Kubrick is a small, independent creator of good design with its roots in Taiwan. We focus on providing complementary living solutions for people's daily routines. Thus, we're able to present a new brand image by breaking through the existing framework.
When we design, we begin from a single core value, focus on practical solutions as our fundamental, combine with industrial refinement to shape unique aesthetics, and hope to build convenience for domestic life. We focus on conveying our beliefs through product details and artisan craftsmanship in every customer’s daily life.
Therefore, resulting us to build a unique compelling story of the product itself. Today, while we seek efficient industrial production, it brings us the design challenges to combine with a touch of craftsmanship to make our product more fascinating.
We remain committed to creating a cooling solution that elevates the mood and ambiance of a home and allows more connection with the user in space. We believe in evoking emotion through simplicity.
Design Philosophy
Kubrick believes in a creative expedition with a foundational focus on core functionality and a balance of industrial production to integrate practical and aesthetic design as the bedrock of our brand's ethos.
Our dedication is evident in the seamless infusion of the aesthetic perspective into our product line. Our objective transcends traditional norms as we unveil a distinctive visual dialect for the brand, presenting home products that not only elevate visual allure but also enrich the overall well-being of our clientele. In this endeavor, we contribute to fostering a more refined and harmonious lifestyle.
A design is an idea, a vision, and derives in many ways, a hope until it takes physical form. To stand strong, a design must be translated from the designer to experts in physical creation. We focused on creating a holistic approach to our products.
The design of ceiling fans has been ignored or too complicated in the past. For this reason, Kubrick chose to challenge and innovate our design, focusing on the integration of form and function, aiming to provide users with home products that not only serve practical needs but also bring a refreshing and distinctive aesthetic touch to their daily living spaces that last a lifetime.
WOODIE 44 & 50
Woodie is a flush mount series that is designed for its urban compact dwell, combining warm materiality and sublime form with modern production craftsmanship.
TUBE 44 & 50
Tube is a simple yet elegant solution for the lowceiling living space. The minimal cylinder allows the design to be harmonious with the space without additional obstruction.
FLYVINGEN 42
Taking from the Norwegian for "flying", Flyvingen is inspired by the free spirit of soaring combined with the natural timber aesthetic.
SHOWSTOPPING DESIGN
PADERA 60 ARCH
The Arch series is a work of art that results from traditional metalwork and modern production techniques, adaptable style effortlessly with any space.
p.90
Padera is the large span fan that uses the natural sentiments of wood through its air dynamic blade design embracing the freedom in the wildfield.
p.74
CULTURE
Torque is inspired by the fluidity and simplicity of the curve, presenting a classic contemporary aesthetic for residence.
THE CRAFT OF NATURE
The flush mount Woodie series effortlessly merges timeless elegance with contemporary functionality, capturing the essence of expert solid wood craftsmanship. Grounded in natural materials and organic forms, it imparts a touch of sophistication to any space, maintaining adaptability for modern compact living.
The blade design emanates warmth with its natural wood sentiments. The sublime contour of the motor housing's silhouette mirrors the precision of metalworks and innovative engineering.
This project is a revolutionary product from Tube collections since our beloved Tube has been the perfect pairing for small urban dwellings; however, there are more people devoted to wood-made craftsmanship.
Therefore, the Woodie collection is the new launch for those who require both the ceiling fan in the compact space and also satisfy their love seeking for the nature forest.
Woodie 50 in natural wood blade and matte white housing
Woodie 44 with oiled bronze housing and Chestnut blade
Close up of air dynamic solidwood blade
The elegance curvature of the Woodie blade
In the vibrant urban landscapes of Southeast Asia, where the rhythm of life beats fast and space is a cherished commodity, the demand for cooling solutions that marry practicality with style has never been more pronounced. Enter the Woodie series—an innovative take on ceiling fan design that not only delivers on the promise of efficient airflow but also adds a touch of elegance to contemporary living spaces.
At the core of the Woodie series lies a profound respect for the natural world and its materials. Inspired by the serene forests bordering Siberia, where the 'Kiri' wood flourishes under the watchful eye of responsible forestry management, each blade is carefully handpicked to embody the essence of sustainability and aesthetic appeal.
Through a meticulous manufacturing process that seamlessly integrates cutting-edge CNC technology with time-honored craftsmanship, these blades are transformed into graceful arcs that not only optimize airflow dynamics but also evoke a sense of organic beauty.
Yet, the Woodie series is more than just a showcase of exquisite woodwork; it represents a triumph of design ingenuity and engineering precision. Consider, for instance, the motor housing—a component that posed a unique set of challenges in its quest for seamless integration and unobtrusive aesthetics. By ingeniously concealing screws and fixtures within a sleek metal tumbler, the design achieves a clean, minimalist look that not only enhances the overall visual appeal but also simplifies the installation process—a testament to the marriage of form and function.
The Woodie series marks a departure from the conventional offerings within the esteemed Tube collections. While Tube fans have long been revered for their space-saving designs and practical functionality, the Woodie introduces a new paradigm—one that speaks to the discerning tastes of those who appreciate the warmth and character of wood craftsmanship. With its flush mount design, the Woodie seamlessly integrates into any interior setting, whether it be a cozy urban loft or a chic contemporary apartment, imparting a sense of timeless elegance and sophistication.
In essence, the Woodie series is a celebration of design innovation and craftsmanship—a symphony of form, function, and natural beauty. From its responsibly sourced materials to its meticulously engineered components, every aspect of the Woodie is imbued with a sense of purpose and intentionality, elevating the ceiling fan from a mere utility to a work of art. It is a testament to the power of thoughtful design to transform the everyday into the Scandinavian Style within.
To minimize the exterior of Woodie Fan, we study carefully and use the hidden screw not only for better aesthetic, but better installation. We value the use of timber wood by celebrating the honesty of nature. Woodie is the perfect solution for compact living and nature lovers.
Tube flush mount compact series addresses the challenge of low-ceiling living spaces in urban environments. Inspired by minimal architectural pillars, this design seamlessly blends a simple design language with modern technology, symbolizing contemporary cooling solutions.
Tube series centered on creating one of the most effortless pieces for installation. Tube is available in two spans 44" and 50", catering to diverse urban homes.
Smart fan, everything you need is just a tap away 簡 約 小 巧 大 有 來 頭
Ideal for low-ceiling spaces, the Tube series features a streamlined cylindrical design that seamlessly integrates with its surroundings.
The combination of easy installation and intelligent functionality is enhanced by its compatibility with the KUBRICK SmartControl® App. This enables convenient control from any location with just a tap.
TUBE series features CCT dimmable 15W LED lights, delivering personalized lighting for every space, day or night.
Whether you're immersed in daytime study sessions or winding down in the evening, our lights effortlessly transition between cool, focused brightness and warm, relaxing illumination to cater to your unique preferences.
With the TUBE series, we amplify wind shear by refining the curvature of the fan blades, elevating wind efficiency during operation. The design seamlessly marries form and function, conjuring a natural breeze in compact living spaces.
TUBE embodies a fusion of creative sensibility and practical functionality, igniting imagination and adaptability in any environment.
Drawing inspiration from classic architectural pillars, the design of the TUBE motor housing mirrors the elegance of cylinder shapes, seamlessly integrating with surrounding spaces. The fundamental principles of form following function is the sublime essence of TUBE, accentuated by its aerodynamic blade design.
The TUBE series emerges as the design resolution for compact living, presenting a minimal flush design tailored to address the challenges of limited space.
Simple is The New Modern
Our idea is to create one of the most effortless pieces for installation, with only a few steps needed to assemble the whole product.
Inspired by the enduring grace of classical architectural pillars, the Tube series stands as a testament to the seamless integration of form and function. Its motor housing design, reminiscent of elegant cylinder shapes, effortlessly melds with its surroundings, evoking a sense of timeless sophistication.
Rooted in the foundational principle of form following function, Tube embodies a sublime fusion of aesthetics and efficiency, epitomized by its meticulously crafted aerodynamic blade design. This ethos is further underscored by its sleek flush mount configuration, meticulously tailored to address the unique challenges presented by compact living spaces.
Crafted with urban dwellers in mind, particularly those navigating the constraints of low ceilings, the Tube flush mount compact series channels the essence of minimal architectural pillars, weaving together simplicity and innovation with consummate ease. Available in two versatile spans 44" and 50"—Tube offers a versatile solution that seamlessly blends into a diverse array of urban homes, catering to varying spatial requirements with unwavering style and functionality.
The intuitive functionality of the Tube series is augmented by its seamless integration with the cutting-edge KUBRICK SmartControl® App, heralding convenience and connectivity in ceiling fan technology. With the ability to remotely activate the fan from any location, this innovative app empowers users to personalize their living environment with unparalleled ease, transcending the limitations of physical space and enabling a truly boundless lifestyle.
Furthermore, Tube's integrated lighting, boasting CCT dimmable 15W LED lights, adds an extra layer of versatility, offering customizable illumination options tailored to suit any mood or occasion.
Leveraging refined blade curvature to enhance wind efficiency, the Tube series amplifies wind shear to create a natural, refreshing breeze within compact living spaces, effortlessly elevating comfort levels while simultaneously enhancing visual appeal. This meticulous attention to detail not only maximizes functionality but also underscores Tube's commitment to fostering an environment of creativity and adaptability in any setting.
In essence, Tube embodies the perfect amalgamation of creative vision and practical utility, setting a new benchmark for excellence in contemporary ceiling fan design.
Derived from the Norwegian term for "airplane wing" Flyvingen draws inspiration from the sleek wing tip shapes of aviation. The fan blades feature materials responsibly sourced from the Cypress forest in the far north of Mongolia, close to Siberia.
COMPACT SERIES FLYVINGEN 42
源自於北歐設計衷旨以人為本為發想，設計出 FLYVINGEN
的簡約質感外型， 以小尺寸的外型設計更加符合現代台灣市場環境，將自然溫潤質感帶入家中。
Return to the Source
Flyvingen is a product that emphasizes a minimalist form and the comfort quality of materials that enhance over time. This fan encapsulates a feeling of warmth through authentic materials, blending industrial refinement within its compact structure.
回 歸 純 粹 擁 抱 自 然
Flyvingen is meticulously crafted as an effortlessly installable fan. Each blade is precision-engineered to seamlessly fit together, ensuring flawless functionality.
The design of Flyvingen's blades is a manifestation of traditional craftsmanship translated into the realm of modern production.
The blade is like a puzzle, and it needs three pieces of design to fit together to function perfectly. Finally, we finished the blades with a hand-polished process along with the white-soap oiled coating on top to sustain any wear and tear for years to come.
Flyvingen, the pieces we present are born out of the quest to last you for a long, long time; in their durability, but also in their character; to withstand both the wear and tear of time and the eye.
Starting with a vision tailored to the urban metropolis of Southeast Asia, the project envisions a concept for small urban dwellings. The compact cooling fan, designed to cater to yearround needs, proves suitable for every conceivable space. 作為常年都需要風扇吹送的熱帶東南亞市場，考量其住宅的小型空間日趨 繁多，
We aim to create soft values through our collection for everyday life, after all, that makes a space feel like home.
Flyvingen 42 embodies a perfect balance of aesthetics and utility, where each blade detail is meticulously crafted for precision and optimal air output. In an era of widespread mass production, Kubrick's approach integrates traditional crafts into modern design, as exemplified by Flyvingen.
It seamlessly blends earthy colors and nature materials to create a visually soothing experience. Flyvingen 42 accentuates silhouettes with forest-certified solid wood, offering a piece that invites individuals to pause, reflect, and cultivate creativity — an extraordinary breezing experience beyond the ordinary.
The use of genuine natural timber emanates warmth and subtle charm, presenting an understated elegance that seamlessly complements modern living spaces.
The Flyvingen series is meticulously crafted to precision using modern CNC techniques. This infusion of modern technology into traditional craftsmanship reflects the synonymous with Scandinavian design.
Influenced by the hues and serenity of nature, the Flyvingen series invites us to revel in the tranquillity of urban living.
Influenced by the hues and serenity of nature, the Flyvingen series invites us to revel in the tranquillity of urban living.
Influenced by the hues and serenity of nature, the Flyvingen series invites us to revel in the tranquillity of urban living.
Crafted with wrap-around timber blades, Flyvingen epitomizes modernity. The minimal curvature blade engineering optimizes airflow while presenting a solid-wood appearance, transforming your living space into a seamless extension of the natural environment. The Flyvingen series is a superb addition, introducing a modern sense of solitude through its authentic connection to urban living.
Timber exudes warmth, embracing a touch of Scandinavian materiality that seamlessly intertwines with the fabric of daily life. The design lies in the fusion of technology and traditional craftsmanship within our fan blades, a celebration of the manufacturing process that enhances the tactile experience of natural materials, offering a genuine and comforting warmth.
SOURCE FROM NATURE
The term "Pradera" draws inspiration from the Spanish term for "wilderness," embodying the concept of embracing freedom. Padera is both subtle yet characterful with its softened surfaces and understated functionalities. The careful and detailed craftsmanship of the breeze-swept curves of the blades not only represents the unique aesthetic of the fan but also comes in various wood finishes that will complement any atmosphere and space.
As the seasons change annually, embrace the soft breeze through the natural tone and create a cozy the ambiance in every room.
The Padera series drawing inspiration from nature, embarks on a sensory journey, resonating with the essence of tranquillity and warmth in any space.
PADERA 60 ｜ 勤 美 學 CMP Resort ｜ 2021
Padera conveys a gentle yet honest warmth through its wooden appearance.
PADERA 60 ｜ 勤 美 學 CMP Resort ｜ 2021
Padera conveys a gentle yet honest warmth through its wooden appearance.
PADERA 60 ｜ 勤 美 學 CMP Resort ｜ 2021
Padera conveys a gentle yet honest warmth through its wooden appearance.
Derived from the allure of vintage propeller planes, this transformation captures a design ethos that is both simple and timeless, emphasising the graceful curvature of the wooden blades. Pradera fan embodies the concept of freedom, symbolizing an expansive openness.
In revitalizing wood's innate purity and essence, the fusion of technology and craftsmanship becomes the catalyst for heightened precision and accuracy. Padera series seamlessly harmonizes the authentic wooden aesthetic with enhanced airflow dynamics, mimicking the natural wind.
The Padera series brings the natural breeze into daily rituals through boundless design.
Padera 60, with its artfully curved and elegantly detailed design, offers a soft complement to cozy sentiments while capturing the enduring beauty of the season through its functional and gentle breeze.
At the heart of PADERA lies a commitment to the essence of its identity, intricately woven into the very fibers of its being—the timber employed, an embodiment of timeless beauty and authenticity, radiates a subtle yet profound warmth, inviting a connection that transcends the merely visual, delivering an honest and genuine experience through its captivating wooden allure.
"Padera is offered in two color tones, featuring natural oak that imparts a gentle yet sincere warmth with its wooden aesthetic, and the remarkably refined teak wood. The series seamlessly integrates the natural breeze into everyday rituals through its boundless design."
Arch 52
The Arch fan captures modern architecture's essence with refined details and a universal aesthetic. Its minimal design, coupled with precise manufacturing, makes it an engineering marvel.
The motor casing mimics industrial motors with two refined flanges, and the straightforward blade design complements it perfectly. Arch celebrates aesthetic and engineering synergy, naturally providing an excellent cooling solution.
透過解析風扇形態並思考其與生活的互動呈現， STUDIO KUBRICK 設計事務所設計出 ARCH 風扇的外觀靈感為城市的結構縮影，將乾淨的線條應用於設計上，進而詮釋產 品的細節和組合，形成簡單、獨到的外型，使一件精雕細琢的工藝模糊了產品與空間 的邊界，與居家既有的材質搭配和諧並存。
The Sensible Solution
Based on our analysis, we found that the designer and architect favor using the minimal and straightforward fan with a small fan body. We have created an Arch fan focus on two statements, both motor housing and blade design.
This modern and universal fan design is at the service of architecture and space with its subtle and smart style. Arch series brings the natural breeze into daily rituals through boundless design.
原 生 即 美
Blending traditional wooden crafts with modern production, the Arch blade comes in natural oak and subtle matte white finishes.
The blade is treated with an eco-friendly wood stain color and finished with a clear matte lacquer that brings forth the natural character and grain of the oak wood. These dust and water-resistant metal housings showcase the versatility and unique expression.
The Durable Timeless Finishes
Embrace the Elegant Contrast of Matte White and Brushed Steel
Uncomplicated design elements with the precision manufacturing process.
The Arch fan is a design with longlasting aesthetics, a fresh and modern expression, and understated details that will enhance its surroundings.
Aesthetically, it serves as inspiration for design professionals and enthusiasts alike, offering all-new ideas for any space.
A uniquely versatile piece, These qualities of the motor housing make it a design with many faces; as understated cooling enhancing the space or a statement piece whether hung alone or in clusters.
Uncomplicated design elements with the precision manufacturing process. The Arch fan is a design with longlasting aesthetics, a fresh and modern expression, and understated details that will enhance its surroundings.
Aesthetically, it serves as inspiration for design professionals and enthusiasts alike, offering all-new ideas for any space.
shu! Fly out quietly!
A uniquely versatile piece, These qualities of the motor housing make it a design with many faces; as understated cooling enhancing the space or a statement piece whether hung alone or in clusters.
Uncomplicated design elements with the precision manufacturing process. The Arch fan is a design with longlasting aesthetics, a fresh and modern expression, and understated details that will enhance its surroundings.
Aesthetically, it serves as inspiration for design professionals and enthusiasts alike, offering all-new ideas for any space.
A uniquely versatile piece, These qualities of the motor housing make it a design with many faces; as understated cooling enhancing the space or a statement piece whether hung alone or in clusters.
Uncomplicated design elements with the precision manufacturing process.
The Arch fan is a design with longlasting aesthetics, a fresh and modern expression, and understated details that will enhance its surroundings.
Aesthetically, it serves as inspiration for design professionals and enthusiasts alike, offering all-new ideas for any space.
back to work.
A uniquely versatile piece, These qualities of the motor housing make it a design with many faces; as understated cooling enhancing the space or a statement piece whether hung alone or in clusters.
Uncomplicated design elements with the precision manufacturing process.
The Arch fan is a design with longlasting aesthetics, a fresh and modern expression, and understated details that will enhance its surroundings.
Aesthetically, it serves as inspiration for design professionals and enthusiasts alike, offering all-new ideas for any space.
A uniquely versatile piece, These qualities of the motor housing make it a design with many faces; as understated cooling enhancing the space or a statement piece whether hung alone or in clusters.
Arch 52 Fan in Weekend Fried Chicken Club in Taiwan
Matte white Arch 52 closed up
Assembling in action
Dining along with Arch 52
Arch 52 in brushed steel housing and matte white blade
Durable and versatile Arch housing finishes
Crafted to emulate the looks of industrial motors, the motor case features two refined flanges. We've artfully reduced the housing height to enhance the overall fan shape with an added touch of elegance.
The matte white housing embellished with decorative screws, encapsulates the spirit of modern architecture through meticulous details and a contemporary industrial aesthetic.
ARCH 52 seamlessly integrates the deconstructed architectural layers, achieving a visual fluidity that epitomizes the flawless union of engineering and contemporary aesthetics.
The New Modern Twist
Torque 58
Torque is inspired by the fluidity and simplicity of the curve which is the result of the airflow enhancement. Within its modern and streamlined curvature, the piece showcases its beautiful and delicate structure during the rotation.
The subtle and elegant solution for the blade design allows the beauty to linger in its transformation of form.
It’s a fusion of geometric lines and curved surfaces that characterize modern design, easily adaptable in both residential and commercial spaces.
Torque 58 features seamless single-piece blades to eliminate motor housing, creating silhouettes that reflect modern and subtle expressions that evoke a longlasting aesthetic for a generation to come.
Torque 58 eliminates excess elements from the initial design, through production we adapt plastic/ABS injection as the optimal choice for production methods, allowing it to preserve the seamless, single-piece aesthetic of the blades, devoid of any seamline.
Committed to minimizing material waste, our manufacturing ethos integrates recycled ABS sources, aligning with our primary goal of promoting a sustainable production process.
The primary aim is to craft a seamless and uncomplicated curve, leading us to reduce spare parts to a minimum, achieving a perfectly proportioned shape.
Torque 58 emerges from the melding of geometric lines and curved lines, embodying a contemporary embodiment of an efficient cooling solution. It adapts to diverse architectural styles and is appropriate for both residential and commercial use.
Torque 58 adopts a single-piece wrap-around blade design, evoking a modern aesthetic. This singular blade approach mitigates the need for multiple tooling, effectively minimizing overall material waste. The curved fan blade ensures a balanced proportion, optimizing airflow for daily use. This design not only enhances the home atmosphere but also helps lower energy consumption.
A fusion of geometric lines and curved surfaces characterizes modern design.
Torque 58 embodies a single-piece aesthetic with seamless blades, reflecting the iconic and stylish modernity.
The slim and sublime contour of the blade design evokes clean silhouettes, enhances airflow, and reduces energy consumption at the same time.
Torque 58 offers a modern and streamlined aesthetic of a fan, equally elegant and practical during the rotation. Simple lines and refined detailing of the overall design allow the beauty to linger in its transformation of form.
The ceiling fan itself has been overlooked or has been too decorative in the past, but Torque challenges that idea. The design minimalizes any unnecessary elements where it coexists between the art of mechanism and the elegance of the form.
The Green Pathway
Throughout our journey, we've conscientiously chosen responsibly sourced materials, refined transportation methods, and reduced waste in both production and packaging. Our commitment is rooted in achieving the delicate balance between nature and production. Kubrick is steadfast on the path of sustainability and environmental protection. This commitment propels us forward, exploring fresh perspectives on sustainability across all our operations with every field advancement and emerging research.
Throughout our journey, we've conscientiously chosen responsibly sourced materials, refined transportation methods, and reduced waste in both production and packaging. Our commitment is rooted in achieving the delicate balance between nature and production. Kubrick is steadfast on the path of sustainability and environmental protection. This commitment propels us forward, exploring fresh perspectives on sustainability across all our operations with every field advancement and emerging research.
Throughout our journey, we've conscientiously chosen responsibly sourced materials, refined transportation methods, and reduced waste in both production and packaging. Our commitment is rooted in achieving the delicate balance between nature and production. Kubrick is steadfast on the path of sustainability and environmental protection. This commitment propels us forward, exploring fresh perspectives on sustainability across all our operations with every field advancement and emerging research.
The Woodie series is a take on timber crafts with modern industrial production refined detailing for a truly elegant expression. The design captures nature's essence, reflecting on the rich textured finishes juxtaposed with the curve-shaped fan blade design.
TUBE 44 & 50
Tube flush-mount compact series inspired by minimal architectural pillars, this design seamlessly blends a simple design language with modern technology, symbolizing contemporary cooling solutions.
FLYVINGEN 42
Flyvingen emphasizes a minimalist form and the comfort quality of materials that enhance over time, and it encapsulates a feeling of warmth through authentic materials, blending industrial refinement within its compact structure.
44HSDF | 50HSDF
44HSBF-L | 50HSBF-L
42HSA-L
ARCH 52
52LP47-D
The Arch fan captures modern architecture's essence with refined details and a universal aesthetic. Its minimal design and precise manufacturing make it an engineering marvel.
CODA 56
56Q36-L
Coda character subtly depicts the sleek lines of the aircraft wingtip as a charming shape intersecting the fuselage and the wooden blades, which bring out the maze of this fan.
56TN16-L
The Turbine combines the function with the industrial references for a ceiling fan. The clean simple lines and refined detailing, make both its durability and aesthetics decidedly long-lasting. Manufactured in weather and UV-resistant matte powder-coated aluminum.
TORQUE 58
58WA2
With its universal and simple design, Torque is a contemporary reinterpretation of geometric lines and curved surfaces, resulting in an efficient cooling solution in its elegance. The subtle and elegant solution for the blade design allows the beauty linger in its transformation of form.
MONTE LARGO 60
60LP33-L
PADERA 60
60LP31-L
Monte Largo focuses on the duality of the materials represented by the simple yet elegant shape of the bracket design, which offers timeless soft brass with matte black finishes to bring out the elegance of the space.
Padera 60, with its artfully curved and elegantly detailed design, offers a soft complement to cozy sentiments while capturing the enduring beauty of the season through its functional and gentle breeze.
Through the insightful essays and tactile imagery collected in KUBRICK Catalogue, KUBRICK shares the principles that support a human-centered design philosophy over decades. Serving as a product sourcebook and aesthetic inspiration for ceiling fan professionals and enthusiasts, KUBRICK offers our perspective on minimalism that is warm and enduring.
In essence, the KUBRICK Catalogue is not merely a compendium of products; it is a narrative, a visual journey through the evolution of design thinking, and a celebration of the enduring beauty found in the intersection of simplicity and sophistication. Through this meticulously crafted collection, KUBRICK invites you to embark on a voyage of discovery, where every page is a revelation, and every essay is a testament to the profound impact derived from humans.
