Media june 2016

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Pq¨ 2016

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kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cns‚ Iogn¬ Im°-\m´p (sIm-®n) {]h¿Øn-°p∂ tIcf aoUnb A°m-Zan C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ \S-Øp∂ tP¿W-enkw & Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥, ]ªnIv dntej≥kv & AUz¿ssS-kn-Mv, Sn.-hn. tP¿W-enkw F∂o t]mÃv {KmtUz‰v Untπma tImgvkp-Iƒ°v At]£ £Wn-®p.

Pq¨ 2016

tImgvkp-I-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw Hcp h¿j-am-Wv. GsX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn¬ _ncp-Z-amWv ASn-ÿm\-tbm-Ky-X. _ncp-Z-]-co£ Fgp-Xn-b-h¿°pw At]-£n-°mw. {]mbw 31.05.2016¬ 27 hb v Ihn-b-cp-Xv. ]´nI hn`m-K-°m¿°v A©p h¿jsØ hb- n-f-hp-≠v. A`n-cp-Nn-]-co-£-bpsSbpw C‚¿hyq-hn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bncn°pw {]th-i-\w. tImgn-t°m-Sv, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, sIm√w F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ {]th-i-\-]-co-£m-tI{μ-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

At]-£m-t^m-dhpw t{]mkvs]-IvSkpw aoUnb A°m-Z-an-bpsS www.keralamediaacademy.org F∂ sh_vssk-‰n¬ \n∂v Uu¨temUv sNømw.

At]£m ^okv 300 cq] (]-´nI hn`mKw/ ]´nI/PmXn/H.-C.-kn. 150 cq]) At]-£-tbmsSm∏w sk{I-´-dn, tIcf aoUnb A°m-Zan F∂ t]cn¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw k¿hokv {_m©namdm-hp∂ Unam‚ v {Um^v‰mbn \¬I-Ww. sN°pw ^okv \¬ImØ At]-£I - fpw kzoI-cn°n-√. ]qcn-∏n® At]-£m-t^mdw 2016 Pqsse 15-˛\v sshIn´v A©p aWn-°Iw sk{I-´-dn, tIcf aoUnb A°m-Zan, Im°-\m-Sv, sIm®n-˛30 F∂ hnem-k-Øn¬ e`n-°-Ww. IqSp-X¬ hnh-c߃ A°m-Zan Hm^o-kn¬ \n∂p e`n-°pw. t^m¨: 0484 2422275, 0484 2100700; C˛-sa-bn¬: keralamediaacademy.gov @gmail.com.

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Pq¨ 2016

]pkvXIw 4

e°w 11

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04 The Two Step Flow of News

hne-°p-Isf AXn-Po-hn-°ptam kn\n-a-bpsS k¿Km-fl-IX?

06

27

J. V. Vil’anilam

"]{X-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚ Ncn-{X-c-N\'

30

Pb≥ inh-]pcw jmPn tP°_v

kn\n-abpw cq]-I-ß-fpsS `mjbpw : tPm¨ t]mƒ

12

How a Book was banned

36

17

Malayalam Newspaper Advertising: A Historical Analysis

39

C\n hmb\ \n¿Ømw sI. F¬. taml-\-h¿Ω Can social media revive the love of reading?

The Mahabharata on facebook

Dr. A. Michael Puthenthara

20

Shoma A. Chatterji

A`n-{]mbw Gdp∂p; ]t£, kzmX{¥yw XI-cp∂p

Bookshelf

47

I©mhn¬ ]d°p∂ ]©m_v cmjv{Sobw

48

sI. _meIrjvW≥

23

temIw I≠ hc

50

s{^bnw s^bnw

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F≥.-]n.-B¿

Pq¨ 2016

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ap≥hm-Xn¬

A`n-{]mb-kzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ Im≥hm-kp-Iƒ hnim-e-am-Is´ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A

Editor Sergy Antony Editorial Board V.V. Dakshinamoorthy K.C. Rajagopal George Podippara

Printer & Publisher A. Abdul Hakkim Co ordinating Editor K.R. Pramod Kumar Marketing In Charge Shainus Markose Design & Layout Chetana Media, Kottayam Address ‘Media’ Kerala Media Academy Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 Email : kmamedia2015@gmail.com mediamag.kma@gmail.com Website: www.keralamediaacademy.org Pq¨ 2016

`n-{]mbkzmX-{¥yhpw Bhn-jvImckzmX-{¥yhpw kzX{¥P\m[n-]Xykaq-lØ - n¬ F°m-ehpw henb N¿®Iƒ°pw hnhm-Zß - ƒ°pw hnjbo-`-hn-°m-dp≠v. P\m-[n-]Xyw Nne B\p-Iq-ey-߃ Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂p. A\p`-hn-®n-´p-≈-h¿°v AXn-√m-Xm-Ip∂ Ahÿ Btem-Nn-°m≥ IqSn Bhn-√.

F∂m¬ P\m-[n-]Xym\p-Iq-ey-ßf - psS ]cn[n \n›-bn-°p-∂X - n-s\-s®m√n ]et∏mgpw X¿°-߃ DS-se-Sp-°m-dp≠v.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ A`n-{]mbkzmX-{¥y-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]ucm-hIm-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw hy‡-ambn ]d-bp-∂p≠v. A`n-{]mbkzmX-{¥y-w- kw_‘n®p X¿°-hn-X¿°-߃ am[y-a-ta-J-e-bnte°p hcp-tºmƒ hyXy-kvXamb ho£-W-߃ \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv[cpw am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw ]pe¿Øp-∂p. ]{XkzmX{¥yw F∂Xv Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy kaq-l-Øn¬ hfsc {][m\-s∏-´XmWv. sSen-hn-j\pw \h-am-[y-a-ßfpw Bi-b-hn-\n-abcwKØp kPoh-am-b-t∏mƒ am[y-a-kzm-X-{¥-Øns‚ A¿Y-X-e-߃ IqSp-X¬ hym]-I-ambn. F∂m¬ kn\n- a bpw Ie- I fpw Bhn- j v I - c n- ° p- t ºmƒ A{Xbpw kzmX{¥yw A\n-hm-cy-amtWm Fs∂mcp Nn¥ Nne¿ Db¿Øp-∂p≠v. kn\na shdp-samcp hnt\m-tZm-]m[n am{X-ambn ImWp-tºm-gmWv CØcw A`n-{]m-b߃ DS-se-Sp-°p-∂Xv. DUvXm ]©m_v F∂ Ne-®n-{X-Øn\p sk≥k¿ t_m¿Un¬ \n-∂p≠mb Nne I{Xn-I-h-bv°-ep-Iƒ henb hnhm-Z-߃°v CS-bm-°n-bn-cp∂p.

CØcw hnhm-Z-߃ CXn-\p-apºpw D≠m-bn-´p≠v. F∂m¬ ChnsS hnjbw Aev]w hyXy-kvX-amWv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ DUvXm ]©m_v kaq-l-tØmSp ]d-bm≥ Dt±-in® Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®√ hnhm-Z-apb¿∂Xv. A\h[n cwK߃°p I{XnI hbv°m\pw t_m¿Uv Xp\n™p. F∂m¬ kn\na kaq-ltØmSp ]d-bm≥ Dt±-in® Imcy-ß-fpsS {]k‡n sk≥k¿ t_m¿Un\p {]iv\ta Bbn-cp-∂n√. Hcp]t£ Cu hnhm-Z-߃ Hcp km[m-cW F‚¿sSbv\¿ am{X-ambn amtd-≠n-bn-cp∂ Nn{X-Øn\p ]Ww hmcm≥ hgnsbm-cp-°n-sb∂pw ]d-bmw.

IY-Ifn F∂ Ne®n{X-Øns‚ Ah-km\ `mKØv IY-Ifn thjw Agn-®p-h®v \S-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ \mb-Is‚ ]n≥`mK\·X ImWn-°p∂ hnZqctjm´mWv sk≥k¿ t_m¿Un\p ]nSn-°msX t]mb-Xv. Fgp-]-Xp-Ifn¬ Ia-¬-lm-k\v Gsd P\-{]oXn t\Sn-s°m-SpØ ]Xn-\mdp hb-Xn\nse F∂ Nn{X-Ønse CØ-c-samcp cwK-sØ-°p-dn®v A∂v Bcpw ]cmXn Db¿Øn-bn-√. \n¿am-ey-Ønse ]n.sP B‚-Wn-bpsS AXyp-Pze A`n-\b aplq¿Ø-ßsf hnhm-Zamb√, adn-®v B {]Xn-`b - psS anI-hm-bn-´mWp t{]£I¿ I≠-Xv. C∂m-sW-¶n¬ AØcw cwK-߃ F{X-am{Xw kln-jvWp-XtbmsS \mw Dƒs°m≈pw F∂p kwi-b-ap-≠v. Bdp ]Xn-‰m≠p apºv FgpX-s∏´ \nb-a-ßfpw N´-ß-fp-amWv sk≥k¿ t_m¿Uv Ct∏mgpw B{i-bn°p-∂X - v. kn\na Gsd amdn-bn´pw CXn¬ Imem-\p-kr-Xa- mb F¥p am‰-amWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv? Hcp-Im-eØv cmPyØp {]Xn-io¿jatZym-]-tbm-K-Øn¬ H∂mw ÿm\-

(5) Øm-bn-cp∂p ]©m_v. B ÿm\w Ct∏mƒ tIcfw ssIbS-°n´p≠v. _mdp-Iƒ ]q´n-bn´pw cmjv{Sob]m¿´n-Ifpw hnhn[ {]ÿm-\-ßfpw aZy-\-b-Øns‚ t]cn¬ t]mc-Sn-®n´pw aZyh¿P\hpw aZy-\n-tcm-[\ - h - p-sams° ]d™p s]mXp-ka- q-lØn¬ Bi-b-°p-g∏w krjvSn®n´pw atZym-]-tbm-K-ØnImcy-amb Ipd-shm∂pw D≠m-bn-´n√. {]Xn-io¿jatZym-]-tbm-K-Øn¬ tIcfw Ct∏mgpw ap≥]-¥n-bn¬Øs∂. CXn-t\-°mƒ `oXn-Za- mWv elcnacp∂p]-tbmK-Øns‚ ÿnXn. cmPy-sam-´msI CXns‚ {]XymLm-X-߃ cq£-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn¿Øn kwÿ-m\-amb ]©m-_n¬ CXns‚ cq£X hen-sbmcp kmaqly{]iv\ambn hf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Nne AXn¿Øn {Kma-ß-fnse ]pcpjkaqlw apgp-h≥ Cu amcIhn]-Øn\v Cc-bm-bn.

CØ-c-samcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu henb hn]-Øns\-Xntc k¿Km-flI - a- mbn {]Xn-Ic - n-°m≥ Iem-Im-c∑ - m¿°v Ah-Im-i-ant√? kn\na F∂ am[y-a-Øn\pw CØcw hnjb-߃ kmaqly{]Xn-_≤ - X - t- bmsS Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m-\mIpw. \n¿am-Xm-hns‚ hmWnPyXmXv]c- y-amtWm kmaqly{]Xn-_≤-X-bmtWm kwc-£n-°-s∏-´-sX∂p Ne-®n{Xw I≠mte t_m[y-am-Iq. GXm-bmepw AØcw tkmt±iyNn{X-ßf - nsk≥k-dnßns‚ I{XnI Db-cp-∂Xp hna¿i\hnt[-ba- m-Ipw. aZy-Øn¬ \n∂p ab-°p-ac- p-∂n-te°p≈ ]©m-_ns‚ am‰w Ncn-{X-hpw `qan-im-kv{X-hp-sam-s°bmbn _‘-s∏-´pIn-S-°p-∂p. AXn¿Øn kwÿm-\amb ]©m-_n\p ]mInÿm≥, A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, Cdm≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse ab°p-a-cp∂p am^nbI-fp-ambn Nne _‘-ß-sfm-s°-bp≠v. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p apºp-Xs∂ Cu _‘w ab-°p-ac - p-∂nS-]mSp-Iƒ°p thZn-sbm-cp°n. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ FØn-b-tXmsS Hm∏nbw(Idp∏v) sNSn-Iƒ ChnsS Irjn sNøm≥ XpSßn.

F¥nepw hmWn-Py-km-[yX ImWp∂ {_n´ojv Iº-\n-Iƒ ssN\-bn-te°v CXp Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm-\p≈ km[yX ap∂n¬ I-≠n-cp∂p. Idp∏v Xt±-io-b¿°w e`y-am-b-tXmsS {ItaW a‰n\w ab-°p-a-cp-∂pIfpw {]N-cn®p. sXmgn-em-fn-Isf- s °m≠p ITn- \ m- [ zm\w sNøn- ° m≥ Pao- μ m¿am¿ Ah¿°p Idp∏v sImSpØp. XmXvIm-entIm¿Pw Ah-scs°m≠p IqSp-X¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n®p. XpS¿®-bmb Idp-∏p-Xo‰ Ahsc Zp¿_-e-cpw tcmKn-Ifpam-°n-sb-∂Xp as‰mcp Ncn{Xw. Btcm-Ky-ap≈ ImeØv ]c-am-h[n Du‰n-sb-Sp-°p∂Xv ]g-b-ImeP∑n-Ø-Øns‚ ]Xn-hp-ssi-en-bm-bn-cp∂t√m.

Ct∏mƒ ]©m-_nse ÿnXn XnI®pw Kpcp-Xc - a- mWv. ip≤-Pe - e - `- y-Xtb-°mƒ IqSp-Xe - mWp ab-°p-ac - p∂p e`yX F∂ Ah-ÿb - n-te°p Imcy-߃ FØn-bn-cn-°p∂p. hm‰p

Nmcm-b-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ab-°p-a-cp-∂ns‚ Xt±iotbmXv]m-Z-\hpw apdbv°p \S-°p∂p. sXc-s™-Sp∏p ImeØp ]©m-_n¬ aZy-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X-embn ab-°p-acp∂p sImSp-ØmWp thm´¿amsc kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv. Idp∏n\v HutZym-KnIhnev]-\-tI-{μ-߃ Xpd-°m-sa-∂v Hcp ÿm\m¿Yn sXc-s™-Sp∏p hmKvZm-\w t- ]mepw \¬In-bt{X. AsXmcp h\nXm ÿm\m¿Yn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂X - mWv AXntesd ck-Icw. GXm-bmepw Ah¿ tXm‰p. ]mIn-ÿm-\p-ambn 500 Intem-ao-‰-dn-tesd AXn¿Ønbp≈ ]©m-_n\v ab-°p-a-cp∂p IS-Øn\p hgn-Iƒ GsdbmWv. AXn¿Øn {]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-ß-fn¬ 75 iX-am\w hsc ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cm-sW-∂Xv F{Xtbm A]- I - S - I - c - a mb Imcy- a mWv . kwXv t [mXm FIvkv{]kv AXn¿Øn IS-∂p≈ ab-°p-a-cp∂p hym]m-cØn\v as‰mcp ad-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]©m-_nse ab-°p-a-cp∂p hym]mc hf¿®bv°p ]n∂n¬ cmjv{So-b-°mcpw t]meokpw ab-°p-a-cp∂p am^nb-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w kphn-Zn-X-amWv. `oI-c-cpsS \pg-™pI-b-‰-Øn\p ]n∂nepw ab-°p-a-cp∂p am^n-b-bpsS kzm[o\-ap≠v. IÃUn acWw `b∂v, ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-hsc tÃj-\nse sk√n¬ CSm≥t]mepw t]meo-kn\p `b-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. ab-°p-a-cp-∂ns‚ Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw ac-Whpw am\kn-I-tcm-K-ßfpw hym]-I-am-°n-bn-cn-°bmWv ]©m-_n¬. bp≤-ho-c∑ - m-sc∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-´n-cp∂ ]©m-_n-If - psS ]mc-ºcyw l\n-°p∂ Cu hn]-Øn-s\-Xntc t]mcm-Sm≥ am[y-a-߃°pw kn\na t]mep≈ Iem-cq-]-߃°pw _m[y-X Xo¿®-bmbpw D≠v. AXmWv DUvXm ]©m_v t]mep≈ Ne-®n-{X߃ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xv. AØcw CS-s]S-ep-Isf \n¿Po-h-am-°p-∂Xp sIm≠p s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\v F¥p t\´-amWv D≠mIpI. kmaq-lnIXn∑-I-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv GXp am[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw {]mY-anI[¿aw. ]{X-am-kn-I-Ifpw sSenhn-j≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sa√mw cmPyØv Cu ZuXyw ^e-{]-Zambn \n¿h-ln-®n-´p≠v. hnt\m-tZm-]m[n F∂-Xn-ep-]cn CØc-samcp DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw \n¿h-ln® Ncn{Xw C¥y≥ kn\n-abv°p-ap≠v. AØcw {ia-ßsf sk≥k-dnßn-s‚bpw a‰p Xc-Øn-ep≈ \nb-{¥-Wß - f - p-sSbpw Nß-eb - v°p-≈nem°ptºmƒ bmYm¿Y-Øn¬ A`n-{]mbkzmX{¥yhpw Bi-bk - wth-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-hp-amWv \jvS-am-Ip-∂Xv. C¥ysb-t∏mse P\m-[n-]-Xy-sØbpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-sfbpw am\n-°p∂ Hcp cmPy-Øn\v AXv A\p-h-Zn-°m-\m-In√.

tIcf aoUnb A°m-Zan `c-W-k-anXn AwK-߃ sNb¿am≥: sk¿Pn B‚Wn (Zo-]n-I), sshkv sNb¿am≥: sI.-kn. cmP-tKm-]m¬ (a-e-bmf at\m-c-a) AwK-߃: hn. hna¬ Ipam¿ (am-Xr-`q-an), ]n.-kn. sk_m-Ãy≥ (am-[y-aw), Fw. cLp-\mYv (tZ-im-`n-am-\n), Fkv. _nPp (G-jym-s\‰v \yqkv), F≥.-]n. Pnjm¿ (ao-Unb h¨), ]n.-hn. N{μ≥ (am-Xr-`q-an), Zo]p chn (tI-cf Iuap-Zn), ^m. t_m_n AeIvkv aÆw-πm-°¬ (Zo-]n-I), km_p h¿Kokv (aw-K-fw), hn.-hn. Z£n-Wm-aq¿Øn (tZ-im-`n-am-\n), a[p B¿. _me-Ir-jvW≥ (tI-c-f-i-_vZw), Pb¥v amΩ≥ amXyp (a-e-bmf at\m-c-a), sI. am[-h≥ (G-jym-s\‰v \yqkv), t__n amXyp (Po-h≥ Snhn), sNdp-Ic kÆn eqt°mkv (tI-c-f-i-_vZw), tPmkv ]\-®n-∏pdw (a-e-bmf at\m-c-a), tPm¿÷v s]mSn-∏md (am-Xr-`q-an), te_n kPo-{μ≥ (am-Xr-`qan \yqkv), _nhn≥ ]o‰¿ (P-bvlnμv Snhn), chn Un.-kn. (Un.-kn. _pIvkv), Zo]Iv [¿ΩSw (A-arX Snhn), {iotZhn ]n≈ (a-t\m-ca \yqkv), sk{I-´dn (^n-\m≥kv), sk{I-´dn (C≥^¿ta-j≥ & ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv), Ub-d-IvS¿ (C≥^¿ta-j≥ & ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv), saº¿ sk{I-´dn: sI. Pn. kt¥mjv.

Pq¨ 2016

(6)

hne-°p-Isf AXn-Po-hn-°ptam Pb≥ inh-]pcw

kn\n-a-bpsS k¿Km-fl-IX?

tem

IØv F√m-h¿°pw _m[I-amb icn-Ifpw sX‰p-I-fp-an-√. [¿Ωm[¿Ω-ßfpw «oem-«o-e-ß-fp-sa√mw hy‡n-Iƒ°pw kaq-l-߃°pa\p-kcn®p amdn-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°pw. KWn-X-imkv{X-Øn¬t∏mepw bp‡n-bpsS icnbpw `mh-\-bpsS icnbpw c≠m-sW∂p ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿ ]d-™n-´p-≠v.

Pq¨ 2016

H∂pw H∂pw tN¿∂m¬ bp‡n-kl-ambn c≠m-sW¶nepw `mh-\-bnAXv CΩnWn henb H∂p-am-Imw. sNdnb H∂p t]mse-bn-cn°p∂ sXtßm ]\tbm hf-cp-tºmƒ c≠m-Ip-I-b-√, henb H∂m-Ip-IbmWp sNøp-∂-Xv. IW-°n¬ H∂pw H∂pw c≠m-sW¶nepw {]W-b-Ønc≠v H∂p-Iƒ ho≠pw H∂mIpIXs∂-bm-sW∂v Hmtjmbpw ]d-bp∂p. `mh-\-bpsS A]m-c-tem-I-ß-fnte°p k©-cn-°p∂ G‰hpw i‡-amb am[y-a-amWp kn\n-a. bp‡n-`-{Z-amb GsX-¶nepw \nb-a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Nne hy‡n-Iƒ Ne-®n-{X-ß-fnse icn-sX-‰p-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-°p-Ibpw X߃°v A\-`n-a-X-sa∂p tXm∂p∂h sh´n-am-‰-W-sa∂p iTn°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ F¥p kw`-hn°psa∂v Duln-°m-hp-∂tX-bp-≈q. kn\n-abv°p ap≥Iq¿ sk≥k-dnMv D≈ F√m cmPyß-fnepw F√m ImeØpw CXp kw_-‘n®p hnhm-Z-ßfpw X¿°ßfpw DS-se-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.

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hnhmZw kn\n-a-bpsS ]nd-hn-s°m∏w FUn-k¨ Nen-°p∂ Nn{X-߃ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m-\p≈ b{¥-Øns‚ BZn-cq]w Is≠Øn c≠m-gvN-bv°Iw Xs∂ Ata-cn°-bn¬ sk≥k-dnMv hnhmZw XpSßn F∂XmWp ck-I-cw. 1895-emWv \yqP-gvkn-bnHcp {lkz-Nn-{X-Øn-s\-Xntc {]Xn-tj-[-apb¿-∂-Xv. CtX h¿j-amWp eqan-b¿ ktlmZ-c-∑m¿ ]mco-kn¬ BZyNe-®n-{X-i-Iew {]Z¿in-∏n-®-Xpw. c≠p h¿jw Ign™v 1897¬ Hmd©v tªmkwkv F∂ eLp-Nn-{XØn-s\-Xntc Ata-cn-°-bn¬ ho≠pw ]cm-Xnbp-b¿∂p. Hcp h[p-hns‚ hnhm-l-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-°-am-bn-cp∂p Hmd©v

tXmakv B¬h FUn-k¨ tªmkw-kn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®-Xv. hkv{Xw amdp∂-Xn-\nsS Aev]w \·X shfn-hm-b-Xn-s\Øp-S¿∂mWp {]Xn-tj-[-ap-≠m-bXpw XpS¿∂p {]iv\w tImS-Xn-bn-se-Øn-b-Xpw. s]mXpacym-Zbv°p \nc-°mØ ImgvN-sb∂p Nq≠n-°m´n CXns‚ {]Z¿i\w tImSXn XS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhm-Z-ßfpw kn\na ]nd-∂-t∏mƒ Xs∂ Bcw-`n®p F∂mWv CXp ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{X-tØm-sSm∏w k©cn® hne°p hnhm-Z-ß-fmWv Ct∏mƒ DUvX ]©m-_nepw ae-bmfNn{X-amb IY-I-fnbnepw FØn-\nev°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn¬ Ne®n-{X-߃°p {]Z¿i\m-\p-aXn \evIp∂ ÿm]-\sØ Ct∏mgpw sk≥k¿ t_m¿Uv F∂p Xs∂-bmWp ]ecpw hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂-Xv. F∂m¬, 1983 hsc-bmWv Cu ÿm]\w sk≥{S¬ t_m¿Uv Hm^v ^nenw sk≥k¿ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. XpS¿∂p sk≥{S¬ t_m¿Uv Hm^v ^nenw k¿´n-^nt°-j≥ (kn-_n-F-^vkn) F∂p t]cp-am-‰n.

1960epw 1983epw CXn-\p≈ N´-ßfpw am¿K\n¿tZ-i-ßfpw \n¿an-°p-Ibpw ]cn-jvI-cn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. t]cn¬ \n∂p sk≥k¿ F∂ hm°v Hgnhm-°p-Ibpw Ne-®n-{X߃°p {]Z¿i-\m-\p-a-Xn- k¿´n-^n-°‰v \¬Ip∂ ÿm]-\-am°n CXns\ am‰p-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nepw kn\n-am-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°p t]mepw Ct∏mgpw CXp sk≥k¿ t_m¿Uv Xs∂-bm-Wv. t_m¿Uv AwK-ß-fp-tSbpw ]cn-tim-[-Icp-tSbpw tPmen Ct∏mgpw sk≥k-dnMv Xs∂-bmsW∂p kaIm-enIhnhm-Z-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

1952se kn\n-am-t‰m-{Km^v BIvSns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv C¥y-bn¬ kn_n-F^vkn cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv. `c-W-L-S-\bnse B¿´n-°nƒ 19 (1) (F) {]Imcw A`n-{]mbkzmX{¥yhpw Bhn-jvImckzmX-{¥yhpw Hmtcm C¥y≥ ]uc\pw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. CXp \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv C¥y-bn¬ ]{X-kzm-X{¥yw \ne-\nev°p∂Xpw. A®Sn am[y-a-߃°v Hcn-SØpw ap≥Iq¿ sk≥k-dnßn-√ (A-Sn-b-¥cm-h-ÿ-°mesØ \nb-{¥-W-߃ hnkvacn-°p-∂n-√). Ct∏mƒ IqSp-XIcp-Øm¿÷n® sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ep-I-fnepw CXp \S-∏m-°p∂n-s√∂p am{X-a√ \S-∏m-°Akm-[y-hp-am-Wv. Hmtcm hm¿Øbpw Zriy-tØm-sSm∏w G‰-hp-amZyw t{]£-I-cn-se-Øn°m≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ a’-cn-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ kwt{]-jW-Øn\p apºv GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-tim-[-\tbm hne-bn-cp-Øtem km[y-a-√. eqan-b¿ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿

\nb-{¥-n°s-∏-Sp-∂Xp kn\na am{Xw `c-W-L-S\ Dd∏p \¬Ip∂ A`n-{]mbkzmX-{¥y-Øns‚bpw Bhn-jvIm-c-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw kwc-£Ww A®Sn am[y-a-߃°pw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ°pw e`yam-Ip-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬, kn\n-a-sb∂ am[y-a-Øn\p ta¬ Nne \nb-{¥-W-߃ Bh-iy-am-sW-∂mWp k¿°m¿ Xe-Ønhfsc apºp-Xs∂ cq]-s∏´ A`n-{]m-bw. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn-emWp apwss_ Bÿm-\-ambn sk≥k¿ t_m¿Uv cq]hXvI-cn-®-Xv. sNss∂-bnepw sIm¬°-Ø-bnepw am{X-amWv BZyw CXn\p {]mtZ-inItI{μ-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ct∏mƒ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Dƒs∏sS H≥]Xp tI{μ-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. CXcam[y-a-߃°n-√mØ \nb-{¥Ww F¥p-sIm≠p kn\n-abpsS ta¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p F∂-Xn\v A[n-Ir-X¿ Nne hni-ZoI-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. ]e tIkp-I-fn-embn tImSXn CXp icn-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcmƒ°p kz¥w \ne-]mSp ]d-bm-t\m Fgp-Xmt\m {]kn≤o-I-cn-°mt\m Nn{X-ambpw Ne-®n-{X-ambpw \mS-I-ambpw BhnjvI-cn-°mt\m D≈ kzmX{¥yw Xs∂-bmWp `c-W-L-S\ Dd∏p \evIp-∂-Xv. a‰p Nne cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvXambn am[y-a-cwKw C¥y-bn¬ kzX-{¥-hp-am-Wv. F∂m¬, B¿´n-°nƒ 19(2)¬ bp‡n-k-lhpw \ymb-hp-amb Nne \nb-{¥W-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. cmPy-kp-c-£, [m¿an-I-X, kmaqlnIXmXv]-cyw, hntZ-i-_‘w XpSßn ]e LS-I-ß-fpw IW°n-se-Sp-ØmWp `c-W-L-S\minev]n-Iƒ CXp Iq´n-t®¿Ø-Xv. Pq¨ 2016

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`c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ kzmX{¥yw Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøm-Xncn-°m-\p≈ _m[yX P\-߃°p-s≠∂pw CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p. cmPy-Xm-Xv]-cyhpw kaq-l-\-∑bpw ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ bp‡n-k-lhpw \ymbhp-amb \nb-{¥Ww F∂ \ne-bv°mWv A[n-Ir-X¿ kn\n-abpsS t\¿°p ap≥Iq¿ I{Xn-I-sb-Sp-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®Xpw. A®Snam[y-a-tØ-°mƒ Bbncw aSßp i‡-amWp Zriy -{imhyam[yaw F∂ hnebn-cp-Ø-ens\ XpS¿∂m-bn-cp∂p CXv. Ne-®n{X߃ Ip´n-I-fn-ep-≠m-°p∂ kzm[o-\hpw IW-°n-seSpØp. kn\n-abv°p am{Xw F¥n\p sk≥k-dnMv F∂ tNmZyw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v 1989kp{]ow tImSXn \S-Ønb \nco-£Ww {it≤-bamWv. Ccp´p \nd-™ Xnb-‰-dn-\IØv A`n-\-bw, i_vZw F∂n-h-bpsS an{iWw Atem-k-c-ß-sfm-∂pan-√msX kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒ AXp ImgvN-°msc sshIm-cn-I-ambn Cf-°n-a-dn-°pw. \∑ t]mse Xs∂ Xn∑-bpsS ktμ-ihpw Xo{h-ambn t{]£-I-cn-te°p ]I-cm≥ sIev]p≈ am[y-a-amWp kn\n-a. tImS-XnbpsS \nco-£Ww ]q¿W-ambpw kXy-am-Wv. Ne®n{Xw ImWp-tºmƒ ImWn-Iƒ kzbw ad∂p Nncn°p-Ibpw Nne-t∏mƒ \nb-{¥Ww hn´p Ic-bp-Ibpw sNømw. AXnse kw`-h-߃ Pohn-X-Øn-te°p ]I¿Øm\pw ]e¿°pw B{Klw P\n-°pw.

CsXms° icn-bm-sW-¶nepw Hcp Ne-®n-{XIm-cs‚ Bhn-jvIm-c-kzm-X-¥y-Øn\p taep≈ IS-∂p-I-b‰w F{XtØm-f-amImw F∂ tNmZyw ho≠pw IrXy-amb DØ-c-an-√msX Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. kn\nam hyh-km-b-Øn-¬ temIØv G‰hpw ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ cmPy-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv C¥y. ]Xn-aq-hm-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw ^o®¿ Ne-®n-{XßfmWv Hmtcm h¿jhpw ChnsS \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm Znh-khpw C¥y-bn¬ 15 Zi-e-£-Øn-e-[nIw Bfp-Iƒ kn\na ImWp-∂p-sh-∂mWp IW-°v. tlmw Xnb-‰¿ hgnbpw sSen-hn-j≥ hgn-bp-ap≈ ImgvN CXn\p ]pd-ta-bm-Wv. c≠p amkw sIm≠p Ne-®n-{X-߃ ImWp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw C¥y-bpsS P\-kw-Jy-tbmfw hcpw F∂-XmWp hnNn-{X-amb hkvXpX. \ΩpsS cmPyØp kn\n-a- F{Xam{Xw hn]p-e-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p-sh∂p hy‡-am°p-∂-XmWv Cu IW-°p-Iƒ. km[m-cW X´p-s]m-fn∏≥ akme®n{X-߃ X´n-°q-´p-∂-h¿ apX¬ Iem-]Pq¨ 2016

c-ambn Hu∂Xyw ]pe¿Øp∂ anI® krjvSn-Iƒ cNn°p∂ {]Xn-`-Iƒ hsc \ΩpsS cmPy-Øp-≠v. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Ne-®n{XkrjvSn-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn Ah GXp hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw Ahbnse GsX√mw Zriy-߃°pw kw`m-j-W-߃°pw ]®-s°mSn Im´-W-sa∂pw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv kn_nF-^vkn-bpsS ]cn-tim-[Ikan-Xn-bm-Wv. ^nenw k¿´nss^ sNbvXp In´m≥ \n¿am-Xmhv At]£ \evIp-∂Xp _‘-s∏´ doPW¬ Hm^o-knem-Wv. ae-bmfkn\n-abm-Ip-tºmƒ CXp Xncp-h-\-¥]pcsØ Hm^o-kn-em-bncn°pw. Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ\pw D]-tZ-iIkanXn AwK-ßfpw tN¿∂mWp Ne-®n{Xw hne-bn-cp-Øp-I. CXn¬ Hcmƒ kv{Xobmbn-cn-°-Wsa∂pw \n_-‘-\-bp-≠v. kan-Xn-bpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]Imcw doP-W¬ Hm^o-kn¬ \n∂mWp {]Z¿i-\m-\p-aXnbpw k¿´n-^n-°‰pw e`n-°p-I. BZyImeØv bp (A¨d-kv{Sn-IvSv ]ªnIv FIvkn-_n-j≥), F (d-kv{SnIvSUv Sp AU¬‰v HmUn-b≥kv) F∂n-ßs\ c≠pXcw k¿´n-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ am{X-amWp \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂-Xv. 1983 PqWn¬ bpF (A¨d-kv{SnIvSv ]ªnIv FIvkn-_n-j≥ k_vPIvSv Sp ]mc‚¬ ssKU≥kv Hm¿ Nn¬{U≥ _ntem Z FbvPv Hm^v 12), Fkv (dkv{Sn-IvSUv Sp kvs]jenÃv HmUn-b≥kv k®v Akv tUmIvS¿ Hm¿ kb‚n-Ãv) F∂n-ßs\ c≠p hn`m-K߃ IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. k¿´n-^n-°‰v \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p apºv, Hgn-hm-t°-≠-sX∂p IΩn-‰n°p tXm∂p∂ `mK߃ sh´n-am-‰m\pw Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. Cß-s\bp≈ 89 I´p-I-fmWv DUvX ]©m_v F∂ Ne®n{XØns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ kn_n-F^vkn sNb¿am≥ ]lvemPv \nl-em-\nbpw AwK-ßfpw \n¿tZ-in-®-Xv. ae-bmfNn{Xamb IY-I-fnbn¬ \n∂v Ah-km\cwKØn-ep≈ ]pcp-js‚ ]n≥`mK\·X \o°w sNø-Wsa-∂m-bn-cp∂p \n¿tZ-iw.

CØcw \n¿tZ-i-߃ kzoIm-cy-a-s√-¶nkwhn-[m-b-I\pw \n¿am-Xm-hn\pw ^nenw k¿´n-^nt°-j≥ A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-W-en¬ (F-^vkn-F-Sn) Ah tNmZyw sNømw.

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DUvX ]©m_v DUvX ]©m-_ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°w t_mws_ sslt°m-SXn hsc-sb-Øn. XpS¿∂p Nn{Xw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Aan-°kv Iyqcnsb \ntbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. DUvX ]©m_v kw_-‘n® tIkv ]cn-K-Wn°th sslt°m-SXn PÃn-kp-am-cmb Fkv.-kn. [¿am-[n-Im-cnbpw imen\n ]≥km¬°dpw \S-Ønb ]cm-a¿i-߃ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂h-bm-Wv. Hcp Ne-®n{Xw ImWtWm th≠tbm F∂Xp t{]£-IcpsS CjvS-am-Wv. F¥p ImW-W-sa∂p Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ ]IzX Ah¿°p≠v. Xpd∂ a\- p≈ ]Iza-Xn-I-fpsS Xe-ap-d-bm-WnXv. Ak-`y-ß-fpsS AXn{]-kcw aSp-∏p-f-hm-°pw.

Imºn-√m-bva-bmWv C∂sØ kn\nam {]Xn-k‘n°p Imc-Ww. CXp Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ne-®n-{X-Imc-∑msc A\p-h-Zn-°-Wsa∂p \n¿tZ-in® tImSXn kn_n-F^vkn ISpw-]nSnØw ImWn-t°≠ Bhiy-an-s√∂pw ]d-™p. sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS Cu \nco-£Ww A\m-h-iyamb \nb-{¥-W-߃°p NmSn-∏p-d-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ a\- nem-t°-≠Xpw kn_n-F^vkn-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ-∏‰n ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥\w \S-Øm≥ A[n-Ir-Xsc t{]cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. kn\nam \nb-{¥Ww kw_-‘n® \nbaw IqSp-X¬ DZm-c-am-°p-sa∂mWp tI{μ˛hm¿Øm-hn-X-cW˛ {]t£-]WhIp-∏p- a{¥n Acp¨ Pbv‰ven Ign™ Znhkw {]Jym-]n-®-Xv. CXn-\mbn {]ikvXkwhn-[m-bI≥ iymw s_\-K-ens‚ A[y-£-X-bn¬ IΩn-‰nsb \ntbm-Kn-®Xpw Cu k¿°m-cm-Wv. Ign™ P\p-hcn H∂n\p \ne-hn¬ h∂ IΩn-‰nbn¬ Ia¬ lm-k≥, `mh\ tkma-ø, ]obqjv ]msfi, KuXw tLmjv

Acp¨ Pbv‰ven

iymw s_\-K¬

XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv AwK-ß-ƒ. Iemfl-Ihpw k¿Km-fl-I-hp-amb BhnjvIm-c-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ kzmX{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bmWv Cu kan-XnbpsS e£yw. bpF Im‰-Kdn ho≠pw hn`-Pn®v 12 hb- n\p apIfn¬, 15 hb- n\p apI-fn¬ F∂nßs\ c≠p hn`m-K-߃ IqSn D≠m-°pI XpS-ßnb _men-i-amb Nne \n¿tZ-i-ß-fmWv Cu IΩn‰n apt∂m-´p-h-®-sX-∂mWp hm¿Ø. sk≥k¿ t_m¿Uns‚ Xs∂ Bh-iy-an-s√∂p apºv A`n-ap-J-ßfn¬ ]d-™n-cp∂ Ne-®n-{X-Im-c\mWp iymw s_\-K¬. Ct∏mƒ At±lw B \ne-]m-Sn¬ Dd®p \nev°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw Ne-®n-{XßfpsS Ub-d-IvtSgvkv I´v tIm∏n \n¿_-‘-ambpw kq£n-t°-≠-XmsW∂p dnt∏m¿´n¬ Fgp-Xn-b-XmbmWp {]mY-anIhnh-cw. C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS bYm¿∞Ncn{Xw sk≥k¿ sNømØ tIm∏n-bn\n∂p am{Xta e`n°q F∂pw s_\-K¬ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.

At±lw A[y£-\mb kanXn A¥nadnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n-°m-\n-cn°p-∂-tX-bp-≈q.

sI.F. A∫m-kns‚ t]mcm´w kn\n-a-bpsS taep≈ \nb-{¥W-߃ A\m-h-iy-am-sW∂pw Ah FSp-Øp-I-f-b-W-sa∂pw BZy-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXn\p th≠n kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬ hsc \nb-a-

sI.F. A∫m-kv Pq¨ 2016

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t]m-cm´w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXXp IzmP Al-ΩZv A∫mkv F∂, C¥y I≠ G‰hpw {]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fn-sem-cm-fmb km£m¬ sI.-F. A∫m-km-Wv. F sSbv¬ Hm^v t^m¿ kn‰okv F∂ 16 an\n‰v ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ tUmIyp-sa‚dn Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp cwKw sh´n-am-‰W-sa∂ t_m¿Uv \n¿tZ-i-amWv A∫m-kns\ {]tIm-]n-∏n-®-Xv. C¥y-bnse Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw [\n-I-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fnse A¥cw hc-®p-Im-´p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ {lkzNn-{Xw. bp k¿´n-^n-°-‰n\p th≠n-bmWv At±lw At]£ ka¿∏n-®-sX¶nepw Nne cwK-߃ sh´n-am-‰n-bm¬ am{Xta k¿´n-^n-°‰v \¬Iq F∂mWv t_m¿Up iTn-®-Xv. apwss_ Nph∂ sXcp-hn¬ \n∂p≈ Nne km[mcWZriy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. Cu \n¿tZ-isØ At±lw tImS-Xn-bn¬ tNmZyw sNbvXp. sh´n-am-‰¬ C√msX Xs∂ Nn{X-Øn\p bp k¿´n-^n-°‰v e`n-s®¶nepw ap≥Iq¿ sk≥k-dnßp ]q¿W-ambpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-hp-ambn At±lw ho≠pw kp{]ow tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. 1952se kn\n-am-t‰m-{Km^v BIvSpw XpS¿∂v 1960 s^{_p-hcn 6\v k¿°m¿ D≠m-°nb N´-ßfpw `c-W-L-S\m hncp-≤am-sW∂pw Ah d±m-°-W-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p A∫m-kns‚ Bh-iyw. `c-W-L-S\ GsXmcp ]uc\pw Dd∏p \¬Ip∂ A`n-{]mbkzmX{¥yw, Bhn-jvImckzmX{¥yw F∂nh Ne-®n-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°p \ntj[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW∂pw At±lw hmZn-®p. F∂m¬ kn\n-abv°p \nb-{¥Ww Bh-iy-am-sW∂v Bh¿Øn®pd-∏n-°p-I-bmWv B tIkns‚ hn[n-bn¬ PÃnkv lnZm-b-Øp≈ sNbvX-Xv. kmXv lnμp-ÿm\n t]mep≈ Nn{X-߃°p tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\Øn-\p≈ ]pc-kvImcw t\Snb sI.-F. A∫mkv cmPv I-]q-dns‚ Bhm-c, {io 420, tacm \mw tPm°¿, t_m_n XpS-ßnb Nn{X-ßfpsS Xnc-°-Ym-IrØpw {]ikvXIYm-Ir-Øp-am-Wv. kn\n-a-bpsS taep≈ A\m-hiy\nb-{¥-W-߃s°-Xntc At±lw XpS-ßn-h® t]mcm´w ]n∂oSv Ne-®n{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Gs‰-Sp-Øn-√.

A®Snam[y-a-߃°n-√mØ ap≥Iq¿ \nb-{¥Ww kn\n-a-bv°v Bh-iy-amtWm F∂ tNmZyw ]n∂oSv Fkv. cwK-cm-P≥ thgvk-kv ]n. PKvPo-h≥ dmw tIknepw kp{]ow tImSXn ap≥]m-sI-sb-Øn. kn\n-a-bpsS t{]£-I¿ ]{X-hm-b-\-°m-sc-t∏mse hnth-N\_p≤nbp-≈-h-c√ F∂mWv A∂p tImSXn \nco-£n-®-Xv. IY-Ifn \S-\mb tI{μIYm-]m{Xw kn\n-a-bpsS A¥y-ØnPq¨ 2016

]pg-bn-eqsS \S-°p-tºmƒ At±-lØns‚ ]n≥`mK\·X shfn-hm-Ip∂p-sh∂pw CXp sh´n-am-‰-Wsa∂pw ]d-™mWp IY-Ifn F∂ ae-bmfNn{X-Øn\p k¿´n-^n-t°j≥ t_m¿Uv CubnsS {]Z¿i-\m\p-aXn \ntj-[n-®-Xv. F∂mtiJ¿ I]q-dns‚ _fin-‰v Izo≥ kn\n-asb kw_-‘n®v kp{]ow tImSXn \S-Ønb \nco-£Ww Cu ka-bØv Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn{][m\ kv{XoIYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ ap≥`mK\·-Xbpw {Iqc-amb Nne ]oU-\-cw-K-ßfpw {]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ tiJ¿ I]q¿ F∂ kwhn-[m-b-I\v A\p-aXn e`n-®p. C¥y-bn-ep-S-\ofw Xnb-‰-dp-I-fn¬ koa _nizmkv F∂ \Sn-bpsS [oc-amb A`n-\-b-Øn-Ihv t{]£-I¿ ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ^qe≥ tZhn F∂ sIm≈-°mcn A\p-`-hn® ]oU-\hpw at\m-ss[cyw sIm≠v AXn-s\-sb√mw AXn-Po-hn®v Ah¿ apJy[m-c-bn-se-Øn-bXpw ImWn-Iƒ°p tamiw ktμiw \¬IpI-bn-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p tImS-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw.

koa _nizmkv

\nb-{¥Ww Ata-cn-°-bnAta-cn-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse H∂mw t`Z-K-Xn-bn-ep≈ A`n{]mbkzmX-{¥yw, BhnjvImckzmX{¥yw F∂n-h-bpsS ]cnc£ Ne-®n-{X߃°p e`n-°n-s√∂pw kn\na shdpw hnt\m-Z-Øn-\p≈ hmWnPy D¬]-∂-am-sW-∂p-am-Wv 1915se ayqNz¬ ^nenw tIm¿]-td-j≥ thgvkkv C≥U-kv{Sn-b¬ IΩo-j≥

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Hm^v Hmlntbm tIknbpFkv kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n®-Xv. kn\na Hcp Iem-cq-]-ta-bs√∂pw tImSXn ]d-™p-sh-∂XmWp hnNn-{X-amb hkvXp-X. 1952 hsc Ata-cn-°-bn¬ CtX \ne-]m-SmWp \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. tPmk^v _Ãn≥ thgvkkv hn¬k¨ tIkn-emWv Cu hn[n A´n-a-dn-°-s∏´-Xv. A¤pX-I-c-amb Cu tIkv temIkn\namNcn-{X-Ønse \mgn-I°-√m-Wv. C‰m-en-b≥ \ntbm dnb-en-k-Øns‚ {]apJh‡m-hmb tdm_¿t´m tdmk-√n-\n-bpsS Z andm-°nƒ F∂ {lkzNn{X-Øns‚ {]Z¿i-\m-\p-aXn \ntj-[n-®-Xns\-Xn-tc-bm-bn-cp∂p tIkv. CXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Cu tIknse hn[n andm-°nƒ Unkn-j≥ F∂mWp hnti-jn∏n-°s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. temI{]ikvXkwhn-[m-b-I\mb s{^U-dnt°m s^√n-\nbmWv Z andm-°nfns‚ Xnc-°Y cNn-®Xpw AXnse hn√-\mb {][m\IYm-]m-{XsØ Ah-Xcn-∏n-®Xpw. Xm≥ I\ym-a-dn-b-amsW∂p kzbw hnti-jn-∏n®p Pohn-°p∂ \m\n F∂ kv{Xosb s^√n-\n-bpsS IYm]m{Xw _em¬°m-c-ambn K¿`nWn-bm-°p-∂Xpw XpS¿∂p≈ kw`-h-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p Cu {lkz-Nn-{X-Øns‚ CXn-hr-Øw.

1948-emWv Cu Ne-®n{Xw bqtdm-∏n¬ BZy-ambn {]Z¿in-∏n-®-Xv. XpS¿∂v Cw•ojv k_v ssS‰n-ep-I-tfmsS CXv Ata-cn-°-bnse ]mcokv Xnb-‰-dn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®-t∏mƒ aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ {]Xn-tj-[n-°p-Ibpw {]Z¿i\w XS-b-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Nn{X-Øn¬ ssZh-\nμbpw aX-\n-μ-bp-ap-s≠∂p Is≠-Ønb \yqtbm¿°v tÉv t_m¿Uv Hm^v doP‚ vkv {]Z¿i\w XS-™p. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Nn{Xw hnX-c-W-Øn-s\-SpØ tPmk^v _Ãn≥ CXns\ tImS-Xn-bn¬ tNmZyw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂mWp temI-{]-i-kv-X-amb andm-°nƒ Unkn-j-\n-eqsS kn\n-abv°p `c-W-L-S-\bnse A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw, Bhn-jvIm-c-kzm-X{¥yw F∂n-h-bpsS ]cn-c£-bp-s≠∂p tImSXn hn[n-®-Xv. aXhpw cmjv{Shpw c≠m-sW∂pw aX-kw_-‘-ambn Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw kzX-{¥-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ BIm-sa∂pw tImSXn \nco-£n-®p. CXn-\p-sa-{Xtbm apºv 1914¬ Un.-U-ªn-bp. {Kn^nØns‚ _¿Øv Hm^v F t\j≥ {]Z¿in-∏n-®-t∏mgpw \nb-{¥-W-hn-hmZw Db¿∂n-cp-∂p. A®Snam[y-a-߃°p≈ kwc-£Ww kn\n-abv°pw thWsa∂v 1915¬ Xs∂ {Kn^nØv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Z ]nIvt‰md¬ {] v F∂mWv At±lw kn\n-asb hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. ]t£, {Kn^nØns‚ hmZw tImSXn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ 1952se andm-°nƒ Unkn-j≥ hsc ImØn-cn-t°≠n h∂p.

\nb-{¥Ww F∂ Xami ap≥Iq¿ ]cn-tim-[-\-bn-√msX F{Xtbm sSen-hn-j≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwt{]-jWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. GXp Xc-Øn-ep≈ A»oeNn{X-ßfpw B¿°p thW-sa-¶nepw C‚¿s\-‰n¬ e`y-am-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ A«oe sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ {iaw \S-Øn-bn-cp-s∂¶nepw AXv Akm-[y-am-sW-∂mWv C‚¿s\‰v tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ Xs∂ ]dbp-∂-Xv. C‚¿s\-‰nse GXp Xcw \nb-{¥-W-sØbpw AXn-Po-hn-°m-\p≈ X{¥-a-dn-bp-∂-h¿ temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap-≠v. kz¥-ambn t]m¨ kn\nam \n¿amW Iº\n \S-Øp-Ibpw AØcw Nn{X-ß-fn¬ A`n-\-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kÆn entbm¨ Ct∏mƒ C¥y-bnse Xmc-s∏m-en-a-bp≈ A`n-t\{Xn-bm-Wv. Ah-cpsS ssewKnItIfn-I-fpsS ad-bn-√mØ Zriy-߃ C‚¿s\‰n¬ e`y-am-Ip-tºm-gmWp am\y-ambn hkv{Xw [cn®p {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Ne®n-{X߃ hnZKv[kanXn ]cn-tim-[n®p k¿´n-^n-°‰v \¬Ip-∂-Xv. C‚¿s\‰v Hcp kzImcyImgvNbpw Xnb-‰-dnse kn\n-a s]mXpImgvN-bpam-sW∂ hmZw icn-bm-Wv. F¶nepw t_mws_ sslt°m-SXn DUvX ]©m_v tIkn¬ \nco-£n-®Xpt]mse tamiw Ne-®n-{X߃ X≈n-°-fbm\pw Iem-]-c-ambn Hu∂-Xy-ap≈hbnse GXp-Xcw Zriy-ß-fp-sSbpw km[pX Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p-ap≈ ]IzX Ct∏mƒ C¥y-bnse t{]£Ikaq-lØn-\p-≠v. F k¿´n-^n-°‰v Nn{X-ß-fpsS FÆw h¿[n-°p-I-b-√, Ipd-bp-IbmWp sNøp-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬Øs∂ c≠c ]Xn-‰m≠p apºv F{Xtbm F k¿´n-^n-°‰v Nn{X߃ D®-∏-S-ß-fmbn Xnb-‰-dp-I-fn¬ HmSp-∂p-≠m-bncp∂p. apJy-[mcm kn\n-a-bn¬ Xs∂ Im_sd \rØhpw _em¬kw-K-cw-Kßfpw Ahn`mPyLS-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ne-®n-{X-ta-f-I-fn¬ I{Xn-I-{]-tbmKw \SØmØ F{X-b-[nIw Nn-{Xß-fmWp {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. GXm-bmepw Ne®n{Xß-fpsS ta¬ Ct∏m-gp-≈ \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw Nne t_m¿Uv AwKß-fpsS ]nSn-hm-in-I-fp-amWv A«oew F∂p ]d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. iymw s_\K¬ kan-Xn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´n¬ IqSp-X¬ DZm-c-k-ao-]-\-Øn-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i߃ D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw Ne-®n{XIm-c∑m¿°p kzX-{¥-ambn Bhn-jvImcw \S-Øm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw {]Xym-in-°mw. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ae-bmf at\mca ]me-°mSv bqWn-‰n¬ No^v k_v FUn-‰-dmWv teJ-I≥.

C˛-sabn¬: jayansivapuram@gmail.com Pq¨ 2016

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kvtImf¿ C≥ Imºkv tPm¨ t]mƒ

kn\n-abpw cq]-I-ß-fpsS `mjbpw kn

\n-a-bnse cq]-I-߃ AYhm sa‰-^-dpIƒ kw_-‘n®v Gsd kwhm-Z-߃ \S-°p∂ Imeam-Wn-Xv. sa‰-^-dp-Iƒ F∂ ]Z-Øn-s\mcp {]tXy-IX-bp-≠v. Cw•o-jn¬ Xs∂-bp≈ sa‰-tam¿t^m-knkv F∂ ]Z-hp-ambmWv CXn\v G‰-hp-a-Sp-∏w. H∂n\n∂v as‰m-∂n-te-°p≈ ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ CS-L´w F∂p sa‰tam¿t^mknkns\ hyJym-\n-°mw. kn\na-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-am-Is´ Hmtcm Ime-Øn-\p-a-\p-kcn®p kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xpw. kn\n-a-bpsS ]pXnb {]h-W-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p N¿® sNøp∂Xp hfsc A]-ISw ]nSn® Hcp ap\ºm-Wv. kn\n-asb kw_-‘n®pw A√m-sXbpw C∂v G‰-hp-a-[nIw tIƒ°p-s∂mcp ]Z-amWv \yq P\-tdj≥. Aev]-⁄m\w A[n-I-⁄m-\-am°n BtLmjn®p \S-°p∂ Nne am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ ÿm\Øpw Aÿm-\Øpw D]-tbm-Kn®p tX™pt]m-sbmcp hm°mWp \yqP-\-td-j≥ F∂-Xv. F∂p apX-emWv \yqP-\-td-j≥ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv F∂ tNmZyØn\v Bcpw Ct∂mfw DØcw ]d-™n-´n-√. "C∂-tebpsS Xncp-ti-jn-∏n¬ \n∂v C∂p P\n-°p-∂Xp ]pXnb P\-\-am-bn-´mWv'˛ F{km-]u≠v F∂ Nn¥I≥ ]d-bp∂p. C∂-te-bpsS s\©-IØp \n∂v Pq¨ 2016

Du¿÷w Bflm-hn-te-‰n-s°m≠v C∂ns‚ hncn-amdn¬ Nhn´n \mtf-bv°p≈ IpXn-∏m-W-Xv. \msf-bpsS Bth-K-Xm-f-e-bw. CXp Xs∂-bmWv kn.-sP. tXmakpw ]d™p h®Xv. At∏mƒ C∂-se-°p-dn-®dn-bmsX \ap°v C∂ns\ Xncn-®-dn-bmt\m Dƒs°m≈mt\m Ign-bn-√. \msfsb FØn-∏n-Sn-°m\pw Ignb-Ww. {]tbm-K-Po¿Æ-X-sIm≠v A¿∞-ssh-Ieyw kw`-hn® ]Z-am-bn-cn-°p∂p \yqP-\-td-j≥. Hcp hnjbw kw_-‘n®v \msa-¥mWp a‰p-≈-h¿ ]d™Xn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn ]pXp-Xmbn ]d-bphm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂Xv F∂-XmWp ]pXp-a-bpsS Afhp-tImse¶n¬ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bnse BZysØ \ndkm-∂n[yw ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jodpw Ddq-_p-am-Wv. ImcWw `m¿K-ho-\n-e-bhpw \oe-°p-bnepw AXp-hsc kn\n-a-bnep≠m-bn-cp∂ hm¿∏p-co-Xn-Isf XyPn-®psIm≠p ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ Pohn-XsØ t\m°n-°mWp-hm≥ {ian® kn\n-a-I-fm-Wv. ]n-∂o-Sph-∂-h¿ B amXr-I-Isf AXn-ew-Ln-®p-sIm≠p Xß-fp-tS-Xmb cq]hnXm-\-߃ Cu am[y-a-Øn\p \evIm≥ {ian-®p.

AXn\v Hcp {]ÿm-\-]-c-amb sI´p-d∏v D≠m-Ip-∂Xv BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ cmap Imcym-´v, ]n. `mkvI-c≥,

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tkXp-am-[-h≥, hn≥k‚ v XpSßnb Ne-®n-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS klh¿Øn-Xz-Ønepw.

Ahsc F√m-h-scbpw Aºcn-∏n-®p-sIm≠p hn{K-l-`-RvP\w Bfl-\n-jvT-bm-°nb ]n.-F≥. tat\m≥ F∂ Ne-®n{X hnπ-hIm-cn-bpsS Iem-]-{ip-Xn-bmWp ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-b-Xv. AXn-s\-ØpS¿∂p h∂ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ \n∂p≈ `c-X\pw sI.-Pn. tPm¿Ppw, ]flcm-P\pw ASßp∂ {Xbw ae-bm-fkn-\n-a-bn¬ ]pXp-a-bp-tS-Xmb henb Btμm-f\w Xs∂ Xo¿Øp. ae-bmf kn\na Ncn-{XØn¬ Ch-cp-tSXv Hcp hk-¥-Ime-ambn C∂pw hmgvØ-s∏-Sp∂p.

Ah¿ XpS-ßn-h-®-Xn-t\-°mƒ A¤p-X-I-c-amb ]pXp-a-I-sfm∂pw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bn¬ a‰mcpw sIm≠p-h-∂n-´n√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂htc-sd-bm-Wv. Cu ImgvN-∏mSv shdpw bmYm-ÿn-XnI hmZ-Øns‚ `mK-a√. ]ns∂-tbm, kn\n-asb Pohn-Xhp-ambn A\p-]m-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºm-gp≈ t\¿°m-gvNbpsS `mK-Øp-\n-∂p Xs∂-bmWv Cu ImgvN-∏mSv IS∂p-h-cp-∂Xv. C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bn¬ G‰hpw kvt^mS\m-fl-I-amb {]tabw ssIImcyw sNbvXXv Ac-∏´ sI´nb {Kma-sa∂ Nn{X-Øn-eqsS ]fl-cm-P-\m-Wv. Aßs\ \ap°p ap≥]p≈ ]q¿Δ-kq-cn-Iƒ ChnsS Hcp-]mSp s]mfn-s®-gp-Øp-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

Ct∏m-gsØ Xe-ap-d-bpsS kn\n-a-bn¬ ImWp∂ hnNm-c-hy-Xn-bm\w Zriy-]-c-amb hn\ymk-Øn¬ Ahew-_n-°p∂ ]pXnb _nw_-߃ AYhm Cta-P-

`c-X≥

dIfmWv. AXv F√m Ime-L-´-Øn-s‚bpw kl-Pamb Ncym-kz-`m-h-am-Wv. PohnXw H∂m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn-t\mSv CS™pw CW-ßnbpw Pohn-X-°m-g-vN-Isf hnNm-c-WsNbvXp sIm≠v Ne-®n-{X-ap-≠m-IpIbpw sNøp-tºmƒ Pohn-X-hp-am-bn-´p≈ _‘-Øns‚ AI¬®bpw ASp-∏hpw AXns‚ A\n-tj-[y-amb `mK-amIpw; ]em-b\ kz`m-h-ap≈ hnt\mZ Nn{Xßfpw CXn¬s]-Spw. F√m Ime-L-´-Ønepw am‰-ßfp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ]≠v ^vfmjv_m°v ImWn-°m≥ kv{Io\ns‚ \Sp°v Hcp ]ºcw Dcp-fWw; As√-¶nIe-≠¿ Xmfp-Iƒ adn-b-Ww. C∂sØ t{]£\v AXm-h-iy-an-√. kn\na I≠pw kn\n-a-bpsS cq]-I-ßfp-ambn CS-s]-´pap≠m-Ip∂ A\p-ioew sIm≠pw

sI.-Pn. tPm¿÷v

]fl-cm-P≥ Pq¨ 2016

,

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]pXnb Ne-®n{X kwkvIr-Xn-bn-te°v Ah¿ Dƒthin-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXns‚ XpS¿®-bn¬ t{]£I≥ kn\n-a-bpsS kl-c-N-bn-Xm-hmbn amdp-∂p. Fgp-ØpIm-c\pw kwhn-[m-b-I\pw IqSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ kn\na Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ImWp-∂Xv kz¥w Adn-hnep≈ Pohn-X-tØmSp tN¿Øp ]p\x-ho-£n-®p-sIm≠m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂- 60 t]cpsS ap∂n{]Z¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp kn\na 60 hyXykvX kn\n-aI-fm-bn-´mWp hmbn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Fgp-]-Xp-I-fnsebpw a‰pw {]Wbw Hm¿an-°p-I. Hcp {]W-b-te-J-\-sa-gp-X-W-sa¶n¬ hfsc {ia-s∏´v Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n, Iodn-°-f™v, sImSp-°m≥ ss[cy-an-√msX t\m´p-_p-°n-\p≈n¬ h®p \S∂v ]n∂oSv Imap-In°p sImSp-°p-∂p.

AXv Ahƒ Nne-t∏mƒ Npcp-´n-°f-bpw. hmbn-°ptºmƒ Ah-fpsS ssIhn-dbv°pw. Ahƒ°p ]\n tXm∂pw. ]n∂oSv HcmgvN AXn\p ]pdØp [ym\]q¿Δ-an-cp-∂-ti-j-amWv Ahf-Xn\p X∂m¬Ø∂p F∂p ]dbpw t]mse \mephcn Fgp-Xn-Ø-cn-I. CØcw cwKw Ct∏m-ƒ kn\n-a-bn¬ ImWn-®mBfp-Iƒ Nncn-°pw. Imc-Ww, b{¥-߃ hnc¬Øpºn-ep-≈-t∏mƒ GXp ktμ-ihpw Fhn-tSbpw X¬£W-sa-Øp∂p. ]≠v Fd-Wm-Ip-fsØ Imcyw I¬°Ø-bn¬ Adn-bn-°p∂ cwKw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°ptºmƒ sse‰n-\nMv Imƒ _p°v sNbvXv ImØn-cn-°p∂ c≠p-aq∂p aWn-°q¿ IY-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. C∂-Xn-√. kmt¶-Xn-IX hf-cp-Ibpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ Ncym-thKhpw Nm{Inb Xmfhpw IqSp-X¬ Bth-K-]q¿h-am-IpIpbpw sNøp∂Xn-\-\p-k-cn®p \ΩpsS hnIm-c-ßfn¬, Ne-\-ß-fn¬, \njvTI-fn¬, Ncy-I-fn¬ F√mw am‰w hcpw. B am‰-߃ kn\n-a-bnepw {]Xn-kv]-μn°p-∂p.

Pq¨ 2016

]t£, ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb PohnXw, AXns‚ F√m kw{Xm-k-ß-tfmSpw IqSn Pohn-X-am-bn-Øs∂ XpS-cp-∂p. B Pohn-XsØ Hcmƒ°p \ntj-[n-°mw, \ncm-I-cn-°mw, tNmZyw sNømw, AXn¬ A`n-c-an°mw. AXn-t\m-Sp≈ kzoIm-c-\n-cm-Imc {]Xn-`m-h-ßfmWv F∂pw {]ta-b-ambn amdp-∂-Xv. B A¿∞Øn¬ thWw ]pXp-a-Isf t\m°n-°m-Wp-hm≥. kn-\na-bn¬ ]≠p \nc-h[n D]-I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ tN¿∂mWp IY-Iƒ ]d™p t]mbn-cp-∂Xv. kn\n-a-°m-h-iy-an-√m-Ø-sXm∂pw Dƒt®¿t°-≠Xn-s√∂ Xncn-®dnhv Xe-ap-d-bpsS Xncn-®-dn-h-√, Bkzm-ZI kwkvIr-Xn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ß-fpsS XpS¿®bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Xncn-®-dn-hm-Wv-˛-sh-fn-]m-Sn\p kam-\-amb-Xv. AØcw Xncn-®-dn-hn-eq-sS-bmWp kn\na kzoImc-\n-cm-Im-c-߃ Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn-t]m-cp-∂-Xv. t\cn-se-∂-Xp-t]mse kv{Io\nepw A\p-I-cWw A\p-`-h-{]m-]vX-amIpw F∂Xp kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{XØns‚ Znim-ap-JsØ Xncp-Ønb Xncn-®-dn-hm-Wv. tXm´-°m-cs‚ apJØp sh≈w No‰p∂ ko≥ FSpØ water is being watered F∂ Nn{Xw enacting AYhm A`n-\bw Bhn-jv°-cn-®p-sIm≠p Ncn-{XØn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®p. Ima-d-I-fpsS kmao]yw Adn-™psIm≠pXs∂ Adn-hn-√mbva \Sn-°p-I-bmWp \S≥ AhnsS sNbvX-Xv, Adn-hn-s‚bpw Adnhn-√m-bva-bptSbpw sImSp-°¬ hmß-ep-I-fpsS tij-{In-b-b-mbn amdn kn\na Ahn-sS. ]Zw ]Z-amb ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWp kn\n-abpsS km[y-X-Iƒ Xpd∂p h∂-Xv. CXn-s\m∏w \ncmI-c-W-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. b{¥-hXvIrX Ie-bm-sW∂v BVy-temIw kn\n-asb \nμm]q¿hw I≠p. `c-W-h¿Khpw {]`p-°≥amcpw aXßfpw Iem-cw-KsØ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf `bm-i-¶tbmsSbmWp I≠p t]m∂-Xv. tIc-fØn¬ Xs∂, A¿Øp-¶¬ ]≈n-bnhnImcn kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ kn\n-a-sb∂ sNIp-Øms‚ Ie-Im-Wm≥ t]mI-cpsX∂p A\p-im-kn-®p. FSp-°p-∂Xp sh´Øpw ImWn-°p-∂Xv Ccp-´-Øp-am-Wv, AXp-sIm≠p sNIp-Øms‚ Ie-bm-W-Xv, F∂m-bn-cp∂p hnizm-kw. {InkvXp-hns‚ Poh-N-cn{Xw 14 an\n‰v ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ ªmIv&ssh‰v kn\n-a-bm-°n-s°m≠p a[pc-amb {]Xn-Imcw sNbvXp kwhn-[m-bI≥ tPmk^v ]msY. Ct©m-Sn©v s]mcp-Xn-bmWp kn\na kz¥w Xe-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xv. kmlnXy-Ønte t]mse {]Xy-£-Øn-\-∏pdw ImgvN t{]£-I\p In´-W-sa∂ Nn¥bpw CXn-s\m∏w hf¿∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv kn\n-a-bpsS {]bm-W-]m-X-bn¬ am‰w kw`-hn-°m≥ XpSßp∂-Xv.

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kXy-Pn-Xv td am[y-a-hym-I-cWw Is≠-Øp∂Xp Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ CtaPpw Nn{XoI-cn-°p∂ Ima-dbpw XΩn-ep≈ AI-eØns‚ {lkz-ssZ¿Ly-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv˛ AXn¬ \n∂mWp hymI-c-W-Øns‚ B¬^-s_‰v D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. ImWp∂ ho£-W-tIm¨, Fhn-sS-\n∂v F∂XmWp {][m-\w. kXy-Pn-Xvtd-tbmSv a{Zm-knh®p kwhn-[m-b-I≥ tkXp-am-[-h≥ tNmZn® tNmZyw {]k-‡-am-Wv. Why do we use track and trolly in cinema? (as‰ßpw D]-tbm-Kn-°mØ {Sm°v B‚ v t{Smfn kwhn-[m\w kn\na Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn\mbn F¥n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°Ww?) DØ-c-anXm-bn-cp-∂p. Zqsc \n∂mWp Xm¶ƒ tNmZyw tNmZn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp sXm´-Sp-Øp \n∂n-´m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ tIƒ°p-∂-h\pw ImWp-∂-h\pw Ahs‚ lrZ-b-tØmSv tN¿ØmWp X\n°p th≠ DØcw In´n-bsX∂ tXm∂¬ D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.

AXn\p th≠n-bmWv {Sm°pw t{Smfnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p adp-]-Sn. Hmtcm kmt¶-Xn-I-Xbv°pw Nne \nbX-Xm-Xv]-cy-߃ D≠v F∂p h∂-t∏mƒ kn\n-a-bpsS hymI-c-W-im-kv{X-ap-≠m-bn.

Pe-Øns‚ tImtºm-kn-j≥ ssk_o-cn-bbn¬ t]mbmepw tN¿∏p-f-t»-cn-bnt]mbmepw amdp-∂n-√. a\p-jy-a-\- n\n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ cmK-hn-Nm-c-߃ am‰ßƒ°v A\p-\n-anjw hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p. kn\n-a-bnse \nb-a-߃ Bt]-£n-I-am-Wv. amdm-hp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ct∏m-gp-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ `wKn-bmbn as‰m-cmƒ ]d™p ImWn-°ptºmƒ AXp-h-tc-bp-≈Xp ewLn-°-s∏-Spw. kn\n-a-bnse F√m \nb-a-ßfpw ewLn-°-

s∏-Sp-hm-\mbn krjvSn-°-s∏-´-hbm-Wv. Ct∏m-gp-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ `mh-Xo-{h-ambn as‰m-cmƒ°p ]dbm≥ Ignbpw F∂p ÿm]n-°ptºmƒ AXp-h-sc-bp≈ hymIcWw ]n≥X-≈-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]pXnb hymI-c-Ww IS-∂p-h-cpIbpw sNøpw. Cu hymI-cWhpw CXn-t\-°mƒ anSp-°\mb as‰m-cmƒ h∂p am‰m≥ ImØp-\n-ev°pw. Bb-Xn-\mkn\n-a-bn¬ A¥n-a-\n-b-a-ß-fn-√.

A\p-\n-anjw s]mfn-s®-gp-Øn-eqsSbpw Iem-]-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWp kn\na apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂-Xv. Imgv®-Iƒ°-∏p-d-Øp≈ `mh-Xo{h-X-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ kn\nsI.Fkv. tkXp-am-[-h≥ abv°p Ign-bp-∂p. {]mbw sIm≠v Af-°m≥ Ign-bmØ hf¿®bpw kzoIm-cyX-bpw kn\n-a-sb∂ Iem-cq-]-Øn-\p-ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-®Xpw CXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. IrXy-ambn ]d-™m¬ shdpw 121 h¿jamWv kn\n-a- F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ {]mbw. F∂m¬ CXn-t\m-SSpØp \n¬°p∂ \mS-I-Øn\mIs´ 2360 h¿j-Øn-\-SpØ Ncn{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. F¶n¬ IqSn G‰hpw {]mbw Ipd™ Iem-cq]w G‰hpw t{]c-Wm-i-‡n-bp≈ Iem-cq-]-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. temI-Øn-se-hn-sSbpw kn\na ct≠-c≠p Xcta-bp-≈p˛ \√ kn\n-abpw \√ kn\n-a-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]pd-s∏´p hn[n-ssh-]-coXy-Øm¬ \√-X-√m-Xmbn t]mIp∂ kn\n-a-bpw˛ _m°n-sb√mw kw`-hn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. Chn-sS-bmWv kwhn-[m-b-I≥ F∂ Iem-Im-cs‚ ÿm\w. kwhn-[m-b-I≥ lrZbw sIm≠v Nm¿Øp∂ Isøms∏∂p kn\n-asb hnfn-°m≥ \nkw-ibw km[n-°pw. Xnc-°Y kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ a\- n¬ Fgp-Xp∂ H∂mWv. hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb coXn-bn-e-s√-¶nepw kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ a\ n¬ Xnc-°-Y-bp-≠m-Ipw. ssa°¬ G©tem ine-bn¬ \n∂p cq]-߃ sImØn-sb-Sp°pw t]mse-bmWp kn\n-abpw ]nd-°p∂-Xv. \·-ine ImWp-tºmƒ ]d-bm-\m-hn√ GXp-cq]w krjvSn°m-\mIpw F∂-Xv. Ah-km-\-ambn sImØn-sb-Sp-°p∂ inev]w ZmhoZm-sW∂p \sΩ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hp-∂pt≠m? AYhm kn\na \sΩ Akz-ÿ-cm-°p-∂pt≠m F∂-XmWp {][m-\w. kn\n-ab - psS HmY¿ kwhn-[m-bI - ≥ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Xnc-°Y - mIr-Ø√ - . kwhn-[m-bI - s‚ hnjz¬ au≠n-ßmWp kn\n-ab - psS `mjsb Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂X - v. Xnc-°Y - m-Ir-ØmWp kn\n-ab - psS cNbn-Xm-sh∂p sX‰mbn [cn-®p-t]mb BfmWp temln-XZ- m-kv.

X\n-bm-h¿Ø-\tam Inco-Stam sshim-entbm kn_n ae-bntem `c-Xt\m A√m-Øh - ¿ kwhn-[m\w sNbvXm¬ kn\na as‰m-∂mIp-am-bn-cp∂p. lrZ-bw-sIm≠v kwhn[mb-I≥ Nm¿Øp∂ ssIsøm∏v AXmWp hnjz¬ au≠n-Mv. al-Ømb kn\n-at- bmSmWp t{]£-I¿ A\p-cm-K_ - ≤ - c - m-tI-≠X - v. kn\n-ab - n¬ \n∂p PohnXw hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-IW - w. hntbm-Pn-∏p-≠m-Imw. F∂mepw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bW - w.

Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Øns‚ cm∏\n Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-h-cmWp kwhn[m-b-I¿. FUn-‰nMv tS_n-fn¬h-®mWp Xnc-°Y ]q¿W-am-IpPq¨ 2016

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tIcf aoUnb A°m-Z-an-bn¬ \S∂ kvtImf¿ C≥ Imºkv ]cn-]m-Snbn¬ {]ikvX Xnc-°-Ym-IrØpw kn\nam\ncq-]-I-\p-amb tPm¨ t]mƒ kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. A°m-Zan Akn. sk{I-´dn sI. B¿. {]tamZv Ipam¿, C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Ub-d-IvS¿ Fw. cma-N-{μ≥, A°mZan sNb¿am≥ sk¿Pn B‚Wn, sk{I-´dn B¿. A\nIpam¿, eIvN-d¿am-cmb sI. tla-e-X, sI. APnXv F∂n-h¿ kao-]w.

Nm¿en Nmπn≥ ∂Xv. Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ am‰-߃ kn\n-abpsS ]q¿W-X-bv°mbn th≠n-hcpsa∂-Xn-\m¬ Xnc-°-Ym-IrØv {Inbm-fl-I-ambn kl-cn-°Ww. ImcWw JymXn-bpsS ]IpXn Xnc-°Ym-Ir-Øn\v Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. ]pXp-X-e-ap-dbv°p ]I¿∂p-In-´msX t]mb kvt\l-Øns‚ B¿÷hw Ah¿°p kn\n-a-bn-ep-≠m-°m-\m-hn-√. ss]Xr-I-ambn ]I¿∂p In´nb tcmjØn-s‚bpw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ \ntj-[-Øns‚bpw Aæ-®qcv Ah¿ ]d-bp∂ IY-Ifn-ep-≠m-Ipw. AXp \ntj-[n-®n´p Imcy-an-√. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂p Pq¨ 2016

Uu¨temUv sNbvsX-Sp-°p-I-b-√, Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂mWp ]mT߃ tXSp-IbmWp kn\n-asb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw th≠-Xv. A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS ]n≥_-e-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ B-cn¬ \n∂pw \√ DZ-b߃ D≠mIpw ho≠pw ho≠pw ImWp-tºm-sg√mw ]pXnb A¿∞-X-e-߃ \nth-in®v Xcp∂ kn\n-a-bmWv t{K‰v kn\na F∂ XeØn-te-°pbcp∂Xv. temI-Ønse GXp Ime-L-´-Øn-tebpw alm-∑m-cmb 10˛15 kn\na kwhn-[m-b-Isc FSp-Øm¬ Iq´-Øn¬ F∂pw Nm¿en Nmπn\p ÿm\-ap≠v. Nncn-bpsS ]mc-ay-Øn¬ IÆn-eq-dn-h-cp∂ IÆo¿-˛-\¿Ωw ZpxJØns‚ I\n-bm-sW∂p ImWn-®p-X∂ henb ^ntem-k-^n-bpsS h‡m-hmWv Nmπn≥. kn\na Hcp s]m≈D≠m-°n-bm¬ aXn, ac-hn-∏n-®p-I-f-™m¬ aXn, ISpØ hntbm-Pn∏v D≠m-°nbmepw aXn˛ AXmWp kn\-na-bpsS G‰hpw {Inbm-fl-Iamb kw`m-h-\-sb∂p Ipd-tkmh ]d-™n´p≠v. kn\n-a-bpsS k©mc-]m-X-bn¬ F∂pw Iem-]-߃ Xs∂-bm-Wp-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hgp°ns\-Xnsc \o¥n-bn-´p-≈-h¿ am{X-amWp kz¥w Xocw Is≠Øn Hcp sIm®p-sIm-Sn-sb-¶nepw \m´n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kn\n-a-bn-eqsS PohnXw hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-I-Ww. Imew amdp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v, \nXyPohn-X-Ønse ÿen-I-fnepw am‰w-h-cp-∂p. B am‰-߃°p-ff Ae-h≥kv sImSp-Øp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Hmtcm kn\n-abpw Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®mWp kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B Pohn-X-amWp t{]£-I¿°p hmbn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-tb-≠-Xv. B Pohn-X-tØm-SmWp t{]£-I¿ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-t°-≠-Xv. AXn\n∂m-a-h¿ DØ-c-߃ tXtS-≠-Xv. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ F√m cq]Ißfpw ]pXnb cq]-Iß-fm-sW∂p Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-Ipw. ]pXp-X√mØ Hcp cq]-ItØbpw a\ v AS°n-∏n-Sn-°n-√. (tIcf aoUnb A°m-Z-an-bn¬ \S∂ kvtImf¿ C≥ Imºkv ]cn-]m-Snbn¬ {]ikvX Xnc-°-Ym-IrØpw kn\nam\ncq-]-I-\p-amb tPm¨ t]mƒ \SØnb {]`mjWØns‚ {]k‡`mK߃) ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv: sI. tla-eX

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{^w h¿Ωm-Pn, hnØv eu

sI.-F¬. taml-\-h¿Ω

C\n hmb\ \n¿Ømw

\

Ωƒ hmb\ \n¿Øm≥ \n¿_‘n-X-cm-Ip-I-bmtWm? Fgp-Øpw A®Snbpw Nn{X-ßfpw F√mw C∂p hsc \ΩpsS IÆp-I-fn¬ FØn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂ {]X-e-ssien, s]s´∂p UnPn-‰¬ coXn h∂-t∏m-tg°p amdn. C∂p \mw ]{Xhpw ]pkvX-Ihpw kn\n-abpw hoUn-tbmbpw t\m°p-tºmƒ Aev]-\mƒ apºp- hsc I≠p h∂-Xn¬ \n∂p XnI®pw hyXykvX-amb Hcp sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn-eqsS cq]s∏-Sp-Ønb hc-°q´pw \nd-°q-´p-amWp ImWp-∂-Xv. ]nIvk¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu kmt¶-Xn-I-ssien P\n-®n´v 50 -sIm√w t]mepw B-bn-´n-√. ]t£, C∂p \mw F√m Znh-khpw ImWp∂ A£-c-ß-fp-

sStbm Zriy-ß-fp-sStbm H´pap°mepw Ct∏mƒ Cu ]nIvk¬ coXn-bn¬ cNn-®XmWv F∂-XmWp kXyw. Hcp UnPn-‰¬ Cta-Pn¬ Hcp ]nIvk_nμp \mw ImWp∂ {]X-e-Øns‚ kmt¶Xn-I-ambn th¿Xn-cn®p e`y-am-Ip∂ G‰hpw sNdnb cq]-am-Wv. AØcw A\-h-[n, c≠p apX¬ e£-°-W-°n\p hsc CtaPv cq]߃, h´-Øntem NXp-c-Øntem tN¿∂mWv C∂sØ Hmtcm UnPn-‰¬ CtaPpw \ΩpsS IÆn¬ FØp-∂-Xv. Hcp ImgvN ImWp-tºmgp≈ {]Xn-I-cWw shdpw ImW-en-t\-°mƒ t\m°-en\v Gsd {]m[m\yw \¬Inb coXnbmWv Fgp-Ø-£-chpw Sq ssUa≥j≥ Nn{X-ßfpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ^ew hmb\bv°mbn a\p-jy\p {]IrXnZØ-amb IÆp-t]m-cm, IÆ-S-IqSn D≠m-bmte ]‰q F∂ \ne h∂p. efn-X-ambn ]d-™m]nIvk¬ sSIvt\m-fPn Sq ssUa≥j-\n\n∂v {Xo apX¬ F{X-b-[nIw apI-fn-te°p sIm≠phcmtam AXn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. a\-»m-kv{X⁄∑m¿°p `b-am-Wv. ]nIvk¬ ImgvN-bpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-ØnPq¨ 2016

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\nb-{¥WmXo-X-ambn sshIm-cn-IX h¿[n-∏n-°p-at{X. UnPn-‰¬ kmt¶-XnIhnZy a\p-jyPo-hn-°p {]IrXn \¬Inb ]t©-{μn-bßfnse ImgvN F∂ {][m\ sF‰sØ am‰n-a-dn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. H∂p t\m°q. hm®n¬ kabw t\m°p-tºmƒ, samss_en¬, em]vtSm-∏n¬, Sm_ve‰n¬, tdmUn-\n-cp-h-isØbpw _n¬ t_m¿Up-I-fn¬, sSen-hn-j-\nF∂p th≠, Znh-khpw DW¿∂n-cn-°p∂ H´pap°m¬ ka-bØpw \ΩpsS IÆp-Iƒ Cu ]nIvk¬ Zriy-ß-fmWp ImWp-∂-Xv. A£-c-߃°p ]Icw \ndhpw Ne-\-hp-ap≈ Zriy-߃ \sΩ \ma-dnbmsX hmb-\-bn¬ \n∂v AI-‰p-∂p. kwkm-c-`m-jbv°p en]nbmb-tXmsS ]d-bp-∂Xv Fgp-Xm-sa∂pw, ImWp-∂Xv XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bn¬ (]q-®sb a\- n-em-°m≥ ]q®-bpsS BIrXntbm i_vZtam a‰v sFU‚n-^n-t°-jt\m th≠, Nne H‰-\n-dh-c-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb ], Du,- Nv, N F∂o A£-c-ß-fpsS Iq´mbva aXn F∂ I≠p-]nSnØw) a\- n-em-°m-sa-∂pw h∂p. XnI®pw {]IrXnhncp-≤-amb B hnπhw km[m-c-W-°m-cnte°p h∂Xv A®Sn I≠p]nSn®p tIma-Wmb Imew apX-emWv. AtXmSp IqSn hnt\m-Zhpw AXn-tesd hn⁄m-\hpw hm¿Ø-Ifpw \¬Ip∂ ]Wn Cu A®Sn am[yaw kz¥-am-°n. ]{Xw, ]pkvX-Iw F∂nh efn-Xhpw sNehp Ipd-™Xpw kq£n®p hbv°m-hp-∂XpambXp ImcWw s]s´∂p t]m∏p-edm-bn. hmbn-°p∂ hm°p-Isf icncq]-Øn-te°p am‰p∂ Xe-t®m-dnse {]{Inb (Iym‰v F∂ Cw•ojv hm°pw ]q® F∂ ae-bmfw hm°pw _n√n F∂ lnμn hm°pw IS-em-kn¬ hmbn-®-bp-S≥ ]q®-bpsS cq]w a\- n-se-Øn-°m≥ \qdm-bncw sk√p-Iƒ Xet®m-dn¬ \nc-¥cw ÿncw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´n-

Pq¨ 2016

cn-°p-I-bm-Wv). _n¬ tK‰vkns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ØnCu hmb\ssien a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS kv]oUv hfsc Ipd-bv°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. UnPn-‰¬ sSIvt\m-fPn AXp am‰n-tb-°pw.

At∏mƒ C∂sØ hmb-\tbm? hmb\ \ap-s°ms° CjvS-am-Wv. kXy≥ A¥n-°m-Sns‚ Hcp C¥y≥ {]W-b-IY F∂ at\ml-c-amb kn\n-a-bn¬ Hcp cwK-ap-≠v. Unkn _pIvkns‚ ]pkvX-I-tjm-dqw. Im\-U°mcn ]°m ae-bmfn \mbnI Aaem t]mƒ thj-an-´- sF-dn≥ AhnsS ]pkvXIw hmßm≥ t]mIp-tºmƒ Iq´n\p \mb-I-\p-ap-≠v. \mb-I\mb ^lZv ^mknAbva\w kn≤m¿∞≥ F∂ ]°m cmjv{So-°m-c≥ bqØv tIm¨{Kkv t\Xm-hm-Wv. Bflm¿∞-Xbp≈ anSp-°≥ {]mIvSn-°¬ bphm-hv. Cu ]pkvX-I-tem-IØn¬ \ap-s°¥p Imcyw F∂ a´n¬ Akz-ÿ-XtbmsS \nev°p∂ kn≤m¿∞-t\mSv sFdn≥ tNmZn°p-∂p: ""hmbn-°m-dnt√?'' kn≤m¿∞≥ DS≥ adp-]Sn \¬Ip-∂p: ""]nt∂! Znh-khpw hmbn-°pw. \me©p ]{Xw. F√mw. tZim-`n-am\n hsc.'' \mbnI Hcp ]pkvX-I-sa-SpØp Im´n. Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lm-kw. ""CX-dn-bmtam?'' adp-]-Sn: ""]nt∂! Jkm-°v. \∂mb-dnbmw. ae-_m-dn-se...'' ]pkvX-I-hm-b-\bpw ]{Xw hmb-\bpw \ap°p hmb-\-bm-Wv. Fs‚ ]{¥≠p hb- p-Im-c≥ \º¿ {Xo t]c-aI≥ tNmZn-®p: ""F¥n\m Cu ]{Xw hmbn-°p-∂Xv? F\n°p a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. Rm≥ CSbv°p ]{Xw t\m°pw. dnben thÃv Hm^v ssSw. Hcp-]mSp kw`-hw, \yqkv, \ap°p bmsXmcmh-iy-hpan-√m-ØXv AXn¬ A®-Sn®n-cn-°pw. \¨ Hm^v Zv \yqkv Cukv Ub-d-IvSven A^-IvSnMv bq. sF sse°v _pIvkv.''

Iptdtbsd h¿jw apºm-Wv. Fs‚ A—s‚ ]cn-N-b-°m-c-\m-Wv. A—≥ h°o-em-bn-cp∂ tImS-Xn-bn¬ ]≠v ap≥kn-^m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ct∏mƒ dn´-b-dm-bn.

B ]gb ASp∏w ImcW-am-bn-cn-°Ww At±lw ho´n¬ h∂p. c≠p h¿jsØ GIm{K-amb ]cn-{iaØneqsS Hcp ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn. A™q-tdmfw t]Pv;

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\√ ssI∏-S-bn¬ `wKnbmbn Fgp-Xnb am‰¿ Fs∂ Gev]n-®p. ]pkvXIw A®-Sn-°m≥ G¿∏m-Sm-bn-´p-≠v. ]t£, ]ªn-j¿°v Hcp Bh-iyw.

CXn\v Hcp Ah-Xm-cnI D≠m-bn-cp-∂m¬ AXns\mcp Ka-bp-≠v. AXp kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. kzev]w Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Bsf-s°ms≠-gp-Xn-°-Ww. A∂p PpUojy-dn ]›m-Ø-eam°n Rms\-gpXnb \oXn F∂ t\mh¬ XpS-c-\mbn amXr`qan Bgv®-∏-Xn-∏nh∂n-cp∂ ka-b-am-Wv. Ct±lw B cwKØp {]h¿Øn® Bfm-bn-cp-∂Xp Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°Ww Fs∂ Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xm≥ skeIvSv sNbvX-Xv. Rm≥ At±lw X∂ ssIsb-gpØp tIm∏n H∂p adn®p t\m°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ At±lw Fs‚ A—t\mSp ]d-bp-∂Xp tI´p: ""Xncp-ta-\n-°-dn-bm-tam, \ΩsS Cu Km‘ow s\lvdqsams° \Ωfv hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xp t]me√, \√ hnh-c-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ Cu ]pkvX-I-ØntN¿°m≥ th≠n Ah-sc-°p-dn®v Ahcp Xs∂ FgpXn-bXp hmbn-®-t∏m-gt√ CsXms° a\- n-em-Ip∂Xv.'' F\n°p Xo¿®-bm-Wv. At±lw Xs‚ ]T-\-ImeØpw tPmen-bn-en-cn-°p-tºmgpw [mcmfw sSIvÃv _p°p-Ifpw tIkp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IS-em-kpIfpw hmbn-®n-cn-°-Ww. Ah-bn¬ Km‘n-Pnbpw s\lvdphpw h∂n-cp-∂n-√.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn-emWv sSIvt\m-fPn am\-h-k-aq-lsØ BsI am‰nadn-®Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Iem-cw-K-sØbpw AXp XInSw adn°m≥ XpS-ßn. imkv{X-Øns‚ \hw \hI≠p-]n-SnØ-߃ Iem-Im-c\pw Bkzm-Z-I\pw XΩn]≠papX-¬ D-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]e AI¬®-Ifpw A\pZn\w Ipd-®p. Ie P\-Io-b-ambn. If¿ {]n‚nßpw km[m-c-W-°m-c\p t]mepw Zqc-bm{X sNbvXv Nn{Xw t\cn¬ I≠v Bkz-Zn-°m-\p≈ kuI-cyhpw Nn{X-Iesb cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw [\-hm-∑m-cp-sSbpw kzImcy Kme-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂p ]pdØp sIm≠p h∂p. kwKoXw BsI amdn. D®-`m-jn-Wnbpw thmbvkv dnt°m¿Udpw tdUn-tbmbpw Sn.-hn.bpw C‚¿s\‰pw kwKo-XsØ BsI Cf°n adn®p. _p≤n-bp≈ D∂XIem-Im-c-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS \ne-\nev]p- t]mepw A]-I-SØnem-tb-°p-sa∂ kXyw s\©n-Sn-t∏msS I≠p. kmln-Xyhpw Nn{Xhpw kwKo-Xhpw XnI®pw sshhn-[y-ap≈ tImSn-°-W°n\v Bkzm-Z-I-cn-te°p sNs∂-Øp-I-bm-Wv. B

Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ XßfpsS ssien-bpsS \ne-\nev]n-\mbn Xß-fp-tS-Xmb coXnbn¬ Bbp-[-saSpØp ]S-sh-´n. ssSw am-knI CXn\v DZml-c-W-ambn Im´nbXp kmln-Xy-ØnsPbnwkv tPmbvkns\bpw Nn{X-I-ebn¬ ]n°m-tkmsbbpw kwKo-XØn¬ s_¨Ãn-s\bp-am-Wv. Ch¿ sPbnwkv tPmbvkv aqhcpw ]pXnb, km[m-c-W-°m-cmb, Acq-]n-I-fmb Bkzm-Z-Isc A¤pX-tØmsS ]nSn®p \n¿Øm≥ Xß-fpsS Iebv°v AXym-[p-\nI-X-bpsS _u≤nI]cn-thjw \¬In. Ah¿ Hcp ]cn[n hsc hnP-bn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C∂p icn°pw ]nIvk¬ sSIvt\m-fPn-bpsS B{I-aWw ]n°m-tkmhmb-\-bn¬ \n∂p hmb-\-°m-cs\ Ah\-dn-bmsX AI-‰p-I-bm-Wv. Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m≠v hmb-\-bpsS A¥yw Ipdn-°ptam? ]nIvk¬ AXns‚ Bcw-`-amtWm? sSIvt\m-fPn Hcp ]pXnb kwth-Z-\-co-Xn-bn-eqsS AXn\p ]cn-N-b-ap≈ ]q®sb Ip™n\p ap∂nsIm≠p-h-cptam? Ip™ns‚ Xe-t®m-dnse Zi-tImSn sk√p-Iƒ ÿnc-ambn Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ Cu hcIfpw D®m-c-Whpw AXns‚ A¿∞hpw XΩn-ep≈ I¨th¿j≥ t{]mk- n-\mbn ]S-bm-fn-I-fm°n h®ncn-°p∂ C∂sØ ÿnXn amdpw. ]t£, AXv Fßs\bmbn-cn-°p-sa∂p kz]v\w ImWm≥ lmcn t]m´-dpsS amPn°p temI-Øn\p t]mepw- C∂p hnja-am-Wv. F¶nepw H∂p Xo¿®-bmbpw {]h-Nn-°mw. c≠p Xe-ap-d-bv-°-∏pdw A®Sn am[y-a-ßfpw kwth-Z\-Øn\v A£-c-ß-fpsS A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw C√m-Xmbm¬ A¤p-X-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

t\mh-enÃpw "ho£Ww' ap≥ No^v FUn-‰-dp-amWv teJ-I≥.

C˛-sabn¬: klmv@rediffmail.com Pq¨ 2016

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CAN SOCIAL MEDIA REVIVE THE LOVE OF READING?

THE MAHABHARATA ON FACEBOOK I

t is common knowledge today that the Y generation has weaned itself away from reading literature in its truest sense – classic, modern and post-modern – books, essays, novels, short stories, plays and poems since the computer came in. This is only one reason for the presumed downslide in the reading habit specially of rich literary texts. The other major reason is that students and academics stick to academic reading for a rise in grades. There is a third reason. At least in India, brilliant students who are high achievers are conditioned to think that they ought to opt for science and technology due to a curious system of casteism constructed to place science and technology on a higher platform than the humanities, arts and literature.

Where does this take us? Obviously, to a future generation of Indians who have hardly read any version of the Mahabharata or know much about the Jataka tales, or, have gleaned whatever information they could on the Ramayana from the television serial dubbed in regional languages. In this darkening scenario, it is heartening to note that one social networking site, namely Facebook, has two or three groups that have dedicated themselves not only to reading but also initiate and discussion and debate on a common source they share after mutually agreeing online to do so. The group picks up a specific book that is already known and much-read by the members of the group. For those who may not have read the Pq¨ 2016

Shoma A. Chatterji

book at all, the founder, administrator and moderator of the group, Papia Roy, scourges the NET and downloads entire texts the members may upload on their computers and get down to read before the discussion begins. The group describes itself as follows: “We are a group of people from every walk of life, bound together by our love of reading. We read works of every genre, in Bengali and English, and sometimes Hindi, and have a wonderful time discussing, exchanging ideas, and learning from each other.”

Originally, the group began mainly with classics from Bengali literature but gradually, in

(21) order to widen the canvas, English has been brought in. Right now, the group has 91 members some of them introduced to the group

by Roy while the others joined in later.

Interestingly, most of the members are women and are voracious readers of whatever they can lay their hands on. They have discussed many little known but strong literary creations over the past several months.

Their present project is the most interesting of all the discussions that have gone on till date.

It is about the Mahabharata. The various approaches to different texts, interpretations and readings are amazing and mind-blowing not only in the way the texts are interpreted, analysed and quoted by the members of Reading Room but also on the way they enlighten other visitors to the social media page and the members of Reading Room.

One example is a review of Ramesh Menon’s two-volume English translation of the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata by Jabberwock Jai Arjun Singh in his popular blog. He writes: “The first volume has featureless figures representing the Pandava princes at the game of dice, their humiliated Queen Draupadi, gambled into slavery, and Lord Krishna standing in the foreground, identifiable mainly by his blue skin.

The characters all have short, cropped hair. “I wanted a contemporary look,” explains Moonis Ijlal, who did the artwork “because this is a great contemporary story.” The Mahabharata is a universal epic, he points out, not just something that belongs to Hindus. To this end, he convinced the publishers to allow him to write “Mahabharata” in both the Hindi and the Urdu scripts on the back cover – the words are entwined and the effect is that of one language reaching out to, almost embracing the other.”

This reviewer goes on to add,: “This vision of the Mahabharata as 1) a human story with strong contemporary resonance and 2) an epic that belongs to everyone, even though it is one of the sacred Hindu texts, fits well with Menon’s novelistic rendering of the Vyasa poem. In prose that is dramatic (as befits a grand epic) but also accessible to the casual reader, the author brings the story alive – continuing the tradition of writers like the late Kamala Subramaniam whose

beautiful, intimate single-volume rendering of the epic Menon acknowledges as a major inspiration.”

In their paper, Predicting the Strength of the Social Media, Eric Gilbert and Karrie Karahalios (Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems) write: “Social media treats all users the same: trusted friend or total stranger, with little or nothing in between. In reality, relationships fall everywhere along this spectrum, a topic social science has investigated for decades under the theme of tie strength.” They go on to say that how their dataset of over 2000 social media ties on which they have built a model performs quite well and can distinguish between strong and weak ties with over 85% accuracy.

Taking Reading Room as a foundation, an analytical study can be done to find out the impact of social media interaction on a revival for a love of reading per se and a love of reading literature in particular. The Mahabharata discussion includes a long list of publications on the epic besides quoting and copying entire poems and also creating links to the YouTube to provide audiovisual clippings of Peter Brooks’ performance of a very radically different Mahabharata.

You can also upload a review of Chitra Divakaruni’s Palace of Illusions . Bhrigupada Dasa who states that Divakaruni’s explicit motive Pq¨ 2016

(22) is to present a “feminist” view of the great epic.

Dasa writes, “Persons afraid of the word feminism need not be taken aback—apart from some jabs at silly manly notions of chivalry, pride, and duty at the expense of love—what Divakaruni really does is give a woman’s perspective of the events at hand. For readers familiar with theMahabharata, this presents a dramatic change of view. The great manly heroes of the epic are no longer the perfect supermen of the popular retellings (and here, one may add, Divakaruni comes close to the great psychological depth of the original text).

This perspective also means filling in some gaps.

We all know what happened with the armies of men fighting at Kurukshetra, but what was the fate of all the soldiers’ widows? Divakaruni tells the story.”

Chaitali Das, one among the several very active members comments on Draupadi informing us that in southern India, Draupadi is worshiped as a goddess. And her not tying her hair was a slap on her husband as well; for only married women are supposed to tie up her hair.

Unbound hair shows a young girl, a kumari someone who is not controlled or under a man.

So when she keeps her hair untied even after having five husbands, it shows that she was untamed, unfettered because the husband had failed to do his job which was to protect and cherish her.

The members often warn the readers and visitors about the authenticity of the citations and books and also point out that readers are welcome to make their own interpretations from what they read. Papiya Roy points out that, according to folktales in Rajasthan, and Orissa, Bhima had married a Naga woman. When the Kauravas tried to poison him and drown him in a river, he was saved by Ahuka, a Naga, and taken to the realm of the serpents, where he was given a wife. From that union was born a child called Bilalsen, who played a role in the war later on. In variants of this legend, Bilalsen, also known as Barbareek, was the son of Ghatotkacha, and hence was grandson of Bhima, not son....

A factor analysis revealed four primary needs for participating in groups within Facebook: (a) socializing, (b) entertainment, (c) self-status seeking, and (d) information. These gratifications vary depending on user demographics such as gender, hometown, and year in school. The analysis of the relationship between users’ needs and civic and political participation indicate that, as predicted, informational uses were more correlated to civic and political action than to recreational uses.

(Namsu Park, Kerk F. Kee, and Sebastián Valenzuela. CyberPsychology & Behavior.

December 2009, 12(6): 729-733. doi:10.1089/ cpb.2009.0003.)

The Reading Room, comprised of its 91and-odd erudite members who are voracious readers, fulfill all the four primary needs of group participation in Facebook which revives and enhances the fading love for reading on the one hand and becomes a constant flow of information and education for the others who visit the site and read the material given. It also has some wonderful illustrations copied from book covers, reviews of books, painting reproductions and so on. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many compilations on cinema, family and gender.

Email: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com Pq¨ 2016

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aoUnb ss_‰vkv F≥. ]n. B¿

A`n-{]mbw Gdp-∂p; ]t£, kzmX{¥yw XI-cp∂p A

`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\v FXn-cm-b, A{I-am-k-‡-amb ]pXnb {]h-WX temIsØ-ºmSpw s]mXp kaq-l-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-hcp-∂-Xmbn {]kn-≤-amb Zn C°-tWm-anÃv hmcn-I-bpsS ]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. ""Hcp hn[-Øn¬, kzX-{¥-`m-j-WØns‚ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. temI-Øns‚ GXv aqe-bn¬ \n∂p -sIm≠pw ]{X-Øn-te°p \nan-j-Øn-\Iw hnhcw \¬Im-\m-Ipw. tImSm-\p-tImSn Szo‰p-Ifpw, s^bvkv_p°v Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw, tªmKp-Ifpw Hmtcm Znh-khpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ IS°m≥ Ign-bp∂ GsXm-cmƒ°pw {]kn-≤o-IcWw \S-Ømw...''

CXmWv B¿°pw Ffp∏w ImWm-hp∂ Ah-ÿ. ]t£, CXn-\n-S-bn-eqsS A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\v t\tc kao-]-Z-i-I-ß-fn-sem∂pw D≠m-bn-´n-√mØ coXn-bn-ep≈ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Db¿∂p- h-cp-∂p. aq∂p Xe-Øn-emWv Cu sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ F∂v Cu Pq¨ \mense e°Øn¬ {]kn-≤s∏-Sp-Ønb teJ\w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

1. k¿°mdpIƒ \S-Øp∂ ASn-®-a¿Ø¬ h¿[n-®p- hcp∂p. ]e cmPy-ß-fnepw ioXka-c-Im-esØ \nb-{¥-W߃ Xncn-®p -h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ C√m-Xmb ImeØp ]q¿WkzmX{¥yw A\p-`-hn-®p -t]m∂ djy-bn]pSn≥ `c-W-Øn¬ GXm≠v F√m sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ep-Ifpw H∂p-In¬ Kh¨sa‚n-t‚-Xm-Wv, As√-¶n¬ ]pSns‚ In¶c∑m-cpsS hI-bm-Wv. icn-b-√mØ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂hsc apºv te_¿ Iymºp-I-fn-te-°mWv Ab-®n-cp-∂-Xv; Ct∏mƒ AØ-c-°msc shSn-h®p sIm√p-I-bmWp sNøp∂Xv. ssN\-bn¬ 2012\p tijw sk≥k¿jn∏v ITn-\-am-°nbn-cn-°p-∂p. bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-I-fn¬ CS-°m-eØp sXfn-™ph∂ kzX-{¥m-¥-co-£w A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv. `c-WIqSXmXv]-cy-߃°v FXn-cmb Imcy-߃ N¿® sNøp∂Xpw hna¿i-\-߃ Db¿Øp-∂Xpw XS-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ad_v hk-¥m-\-¥ckuay-`m-hhpw Atd-_y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ Ct∏mgn-√. CXv GXm\pw cmPy-ß-fpsS Imcy-a-√, temI-Øns‚ s]mXp Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. c≠m-asØ {]h-W-X, `c-W-Iq-S-a-√mØ i‡n-Iƒ ASnt®¬∏n-°p∂ sk≥k¿jn-∏m-Wv. Agn-a-Xn, Ip‰-IrXyw XpSßn-bh kw_-‘n®v At\z-j-W-Øn\p apXn-cp∂ ]{X-{]h¿Ø-I¿°p t\tc shSn-bp≠ ]m™p-hcpw F∂Xp ]e cmPy-ß-fnepw km[m-c-W-Im-cy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. aXsØ hna¿in-°p-Itbm bp‡n-hmZw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp∂Xpw ]e cmPy-ß-fnepw ac-W-Øn-te-°p≈ Ffp-∏-h-gn-bmbn-cn-°p∂p. _w•m-tZ-in¬ A\h[n {]apJ tªmK¿am¿ sIme-sN-ø-s∏-´p. _m°n-bp≈h¿ ]em-b-\-Øn-em-Wv. aq∂m-asØ {]h-W-X, Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ A`n-{]mPq¨ 2016

(24) b-{]-I-S-\-ß-tfmSp ISpØ Ak-ln-jvWpX ]pe¿Øp∂v F∂-Xm-Wv. F¥p- sN-øm\pw F\n°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v; Fs∂, Fs‚ hnizm-k-ß-sf, Fs‚ \S-]-Sn-Isf Bcpw hm°p-Iƒ sImt≠m A√msXtbm Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-°qSm F∂-XmWv Ct∏m-gsØ s]mXp-\n-e-]mSv. kzX-{¥-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-Øn-s‚bpw hnf-\n-e-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ k¿h-Iem-im-e-Iƒ t]mepw Cß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ap≥ImeØv Fs¥-¶nepw hnth-N-\-߃°v Cc-I-fm-bn-cp-∂h-cmWv Ct∏mƒ A[n-I-ambn Cu at\m-`mhw {]I-Sn∏n-°p-∂Xv. an° cmPy-ß-fnepw A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\p \nb-a-{]m-_eyw Ds≠-¶nepw ]e D]m-b-߃ {]tbmKn®v AXp XS-bp-∂p. cmjv{S-kp-c-£n-XXzamWv AXn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ cmPy-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn°p∂ D]m-bw. Xo{h-hmZw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p, cmPyt{Zmlmi-b-߃ {]I-Sn-∏n®p XpS-ßnb Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpsS ]cn-[n-bn-te°v F¥p-Xcw A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\sØbpw X≈n-am-‰pI km[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. GXp-

Xcw aX-hn-a¿i-\-sØbpw aX-kv]¿≤bp≠m-°p∂ Ip‰-ambn ap{Z-b-Sn®v hna¿iIs\ Pbn-enem-°m-\p≈ \nbaw C¥y-bn-ep-≠v. ]e P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-ßfpw `c-W-Iq-S-Ø-e-h∑msc hna¿in-°p-∂Xp Ip‰-I-c-am-°n. \nb-a-ap-s≠¶nepw CXp-hsc AXp {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°mØ cmPy߃ Ct∏m-gXp hna¿i-Isc Pbn-en-e-Sbv-°m≥ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Xo{h-hm-Z-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ GsX¶nepw hisØ hna¿i-\-]-c-amb-√msX hne-bn-cp-Øp∂Xp t]mepw ]e cmPy-ß-fnepw Xo{h-hm-ZsØ A\p-Iq-en-°-embn hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Spw. F√m kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚bpw ASn-Ød A`nPq¨ 2016

{]mbkzmX-{¥y-am-sW∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn\p th≠{X ]cn-K-W\ e`n-°msX t]mIp-∂Xv CØcw kzmX-{¥yw Hmtcm-∂mbn \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xnte°p IS°pw F∂ ap∂-dn-bn-∏mWv Zn C°-tWmanÃv ]T\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv. A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Ønt∑¬ Nne \nb-{¥W-߃ Bhmw F∂ hyh-ÿ, Ct∏mƒ F¥p \nb-{¥-Whpw Bhmw F∂m-b-XmWv G‰hpw A]-I-S-I-c-amb hiw. aX-߃ D≠m-bXpw {]N-cn-∏n-®Xpw A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X{¥yw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv F∂ kXyw aX-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ ad-°p-Ibpw aX-Øn-s\Xn-cmb F√m Nn¥-I-sfbpw ASn-®-a¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Nn¥m-kzm-X{¥yw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´m¬ a\pjy-cmin ]gb {]mIr-XIme-Øn-te°p Xncn-®p -t]mIpw. hntbm-Pn-∏p≈ A`n-{]m-b-߃ ]d-bp-∂-hsc \n»-_vZ-am-°m≥ Hcn-°epw {ian-°-cp-Xv. `n∂-X-Isf `n∂-X-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-®p -Xs∂ t\cn-Sp-I. hmZ-߃ Pbn-t°-≠Xp _ew {]tbm-Kn-®-√. hna¿i-\-ßsfbpw ]cn-lm-k-ß-sfbpw kln-°m≥ ]mI-Ønkz¥w sXmen°p I´n-Iq´pI F∂p IqSn ]d™p sIm≠mWv ]T\w Ahkm-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ UnPn-‰aoUnb Ãm´-∏p-Iƒ amXrI-bm-Ip∂p temIØv Ct∏mƒ G‰hpw thK-ØnC‚¿s\‰v e`yX hf-cp∂ cmPyw C¥ybmsW∂p h∂-tXmsS Hm¨sse≥ am[y-a-cw-KØp IpXn-®pNm´w \S-°p-∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, C¥y-bn¬ XpS°w Ipdn® Nne Ãm´∏v Hm¨sse≥ kwcw-`-߃ BtKmf ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS {i≤bmI¿jn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hfsc {it≤-b-am-b, BI¿j-I-amb ]co-£-Wß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ C¥y≥ Hm¨sse≥ am[y-a߃ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xmbn tdmbn-t´gvkv C≥Ãn‰yq´v \S-Ønb ]T\w shfns∏-Sp-Øn.

CØcw an° Hm¨sse≥ am[y-a-ßfpw Cw•ojv am{X-am-bmWp XpS-ßn-b-sX-¶nepw hfsc thKw Ah¿ lnμn, {]mtZ-in-I-`mjm D≈-S-°-ßfpw kzoI-cn®p XpS-ßn. {]mtZ-inI`mj am{Xw Adn-bp-∂hcpw [mcm-f-ambn C‚¿s\‰v am[y-a-ß-fn-te°p Xncnbp-I-bmWv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. C¥y-bn¬ tkmjy¬ aoUnb P\-\n-_n-U-am-bn°-gn™p F∂ bmYm¿∞yw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-

(25) bmWp ]e Ãm´-∏p-Ifpw BZyL´-Øn¬Øs∂ henb tXmXn¬ hmb-\-°msc t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. s^bvkv_p°pw Szn‰dpw BWv IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Z hb¿, J_¿ e-l-cn-b, sUbven- l-≠v, C≥tjm¿´v, Zn Iz‚ v, kvt{Imƒ (The Wire, Khabar Lahariya, DailyHunt, Inshort, The Quint, Scroll) F∂o kwcw-`-ß-fmWp IqSp-X¬ {]Io¿Øn-°-s∏-´-Xv. D≈-S-°-Ønepw kao-]-\-ß-fnepw Bi-b-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw hf-sc-tbsd apt∂m´p t]mbn-´p-s≠-¶nepw Cu ÿm]-\-ßfpw AhnsS {]h¿Øn-°p∂ tP¿W-en-Ãp-Ifpw ]c-º-cm-KXam[y-a-ß-fn-ep-≈-h¿ t\cn-Sp∂ AtX {]iv\-ßfpw {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fp-amWp t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv. Ipd™ ]c-ky-\n-c-°p-Iƒ, hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p ]Ww apS-°m\p≈ ssha-\kyw F∂nh {][m-\-am-Wv. ]c-ky-Øn\p ]Ww apS-°p∂ Imcyw hcp-tºmƒ Ct∏mgpw ]c-º-cmK-X-am-[y-a-߃°mWp ]cn-K-W\ IqSp-X¬.

B¨-˛-s]¨ hnth-N\w am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw am

[y-a-c-wKØp h\n-Xm-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw ]pcp-j-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw XΩn-ep≈ hnth-N\w ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw Kuc-h-ap≈ {]iv\-ambn XpS-cp-∂p. thPv t_mUv t]mep≈ IΩo-j-\p-I-fpsS dnt∏m¿´v {]Im-ctam D`-b-I£n Icm-dp-Iƒ {]Im-ctam iºfw Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ C¥y t]mep≈ cmPy-ß-fn¬ Htc tPmen sNøp∂ kv{Xo°pw ]pcp-j\pw Htc thX-\amWp \¬Ip-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, sXmgn¬ \nb-a-ßfpsS _m[y-X-I-fn-emØ cmPy-ß-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw Cu cwKØp ISpØ kv{Xo˛]p-cpjhnth-N\w \ne-\nev°p-∂p. k¿°m¿ Iøpw sI´n t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-IbmWv F∂v CXn-\¿∞-an-√. Ah¿ {ian-°p-∂p≠v. 2018 BIp-tºm-tg-°v, 250¬ IqSp-X¬ Poh-\°m-cp≈ F√m ÿm]-\-ßfpw kv{Xo˛-]p-cpj sXmgn-emfn thX-\-hy-Xymkw kw_-‘n® IW°p-Iƒ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂p {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v Bh-iy-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

40-˛49 {]mb-Øn-ep-≈-h¿°n-S-bn-emWp thX\m-¥cw G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv. Cu hn`m-K-Ønicm-icn 24.5 iX-am\w ]pcp-j-∑m¿°p e`n-°p-∂p.

F¶nepw, _m¶nMv t]mep≈ taJ-e-I-tf-°mƒ Ipd-hmWp am[y-a-cw-KsØ kv{Xohn-th-N\w F∂p ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

Cu hnth-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-tc-bp≈ \nb-a߃°p \mep ]Xn-‰m-≠ns‚ ]g-°-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ct∏mgpw {]iv\w \ne-\nev°p-∂p. _n.-_n.-kn. t]mep≈ A]q¿hw ÿm]-\-ßtf C°m-cy-Øn]q¿Wa\-t m-sS-bp≈ \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-°p-∂p-≈q.

CXn-\nsS amIvkkv bp.-sI. Fs∂mcp am[y-a-ÿm]\w Ah-cpsS iºf˛enwK-t`Zdnt∏m¿´v ]c-ky-am°n. Xß-fpsS ÿm]-\-Øn¬ icm-icn iºfw 0.2 iX-am\w kv{XoIƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-am-sW∂v Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p. CXv Hcp A]-hm-Z-am-Wv.

am[y-a-߃ ]pXnb taJ-e-I-fn-te°v ]p

Xnb taJ-e-I-fn-te°p IS∂psN∂p- sIm-≠p- am-{Xta am[ya-߃°v Ah-bpsS `mhn kpc-£n-X-am-°m-\mIq F∂ bmYm¿∞yw C¥y≥ am[y-a-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™p XpS-ßn. \√ em`w t\Snb Nne am[yaÿm]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®p \S∂ ]T\w CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p. lnμp-ÿm≥ ssSwkv-, sse-hvan‚ v XpS-ßnb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ \S-Øp∂ F®v.-Sn. aoUnb Iº-\n-bpsS h¿[n® em`-Øn-te-sdbpw `mjm-]-{X-߃, tdUn-tbm, UnPn-‰¬ aoUnb F∂nh hgn t\Sn-bXmWv F∂p hm¿jnIdnt∏m¿´p-I-fpsS ]T\w hy‡-am-°n. Ct∏mgpw

Pq¨ 2016

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A®Sn {]kn-≤o-I-cWß-fpsS ]c-ky-amWv ÿm]\-Øns‚ apJyhcp-am-\-am¿Kw. ]c-ky-h-cp-am\w h¿[n-°p∂ tXmXn¬ k¿°p-te-j≥ hcp-am\w h¿[n-°p-∂n√ F∂pw Zn lq´v Hm¨sse≥ am[y-a]-T-\-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ dnt∏m¿´v hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

samØw hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 68 iX-am\w ]c-kyØn¬ \n∂mWp e`n-®-Xv. ]{X-hnev]\bn¬ \n∂p≈Xp shdpw 11 iX-am-\-am-Wv. http:/www.thehoot.org/media-watch/mediabusiness/ht-media-grows-in-non-print-areas-9416

\yqkv {_m≥Uv hnizm-kyX APøw H

cp s{_bvInMv \yqkv kXy-amtWm F∂dn-bm≥ F¥mWp t{]£-I¿ sNøpI? ]ØnHºXp t]cpw sNøp-∂Xv X߃°v Dd® hnizm-kap≈ Hcp {]tXyI Nm\-en-te°p t]mIpI F∂Xm-Wv. 1230 sSen-hn-j≥ t{]£-I¿°n-S-bn¬ \SØnb k¿thbn¬ tdmbn-t‰gvkv Is≠-Øn-bXmWv C°mcyw. k¿th \S-∂Xv tIc-f-Øn-e-√, ]t£, temIØn\p apgp-h≥ _m[-I-amWv CsX∂v Ah¿ IcpXp-∂p. \√ hm¿Øbv°p P\-߃ hne Iev]n-

°p∂p F∂-XmWp Xßsf kt¥m-jn-∏n® k¿tΔ ^ew F∂p ]d-bp∂ tdmbnt‰gvkv as‰mcp Imcyw X߃°v Bi-¶-bp-≠m°n F∂pw hy‡am-°p∂p. hm¿Ø kXy-am-sW-¶nepw icn, Hm¨ sse≥ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p hne sImSp-°m≥ P\-߃ Xbm-d√!

165 h¿j-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-\amWp tdmbn-t‰-gvkv. ]t£, C\nbpw ]g-b-Xpt]mse apt∂m´p t]mIm-\m-hn-√. P\-߃ F¥m{K-ln-°p∂p F∂v Adnt™ Xocq. tdmbn-t‰gvkv

Pq¨ 2016

sImta-gvky¬ Ub-d-IvS¿ sP^v ]m¿°n≥kv ]dbp-∂p. ]gb Xe-apd am{X-a-√, ]pXnb \q‰m-≠n]{X-hm-b\ XpS-ßn-b- Xe-ap-dbpw hm¿Ø-bnse kXy-k-‘-Xbv°p henb {]m[m-\y-amWp \¬Ip∂Xv F∂p k¿th hy‡-am-°n. FhnsS Xncns™m∂p t\m°n-bmepw hm¿Ø-I-fpsS s]cp-∏-amsW-∂Xp icn-bm-Wv. ]t£, GXmWp kXyw F∂Xv F√m-h-scbpw Aº-c-∏n-°p∂p F∂-XpXs∂ hnizm-ky-X-bp≈ \yqkv {_m≥Uns‚ {]m[m\yw FSpØp Im´p-∂p.

F¥mWv hcpw Xe-ap-dsb G‰hpw BI¿jn-°p∂ hm¿Ømcq]w F∂ tNmZy-Øn\p ]e-bn\w samss_¬ B∏p-Ifmbncn°pw C\n-bp≈ ImeØv G‰hpw Unam≥Uv D≠m-Ip∂ kmt¶-XnI cq]w F∂-mWv Hcp k¿-th-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-cnG‰hpw IqSp-X-em-fp-Iƒ DØcw \¬In-b-Xv. B¿´n-^n-jy¬ C‚-enP≥kpw tdmt_m-´n-Ivkp-amWv ASpØ ÿm\-Øv. ico-c-Øn[cn-°m-hp∂ D]-I-cWw F∂ DØ-chpw sh¿Nz¬ dnbm-en‰n F∂ DØ-c-hp-amWp sXm´-SpØ ÿm\-Øv. tkmjy¬ aoUn-b-bpsS hcthmsS ssk‰p-I-fpsS tlmwt]Pv ac-W-a-S™p F∂ [mcW icn-b-s√-∂mWp k¿th \¬Ip∂ Dd-∏v. Ct∏mgpw 82 % B-fp-Iƒ ssk‰p-I-fpsS tlmwt]-Pn¬ t]mbn-Ø-s∂-bmWp hm¿Ø-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, ]pXp-X-e-ap-dbn¬ \s√mcp ]¶v tkmjy¬ aoUn-b-bn\n∂mWp hm¿Ø-Iƒ Adn-bp-∂-Xv. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ap-Xn¿∂ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I\pw tImf-anÃpw tIcf aoUnb A°m-Z-an-bpsS ap≥ sNb¿am-\p-amWv teJ-I≥.

C˛-sabn¬: nprindran@gmail.com

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Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

The Two-Step Flow of News D

o all viewers, listeners and readers of news receive it straight from the media—TV, Radio and Newspapers? If they do, there is only one-step flow of news; the media convey the news and other contents directly to the media users. But according to some researchers, news does not reach the media users directly, even assuming that all media users view, listen to, or read the news regularly. Many users do not watch TV, listen to the radio or read the print media every morning or evening or at any other fixed time.

newspaper or use any medium at all regularly.

Some people read the newspaper when they travel by bus/train /subway to work. Some others do not read the newspaper in the morning or evening when they drive to work or drive back home. Driving and reading may not be practical; it is dangerous to do so! Some others listen to the radio while driving. Assuming that it

And among the media users, those who read the newspapers may not be using the other media at the same time, even if such simultaneous use of the different media is practical. Very often, many people do not read the Pq¨ 2016

(28) is not quite unsafe to do so, can we say for sure that they listen to the news on the radio, or just music or some other programme? There is no all-news, narrow casting stations in India now (as opposed to broadcasting). Things can change in the future when all-news, all-music, all-weather radio stations start functioning in India in the future.

For all practical purposes today, most men read the news early in the morning or late at night when they are really free; but what about women, the other half of our population? Do women read the newspapers regularly? Do young men read the newspaper or watch news in the morning? Do young women do it? When I used to teach, I asked my journalism students what they read in the newspapers that morning.

Often I would get a reluctant admission that they did not have time to read the newspapers or watch TV in the morning as they were busy preparing for their trip to the university! The point I am trying to make is that despite all the usual talk we indulge in, many men, women and youth fail to read , hear or watch the news in the morning, but they hear from friends or fellow students that “such-and-such events happened that morning,” establishing the plain truth that many of us receive the news second-hand, not straight from the media. “Hearsay” is certainly a source. News travels first from the source (the medium) to some interested or influential people and then reach the average citizen.

In this process, mutilation , exaggeration, distortion, truncation, or a colourful rendering of a given set of facts may occur. The influential or interested person (IIP) who passes on the received news to the average citizen may also interpret the news based on his or her experience in life! This does not happen all the time, but the possibility of it happening is quite real.

Actually, there was a turning point in the history of mass communication research during the mid-1950s in the U.S. when Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz two immigrants from Europe took Pq¨ 2016

up serious research problems in public communication. Till their time, it was assumed by effects researchers that the mass media directly influenced all citizens, especially during election time. (Remember that most early masscom research was related to the manner in which the media influenced the voting behaviour of citizens. Unlike in India, most research was related to political communication that worked to influence citizens-groups in different constituencies or counties (not particular religious or caste groups)!

Even as recently as in October 2013, some mass media research groups in India predicted how different caste and religious groups were likely to influence voting in the 2014 General Elections. Civil society was and still is important in the U.S., U.K. or in many European countries.

Of course, we should not forget that certain influences such as ethnic origin, original national loyalties, income, age, gender and education may influence voters there, but by and large citizens in the West are influenced by political communication that is mostly based on secular and constitutional considerations that work to the benefit of all the members of a particular civil society or by locally important socioeconomic issues affecting all citizens. Our researchers do not give enough importance to how socioeconomic issues can influence voting behaviour; they cannot come out of the caste-

(29) and-religion-oriented analysis of political, social or economic issues, perhaps because they do not think from the civil society angle! Well, this is a different issue. Let us get back to the Two-Step Flow of Media Content.

Katz and Lazarsfeld’s conclusion was: “Ideas often flow from (the media) to the opinion leaders in society and then from them to the less active sections of the population.”

Many subsequent researchers have built the ‘two-step flow’ theory into their research designs and justified it through their findings. Most of these researchers worked in political communication, advertisement campaigns and public relations studies. They gave great importance to the ‘personal influence’ factors.

Perhaps this theory has special significance to India and other developing countries because a very large proportion of media users is illiterate and sociopolitical, religious and industrial leaders succeed in influencing the masses who depend on them for most of their information. Educational and economic progress will reduce their dependence on ‘opinion leaders’ but this situation will be likely to emerge after several decades when education and media use become widespread in countries that lag behind in those factors now.

One very important historical event that occurred in the 20th century was the Iranian Revolution during the Shah’s time (1979) when the media in Iran and many Western countries spoke highly about the Iranain people’s gratitude to the Shah and played down Ayatollah Khomeini’s opposition to him. Khomeini found a novel method of propagating his ideas—the tapes of his religious exhortations through the mosques in Iran, even while he remained in France.

Whereas the mass media all over the world continued to support the Shah, Khomeini’s tapes worked wonders with the people of Iran and led to the Shah’s overthrow. Whether in one-step, two-steps or multi-steps, the media reached the people of Iran but proved ineffective in the face of Khomeini’s direct addresses to the Iranian people through his tapes that proved more influential than the so-called powerful and sophisticated public media of mass communication.

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (Shah of Iran) Of some relevance here is the so-called Arab Spring in 2011-12 when big changes occurred in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, etc. when the social media proved useful in bringing about those changes. But the Arab Spring has not achieved what it was hoped to achieve. Twostep or multi-step flow of communication may not be as powerful as the peculiar circumstances that exist in many countries where socioeconomic and political changes can occur only through a series of factors—not all of them technological. No repressive government can continue forever. Freedomloving people bring about changes from time to time and nobody can suppress people’s will for long. .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Professor Dr.J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (1982-1992) at the University of Kerala. As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards.

Visit his website: www.vilanilam.com.

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hmb-\

jmPn tP°_v

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tIm

f-an-Ãv- F∂ \nebnep≈ Xs‚ ssZ\w-Zn\ kmaqlyhnNm-c-ß-fn-eqsS kao]Ime C¥y-bpsS cmjv{SobNcn{Xw cNn-°p-I-bmWp apXn¿∂ ]{X-{]h¿Ø-I-\mb Fw.-sP. AIv_¿.

Journalism may not quite be the first draft of history, but it is a pretty good logbook of the many ships that sail on time” M.J. Akbar.

Fw.-sP. AIv_¿ "C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ XpS-ßnb ]{Xm[n-]-\mWp hnt\mZv taØ' F∂p ]ecpw ]d-bm-dp≈ Imcyw Xs‚ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS H∂mw `mK-amb eJvt\m- t_m-bn¬ (‘Lucknow Boy’) taØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. (2013, 158).

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F∂n-´v A-t±lw Fgp-Xp-∂p: "C°m-cy-Øn¬ Fs‚-b-Sp-sØ-Øm≥ Hcm-tf-bp-≈q˛ Fw.-sP. AIv_¿.'

1951¬ P\n® AIv_¿ 1971¬ "ssSwkv Hm^v C¥y'bnemWv ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\Pohn-Xw -Bcw-`n-®-Xv. XpS¿∂v "Ce-kvt{S-‰Uv ho°ven Hm^v C¥y'bnte°p amdn. 1973¬ apwss_-bnse {^o {]kv tP¿Wen-k-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ "Hm¨ep-°¿' ssZzhm-cn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn. 1976¬ "B\-μ-_-km¿ ]{Xn-I'-bpsS "k¨tU' amkn-I-bpsS FUn-‰-dm-bn. 1982¬ "sSen{Km^v' F∂ ]{Xw XpS-ßn.

1989¬ _nlm-dnse Inj≥K©v afi-e-Øn¬ tIm¨{Kkv ÿm\m¿∞n-bmbn a’-cn-®p. 1992¬ Fw.-]n. ÿm\w cmPn-h®p ho≠pw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn. 1994¬ "Gjy≥ GPv' Bcw-`n-®p.

C°m-eØp "U°m¨ t{Im-Wn-°nƒ' FUn-‰¿-˛-C≥ No^pw Bbncp∂p AIv_¿. 2010¬ "Z k¨tU Km¿Un-b≥' XpS-ßnb At±lw AtXh¿jw Xs∂ "C¥ym- Sp-tU-'bn¬ tN¿∂p. 2012¬ B ÿm]\hpw hn´p. 2014¬ _nsP-]n-bn¬ tN¿∂ AIv_¿ Ct∏mƒ ]m¿´nbpsS tZiobh‡m-hm-Wv. Ata-cn° apX¬ ]›n-ta-jy -h-sc-bp≈ am[ya A°m-Z-an-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS D]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn-I-fnAwKhpam-Wv. C¥y≥ cmjv{So-bw, hntZ-i-˛-\-b-X-{¥-_-‘-߃, aX-au-en-IhmZw F∂n-ßs\ Ht´sd hnj-b-ß-fn¬ {KŸ-߃ cNn-®n-´p≈ At±lw "Blood Brothers' F∂ t\mhepw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. hnt\mZv taØbpw Fw.-sP. AIv_-dp-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ apXn¿∂ ]{Xm-[n-]-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw Xe-ap-d, X߃ km£yw hln® Ime-Øns‚ Ncn{X\n¿amW{]{In-b-bn¬ ]e \neI-fn¬ ]¶ptNcp-∂p≠v F∂-XmWp bmYm¿∞yw. CØ-c-samcp Ncn{X-c-N-\m-ZuXyw \nd-th-‰p∂ {KŸ-am-Wv AIv_-dns‚ "A Mirror to Power'. apJy-ambpw "Z k¨tU Km¿Un-b-\n'epw "ssSwkv Hm^v C¥y', "C°-tWm-anIv ssSwkv', "C¥ym SptU', "Gjy≥ GPv', "Hm∏¨', "t^mdn≥ A^-tbgvkv' XpS-ßnb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnepw Fgp-Xnb 87 cN-\-I-fmWv Cu {KŸ-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. Ggp `mK-ß-fn-embn h¿Ko-Icn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Ch s]mXp-hn¬ Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZysØ H∂c∏Xn-‰m-≠n-s‚ hnti-jn®v 2010-˛14-se C¥y≥

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cmjv{Sob˛kmaq-ly-N-cn-{XsØ ]e-\n-e-I-fn¬ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-∂p. am[ya{]h¿Ø\w s]mXp-hnepw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w khn-ti-j-ambpw \n¿h-ln°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI ZuXy-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {]ap-J-amWp Ncn{XcN-\. B[p\nIkaq-l-ß-fpsS cmjv{So-b-˛-km-aq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnINcn{X\n¿an-Xn-bn]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ ]¶pw {]mam-Wyhpw C∂n-t∏mƒ Hcp N¿®m-hn-jbw Xs∂-b-√. A{X-ta¬ {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw t\Sn-°-gn™ Hcp Xncn-®-dn-hmWv. 18, 19, 20 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse bqtdm-∏n-s‚bpw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[yw-sXm-´p≈ C¥y-bpsSbpw Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bv°p≈ t{kmX- p-I-fn-sem-∂mbn ]{X-߃°p≈ ÿm\w. AIv_-dns‚ Cu {KŸw CØ-c-samcp ZuXyw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-sX-ßs\-bmWv? C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-tØmSp hnhn[ A®-Snam-[y-a-ß-fn-se-gp-Xnb ]w‡n-I-fn-eqsS {]Xn-I-cn-°p∂ At±lw c≠p ZuXyß-fmWp \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. H∂v, Ncn-{X-Øns‚ `mK-ambn cmjv{So-b-sØbpw CXckmaq-ln-I-a-fi-e-ß-sfbpw ÿm\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. c≠v, Cu Ncn-{X-Øn\v Bfl-\n-jvT-amb hna¿i-\-aq-eyhpw hymJym-\-ssi-enbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Ggp `mK-ß-fmbn h¿Ko-I-cn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ 87 cN-\-I-fmWv Cu {KŸØn-ep-≈-sX∂p kqNn-∏n-®p. sshhn-[y-ap≈ hnj-b-߃. \nin-X-amb \ne-]mSp-Iƒ. kq£va-amb Ncn-{X-t_m-[w. B[n-Im-cn-I-amb A`n-{]m-b-߃. \¿ahpw ]cn-lm-khpw aq¿®-bp-ap≈ `mjm-ssi-en. aq∂p t]Pn¬ kw{K-ln-°p∂ Ncn-{X-J-fi-߃. cmjv{So-bw, aXw, Agn-a-Xn, h¿Ko-b-X, kn\n-a,

GHOSTS OF THE PAST HOVER OVER GENDER JUSTICE Two judgements, and a question of prejudice

A

Supreme Court judgement may be anchored in law, but it sails a long way through the minds of judges before it becomes a public pronouncement. Law and justice are both human and therefore prone to frailty and error. We respect the Supreme Court as the final authority because we trust its integrity enough to belive that even the occasional mistake is an honest one.

One means through which the legal system protects its credibility is the doctrine of ‘contempt of court’. Dissent is not recommended, at least if you want to stay at home rather than in a cell. But surely their lordships will permit some space for perplexity? There must be an ante room for discussion, particularly since a Supreme Court judgement is much more than the final word on the fate of an individual criminal. It is also the template by which all courts in the nation will shape their decisions in millions of cases in the process of judgement, or in crimes of the future.

On 5th Frebruary, newspapers reported that a bench of Justices P. Sathasivam and J.S. Khekar confirmed the death penalty on an adult who had

10 February 2013 kidnapped a seven-year-old boy and then killed him after failing to obtain ransom. The justices concluded that they saw no hope of reform in the criminal, that his perversion was inhuman, and the murder was cold and premenditated. The rationale for their decision to confirm the death penalty is inarguable.

But there was a curious condicil in the justification, which their lordships noted as aggravating circumstances. I quote: ‘The parents of the deceased had four children, three daughters and one son.....Kidnapping the only male child was to induce maximum fear in the mind of his parents.

Purposefully killing the sole male child has grave repercussions for the parents of the deceased .....’

The bench continued, ‘Agony for parents for the loss of their male child, who would have carried further the family lineage, and is expected to see them through their old age, is unfathomable.’

The implications of such thinking are astonishing. It implies clearly that the parents’ agony would have been less if one of the three daughters had been similarly kidnapped and Pq¨ 2016

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{In°-‰v, am[y-aw, hntZ-i-\-bw... AIv_¿ hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ka-ImenI{]k-‡n, Ahtbm-tcm-∂p-amWv C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am\-ImeNcn-{X-Øn\v DuSpw-]mhpw s\øp-∂Xv F∂-XpX-s∂-bm-Wv. H∂mw `mK-amb "A Fundamental Shift' t\m°pI. ]Xn-\©p cN-\-Iƒ. P\m-[n-]-Xyw, Agn-aXn, apX-em-fn-Øw... C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ KXn-hnK-Xn-Iƒ ÿm\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ `n∂-ß-fmb {]Xn-I-c-W°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ. 2004-˛2014 ImesØ H∂pw c≠pw bp]nF k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS cmjv{So-b-K-Xn-hn-K-Xn-Iƒ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ \nin-X-amb hni-I-e-\-߃. a≥tam-l≥ kn-Mv, tkmWn-bm-Km-‘n, cmlp¬ Km-‘n, ]n. NnZw_-cw, \tc-{μ-tamZn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cmjv{SobPohn-XØns‚ t\¿®n-{X-߃. hntZ-i-\bw apX¬ PpUojydn hsc-bp-≈-h-bpsS hna¿i-\m-flIhni-I-e-\-

߃. {KŸ-Øns‚ io¿jIw km¿Y-I-am-°pw-hn[w A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ IÆm-Sn-°m-gvN-Iƒ. XnI™ \¿a`m-h-\-bmWv AIv_-dns‚ auen-I-kz-`m-h-ß-fn-sem-∂v. cmlp¬ Km-‘n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-߃ DZm-l-cWw. CXn-tesd {it≤-b-amWv AIv_¿ {]I-Sn-∏n°p∂ kq£va-amb cmjv{So-b-t_m-[w. Hcp kp{]owtIm-S-Xn-hn[n-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ C¥y≥ PpUojy-dn-bpsS enwK-cm-jv{Sobw hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ Hcp cN-\-bp≠v Cu `mK-Øv.

"The Tipping Point' F∂ c≠mw `mK-Øv Ggp cN-\-I-fp-≠v. Agn-a-Xn-bn¬ apßn-°p-fn® bp]nF k¿°m-cns‚ kmμ¿`nIhni-I-e-\-߃. cmjv{So-bØn¬ I≈-∏-W-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w, a≥tam-l≥ knßns‚ au\w, a{¥n-am-cpsS hIp-∏p-hn-`-P-\-Øn\p ]n∂nse tem_n-bn-Mv, tIma¨ sh¬Øv sKbnwkv Agn-a-Xn... F∂n-ßs\ Ht´sd hnj-b-߃ Cu

murdered, for the girl would not continue family lineage or provide for her parents in old age. The judges stressed on the ‘sole male child’ as being the bearer of ‘the family lineage’ and sustenance provider. which world are the judgement, delivered just a week before, also involving an appeal against a death penalty. Justice Sathasivam was again on the bench, this time in the company of Justice F. M.I Kalifulla. It is difficult to repear their decision without a sense of horror at the double standards that the Supreme Court has applied. Before them was a man convicted by both the trial and high court. This savage murderer had raped his minor daughter, and been arrested after his wife complained to the police. When released on parole, he axed both his wife and daughter to death.

This abominable, barbaric rapist and killer lives, thanks to their lordships Sathasivam and Kalifulla.

One wonders: has the great ferment rising across India against rape and gender prejudice escaped the attention of the Supreme Court? Chief Justice Altamas Kabir has certainly heard the howl of anguish from women. He said that if it were possible he could have joined the protests in Delhi. was the Chief Justice helpless while his brothers delivered such discordant pronouncements? What will trial courts and high courts do in future when a father who has raped and killed his minor daughter, and axed his wife for being a mother, appears before them? Will they stop long short of a death sentence the next time, because of the precedent sent by Justices Sathasivam and Kalifulla? Is the life of a raped and murdered minor girl less than equal to the life of a kidnapped and murderd boy? Does a man who killed two women deserve clemency, while the man who killed one boy gets hanged?

Is this justice?

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The Honourable Supreme Court has the option of silence. We cannot push our questions beyond a limited point. Is silence the only answer that the court will choose?

If the Supreme Court, and Parliament, have the courage to do so they should abandon the death penalty.

Then there will be no debate when governments delay the implementation of a death verdict on Afzal Guru for years, and finally act only when the President of India indicates that his patience is over. Our prisons can teem with rapists who have also killed minor daughters and wives. But as long as the law permits this ultimate weapon called the death sentence, that sword of justice must swing without conscious or unconscious prejudice.

Gender equality is being buried in parts each day.

(33) mismanagement of the border incident in which five Indian soldiers lost their lives. Such humour has a memory. The voter will remember ‘Pakistan has two deadly weapons: AK-47 and A.K. Antony.”

\tc-{μ-tam-Zn`mKØp N¿®bv°p hcp-∂p. temI-cm-Py߃ ]e-Xnepw Zmcn-{Zyhpw Agn-a-Xnbpw XΩn¬ \ne-\nev°p∂ cmjv{So-b-_-‘Øns‚ N¿®-bn-emWv AIv_-dns‚ Du∂¬. aq∂mw `mK-amb "Identity and Elections' sXc-s™-Sp∏p cmjv{So-b-sØ°p-dn-®p≈ ]{¥≠p cN-\-Iƒ Dƒs°m≈p-∂p. _Sve shSn-h-bv]n-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ k¬am≥ Jp¿jn-Zns‚ apX-e-°-Æo¿ apX¬ F≥.-Un. Xnhm-cn-bpsS Un.-F≥.F ]cn-tim[\ hsc; cmlp¬ Km‘n Db¿Øn-hn-Sm≥ {ian® kl-Xm-]-X-cwKw apX¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ aq∂p tZio-bm-_≤-߃ hsc; \tc-{μ-tam-Zn-bpsS cmjv{Sobhy‡nXzw apX¬ Rm≥ F¥psIm≠p _nsP]n-bn¬ tN¿∂p F∂ Bfl-I-Ym-°pdn-∏p- h-sc˛ Hmtcm∂pw sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-IfpsS cmjv{So-bmSn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ A]-{KYn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. \¿a-`-cn-X-amWp ]e cN-\-I-fpw. {]Xn-tcm-[-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ F.sI. B‚Wn F{X-ta¬ ]cn-l-kn-°-s∏-´ncn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚ AhXcWw t\m°pI: “Humour is a mortal enemy of politicians. A joke might not destroy reputation quite as effectively as a corruption scandal, but it deflates credibility. Through his long career Defence Minister A.K. Antony has been wise enough never to get tempted by a wisecrack; wit is not his forte. He might therefore be a little bewildered by the artillery fire of jokes after his disastrous

Xm≥ F¥p-sIm≠p _n-sP]nbn¬ tN¿∂p F∂-Xns‚ \ymbo-I-cWw AIv_¿ \S-Øp-∂Xp ImWp-I. I raised questions at the time of the riots as much as any other journalist did. Paradoxically, these questions were answered over ten years by the UPA government. There has never been, since independence, such intense scrutiny, or such absolute determination to trace guilt to a Chief Minister, as Modi faced from institutions loyal to the UPA government over two full terms.

Every relevant instrument of state was assigned the task of finding something, anything that could trace guilt to Modi. They could not.

The Supreme Court, which is above politics and parties, and which is our invaluable, independent guardian of the law and constitution, undertook its own enquiries. Its first findings are in, and we know that the answer is exoneration. Moreover, there has been judicial accountability to an unprecedented degree in Gujarat. We are still waiting for justice in a hundred previous riots.” \memw `mK-amb ‘Towards a New Culture’ apJy-ambpw Ckvem-an-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ kwhm-Zm-fl-I-amb Ipdn-∏p-I-fm-Wv. aXhpw aX-au-en-I-hm-Zhpw aX-cm-jv{Shpw aX-cm-jv{So-bhpw aX]u-tcm-ln-Xyhpw apX¬ aX-km-lnXyw hsc-bp-≈h Cu JfiØn¬ N¿®m hnj-b-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. Um\njv Im¿´q¨ hnhm-ZØns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ sU≥am¿°nse \nbahyh-ÿ-sb-°pdn®pw aX-ku-lm¿±-Øns‚ DZm-Ø-am-Xr-I-bmbn \ne-\n-ev°p∂ _wKm-fnse Telinipara F∂ {Kma-sØ-°p-dn®pw sImtfm-Wn-bImew apX¬ tZio-b-apkveow F∂ aXm-{i-a-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]pcpjm-[n-]-Xy-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ Ckvemw hncp-≤-am-°p-∂-Xns‚ cmjv{Sob-sØ-°p-dn-®p-sam-s°-bp≈ cN-\-Iƒ. G‰hpw {it≤-b-amb aq∂p cN-\-Iƒ Cu Jfi-Øn-ep-≈Xv FSpØp ]d-b-Ww. H∂v, U¬ln Cam-an-s\-Xn-tc-bp≈ \nin-X-amb hna¿i-\-am-Wv. apkveow ]≈n-Iƒ kzIm-cy-kz-Ø√ F∂ ASn-ÿm\\ne-]mSn¬ Dd-®p-\n∂pw U¬ln Ppam- a-kvPn-Zns‚ Ncn{Xw hni-Zo-Icn®pw {][m-\-a{¥n \tc-{μ-tam-Zn-s°-Xntc U¬ln Camw \SØnb A[n-t£]w AIv_¿ N¿® sNøp-∂p. apkveo-߃ B[p\n-I-Xsb `b-°p-∂-Xns‚ BtKm-f-˛-tZ-io-b-am-\-߃ A]-{K-Yn°p∂ cN-\-bmWp as‰m-∂v. ae-_m¿ Iem-]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \nin-X-amb Nne \nco-£-W-ß-fmWp aq∂m-a-tØ-Xv. B[p-\n-It\-Xm-°-fn¬ BZy-ambn apkveo-߃°p Jnem-^Øv Bh-iys∏´p cwK-Øp-h-∂Xp alm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw \nb-aew-L-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ c‡-cqjn-X-amb hgn-Øn-cn-hmbn ae_m¿ I-em]w amdn-b-tXmsS B {]ÿm\w Xs∂ Km‘n°p \n¿Øn-h-bvt°≠n h∂p-sh∂pw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v AIv_¿ "Ckvem-anIcmjv{S-t_m['Øns‚ cmjv{So-b-N-cn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

Violence entered the Muslim rhetoric and, eventually, Pq¨ 2016

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Ppam-a-kvPnZv practice. In 1921, at the height of Gandhi’s movement, which involved nonviolent forms of civil disobedience against the British Raj, a rogue group of Muslims attempted to establish a small caliphate in southern India. They killed or forcibly converted hundreds of Hindus. The British put down the uprising, but the cost was high: 2,337 Islamic rebels were killed and 45,404 were sent to prison.

In separate and unrelated event on 5th February 1922, in the village of Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh, a mob of protestors clashed with police and torched a police station, burning to death 21constables who were trapped inside. Gandhi, shocked by the violence, abruptly ended his campaign for nonviolence without consulting the Muslim leadership. Satan, he explained, had taken over.

The Muslim leaders felt betrayed. They condemned Gandhi as a coward and never forgave him, no matter how much evidence Gandhi offered over the years that his heart, mind, and, indeed, life were still committed to Hindu and Muslim unity. A strong view emerged among Muslim leaders that they should never again surrender power to an idolworshipper, as they called Gandhi. Ironically, in 1920, when optimism for Hindu and Muslim unity was at its peak, Gandhi had predicted that such an oppertunity for partnership would not come again for ‘one hundred years’. History proved him right.”

A©mw -`mKw C¥y-˛-]mIv \b-X-{¥-cm-jv{So-bsØ-°p-dn-®p≈ F´p cN-\-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. AIv_-dns‚ G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø -ta-J-ebpw cmjv{So-b-]-T-\-a-fi-ehpw as‰m-∂-√. 2001 apX-ep≈ ImeØv C¥ybpw ]mIn-ÿm\pw XΩn¬ cq]wsIm≠ \b-X-{¥-_-‘-ß-fmWp {][m\ N¿®m-hn-jb-sa-¶nepw 1980-I-fn¬ cmPo-hv Km-‘nbpw t_\-ko¿ `q-t´mbpw Cu cwKØp XpS-ßn-h® ]pXnb Nph-Sp-hbv]p-I-fpw AIv_¿ ASpØp-\n∂p t\m°n-°-≠XmWv. CtXm-sSm∏w N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ a‰p Nne {]iv\-ta-J-e-I-fpap≠v. tZiobapkveow F∂ k¶Pq¨ 2016

ev]-\-Øns‚ kmwK-Xyw, hn`-P-\-tØmSp Km‘nbpw Pn∂bpw ssIs°m≠ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, a≥tam-l≥ kn-Mv, \tc-{μ-tamZn F∂n-h-cpsS ]mIv k-ao-]-\-߃, aeme {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ cmjv{Sobw F∂nßs\. hn`-P-\-Øns‚ aX-bp-‡n-Iƒ F{X-ta¬ Akw_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v AIv_¿ Nq≠n°mWn-°p∂Xp t\m°pI: India and Pakistan are not separated by a mere boundary. They are defined by radically opposed ideas.

India believe in a secular state where all faiths are equal; Pakistan in the notion that a state can be founded on the basis of religion.

The two- nation therory, which was the basis of Pakistan, did not separate all Muslims of the subcontinent from Hindus; nearly as many Muslims live in India at this moment, without any hindrance to the exercise of their faith, as live in Pakistan.

Pakistan was created on an assumption, which had no basis in either the political or social history of Indian Muslims, that they could not live as equals in a united, Hindu- majority India. It was a concept that flourished in the wasteland of an inferioriry complex.

Indian Muslims who rejected this view, like Maulana Azad and most of the learned Deoband ulema, argued that Islam was a brotherhood, not a nationhood; they pointed out that faith belonged to God, and nations to men. They offered empirical evidence: if faith was sufficient glue, why would there be so many Arab countries? Muslims who fought for Indian unity were swamped by the high passion of a separation dream that acquired, in the imagination of its advocates, the attributes of earthly paradise. It took three decades for that cold judge, time, to deliver its first verdict. The two-nation theory collapsed in 1971, when the majority of Pakistanis broke away to form Bangladesh, an ethnic entity.”

‘First Person’ F∂ Bdmw `mKw Xqen-Im-Nn-{X-

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ß-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. apl-Ω-Zen Pn∂-bpsS angn-hp‰ cmjv{SobPoh-N-cn-{X-amWv Cu `mKsØ G‰hpw {it≤-b-amb cN-\. Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \mb-I-∑mcpw hn√∑mcpw am{X-ta-bp≈q F∂ kmam-\y-t_m-[sØ AIv_¿ A´n-a-dn-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v cmlp¬ Km-‘n, AÆm -l-km-sc, kp`mjv N{μ-t_m-kv, alm-flm-Km‘n, s\¬k¨ at≠-e, tjIv A_vZp-≈, Phl¿em¬ s\lvdp, \Svh¿ kn-Mv, _l-Zq¿ jm k^¿... F∂n-ßs\ Ht´-sd-t∏-cpsS hy‡n-Nn-{Xßfpw. at≠-esb Km‘n-tbmSpw am¿´n≥ eqY¿ Inßn-t\mSpw s\lvdp-hns\ amthm-tbmSpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXmWv AIv_¿ A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂-Xv. \tc-{μ-tamZnsb "KpP-dm-Øns‚ amthm' F∂p hnfn-®m-t£-]n® cmlp¬ Km‘n Fßs\ kzbw A]-lm-ky-\mbn F∂pw AIv_¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. alm-flm-Km-‘nsb Hcp lnμp- tZ-io-b-hm-Zn-sb∂mWv AIv_¿ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. ]t£, At±-l-Ønt‚Xv Hcn-°epw lnμp-cm-jv{S-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂pw AIv_¿ ka¿Yn-°p-∂p.

Ah-km-\-`m-K-amb Thank You Jeeves and Pataudi’ Hcp Ahn-b-em-Wv. kn\n-abpw kvt]m¿Svkpw skIvkpw tKmkn∏pw am[y-ahpw hn]-Wnbpw amdn-amdn-h-cp∂ cN-\-Iƒ. Nc-a-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ apX¬ kmaq-lyhn-a¿i\w hsc; am[y-a-hn-Nmcw apX¬ Xmcm-cm-[-\h-sc˛ H∂pw AIv_¿ F∂ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I\v A\ya√ F∂p sXfn-bn-°p∂ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ. a‰p -an° ]{X]w-‡n-Im-c-∑m-scbpw t]mse ]n.-Pn. thmUvlukns‚ Bcm-[-I-\mWv AIv_-dpw. apl-ΩZv dm^nbpw Intjm¿ Ip-amdpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Kmb-I-sc-°p-dn®v; jmcq-Jv Jm≥, k®n≥, efn-Xv tamZn, Um≥ {_u¨ XpS-ßn-b-h-sc-°p-dn®v; "`mKv an¬Jm `mKv' F∂ kn\n-a-sb-°p-dn®v; ]´u-Un, tZhv B\-μv, jΩn- I]q¿, Ipjvh¥v knMv F∂n-h-sc-°p-dn-®v... F∂nßs\ Ht´sd cN-\-Iƒ. apwss_ `oI-cm-{I-a-Whpw _n_n-knbpw; kmaq-ly-am-[y-a-߃°p sk≥k-dnMv thW-sa∂ I]n¬ kn-_-ens‚ ImgvN-∏mSv; am[y-a-ßfp-sS -hn-izm-ky-Xbpw DS-a-ÿ-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w F∂n-h-sbms° Gsd N¿®-sN-ø-s∏´ s]mXp-hn-j-b-ß-fm-Ip-tºmgpw AIv_-dns‚ \ne-]m-SpIƒ H∂p thtdXs∂-bm-Wv. kmaq-ly-am-[y-a-߃°p-ta¬ \nb-{¥-W-ta¿s∏Sp-Øm-\p≈ `c-W-Iq-S-\o-°sØ A]-e-]n-®p-sIm≠v AIv_¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: “If censorship of the net was nothing more than a technicality- switching off the servers, for instance-it would have already happened. A democratic government does not, however, have the arbitrary authority of a puffed -up dictator, or the anonymous muscle of a Chinese Communist Party. But the Government of India will soon discover that the net does not bend as easily as some of its collaborators in private sector communication. The miracle of social

media is its unique combination of individual voice and mass audience. It is a conversation with millions.

How do you censor a teashop? In 1975 Mrs Indira Gandhi could imprison the opposition and pockmark a newapaper’s front page with blank space, but she could not lock up every teashop. Social media is the largest teashop in human history.

]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥, ]{Xm-[n-]¿, {KŸ-Im-c≥, cmjv{So-b-˛-km-aqly\nco-£-I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-sems°-bp≈ Fw.-sP. AIv_-dns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-kzXzw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-bmWv Cu {KŸ-Ønse cN-\-Iƒ.

C¥y-bnse G‰hpw anI® ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-cn-sem-cmfmb AIv_-dns‚ Cu Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-kw-cw-`sØ BI¿jI-am-°p∂ apJy-L-S-I-ß-fn-sem∂v `mj-bnAt±lw krjvSn-°p∂ H‰-h-cn-hm-Iy-߃ (h¨sset\-gvkv) BWv. ]›m-Øew IqSn a\- n-em-°n-bmte Ah-bpsS aq¿®bpw kuμ-cyhpw kmc-kyhpw {Kln°m-\mIq F∂p am{Xw. NneXp t\m°pI: 1. ‘Government is a curious mixture of personal interest and impersonal decision-making’ (p. 15).

2. ‘Power is the legitimate coinage of Delhi. Money, in contrast, is the illegitimate child of politics’ (p. 51).

3. ‘There are no outlaws in a country teeming with in-laws’ (p. 59).

4. ‘Tears are a fragile weapon in public life’ (p. 71).

5. ‘The Nehru-Gandhi once belonged to the Congress; the Congress now belongs to the family’ (p. 86).

6. ‘Modernity is not singing English songs and wearing jeans. That is a cartoon view.

Modernity is equality, Political and Social’ (p. 122).

7. ‘Life’s most traumatic cemetery is surely the memory of pain, for it is buried but not dead’ (p. 262).

Cßs\ F{X-sb-¶nepw DZm-l-c-W-߃ \¬Imw. Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠nse C¥y-bpsS cmjv{So-b-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ kv]μ-\-߃ tcJ-s∏-SpØp∂ Hcp Ncn-{X-am-]n-\n-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Fw.-sP.A-Iv_-dns‚ Cu {KŸw am[y-a-]-Tn-Xm-°ƒ hmbn-®ncn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. A Mirror to Power M.J. Akbar Harper Collins India 2015, Rs. 599/...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

{ioi-¶c k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ae-bmfw A[ym-]-I\mWv teJ-I≥.

E-mail: shajijacob67@gmail.com.

Pq¨ 2016

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Doyen’s Pen

N

ormally, it is the relentless war of words between the ruling BJP and the Congress, which remains the main Opposition party despite its tally in the Lok Sabha having plummeted from over 410 in 1984 to a mere 44 last year, that requires the recollection of some distant event highly important in its time but now faded in people’s memory.

But this time around the same situation has arisen not from the remarks of one of the votaries of hard Hindutva but from those of a liberal and moderate Congress leader, former finance minister P. Chidambaram. At a conference more academic than political, in reply to a question, he said to ban Salman Rushdie’s

Inder Malhotra Inder Malhotra, the eminent Indian

journalist, editor and author was born on 1 February 1930. He is one of the most respected journalists free India has produced.

Unlike several other journalist in the profession then, Inder was not born with a silver spoon in his mouth. His father had been a station master in the Indian railways. Inder’s education had therefore, throughout, been strictly local.

His passion for political journalism might have taken the first shoot, when he stood

How a book was banned

Satanic Verses was “wrong”, and that if the question were put to him 20 years ago his answer would have been the same. This is unusual candour, so rare, alas, in Indian polity these days.

Around the time Rushdie’s book was published, Rajiv Gandhi was being inundated with strong representations from Muslim leaders of all parties, including the Congress, protesting against horrendous anti-Muslim riots in Meerut, Hashimpura and adjoining areas in UP. During these, not only were the killings heavy but also some victims were blinded. The highly provocative movement for the construction of Ram temple at Ayodhya had aggravated the Pq¨ 2016

before Raisina Hills as a boy of just seventeen watching intently the glorious moment of India attaining independence, as some commentators say. Later he became the most influential journalists of India.

He started his career in journalism working for a few Hindi newspapers and United Press of India, news agency. The remarkable turn in his career came with joining The Statesman in the mid 1950s.

This was the newspaper that was renowned for both the quality of its writing

situation. It was in this grave atmosphere that a note, informing him that since Satanic Verses was not published in India, several applications for the import of Rushdie’s book also landed on the prime minister’s desk. He called in his information adviser, G. Parthasarathy, who advised that the matter should be referred to the Union home ministry that was responsible for what is officially always called “law and order” despite Nehru’s repeated suggestion that the phrase “peace and tranquility” would be better.

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blamed India for triggering the 1962 border conflict — openly respected.

In 1967 when Evan Charlton left The Statesman he became its resident editor in Delhi But in 1970 he resigned from the Statesman and moved to the Times of India in Bombay as its senior assistant Editor. His association with Times of India lasted for 16 years and with lot of disagreements with their outlook and perceptions about new age journalism he retired gracefully into an intellectual life. He was a journalist he always upheld the stance that an editor’s first duty was to his readers and not to the newspaper’s owners; and that its policy positions could not therefore be subordinated to their interests, fears and ambitions.

Inder Malhotra and the strength of its independent political analysis. Malhotra served under a series of British chief editors, including Evan Charlton. He was also associated great journalist like Prem Bhatia, Nihal Singh, Pran Chopra and Kuldip Nayar.

When Prem Bhatia died in 2005, Malhotra agreed to serve as secretary of the Trust that was set up in his name to help promote good journalism by awarding annual media prizes.

He was the only Indian journalist whom Neville Maxwell — who was then the correspondent of the London Times in India and who went on to write India’s China War, in which he

A couple of days later the PM heard on Doordarshan that the import of Satanic Verses had been banned. Parthasarathy’s RAX phone rang and he found that the call was from the PM asking him whether he had seen the news on Doordarshan, and if so, how the ban order was announced.

The answer was available immediately.

C.G. Somiah, then a highly-spoken-of home secretary, explained that under the government’s rules of business, it was his duty to deal with every major problem

Later he went on a scholarship to the Woodrow Wilson centre for scholars in Washington DC; he wrote three books between 1991 and 2003, including a sympathetic biography of Indira Gandhi, and he became a valued columnist for several newspapers including the Indian Express. His column ‘Rear View’ enjoyed considerable readership. Feed from the burden of administering a newspaper office he had more time for reflection, so his writing continued to improve in precision and depth.

Malhotra married at the age of forty former classical dancer Rekha Revri, a divorcee with a 16 year-old son, Anil, an artist by profession. When Rekha contracted a long and eventually fatal illness and withdrew from social life, Inder also withdrew to keep her company through her last years. He is the recipient of He is the recipient of the Ramnath Goenka Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013.

concerning law and order. On reading Rushdie’s book in its entirety, he added, he came to the conclusion that to allow it to be circulated in India in the existing law and order situation would be not only wrong but also dangerous. The home ministry issued the necessary orders. Rajiv evidently thought that this was the end of the matter.

He soon learnt that it was the beginning of a big row. After the announcement of the ban, Rajiv again got many letters on the subject. These were a mixed bag. If some were totally opposed to banning books, Pq¨ 2016

(38) some others endorsed the ban and said it was necessary and timely. There was one rather special communication: A personal email from Salman Rushdie to Rajiv Gandhi. To this no reply was sent nor was it acknowledged. It was simply “filed”, according to the government’s established procedure. Rushdie considered this as Rajiv adding insult to injury. So he addressed a press conference in London at which he used his command on the language to condemning India and Rajiv Gandhi in blazing terms. BBC World Service, especially its Persian unit, gave the event elaborate coverage.

Almost instantly, the supreme leader of Iran, Imam Khomeini, issued a fatwa that Rushdie deserved death and whoever would kill him would get a generous reward. By now Rushdie and his book had become a major international issue. Ironically, two groups though totally opposed to each other united to blame India: The advocates of freedom of expression for the ban on Rushdie’s book, and Islamic extremists for not condemning the contents of Satanic Verses as blasphemous.

Rajiv was flying across UP concerned over what had happened, with the state chief minister Vir Bahadur Singh in tow, when the foreign office conveyed to him, through his information adviser (IA), also on board, that writings in the

Saudi press (on the anti-Muslim riots) had become virulent.

After listening to the message, he told the IA to go and repeat it to the chief minister. Vir Bahadur Singh’s reply, crude and casual, was repeated to the PM verbatim. He said nothing but within months the chief minister was sacked.

Pq¨ 2016

Salman Rushdie On a personal note, I must report that in February 1989, I was invited by Canada’s Lal Bahadur Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute to deliver six lectures at various universities on Nehru during the yearlong celebration of his birth centenary. At every place there were as many questions about Rushdie and his book as about “Panditji”. My answer everywhere was that I was opposed to book banning but there were compulsions for India to proscribe Satanic Verses. However, I strongly regretted Imam Khomeini’s fatwa against Rushdie. At London, Ontario, however, as soon as I repeated this, a burly and articulate Canadian Sikh rose and declared: “Sir, if anyone writes or says anything insulting about my religious gurus or my Holy Book I would go and slaughter him, and would not accept a penny as a reward”. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Published in The New Indian Express Dtd. 14 December 2015 sabv 2016

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MALAYALAM NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING: A Historical Analysis Dr. A. Michael Puthenthara

forms. The first hand bill advertisement was written by William Caxton in England in 1472. The first paid advertisement appeared in the French newspaper, La Presse. Since then advertisement has gone through many changes in composition and style. These changes were mostly dictated by socioeconomic and technological transformations taking place in the society.

T

he growth of newspapers the world over is directly linked to the emergence and growth of advertising. Although this composition is concerned with advertising in Malayalam newspapers, it is an undeniable fact that developments in advertising all over the world has had its impact on Malayalam newspaper advertising as well.. An overview of these developments would be appropriate, before the discussion on Malayalam newspaper advertising is undertaken.

An overview The history of newspaper advertising in the strict sense begins with the invention of Printing by moveable types by Johann Gutenberg in 1442. Printed hand bills were its earliest

England was the centre of newspaper advertising during the early printing period. By the middle of 17th century weekly newspapers called ‘Mercurries’ appeared in England. They provided a practical available medium to deliver advertisement messages to the literati. Most of the newspaper ads were announcements of pure information such as news regarding arrivals of ships carrying spices, coffee, tea, silk cloth and so on.

Patent medicines, beverages, and cosmetics were products that were advertised. The first newspaper advertisement for Coffee appeared in 1652; Chocolate in 1647; and Tea in 1658.

Johann Gutenberg

The tax levied in 1712 on newspapers and on advertising retarded the growth of newspapers and Pq¨ 2016

(40) advertising in them in England. Although the tax was abolished in 1853, the recovery from the damage done did not happen immediately. Meanwhile American advertising which was unencumbered by such taxes forged ahead of advertising in England. The increase in long distance transportation leading to broadening of markets resulted in the rapid rise in the number of publications and their circulation increasing the number of advertisements carried by them. Advertisements were made mostly by printers and publications of newspapers who sold advertisement space to procure necessary finances. And these were mostly in the form of the latter day classified variety. Products advertisements did not arrive until the late 19th century.

Half tone printing process made its appearance in the late 19th century and this aided the ability to publish a realistic pictorial display, which was of immense help to advertising. The subsequent development of chromolithography enabled the use of colour picture which rendered advertisements more attractive. In the 1900s a crusade against untruthfulness in advertising was launched in the USA. Led by Curtis Publishing Company, the originators of the accreditation system vis-à-vis advertising, and others, attempts were made to reduce or eliminate the use of gross exaggeration, false testimonials and other forms of misleading messages in advertisements.

Consequently the Printers’ Ink Statute was published in 1911, which indicated the types of activities that were considered ethical, unethical or questionable.

Audit Bureau of Circulations was set up in 1914 which greatly helped to validate the circulation statements made by newspapers.

Other organizations like Advertising Federation, Association of Advertising Agencies, Association of National Advertisers and various Associations of Publishers gave a semi-professional character to the advertising in newspapers. However, little or no emphasis was placed on the importance of studying the consumer, his/her buying habits, needs and desires. Unbiased investigations for media and advertisers Pq¨ 2016

emerged later. Two names that stand out in this connection in consumer research are A.C .Nielson and George Gallup, who together established the Audience Research Institute in order to evaluate advertisements on psychological basis. This reflected the scientific development taking place with regard to various methods for testing the sales effectiveness of advertising strategy, media and copy. All these helped newspaper and magazine advertising to establish itself as part of the total fabric of the society playing an integral role in the dissemination of the vital information related to various products and services, beneficial to society at large. It also helped to promote social and economic values, such as safety, health, education, liberty, democracy, free enterprise and tolerance.

The Indian Scenario Until the advent of the British, the themes of Indian advertising were mostly religious. It was also used to spread such moral teachings as those of Buddha. The classical example of this was Ashoka’s rock and pillar Edicts set up throughout his empire. India was in the village economy stage where relations between the producers and consumers were direct, making advertising unnecessary. But the British needed advertising efforts to popularize their goods, particularly luxury products. They made it possible through the print media. The first printing press was brought to India by the Portuguese in 1556, which was used exclusively for printing Christian literature. It was only in 1780 that the first Indian newspaper was published. It was the ‘Bengal Gazette’ started by

(41) James Hicky in Calcutta. This Gazette or General Calcutta Advisor carried advertisements. By 1786, there were four weekly newspapers and a few monthlies published from Calcutta. Initially it was in the ‘Bengal Journal” that all government advertisements were carried. But later the government itself started a Gazette which published advertisements issued by the government. ‘The Courier’ published (1790) from Bombay also contained advertisements in Indian languages such as Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani, Urdu and Kannada. The first newspaper in Indian languages saw the light of the day in 1833.

However it began to publish advertisements only much later. In the absence of Advertising Agencies at that time, the newspapers themselves provided the services of space selling.

The modern story of Indian advertising begins with the setting up of a small advertising agency by B. Dattaram in Mumbai. Initially the medium which the agency used for its advertising was not newspapers, but Bombay’s trams.

But in 1920s the Advertising Industry took definite shape in India. Agencies like Stronach, D.J. Meyer, Adarts set up shop. J.Walter Thompson (JWT) from New York having started its operations in Bombay played a crucial role in brining professionalism into advertising. ‘Tata Publicity’ began by a British Army officer in Bombay was another milestone in the professonalisation of advertising in its early stages in India.

Until world war I (1914-18) the majority of advertisements were planned and placed by foreign

manufacturers. And during the war, circulation of newspapers increased considerably as people were interested in hot news from the war front. During the post war period foreign goods flooded the market, giving a great boost to newspaper advertising. Many of the newspapers were under the control of foreign agencies.

However, the ‘Swedeshi movement’ was a turning point as it led to increased appearance of advertisements in the newspapers with a view to popularize indigenous goods as

against imported products.

Mahatma Gandhi’s views on advertising was not conducive to its growth. He was associated with six journals, two of which he was the editor ( Indian Opinion, Young India, Navjivan, Harijan, Harijanbandhu, Harijansevak). These papers published no advertisements, but they enjoyed wide circulation.

Actually Gandhiji was not against advertising per se. He was against the double faced attitude of newspapers which published the advertisements extolling products like liquor and tobacco and at the same time carrying articles condemning them. Therefore he considered it the duty of every newspaper to exercise some restraint in the matter of advertisement.

Perhaps, Gandhiji’s journals did not need the finance from advertisements, because their popularity was generating enough revenue to sustain the publications through sales and subscriptions !

The advertisements of the preindependent period were targeted chiefly at the British people in India, the princely families and the people from the upper strata of the society.

The middle class received attention of advertisers only after independence. Although there were as many as 45 Ad agencies by the time of independence, their gross annual billing was just Rs. 5 crores, indicating the slow growth of advertising. The unfavourable attitudes of companies toward advertising, limited market, slow pace of industrialization and lack of competition appear to be the reasons behind their tardy growth.

The establishment of Indian and Eastern Society in 1939 was a significant step in newspaper advertising. It was founded to protect Pq¨ 2016

(42) and promote the legitimate interests of the newspapers and to deal collectively with the government, the ad agencies and advertisers. In 1941 Indian Language Newspaper’s Association was formed to address the problems of language newspapers.

Post independent political and economic changes also had their impact on advertising. Several organizations related to advertising such as Advertising Agencies Association of India (AAAI) in 1945, Audit Bureau of Circulation of India (ABCI) in 1948 adopting the American model, Indian Society of Advertisers (ISA) in 1952 were set up. All these helped to raise the standards of advertising.

Professional print media advertising achieved prominence only from the beginning of the 20th century.

Educational development and the popularization of newspapers and magazines contributed much to the expansion of advertising. Colour printing in newspapers and magazines gave a new dimension to their readability and to the advertisements in them. Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) was born in the 1980s proclaiming the serious role of advertising in competitive situations and to address complaints regarding advertisements.

All India Radio began commercial broadcast from 1967 bringing a highly competitive medium to the doorstep of newspapers. Soon it gained wide popularity among traders and industrialists to such an extent that more than 85 percent of the total population of the country was covered

by AIR. But the real threat to newspaper advertising came from television that was introduced in the 1950s. The de linking of Radio and Television in 1976 and the commencement of commercial Pq¨ 2016

advertising by Doordarsan soon after accentuated this threat. The revenue from commercial advertising shot up to an astronomical level, leading to a flood of sponsored programmes. With the arrival of satellite TV and the increase in the number of television channels, the visual medium had the potential to overtake the newspapers.

However media wise analysis reveals that the advertisement expenditure in print media was the highest from 1997 to 2001. During this period this was Rs. 3258 crore in a year (1997) which constituted 57.25 per cent of the total. In the subsequent years, the print media expenditure shows a declining trend to the extent that after 2001, it had been reduced to 34.60 % of the total.

Nevertheless the newspaper advertisements are there to stay because there were products and services that require more than 10 or 30 seconds exposure to persuade the consumer to purchase. Moreover, the advertisements of the classified variety are tailor made for newspapers than television.

Advertisements in Malayalam Newspapers June 1847 witnessed the birth of the first news journal , , Malayalam known as ‘Rajyasamacharam,’ produced in from a litho press in Illikunnu, Tellicherry. The credit for this venture belongs to Dr. Herman Gundert, linguist and scholar who has authored thirteen books in Malayalam that includes a book on Malayalam Grammar, ‘ Malayalabhasha Vyakaranam’ (1859) and a Malayalam English dictionary. Rajyasamacharam published in the form of eight cyclostyled sheets without columns or cross heads, lasted 42 issues before it stopped publication in 1850. Gundert published another journal titled ‘Paschimodayam’ in 1847 itself. Although both of them did not carry any advertisement, the former was a promotional journal for Christian teachings, while the

(43) latter contained information on scientific happenings, history of Kerala, and Geography.

Paschimodayam ended its innings in 1851.

The first printed news magazine in Malayalam originated in 1848 from CMS Press, Kottayam. It was known as ‘Jnananikshepam’. As Cherian and Isaac in their book of the same title argues,(1) Jnananikshepam consisting of eight pages, published every Dr. Hermann Gundert month carried news on an assortment of topics, such as sun and planets, the continents, the oceans, volcanoes, history, science, technology, human anatomy and medical practice – in fact everything a reader wanted to know, similar to the great diversity of subjects that can be seen in contemporary newspapers. For this reason Jnananikshepam merits the honour of being the first newspaper in Malayalam.

Jnananikshepam carried advertisements such as proclamations, orders, regulations from the government.

From its commencement itself, the news magazine set apart one/two pages for publishing these government advertisements. It also carried important royal proclamations such as that of abolition of bonded labour and others creating awareness about them among the general public.

There were also other journals which found the light of the day. One was ‘Varthasamgraham’ published from Kottayam and ‘Paschimataraka’ from Cochin. There was even one publication in English called ‘Western Star’. But none of them could match the depth and width of Jnananikshepam in carrying news.

However, what could be termed as a complete newspaper in size, content, design and other specifications originated in April 1887 from the printing press at Mannanam. Named ‘Nazrani Deepika’ , it began as a fortnightly, graduating to one in ten days and then to once a week. Its evolution as a Daily newspaper was completed in 1927. Beginning with the first issue itself, Nazrani Deepika carried advertisement.(2) In fact in the 4 page 5 column newspaper in royal size, the first page was devoted to advertisements and notices and so was the last page. The rate of advertisements, which was also published in the front page, was not according to their size. But they were given a rebate if the ads were to be published through out the year.

There were also ‘special ads,’ in the first issue(3). One such advertisement was regarding Medicine of Pappy company (at Mannanam). Another was Elanjikkal Chacko Johannan canvassing funds for sending a ‘Mangala patram’ to queen Victoria on the occasion of the golden jubilee of her ascendancy to the throne. Nazrani Deepika was renamed Deepika in 1939.

Following on the heels of Nazrani Deepika came another complete newspaper in 1890 – Malayala Manorama -, although Malayala Manorama company (the first joint stock co. in Kerala) was founded in 1888. This paper eventually evolved to become the largest Malayalam newspaper in circulation and readership in the country, with many firsts to its credit.

Commencing as a weekly newspaper, the publication carried advertisements and notices and government proclamations from its inaugural issue. By 1918 it had become a tri weekly and in 1928 it assumed the avatar as a Daily.

Initially the pattern of advertisements carried by Malayala Manorama were similar to Nazrani Deepika.

In the pre independent period there were other newspapers which went on to become large and highly popular later. Among them ‘Mathrubhumi’ from Kozhikode in 1923 and ‘Kerala Kaumudi’ from Thiruvananthapuram in the 1911 and Deshbhimani in 1942 stand out. In terms of circulation and readership, they occupy the first three positions, respectively. Since going into their details are not pertinent to this study, it is not attempted here.

Newspaper advertisements of Pq¨ 2016

(44) those periods were in the form of descriptive write ups. Advertisements for various types of watches and fountain pens usually appeared

along with their pictures. Ads on health tonics, high lighting pictures of individuals before and after taking the medicine were common. A host of products like imported seeds, cigarettes, soaps, bicycles, alarm clocks, banks, insurance companies also placed ads in newspapers, which were the main source of information for the general public. During 1920s ads on films also appeared in newspapers. Do did jewellery. As already indicated above, one significant aspect was that instead of placing ads in the inner pages, ads were canvassed for release on the front page., levying a higher advertisement tariff.

The present day trend of carrying colour ads on the front page of newspapers is actually history repeating itself with some variations.

Advertisements on films led to the emergence of certain categories of artists and specialists well versed in designing and publication of cine ads.

Due to their influence Malayalam film ads made spectacular strides in Malayalam advertising scenario. In this connection, the ads designed for the Malayalam film ‘ Chemmeen’ won international acclaim.

Categories of Advertisements Two kinds of advertisements were in vogue right from the beginning. These were display and classified advertisements. The general perception about newspaper advertising usually refers to the display category, because they are Pq¨ 2016

bigger in size, colourful and has visual appeal either by projecting the product or by using attractive models. Display ads were the source of major revenue for a newspaper. However from inception itself classified pages were more revenue producing than subscriptions and news stand sales. They had limitless possibilities. This aspect gave rise to the comment :”Classified pages may look gray, but they are gold.”

Nevertheless the present rate of revenue between display and classified appear to be 70:30 generally.

It is a fact that regional newspapers greatly depended on classifieds for revenue generation, to the extent that some newspapers had even entrusted the task of canvassing classifieds to certain advertising agencies.(4). As K.M. Mathew points out in his autobiography, ‘Ettamathe Mothiram’ ( the eighth ring), his newspaper had given such an assignment.

He also claims that Malayala Manorama released the first formal classified advertisement.(5) The activities of advertising agencies gathered momentum in Kerala during 1960s and 70s. But then the major chunk of advertising in Malayalam newspapers was operated by national advertising agencies, head quartered in Bombay and Madras, having branches in Kerala.

The prominent advertisers were Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). Predominant among them were KELTRON and FACT. There were also small ad agencies, which had made their presence felt. One among them, Kerala Publicity Bureau (KPB) was the first Kerala based ad agency to have received the accreditation from IENS (now INS) It is widely known that advertisements in the beginning merely provided information.

They could be described as the classified variety.

(45) And quite effective at that. For instance, going back in history, during the colonial days in America, Benjamin Franklin placed a classified ad when someone took his wife’s prayer book from the church pew and got it back. Even George Washington sold his lands with ‘want’ ads; and President Thomas Jefferson obtained someone to fill the position of the Secretary of the Navy with a classified ad. In a readership survey it was revealed that classified ad was most helpful and useful in everyday work and activities.

Classified section actually has news to interest readers and values to interest buyers. The section could be described as a market place than advertisement centre, where a wide variety of human needs are met. Classified ads also have more flexibility than display in making last minute changes.

One of the major attraction among classified is the matrimonial section which grows daily in most newspapers.

The largest newspaper has taken this section in its digital offering (M4marry) to the next level by making available video presentation of the couples in search of their would be’s, their family, house etc.( even before they actually meet).

Specific days are set apart for the categories of classifieds. For instance, Matrimonials on Sundays, Tender & notices on Tuesdays, Appointment/recruitment on Wednesday, Real estate on Saturdays and so on. Some of these are supplements to the main pages. But classified ads are also possible in the main pages. They, however, attract extra charges over the normal.

Historically, there have been more than one way of pricing the classifieds, such as count line rate, agate line or space rate, and word rate However, the third method, by word, is now resorted to by most Malayalam newspapers. But there are exceptions such as an extra rate for classified displays, for headline, caps and bold caps (in English). The Malayalam text is priced per word. With the majority of newspapers having multiple editions, there are also variations in pricing depending on the number of editions used. Boxed messages also attract a special rate for the box.

Management of advertising in newspapers From the perspective of advertising, a newspaper is a market place or an advertising centre which need to be effectively managed. This is a crucial role, as it is related to the revenue necessary to sustain the newspaper. It is well established that subscriptions and newsstand sales are not enough to financially support the newspaper. Therefore the necessity of advertisements is absolute. And this is managed by the advertisement department of the newspaper. The structure of the department, however, is specific to each newspaper.

The advertisement depart consists of a team of professionals in sales and advertising having adequate inside knowledge of the newspaper in which they operate.

The primary task of the department is to promote the newspaper as an advertising vehicle of choice to advertising and media buying agencies acting on behalf of clients as well as clients directly. In order to achieve this objective, their general responsibilities envelope the following functions · The department accepts and processes orders from advertisers and ad agencies. · It reserves space in the newspaper as per the requests. · Provides statistics and information about circulation, readership and rate structure (in detail) and the mechanical data of the newspaper. · The department works with editorial teams to create ad space as well as develop features that will attract advertisers. It also helps clients place their products with coordinated editorial write ups. · A department executive visits ad agencies periodically to maintain relationship or to inform them of various offers and schemes of the newspaper. · Department accepts classified ads placed by lay readers who have no access to an ad agency and who placed the ad through ad centres set up for classifieds alone Pq¨ 2016

(46)

· It also offers copy writing and designing services to those who wish to advertise their products/services, but who might not have an hired agency. These could be offered gratis or at a nominal charge. · Sometimes, the department motivates the newspaper to come up with special edition to attract advertisers. They work with the editorial team to develop content specific to the topic of the special edition.

For instance, a feature devoted to health care, religious festival or national holiday.

Advertisers who have relevant products or services are invited to participate by way of advertisements.

Malayalam newspaper advertising is now faced with challenges from both television channels and the digitalization of news. It is to the credit of Malayalam news papers that they are meeting these challenges head on. Advertisements on the television channels have not dimmed the interest in newspaper advertising for certain categories of advertisements and types of products and services. This is evident from the fact that print media advertising had 41.2 % share of the total ad spent of 40 crores in 2015. Malayalam newspapers have also adopted several strategies to counter the visual media ads, such as carrying full page colour advertisements in the first pages. And the demand for classified advertisement is actually growing. As far as the dot com revolution is concerned, the strategies of newspapers are also in place. They have placed themselves on the World Wide Web offering various options for display advertisements such as Banner (top, bottom) side box, news sliding, news banner, box ad , skyscrapers, etc. Their sizes are measured in pixels. Classifieds also have their position on the Internet, priced by number of words. To put it succinctly, regardless of the challenges, Malayalam newspaper advertising as of now is very much vibrant.

References 1. Babu Cherian & Isaac Kalimadom, ‘Jnananikshepam’, 2002. p. 57 f.

Pq¨ 2016

2. Rev. Thomas Aikkara & T.C. Mathew, ‘Deepika’. 2010, p. 59-61 3. Op.cit. p. 57 4. K.M. Mathew, ‘Ettamathe Mothiram’, p. 418 and T.O. Philip, ‘Charithram Katha Parayunnu’ (History tells the Story). 2015 p.55, 202 5. T.O. Philip, ’Charithram Katha Parayunnu’, p.202.

6. Herbert Lee Williams, Newspaper Organization and Management, 1978, p.194 - 216 7. Gulab Kothari, Newspaper Management in India,1995, p 57 - 76.

Also refer: J.V.Vilanilam, ‘Parasyam.’ 1984.

Ananad Halve/Anita Sarkar, ADKATHA, The Story of Indian Advertising, 2013 Blanshe B. Eliot, The History of English Advertising, 1962 A.Michael Puthenthara, Advertising, 2015 B. Narayanan, Advertising Management, 1998 S.R. Madhu, The Hidden Persuaders, An overview of Advertising in India U.S. 1996 S.Rajashree, ‘Parasya Vyvasayam: Uyarthezhunelpinte pathayil,’ Dhanam, 2000 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The writer is a senior faculty member of Kerala Media Academy and author of the book,.

ADVERTISING.

Email: michael.puthenthara@gmail.com

A°mZan hm¿Ø-I(47) ƒ Bookshelf

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Attacks on the Press: Journalism on the World’s Front Lines,

by Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) Bloomberg Press (2015) Rs. 2118.00 ‘Attacks on the Press’ is the World’s most comprehensive guide to international press freedom. Compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists, this informative guide features analytical essays from CPJ and other experts and provides a platform for direct advocacy with governments and the diplomatic community to give voice to journalists worldwide. Reporters and photographers face a myriad of risks, from highly publicized murder to imprisonment, cyber attacks, harassment, frivolous lawsuits, and censorship. The risks are increasing due to widespread unrest and in response to the broad dissemination of critical information through social media and the internet. This book gives journalists a seat at the discussions at the United Nations, Organization of American States, European Union, African Union and more to protect journalists and the freedom of press that is so essential to human rights.

By publicly revealing abuses against the press and acting on behalf of imprisoned and threatened journalists, CP J effectively warns journalists and news organizations where free press is in danger. This book is their annual guide to where these attacks occur and who does the attack. · · · · ·

Assess dangers to freelance journalists in conflict zones.

Evaluate new forms of censorship in places like Egypt, Hong Kong and Turkey.

Contemplate the long-range impacts of the publicized executions of journalists by militant groups.

Review available cyber security measures and the price journalists pay to keep up with spies Analyze the 10 most censored countries in the world.

Strong press freedom encourages the growth of robust civil society, which leads to stable, sustainable democracies and healthy social, political and economic development. The compilation, Attacks on the Press is the most comprehensive annual survey of global press freedom and calling out those who threaten it].

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New Books @ Academy Library

Video Journalism form the Web: A Practical Introduction to Documentary Storytelling

By Kurt Lancaster Routledge (2013) Rs. 3127.00 [As newspapers and broadcast news outlets direct more resources toward online content, print reporters and photojournalists are picking up video cameras and crafting new kinds of stories with their lenses. Creating multimedia video journalism requires more than simply adapting traditional broadcast techniques: It calls for a new way of thinking about how people engage with the news and with emerging media technologies. In this guide, Kurt Lancaster teaches students and professional journalists how to shoot better video and tell better stories on the web, providing a strong understanding of cinematic storytelling and documentary production so their videos will stand out from the crowd.

Video Journalism for the Web introduces students to all the basic skills and techniques of good video journalism and documentary storytelling, from shots and camera movements to sound and editing- as well as offering tips for developing compelling, character-driven narratives and using social media to launch a successful career as a “backpack journalist”. Shooting, editing and writing exercise throughout the book allow students to put these techniques into practice and case studies and interviews with top documentary journalists provide real-world perspectives on a career in video journalism. This book gives aspiring documentary journalists the tools they need to get out in the field and start shooting unforgettable multimedia stories.]

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Ip¿koIm F∂ Nn{X-Øns‚ IY Ign-®-Xv. Zo]m-taØ-bpsS hm´dpw t\cn-´Xv CXp-t]m-ep≈ cm{„ob ISpw-]n-Sp-Ø-߃ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tI{μw `cn-°p∂ ]m¿´n-bpsS Xmev]-cy-߃°v tZmj-I-c-am-Im≥ km[y-X-bp≈ kn\n-asb Fßn-s\sb-¶nepw XS-bpI F∂-Xp-am-{X-amWv ChnsS e£yan-Sp-∂-Xv. ************* DUvXm ]©m_v ssIImcyw sNøp∂ {]tabw G‰hpw tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂Xv AIm-enk¿°mcns\-bmIpw F∂-Xn\p {]Xy£ DZm-l-c-W߃ Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ I≠p-Xp-S-ßn Ign™p. hcp∂ \nb-a-k`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏nse G‰hpw henb {]Nm-cW-mbp-[-ambn ab-°p-a-cp∂v hnjbw amdp-I-bmWv ]©m-_n¬. ]©m-_n\pw ]©m-_n-Iƒ°pw t_mfn-hpUv I¬∏n®p \¬Inb ¢otj Cta-Pns\ X®p-S-°p∂ Cu Nn{Xw ka-Im-enI ]©m-_ns‚ Bcpw ImWmØ apJ-amWv A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂-Xv. ab°p-a-cp∂p am^nbbpw cm{„o-b-°mcpw t]meokpw tN¿∂v Fßn-s\-bmWv Hcp \mSns‚ bph-Xsb ]WØn\p th≠n Ipcp-Xn-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv F∂v hc-®p-Im´p∂ Cu Nn{Xw IpSn-tb‰ sXmgn-em-fn-bmb Hcp s]¨Ip-´n°v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ ]oV-\-ß-fneqsSbmWv IY ]d-bp-∂-Xv. am^n-b-bpsS ]nSn-bnab-°p-a-cp-∂n\pw AXns‚ adp-hiamb ssewKnI ASn-a-Ø-Øn\pw hnt[-b-bmb Ahƒ HSp-hn¬ c£s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. ab-°p-a-cp-∂ns‚ Zqjy-h-i-ß-sf-°pdn®pw AXn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm-\p≈ am¿K-ßfpw Nn{Xw kv]¿in-°p-∂p-≠v.

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amK-kn≥ Hu´vtkm-gvknwKv ÿm]-\-amb Zn aoUnbm ^mŒ-dn-bpsS Ub-d-Œ-dmWv teJ-I≥ C˛-sabn¬: kbalakrishnan99@gmail.com

tIcf aoUnb A°m-Z-an- sk{I-´-dn-bmbn C≥^¿ta-j≥ & ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏nse U]yq´n Ub-d-IvS¿ sI. Pn. kt¥mjv Npa-X-e-tb-‰p.

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temIw I≠ hc A¥¿t±iob am[yacwKsØ {]ikvXamb Im¿´qWpIƒ ]cnNbs∏SpØpIbmWv Cu ]w‡nbn¬. amXr`qan Im¿´qWnÃmb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch Xncs™SpØv AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv.

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tKm]oIrjvWs‚ C˛sabn¬: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by A. Abdul Hakkim, Secretary, Kerala Media Academy, Published from Kerala Media Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: Sergy Antony

Pq¨ 2016

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2016 ˛¬ ]pen-‰vk¿ ]pc-kvIm-c-Øn\v A¿l-amb Nn{Xw sNdp bm{Xm-t_m-´n¬ \n∂pw {Ko°v Zzo]mb sekvt_m-kn-te°v IS°p-∂X - n\n-Sb - n¬ Xs‚ Ip™p-ßsf tN¿Øp-]n-Sn-°p∂ kndn-b≥ A`bm¿∞n. bqtdm-]y≥ A`-bm¿∞n-I-fpsS ssZ\yX shfn-hm-°p∂ Nn{X߃ temI-Øn\p ap∂n-se--Ø n-®-Xn\p 2016se t{_°nMv \yqkv t^mt´m-{K^n hn`m-K-Ønse ]pen-‰vk¿ ]pc-kvImcw tdmbn-t´gvkpw \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkpw tN¿∂p ]¶n-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tdmbn-t´-gvkn\p th≠n Cu Nn{Xw ]I¿Øn-bXv {Ko°v t^mt´m-tP¿W-enÃpw tdmbnt´-gvknse {][m\ t^mt´m-{K-^-dp-amb bm∂nkv s_lvcmIn-km-Wv. bm∂nkv s_lvcmInkv Pq¨ 2016

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Media Monthly | June 2016 | `20/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/01676

Pq¨ 2016