Media for approval

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Unkw_多 2015

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tUm. ssa°nƒ ]pØ≥X-d- cNn®v tIcf aoUnb A°mZan ]pdØnd°nb AUz¿ssSknMv F∂ ]pkvXIw {]apJkmlnXyImc≥ tkXp {]Imi\w sNøp∂p.

tIcf aoUnb A°m-Zan C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Iayq-Wn-t°-js‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n® kvtImf¿ C≥ Imºkv ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ C¥y-bpsS hntZi\bhpw ka-Im-enI{]iv\-ßfpw F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ ap≥ Aw_m-kn-U¿ Sn.-]n. {io\n-hm-k≥ {]`m-jWw \S-Øp-∂p.

Unkw_¿ 2015

(3)

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Unkw_¿ 2015

]pkvXIw 4

e°w 5

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FUnt‰mdnbNp‰pw t_mw_v hogp-tºmgpw Ah¿ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ]Tn®p

04 The Transformation of film journalism in India

06

- C. ]n. jmPp-±o≥ Ncn{X k‘n-I-fnse kPo-h-km£yw

11

India’s Foreign Policy and Contemporary Issues

14

Hcp aoUnbm amt\-Pvsa‚v kvarXn

tUm. kt¥mjv tPm¿Pv Towards a New Federalism B.G. Verghese

Students’ Corner

F≥.- ]n. B¿

29

T.P. Sreenivasan

35

sI. F¬. taml-\-h¿Ω

18

J. V. Vil’anilam

CXv \-Po-_p-≈ Jp-ssdjn, sF-F-k-vsF-F-kv ]-cn-io-e-\ Iym-ºn¬ \n-∂v...

26

Shoma A. Chatterji

hm¿ØbpsS Ncn-{X-]m-T-߃

39

jmPn tP°_v

23

A°m-Zan hm¿Ø-Iƒ

46

Bookshelf

49

temIw I≠ hc

50

s{^bnw s^bnw

51 Unkw_¿ 2015

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ap≥hm-Xn¬

anssk-ep-Iƒ°n-S-bnse ]h¿Ø\w am[ya {{]h¿Ø\w

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Editor Sergy Antony Editorial Board E.P. Shajuddeen N. Rajesh P. Sujathan T. R. Madhukumar C. N. Mohanan Design & Layout Chetana Media, Kottayam Printer & Publisher A. Abdul Hakkim Marketing In Charge Shainus Markose Address ‘Media’ Kerala Media Academy Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 Email : kmamedia2015@gmail.com mediamag.kma@gmail.com Website: www.keralamediaacademy.org

Unkw_¿ 2015

{]Xn-k‘n L´-ß-fn¬ [oc-X-tbmsS \ne-]m-SpI-sf-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXp s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ FØn-°pIbpw sNøpI F∂-XmWp am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS [¿aw. kml-N-cy-ßsf NqjWw sNbvXv hm¿Ø Is≠-Øp-I-b√ hkvXp-X-Isf Xncn-®-dn™v P\-ka£w FØn-°pI F∂-XmWp am[y-a-ß-fpsS ZuXyw. CØcw ASn-ÿm\ aqey-߃ F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw ]e kμnKv[ L´-ß-fnepw am[y-a{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS Nph-Sp-Ifpw ]ng-bv°m-dp≠v. AØcw ]ng-hp-Iƒ kaq-lØ - n-ep-≠m-°p∂ BLm-Xß - ƒ Gsd hep-Xm-bn-cn°pw. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ shSn-bp-≠Iƒ°pw anssk-ep-Iƒ°pw at[y kz¥w tPmen- sNtø-≠n-hc - p∂ \nc-h[n am[y-a{- ]-h¿Ø-Ic - p≠v. AØcw kwL¿j taJ-e-I-fn¬\n∂p hcp∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°pw hm¿Øm Nn{X-߃°pw sSen-hn-j≥ ss_‰p-Iƒ°pw XobpsS NqSpw IÆo-cns‚ \\-hp-ap≠v.v am[y-a{- ]-h¿Ø\w Gsd sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ kndn-b-bnse Be-t∏m-bn¬ \qdn-tetd t]¿°v am[y-a{]-h¿Ø\ ]co-io-e\w \¬Inb ssk\ G¿sslans‚ IY-bmWv Cu e°-Ønse apJteJ--\-Øn¬ ]dbp-∂Xv. kndn-b-bn¬ apJy-[mcm am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø\w Poh≥ ]Wbw h®p≈ tPmen-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. `c-W-Iq-Shpw AXns‚ i{Xp-°fpw Hcp-t]mse am[y-a-

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{]-h¿Ø-Isc th´-bm-Sp∂p. CXn-\n-Snbnepw kn‰n-k¨ tP¿W-en-kv‰p-If - m-Im≥ Bfp-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Gsd IuXp-I-ap-W¿Øp∂ Imcy-amWv. am[y-a-cw-KØp tPmen sNøp-∂-h¿ \nc-¥c \nco-£-W-Øn-em-hp∂ kndnb t]mep≈ cmPy-ß-fn¬ kzX{¥ am[y-a{]-h¿Ø\w t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Nn¥n-°m-hp-∂-Xn-\p-a-∏p-d-amWv. {]^-jW¬ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I-sc√mw kndnb hn´n-cn-°p∂p. F∂n´pw P\-ß-fpsS Adnbm- \ p≈ Ah- I miw kwc- £ n- ° m≥ ssk\-sb-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿ Poh≥ ]Wbw h®pw am[y- a - c w- K Øp {]h¿Øn- ° m≥ Xbm- d p- ≈ - h ¿°p th≠- ] - c n- i o- e - \ w\¬Ip∂p.

Zn\w-{]Xn \nc-h[n t]¿ sIme-sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp cmPyØv tXm°pIƒ°pw anssk-ep-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ am[y-a-]-co-io-\Øn-\mbn FØp∂ sNdp-∏-°m¿ ASßmØ kzmX{¥y hmRvObpw XI¿°m\m- h mØ P\m- [ n- ] - X y- t _m- [ - h p- a mWp {]I- S n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv . Pohs\- ° p- d n- ® p≈ Bi-¶-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw Adn-bm-\p≈ AhIm-ihpw Adn-bn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw kwc-£n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-h-cpsS C—m-i‡nbpw Bfl-_-ehpw F{X {]Io¿Øn®m-emWv A[n-I-am-hpI? P\m-[n-]-Xy-[zw-k-\-Øn\p `c-W-IqS-߃ aSn Im´m-Xm-hp-tºmƒ H‰-s∏´ Nne apt∂-‰-߃°p henb kzm[o\w sNepØm≥ km[n°pw. \h- a m- [ y- a - ß - f n- e qsSbpw a‰pw am‰-߃°p≈ Blzm-\ß - ƒ i‡n-{]m-]n-°p-tºmƒ AXp-f-hm-°p∂ {]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-Ip∂ am‰ßfpw CuPn- ] v X nepw en_n- b - b n- e psams° \mw I≠p. ]t£, CØcw am‰ßƒ \ne-\n¬°-W-sa-¶n¬ i‡-amb kwLm- S \ ASn- Ø - d Bh- i y- a m- W v . \n¿`m- K y- h - i m¬ ]te- S Øpw AØcw _e-h-Ømb kwhn-[m-\-߃ thcp-]n-Sn°m-Ø-Xv CØcw apt∂-‰-ß-fpsS {]k‡n-Xs∂ tNmZyw sNøp-∂-Xmbn.

BtKm- f - X - e - Ø n¬ am[y- a - c wKw CØcw \nc-h[n `oj-Wn-Iƒ t\cn-Sptºmgpw C¥y-bn¬ \mw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ kzmX- { ¥ysØ- ° p- d n®pw AXp \¬tI≠ Npa-X-em-t_m-[-sØ-°p-dn®pw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. cmPyØv am[y-a-{]h¿Ø- I ¿ t\cn- S p∂ {]Xn- k - ‘ n- I sf

hnkva-cn-®p-sIm-≠√ CXp ]d-bp-∂Xv. sXmgn¬]-c-amb ]e sh√phn-fn-Ifpw C¥y≥ am[ya temIw C∂p t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v. A]-I-S-I-camb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ tPmen sNtø-≠n-h-cp∂ am[y-a-{]-h¿ØI¿ \nc-h[ - n-bmWv. ASp-ØI - m-eØ - p-Xs∂ GXm\pw am[y-a{- ]-h¿ØI¿ sIm√-s∏´ kw`-h-ß-fp-≠mbn. sXmgn¬cw-KsØ A\n-›n-XXzw C¥y≥am-[y-a-temIw t\cnSp∂ henb sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv. A®-Sn-am-[y-a-߃°v C∂pw C¥ybn¬ hen-b- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øm≥ km[n-°p∂p. Zriy--am-[y-a-߃ Gsd h∂n´pw CXn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w D≠m-bn-´n√. \h-am-[y-a-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]pXnb Xe-apd henb am‰-߃°mWv XpS°w Ipdn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. U¬ln-bn¬ Bw BZvan ]m¿´n-°p-≠mb sXcs™-Sp∏p hnPbw cmPysØ am[y-a-ß-fpsS IcpØv sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xm-bn-cp∂p. \h-am-[y-a-ßfpw Cu apt∂-‰-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p-hln®p.

Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am‰-߃ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønepw am[ya ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-ep-ap-≠m-hWw. C¥y-bpsS sshhn-[y-]q¿W-amb kmaqly kml-Ncyw Dƒs°m-≠p-thWw \mw CXn-\p≈ Xbm-sdSp∏p \S-tØ-≠Xv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-amWv \ΩpsS Poh-hmbp. F√m hn`mK-߃°pw Xpey-]-cn-K-W-\bpw Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzhpw Dd-∏m-°m≥ P\m[n-]Xy-Øn\p am{Xta km[n°q. i‡-am-sbmcp `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XW-en-emWv \Ωp-sS-P-\m-[n]Xy kwhn-[m-\-߃°p Icp-Øp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. hnizm-k-ßfnepw BNm-cW - ß - fnepw C{X-tb-sd- sshhn-[y-ap≈ Hcp kaq-lØ - n¬ atXX- c - X zta hnP- b n°q. AXn- \ m- b p≈ hyh- ÿ - I ƒ `c- W - L - S \bn¬Øs∂ Dƒs∏- S p- Ø n- b n- c n- ° p∂p. P\m- [ n- ] Xy atX- X c tkmjy-enÃv dn∏-ªn-s°∂ hnti-jWw hy‡-ambn `c-W-L-S-\bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. tNcn-tNcm \b-Øns‚ ]n∂nepw \ΩpsS hy‡-amb P\m-[n]Xy t_m[hpw \oXn-t_m-[h - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm {]iv\sØbpw AXns‚ kml-Ncyhpw {]k-‡nbpw a\-kn-em°n kao-]n-°pI F∂Xm-bn-cp∂p F°m-ehpw \Ωp-sS-hn-tZ-i-\-b-Øns‚ A¥-xkØ. tkmhy‰v tNcn-tbmSv B`n-apJyw ]pe¿Øn-sb∂p Icp-Xp∂ ImeL-´-Øn¬t∏mepw C¥y°v kz¥-amb hy‡nXzw ]pe¿Øm≥km[n-®p. km{am-PyXz i‡n-Iƒ°p hiw-h-Z-cm-ImsX, F°m-ehpw kz¥-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn-ep-d®p \n¬°m≥ \ap°p Ign-™Xpw \ne]m-Sp-I-fnse hy‡-X-sIm-≠mWv. cmPyw kzmX{¥yw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ sFIy-cm-jv{Sk-`bn¬ C¥ybpw AwK-ambn. kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ BZy \mfp-Ifn¬Øs∂ BtKmf cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Im≥ C¥y-°mbn. C¥y-bpsS Ign™ Ggp ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Im-esØ hntZi \bsØbpw BtKmf \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw Ipdn®pw Cu e°Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. kvtImf¿ C≥ Imºkv ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS `mKambn Hmtcm hnj-b-sØ°p-dn®pw B aWvU-e-Øn¬ {]Xn` sXfnbn-®-h-sc- ]s¶-Sp-∏n®v \S-Øp∂ {]`m-j-W]-c-º-c-bn¬ \n∂p≈ CØcw GSp-Iƒ XpS¿e-°-ß-fnepw {]kn-≤o-I-cn°pw. \mfsØ am[y-a-k-aq-l-Øn\v hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Bg-Øn-ep≈ Adnhp ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-I-bmWv CXns‚ e£yw. am[y-a-cwKw t\cnSp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf [oc-X-tbmsS t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-s\m∏w Adn-hpIƒ IqSp-X¬ t{]m÷ze-am-°m\pw am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ {i≤n-t°-≠n-bncn-°p∂p.

Unkw_¿ 2015

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C. ]n jmPp-±o≥

Np‰pw t_mw_v hogp-tºmgpw Ah¿ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ]Tn®p B`y-¥c bp≤-Ønepw hntZi B{I-a-W-Ønepw XI¿∂ knd-n-b≥ \K-c-amb Bse-t∏m-bn-¬ \qdntesd t]¿°v ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ ]cn-io-e\w \¬In ]o‰¿ a°v s e¿ Ahm¿Un- \ ¿lbmb ]{X- {]h¿ØI ssk\ F¿sslw .

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s‚ hoSn\p apI-fn-eqsS Hcp slen-tIm]vS¿ ]d-°p-∂p-≠v. AsXmcp _mc¬ t_mw_v CSpw. AsX-hnsS hogp-sa∂v B¿°pw Adn-bn-√.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ sF.-F-kv.-sF.-F-kns‚ Xe-h≥ A_q-_-°¿ A¬˛-_m-KvZm-Zn-tb-°mƒ A]I-S-Imcn kndn-b≥ {]kn-U‚ v _j¿ A¬-˛-A-kZv BsW∂p Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. Chn-sS, Bse-t∏m-bnP\-߃ BIm-i-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp-∂- a-c-W-Øns‚ `oXnbn-em-Wv. IrXy-amb ÿe-߃ Is≠Øn t_mw_nSp∂ Ata-cn-°≥ kJy-tk-\-bp-sSbpw Fhn-sSbpw t_mw_n-Sp∂ kndn-b≥ tk\-bp-sSbpw hnam-\-߃ Xncn-®d - n-bm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√. Ata-cn-°≥ kJy tk\bpsS anssk-ep-Ifpw kndn-b≥ tk\-bpsS _mc≥ t_mw_p-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw F\n°p Xncn®-dn-bm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√. acWw Fhn-sS-\n∂pw hcmw.

F\n°v Hfn-°m-\m-hn-√.'' kndn- b - b n¬, acWw hnf- b m- S p∂ Bse- t ∏m bn¬\n∂v ssk\ F¿sslw F∂ h\nXm ]{X-{]h¿ØI Xs‚ Np‰p-ap≈ temI-sØ hnh-cn®v FgpXnb Hcp teJ-\-Øns‚ XpS-°-am-Wn-Xv. Fhn-tS°p t\m°n-bmepw Zpc-¥-ß-fpsS t\¿Nn{X-߃, XI¿∂ hoSp-Iƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ, tUmIvS¿amtcm Unkw_¿ 2015

(7) acpt∂m C√mØ Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, XI¿∂ IqcIƒ°p Iosg-bp≈ kvIqfp-Iƒ, acn-®-hsc AS°m≥ ivaim-\-am°n am‰-s∏´ ]m¿°p-Iƒ, agbp≈ cm{Xn-I-fn¬ am{Xw Hgn-™p-\n¬°p∂ B{I-aW hnam-\-߃, ip≤-Pew IWn-ImWm≥ t]mep-an-√. B-set∏m Hcp Zpc¥ Nn{XamWv hc®p Im´p-∂-Xv. hep-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ Bcm-Im-\mWv B{K-lsa∂p tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ "Rm≥ hep-Xm-Ip-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√, AXn-\p-ap≥]v t_mw_v s]m´n acn®p t]mIp-sa∂v' adp-]Sn ]d-bp∂ Ipcp-∂pIƒ hf-cp∂ ÿe-amb Bse-t∏m-bn-te°v ssk\sb tXSn ASp-ØnsS Hcp Ahm¿Uv FØn. [ochpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\-Øn\v h¿jwtXmdpw \¬In hcp-∂ ]o‰¿ a°v s e¿ Ahm¿Uv . ssk\ ChnsS\n∂v dnt∏m¿´v sNøpI am{X-a-√, bphm-°ƒ°v ]{X{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e-\hpw \¬Ip-∂p.

Ign™ c≠p h¿j-Øn-\Iw \qdp-t]¿°mWv ssk\ ]cn-io-e\w \¬In-b-Xv. AXn¬ aq∂nsem∂pw kv{XoIƒ. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°v Xosc ]‰mØ cmPy-am-Wn-t∏mƒ kndn-b. IΩn‰n Sp s{]ms´IvSv tPW-enÃvkv (kn.-]n.-sP.) 180 cmPyß-fpsS ]´n-I-bp-≠m-°n-b-Xn¬ 177-˛mw ÿm\ØmWv B cmPyw. AXn¬ Xs∂ G‰hpw ]cnXm-]-I-c-amb Ahÿ Bse-t∏m-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. kndn-b-bnse G‰hpw ]cn-jvIr-Xhpw hnI-knX-hp-amb ÿe-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂ Bse-t∏mbn- e mWv sF.- F - k v . - s F.- F kv F∂ `oIc kwL-S\ BZyw Xmh-f-ap-d-∏n-®-Xv. AXn\p

ap≥t] AhnsS k¿°m-cns\ FXn¿°p∂ hnaX kwL-S-\bmb P_Øv A¬-˛-\pkvd {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah¿ ho≠pw sF.-F-kv.-sF.-F-kns\ Xpc-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿s°-Xnsc _jdns‚ k¿°m¿ tk\ cwK-sØ-Øn. Chn-sS-bp≈ Hmtcm ]{X{]-h¿Ø-I\pw Ft∏mgpw \nco-£-W-Øn-em-Wv. k¿°m-cns‚bpw sF.-F-kv.-sF.-F-kn-s‚bpw hna-X-cp-sSbpw \nco-£-WØn¬. B¿°pw kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏n-√. `oXn-P-\-I-amb Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv kn‰n-k¨ tPW-en-Ãp-I-fm-Im≥ \qtdmfw t]¿ cwK-Øp-h-∂-Xv. Ahsc ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ _me-]mT-߃ ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-sb∂ AXy¥w A]-I-S-I-c-amb Nph-Sp-hbv∏mWv ssk\sb Ahm¿Un-\¿l-bm-°n-b-Xv. hm¿Øbpw ^o®dpw Fßs\ Fgp-XW - w, hkvXp-\n-jvTX Fßs\ ImØp kq£n-°-Ww F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ]mT-ß-fmWv ssk\ Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-®X - v. Ah-cpsS ]e Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw hntZ-isØ {]apJ am[ya-ß-fn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. sF.-F-kv-.sF.-F-kv. Bset∏m Iog-S-°n-b-t∏m-fmWv ssk\ kn‰n-k¨ tPW-en-Ãp-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®Xv. Bse-t∏m-bnse Hmtcm ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-s\bpw C√mbva sNøm≥ sF.-F-kv.-sF.-F-kv. {i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. AhnsS \S-°p∂ A{I-a-ßfpw {Iqc-X-Ifpw ]pdw-temIw Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°m-\m-bncp∂p Ah-cpsS {iaw. ]Øp-t]sc hoX-amWv ssk\ ]Tn-∏n®n-cp-∂X - v. ]cn-io-e\w FhnsS h®m-sW∂v Xte∂p cm{Xn am{XamWv hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSp ]d-bp-I. F√m-hcpw Hfn®pw ]mØpamWv ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-s\-Øp-I. "H‰bv°p hc-cpXv' "Imadm sIm≠p-h-c-cpXv' F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ \n¿tZ-i-ß-fmWv Ah¿°p \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kndn-b-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ s{]m^-j-W¬ ]{X{]-h¿Ø-I-scm-∂p-an-s√∂v ssk\ ]d-bp-∂p. hna-X-cpsS \nb{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Bcp-an-√. Ahn-sS-sbms° Znh-

Unkw_¿ 2015

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"acWw GXp \nan-jhpw hcmw. AXn-\m¬ Rm≥ AtX-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-∂tX-bn-√.' ssk\ ]d-bp-∂p. khpw thymam-{I-a-W-߃ \S--°p-I-bm-Wv. Bse-t∏m-bn¬ Znh-khpw \m¬]Xp t]sc-¶nepw acn-°p-∂p.

"Hcp hntZi dnt∏m¿´¿ bp≤taJ-e-bn¬ sN∂v tPmen sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ-b√ kndn-b-bnse ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-tS-Xv. Ah¿ F∂pw t\m´∏p-≈n-I-fm-Wv. ssk\yhpw k¿°mcpw hna-Xcpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fp-sa√mw Ahsc \nco-£n-°p-∂p. am{X-hp-a-√, kz¥w kplr-Øp-°ƒ, _‘p°ƒ, D‰-h¿ F∂n-h-sc-°p-dn®p thWw Fgp-Xm≥.' ap∏-Xp-Im-cn-bmb ssk\ ]d-bp-∂p.

Hmtcm Znh-khpw Np‰pw F¥mWp kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂p ]d-bm≥ km[n-°n-√. Hcp Znhkw k¿°m¿ ssk\y-Øns‚ slen-tIm-]vSdn¬\n∂v Hcp _mc¬ t_mw_v hogp∂ `bm-\-I-amb i_vZw tI´p.

kndn-b≥ {]kn-U‚ v _j¿ A¬-˛-A-kZv Unkw_¿ 2015

slen-tIm-]vS¿ hcp-∂Xp tI´-t∏mtg `¿Ømhv alvaqZv ssk\-bpsS sNhn s]mØn- ∏ n- S n- ® n- c p- ∂ p. ASp- Ø Xv t_mw_v hogp∂ i_vZ-am-sW∂v Ccph¿°pw Adn-bmw. P\m-e-I-sf-sb√mw XI¿sØ-dn™v `qan apgp-h≥ {]I-º\w sIm≈n®v t_mw_v hoWp- I - g n™p t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ ASp-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]g-©≥ sI´nSw IØp-∂p. Hcp- \gvkdn kvIqfm-bn-cp∂p AXv. ssk\bpw alvaqZpw Ahn-tS°v HmSn-s®-∂p. Icn™-hn-dIp sIm≈n-t]mse acn®p InS°p∂ Ipcp- ∂ p- I ƒ. c£- s ∏- ´ h¿ \njvI- f - ¶ - a mbn tNmZn- ° p∂p "Rßfpw acn-®pthm'sb∂v. ho≠pw B{I-aWw D≠mhpw AXn-\m¬ c£s∏-Sm≥ ]d-™-t∏mƒ Hcp _me≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. XI¿∂p InS-°p∂ Hcp apdn Im´n Ah≥ ]d-™p, Fs‚ A\pP≥ AXn\I-Øp-≠v, Ah-\n-√msX Rm≥ Ftßm-´p-an-√.

Bdp Ip™p-ßfpw aq∂v A[ym]-Icpw acn® B Znhkw t]mse i]n°-s∏-´-XmWv Bse-t∏m-bnse an° Znh-k-ß-fp-sa∂v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v hm¿ B≥Uv ]okv dnt∏m¿´nßn (sF.]n.-U-ªyp.-B¿)s‚ kndnb s{]mPIvSv tIm¿Un-t\-‰-dmb ssk\ Ah-cpsS sh_vssk-‰n¬ Ipdn-®p. kndn-bt- ]mse B`y-¥c kwL¿j-ßfpw bp≤hpw t\cn-Sp∂ cmPy-ß-fnse ]{X-{]-h¿ØIsc klm-bn-°p∂ kwL-S-\-bmWv sF.-U-ªyp.]n.-B¿. sF.-U-ªyp.-]n.-B¿. A\p-h-Zn® km‰-sse‰v C‚¿s\‰v D≈-Xn-\m-emWv ssk\bv°v ]pd-tØ°v hm¿Ø Abbv ° m≥ km[n- ° p- ∂ - X v . A√msX

(9) C‚¿s\‰v kuIcyw AhnsS B¿°p-an-√. Znhkhpw c≠p-a-Wn-°q¿ am{Xw sshZypXn In´p∂ ChnsS C‚¿s\‰v hfsc henb BUw-_-c-amWv. "acWw GXp \nan-jhpw hcmw. AXn-\mRm≥ AtX- ° p- d n®v Nn¥n- ° p- ∂ - t X- b n- √ . ""ssk\ ]d-bp-∂p. Bse-t∏m-bnse Hcmsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hnam-\m-{I-a-W-Øn¬ acW-a-S-bm-\p≈ km[yX X≈m-\m-hn-√. Aß-s\bp-≠m-hn-s√∂p {]Xo-£n-°mt\ ]‰q. am{X-hpa-√, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°v Hmtcm Znh-khpw ZpcnX-]q¿W-am-Wv. ssk\ kndn-b-bnse a‰p \K-cß-fn-te°p t]mIm-dn-√. Ad-Ãn-em-Imt\m sF.F-kv.-sF.-F-kp-Im-cpsS ]nSn-bn¬ s]Smt\m km[y-X-tb-sd. Ct∏m-gsØ ÿnXn-bn¬ kndnb-bn¬ kam-[m\w hcp-sa∂p Nn¥n-°m-t\-bmhn-s√-∂mWv Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂X - v. "F\n-°n\n Uamkv°-kn¬ t]mIm≥ ]‰p-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n√.'˛A-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p.

XpS-sc-bp≈ B{I-aW-߃ kndn-b-bnse h\n-X-Isf Icp-Ø-cm-°n-sb∂p ssk\ ]d-bpw.

Xncn-®-Sn-I-fn¬ ]I®p \n¬°p-∂-h-c√ Ah¿.

AXp-sIm-≠mWv Poh≥ A]-I-S-Øn-em-sW-∂dn-™n-´pw -]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-cm-Im≥ Ah-cn]ecpw Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-®X - v. Bip-]{- Xn-If - nepw ]cnio-e\ tI{μ-ß-fnepw ]e kmaqly {]h¿Ø\-cw-KØpw k∂≤ tkh-\-Øn\p kv{XoIƒ ap∂n-´n-d-ßn. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ H∏-an-√msX kv{XoIƒ ]pd- Ø n- d - ß - c p- s X∂ \nb- a ap≈ ÿe- ß fn¬t]mepw h\n-X-Iƒ ap∂-Wn-bn-te-s°-Øn. ssk\ \n¿an® "kndn-bmkv dn_-eykv hna≥' F∂ tUmIyp-sa‚dn B hocNcnXw hnh-cn-°p∂p.

Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-√m-amWv ssk\sb ]o‰¿ a°v s e¿ Ahm¿Un- t e- s °- Ø n- ® - X v . dnt∏m¿t´gvkv hnØu´v t_m¿U¿ (dnt∏m¿t´gvkv km≥kv t{^m≠n-tb-gvkv-˛-B¿.-F-

sF.-F-kv.-sF.-F-kns‚ Xe-h≥ A_q-_-°¿ A¬˛-_m-KvZm-Zn kv.-F-^v), t•m_¬ aoUnb t^mdw, cmPym-¥c hm¿Øm GP≥kn-bmb F.-F-^v.-]n. F∂nh tN¿∂v G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXmWv ]o‰¿ a°vse¿ Ahm¿Uv. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ [m¿an-I-Xbp≈ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-th≠n {]h¿Øn-®, ap∏-Ø©mw hb-kn¬ A¥-cn® ]o‰¿ a°vse-dns‚ t]cn¬ 2008-˛¬ G¿s∏Sp-Øn-b-XmWv Cu Ahm¿Uv. hmjn-MvS¨ Unkn-bnse \mjW¬ {]kv¢-∫n¬ \S∂ NS-ßn¬ ssk\ F¿sslw ]o‰dns‚ aIƒ Iman-√-bn¬\n∂v Ahm¿Uv G‰p-hm-ßn. kndn-b-bn¬ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂-sX-s¥∂v cmPym¥c am[y-a-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂n-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p kndn-b-bnkJy-I-£n-I-fpsS B{I-a-W-Øn\p t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂ Atacn-°-bpsS `cW kncm-tI-{μ-amb hmjn-MvS¨ Un.-kn-bnAhm¿Uv G‰p-hmßn ssk\ ]d-™-Xv. sF.-F-kv.-sF.-F-

sF.-F-kv.-sF.-Fkns‚ {Iqc-X-Iƒ am{X-amWv am[y-a-߃ ]pd-Øp-hnSp-∂-Xv. km[m-c-W°m-cmb \nc-]-cm-[n-ItfmSv _j¿ AAk-Zns‚ kndn-b≥ tk\ sNøp-∂Xv CXn-t\-°mƒ {Iqc-X-bm-Wv. Unkw_¿ 2015

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kns‚ {Iqc-X-Iƒ am{X-amWv am[y-a-߃ ]pdØp-hn-Sp-∂-Xv. km[m-c-W-°m-cmb \nc-]-cm-[n-ItfmSv _j¿ A¬ Ak-Zns‚ kndn-b≥ tk\ sNøp-∂Xv CXn-t\-°mƒ {Iqc-X-bm-Wv. temIw Icp-Xp-∂Xv kndn-bb - n¬ Ak-Zns‚ tk\bpw sF.-Fk - v.s - F.-Fk - v. `oI-c∑ - mcpw XΩnep≈ t]mcm´w \S-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. F∂m¬, sF.-F-kv.-sF.-F-kns\ t\cn-Sp-∂Xv Chn-SpsØ km[m-c-W-°m-cm-Wv. Ahsc temIw Xo{h-hmZn-I-fmbn ImWp-∂p. Ahsc t\cn-Sm-\mbn AkZns‚ tk\ \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf sIms∂m-Sp-°p-∂p.

Bse-t∏m-bnse P\-߃ C∂p \ncm-i-cm-Wv. Ak-Zns‚ `c-W-Øn-s\-Xntc cwKØph∂ hna-

Xsc temIw klm-bn-®n-√. Ah¿ a\p-jym-hIm-i-߃ am{X-amWv tNmZn-®-Xv. AXv- temIw a\-kn-em-°n-bn-√. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv sF.-F-kv.sF.-F-kv.-cw-KØp h∂-Xv. Ah¿ ]pdw \m´p-Imcm-Wv. Ah¿ Rß-fpsS cmPysØ \in-∏n-®p.

C∂v hna-X¿ Htc kabw Ak-Zns‚ tk\sbbpw sF.-F-kv.-sF.-Fkv `oI-scbpw t\cntS≠ Ahÿ-bn-em-Wv. ˛ssk\ ]d-bp-∂p.

"Xs‚bpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw A[zm-\Øn\p ^e-ap-≠m-sb-∂mWv Cu Ahm¿Uv sXfnbn-°p-∂-Xv. Btcm R߃°v Icp-X¬ Xcp-∂ps≠∂v CXp- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂p. Rß-fpsS AXnPo-h-\-Øn\p Icp-ØmIpw CXv' Ahm-¿Un-t\°p-dn®v ssk\ ]d-™p. ssk\bv°v Ahm¿Uv \¬In-b-Xn-eqsS kndn-b-bnse P\-ß-fpsS ss[cy-Øns\bpw A`n-{]mb kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ t]mcm-´-Øn-s\bp-amWv X߃ am\n-°p-∂s - X-∂m-bn-cp∂p B¿.F- k v . - F - ^ ns‚ Ub- d - I v S ¿ sU¬ss^≥ Unkw_¿ 2015

lm¬Km≥Uns‚ A`n-{]m-bw. kndn-b-bn¬ \n∂p≈ bYm¿∞ hnh-c-߃ Adn-bm≥ ssk\-sbbpw Ah-cpsS hnZym¿∞n-I-sfbpw t]mse as‰mscbpw B{i-bn-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂X - n-\m¬ ]o‰¿ a°vse-¿ Db¿Øn∏n-Sn® Bi-bß - f - psS bYm¿∞ Ah-Im-in-If - mWv Xß-sf∂v Ah¿ sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v F.-F-^v.-]n-bpsS hSt° Ata-cn-°≥ Ub-dI - vS¿ tUhnUv an√n-In≥ ]d-™Xv ssk\bpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS aqeyw hy‡-am-°p-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p. kndn-b-bn¬\n∂v At\-Im-bn-c-߃ ]em-b\w sNøp-∂Xp-t]mse \n߃°pw kndn-bb - n¬\n∂p c£-s]-´pIqtS F∂p tNmZn-°p-∂h - t- cmSv ssk\bv°v Ht∂ ]d-bm-\p-≈q, Fs‚ Np‰p]m-Sp-ap-≈-h¿ acn®p hoWXv kzX{¥ kndn-bbv°v th≠n-bmWv . Ah- c psS t]mcm´w F\n°p ]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww. As√-¶n¬ Xs∂ _n.-_n.kn.-bpsS Ad_n hn`mKw ]{X- { ]- h ¿ØI F∂ tPmen hen- s ®- d n™v ssk\ c≠p-h¿jw ap≥]v kndn-b-bn-te°v FØn-bXp Xs∂ AhnsS P\-߃ \SØp∂ t]mcm-´sØ ]{X-{]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS klm-bn°pI F∂ e£yw h®m-bncp- ∂ p. At∏mƒ Ahn- s S\n∂p c£-s∏-SpI F∂Xv Nn¥-Iƒ°pw A∏p-dw.

F¶nepw kndn- b ≥ ]mkvt]m¿´v ssIh-i-ap-≈Xn-\m¬ hnam-\-Øm-h-f-ßfnepw a‰pw aWn- ° q- d p- I tfmfw tNmZyw sNø-en-\p\n∂p sImSp-t°-≠n-hc - p-∂p.

ASp-ØnsS e≠-\nse lo{Xp hnam-\Ø - m-hf - Ø - n¬ H∂c aWn°q¿ \o≠p- tNmZywsNø¬. CSbv°v Ata-cn-°≥ hnk d±m°-s∏-´p. kndn-b-°m¿ A`-bm¿∞n-I-fmbn ]em-b\w sNøp-∂Xv bqtdm-∏nse kpJ-ku-Icyw {]Xo-£n-®√ - , Poh≥ c£n-°m≥ th≠n-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp∂ ssk\, X\n°pw FhnsS sN∂mepw A`-bm¿∞n-bm-tWm-sb∂p kwi-bn-°p-∂h - c - psS ap∂n¬ s]tS≠n-hc - p-∂p-s≠∂v ]d-bp-∂p. Cu Xpdn®v t\m´-Øn¬ a\w-aS- pØv Ah¿ ASp-ØnsS Szn‰-dn¬ Cßs\ Ipdn®p: Rm≥ t]mIp∂ cmPym-¥c hnam-\Ø - m-hf - ß - f - n-se√mw Xo{h-hm-Zn-bm-tWm-sb∂ kwi-bn-°s - ∏´v aSp-Øn-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. AtX, Rm≥ kndn-b° - mcn-bm-Wv, ]t£, \nß-fpsS kpμc cmPy-Øn¬ A`bw tXSn hcp∂ Hcp-hf - √ - ! .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

awKfw Zn\-]-{X-Øns‚ No^v \yqkv FUn-‰-dmWv teJ-I≥.

C˛-sabn¬: epshajudeen@gmail.com

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tUm. kt¥mjv tPm¿Pv

Ncn{Xk‘n-I-fnse kPo-h-km£yw {]ikvX ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ _n. Pn. h¿Kokv Ime-b-h-\n-I-bv°p-≈n¬ ad-™n´v Unkw-_¿ 30 \v Hcp h¿jw XnI-bp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ anIhv ASp-Ø-dn-bp-I.

C

¥y-bnse F∂√ temIsØ Xs∂ \n¿`b ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-`I-fn-sem-∂mb _n.-Pn. h¿§okv temI-tØmSv hnS-]-d-™n-´v Cu Unkw-_dn¬ Hcp h¿jw XnI-bp-∂p. C¥ysb kw_-‘n-®n-StØmfw hnI-k-t\m-∑pJ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XpS°-°m-c≥ F∂pw _qªn tPm¿Pv h¿§o-kns\ hntijn-∏n-°mw. {]kn-≤-amb Uq¨ kvIqfnse hnZym-`ym-khpw

tIw{_nUvPv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse _ncp-Z-˛_ncpZm\¥c ]T-\-hp-sams° h¿§o-kn\v ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v CS \¬In-bn-cn-°mw.

Xncp-h-√-bnse tImgn-a-Æn¬ IpSpw-_mw-K-amb h¿Kokv P\n-®Xv _¿Ω-bn-em-Wv. sUdm-Uq-Wnse Uq¨ kvIqƒ ]T-\-Imew apX¬ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-tØmSv AS-ßmØ Bk-‡nbp-≠m-bn-cp∂ h¿Kokv kvIqfnse BgvN-∏-Xn-∏ns‚ Unkw_¿ 2015

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FUn-‰-dm-bmWv ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v lcn{io Ipdn°p-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv U¬ln-bnse sk‚ v Ão^≥kv tImtf-Pnepw tIw{_n-UvPnepw _ncpZ _ncpZm\¥c]T\w \S-Ønb h¿§okv bpF≥ k¿Δo-kmWv tamln-®-sX-¶nepw ssSwkv Hm^v C¥ybn¬ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-Øo-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. 1948 apX¬ 1966 hsc ssSwkv Hm^v C¥y-bn\nch[n Npa-X-e-Iƒ hln® _n.-Pn. h¿§o-kn\v B[p-\nI C¥ybpsS \n¿ΩmWØn\v km£n-bmIm\pw am[y-a-Po-hnXw Ah-k-c-sam-cp°n. A°mesØ Hm¿Ω°p-dn-∏p-I-fmWv Hcp ]t£ At±-lØns‚ Bfl-I-Y-bnse G‰hpw BI¿j-Wo-b-amb `mKhpw.

First Draft witness to making of modern India F∂ Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ s\lvdp-Im-ehpw AXn\v tij-ap≈ Cμn-cm-˛-cm-Pohv bpK-Øn¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v t\cn´ timj-Whpw FSpØp ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

Kh¨sa‚ns\ \nin-X-ambn hna¿in® apJ-te-J\w FUn-‰¿ ]Z-hn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ ]pdØm-°-en-emWv Iem-in-®-Xv. "Im©≥ PwKm, \ns∂ R߃ hnfn-°p∂p' F∂ apJ-{]-kwKw Cμn-csb h√msX sNmSn-∏n-®p. A°m-eØv ISpØ Cμncm `‡-cm-bn-cp∂ ]{X DSa-I-fmb _n¿fm IpSpw-_-°m¿ Hcp \nanjw t]mepw Aam-¥n-°msX h¿§o-kns\, lnμp-ÿm≥ ssSwkn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°n.

ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-bpsS ISpØ hna¿i-I-\m-bncp∂ h¿§okv 1977˛se s]mXp-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏namthen°c ko‰n¬ \n∂v a’-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-sb¶nepw tIm¨{K-knse _n.-sI. \mbtcmSv ]cmPbs∏-´p. CXns\∏‰n h¿§o-kns‚ Xam-i-cq-t]-W-bp≈ {]Xn-I-cWw : ""Cμn-c°pw kRvPbv Km‘n°pw AhcpsS X´-I-Øn¬ In´n-b-Xn-s\-°mfpw thm´v F\n°v e`n-®p, AXp-sIm≠v CsXmcp [m¿anI hnPbw Xs∂'' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. A∂sØ {]Xn-]-£-ap-∂-Wn-

1966 apX¬ 1969 hsc {][m-\-a{¥n Cμn-cm-Km‘n-bpsS am[ya D]-tZ-jvSm-sh∂ \ne-bnA°meØv Cμnc \S-Ønb {]kw-K-ß-sf√mw Xømdm-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv h¿§o-km-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp ImeØv Cμnc-bpsS Acp-a-bm-bn-cp∂ h¿Kokv ]n∂oSv Ah-cpsS \nin-X-hn-a¿i-I\mbnØo¿∂Xv hn[n-ss]-co-Xyw. 1969 apX¬ 1975 hsc lnμp-ÿm≥ ssSwkv FUn-‰-dm-bn-cp∂ h¿§okv \n¿`b- ]-{X-{]-h¿Ø\w F¥m-sW∂pw Hcp FUn‰¿ F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw ]{X-tem-IsØ ]Tn-∏n-®p. kn°n-ans\ _e-{]-tbm-KØn-eqsS C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-∏n® Cμncm

bm-bn-cp∂ P\-X-bp-tSbpw CSXv ]m¿´n-I-fp-tSbpw kwbp‡ ÿm\m¿∞n-bm-bn-´mWv F¬.sI. AZzm-\nbp-tSbpw, C.-Fw.-F-kn-t‚bpw Hs° kΩ¿±-^-e-ambn h¿§okv amth-en-°-c-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. cma-\mYv tKmb-¶b - psS DS-aÿ X - b - n-ep-≠m-bncp∂ C¥y≥ FIvkv{]-kn-em-bn-cp∂p h¿§o-kns‚ ASpØ \ntbm-Kw. 1982 apX¬ 1986 hsc B ]{XØns‚ FUn-‰d - m-bn-cp∂ h¿§okv cma\mYv tKmb¶bpsS Poh-Nc - n-{X-Im-c≥ IqSn-bm-Wv. ""Warrior of the fourth Estate'' F∂ Cu {KŸw ]{X-{]h¿Ø\ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v F∂pw am¿K-Z¿in-bm-Wv.

Unkw_¿ 2015

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87˛mw hb-kn¬ A¥-cn-°p-tºmƒ A\-h[ - nbmb \o°n-bn-cp-∏p-Iƒ kΩm-\n-®mWv _n.-Pn. h¿§okv F∂ {]Xn-`m-[\ - ≥ hnS-hm-ßp-∂X - v. 1977˛bpsWkvtIm aq∂mw temI-cm-Py-Ønse ]{X-{]-

h¿Ø-\c - w-KsØ {]iv\߃ ]Tn-°m≥ \nb-an® aIvss{_Uv (Mac Bride) IΩo-j≥ AwKw F∂ \nebv°pw At±lw \nkvXp-ea - mb kw`m-h\ - I - fmWv \¬In-bX - v. At±-lt- Øm-sSm∏w Cu IΩo-j\nD≠m-bn-cp∂ a‰wK-ßfpw AXn-{]-ik - X v c - m-W.v {]ikvX t\mh-enÃv K{_n-tb¬ Km¿knb am¿t°kv, It\Unb≥ am[ya Kpcp am¿j¬ aIveql≥ Ch-tcm-sSms° tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-®mWv 1980˛¬ {]kn-≤a - mb aIvss{_Uv dnt∏m¿´v "Htc temIw hnhn-[\ - m-Zß - ƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ ka¿∏n-°s - ∏-´X - .v aq∂mw temI-cmPy-ßfnse hnh-ch - n-\n-ab - c - w-KØv IpXn®pNm´w D≠m-Im-\n-Sbm-°nb thƒUv C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hm¿U¿ (World Information order) F∂ kw⁄ Xs∂ D≠m-bXv 1980˛se Cu dnt∏m¿´ns\ XpS¿∂m-W.v 1927˛¬ _¿Ω-bn¬ P\n®v Unkw-_¿ 30˛\p sshIn´v U¬ln-bn¬ A¥-cn-°p-∂Xv hsc I¿tΩm-

’p-I-\m-bn-cp∂p h¿§okv-˛-A-h-km\ Hcpamk-°mew sU¶n-∏\n _m[n-X-\mb Ime-sam-gn-®m¬.

1975˛¬ amKvksk Ahm¿Uv \¬In-sIm≠v IΩn‰n \S-Ønb \nco-£Ww C∂pw {]k-‡-am-Wv. Hcp {]tXyI Du¿P-{]-hmlw At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-Ifn¬ \ng-en-°p-∂p.

1986 apX¬ sk‚¿ t^m¿ t]mfnkn dnk¿®v (Centre for policy Research) F∂ ÿm]-\Ø - ns‚ s\Spw-Xq-Wm-bn-cp∂p h¿§o-kv. ASnb-¥c - m-hÿ sb XpS¿∂v \ne-hn¬ h∂ P\Xm k¿°m¿ \nc-h[n ]Zhn-Iƒ h®p-\o-´n-sb¶nepw AsX√mw At±lw \nc-kn°p-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bXv F¶nepw A°m-esØ hm¿Øm hnX-cW {]t£]W-a{¥n F¬.-sI. AZzm\nbpsS \n¿_-‘{- ]-Imcw Kh¨sa‚ v am[y-aß - ƒ°v kzbw-`cWw F∂ Bibw ]Tn-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ IΩn-‰n-bpsS sNb¿am-\mbn At±-lw. h¿Kokv aptºm´v h® "BImiv `mcXn' F∂ k¶¬∏-amWv C∂sØ "{]km¿ `mcXn t_m¿Uv'. 2002˛¬ KpP-dmØv Iem-]sØ-Ipdn®v ]Tn-°m≥ FUn-t‰gvkv Kn¬Uv \nb-an® IΩ-‰n-tbbpw \bn-®Xv h¿§o-km-bn-cp-∂p.

1979˛¬ h¿§okv ÿm]n® "Media foundation' F∂ Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]\w C∂v Z£n-tW-jy-bnse Xs∂ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ am[y-a] - T - \ - ˛- h - n-a¿i\ ÿm]-\ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-Ib - mWv. Cu ÿm]\-Øns‚ \nb{¥-WØ - n-ep≈ "The Hoot.org' F∂ sh_vssk‰n-eqsS temI-Ønse hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab - c - w-KØ - p-≠m-Ip∂ \qX\-{]-hW - X - I - fpw, sX‰p-Nq≠n°m´epw a‰pw hfsc ^e-{]-Za - mbn \S-∂p-hcp∂p. s]bvUv \yqkv t]mep≈ ]pXnb {]h-WX - I - f - n¬ AXy¥w BIp-eX ]pe¿Ønbn-cp∂ _n.-Pn. h¿§okv C¥y-bnse ]{X-am-[y-ac - wKØv "Readers Editor' F∂ k¶¬∏w Db¿ØnsIm≠p-h∂ Bƒ F∂ \ne-bnepw {it≤-b\ - m-Wv. C¥y-bpsS hS-°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm\ßfpsS {]iv\-ß-fn¬ AXo-h-X¬∏c-\m-bn-cp∂ h¿§o-kns‚ "India North East' F∂ ]pkvXIw Ahn-SpsØ bYm¿∞ {]iv\-ßfmWv hc®p ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp-]mSv Imcy-߃ _m°n-bm°n bm{X-bmb _n.-Pn. h¿§o-kns‚ ]Xv\n ]©m_v kztZ-in-\n-bmb Pao-e-bmWv. a°fmb hnPbpw cmKpepw Ata-cn-°bn¬ _nkn-\kv cwKØv kPo-h-am-Wv. C¥y≥ ]{X{]-h¿Ø-\-cw-KsØ Ipe-]Xn Xs∂-bmb _qªn tPm¿Pv h¿§o-kn\v Xpeyw _n.-Pn. h¿§okv am{Xw. (C¥y-bpsS s^U-d¬ LS-\-sb-°p-dn®v _n. Pn. h¿Ko-kns‚ teJ\w ASpØ t]Pn¬ hmbn-°p-I) ....................................................................................................................................................................................

t]m≠n-t®cn sk≥{S¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bpsS Iogn{]h¿Øn-°p∂ sk‚¿ t^m¿ kuØv Gjy≥ ÃUo-knse Akn. s{]m^-k-dmWv teJ-I≥ C˛-sabn¬: santhoshveranani@gmail.com Unkw_¿ 2015

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Doyen’s Pen B G Verghese

Towards a New Federalism For federalism to work, governors need to be independent functionaries and not the Centre’s lackeys.

T

he demand for greater States rights has never been absent in the shaping of the country’s federal relations. The Sarkaria Commission was appointed in 1983 in response to such sentiments but did not result in any major changes. Another Commission on Centre-State Relations has now been constituted under former Chief Justice Punchhi to review the situation.

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The terms of reference are comprehensive and seek to address the challenges of good governance in an era of economic liberalization, globalisation, the need to enhance democratic decentralization and “independent planning and budgeting at the district level”, plan and execute long term mega-projects, link Central assistance to States with performance, enable the Centre to

(15) practice positive discrimination in favour of backward states and free inter-state trade to exploit the economies of a unified market. The Commission has also been asked to examine the role, responsibility and jurisdiction of the Centre vis-Ă -vis major and prolonged outbreaks of communal and caste violence or other social conflict and their bearing on the unity and integrity of the country. It will look into the merits of establishing a Central law enforcement agency mandated to investigate crimes with inter-state or international ramifications that impinge on national security, and the feasibility of deployment of Central forces in States under Article 355 if and when the situation so demands (as in Ayodhya in 1992 and Gujarat in 2002).

In all the years of the freedom struggle the Congress was inclined towards a decentralised polity built up from village republics on the principle of subsidiarity that Gandhi favoured. That somewhat idealistic vision was rudely shattered by the violence and trauma of partition, mass migration and the Herculean

B G Verghese Boobli George Verghese (21 June, 1927 - 30 December, 2014) was with the Centre for Policy Research since 1986. He started his career in journalism with the Times of India and was later Editor of the Hindustan Times (1969-75) and Indian Express (1982-86).He was Information Adviser to the Prime Minister (1966-69), a Gandhi Peace Foundation Fellow for some years after the Emergency and Information Consultant to the Defence Minister for a short period during 2001.

He was a recipient of the Magsaysay Award in 1975, Assam's Sankaradeva Award for 2005, and the Upendra Nath Brahma Soldier of Humanity Award in July 2013. Verghese has served on a number of official and unofficial boards and committees. He was the chairman of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, Delhi, and a distinguished fellow of the Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad.

Verghese was a member of the Kargil Review Committee and coauthored the Committee Report tabled in Parliament chronicling the sequence of events leading up to the India-Pakistan confrontation and suggesting recommendations for the future. He was also a member of the Editors Guild of India Fact Finding Mission to Gujarat in April 2002.

With a keen and enduring interest in developmental reporting and the social transformation it can help bring about, Verghese has authored several books including the seminal Design For Tomorrow early in his career after an extensive tour of the country and its infrastructure projects. Waters of Hope, Harnessing the Eastern Himalayan Rivers, Winning the Future, India’s Northeast Resurgent, and Reorienting India. Another notable work Rage, Reconciliation and Security (Penguin 2008) deals with managing India's diversities. First Draft: Witness to the Making of Modern India, was released by Tranquebar in October 2010. Post Haste - Quintessential India, (Tranquebar), followed in April 2014 with an official launch in May, chronicling the diversity and history of India as portrayed through its postage stamps and 'dak' runners who still traverse jungles and remote Himalayan valleys to get the mail through.

Verghese passed away on 30 December, 2014 having lived a life "without regrets", fearlessly and tirelessly championing the cause of the underprivileged and less fortunate in his crusade for justice, social equality and freedom.

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task of integrating princely India in the face of much scheming and instigated opposition. In the result, the founding fathers opted for a Union of States with a strong Centre armed with Emergency and residuary powers. A permitlicence raj, foreign exchange controls, regulation of industry, nationalisation and the goal of capturing the “commanding heights of the economy”, aided by a powerful extra-constitutional Planning Commission, greatly enhanced Central authority. Despite some protest, much of this passed muster in the early years because of the happenstance of the Congress’s single-party dominance at the Centre and States.. The prestige of Nehru and his peers from the freedom movement also allowed complex issues to be resolved within the “family” by the Congress Working Committee. The death of Nehru and others of the old guard and the emergence of several opposition SVD governments in 1967, followed by the Congress split created a new situation. The 1975 Emergency underlined the dangers of untrammeled power. The misuse of Governors and vindictive resort to President’s rule only aggravated matters.

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments establishing a third tier of governance for rural and urban local bodies and the process of economic reform commencing in 1990 created a Unkw_¿ 2015

new situation. Deregulation, disinvestment and a more relaxed form of indicative planning entailed a loosening of Central power. More important was the rise of numerous local and state parties, reflecting a growing articulation of the nation’s hitherto dormant diversity in transition from Bharat to India. An era of coalition governments ensued, not only in many States but at the Centre, making governance in Delhi a far more federal enterprise than hitherto. The air waves were freed and several institutions of state, the judiciary at some times, at others the Presidency, a strong and vigilant Opposition, the Central Election Commission, Vigilance Commissioner, the Comptroller and Auditor-General and the newly formed National Human Rights Commission have variously asserted their authority. The information and communication revolution, the growth and instant reach of the media and the legislation of the Right to Information have further empowered citizens and seen the rise of civil society. Public opinion, national and global, can no longer be ignored.

Meanwhile, the first linguistic reorganization of States was followed by the creation of more states and autonomous units within them, first on an ethnic basis and subsequently for reasons of more equitable regional development and keeping in mind the optimality of administrative size. The demand for new state formation continues, with Telungana, Vidarbha and Harit Pradesh among the latest candidates. Ms Mayawati has more recently offered to get a resolution adopted in the Uttar Pradesh Assembly for the state’s trifurcation into Western UP, Bundelkhand and Eastern UP if the Centre indicates its willingness to go ahead with such a proposal. While this suggestion has been seen to be motivated by considerations of electoral advantage, there is little doubt that more states should come into being on administrative and economic considerations. With the population

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likely only to stabilise at around 1650-1700 million, India could do with 50-60 or more states and may be 1000-1200 districts in course of time, with active Zonal Councils, as originally envisaged by the SRC, to foster regional coordination.

Participative and responsive government is

mafia must be brought to heel. Innovative ways will have to be found to rethink spatial town and country planning with mass transit and intranet connectivity and to forge a healthy and mutually reinforcing nexus between large cities and the surrounding countryside. China, South Korea and South Africa have experimented with such ideas, including decentralised city governance.

The “nationalization� of major interstate rivers to avoid water disputes is constitutionally permissible but better avoided. A more viable option could be rigorous (water) conservation and demand management, including suitable crop planning, economic pricing and reliance on water markets with appropriate guidelines and safeguards, and the institution of consultative water parliaments to facilitate basin or natural resource region planning without the intersection of administrative and political boundaries.

more likely under smaller units with more broadly empowerd panchayati raj institutions buttressed by greater responsibility and funding for district level planning from below, such as is being experimented in Kerala. MLAs and the bureaucracy tend to feel threatened by decentralization and this is a mindset that will need to be coaxed and coerced into compliance. Vesting the Central Election Commission with electoral jurisdiction over local body elections, through regional election commissioners, as already provided for, would be salutary.

Equally, with over half of India likely to be living in cities by 2040, many of them in mega cities and vast conurbations and along major transport corridors, thought must be given to urban government which is in a mess with multiple authorities and no hinterland from where cities draw essential services including water. The existing metropolitan planning authorities are inadequate and the real estate

Governors must be truly independent heads of state and not Central or Party lackeys as many have been. They have been charged with a critical constitutional responsibility and powers for the governance, peace and tranquility of Fifth Schedule (tribal) areas which most have failed to discharge adequately, partly for lack of proper instrumentalities for so doing. This is a huge lacuna that must be overcome if Naxalism is to be effectively tackled. Administrative structures must also be modified to provide for a specially selected and encadred, field-oriented, single line administration for these areas and the Northeast and mountain states on the model of the old Indian Frontier Administrative Service, if there is to an effective administration and delivery system.

The list can go on. The constitution of the Punchhi Commission offers a rare opportunity for a sensible reordering of Centre-State relations that should not be muffed by partisanship or indifference. ....................................................................................................................................................................................

Article originally appeared in Sahara Times /New Indian Express, 29 January, 2008 Unkw_Âż 2015

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Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

Human Rights and The Media of Communication H

istorically, human rights and communication became part of political and sociological discourse rather recently. The concept of human rights entered the realm of political discourse with the evolution of British and American documents such as the Magna Carta in King John’s England in the 12th century and the American Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Petition of Rights, Declaration of Rights and the Four Freedoms enunciated by President Roosevelt during World War II, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the formation of the United Nations, and the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms are examples of humanity’s great will to be free and respectful of the right to freedom of speech, thought and a dignified life.

However, the most important among the human rights documents is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted unanimously by the General Assembly of the UN on December 10, 1948. The 50th anniversary of that historic Unkw_¿ 2015

event was celebrated in 1998. Its Platinum Jubilee will be celebrated in December 2023.

The media of communication during various periods of human history have generally supported human rights; notwithstanding the fact that several nations have suppressed freedoms with the connivance of the media in times of emergency; and during dictatorial dispensation of executive orders with scant regard for legislative and judicial processes, human rights have been trampled upon.

The major objective of the 30-

(19) article Declaration is to promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms— freedom of speech and expression; freedom of worship; freedom from want; and freedom from fear. The Declaration proclaims the personal, civil, political, socioeconomic and cultural rights of all human beings. These rights are limited only by recognition of the rights and freedoms of others and the requirements of morality, public order and general welfare.

The latest additions to the list of rights are the intellectual property rights which derive from the earlier set of rights —— civil rights, a product of the 18th century political rights that developed further in the 19th century through national movements for voting rights, and specific socioeconomic rights in the 20th century. The rights to a dignified life, living and death for all human beings are not conferred by ruling governments but inherent in human life all over the world, although violations of these rights are happening every day in all countries and regions with or without media support.

However, all democratic governments are supposed to protect these natural and inherent rights of all their citizens, irrespective of race, caste, creed, or sexual orientation.

Today, the International Bill of Human Rights recognizes certain rights as everyone’s birth right. They are the rights to : Life, liberty and security of persons; Protection against slavery; Protection against torture and cruel and inhuman punishment; Recognition as a person before the law; Equal protection of the law; Access to legal remedies for rights violations;

tion;

Protection against arbitrary arrests and detentions; Protection of privacy, family and home; Freedom of movement and residence; Freedom of thought, conscience and religion; Freedom to seek asylum from persecution; Freedom of assembly, association, political participa-

Freedom to become a trade union member for better working conditions, rest and leisure; food, clothing, housing, health care, social services and social security; Special protection for children; Freedom to secure education and participation in cultural life; Freedom for self-determination; Freedom of access to humane treatment when detained or imprisoned; Protection against racial or religious hatred; Protection of minority culture, etc., etc. All rights are not listed here.

Most advocates of human rights consider the protection of social and economic rights as essential because they argue that without such protection, a life with dignity and psychological satisfaction is not possible.

An analysis of the media in India will reveal the truth that most of them do not give sustained attention to the protection of human rights. Nor do they take up human rights issues as an essential part of media function.

Discrimination of all sorts based on gender, language, tribe and caste are rampant in various parts of India. Media have been trained historically to look more at events than at issues. Accidents, disasters, natural and unnatural events affecting the life of a lot of people, Unkw_¿ 2015

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infectious and communicable diseases, murders, robberies, rapes, molestations, harassments of the weaker sections in society, police brutality, deaths under policy custody, deaths caused by starvation, parents’ cruelty to children and vice versa, faulty medication, poisoning of school lunches and large-scale deaths of children—these are all events and they are reported instantaneously in city areas using all instant devices for communication.

But there are other equally important matters— issues— to be scanned by the media regularly and reported with equal emphasis. For example, the cumulative effect of increasing the number of motor vehicles without any serious attention on the improvement of road conditions; the total lack of roads in certain areas of the country forcing people to resort to very dangerous routes every day for purchasing essential things, for getting education for their children, for hospital and medical care; the absence of safe sidewalks even in urban areas; stuffing of transport Unkw_¿ 2015

vehicles with double or triple their permitted capacity with male and female passengers in precarious situations; and driving at double the normal speed permitted on urban and rural roads (most of the roads in bad conditions in rainy weather). The vehicles that ply in Indian cities and suburbs are past their prime in performance but given certificates of fitness. Even private motor vehicles are operated by untrained drivers without licence and all these factors contribute to road accidents; it is no exaggeration to say that Indian road accidents might have caused more deaths and dismemberments during the last 13 years (2000-2013) than those during World War II! Individual newspapers and media channels have given attention to some of these issues on certain days, depending on the number of people that lost their lives, or on the gravity of each situation; but it is found that no newspaper has taken up road accidents and school lunch disasters as human rights issues. The media owners consider such intense involvement as subjective stance on the field workers’ part and hence discouraged. There is no sustained interest on matters relating to the welfare of the people. Everything is treated in an ad hoc manner.

Communalism is another big area of neglect in the media.

When two communities fight over silly issues, the media exaggerate many unimportant issues and do all they can to blame one community or another, without getting to the very bottom of the situation; the media prevaricate, procrastinate and pillory one political party or another. The deep economic and political, cultural and social aspects of a particular problem are not highlighted. Everything is looked upon as a religious issue. Our social situation being what it is, the media have to be given special training in reporting communal events and issues. Are the media looking upon such matters from the human rights angle? All citizens, irrespective of their religious affiliations, are entitled to a peaceful and safe life and all the protection they deserve. The media should not take sides in the name of media freedom to report what they like because through such an attitude the media can only fan the flame and create a conflagration that goes beyond control.

It is only recently that the central and state governments have recognized that manual scavengers who carry head-loads of refuse from latrines existed in 21st century India. Until recently governments were in the denial mode; they were busy taking pride in getting equated to rich developed countries that had achieved many marvels in space, the ocean and the atom. It was intra-dig for participants in international conferences on rocket,

(21) space and atomic sciences in London, Paris and Washington D.C. to admit that they were hailing from a country where manual toilet cleaners were quite common, and such human rights violations are not receiving any attention from the media. Then there was a big hue and cry from some ignoramuses about a government minister’s statement that India needed more toilets than temples! Hell broke loose and the media started writing about the matter pro and con. Scavengers were there for all these years but the media did not care.

Media’s coverage became a nine-days’ wonder. The problem still persists. Scientists and technologists have not come out with concrete proposals to solve this sociological problem; the sociologists have not been vociferous, either. All seem to agree that Indian science and technology are galloping like Pegasus, but India’s sociology is limping like a wounded pony in the 21st century!!

The power of information is unquestionable; the role of information in na-

tional development is equally unquestionable. But questions remain: Whose information? What is the purpose of information?

Will it transform the lives of the large majority? Or, will it serve only the already informed? Do all have the basic requirements for gathering, accumulating, safeguarding, and distributing information? At least, do all have literacy and the wherewithal to install the primary equipment for storing and distribution of information? Will all this lead to a bigger division of the rich and poor in society into information-rich and information-poor sectors? What will be the consequences of this additional division?

In addition to the lack of infrastructure for educating the majority, and the lack of interest in achieving it nationally, the problem is worsened by caste and communal divisions that influence the running of educational institutions. There is no secular education in India. By privatizing education and handing it over to religious and communal organizations and their commercial entrepreneurs, disparity, discrimination and wrong interpretation of the goals, national education has been vitiated. As sociologist T. K. Oommen (formerly of JNU) has pointed out:

There are several examples of disparity. Take the case of primary education…. There are 4000 primary schools without even a single teacher; 26,000 primary schools without even one room; 1.

12.000 single-teacher schools and 1,21,000 one-roomed schools!

Where is the opportunity for children of such schools to receive a proper primary education?

There is glaring discrimination against the girl child. Do the manifestos of major political parties in India refer to this national discrimination and human rights violation? Have the media raised their voice against such discrimination between the sexes? There has been an increase in media attention on attacks against women since December 16, 2012 when Nirbhaya was attacked by a gang of six persons in a moving bus “legitimately plying” at night in the country’s capital. Reams of published material on the incident focused attention on the girl and her companion, but very little on the circumstances in which a “murderous bus” plied freely on Delhi’s streets at night with gangsters freely exercising their right to rape and kill unsuspecting passengers. Why? That was murder most foul carried out under the guise of rendering public service to the people of the country’s capital?

Who issued the licence to the Unkw_¿ 2015

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operators of the bus. The gangsters did not own the bus!

Even at home, the girls and women suffer silently the slings and arrows of discriminatory treatment from their male relatives and neighbours. At school also, they suffer discrimination. I do not want to cite examples because it will offend many including men and women, but the fact remains that discrimination against the “weaker sex” (pardon the discriminatory phrase!) continues despite many people’s earnest efforts to end it. When we discuss human rights, special attention must be bestowed on the unequal and oppressive treatment meted out to women and children in India in the name of religion and special protection for them.

Discrimination on the job, payment of unequal wages and salaries. unequal feeding and clothing of boys and girls in the same family, ‘eve-teasing’ (a euphemism for intolerance against girls and women, and readiness to oppress the more decent and mild-mannered human beings), psychological and physiological violation of the personal space of girls and women, deliberate and unprovoked attacks on the female sex—these are all violations of human rights. The pronouncements made by certain religious leaders in recent times that “rapists” should be persuaded by calling them “bhayi” by the women who are attacked show how unrealistic certain people are about manwoman relationships. As we all know, even Mahatma Gandhi said in no unmistaken terms that counter attacks by women on such wayward men are justified and that this is one occasion when non-violence is to be abandoned!

Rape is not a sexual crime; it is a crime against an unsuspecting person of the same or opposite sex by people who believe that might is right. It is pure subjugation of another person to one’s will; It is a crime against humanity and Unkw_¿ 2015

should be punished appropriately according to the laws and statutes already in our legal sphere. There is no need for showing any leniency towards rapists. Similar is the attitude of some religious leaders to practices such as ‘sati’ which though banned in 1829 was revived in 1987 (e.g. Roop Kanwar, the young wife of a deceased husband was forced on to the funeral pyre by orthodox Hindus.

Similar is the attitude of certain Muslim clerics and others towards marrying off young girls before they attain the legal age stipulated in all civilized societies. In some Muslim countries infant girls and boys are circumcised, even after establishing medically that such circumcisions are of no use to the circumcised, especially girls.

The Devadasi system of forcing women to become public property or the property of the temple is practiced even now in parts of India.

By doing so, men are forcing girls of poor families to become prostitutes when they become mature. The practice of auctioning girls and women was reported from parts of Andhra Pradesh in 1998. Some women are smuggled out of port cities with promises of high salary and job as housemaids in Gulf countries. This racket goes on with the knowledge of people in positions of authority at airports, passport offices, etc., as found in certain investigations conducted in Kerala. The National Commission for Women and State and Central Human Rights Commissions are doing what they can to prevent these abuses of women by evil men and women willingly becoming part of an international or inter-continental racket.

The less said about this, the better for the growing generation of our youth.

See you later, communicator! .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Professor Dr.J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (1982-1992) at the University of Kerala. As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards.

Visit his website: www.vilanilam.com.

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"Rm

≥ F-s‚ sXm-gn-en-s\ kv-t\-ln-°p-∂p, Rm≥ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø\-sØ kv-t\-ln-°p-∂p...F-\ns°m-cp-]m-Sv hm¿-Ø-Iƒ temIsØ A-dn-bn-°m-\p-≠v '... A-^v-Lm-\n-ÿm≥-Im-c\m-b \-Pn-_p-≈ Jp-ssd-jnbp-sS hm-°p-I-fn-¬ ]p-Xp-a-sbm-∂p-an√. [m-cm-fw ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ Cß-s\ ]-d-bm-dp-≠v. ]-t£, \-Po-_p-≈ C-Xv ]-d-bp∂-Xv Po-h≥ ]W-bw sh-®v hm-¿-Ø dn-t∏m¿´v sN-øp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv. A-^v-Lm-\n-ÿm-\n-se sFF-kv-sF-F-kv \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≈ {]-hn-iy-bn-se H-cp `o-I-c-{]-h¿-Ø-\ ]-cn-io-e-\-tI-{μ-Øn¬ \n-∂mWv CXv hn-fn-®p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. ]n._n.F-kv {^‚ v-sse-\n\v th≠n-bm-Wv \-Po-_p-≈ tUm-Iyp-sa‚-dn \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv. 2001 ap-X¬ bp-≤w dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-Ibpw Xm-en_m≥ ssk-\n-I¿-s°m-∏w k-©-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xv Hcp-]m-Sv Xobpw ]p-Ibpw sh-Snbpw tNm-cbpw I-≠n-´p-s≠¶nepw sF-Fk - vs - F-Fk - v A-\p`-hw sR-´n-°p-∂X - m-sW∂v A-t±-lw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. sh-Sn-sh-®p-sIm√m\pw I-gp-Ø-d-°m\pw Nm-th-dm-Im\pw F-en-sa‚-dn kv-Iqƒ Ip-´nI-sf ]Tn-∏n-°p∂-Xv ImWp-I F∂-Xv Po-hn-XØ - nI-≠n-´n√m-Ø Im-gv-N-bmWv. C-sX-s‚ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\ Po-hn-X-Øn-se G‰hpw `o-I-cam-b A-\p`-h-amWv. A^v-Lm-\n-ÿm-\v Rm≥ \-s√mcp `m-hn Im-Wp-∂n√ ˛ A-t±-lw H-cp A-`n-ap-Jk - w-`m-jW - Ø - n¬ t]m-bv‚¿-tUm´v-Hm-B¿-Pn-bp-sS F.F¬.tSmw-]v-In≥-kn-t\m-Sv ]-d-™p.

Nm-\-en-\v th-≠n \-Po-_p-≈ c-≠v Iu-am-c-{]m-b°m-cp-am-bn kw-km-cn-°p-∂p≠v. hn-tZ-i-Øv \n-∂v h-∂ t]m-cm-fn-I-fm-Wv Xß-sf B-fl-lXym B-{I-a-W-߃ \-S-Øm≥ ]-cn-io-en-∏n-®-sX∂pw F-¥v sN-øm\pw X߃ C-t∏mƒ I-cp-Øm¿-Pn-®p-I-gn-s™∂pw A-h¿ ]-dbp-∂p≠v. aq-∂v hb- v ap-X¬ Ip-´nI-sf C-…m-an-Iv kvt‰-‰v B-Wv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. sIm-®p-Ip-´n-I-sf-t∏mepw F√mX-cw B-{I-a-W-co-Xn-Ifpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. im-izX-Po-hn-Xw t\-Sm≥ Ip-sd Xym-Kw sN-øWw F-∂v Hcp `o-I-c-hm-Zn t\-Xm-hv Nm-\-en¬ ]-d-™p. t\c-sØ Xm-en-_m\pw C-t∏mƒ sF-F-kv-sF-FUnkw_¿ 2015

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pw C-sX√mw dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øm≥ X-s∂ A-\p-h-Zn-®Xv, C-sX√mw tem-Iw A-dn-b-W-sa-∂v A-h¿ B-{K-ln-®-XpsIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-sW-∂v \-Po-_p-≈ I-cp-Xp∂p. G-sX¶nepw H-cp {]-hn-iytbm A-^v-Lm-\n-ÿm≥ ap-gp-h≥ am-{Xtam Io-g-S°-Ww F-∂√ A-h-¿ e£yw sh-°p∂Xv. temI-sØ ap-gp-h≥ Io-gS-°n `-cn-°-em-Wv A-hcp-sS e-£yw H-cp t\-Xm-hv X-t∂m-Sv Cß-s\ ]-d-™Xm-bn \-Po-_p-≈ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu k-Xy-ß-sf√mw tem-I-tØm-Sv ]-d-bm-sX ]-‰n√. A-Xn-s‚ A-]-I-S-߃ A-\p-`-hn-°m-\pw X-øm-dm-sW-∂v \-Po-_p-≈ ]-d-™p. e-≠-\n¬ Xm-a-kn-®v C-S-°n-sS A-^v-Lm-\n-ÿm\n¬ t]m-bm-Wv A-t±-lw dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂Xv. Rm≥ I-≠-Xn¬-sh-t®-‰hpw A-]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifm-b B-fp-I-fm-Wv C-h¿. A-Xp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ A-h-sc-°p-dn-®v temI-sØ A-dn-bn-°m-sX ]-‰n√. G-Xv L-´-Øn-em-Wv A-{]o-Xn D≠m-hp-I, F-t∏m-gm-Wv dn-t∏m¿-´-dp-sS I-gp-Ø-d°p-I F∂p-am{Xw ]-d-bm-\m-hn√. F-´p-amk-sØ ]-cn-{i-a-Øn-s‚ ^-e-am-bm-Wv {Km-a-Øn-se ap-Xn¿-∂ ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS k-lmb-tØm-sS sF-Fk - s v- F-F - p-Im-cp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-Sm\pw A-h-cp-sS hn-izm-kw t\-Sp-hm-\pw I-gn™-Xv F-∂v At±-lw ]-d™p. tUm-Iy-sa‚-dn Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww A-h-cpsS A-\p-hm-Z-tØm-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw C-S-°n-sS A-h¿ CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw km-[m-c-W P-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp∂Xv X-S-bp-Ibpw sN-øm-dp-s≠-∂v A-t±-lw ]-d-™p.

Xm-en-_m-\p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ \-Po-_p-≈ \¬Inb dn-t∏m¿-´p-I-fn¬ {]-[m-\-s∏´-Xv Z Um≥-kn-ßv t_mbv-kv H-^v A-^v-Lm-\n-ÿm≥ B-Wv. Ip-´n°-fn F-∂v A¿-∞-ap-≈ _-® _m-kn F-∂ B-Nm-cw. k-º-∂ A^v-Lm≥-Imcpw bp-≤-{]-`°fpw X-ß-fp-sS kp-J Øn\v th-≠n Ip-´nI-sf hn-e-bv-°v hm-ßp-∂ k-{º-Zm-bw Xpd-∂p-Im-´p-∂-Xm-Wv \Pn-_p-≈-bp-sS dn-t∏m¿´v.. (hn-i-Zmw-i-߃°v˛ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/ frontline/film/isis-in-afghanistan/)

H-cp k¿-sΔ, H-cp Xn-cp-Øv {_n-´\ - n-se "A-©n-sem-∂v ap-…n-߃-°pw sF-Fkvs - F-F - n-t\m-Sv A-\p-`m-hw' F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p hen-b k¿Unkw_¿ 2015

°p-te-j\ - p≈ k¨ ]-{X-Øn-s‚ Hcp Zn-hk-sØ hen-b X-es - °´v. Xe-s°-´v sR-´n-°p∂-Xv X-s∂-bm-bncp∂p. A-Xv Iq-Sp-X¬ sR-´n®-Xv {_n´-\n-se ap-…n-ßs - fbm-bn-cp- ∂ - p. C-{Xbpw Pn-lm-Zn A-\p-`m-hn-Itfm X-ßfp-sS Iq-´Ø - n¬ F-∂h - ¿ A-ºc - ∂ - p.

Cu dn-t∏m¿-´n-s\ Ip-dn-®v c-≠mbn-cw ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ cm-Py-sØ am-[y-a [m¿-an-IX - m hn-jb - ß - ƒ ssI-Imcyw sN-øp-∂ {]-kv Ãm≥-tU-Uvk - v H¿-Kss\-tkj-\v(]gb {]-kv Iu¨-knen-s‚ ]pXn-b cq]w) e-`n-®p. F-Unt‰-gvk - v tImUv Hm-^v {]m-Iv‰ - o-kn-se H-∂ma-sØ hy-hÿ b - p-sS ew-L\ - a - mWv Cu dn-t∏m¿-´ns‚ X-eh - mN-Iw F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p an-°h - c - p-sSbpw ]-cm-Xn. Accuracy BWv Cu hy-hÿ b - n¬ ]-db - p-∂ A-ewL-\o-bam-b N´w. hm¿-Ø Xn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ A-[n-I-\mƒ th-≠n-h∂n√. \-Ωp-sS \m-´nepw \-S-°p-∂ H-cp hm¿-Øm-dn-t∏m¿´n-ßv ]m-fn-®-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. B-bn-cw ap…nw bp-hm°ƒ-°n-S-bn¬-\-S-∂ k¿-sΔ-bp-sS -hn-h-c-߃ ]n-∂o-Sv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏´p. kn-dn-b-bn¬ t]m-cm-Sm≥ C-hn-sS \n∂v t]m-Ip-∂ ap-…nw bp-hm-°-tfm-Sv k-l-Xm-]-apt≠m F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p tNm-Zyw. sF-F-kv-sF-F- n-s\tbm Pnlm-Zn kw-L-S-\-I-sftbm tNm-Zy-Øn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-cp∂n√. A-\p-`m-hw F-∂mtWm k-l-Xm-]w F-∂mtWm D-t±-in®-Xv F∂pw hy-‡-am-bn-cp-∂n√. sF-F-kv-sF-F n-t\m-Sv A-\p-`m-hw D-≈-h¿- am-{Xa√, A-h-tcm-Sv FXn¿-∏p-≈ kw-L-S-\-I-fn¬ tN-cm\pw [m-cm-fw t]¿ kndn-b-bn¬ F-Øp-∂p-s≠-∂m-Wv A-dnhv. A-hy-‡am-b tNm-Zyw, A-hy-‡-am-b ^ew˛ ]n-s∂ sX-‰n-≤m-c-Wm-P\-I-am-b dn-t∏m-¿-´pw. "k¿-sΔ k-Xy-k-‘-am-Wv F-∂v R-߃ D-d-∏m-°n-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, k¿-sΔ-dn-t∏m¿-´n-s\ Ip-dn-®p-≈ am-[y-a-dn-t∏m¿-´v k-Xy-am-Wv F-∂p-d-∏n-°m≥ X-߃-°v I-gn-hn√' F-∂m-bn-cp-∂ k¿-sΔ \-SØn-b ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ hn-i-Zo-I-cWw.

bp.sI. {]-kv K-k-‰n-\v 50 hb-kv am-[y-ak - w-_‘ - am-b Im-cy-߃ am{Xw ssI-Imcyw sN-øp-∂ H-cp {]-kn-≤o-Ic-Ww A-c-\q-‰m-≠v hn-P-b-I-cam-bn {]-h¿-Øn°p-I F-∂ A-¤p-X-am-Wv kw-`-hn-®n-cn°p-∂Xv. {_n-´-\n-se {]-kv Kk-Ãv Aº-Xv h¿-jw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

1965 \-hw-_¿ 22 \m-Wv bp.sI.{]-kv K-k-‰n-s‚ B-Zy F-Un-j≥ ]p-d-Øn-d-ßp-∂-Xv. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øns‚ {]-iv-\߃, k-{º-Zm-b߃, hy-‡n-Xz-߃ F-∂nh am{Xw hn-h-cn-°p-∂ H-cp hm-c {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-w F-∂ ap-J-hp-c-tbm-sS-bm-W-v ]-_v-fnj¿ tIm-fn≥ hmƒ-Udpw F-Un-‰¿ tU-hn-Uv t\m¿Øpw tN-¿∂v {]-kn-≤oIc-Ww C-d° - n-bXv. Aº-Xv h¿-jØ - n-\v ti-jhpw C-Xp-t]m-sem-

(25) ∂n-s‚ A-Sn-b-¥-cm-hiyw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xm-bn am[y-acw-K-Øpw ]p-dØpw D-≈-h¿ I-cp-Xp∂p. kp-J-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Cu A-c-\q-‰m≠v. ]-{X-{]-h¿Ø- I ¿°pw A- h - c p- s S A- h - I m- i - ß ƒ°pw aq- e y߃°pw th- ≠ n \n- c h[n t]m- c m- ´ - ß ƒ \- S - Ø nsb¶nepw em-`-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n√ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ \-SØ - n-∏v. B-gvN - ∏ - X - n-∏v B-Zyw am-kn-Ib - m-t°-≠n h∂p. ]n-s∂ c-≠v h¿-jw ap-ºv AXv Hm¨-sse≥ am-{X-ambn.

C-t∏mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-j-b-߃ ssI-Imcyw sN-øm≥ Ign-bp∂p. am-kw-tXmdpw C-cp]-Xv e-£w hm-b-\-°m-cn{]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww F-Øp-∂p.

2007epw ]n-∂o-sSm-cn-°epw {_n-´o-jv K-h-s◊‚ v hn-h-c- kzm-X{¥y \n-ba-sØ sIm√m≥ {i-an-®-t∏mƒ A-Xn-s\-Xn-sc hen-b tXm-Xn¬ {]-Nm-c-W-߃ kw-LSn-∏n®-Xv {]-kv Kk-‰v B-bn-cp∂p.

sS-e-{Km^v˛ ]m-Xn hm-b-\-°m¿ sam-ss_en1855 ap-X¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂, {_n-´-\nse {]-i-kvXam-b sS-e-{Km-^v ]-{X-Øn-s‚ hm-b-\-°m-cn¬ ]-Ip-Xn t]¿ sam-ss_¬ t^m-Wn-eq-sS-bm-Wv ]{Xw hm-bn-°p∂Xv \m-j-\¬ do-U¿-jn-∏v k¿-sΔ I-s≠Øn. H-cp tIm-

Sn C-cp]-Øn-H∂ - v e-£w t]-cm-Wv Cß-s\ kva - m¿´v t^mWp-I-fnepw Sm-_p-I-fnepw sU-bv-en sS-e-{Km-^v ]{Xw hm-bn-°p-∂-Xv. `q-cn]-£w sam-ss_¬ hm-b-\-°m-cm-bn amdn-b A©ma-sØ ]-{X-am-Wv sS-e-{Km^v. C≥-Un-s]‚‚n-s‚ 65 i-X-am-\w hm-b-\-°mcpw sU-bv-en an-d-dn-s‚ 55.9 i-X-am\w hm-b-\-°mcpw Z F-Iv-kv-{]- n-s‚ 54.9 i-X-am-\w hmb-\-°mcpw Km¿-Un-b-s‚ 51.7 i-X-am-\w hm-b-\-°mcpw B-Wv sam-ss_¬ hm-b-\-°m-cm-bn am-dn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ]p-Xn-b km-t¶-Xn-I kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-eqsS, Un-Pn‰¬ hm-b-\ Ip-Sp-X¬ B-I¿-j-Ihpw F-fp-∏-hp-am-°m≥ {i-aw \S-Øn h-cp-∂-Xm-bn ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ Un-Pn-‰-ao-Un-b U-b-d-Iv-‰¿ A-dn-bn®p. Hmtcm hm¿-Ø-bv°pw

A-\p-_-‘˛]m-›m-Ø-e hn-h-c-߃ ]-c-amh-[n \¬IpI F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn¬ {]-[m-\w.

Km¿-Un-b≥, Z C≥-Un-s]‚‚ v, Z sS-e-{Km-^v F∂n-h-bp-sS hm-b-\-°m-cn¬ i-cm-i-cn 93 i-X-am-\hpw UnPn-‰¬ hm-b-\-°m-cm-Wv C-t∏mƒ. Hm¨-sse≥ hm-b\°v h-cn-kw-Jy G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ Z k¨ ]-{X-Øn\v 19.2 i-X-am-\hpw Z ssSw-kn-\v 14.2 i-X-am-\hpw am-{Xta Un-Pn-‰¬ hm-b\ - ° - m-cp≈q. \-hw-_¿ A-hk - m-\t- ØmsS k¨ h-cn-kw-Jy H-gn-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. {_n-´-\n-se G‰hpw hm-b-\-°m-cp-≈ ]{Xw sU-bv-en sa-bn¬ B-Wv. 26.8 Z-ie-£w hm-b-\-°m¿. I-gn-™ h¿-jw ]-{X-Øn\v ap∏-Xv e-£w hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS Ip-d-hp-≠mbn.

DØc-{]-tZ-iv "ap-∂n¬' ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI - ¿-s°-Xncm-b A-{I-aß - ƒ G-‰hpw Ip-Sp-X¬ \-S-°p-∂ kw-ÿm-\w D-Ø-c-{]-tZ-iv BWv. kn.]n.sP.(I-Ωn-‰n t^m¿ s{]m-´£ - ≥ H-^v tP-We - n-Ãk v )v bp-sS I-gn-™ h¿j-sØ B-tKm-f dn-t∏m¿-´n-se C-¥y≥ ÿn-Xn-hn-hc - ° - W - ° - p-Iƒ C-°mcyw hy-‡a - m-°p-∂p.

A-hn-ln-Xam-b A-[n-Im-c-{]-tbmKw, Zm-cn-{Zyw, am^n-bm-{]-h¿-Ø\w, {In-an-\¬ cm-jv {Sobw, t]m-eo-kv A-gn-aXn, Pm-Xn cm-{„o-bw F-∂o L-S-Iß-sf√mw tN¿-∂m-Wv D-Ø-c-{]-tZ-inCu A-h-ÿ D-≠m-°n-b-sX-∂v dn-t∏m¿´v kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂p. am-[y-a{- ]-h¿-ØI - ¿-s°-Xn-sc cm-PyØv \-S∂ - B-{I-aW - ß - f - n¬ 74 i-Xa - m-\w bp.]n.bn¬ B-bn-cp∂p. C-hb - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]o-Un-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp∂-Xv Pn√m˛Xmeq-°v X-e-Øn¬ {]-h¿-Øn-Ip-∂-h-cm-Wv F-∂v kn.]n.sP.I-W° - p-Iƒ h-eb - n-cp-Øn tZio-b am-[y-a-hr-Ø-߃ Nq-≠n-°m´p∂p. kw-ÿm-\˛tZio-b X-eÿ m-\ß - fn-se ]-{X-{]-h¿-Øh - ¿-°p-≈ A-[n-Im-ckzm-[o-\tam kw-LS- \ - m-i‡ - ntbm C√mØ-Xp-sIm-≠v Ch-sc B¿°pw F-ßs\bpw D-]{- Z-hn-°mw F-∂ \n-eb - m-Wv ]e kw-ÿm-\ß - f - n-ep-ap-≈X - v.

A-®-Sn-]-{X-߃ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn kzm-[o-\-߃-°v hg-ßp-∂X - mbpw kzm-[o-\a - p-≈h - ¿°pw A-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw F-Xncm-b hm¿-Ø-Iƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-tºmƒ te-J-I¿ km-aq-ly-am-[y-aß-sf B-{i-bn°p∂-Xm-bn I-≠p-h-cp∂p. tªm-Kp-I-fn-eq-sS {]-Xn-I-cn°p-∂-h¿-s°-Xn-scbpw A-{I-a-߃ s]-cp-In h-cp-∂p≠v.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ap-Xn¿∂ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I\pw tImf-anÃpw tIcf aoUnb A°m-Z-an-bpsS ap≥ sNb¿am-\p-amWv teJ-I≥.

C˛-sabn¬: nprindran@gmail.com Unkw_¿ 2015

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Shoma A. Chatterji

THE TRANSFORMATION OF

FILM JOURNALISM IN INDIA C

hange is the only thing that remains constant. Film journalism in India is no exception to this change. Having been a practising journalist for more than 35 years, this writer has not only witnessed this change but has also been an active participant till the point where adapting to these changes have been possible. In this three-part series, the writer wishes to trace the beginnings of film journalism in India to arrive at the shape its form and content have taken today.

Time was when film journals like Film India, Filmfare, SCREEN and many regional magazines exclusively dedicated to films focussed on interviews, profiles, film reviews, cover stories, location coverage, shooting coverage and so on. The same papers till they existed, changed over time that has made film journalism more photo-centric than critique-centric. Reviews for instance, appear only in national and regional dailies today firstly because film journals are few and far between and secondly because the market strategies have brought on changes to adapt to a changing readership. Gossip was always marginalised in favour of film reviews, previews, interviews and in-depth articles.

Since India is a multi-lingual country where the constitution recognizes 22 Indian languages where literacy rates are low and cinema is the sole form of entertainment, any news on films, film stars, their lives and so on are attractive for literate masses and the illustrations form fodder for the voyeuristic inclinations of those who cannot read the conUnkw_多 2015

tents in detail. Many film magazines sprout like mushrooms only to fall by the wayside in a month or two. These

(27) magazines will never make it to the archive of film journalism in India because they tried to capitalise on fake stories, interviews and gossip which the intelligent reader woke up too very soon.

In his well-researched article1, Mrinal Chatterjee says that it is

to the birth of its first Hindi periodical called Chitrapat edited by Hrishan Charan Jain in 1934 that also brought forth another new magazine called Rooplekha.

The first Tamil film journal Cinema Ulagam edited and published by P.S. Chettiar began in 1935. 1938 saw the birth of the Indian Screen Gazette. In 1939, a film magazine named Film Industry was launched in Bombay.

Roopanjali, a Bengali film weekly launched in 1951 was brought out by Sudhansu Basu. The same year, the Indian Express Group started its film-based English weekly broadsheet Screen in English that continues till date. Cine Orissa, the first Oriya film fortnightly was published in 1951 from Berhampur in Ganjam District. The Times Group launched Filmfare, its colourful film fortnightly in English in 1952 and announced its annual awards the following year.

The first trade paper on the Hindi film industry called Trade Guide began in 1954 and was kicked off by B.K. Adarsh followed by another Hindi film journal called Sangeet in 1956. Chidananda Dasgupta, Satyajit Ray and others started the Indian Film Quarterly in 1957. Indian Film Culture, the mouthpiece of the Federation of Film Societies in India was launched in 1962 in Calcutta.

Mrinal Chatterjee difficult to trace the beginnings of film journalism in India. The Bengali film weekly Bijoli that began in 1920 was one of the earliest film magazines in India. In 1924, the country saw its first periodical devoted exclusively to cinema in Gujarati called Maouj Majah from Bombay by J.K. Dwivedy.

Kolkata saw the birth of Photoplay in 1926 followed by Movie Mirror in Madras and Kinema in Bombay in 1927. Chitrapat under the editorship of Nagin Lal Shah was launched in Bombay in 1929 in Gujarati. In 1930, noted Bengali author and scriptwriter Shailajananda Mukherjee began a weekly in Bengali called Bioscope. Two more Bengali magazines called Weekly Batayan edited by Abinash Chandra Ghoshal and Chitralekha edited by Bibhuti Bhusan were launched in 1931. Delhi was witness

1959 saw the launch of Shama in Urdu, Sushama in Hindi and Ras Rang in Marathi. Madras saw the launch of the weekly tabloid Movie Land in English in 1960. The first technical film journal, a journal of the CTA, South India, began in 1963. B. Vishwanath Reddy launched Bommai, a Tamil journal in 1966 followed by a Telugu monthly called Vijay Chitra. Chitra Bikshan, a very serious Bengali film monthly began publication in 1967

by Cine Central, one of the oldest film societies in India. Star Dust, the first monthly magazine that thrived on film gossip, controversy and scandal began publication in 1971.

Anandalok, still very popular among Bengali film-buffs, began circulation from Unkw_多 2015

(28) 1975 published by the Ananda Bazar Group of publications under the editorship of actress-director Aparna Sen. Sen retired some years ago but the popularity of the magazine remains unabated under the new editorial team. In 1978, the Matrubhumi Group based in Kozhikode began Chitra Bhumi in Malayalam.2 Subsequent film magazines that came out and are still remembered are Utorath and Prasad, two monthly film magazines in Bengali, G Magazine in English that came out of the Chitralekha Group in Bombay in the 1990s, Chalachitra in Bengali edited by the famous Bengali littérateur Kamal Kumar Majumdar, the Hindi version of SCREEN that folded up after a long publishing history of more than six decades earlier this year.

Many magazines in English following the trend of Star Dust such as Super, Movie, Movieland, Picture Post, Film Mirror and Cine Blitz came and went but did reasonably good business for a short while.

Stardust published and owned by Nari Hira and edited in the beginning by Shobha De set a new trend in what later came to be termed ‘yellow journalism.’3 Its USP was based on scandal, juicy gossip and hearsay without much base in reality as the story went. The most popular columns were Nita’s Natter filled with small bytes of gossip from movie land and Court Martial, a direct question-answer session with some glamorous film personality on questions relating to rumours and scandals in his/her personal life.

Stardust is still around and is now edited by Ramkamal Mukherjee.

T.N. Ramachandran published and edited Cinema India-International. It remained committed to serious writing on cinema – regional, national and international right through the publication of his monthly magazine that was redefined and renamed from his previous publication Film World. Established journalists and filmmakers from across the world contributed to the magazine in English. It gave coverage to film festivals across the world, very good film reviews of old and new films and often included a serious debate on an issue of contention on cinema, a long interview, detailed analysis of an important film and an excellent response section that comprised of letters to the editor. Sometimes, extracts from original screenplays such as Gautam Ghose’s Genesis were also published. It probably had to close shop because Ramachandran began to fall ill frequently and the magazine could not do well in the rising Unkw_¿ 2015

Shobhaa De craze for gossip and scandal the readers were crazy about. In 1985, he brought out a big compilation of selected articles from the magazine in a book entitled 70 Years of Indian Cinema (1913-1983.)

In the 1970s, with the advent of television, print journalism on films began to get increasingly star-centric and gossipcentric and used less of serious writing on cinema such as reviews, critiques, analysis and history. Screen stood out as an exception to the rule with wonderful writers like Hameeduddin Mahmood forming part of the contributors’ clan. Star Dust had taken the lead in putting in tantalising stuff on stars and their private lives.

(To be continued) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many compilations on cinema, family and gender.

Email: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com

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india’s

T. P. Sreenivasan

FOREIGN POLICY & CONTEMPORARY ISSUES I

n a center page article in the Hindu entitled ‘Salesmanship as Statesmanship i reflected on the current foreign policy of Mr. Narendra Modi with references backward. We are moving away from Statesmanship which has been appreciated by all except for hardcore BJP loyalist who viewed as this is a criticism. I have not made a value judgment nor said that this is right or that is wrong. All that i have said that we need a Foreign policy.

Pandit Nehru made our foreign policy and he was the most appropriate person who knew the pulse of the people. He framed it sitting in jail without any access to the external world and expounded it in his two books ‘Discovery of India’ and ‘Glimpses of World History’.

There was no individual at that time who had the depth and understanding of the world and India, and we are fortunate our foreign policy was made by public discussion. But the truth is that, whoever may have made the foreign policy then, it would have been no different.

Having become independent after two hundred years of colonial rule we would never have become part of western imperialist bloc.

Because we are all individually democratic, India can never be non-democratic. So Unkw_¿ 2015

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secularism too was natural to us because of the multiciplity of religion and faith. So it was a normal thing for India to incorporate their values in the constitution. We did not join the western bloc, because we had just broken out of imperialism. We did not join the Soviet bloc because we had no fancy for communism.

There had been various stages in the evolution of India’s foreign policy during the last seventy years. In the initial stages India had a great advantage in the world because we were the only country in the world which had become independent by a peaceful and non-violent struggle. So India’s independence was a model for the world.

In 1945 when the UN was established there were only 51 members in the United Nations including India. India had signed the UN charter though not independent. In the years that followed membership rose from 51 to 193 and all the countries who took membership were Unkw_¿ 2015

former colonies of imperial power. Of course even if we add to the list of member countries who were part of the erstwhile Soviet Union and Yugoslavia the general picture doesn’t change much. Most of the member countries of the UN today are colonies. Democratic and Non-aligned India had a great advantage and it enjoys an unparalleled popularity even today. During 1947 to 1962 period, India was considered an ideal democracy which inspired many leaders in their anti-colonial struggles. The Non-aligned movement was established in 1965 and Nehru had a vision of Afro-Asian Solidarity. He hoped to build an Afro-Asian association which would counter the two military blocs in existence. That was the time when India was offered a permanent membership at the UN, which Nehru did not accept. But his ambition collapsed in 1962. To keep communist China out of the UN, powerful countries of the world approached Pandit Nehru and insisted on India becoming a member of the UN Security Council so that they could keep China out of the fray. ‘We will China out’ was the refrain at that time. But Panditji said ‘ No, i do not wan’t to take the place of China, China’s place has to be taken by China itself and when we are ready to become a permanent member, We will let you know’. Many criticized him for that. And since then situations changed dramatically.

The period from 1947 to 1962 was the golden age of India’s foreign policy, because we stood for anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, antiapartheid and supported Palestine. India became a role model for the whole world, because our nation got freedom without shedding drop of blood or firing a single gun at the British imperialist.

We talked about complete disarmament, equality, equity in economic relationships and human rights. This was what India was offering the world.

Now what is Modi saying. ‘Give us Digital India, Make us a permanent member of the Security council and all for what? He does not say what he is offering them. So our internationalist approach to the world has been changed to a nationalist approach. I have no view on that, but we must remember the change is dramati-

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cally different.

the United Nations would be just, non-political and fair. But the UN was none of these. United Nations is a body created by the winners of the Second World War inorder to dominate the world. If Obama does not act, it is because he is the president of US and not prime minister of India. The United States has its own interest. If our interest coincides with his (Obama’s) interest, he might smile at us. But the moment he feels, we are competing with him, he will destroy us. This is the law of the world. We should not expect any foreign power to be generous towards us. As they say in America, there is no free lunch. So except for raising the Kashmir issue at the UN India’s foreign policy was flawless.

In 1962, China invaded India and when we lost the war, that was when India was completely exposed. It was a total disaster and the biggest blow to our psyche. Some people in the army on hearing that the Chinese were just hundred kilometers away fled because they had no ammunition. They didn’t have guns, they didn’t We now come to the period from 1962 to have vehicles either. Though they had to put up 1989 when Soviet Union collapsed and second resistance against the Chinese aggression they world war came to an end. After our China were not ready for it actually. Panditji never experience our stock went down considerably imagined that there would be a Chinese aggresand so was our growth rate. People respect you sion. Neither did Defense Minister Krishnamenon. So they did not buy anything for the army. We built our defense policy and internal policy on the presumption that we will eternally be friendly with the Chinese.

The other false step Panditji made was raising the Kashmir issue in the United Nations. Eternally India is in trouble because of that decision. When Pakistan occupied one-third of Kashmir, he could have got rid of them in just one day.

Because the Indian army was stronger than Pakistan’s army. But Panditji being an idealist decided against fighting back. Why did he do Losing efforts : A scene from the war front of Indo-China war that? Because he expected Unkw_¿ 2015

(32) only when you are strong militarily and economically. Our growth rate was then 3% which was ridiculed as the Hindu rate of growth. We are now talking in terms of 7.8% and 10-11% growth rate. During the period 1962 -89 when our growth rate was 3% the only country that came to our help was the soviet Union. It was not because of ideological affinity, because the communist party was never in power. It was because we believed that socialist policies

Indians did not smoke. And in return we got aviation industry and shipping industry all set up

by Soviet Union.

The result was that the world believed that India was a satellite or sputnik of the USSR. It was just co-incidence that they came to our rescue but the western world held the view that if we are not with them, then we are against them. That was their world-view as articulated

by John Foster Dulles resulting in an antiIndia perspective.

Our economic position too was weak resulting in a decline in our global standing.

Jubilant Indian Soldiers after victory in the war with Pakistan

would help in building an equitable society which planning would help us achieve. Capitalism is creation of wealth but a socialist society was what we wanted and Soviet Union could help us achieve that. We wanted machinery and ammunition and only Soviet Union was willing to supply that very low prices and that too at rupee payment agreement. We could exchange our goods for steel factories, planes and ammunition. So the basic infrastructure of India came from the Soviet Union due to the advantage in pricing. Ideology was not the clinching factor.

What was India’s export? It was items like Ludhiana sweaters which no country was willing to buy and Panama cigarette which even

Unkw_Âż 2015

Our economic woes could be gauged from the food shortage during that period. There was no rice and we had to depend upon free wheat supplied by the US. It was during this period that people in Kerala began consuming chappathis due to non-availability of rice.

We could overcome food shortage only during the eighties, a period when we had greater freedom as we became less dependent on the US. The first period from 1948 -62 was the idealist phase in our foreign policy, when we preached to the world . After 1962 we began to cultivate better relations with other countries. From then till 1989 there were many developments. We conducted nuclear test in 1964, declared emergency in 1975 all of which had great ramification on our foreign policy. But what shocked us was the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1988.

Today we hold the view that military blocs are bad. But when Soviet Union and Soviet bloc countries collapsed we became nostalgic on realizing that we had no friends anymore. This

(33) dilemma was ably handled by the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao, who along with Manmohan Singh changed our economic, politic, and also our foreign policy. So from 1989 when Soviet Union collapsed to 2014 when Mr. Narendra Modi came to power our foreign policy transformed dramatically.

We began to cultivate the US and built better relations, established diplomatic relationship with Israel and became friendly with other countries. Many changes were made in our foreign policy as Soviet Union no longer existed.

In its place Russia continued to support us with supplies of nearly 70% of our military equipments. So did Israel and the US. But dependence on Russia continues because our industries are based on their technology. Of course it is no longer on the old rupee payment system.

The transformation of relationship was slow and steady and India began to win respect of the world for various reasons. Our economy was liberalized and integrated with the global economy. However our foreign exchange was so bad that we had to sell some of our gold reserves in Reserve Bank in the London market.

This was done when Mr. Chandrasekhar was the Prime Minister. But from then onwards our economy recovered and jumped from 3% to 10 or 11% in 1991-1992. We were able to recover some of the lost glory in our foreign policy, but challenges continued to remain. Our relationship with Pakistan is a big challenge, but with China, it is bigger.

from the world.

There is nothing one way about foreign policy. Foreign policy has to satisfy the respect of the world.

You cannot have a totally independent foreign policy.

Nobody else will like it.

Pol-Pot had an independent foreign policy. So does North Korea. But nobody cares. Who cares about North Korean foreign policy because it is concerned only about themselves. So you have to gain the acceptance of the world while remaining true to your own faith and that is what we manage to do during that period.

Amongst neighbors, the growth of China is a major factor. China began to liberalize its economy soon after Nixon made a secret visit.

India on the other hand, opened our doors only in 1992 and since then, the distance has been growing everyday because they have the advantage of international markets and international technology. Today China is four times more than Indian economy and has invested in the US and purchased US treasury bonds to such an extent that if tomorrow China wants its money back, US would go bankrupt. China is now the second

Despite problems with our neighbors, India maintained a global view. Panditji said ‘we had our dreams’, but they are also dreams of the world which was maintained under Narasimha Rao and later we were trying to resolve the problems of the world, without seeking anything Unkw_Âż 2015

(34) Asia from 1947 to 1962 the Chinese invasion changed all that. So our major threat is from China. We however continued to talk to China keep them in good humor and provide all the historical evidences that we can gather to establish our claim. But the issue will never be settled and will continue to exist indefinitely.

Regarding Pakistan, that is not a problem. We have won all wars fought against Pakistan and our nuclear capability is better than that of Pakistan. So the threat from Pakistan is completely different from the threat from China.

most powerful country in the world. We are not even the third or fourth or fifth or fifteenth in terms of real power and growth. So China is the biggest challenge to India and because of the border problem, they are a constant threat. Even when the Chinese leader and our Prime Minister engaged in talks, Chinese soldiers had been entering Indian territory to show that friendship is fine but the border is not settled. China has settled its border problems with all countries including Bhutan, but they lay claim to the whole of Arunachal Pradesh. They consider the people of Arunachal Pradesh to be Chinese and tell them they do not need a Chinese visa. Even people from Jammu and Kashmir cannot get Chinese visa because they do not regard Kashmir to be a part of India. We cannot hope to win a regular war or nuclear war with China. So what are we to do.

We are constantly trying to resolve the border problem by negotiations and the Indian PM has met the Chinese leadership more than the American leadership. We keep speaking to them inorder to avoid another misadventure as it happened in 1962. When they are asked why China invaded us, the answer is ‘To teach India a lesson’. To drive home the fact that we are not number one in Asia. When the whole world believed India was the most powerful country in Unkw_¿ 2015

Despite all this, we have developed our economy, increased our investments and established good relationships with many countries. Our relationship with US has improved substantially, we have signed a nuclear deal with them, and our democracy has become as vibrant as it was before 1962.

Despite all this, a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council is elusive. Amongst

permanent members of the UN, only the UK was in favor of offering India a permanent membership. Neither the US, China or even Russia was willing to accommodate us. So we are never going to be a permanent member with Veto powers, because nobody wants us to have a permanent membership.

(Adapted from the speech delivered at KERALA MEDIA ACADEMY) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Prepared by: K. Hemalatha

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{]Imiv Imcm-´v

ens\bpw \n¿Æm-b-I-ambn klmbn® hn.-]n. tat\m\pw ]fin-XvPnbpsS tkmjy-enÃv Nn¥-Iƒ°pw tNcn- t N- c m- h n- t Z- i - \ - b - Ø n\pw hy‡hpw efn- X - h p- a mb cq]w \¬In Ah- X - c n- ∏ n® hn.- s I. IrjvW-ta-t\m\pw apX¬ Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS C¥y≥ dbn¬th- b psS B[p-\n-IX - z-Øns‚ knw_-emb C. {io[-c≥ hsc FØp∂ Hcp \o≠ ]´nI \ap- ° p- ≠ v . ]s£ C¥y `cn® Hcp {][m-\-a-{¥ntbm C¥y `cn-®n-cp∂ Hcp cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´nbpsS Xe-ht\m \ap-°p-≠m-bn-´n-√.

A[n-Im-cs - Ø-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Be¶m-cn-I-]-Z-hn-bp≈ cmjv{S-]-Xn-ÿm\tam P\w t\cn´v sXc-s™-Sp°mØ PpUo- j y- d n- b psS D∂- X ÿm-\tam A√ Rm≥ Dt±in-°p∂-Xv. B ]Z-hn-I-fn¬ Ccn-°p-∂h¿°v kz¥w Ign-hp-Iƒ ]q¿Æambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - n¬ ]cn-an-Xnbp-≠v. \Ωp-sSbpw _wKm-fn-sebpw sNdnb {Xn]p-c-bn-sebpw am{Xw cmjv{So- b - Ø nHXp- ß p∂ am¿IvknÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xr-XzØn¬ c≠v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ h∂n-´p-≠v. apºv C.-Fw.-Fkpw ]n∂oSv {]Imiv Imcm-´pw. ]s£, Ah¿ t]mepw X߃ C¥y≥ P\-Xsb A¬]-

bpsS F®v.-Un. tZh-KuU F∂ I∂-U-°m-c≥ ]Øp-amkw {][m-\a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√. ]s£, At±lw Hcp \n¿Æm-bI Xocp- a m- \ - ß - s f- S p- ° p∂ tZiob t\Xm-hmbn Bcpw IW-°m-°n-bn´n-√-t√m. eoU¿°v {][m- \ - a {¥n \cknw-l-dm-hp-am-bp≈ A`n-{]m-b-hyXymkw tIm¨{Kkv D∂X t\Xr-

F®v.-Un. tZh-KuU sb-¶nepw \memw ÿm\w sIm≠v Xr]vXn-s∏-tS≠n h∂ H-fn-ºnIvkv {Sm°v Hm¿Ωn-∏n®-Xp-t]mse A∂v At±-lw- sskUv sse≥ sNø-s∏´p. ]e Imc- W - ß fpw D≠m- b ncn°mw AXn-\v. ]s£ Hcp ImcWw Bep-hm-bn¬ Rm≥ I≠ ko\nse sskt° Bbn-cp-∂p. Cw•o-jnHcp HmIv k v t ^m¿Up- s si- e ntbm lnμn-bn¬ Hcp Zn√n D¿Zp-˛-lnμn \mS≥ _p≤n- P ohn ssientbm

{]Wm_v apJ¿Pn Xz-\n-c-bn¬ aq¿—n® Imew. Xm≥ IqSn ap≥ssI-sb-SpØv Icp-°ƒ \o°n-bmWv \c-knw-l-dm-hp-hns\ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-°n-bXv F∂v hnizUnkw_¿ 2015

(38) kn-®n-cp∂ Icp-Wm-I-cs\ \c-knw-l-dmhp sas√ AI-‰n-Øp-Sß - nb Imew. tIm¨{K n¬ dmhp-hn-s\-Xn-cmb ]S-bp-sS- I-Sn™m¨ Icp- W m- I - c ≥ Gs‰- S p- Ø p. ]s£, Zn√n-bm-bn-cp∂p Ifn-°f - w. AhnsS tI{μ-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ Icp-Wm-I-c≥ A∂v Gsd ]ªn-kn-‰n-tbmsS Hcp tIm¨{Kkv h¿°nwKv IΩ‰n saº-d-∑m-cpsS A\utZym-Kn-I-tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq-´n. cmhnse {]Wm_v apJ¿Pn, icZv ]hm¿ XpS-ßnb D∂-Xt- \-Xm-°ƒ Icp-Wm-Ic - s\ a{¥n-aμ - nc-Øn¬ h∂p I ≠p. tbmK-Øn\p ka-bam-bn. tZi h - n-tZi Sn hn Nm\-ep-If - p-sSbpw ]{X-°m-cp-sSbpw ]S ]pdØp ImØp-\n∂p. ]s£, tbmKw \S-∂n-√. Akz-ÿ\mbn Icp-Wm-Ic - ≥ ]pd-tØ-°p-h∂ - p. Xnc°p-Iq´n Cw•o-jnepw lnμn-bnepw \qdp tNmZy-i-c-ß-fpambn At±-lsØ t\cn´

AS¬ _nlmcn _mPvt]bn

]{X-°m-tcmSv At±lw t\m, t\m, \Xnw Kv Sp tk F∂p ]d™v H∂pw ]d-bmsX Imdn¬ Ib-dn. B cwK-Øn\v km£yw hln® Fs‚ ae- b mfn tP¿W- e nÃv kplrØv ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Zn√n Xncp-h\-¥] - p-chpw `mj ae-bm-fh - p-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n¬ At±lw B kμ¿`w icn °pw Hcp aoUnbm kt∏m¿´p≈ cW-`q-an-bm-°ntbt\. Nne-t∏mƒ AXv tZio-b-cm-jv{Sob-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-Ihp-am-°n-tbt\.

Unkw_¿ 2015

1996 se temIv - k `m CeIvj\n¬ B¿°pw `qcn]£w In´n-bn-√. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ ko‰v In´nb `mc-Xob P\- X m- ] m¿´n- b psS AS_nlmcn hmPvt]bn a{¥n-k`bv°v 13 Znh-kta Bbp- p≠m-bp-≈p. P\XmZƒ X√n °q-´nb Xm¬°m-enI ap∂Wn-bpsS Htc-sbmcp ]i `cW- t amlw am{X- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. tIm¨{K- n\v `c-W-an-√msX k¿°m-cns\ \ne-\n¿tØ≠ KXn-tISp h∂p. koXmdmw tIk- c n- b mWv tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿e-sa‚dn ]m¿´n t\Xmhpw tIm¨{Kkv A[y-£\ - pw. Hcp {]m`- h hpw P\- { ]o- X n- b p- a nkoXmdmw tIk-cn√mØ tIk-cnPn A∂v A\h[n Agn- a Xn Btcm- ] - W ߃ t\cn-Sp∂ t\Xm-hm-Wv. A°m-e-ØmWv Icp-Wm-I-cs‚ tZio-bX-e-Øn-ep≈ cmjv{Sob Icp-\o-°-߃ \n¿Æm-b-I-am-b-Xv. Hcp {][m\- a {¥n ]Z- Ø n- \ mbn 144 AwK- ß ƒ temIv - k - ` - b n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ tIm¨{Kkv \S-Ønb Icp-\o-°-ß-fn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-am-bXv lnμn Gcnbm-bnse i‡n-am-∑m-cmb apembw knwKv, emep-{]-kmZv bmZ-hv, icZv bmZhv {]`y-Xn-I-fp-ambn ka-hm-b-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. Icp-\o-°Ø - ns‚ Np°m≥ IcpWm-I-cs‚ ssIbn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

AXn\p Xm≥ {ian-°p-I-bmWv F∂v tZh- K uU cmPn- h ® Znhkw Hcp ae-bmfn ]{X-{]h¿Ø-I\p \¬Inb A`n-ap-JØn¬ At±lw ]d-bp-I-bp≠m-bn. koXmdmw tIk-cnsb Cu DØ- t c- ¥ y≥ t\Xm°ƒ°pw tIm¨{K- n- \ p≈nse _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw {]nba√m-bn-cp-∂p. Icp-Wm-I-c\m-bn-cp∂p ASpØ tNmbvkv. ]s£, Xß-fpsS lnμn-bnAXp-t]mse kwkm-cn-°m≥ Ign- b m- Ø - h s\ ka- \ mbn C∂pw ImWm≥ ]‰mØ DØtc-¥y≥ a\- p-If - psS ap∂nIcpW mI c s‚ \o°ßƒ°v sF.-sI. KpP-dmƒ `mj henb {]Xn-_-‘-am-bncn-°-Ww. Ah-km\w tIm¨{K- n¬\n-∂pw- cm-Pn-h®v hn.-]n. knwKnt\m-sSm∏w t]mbn cmPy-k-`mw-K-amb Acmjv-{Sob _p≤n-Pohn sF.sI. KpP-dmƒ {][m\-a-{¥n-bm-bn. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

t\mh-enÃpw ho£Ww ap≥ No^v FUn-‰-dp-amWv teJ-I≥.

C˛-sabn¬: klmv@rediffmail.com

(39)

hm¿Ø-bpsS Ncn-{X-]m-T-߃

jmPn tP°_v

1977 apX-ep-ff Im¬ \q‰m-≠p-Im-eØv C¥y≥ am[y-a-߃ kr„n® Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-ap-ff Nne hm¿Øm-hn-π-h-ß-fpsS IY-Iƒ “News is that which authority would wish to hide; everything else is advertising”

cm

Pm- dmw-tam-l≥ tdmbnbnem-cw-`n-°p∂ C¥y≥ am[y-aN - c - n{Xw apJy- a mbpw aq∂p- L - ´ - ß - f n- e q- s SbmWv IS-∂p-t]m-∂n-´p-ff - X - v. sImtfmWn-b¬ cm{„o-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ bpw C¥y≥ B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw \thm-∞m-\˛- k - m-aq-ly-{]-ÿm-\ß - f - psSbpw \m\m-Xp-d-Iƒ ka-\z-bn-∏n®v A®-Sn-am-[y-a-߃ C¥y≥`m-j-Ifnepw Cw•o- j nepw thcp- ] n- S n® H∂mw- L ´w; tZio- b - { ]- ÿ m- \ Øns‚bpw cm{„-˛c - m-{„o-bm-ht- _m-[Øn-s‚bpw Pnlz-I-fmbn ]{X-am-knI-Iƒ amdnb c≠mw-L´w; kzmX{¥ym-\-¥cw Zriy-am-[y-a-߃°pw ]n∂oSv \q‰m-s≠m-Sp-hn¬ \h-am-[ya-߃°p-sam∏w A®-Sn-am-[y-aß - fpw P\-{]n-b-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ aq∂m-L´w F∂n-ß-s\. 1800 IfpsS Ah-km\w hsc-bp-ff H∂mw-L-´-Øn¬ htcWyhpw \K-c-tI-{μn-Xhpw D]-cn-h¿K\n-jvT-hp-amb Cw•o-jv]-{X-ß-fpsS ta¬t°m-bva-bmWv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂sX-¶n¬, C¥y≥`m-j-I-fn¬ ]{X-am-

cmPm -dmw-tam-l≥ tdmbn Unkw_¿ 2015

(40)

kn-I-I-fm-cw-`n-°p-Ibpw _lp-P-\-am-[y-a-kw-kvIm-cØn\p XpS-°-an-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXXv c≠mw-L-´-Øn-emWv. H∏w, Cw•o-jv]-{X-߃ cm{„o-bhpw kmwkvIm-cnI-hp-amb Ah-bpsS AP-≠m-sk-‰nwKv IpØI \ne\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tdUntbm `c-WI - q-Sa - m-[y-aa - mbn \ne-hn¬ h∂p-sh-∂-XmWv Cu L´-Ønse {it≤-bamb as‰mcp kwK-Xn. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-c-ap-ff BZy Im¬\q-‰m-≠nepw Cu ÿnXn Gsd-°psd am‰-an-√msX XpS¿∂p. 1980Itfm-sS-bm-Wv, Ipsd-°qSn IrXy-am-bn-∏d-™m¬ 1977 apX-emWv \b-]-c-ambpw kmt¶-Xn-Iambpw hn]-Wn-]-c-am-bp-sams° C¥y≥am-[y-a-߃ A£-cm¿Y-Øn¬ AXns‚ _lp-P-\(mass)-Po-hn-X-amcw-`n-°p-∂X - v. C¥y≥`m-jI - f - nepw Cw•o-jn-ep-ap-ff ]{X߃ e£-°-W-°n\p tIm∏n-I-fn-te°p hf¿∂p.

C¥y≥P- \ - X - b psS km£- c - X m- ˛ - h m- b - \ m- \ n- c - ° nh≥Ip-Xn∏p {]I-S-am-bn. ]{X-߃ ]c-ky-hn-]-Wn-bpsSbpw IpSpw_ DS-a-ÿ-X-bpsS Imew ]n∂n´v tIm¿∏td‰v DS-a-ÿ-X-bp-sSbpw Ime-tØ°p IS-∂p. H∏w sSen-hn-js‚ bpKhpw Bcw-`n-®p. Zriy-am-[y-a-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv C¥y-bn¬ A®-Sn-am-[y-a-ßfpw G‰hpw henb hf¿® t\Sn-b-sX∂ IuXp-I-I-c-amb hkvXpX ChnsS Hm¿°p-I-Xs∂ thWw. Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ sSen-hn-j\pw ]{X-ßfpw AhbpsS {]Nmcw h¿[n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-s°-Ø-s∂-bmWv

C‚¿s\-‰v-˛-\-h-am-[y-a-ßfpw ChnsS {]N-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂Xv. Cu aq∂mw-L-´-Øns‚ BZy Im¬\q-‰m-≠n(1977˛2002) C¥y≥am[y-a-߃ kr„n® Nne hm¿Ømhn-π-h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff Ncn-{X, IYm-]m-T-ß-fmbn cNn-°s∏´ ]pkvX-I-amWv "Breaking the Big Story’ . hm¿ØmsS-en-hn-j≥Im-eØv ¢osj-bmbn amdnb hm°m-Wt√m "t{_°nwKv \yqkv' F∂-Xv. sSen-hn-j\p ap≥]pw ]pd Øpw C¥y≥ hm¿Øm- a m- [ y- a - ß ƒ kr„n® "t{_°nwKv' F∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ hm¿Ø-I-sf-°p-dn®mWv Cu {KŸw. 2003˛¬ hnJymX ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I\pw ]{Xm-[n-]-cp-amb _n.-Pn. h¿Kokv FUn-‰p-sN-bvX-h-X-cn∏n® Cu {KŸw C¥y≥ am-[y-a-N-cn-{X-Ønse aq∂mwL-´-Øns‚ am{X-a-√, ]e-\n-e-I-fn¬ Ncn-{X-{]m-[m\yw t\Snb ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿm-\-¥c C¥y≥ cm-{„o-b-Øns‚-Xs∂ \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fmbn amdnb Nne kμ¿`-ß-fpsS-Xs∂ BJym-\-am-Wv. G‰hpw {it≤-b-amb H≥]Xv hm¿Øm-\n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fpsS IY Ah km[y-am-°nb am[ya-{]-h¿Ø-I¿Xs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. HscÆw sSenhn-j-\nepw as‰m-scÆw \h-am-[y-a-km-t¶-Xn-I-X-bpsS ]n¥p-W-tbmsSbpw \S-∏m-b-t∏mƒ _m°n Gsg-Æhpw "t{_°v' sNbvXXv A®-Sn-am-[y-aß - f - n-em-Wv. apJy-ambpw ]{X-ß-fn¬X-s∂. t`m∏m¬Zp-c¥w (cmPvIp-am¿ tIkzm\n), Imin∏q-cnse ]´n-Wn-a-c-W-߃ (kº-Xva-lm-]{X), s\√n- Iq´-s°me (kRvPbv lkm-cnI), {ioe-¶≥ B`y-¥-cbp≤w (A\n-Xm-{]-Xm]v), Imivao¿ Iem-]-߃ (apkan¬ Peo¬), {In°‰v tImg ({]Zo]v amK- k n≥), t_mt^mgvkv Agn-aXn (Nn{Xm- kp-{_-“Wyw), Bbp-[Ipw-`-tImWw (Xcp-¨ tX-Pv]m¬), KpP-dmØv hwi-lXy (Snà skX¬hmZv) F∂n-h-bmWv Cu H≥]Xv hm¿Ømk-μ¿`-߃. t`m∏m¬ Zpc-¥hpw Imin-∏q¿ £mahpw t]mep-ff Nne-sXms° sNdp-In-S, {]mtZ-inI ]{X-ß-fnemWv XpS-°a - n-´s - X-¶nepw tZio-ba - m-[y-aß - f - n-eq-sS-bmWv cmPym-¥c {i≤-bm-I¿jn-®Xpw cm{„o-b-`q-I-º-ß-fp-≠m°n-b-Xpw. tZio-b-am-[y-a-߃ F∂m¬ Cw•ojvam[y-a߃X-s∂.

A≥]-tXmfw ]pd-ß-fp-ff Zo¿L-amb Hc-h-XmcnI _n.-Pn. h¿Kokv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-s\-gp-Xp-∂p-≠v. aq∂p-`m-K-ß-fp≠v CXn-\v. ]{X/am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-X-Xz߃ hnh-cn-°p∂ H∂mw-`m-Kw, kzmX-{¥ym-\¥ - c C¥y≥ ]{X/am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]h-W-X-Iƒ hnh-cn°p∂ c≠mw-`m-Kw, Cu {KŸ-Ønse H≥]Xp hm¿ØmN-cn-{X-ß-fp-sSbpw ]›mØew hnh-cn-°p∂ aq∂mw-`mKw F∂n-ß-s\. am[y-a-\n-cq-]-W-Øns‚bpw Ncn-{X-Øns‚bpw A°m-Z-anI kz`m-h-߃s°m∏w B[p-\nI C¥y≥ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ IY Xs‚ Bfl-I-Ytbm-Sn-W-°nbpw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p, h¿Ko-kv. F¥mWv _nKvtÃmdn? At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: “There can be many definitions: the magnitude of the disaster, the far-reaching

Unkw_¿ 2015

(41) consequences of the event in question, the gross nature of the violation, the sheer audacity of the perpetrators. If news represents something out of the ordinary, the big story is about the extraordinary. It may have to be investigated and exposed. But it could be so obvious as to have gone unnoticed.

Incremental change is not easily discerned but, looking back, a transformation is suddenly apparent. This is where an ‘event’ differs from a ‘process’. A disaster or a single or series of closely interrelated happenings is an event. But development and social change are processes spread over a period of time.”

h¿Kokv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se, 1977 hsc ]m¿e-sa‚m-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb hm¿Øm-\n¿Ωm-Xmhpw t{kmXkpw. Fw.-]n. amcpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒhgn `c-WIqSw kr„n® \nb-a-\n¿am-W-ßfpw \b-]-cn]m-Sn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb am‰-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p A°m-esØ cm{„-L-S-\-sb-Øs∂ \nb-{¥n®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv Imcy-߃ amdn-h-∂p. GII-£n-`-cWw Ah-km\n®p; tkmjy-enÃv bpKhpw. ]{X/am[y-a-{]h¿Ø\-X-Xz-ß-fn¬ h∂ Imem-¥c am‰-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®pw P\-ßfpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw kwc-£n-°p-I-sb∂ P\m[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn¬ Du∂n\n∂pw Cu cwKsØ kao-]I - me {]h-WX - I - ƒ N¿®-sNbvXpw C¥y-I≠ H∂mw-\nc ]{Xm-[n]-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmb _n Pn -h¿Kokv Xs‚ ImeØns‚ a\x-km-£n-kq-£n-∏p-Im-cpsS Bfl-IY-t]m-ep-ff Cu IrXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

t`m∏men¬ Zpc-¥-Øn\nSbm-°nb bqWn-b≥ Im¿ss_Uv ^mIvSdn hm¿Øbv°p ]n∂nse hm¿Ø-Iƒ, At\z-j-Wm-fl-I-]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ A]-I-S-ta-J-e-Iƒ, hy‡n-]-c-ambn t\cn´ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≠mb ]cn-K-W-\Ifpw Ah-K-W-\-Ifpw, cm{„o-bhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw a‰p-amb {]tem- ` - \ - ß ƒ, h[- ` o- j - W n- I ƒ, acWw ap∂n¬I≠ \nanj߃, C∂pw XpS-cp∂ `c-W-Iq-S-th-´-Iƒ.... am[y-a-]-TnXm-°ƒ \n›-b-ambpw hmbn-®n-cn-t°≠ A\p-`-h-]m-T-ß-fmWv Cu H≥]Xp cN-\-I-fpw. \oXn-t_m-[hpw kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-_≤Xbpw sXmgn-en-t\mSv Iqdp-apff am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø\w \njv]-£amb Kpa-kvX-∏-Wn-b-√, BŒn-hn-kw-X-s∂-bmbn amdp∂ Bflk-a¿∏-W-am-sW∂p sXfn-bn-°p-∂p, Cu cN-\-Iƒ ]e-Xpw. t`m∏m¬ Zpc-¥-Øns‚ \mƒh-gn-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ tIkzm\n-bpsS cN\ t\m°p-I. 15,000e[nIw t]cpsS ac-Whpw e£°-W° - n-\m-fp-If - psS A\-¥c - X - e - a - p-dI - f - n-te°pt]mepw \ofp∂ Zpcn-X-ßfpw kr„n-®p-sIm≠v 1984 Unkw-_¿ aq∂n\v bqWnb≥ Im¿ss_Uv Iº-\n-bn¬\n∂v anssX¬ sFtkm -k-bss\‰v F∂ hnj-hm-XIw tNm¿∂ kw`hw temI-Øp-≠mb G‰hpw henb hymh-km-bn-I- Zp-c-¥-am-bmWv Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. bqWn-b≥ Im¿ss_Uv kr„n-°m-hp∂ A]-I-S-ß-sf-°p-dn®v 1981 Unkw-_¿ sXm´v am[y-{]-tZ-inse {]mtZ-inI sNdp-InS lnμn-]-{X-ß-fnepw amkn-I-I-fnepw FgpXnt∏m∂ncp∂ am[y-a{]-h¿Ø-I-\mWv tIkzm-\n. 1969˛¬ \ne-hn¬h∂ Iº-\n-bn1978 apX¬Xs∂ A]-I-S-߃ ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£ _lpcm{„ hyh-km-b-Ip-Ø-I-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu ÿm]-\sØ F√m kpc-£m-ho-gvN-I-tfm-sSbpw kwc-£n-°p-I-bmWv `c-WIqSw sNbv X - X v . am[y- a - ß fpw Im¿ss_- U ns‚ Aew`mh߃°p-t\sc IÆ-S-®p. hn]p-e-amb At\z-jWw \SØn tIkzm\n {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ 2000 tIm∏n am{Xw {]Nmc-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Rapat F∂ {]Xn-hm-c-]-{X-Øn-emWv BZyw h∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv \h-`m-cXv F∂ ]{XØnepw chn-hm¿ F∂ hmcn-I-bnepw HSp-hn¬ P\-k-Ø-sb∂ ]{X-Ønepw tIkzm\n dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. GXp-\n-an-jhpw s]m´n-sØ-dn-°mhp∂ Hc-·n-]¿h-X-amWv bqWn-b≥ Im¿ss_Uv F∂ ap∂-dnbn∏v At±lw F{X-sb-¶nepw dnt∏m¿´p-I-fn¬ \¬In-bn´pw Bcpw sNhn-s°m-≠n-√. dnt∏m¿´nw-Kn\p ]pdsa tIkzm\n \S-

tIkzm\n Unkw_¿ 2015

(42)

Anita Pratap on Velupillai Pirabhakaran groups. Apart from the militants, there were also the moderate Tamil leaders who at that time commanded much greater respect and importance. Even among the militants, Pirabhakaran was the youngest and certainly not the most important-Uma Maheshwaran was.

Anita Pratap “

I

first came to know about Pirabhakaran in 1982 when he and Uma Maheshwaran, his rival, had a shootout in Madras’s Pondy Bazaar.

The two had started out together as comrades in their armed struggle against the Sinhala state, but they soon fell apart, riven by differences over ideology, strategy and even a woman-though Pirabhakaran denies that. The rivalry turned murderous as witnessed in the streets of Madras.

Both were arrested and then let off because of the intervention of Tamil Nadu politicians linked to the Sri Lankan Tamil struggle.

At that time, Pirabhakaran was a long, long way off from attaining his current ‘pre-eminent status’ in the Sri Lankan Tamil struggle. He was only a leader of one of five militant

For months I studied all five extremist groups, met their cadres and leaders very often. The LTTE stood apart.

You did not have to be an Einstein to figure out that they were far superior to the other groups. The cadres were more disciplined, more reticent, more polite, better trained and certainly far more committed to their cause and leader as symbolized by the cyanide vial that hung on black threads around their necks. They were highly professional and punctual. If they said they would deliver a press release at 11.00 a.m., they would be there right on time.

Yet another remarkable aspect was their excellent documentation. They had well-produced booklets, pamphlets, literature on their struggle, their activities and achievements. They had photographs and even videos of the atrocities committed by the Sri Lankan army. Their propaganda machinery was simply superb, unmatched by any I have seen till today. Even the Bill Gates Foundation cannot compare with the LTTE information network. It is even more remarkable when you realize that LTTE’s is a clandestine network stretching across the globe.

At the nerve centre of this world wide web was Pirabhakaran. But he was more like God than spideromnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent, but never visible in flesh and blood to the mortal eye. There were tonnes of glossy photographs and well-shot videos of him, but the man seemed almost mythical. He was not real because he was so elusive. Hardly anybody had seen him. Fewer had spoken to him. And no one had interviewed him. Ever.

That of course only stoked my determination to interview him. Till today I have never had to chase a person so assiduously, so consistently, so tenaciously and so long as I did Pirabhakaran. It took me four months

Ønb cm{„o-b, `c-W-IqS CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw ^ew-I-≠n√. HSp-hn¬ B Zpc¥w kw`-hn-®t- ∏mƒ tZio-b, cmPym¥c am[y-a-߃ apX¬ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-h-sc-bp-ff ÿm]-\-߃ tIkzm-\nsb tXSn-sb-Øn. _n_nkn apX¬ \yqtbm¿°vssSwkv hsc-bp-f-fh tIkzm-\nsb {]hm-NI - X - p-ey-\m°n hmgvØn. temI-sa-ßp-ap-ff am[ya- ß fpw hm¿Øm GP≥kn- I fpw At±- l - Ø ns‚ Unkw_¿ 2015

dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ]I¿Øn. Zpc¥w \S∂ cm{Xn-bn¬ Xs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°pw `mcy-°p-sam∏w t`m∏m-en¬\n∂v I„n-®p-c-£-s∏´ tIkzm\n XpS¿∂pw t`m∏m¬Zp-c-¥_m-[n-X¿°p-ta¬ `c-W-IqSw \S-Øp∂ a\p-jy-Xz-c-lnX-amb Nqj-W-߃s°-Xn-sc-bp-f-f Xs‚ t]mcm´w XpS¿∂p.

GXm-≠n-tX-co-Xn-bn¬, Xm≥ dnt∏m¿´p-sNbvX

(43) before I could get that first interviewa first for him and a first for me.

Shortly after the 1983 riots, when I approached the head of the local LTTE office in Chennai with a request to interview Pirabhakaran, he was flabbergasted.

‘Our leader does not give interview’, he said with blank amazement.

‘Well, he has to start sometime. Best is now and to me’, I replied.

He ruled it out completely and said I was wasting my time. I did not give up, approaching whatever source I could think of. Fuelling my determination was my conviction that Pirabhakaran would one day be the most important person in the Sri Lankan conflict. It was a conviction that stemmed simply from the visible superiority of the LTTE as a guerrilla organization in every way. Only a truly remarkable person could create such an organization. That he shunned publicity, so unlike all the media-hungry politicians I was constantly besieged by, made Pirabhakaran even more alluring to me.

But surprisingly Indian officials disagreed with me. Indian politicians and officials kept telling me that Uma Maheshwaran was the man to watch. He was a clever guerrilla, a shrewd plotician and one with whom a deal could eventually be struck. Pirabhakaran, on the other hand, they said, was too extreme, too

kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb Hc-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚tbm Ah- ÿ - b p- s Stbm IY ]d- b p- I - b mWv Hmtcm-cp-Øc - pw. B{‘m-{]-tZiv AXn¿Ønbn-ep-ff Imin-∏q-cn¬ 2000˛2002 ImeØv \qdp-I-W-°n\v BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ ]´n-Wnaqew acn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv F≥ Un Sn hn°p- t h≠n dnt∏m¿´v sNbv X kºZv

Velupillai Pirabhakaran uncompromising, unwise and unschooled in politics, an excellent guerrilla mastermind but limited because he did not know the ways of the world. As far as Indian officials were concerned, he would never make it because he was not a ‘politician’. I felt that reason alone would guarantee his trajectory as the pre-eminent person in his homeland.

I was right, but only partly. What also ensured his salience was his astonishing foresight and ruthlessness. He physically removed all rivals from his path. I have been strong in my criticism about some of his policies and people have wondered how I dared criticize a man whose ruthlessness is legendary and intolerance to criticism and dissent blood-curdling. In fact while I was deposing before the Jain Commission in New Delhi, justice Jain interrupted me at one point and warned me that I was putting myself in danger when I described Pirabhakaran’s ruthlessness while explaining why I was convinced he had masterminded Rajiv Gandhi’s murder. I reassured the judge, pointing out that I was only saying what I had already written about him in print. Till today, I have never faced any threats or intimidation from Pirabhakaran. He has consistently been warm, welcoming, truthful and respectful.

My association with Pirabhakaran spans two decades. Over the years, I have seen many changes in the man-he is fatter now, has shaved off his moustache and there are flecks of grey in his mane. He has shed his tigerstriped combat fatigues to don safari suits in public. But his commitment to his cause remains the same-strong, clear, uncompromising.”

alm-]-{Xbpw t`m∏m-en-te-Xn\p kam-\-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bn-te°p hnc¬Nq- ≠ p- ∂ p- ≠ v . _lp- c m- { „- I p- Ø - I - I - f psS hymh- k m- b nI Xm¬∏-cy-߃ (ChnsS t_mIvssk‰v J\\w) apgp-h≥ hyh-km-bkp-c£ - m-\n-ba - ß - fpw ewLn-®p-sIm≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - n-s‚bpw `cW-Iq-Shpw DtZym-K-ÿ-˛-cm-{„o-b-t\-Xr-Xzhpw AXn\p IpS-]n-Sn-°p∂-Xn-s‚bpw cm{„o-b-Øn-te-°v. {_“-]p{X Xmgvhcbn¬, _w•m-tZ-in¬ \n∂v A`-bm¿Yn-IUnkw_¿ 2015

(44) fm-sb-Ønb ap…n-ßsf Ak-anse kmbp-[-kw-L-S-\bmb hnZym¿Yn-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ th´bm-Snb kw`-h-amWv kRvPbv lkm-cnI Hm¿ Ωn-s®-gpXp-∂-Xv. 1983 s^{_p-hcn 18\v am{Xw 1753 t]scbm Wv s\√n-{Kmaw Dƒs∏-sS-bp-ff {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ch¿ Iq´s°m e sNbvX-Xv. kw`-h-߃°p km£yw hln ® lkm-cn-I, s\√nkμ¿in ® {][m-\-a{¥n Cμn-cm-Km‘n-bp-sSbpw t]m eokv ta[mhn sI]n-Fkv Kn√ns‚bpw [m¿„yhpw A[n-Im-c-{]-a-Ø-Xbpw tNmZyw-sNøp-∂p. C¥ym-Sp-sU-bn¬ Acp¨ jqdn Fgp-Xnb ]cº-cs - bm-gn-sI, am[y-aß - s - fm-∂pw, hS-°p-In-g° - ≥ C¥ybn¬ ]pI™pIØnb Cu cm{„o-b-∏-I-bpsS lnwkmfl-I-amb s]m´n-sØdn temIsØ Adn-bn-®n-√. `c-WIq-S-Øns‚ kºq¿Æ-amb Xa-kvI-c-Whpw ]cm-P-bhpw thsd-bpw. {ioe-¶≥ Xangvhwi-P-cpsS aq∂p-]-Xn-‰m≠p \o≠ B`y-¥-c-bp-≤-Øns‚ IY G‰hpw kvtXm`-I-c-ambn temIsØ Adn-bn® A\n-Xm-{]-Xm-]ns‚ Hm¿a-I-fmWv ASpØ teJ-\w. {ioe-¶-bnse Xangv hncp-≤¿ Pm^v\ sse{_dn IØn®p Nmº-em-°nb 1981 ¬ k¨tU amkn-I-°p-th≠n XpS-°-an´ A\n-X-bpsS {ioe-¶≥ Xangv dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ 1983se h≥ Iem-]-ß-fn-eqsS XpS¿∂v thep-∏n-ff {]`m-I-cs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ F¬.Sn.-Sn.-C. \S-Ønb hnkva-b-I-c-amb Cug--t∏m-cm-´-ß-fneqsS ]Xn- ‰ m- ≠ p- I ƒ apt∂- d n- b - X ns‚ IY- b mWv teJ\w ]d- b p- ∂ - X v . {]`m- I - c t\mSpw {ioe- ¶ ≥ k¿°mcnt\mSpw C¥y≥ kam-[m\tk\-tbmSpw Htc-

{]Zo]v amK-kn≥ t]mse D‰ _‘w-ÿm-]n-°m≥ Ign™ GI tPWenÃv F∂ \ne-bn¬ A\n-X-bpsS {ioe-¶≥ dnt∏m¿´pIƒ temI-{i-≤-bm-I¿jn-®p. sSe-{Km^v ]{Xw, ssSw hmcn-I, knF≥-F≥ Nm\¬ F∂n-h-°p-th≠n {]`mI-c-\p-ambn \S-Ønb A`n-ap-J-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp-ff A\nX-bpsS {ioe-¶≥ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ C¥y-≥am[yNcn-{XØns‚ \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fm-Wv. Unkw_¿ 2015

SoÃ- sk-X¬hm-Zv C¥y≥cm-{„o-b-Ønse G‰hpw kvt^mS-\m-fl-Iamb hnj-bs - a∂ \ne-bn¬ PΩp-Im-ivao¿ {]iv\Ø - ns‚ B¥-c-bp-‡n-I-fn-te°p shfn-®w-ho-ip-∂p, apk-anPeo-ens‚ teJ-\w. 1990˛2000 ImeØv PΩp-˛-Im-ivaocn¬ \S∂ hnL-S-\-hm-Z-˛-`-c-W-Iq-S- kwL¿jß-fpsS ZrIvkm-£n-hn-h-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. am[y-a-߃ G‰hpw IcpX-temsS bmYm¿Yy-߃ ad-®p-h®v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ Xømdm-°p-∂-Xns‚ C¥y≥ DZm-l-c-W-amWv Imivao¿ F∂v Peo¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂p.

C¥y≥ FIvkv{]-knepw ]b-\o-dnepw ]n∂oSv lnμp- ÿ m≥ ssSwknepw tPmen- s Nbv X {]Zo]v amK-kn≥, ]b-\o-dn¬ t{_°p-sNbvX {In°‰v HØpIfn- ˛ - t Img dnt∏m¿´p- I - f psS ]n∂m- º p- d - ° - Y - I - f mWv ASpØ teJ-\w. Akvl-dp-±o≥ Fßs\ Cu tIkn_en- b m- S mbn F∂Xpw I]n¬tZhv Fßs\ CXn¬\n∂p Xe-bqcn F∂Xpw C∂pw DØ-cw-In-´mØ tNmZy-ß-fm-W-t√m. {]Zo-]n-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu hnjbØnse G‰hpw Dƒ°m-gvN-bp-f-fXpw A¥x-]p-c-c-l-ky߃ ad-\o-°p-∂-Xp-amb dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ. 2003 ¬ {]kn≤o-Ir-X-amb Cu {KŸ-Ønse ]e dnt∏m¿´p-I-fpsSbpw IY-Iƒ°p-≠mb ({ioe-¶, BZn-hm-kn- a-c-Ww, KpP-dm-Øv I-em-]w, Bbp-[- Ipw-`-tImWw F∂n-ßs\) XpS¿Po-hnXw Cu hnj-b-Øn\pap≠v F∂pw Hm¿°p-I. A\n-Xm-{]-Xm-]n-s\bpw SoÃ- sk-X¬hm-Zns\bpw (Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ Cs√-¶nepw \fn-\n-knw-Kns\bpw) t]mse, G‰hpw kml-kn-Ihpw hnkva-b-I-chp- a mbn \S- Ø nb At\z- j W dnt∏m¿´p- I - f n- e qsS C¥y≥am- [ y- a - { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - N - c n- { X- Ø n¬ Xmc- ] - Z hn ssIh-cn® Nn{Xm-kp-{_-“W - y-Øn-t‚-XmWv ASpØ cN\. hnjbw t_mt^mgvkv Agn-a-Xn. kzoU-\nepw kzn‰k¿em-≠nepw C¥y-bn-ep-ambn Nn{X \S-Ønb At\zj-Wm-flI ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Hcp Zi-Iw, Ct∂mf-ap-ff C¥y≥ am[y-a-N-cn-{X-Øn-se-Xs∂ G‰hpw hnJym-X-amb amXr-I-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. t_mt^mgvkv dnt∏m¿´nw-Kn¬ Z lnμp Zn\-]{Xw \S-Ønb Ip{]kn-≤-amb ae-°w-a-dn-®n-ep-I-fpsS IYbpw Nn{X A\mh-cWw sNøp-∂p. (]n∂oSv {ioe-¶≥ hnj-b-Ønepw

(45) BW-h-I-cm¿ hnj-b-Ønepw sXm´v kmbv\mYn-s‚bpw kn≤m¿Yv hc-Z-cm-P-s‚-bp-sams° cm{„ob dnt∏m¿´nw-Kn¬hsc Z lnμp \SØnb ae- ° w- a - d n- ® n- e p- I - f psS XpS°w t_mt^m-gvkn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p Icp-Xmw.) lnμp ]n∑m-dn-b-tXmsS tÉvkva≥, C¥y≥ FIv k v { ]kv F∂o ]{X- ß - f n¬ Nn{X t_mt^mgvkv dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y≥ cm{„o-b-ØnC{X-b-[nIw `qI-º-ß-fp-≠m-°n-b, t\Xr-Xzß- f psS inc- t O- Z - ß fpw `c- W - a m- ‰ - ß fpw km[y- a m- ° nb as‰mcp At\z- j W dnt∏m¿t´m am[y-a-hn-π-htam C√.

C¥y≥ {]Xn-tcm-[-˛-B-bp[ CS-]m-Sp-Ifn¬ \nc-¥cw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ kam-\amb Hcp Agn-a-Xn-`q-XsØ IpSw-Xp-d-∂p-hn-´Xns‚ IY-bmWv Xcp¨tX-Pv]m¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv. A\n-cp-≤-_-lmepw amXypkmap-hepw tN¿∂v sXl¬°-°p-th≠n \S-Ønb Hm∏td-j≥ shÃv-F≥Uv F∂p t]cn´ Nmcam-[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ A¤p-X-I-c-amb IY. H∏w Xß-fpsS Agn-aXn Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn® Hcp am[y-aÿ m-]\ - sØ `c-WI - q-Shpw cm{„ob-˛-D-tZym-K-ÿ-hr-μhpw tN¿∂v XI¿Øp Xcn-∏-W-am-°n-b-Xns‚ Ncn-{X-hpw. Nn{Xm-kp{_-“-Wy-Øn\v sting, snowman F∂o c≠p t{kmX-kp-If - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A\n-Xm-{]-Xm-]n\v {ioe-¶≥, C¥y≥ k¿°m-cp-If - nepw cl-kymt\z-jW GP≥kn-If - nepw Xangv hntam-N\ - tk- \ - b nepw D‰ _‘- ß - f p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. tXPv ] m- e n\pw _lm- e n\pw amXyp- h n\pw CØcw _‘-ß-sfm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

Akm-am-\y-amb kmam-\y-t_m-[hpw Hfn-Im-ad-bp-ambn {]Xn-tcm-[a - {- ¥m-eb - Ø - n¬ IS-∂p-Ib-dm≥t]m-ep-ap-ff ss[cyhpw N¶q-‰hpw am{Xam- W p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ - X v . kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw Nn{X°pw A\nX- ° p- a p- ≠ m- b - X n- s \- ° mƒ henb FXn¿∏p-Ifpw i{Xp-°fpw `oj-WnIfpw {]tem-`\ - ß - fpw tXPv]m-en\pw Iq´¿°pap-≠m-bn. \nt£-]I - sc \nb-a° - p-cp-°n-em°n sXl¬°- s b∂ ÿm]- \ sØ k¿°m¿ \mam- h - t i- j - a m- ° n. am[y- a - { ]- h ¿Ø- I sc XpS¿®-bmbn Ad-Ãp-sN-bvXp. tXPv]m-ens\bpw _lm-en-s\bpw h[n-°m≥ G¿∏m-Sm°nb A©v hmS-IK - p-≠I - ƒ Xnlm¿ Pbn-enem-bn. ]s£ C¥y≥ {]Xn-tcm[ CS-]m-Sp-IfpsS cwKw ip≤o-Ic - n-°m≥ k¿°m¿ \n¿_‘n-X-am-bn. t_mt^m-gvkn\pw Im¿Kn-en\pw tij-ap-ff G‰hpw henb tZio-b˛- c - m-{„ob Ipw`-tIm-W-ambn sXl¬° dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ amdn. kvs]{Œw Agn-aX - n-t]m-ep-ff - h CXns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn.

2002se KpP-dmØv Iem-]Ø - n-\p-]n-∂n¬

\S∂ Bkq-{Xn-Xa - mb hwi-lX - ysb-°p-dn-®p-ff SoÃ- sk-X¬hmZns‚ dnt∏m¿´p- I fpw Ah kr„n® tImfn-f-°-ßfpw Ah-Xcn-∏n-°p-∂p, Ah-km\ teJ-\w.

Communalism Combat F∂ kz¥w {]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W - Ø n1992se _m_vdn- a- k vPnZv XI¿°epw 1993se t_mws_ Iem-]hpw apX¬ 2002se KpPdmØv Ime- ] w- h - s c- b p- f - f h dnt∏m¿´v sNbvX SoÃ-sb-t∏m-se, lnμp-Xz-`o-I-c-hm-ZsØ Xpd-∂pIm-Wn® as‰mcp tPW-en-Ãn√.

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ C∂pw C{Xta¬ `c-W-Iq-S-Øm¬ th´-bm-Ss∏-Sp∂ as‰m-cm-fp-an-√. F¥m-bn-cp∂p Soà KpP-dm-Øn¬ I≠ kXyw? Hcp `mKw t\m°pI: Already on this first day in Ahmedabad, 4 March 2002, I had spent over fifteen hours speaking to the child and women victims of Naroda Gaon and Naroda Patiya.

Kauser Bano’s tale-that of a nine-month pregnant woman, close to term, being dragged and assaulted by a lustful mob-had been recounted to me in staccato tones by her father that very day. ‘They slit her stomach where my grandchild, a boy, had been nurtured, dragged the baby out, pierced it with a sword, swirled it around and then hurled it into a fire. Then they turned to her, attacked her with swords and flung her into the fire. I sat watching trembling and breaking inside. There was nothing I could do.’ His voice broke when he spoke of the grandchild who was never born and tears silently poured down his cheeks. He was numbed and crippled by this impotence that would haunt him all his life.”

tKm{[- b n¬ k_¿aXn FIvkv{]- k ns‚ S˛6 Iw]m¿´vsa‚n\p Xobn-´-Xn\p ]n∂n¬ Km©n ap…n-ß-fm-sW∂ s]mXp-t_m-[w-X-s∂bpw Soà tNmZyw sNøp-∂p. KpP-dmØv Fßs\ Bkq-{Xn-X-amb Hcp hwi-l-Xy-°p-ff Ac-ßmbn F∂Xns‚ G‰hpw hnizm-ky-X-bp-ff dnt∏m¿´p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p SoÃ-bptS-Xv. IqSp-X-sem∂pw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. C¥y≥am-[y-a-{]-h¿Ø\-Øns‚ G‰hpw D÷z-e-amb Ncn-{X-L-´-ß-fpsS IY-I-f-dn-bm≥ Xm¬]-cy-ap-f-f-h¿ Cu {KŸw hmbn-°p-I-Xs∂ thWw. Breaking the Big Story, Ed. B.G. Varghese, Penguin-Viking 2003, Rs: 295/...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

{ioi-¶c k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ae-bmfw A[ym-]-I-\mWv teJ-I≥.

E-mail: shajijacob67@gmail.com.

Unkw_¿ 2015

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A°m-Zan hm¿Ø-Iƒ

A®Snam[ya߃ hnizmkyXbn¬ ap∂n¬ ˛ a{¥n

tIcf aoUnb A°mZanbpsSbpw C≥^¿taj≥ ˛ ]ªnIv dntej≥kv hIp∏ns‚bpw B`napJyØn¬ kwLSn∏n® tZiobam[yaZn\mtLmjØns‚ kwÿm\Xe DZvLmS\w hIp∏pa{¥n sI.kn. tPmk^v \n¿-h-ln-°p∂p

{]

Nm-cØ - n¬ i‡-amb a’-cap≈-t∏mgpw A®Sn-am-[y-a-߃ Xs∂-bmWv hnizm-ky-X-bn¬ ap∂n-se∂v kwÿm\ C≥^¿taj≥ a{¥n sI.kn. tPmk^v. ^vfmjp-Iƒ°pw sImta-gvky¬ td‰n-ßn-\p-ap≈ a’-cØn\nS-bn¬ hm¿Ø-bpsS hnizm-kyX tNm¿∂p t]mIp∂Xv Zriy-am-[y-aß - ƒ Xncn-®d - n-bW - s - a∂v At±lw A`n{]m- b - s ∏´p. tIcf aoUnb A°mZanbpsSbpw C≥^¿taj≥ ˛ ]ªnIv dntej≥kv hIp∏ns‚bpw B `napJyØn¬ kwLSn∏n® tZiobam[yaZn\m tLmj Øns‚ kwÿm\Xe DZv L mS\w sIm®nbn\n¿hln°pI bmbncp∂p At±lw. P\m-[n-]X - y-Ønse Xncp-ج i‡n-I-fmb am[y-a-߃ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø]q¿W-amb kzbw \nb-{¥-WØ - n\v hnt[-ba - m-IW - s - a∂v a{¥n ]d-™p. am[yakzmX{¥yhpw DØchmZnØhpw F∂ hnjbØn¬ \S∂ skan- \ m- d n¬ {]apJ am[ya {]h¿ØI\pw sNss∂ Gjy≥ tImfPv Hm^v tP¿Wenkw sNb¿am\pamb iinIpam¿ hnjbmhX cWw \SØn. am[y-a-cw-KØv UnPn-‰¬ Im∏n-‰-en-kØns‚ Ime-am-Wv. Ba-tkmWpw KqKnfpw t]mep≈ h≥ C‚¿s\‰v am[y-a-߃ a\p-jys‚ hnNm-c-hn-Im-cßfpsS \nb-{¥Ww t]mepw Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. am[y-a-߃°p \ne-\n¬°m≥ em`w D≠mtb aXn-bmIq. F∂m¬ C¥y-bnepw Ata-cn-°≥ apX-em-fn-Ø-hyh-ÿ-bn-teXp t]mse am¿°‰v tamU¬ hym]-I-am-bns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. em`-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ am{X-amWv am[y-a-߃ {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. h≥InS tIm¿∏-td‰p-Iƒ Htc kabw hnhn[Xcw am[y-aß - sf hcp-Xn-bn\n¿Øp∂ {]h-W-Xbv°v C¥y-bn¬ \nb-{¥-W-ß-fn√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bn¬ sNdpInShm¿Øm-kw-cw-`ß - ƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv Gsd ]W-s®e-hp≈ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.

C∂sØ kmlNcyØn¬ ]ckyßfn¬ \n∂p e`yamIp∂ hcpam\w sIm≠v h≥InSam[ya߃ \SØns°m≠pt]mIpI Zpjv I camWv . F¶nepw CØcw h≥ ÿm]\߃ \ne \n¬°p∂p. BcmWv Chsb kmºØnIambn ]n¥mßp∂Xv F∂Xv A⁄mXamWv. C¥y bnse am[ya {]h¿ØI¿°v Ct∏mgp≈ sXmgn¬ ]camb Ac£nX Xzt_m[w ]et∏mgpw sX‰mb {]hW-X-Iƒ°p hgßm≥ Ahsc t{]cn∏n°p∂p. hf¿®-bpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]{Xß fpsS _mlycq]Øn¬ am‰w ht∂°mw. C¥ybn{]mtZinI]{X߃ hf¿®bpsS ]mXbn¬Ø s∂bmWv. ISemkpcq]Øn¬ \n∂v UnPn‰¬ πm‰v t^mante°v Ah amdns°m≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]cºcmKXamb cq]w amdn tªmKpt]mepff \ham[ya k¶¬∏߃ P\Iobambns°m≠ncn °p∂p. CdmJv bp≤ ImeØv tªmKpIƒ Gsd {i≤ ]nSn®p ]‰n. ]cnNbkº∂cmb tP¿WenÃpIƒ km[mcW°mcn¬ \n∂p hm¿ØIƒ tiJcn°p∂ k{ºZmbw {]NmcØnembn hcp∂p. kw`h߃°v Ccbmbhtcm KpWt`m‡m°tfm Xs∂ hm¿ØbpsS tiJcWhpw AhXcWhpw \SØp∂ P\Iob coXnbnte°v am[ya{]h¿Ø\w amdp∂p. ˛ iin-Ipam¿ hni- Z o- I - c n- ® p. kmaqly am[ya߃ henb km[yXbpw _m[yXbpambn amdp∂ ImeL´ ØnemWv \mw Ignbp∂Xv F∂v {]apJkmln XyImc≥ tkXp ]d™p. Ch B[nImcnIXbn√mØ, ÿm]nX XmXv]cy°mcmb, DdhnSw shfns∏SpØm Øh¿ \¬Ip∂ sX‰mb ktμi߃ {]Ncn ∏n°p∂p. \ham[yaßfpsS Xpd∂ CSsØ \mw h√msX `bs∏Sp∂p. CØcw kmlNcyØn¬ am[yaßfpsS

Unkw_¿ 2015

\hw-_¿ 2015

(47)

kam-[m\w ]d-bm-\p≈ _m[yX Hcp anYybmIp∂p. ssk_¿ CS߃ hm¿Øm am[yaßsf∏‰nbp≈ ]pcmX\ k¶¬∏ßsfsb√mw am‰n adn°p∂ coXnbn¬ hf¿∂pIgn™p. am[yaßfpsS \nb {¥Ww N¿® sNøs∏SptºmƒØs∂ BcmWv Chsc \nb{¥n°pI F∂Xv Nn¥nt°≠Xp≠v.

DØchmZnØap≈h¿ X¬ÿm\Øn√mØ CSß fn¬ B¿°mWv \nb{¥n°m\pw IWs°Sp∏p \SØm\pamIpI˛B A¿∞Øn¬ am[yakzmX {¥yhpw A°u≠ _nen‰nbpsa√mw A{]k‡ambn s°m≠ncn°p∂p. ssk≤m¥nI XeØn¬ \n∂ndßn {]mtbmKnIXeØn¬ thWw CØcw Imcy ߃ N¿® sNøm≥ F∂v tkXp ]d™p.

DØchmZnØt_m[tØmsS kmaqlytkh\w \SØp∂ am[ya {]h¿ØI¿ Xo¿Øpw Ac£nXm hÿbnemWv . sXmgn¬ {]iv \ ߃ cq£amb kmlNcyØn¬ \ne\n¬∏n\mbn ]Ss]mcpXm≥

Ah¿ \n¿_‘nXcmbncn°pIbmsW∂v tIcf ]{X{]h¿ØIbqWnb≥ kwÿm\ sshkv {]knU‚ v B¿. tKm]Ipam¿ ]d™p. tIcf aoUnb A°mZan HmUnt‰mdnbØn¬ \S∂ NSßn¬ s_∂n _l\m≥ Fw.F¬.F. B[y£yw hln®p. A°mZan ]pdØnd°nb tUm. ssa°nƒ ]pØ≥X- d - b psS AUz¿ssSknMv F∂ ]pkvXIw tkXp {]Imi\w sNbvXp. C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v IΩyqWnt°j≥ UbdIvS¿ Fw. cmaN{μ≥, {KŸImc≥ tUm. ssa°nƒ ]pØ≥Xd, dnt´- b Uv PÃnkv sI. kpIp- a m- c ≥ F∂nh¿ kwkmcn®p. am[yaZn\m tLmjßfpsS `mKambn \S∂ hm¿ØmcN\˛ D]\ymkcN\m a’c hnPbnIƒ°p≈ kΩm\Zm\w a{¥n \n¿hln®p. tIcf aoUnb A°mZan sNb¿am≥ sk¿Pn B‚Wn kzmKXhpw sk{I´dn F.F. l°nw \μnbpw ]d™p.

am[yakzmX{¥yhpw DØchmZnØhpw F∂ hnjbØn¬ \S∂ skan-\m-dn¬ {]apJ am[ya{]h¿ØI\pw sNss∂ Gjy≥ tImfPv Hm^v tP¿Wenkw sNb¿am\pamb iinIpam¿ hnjbmhXcWw \S-Øp∂p

aoUnb A°m-Z-an-bn¬ tIc-f-∏n-dhn Zn\m-tLmjw tI

cfaoUnb A°mZanbpsS B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ tIcf∏nd-hn-Zn\mtLmjw kw-LS- n-∏n®p.- `mj kwkvImcØns‚ -`mKamWv . -`mjm hnIm-cw i‡ambn {]ISn∏n°ptºmgpw -`mjbn¬ Imem\pkrXamb am‰ßƒ Dƒs°m≈m\p≈ klrZbXzhpw hnimeXbpw aebmfn°p≠mIWsa∂v Zn\mtLmjw DZvLmS\w sNbvXp sIm≠v A°mZan C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v- IΩyp-Wnt°j≥ Ubd-Œ¿ Fw. cmaN{μ≥ ]d™p . am-Xr-`mjbpw kwkvImchpw F∂ hnjbØn¬ tP¿Wenkw eIvNd¿ tlaeX sI. {]_‘w AhXcn∏n®p. Sn.hn tP¿Wenkw eIv N d¿ sI. APnXv hnjbmhXcWw \SØn. tP¿Wenkw hnZym¿∞n\n Ajvane _oKw Biwkbpw {]tim-`v ]n. \μnbpw ]d™p. A°mZanbnse tP¿Wenkw, Sn.hn tP¿Wenkw, ]_vfnIv dntej≥kv hnZym¿∞nIƒ hnhn[ ]cn]mSnIƒ AhXcn∏n®p.

Unkw_¿ 2015

A°m-Zan hm¿Ø-Iƒ

(48)

Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse aoUnb A°m-Z-an-I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bv°v ]≤Xn

kmwkv I m- c n- I - ˛ - A - ° m- Z - a nI_‘w sa®- s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ - X ns‚ `mK- a mbn tIcf aoUnb A°m- Z - a n- b n- s e- Ø nb I¿Wm- S I aoUnb A°m-Zan sNb¿am≥ Fw.-F.- s]m-∂∏ kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. A°m-Zan sk{I-´dn F. F. l°ow, sNb¿am≥ sk¿Pn B‚-Wn, A°m-Zan ap≥ sNb¿am≥ hn. ]n. cma-N{- μ≥, I¿Æm-SI aoUnb A°m-Zan sk{I-´dn Fkv. i¶-c∏ F∂n-h¿ kao]w

Z

£y-tW-¥y≥ kwÿm-\ß-fnse aoUnb A°m-Za - n-If - psS tIm¨s^- U - t d- j ≥ cq]o- I - c n°m≥ ]≤Xn Xbm-dm-°p-sa∂v I¿Wm- S I aoUnb A°m- Z an sNb¿am≥ Fw.-F. s]m∂∏ ]d™p. {]h¿Ø- \ - t a- J - e - b nse kl-I-c-Whpw A`n-hr-≤nbpw Dd∏m-°m-\mWv CXv. sIm®n-bntIc-f-˛-I¿Wm-SI aoUnb A°mZ-an-I-fpsS kwbp-‡-tbm-K-ØnapJy-{]-`m-jWw \S-Øp-I-bm-bncp∂p At±-lw. am[y-a{- ]-h¿Ø\w aqeym-[njvTn-Xa - m-sW∂pw aqey-߃ kwc£n-°msX Cu taJ-e-bn-ep-≈h¿°v \ne- \ n¬∏n- s √∂pw s]m∂∏ A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´p. am[y-ahn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ B[p-\nI kmt¶Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬ {]mhoWyw t\SWw. kvt]m¿Svkv, ]cn-ÿnXn XpSßnb hnj-bß - f - n¬ Ah-Kmlw t\Sm≥ {ian-°W - w. C¥y-bnse ]{X- ß ƒ \ne- \ n¬∏n- s \- ∏ ‰n Bi-¶-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√. I¿Æm-S-IØn¬ alm- fl m- K m- ‘ n- b psS t]cn¬ am[y-a-k¿h-I-em-ime Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n®v Kuch-]q¿W-amb Btem-N\ \S-°p∂-Xmbpw At±lw ]d-™p.

Unkw_¿ 2015

tIcf aoUnb A°m-Z-an-bn¬ \S∂ NS-ßn¬ sNb¿am≥ sk¿Pn B‚Wn A[y-£-X-h-ln-®p. tIcf A°m-Zan ap≥ sNb¿am≥ hn.-]n. cma-N{μ≥, `c-W-k-an-Xn-bwKw C.-]n. jmPp-±o≥, C.-Sn.-hn. Id-kvt]m-≠‚ v sN∂ _mk-h-Æ F∂n-h¿ Biwk t\¿∂p. tIcf aoUnb A°m-Zan sk{I-´dn F.-F. l°nw kzmK-Xhpw I¿Æm-SI aoUnb A°m-Zan sk{I-´dn Fkv. i¶-c∏ \μnbpw ]d-™p. kmwkvIm-cn-I˛- A - ° - m-Za - nI _‘w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - ns‚ `mK-ambn tIcf aoUnb A°m-Zan kμ¿in® I¿Wm-SI aoUnb A°m-Zan am[y-a˛- D - t- Zym-Kÿ-kw-LØ - n\v Dujvaf kzoI-cWw \¬In. "aebmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ' F∂ hnj-b-ØnC≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ Ub-d-IvS¿ Fw. cma-N-{μ≥ {]k-t‚-j≥ \SØn. tIcf aoUnb A°m-Z-an-bpsS Ncn{Xw tcJ-s∏-SpØn hnZym¿∞nIƒ Xbm-dm-°nb t]mÃ-dp-I-fpsS {]Z¿i\hpw CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v D≠m-bncp-∂p.

cmjv{S]nXm-hmb almflm Km‘n-bpsS P∑-Zn-\-amb HIvtSm-_¿ 2 tkh-\-Zn-\-am°n tIcf aoUnb A°m-Zanbn¬ Poh-\-°mcpw A[ym-]-Icpw hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw ipNo-I-cW {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂p.

Bookshelf(49)

MEDIA / SOCIETY

By CROTEAU, DAVID | HOYNES, WILLIAM Published by: SAGE (Los Angeles) 5th Ed. Description: 402pages, Price : 4650.00 Providing a framework for understanding the relationship between media and society, Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences helps readers develop skills for critically evaluating both conventional wisdom and their own assumptions about the social role of the media.

Retaining its acclaimed sociological framework, the Fifth Edition covers new studies, includes up-to-date material about today’s rapidly changing media landscape, and significantly expands discussions of the “new media” world, including digitization, the Internet, the spread of mobile media devices, the role of user-generated content, the potential social impact of new media on society, and new media’s effect on traditional media outlets.

Updated research, the latest industry data, and current examples from popular media illustrate enduring themes in the sociology of media.

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New Books @ Academy Library

MEDIA IMPERIALISM

by Oliver Boyd-Barrett Published by: SAGE (Los Angeles) 1st Ed. Description: 219pages, Price : 2414.00

How does control of media resources serve political and economic ends? What is the impact of media concentration and monopoly in the era of technology convergence, with not just traditional and ‘new’ media but also consumer electronics, telephony and computing industries?

Revisiting the classic concept of media imperialism, Oliver Boyd-Barrett presents a thorough retake for the 21st century, arguing for the need to understand media and empires and how structures of power and control continue to regulate our access to and consumption of the media. It’s no longer just Disney and Dallas - it’s also now Alibaba, Apple, Facebook, Google, Samsung and Huawei.

Examining the interplay between communications industries and the hierarchies and networks of political, corporate and plutocratic power in a globalized world, the book explains: * the historical context of the relationship between media and imperialism; * contestation and collaboration among new media empires; * the passion for social justice that inspired the original theories of media and cultural imperialism, and how it has been embraced by a new generation.

Digging deeply into the global landscape and emerging media markets to explore how media power works across transnational boundaries, this book gives a clear and sophisticated argument for why media imperialism still matters.]

Unkw_¿ 2015

(50)

temIw I≠ hc A¥¿t±iob am[yacwKsØ {]ikvXamb Im¿´qWpIsf ]cnNbs∏SpØpIbmWv Cu ]w‡nbn¬. amXr`qan Im¿´qWnÃmb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch Xncs™SpØv AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv.

tPmb¬ Uªyp s]‰v

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ Im¿´qWnMv hn`m-KØ - n¬ ]pen-‰vk¿ kΩm\-Øn\v A¿l-amb Im¿´q¨. seIvknw-KvS≥ sldmƒUv ]{XØn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p∂ tPmb¬ Uªyp s]‰v BWnXns‚ cN-bn-Xm-hv. 1953-˛¬ Ata-cn-°-bnse C≥Uym\ {]hniy-bn-emWv tPmb-ens‚ P\-\w. Imem-hÿm D®-tIm-Sn-tbmSv km[m-cW P\-߃°p≈ XWpØ {]Xn-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xnhnj-b-am-°p-∂-Xv.

tKm]oIrjvWs‚ C˛sabn¬: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by A. Abdul Hakkim, Secretary, Kerala Media Academy, Published from Kerala Media Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: Sergy Antony

Unkw_¿ 2015

(51)

{InÃy≥ KqU≥

2015-˛¬ ]pen-‰vk¿ ]pc-kvIm-c-Øn\v A¿l-amb Nn{Xw Ata-cn-°-bnse IdpØ hwi-Pcpw \nb-a-]m-e-I-cp-ambn kwL¿j-Øn-\n-S-bm°nb s^¿Kp-k≥ shSn-h-bv]p-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nn{Xw. ssa°¬ {_u¨ F∂ \ncm- b p- [ - \ mb Iuamc- ° m- c ≥ t]meo- k ns‚ shSn- h - b v ] nacn-°p-Ibpw CXn\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-bmb t]meokv Hm^o-k-dpsS ta¬ Ip‰w NpaØm≥ tImSXn hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv kwL¿j-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n-bXv . s^¿Kp- k ≥ shSn- h - b v ] ns‚ H∂mw hm¿jn- I - Ø n¬ Adp- ] Xv ASn \of-Øn¬ ]\n-\o¿∏q-°ƒ \ncØn {]Xn-tj-[-a-dn-bn-°p∂ IdpØ hwi-P-cmb ktlm-Z-c≥am¿. Cu Nn{Xw Iyma-d-bn¬ H∏n-sb-Sp-ØXv sk‚v eqbnkv t]mÃv Unkv]m®v Zn\-]{- X-Øns‚ t^mt´m-{Km-^d- mb {InÃy≥ KqU≥ BWv. Unkw_¿ 2015

(52) Media Monthly | December 2015 | `20/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/01676

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Ramachandran Mammayil

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