plants

Mass Planting – planting in a group for mass effect such as with Potentilla

Tendril – spirally coiling, clinging plant structure for support on vines such as Engelmann Ivy

Micro-climate – isolated mini-climate within a yard due to protection from sun and wind exposure

Texture – visual fineness or coarseness created by the size of the leaves

Monoecious – unisexual flowers with male and female flowers on the same plant such as Birch, Pine & Spruce Nut – single seed, dry hard fruit of Bur Oak & Ohio Buckeye Ornamental Fruit – decorative fruit; not palatable such as on Dogwood, Barberry, Hawthorn, Ninebark and Mountain Ash Ornamental Plant – plant grown for the decorative beauty of its flowers, fruit, leaves or bark Ovate Leaves – egg-shaped leaves of many trees and shrubs Pendulous – drooping or weeping branches such as Cutleaf Weeping Birch, Weeping Caragana and Weeping Spruce

Thicket – thick growth of shrubs such as False Spirea and Wolf Willow Thorn – sharp, modified, woody stem protrusion found on Pear, Sea Buckthorn and Hawthorn Topiary – art of trimming plants into shapes such as pom-poms on Mint Julep Juniper Tree – single trunk, woody plant over five meters high Trellis – frame of latticework used to support vines and climbing roses Variety (var.) – naturally occurring botanical variety of a species; italicized but not capitalized such as Pinus contorta var. latifolia Vine – climbing plant such as Clematis, Grape and Hops

Species/Cultivars

Ht.

Sp.

Features

Foothills Green Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Heuver’

15 m

8m

Seedless male selection developed by Calgary nursery Uniform growth habit and resistant to sunscald

Manchurian Ash Fraxinus mandshurica

10 m

5m

Oval canopy of compact leaflets turn gold in fall This tree is liked by nursery growers and designers

Northern Gem Ash Fraxinus x ‘Northern Gem’

10 m

7m

Hybrid cross between Manchurian and Black Ash Broad oval form makes it a good shade tree

Northern Treasure Ash

10 m

5m

Hybrid cross between Manchurian and Black Ash Upright form makes it a good street tree

15 m

6m

Seedless selection is more uniform than Green Ash species Widely planted boulevard and street tree

15 m

4m

Seedless male selection is a good median tree More upright branching and narrower than other Green Ash

Fraxinus x ‘Northern Treasure’

Patmore Green Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Patmore’

Prairie Spire Ash

Kelly Storm

Ruth Staal - greengate garden centres

Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Rugby’

Manchurian Ash fall color

Patmore Green Ash

Cultivars

Flowers

Golden Lights

Golden-yellow

Mandarin Lights

Salmon-orange

Orchid Lights

Lavender-purple

Rosy Lights

Rosy-pink

White Lights

Blush-white

Casey Van Vloten

AZALEA, Northern Lights Series Rhododendron x ‘Northern Lights’ Hardiness Zone 4 Ht. 1 m Sp. 1 m Clusters of double spring flowers are found on this deciduous shrub. Available in various flower colors, foliage turns bronzy-red in fall. Azaleas prefer a protected, partial shade location and acidic, moist soil.

Deciduous Trees & Shrubs

ASH Fraxinus species Hardiness Zone 2-3 These hardy trees have ashen gray bark color and attractive leaflets, which turn golden yellow in late summer. Ash are commonly used as shade or street trees as they tolerate a range of soil conditions. Ash prefers full sun.

Rosy Lights Azalea 3

BENEFITS of PLANTS Aesthetic Beautification

Prevent Erosion

Absorb Air Pollution

Provide Shade

Provide Privacy

Provide Food for Birds

Cool Surface Temperature

Screen Eyesores

Provide Habitat for Animals

Screen Wind

Supply Oxygen

Provide Fruit and Berries

Reduce Noise Pollution

Utilize Carbon Dioxide

Increase Property Value

Species

Ht.

Sp.

Features

Siberian Larch Larix sibirica

12 m

3m

Broad, pyramidal shape with charming cones Fast growing tree is adapted to drier sites

Weeping Larch Larix decidua ‘Pendula’

4m

2m

Interesting weeping branches Good choice for rock garden or entry feature

Nora Bryan

Annie Rodrigues

Deciduous Trees & Shrubs

LARCH Larix species Hardiness Zone 2-3 A unique conifer known for its clusters of very soft deciduous needles, Larch features green spring foliage with yellow fall color.

Larch trees shed their needles in autumn, yet retain abundant small cones over winter. A good conifer for windy areas.

Siberian Larch

LEAF SHAPES

Linear 18

Siberian Larch cones

Oblong

Lanceolate

Ovate

Cordate

Rhomboidal

Deltoid

LILAC Syringa species Hardiness Zone 2-3 Among the most fragrant of shrubs, Lilacs display clusters of colorful flowers in spring. Lilacs vary from impressively large, to small compact shrubs. Some species perform well as a hedge, while one has a single trunk and becomes tree-like with age.

Lilacs need full sunlight and well-drained soil for maximum blooming. Prune off dead seed-heads after flowering.

Common Lilac Syringa vulgaris

Ht. 3 m

Hardiness Zone 2

Sp. 2 m

Avalanche Beauty of Moscow Belle de Nancy Charles Joly Congo Katherine Havemeyer Ludwig Spaeth Madame Lemoine President Grevy President Lincoln Sensation

Single, white Double, pinkish-white Double, pink Double, reddish-purple Single, deepest purple Double, bluish-pink Single, purple Double, white Double, bluish-purple Single, lavender-blue Purple, with a white edge

Common Lilac

Nigel Bowles

Sensation Lilac

Madame Lemoine Lilac

Dwarf Korean Lilac (Little-leaf Lilac)

Syringa meyeri ‘Palibin’

Hardiness Zone 2-3

Ht. 1.25 m Sp. 1.5 m A compact dwarf shrub, with lavender, fragrant flowers and small leaves; it is ideal for a small space or hedge.

Hyacinth-Flowered Lilac

Syringa x hyacinthiflora

Hardiness Zone 2

Cultivars

Flowers

Mount Baker

Floriferous, white

Pocahontas

Violet-purple

Olds College

Ht. 3 m Sp. 2 m These earlier blooming Lilac shrubs feature large single, fragrant flowers; heart-shaped leaves, purplish fall foliage, and a non-suckering growth habit.

Deciduous Trees & Shrubs

Flowers

Edward’s Garden Centre

French Cultivars

Edward’s Garden Centre

The most fragrant Lilac, this shrub has heart-shaped leaves and a vigorous suckering habit. Used for unsheared, informal hedges, Common Lilac is an old-fashioned favorite. French Hybrids sucker less than the Common species, and offer many colors.

Dwarf Korean Lilac 19

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Ht.

Sp.

Flower Petals

Features

Austrian Copper

2m

1m

Single, orange

Orange petals with yellow blend

Blanc de Coubert

1.5 m

1.5 m

Double, white

Best fragrant white rose for prairies

F.J. Grootendorst

1.5 m

1m

Double, reddish-pink

Carnation-like flowers

Hansa

1.5 m

1.5 m

Double, purple

Hardy rose with fragrant flowers and unique color

Harrison’s Yellow

1.5 m

1m

Double, yellow

Also known as the Yellow Rose of Texas

J.P. Connell

1.5 m

1m

Double, lemon-yellow

Re-blooming, light yellow cultivar

Persian Yellow

2m

1.5 m

Double, deep yellow

Old-fashioned, tall rose

Pink Grootendorst

1.25 m

1m

Double, light pink

Fringed petals resemble carnations

Prairie Dawn

1.75 m

1m

Double, pink

Pillar type rose with fragrant flowers

Prairie Joy

1.5 m

1m

Double, pink

Hedge type, disease resistant rose

Sir Thomas Lipton

2m

1.5 m

Semi-double, white

Tall shrub with fragrant flowers

Therese Bugnet

1.75 m

1.5 m

Double, pink

Old-fashioned favorite with purplish canes

Topaz Jewel

1m

0.75 m

Double, yellow

Re-blooming yellow rose

Gay Allen

Nora Bryan

Cultivars

Blanc de Coubert Rose

Prairie Joy Rose

Hansa Rose

Topaz Jewel Rose

Jeffries Nurseries Ltd.

Eagle Lake Nurseries Ltd.

Deciduous Trees & Shrubs

ROSE Rosa species Hardiness Zone 2-3 Considered to be the queen of the flowers, hardy shrub roses feature colorful, fragrant blooms. Many species retain attractive rose hips over winter, which are high in vitamin C and may be steeped for tea. Roses require full sunlight and moist, well-drained soil. A wide variety of rose colors and sizes are available for Prairie gardens.

Prickly Rose Rosa acicularis

Red-leaf Rose

Hardiness Zone 1-2

Hardiness Zone 2

Ht. 2 m Sp. 1.5 m Single pink flowers and reddish hips, leaves and canes make this an excellent color contrast shrub. The numerous rose hips may be used for jelly or steeped for tea.

Brendan Casement

Edward’s Garden Centre

Ht. 1 m Sp. 1 m Extremely hardy, wild rose with light pink, single flowers and prickly foliage. Edible rose hips, abundant in vitamin C, may be steeped for tea. It is the floral emblem of Alberta, which is why Alberta is known as Wild Rose Country.

Rosa rubrifolia

Wild Rose of Alberta

Red-leaf Rose foliage and hips

Rosa x ‘Rotesmeer’

Hardiness Zone 2-3

Hardiness Zone 2

Ht. 1 m Sp. 1 m Woods Rose is a native shrub with single pink flowers and very similar foliage to Prickly Rose. Kimberley Woods Rose is a naturally occurring variety from southeastern British Columbia. It is useful for reclamation projects.

Nora Bryan

Kato’s Nursery (2007) Ltd.

Ht. 1 m Sp. 1 m Mauve-purple, semi-double, recurrent blooms are followed by red rose hips. Excellent disease resistance makes this compact shrub exceptionally useful for mass planting or a low informal hedge.

Woods Rose

Rosa woodsii

Purple Pavement Rose

Deciduous Trees & Shrubs

Purple Pavement Rose

Woods Rose 31

PEAR, Ussurian Pyrus ussuriensis Hardiness Zone 3 Small yellow fruit are used for jam and desserts, however, Ussurian Pear is grown primarily for ornamental value. In the spring, pear trees are covered with a blanket of gleaming white flower clusters. Pear also display long thorns and glossy, green foliage which turns orange in autumn. Fruit production increases if pollinated by another variety. Pear requires full sunlight and well-drained soil. Pear fruit are 5 cm.

Fruit Color & Features

Golden Spice

Golden yellow, good for canning and spicing

Ure

Greenish-yellow, prairie hardy, fruit good for canning

Hardiness Zone 2

Ht. 2 m Sp. 1 m Juicy, ruby-red fruit is the reward for growing this plant. Fruit for fresh eating or freezing is produced on second year canes, which must be cut down after harvest. Raspberries need full sunlight and moist soil. They are also used to make jam.

Donna Balzner

Cultivars

RASPBERRY, Boyne Red

Rubus idaeus ‘Boyne’

Nora Bryan

Red Raspberry

PLUM Prunus salicina Hardiness Zone 3 Ht. 5 m Sp. 4 m Prairie plums are used for preserves, canning and eating fresh from the tree. Each variety requires specific pollinators within a city block. These small trees display showy white flowers in spring and orange fall leaf color. Plums require full sunlight and well-drained soil. Dried plums are called prunes.

Pembina Plum

Cultivars

Fruit/Flesh

Fruit Size Fruit Features/Pollinators

Brookgold P. salicina ‘Brookgold’

Gold/yellow

2.5 - 3 cm

Early season, smaller freestone fruit for eating and canning Pollinate with Nanking Cherry, ‘Bounty’ or ‘Dandy’

Brookred P. salicina ‘Brookred’

Red/orange

4 - 5 cm

Late season, larger fruit good for eating and cooking Pollinate with ‘Opata’, ‘Pembina’ or ‘Norther’

Opata Cherry Plum P. besseyi x salicina ‘Opata’

Purple/green

2 - 3 cm

Late season, smaller fruit good for preserves Pollinate with ‘Brookred’ or ‘Pembina’

Pembina Plum P. salicina x nigra ‘Pembina’

Purple/yellow

4 - 5 cm

Late season, larger clingstone fruit for eating fresh Pollinate with ‘Brookred’ or ‘Opata’

SASKATOON (Serviceberry) Amelanchier alnifolia Hardiness Zone 2 The Prairies’ own famous fruit, Saskatoons are selffertile; producing deep purple fruit used for fresh eating, pies, preserves, and syrup. Saskatoon shrubs are showy with white spring flowers and orange autumn leaf color.

Maximize fruit production by planting in full sunlight. It is called Serviceberry in the United States of America.

Cultivars

Fruit Color & Features

Honeywood

Larger late season fruit

Northline

Productive cultivar

Pembina

Larger flavorful fruit

Regent

Sweet fruit

Smokey

Mildly sweet fruit

Thiessen

Largest fruit

Fruit Trees & Bush Fruit

Ken Riske - Millcreek Nursery Ltd.

Golden Spice Pear

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Tr e e C a n a d a Tr e e v i a Trees reduce the effects of global cycling – 12 trees will, over their lives, absorb almost 2 tonnes (metric tons) of carbon, the same amount of carbon produced by an SUV going 20,000 km.

Trees conserve energy by reducing heating and cooling costs by up to 50%.

Trees act as the “lungs of the earth” by absorbing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and other atmospheric pollutants.

Trees give people a psychological boost – studies show that they make us feel good!

Trees can increase property values by 20%, help instill civic pride and boost tourism.

Trees give wildlife (mammals and birds), a place to live.

Trees reduce water run-off and keep streams clean – one large tree can lift 378 liters (100 gallons) of water out of the ground and discharge it into the air each day.

TREE FORMS

Columnar

High-headed Canopy

Pyramidal

Weeping

Multi-stemmed

Upright Oval

Douglas Fir cone

Balsam Fir foliage

FIR Abies species Hardiness Zone 2-4 True Firs are distinguished by means of their erect female cones, smooth gray bark, and pungent aroma. Fir trees are native to Alberta and grace the landscape with their narrow pyramidal form and soft flat, aromatic needles. Fir wood is used extensively for pulp production. Prefer partial shade and moist, acidic soil. May be used as specimen plants.

Species & Variety

Zone

Ht.

Sp.

Habitat & Foliage

Balsam Fir Abies balsamea

2-3

16 m

3m

Wide ranging across the northern part of the Prairie provinces Spire-like, narrow crown; also used as a cut Christmas tree

Dwarf Balsam Fir Abies balsamea ‘Nana’

3-4

0.5 m

1m

Dwarf evergreen shrub with dark green, glossy needles Likes shade from direct sunlight so plant on north side

Alpine Fir Abies lasiocarpa

2-3

20 m

2m

Native to the Rocky Mountains so adaptable to high altitudes Very narrow, spire-like crown with bluish-green needles

Evergreen Trees & Shrubs

Nora Bryan

Kelly Storm

Hardiness Zone 3 DOUGLAS FIR Pseudotsuga menziesii Ht. 16 m Sp. 4 m Douglas Fir is distinctive by its drooping female cones with unique 3-pronged bracts, smooth gray bark, and flat needles. A tall stately, native evergreen tree with a pyramidal form, Douglas Fir is suitable for a sizeable landscape. Douglas Fir is frequently used as a cut Christmas tree. Likes full sunlight and well-drained, yet moist soil.

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DROPMORE SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera x brownii ‘Dropmore’

Hardiness Zone 2

Hardiness Zone 3

This scrambling vigorous, perennial vine quickly climbs up a trellis or covers a rough surface. Hops has greenish-white flowers on female plants which may be used in beer-making.

A golden leaf variety is also available for color contrast.

Calgary Zoo Botanical Gardens

John Edwards - Savory Gardens

Distinctive scarlet, trumpet-shaped flowers from summer to fall attract hummingbirds. This honeysuckle vine requires a support structure and flowers profusely in full sunlight.

An old-fashioned favorite from Dropmore, Manitoba.

HOPS

Humulus lupulus

MANDARIN HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera x ‘Mandarin’

Hardiness Zone 2

VIRGINIA CREEPER

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Hardiness Zone 3

Attractive leaflets arranged in a palm shape turn brilliant crimson in autumn. Fall color on this vigorous vine is enhanced by full sunlight exposure. Virginia Creeper requires a support structure such as a trellis or fence.

Annie Rodrigues

University of British Columbia Botanical Garden

This vigorous vine is a UBC introduction. It has reddishorange flowers with long throats to attract hummingbirds.

‘Mandarin’ prefers full sun yet tolerates light shade.

Hops

Mandarin Honeysuckle

Vines

Dropmore Scarlet Honeysuckle

Virginia Creeper fall foliage 51

PLANTS for SPECIAL PURPOSES Arboreal Emblems of the Prairie Provinces Alberta - Lodgepole Pine Saskatchewan - Paper Birch Manitoba - White Spruce

Plants with Fine-textured Foliage (dissected or linear leaves) Arctic Willow Black Lace Elder Broom Coyote Willow Cutleaf Weeping Birch Fernleaf Caragana Potentilla Rose Daphne Sea Buckthorn Siberian Salt Bush Spirea Tolleson’s Weeping Juniper Turkestan Burning Bush Walker Caragana

Plants with Glossy or Lustrous Leaves Bur Oak Chokeberry Dakota Pinnacle Birch Hedge Cotoneaster Laurel-leaf Willow Mongolian Cherry Nannyberry Ussurian Pear Yew

Plants with Heart-shaped Leaves (cordate leaves) Annabelle Hydrangea French & Common Lilac Linden

Plants with Maple-shaped Leaves (three-lobed leaves) Cranberry Currant Maple Ninebark

Bush Fruit for the Prairies Blueberry Cherry Cranberry Currant Gooseberry Grape Raspberry Saskatoon/Serviceberry

Liqueurs Fruit Sources Cassis - Black Currant Kirsch - Cherry Sambuca - Elderberry

Fruit Trees for the Prairies Apple & Apple-Crab Cherry Plum Pear

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Plants Suitable for Wet Soil

Plants that Provide Food for Birds

Birch Cedar/Arborvitae Cranberry Dogwood False Spirea Red Elder White Spruce Willow

Amur Cherry Apple & Apple-Crab Barberry Blueberry Buckbrush/Coralberry Buffaloberry Cherry Chokeberry Chokecherry Cotoneaster Crab Apple Cranberry Currant Dogwood Elderberry Gooseberry Grape Hawthorn Honeysuckle Juniper Mayday Mountain Ash Pear Plum Raspberry Rose Russian Olive Saskatoon/Serviceberry Sea Buckthorn Snowberry Wayfaring Tree

Fast Growing Trees Aspen Poplar Siberian Larch Willow

Slow Growing Trees Bristlecone Pine Bur Oak Ohio Buckeye Swiss Stone Pine

Plants for Acidic Soil (low pH) Azalea/Rhododendron Blueberry Cedar/Arborvitae Pine Yew

Plants with Amber-Orange Fall Foliage Color Currant Gooseberry Ohio Buckeye Pear Pin Cherry Plum Russian Almond Saskatoon/Serviceberry Swedish Columnar Aspen Western Sand Cherry

Plants with Reddish Fall Foliage Color Amur Maple Azalea Blueberry Burning Bush Chokeberry Cotoneaster Cranberry Dogwood Emerald Carousel Barberry Engelmann Ivy Mountain Ash Nannyberry Sumac Tatarian Maple Virginia Creeper

Plants with Purplish Fall Foliage Color Creeping/Horizontal Juniper Hyacinth-flowered Lilac Miss Kim Lilac Rhododendron Wayfaring Tree

Prickly, Spiny or Thorny Plants (to repel mammals) Barberry Black Currant Gooseberry Prickly Rose Pygmy Caragana Raspberry Russian Olive Sea Buckthorn Siberian Salt Bush Silver Buffaloberry Woods Rose

Thicket Forming Plants (for soil erosion control) Common Lilac Coyote Willow Dogwood False Spirea Pussy Willow Raspberry Russian Almond Saskatoon/Serviceberry Silverberry/Wolf Willow

Woody Ground Covers (low growing & spreading) Broom Buckbrush Common Juniper Creeping/Horizontal Juniper Russian/Siberian Cypress Snowberry