Media 2014 septermber online file

September 2014 | Vol. 3 | Issue 5 | Price ` 20

if environmental reporting is poor, it affects the quality of our democracy.

They are related.

And if you have bad environmental media reporting, then you see how the democracy quality declines

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sk]vXw_À 2014 $ ]pkvXIw 3 $ e¡w 5 $ hne ` 20

06 With out environment there is no democracy

Claude Alvares

14 Summary of Recommendations

on Issues Relating to Media Ownership TRAI

20 Iñ¨‑p a‑pXð Cþ-am‑ Kk‑n³ hs‑c

24

C‑u U‑n£‑vWd‑n C.]n.jmPpZo³

Loosen the newsroom’s chokehold on the brand

Raju Narisetti

28

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31

Information Technology: Good or Bad?

Shoma A. Chatterji

FUntämdnbð Lighthouse Ashok R Chandran

04 33

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Students’ Corner

38

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41

J. V. Vil’anilam

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Bookshelf

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45 46

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 47 temIw Iï hc 50

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FUntämdnbð

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am Editor N. P. Rajendran Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kottayam N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan T. R. Madhukumar Editor In Charge, Deshabhimani Weekly, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Cover Photo Kalyan Varma Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Marketing In Charge Shainus Markose Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 20 Annual Subscription: ` 200 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 30,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside B&W: ` 20,000

sk]vXw_À 2014

[‑y-a D-Sa-Ø-X k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v s‑S-e‑n-t‑^‑m¬ d-K‑p-t‑eä-d‑n A-t‑X‑m-d‑n-ä‑n H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y (TRAI‑) B-K-k‑v-X‑n k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨ i‑p-]‑mÀ-i-IÄ k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑nI-a‑mb‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n NÀ-¨b‑p‑w H-c-f-t‑h‑m-f‑w h‑n-h‑m-Z-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v.

Bc‑p‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ H-c‑p t‑N‑m-Z‑y-a‑p-ï‑v. s‑]‑m-¶‑p-c‑p-¡‑p-t‑¶S¯‑v ]‑q-¨s‑¡-´‑v I‑mc‑y‑w F-¶ t‑]‑m-s‑e a‑m-[‑y-a-I‑m-c‑y-§-f‑n s‑S-e-t‑^‑m¬ A-t‑X‑m-d‑n-ä‑n F-´‑n-\‑v C-S-s‑]-S‑p-¶‑p? \‑y‑m-ba‑m-b t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w. C-´‑y³ \‑n-b-a-§Ä A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v s‑S-e-t‑^‑mW‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑a‑m-¶‑p-a‑nÃ. ]-t‑£‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-I‑m-c‑y-§Ä t‑\‑m-¡‑p¶ C³-^À-t‑aj³ B-â‑v t‑{‑_‑m-U‑v-I‑m-Ì‑n-§‑v U‑n-¸‑m-À-«‑v-s‑aâ‑v X-§-f‑ps‑S h‑n-j-b-§Ä ]T‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å H-c‑p -Ø‑m]-\‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-b‑m-W‑v {‑S‑m-b‑n-s‑b I‑m-W‑p-¶X‑v. h‑mÀ-¯‑m-{‑]-t‑£-]-W h-I‑p-¸‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n {‑S‑m-b‑v C-X‑n-\‑p-a‑p¼‑p‑w ] T-\-§Ä \-S-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a D-S-a-Ø-X-b‑p-s‑S t‑I-{‑µ‑o-Ic-W‑w D-bÀ-¯‑p-¶ {‑]-i‑v-\-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v 2009 ^‑n-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 25 {‑S‑m-b‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑p‑w `-c-WX-e-¯‑ne‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ne‑p‑w t‑hï-{‑X NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p¶‑pþ \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ H¶‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w. C-¯-h-Wb‑p‑w C³-^À-t‑a-j³ h-I‑p-¸‑v \ÂI‑n-b h‑y-àa‑m-b \‑nÀ-t‑±-i--¯‑ns‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v {‑S‑mb‑v C‑u ]T-\‑w G-s‑ä-S‑p¯X‑p‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨-X‑p‑w. t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-t‑Ì-ä‑v F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n h-l‑n¡‑p¶ \‑nÀ-W‑m-b-Ia‑m-b ]-¦‑v H‑mÀ-a-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑mW‑v 115 t‑]-P‑p-Å ]‑pX‑nb {‑S‑m-b‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑v. a-ä‑v a‑q-¶‑v F-t‑Ì-ä‑p-IÄ t‑]‑m-s‑e a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑m-W‑v. A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-a‑nÃ‑m-s‑X P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-a‑nÃ. a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-¯-d A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-{‑]-I-S-\- k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-a‑mW‑v. k-X‑y-k-Ôa‑m-b a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w F-¶-X‑m-W‑v t‑^‑mÀ-¯‑v F-t‑Ì-ä‑n-s‑â Ø‑m-]-\ e-£‑yh‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑n-\‑p-Å \‑y‑m-b‑o-I-c-W-h‑p‑w P-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-hÀ-¡‑p-Å A-e‑nJ‑n-X I-c‑m-d‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-h‑p‑w. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X-s‑¶ a-ä‑v k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-h‑y-hk‑m-b-§-s‑s‑f I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f I-ï‑p-I‑qS‑m. a-s‑äÃ‑m k‑z-I‑m-c‑yh‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n\‑p‑w e‑m-`-a‑p-ï‑m¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v a‑p-J‑y-Z‑u-X‑y‑w. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä A§-s‑\ B-b‑n-¡‑q-s‑S-¶-X‑m-W‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-‑w B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¶X‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑n F-´‑p-\-S-¡‑p-¶‑p F¶-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f a‑m-{‑X‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑yaÃ. AX‑v s‑]‑mX‑pk-a‑ql-s‑¯ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

C-s‑XÃ‑m‑w kX‑y‑w kX‑y‑w k-X‑y‑w. ]t‑£‑, C‑u k-X‑y-§Ä {‑]‑m-hÀ-¯‑n-Ia‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å \‑n-b-a-\-S-]-S‑n-I-s‑f¸-ä‑n NÀ-¨ s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-X‑p-S-§‑n-b‑m I‑m-c‑y-§Ä A-{‑X F-f‑p-¸-aà F-¶‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-h‑p‑w. t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑pIÄ‑, c‑m-j‑v{‑S‑o-b-]‑mÀ-«‑nIÄ‑, a-X-k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-¯‑v h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ k-X‑y-k-Ôa‑m-b a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w A-k‑m-[‑y-a‑mh‑p‑w F-¶-X‑m-W‑v {‑S‑m-b‑v ]T-\-¯‑n-s‑â H-c‑p {‑] [‑m-\ \‑n-K-a\‑w. e‑m-`-¯‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-W‑v t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p-IÄ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v, X-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-N‑mc-W‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v c‑m-j‑v{‑S‑o-b-]-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S D-t‑±-i‑y‑w. C‑u I‑q«s‑c a‑m-ä‑n-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-t‑e k-X‑y-k-Ôa‑m-b a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-h‑qþ {‑S‑mb‑v I-c‑p-X‑p-¶‑p. ]-d-b‑p¶-X‑v t‑]‑m-s‑e A-{‑X e-f‑n-X-aà I‑m-c‑y-§Ä F-¶‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑a-Je-s‑b \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å-hÀ-s‑¡Ã‑m‑w A-d‑n-b‑m‑w. t‑e‑m-I-s‑a§‑p‑w B-t‑K‑m-f t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑pI-f‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑a ]‑n-S‑n-a‑p-d‑p-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ÅX‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w A-h I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑n-I-b‑mb‑n. C-h‑nS-s‑¯ h³I‑n-S a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n I‑q-«‑p-t‑NÀ-¶‑m-W‑v A-h {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. D-ï‑m-I‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ h‑y-h-Ø-b-\‑p-kc‑n-¨‑v H-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v 51 i-X-a‑m-\‑w D-Sa-Ø-X D-Å Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑nÂ-a‑m-{‑X-t‑a h‑nt‑Z-i H‑ml-c‑n A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑q. B h‑y-h-ØX-s‑¶ {‑S‑m-b‑v i‑p-]‑mÀi-s‑b A-{‑]-k-à-a‑m-¡‑p‑w.

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t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p-IÄ ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n-\‑n-¶‑m B-c‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-¯‑v a‑q-e[-\‑w \‑n-t‑£-]‑n¡‑p-I F-¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-h‑p-a‑pï‑v. {‑S‑mb‑v i‑p-]‑mÀ-i s‑]-s‑«-¶‑v \-S-¸‑m-¡‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e ]-I‑p-X‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä D-S³ A-S-t‑¡ï‑n h-c‑p‑w. C-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑v A-\‑p-K‑p-W-a‑mt‑W‑m? a-l¯‑m-b H-c‑p X-¯‑z-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑n³_-e‑w D-ï‑v F-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w Hc‑p \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑w i-c‑nt‑b‑m {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-It‑a‑m B-h-W-s‑a-¶‑nÃ-t‑Ã‑m. k-X‑y-k-Ôa‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯ X-c-‑nà F-¶ a‑p³-h‑n-[‑n-t‑b‑ms‑S C-¶-b‑n-¶ I‑q-«À a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m]-\‑w \-S-¯‑n-¡‑q-S‑m F-¶‑v h‑y-h-Ø s‑N-¿‑p¶-X‑v `-c-WL-S-\ A-\‑p-i‑m-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y§Ä-¡‑v I-S-I-h‑n-c‑p-²-a‑m-I‑n-t‑Ã? A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b {‑]-I-S-\-¯‑n-\‑p-Å `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-h-I‑m-i‑w a‑m-{‑Xa-t‑à \-½‑p-s‑S ]-{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-¯‑ns‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\‑w? A-s‑X§-s‑\ ]‑mÀ-«‑n-IÄ¡‑p‑w a-X-§Ä¡‑p‑w \‑n-t‑j-[‑n¡‑p‑w? {‑S‑m-b‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-s‑e \‑n-ch[‑n \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-§Ä C‑u c‑o-X‑n-b‑n a-d‑p-t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä D-¶-b‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å-h-b‑mW‑v. A¯-c‑w \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-§-f‑p-s‑S `-c-W-L-S\‑m-k‑m-[‑p-Xb‑p‑w {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-Xb‑p‑w k‑w-i-b‑m-k‑v-]-Z-a‑m-W‑v.

FÃ‑m \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-§-f‑p‑w -A§-s‑\ B-s‑W-¶Ã. ]-e \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-§-f‑p‑w hf-s‑c {‑]-k-à-h‑p‑w A-X‑n-{‑]-[‑m-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v. h‑mÀ-¯b‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-ah‑p‑w a-t‑ä-s‑X‑m-c‑p DÂ-¸-¶h‑p‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e I-c‑p-X‑n-b‑m a-X‑n-s‑b-¶ ]‑p-X‑n-b I‑m-e t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v \‑y‑m-b‑o-I-cW-s‑¯ {‑S‑mb‑v F-¶Ã G-X‑v s‑N-I‑p-¯‑m³ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑me‑p‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑e ]‑u-c-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-Å G-s‑X‑m-c‑mf‑p‑w s‑N-I‑p-¯‑mt‑\‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w \‑nÂ-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v D-d-¸‑mW‑v. t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v [‑mÀã‑y‑w A-{‑X-t‑¯‑m-f‑w A-k-l‑y-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï¶-X‑v k-X‑y‑w. h‑mÀ-¯‑m-{‑]-t‑£-]-W h-I‑p-¸‑v \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¨‑p F-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-a‑m{‑X‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑a-J-es‑b I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]T‑n-¡‑m³ {‑]‑m-]‑v-Xa‑m-b H-c‑p Ø‑m-]-\-a‑m-W‑v {‑S‑m-b‑v F-¶‑v h-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑n t‑]‑m-e H-c‑p a‑m[‑y-a X‑n-¦‑v-S‑m-¦‑v Ø‑m-]-\-aà {‑S‑m-b‑v. s‑]-b‑v-U‑v \‑y‑qk‑p‑w s‑s‑{‑]h-ä‑v {‑S‑o-ä‑n-If‑p‑w I‑p-¯-I-hÂ-¡-c-W-h‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v k‑z‑m-[‑o-\-h‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-[‑mÀ-a‑n-I-X-b‑p-s‑S X-IÀ-¨b‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S H-t‑«s‑d A-X‑n {‑][‑m-\ {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä {‑S‑m-b‑v F-S‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-«‑n-b‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑a-J-e-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-c‑o-X‑n-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w \-½‑ps‑S `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-]-ch‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-]-c-h‑p-a‑m-b ]-c‑n-a‑n-X-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w D-Å [‑m-c-W-¡‑pd-h‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n a‑p-g-¨‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v ]-c‑n-K-W-\-s‑¡-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ kÀ-¡‑mÀ (]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑nÃ. C§-s‑\ F-{‑X d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-IÄ ^-b-e‑n I‑n-S-¡‑p¶‑p‑!‑) a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v k-a-{‑K-a‑m-b‑n ]T‑n-¨‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v ]-g-b {‑]-k‑v I-½‑oj-s‑â a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑n H-c‑p Ø‑m-]-\-s‑¯ \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v t‑h-ïX‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a‑w F¶-X‑v a-t‑ä-s‑X‑m-c‑p h‑y-h-k‑m-bh‑p‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e H-¶Ã F-¶X‑p‑w As‑X‑mc‑p s‑]‑m-X‑p-Ø‑m-]-\-a‑m-W‑v F-¶X‑p‑w Bh-W‑w B ]T-\-¯‑ns‑â t‑{‑]-cI-L-SI‑w. k-X‑y-k-Ôa‑m-b a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n\‑v B-[‑m-ca‑m-b \‑n-b-{‑´-W-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\§Ä ]-{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w l-\‑n-¡‑m-s‑X F§-s‑\ \-S-¸‑nÂ-h-c‑p¯‑m‑w F-¶‑v B I-½‑o-j³ ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡W‑w. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w H-c‑p s‑{‑]‑m-^-j³ B-W‑v F-¶X‑p‑w s‑{‑]‑m-^-j\ H‑m-t‑«‑mW-a‑n D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑p-¶ B-`‑y´-c-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w H‑mt‑c‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑mh-W‑w F-¶-X‑p‑w a‑p-¶‑nÂI-ï‑v A-X‑pd-¸‑v h-c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å h‑y-hØIÄ I-½‑o-j³ \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¡W‑w. FÃ‑m-ä‑n-\‑p-a‑p-]c‑n‑, FÃ‑m s‑]‑m-X‑p-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑p-a‑pÅ-X‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å k‑pX‑mc‑y-X a‑m-[‑y-a‑m-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S \-S-¯‑n-¸‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑m-hW‑w. D-S-aØ-X‑, h-c-h‑p-s‑N-e-h‑pIÄ‑, t‑h-X-\ t‑k-h-\ h‑y-h-Ø-IÄ‑, a‑qe-[-\ _-Ô§Ä‑, F-U‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑n-b \-S-¯‑n-¸‑v k‑w-_-Ô-a‑m-b h‑y-h-ØIÄ‑, Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â D-S-a-Ø-s‑c-b‑p‑w t‑P-W-e‑n-Ì‑pI-s‑fb‑p‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ t‑I‑mU‑v H‑m-^‑v F-¯‑n-I‑v-k‑v/ t‑I‑m-ï-I‑v-ä‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-s‑bÃ‑m‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-¯‑n-\‑v e-`‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡W‑w. C¡‑m-c‑yh‑p‑w \‑n-À--±‑n-ã I-½‑oj³ ]T‑n-¡-W‑w. ]-{‑Xh‑p‑w s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j-\‑p-a‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a‑w F-s‑¶‑m-c‑p N‑n-´‑m-]-ca‑m-b ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n C‑u h‑n-j-b‑w s‑s‑I-I‑mc‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p¶h-s‑c-s‑bÃ‑m‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pï‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a‑w F¶-X‑v ]{‑X‑w AÃ‑m-X‑m-b‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p ]-e c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w. s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w ]‑n-d-t‑I‑m-«‑v X-Ås‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b A-{‑X-t‑b-s‑d a‑p-¶‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. t‑]‑m-¡-ä‑n-s‑e t‑^‑m¬ a-X‑n FÃ‑m-ä‑n-\‑p‑w. C-s‑X‑m¶‑p‑w I‑m-W‑ms‑X \‑mf-s‑¯ a‑m-[‑y-a-s‑¯-I‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w ]T‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v s‑h-d‑p‑w-t‑\-c‑w-t‑]‑m¡‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p‑w. AX‑p‑w \‑m‑w a-d-¶‑p-I‑qS‑m. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), UbdÎÀ (]»nIv dntej³kv), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (FUnäÀ C³ NmÀPv, tZim`nam\n hmcnI, tImgnt¡mSv), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tIm«bw), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³, t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: F³. Fkv. A\nð IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

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Claude Alvares

Without environment

sk]vXw_Ă€ 2014

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there is no democracy People like me who have been environmentalists find that the best environmental decisions have been taken when the people who have to take it are faced with a problem of their own life and death. Otherwise, they’ll make compromises or accept bribes. If you ask some tribal villagers for example if they want that particular development project, they will probably say no.

sk]vXw_Ă€ 2014

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T

hough I do work in the environment, my first public activity was journalism and I used to do a lot of writing in the Times of India, Indian Express, and Illustrated weekly, and I used to enjoy it. I used to spend most of that time criticizing people, or making fun of them. I was given the titletypewriting guerilla. Now one of the things we are facing today is reporting on environmental issues.

We have reporters specializing in financial matters, law correspondents, critics, and all- but one part where it’s weak is good environmental reporting.

And it is my personal view, that if environmental reporting is poor, it affects the quality of our democracy. They are related. And if you have bad environmental media reporting, then you see how the democracy quality declines. Environmental journalism is not like other types of journalism.

It requires technical knowledge. City reports or whatever are fairly simple; even murders- who killed who, how, all those simple things. But when you write on a subject like the Western Ghats, particularly, the controversy between the Gadgil or Kasturirangan report, you need specialized knowledge. And the tragedy is today journalists are writing about these without even reading the reports! You have to first read and understand the report, then you compare that with the other, and then you could explain to the public the feature of each, criticize them and all, but you have to first understand what that report states. That is why today in Kerala, Goa or Maharashtra, there is some sort of agreement with the Kasturirangan, and rebellion against the Gadgil report. I can’t understand how this happens. The two reports are directly contradictory. In relation to democracy if you give them points, Gadgil report gets 8/10 points, and the Kasturirangan report gets zero in terms of democratic values. Yet why is a democratic state of Kerala is infamous of Kasturirangan and opposed to the Gadgil report? For that, you have to understand what the Gadgil report actually says. Since this is a major issue you and I are concerned with- even if you are living in the coast, the water from the Ghats is feeding you. It’s protecting you as well. You may think, “I’m living in Kochi”, but it will affect you, and your children as well, which is why you have to know about it. Why this mountain range that is there uniting six states from Kerala to Gujarat is important for our democracy, and what Gadgil, a retired scientist from IISc Bangalore is trying to do.

He has been writing on the Western Ghats for thirty years. He and his colleagues had written the best paper on this. He set up his own center, Center for Ecological Sciences, all the top scientists who work for the Ghats are there. This group really understood the Ghats. In a meeting with the minister of environment, Jairam Ramesh, he told Mr. Ramesh, “Are you going to set up this expert committee or not, because your own studies have shown that more than 12% of the neutralization of bad climate

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Gadgil

(9) comes across the WesternGhats. Since it contributes 12% to the positive side of climate change, aren’t you going to protect it? Why are you not protecting it after all those studies?” So, by evening (the meeting took place in noon!) he told his officials, whatever happens, set up the committee- and interestingly, all the members of the Gadgil committee, were from the Western Ghats. They’ve lived and done their studies on the Ghats, so they were the best people to see what should be done with it. The best people in the country were appointed including Dr. V S Vijayan from Kerala. And the report was in favor of environment, but also, in favor of democracy. Gadgil said we are only experts, it is not upto us to decide these matters. What area should be protected, what type of development should be allowed, what type of agriculture should be allowed, this should be kept for the decision of the panchayats. I’ve never heard scientists say that. They say- What’s the panchayat to do? Why should they decide? Only scientists know how to decide.

But Gadgil said to ask the panchayat, take their

The Gadgil report was in favor of environment, but also, in favor of democracy. Gadgil said we are only experts, it is not upto us to decide these matters.

What area should be protected, what type of development should be allowed, what type of agriculture should be allowed, this should be kept for the decision of the panchayats. I’ve never heard scientists say that. They say- What’s the panchayat to do?

Why should they decide? Only scientists know how to decide. consent- even if they’re not approving, consider whatever they have to say. Don’t issue any final notification in the gazette, till you get the gram sabha’s approval. This is not something remarkable, when Rajiv Gandhi was PM, he passed two amendments- one was giving the panchayats all the power, and the othergiving municipal councils powers or doing whatever required under their jurisdiction. This is an old law, from 1994. If you are doing anything in any area, the final decision comes to the panchayats. If you go to NiyamgiriVedanta plant- in Orissa, for producing aluminum in a tribal belt, the tribals are saying they cannot take out the aluminum from the mountains because in those mountains, our gods live. If you damage those mountains, we will lose our gods. This was their argument before the Supreme Court. Supreme Court said, whatever decisions taken by Vedanta, should be discussed before the tribal gramsabhas.

Get their approval first. If they say yes, the plant can be approved. All twelve gramsabhas said no.

They don’t have experts, PhDs, scientists. But 100% sk]vXw_À 2014

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The governments don’t want the decisions to be taken by the panchayat. Knowing fully well that in most cases the panchayat would say no to these projects. We’ve asked villages in Goa- do you want mining? It gives jobs, trucks, contractors, all that, but the villagers said no. I’m saying sometimes, not all the time, they will say no. No government in this country wants the panchayat to take decisions on their own said no. 600 Cr of investment went down the water because they said no. In Goa, 1993, a nylon project from USA, was proposed- the first such plant being put up by one of the largest chemical MNCs in the US. But after the 1994 Panchayat Raj act, they had to go to the panchayat for opinion. The panchayat room was surrounded by 2000 people from the village.

The company could not set up the plant. Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu, they were not allowed there either.

A single panchayat, no PhDs, no experts- they said they had to protect their agriculture, their livelihood, and their water source. The MNC will take all of these away. So, they acted against this.

This is the law which Gadgil incorporated into his report. I was shocked. Because he was a conventional scientist, who had written in favor sk]vXw_À 2014

of corporate agencies, we had fought with him.

But when he wrote this, it was remarkable that he said “you had to include the village people in the decisions”. They are living there. Not someone from Delhi- they don’t understand anything. About beaches, mangrove or stuff like that- they haven’t seen them. Gadgil said, ask the Gram Sabha. You’d think that the democratically elected governments of Goa or Kerala would say “Thank you, we are very happy with this report, we will implement it.” The contrary happens. They don’t want the decisions to be taken by the panchayat. Knowing fully well that in most cases the panchayat would say no to these projects. We’ve asked villages in Goa- do you want mining? It gives jobs, trucks, contractors, all that, but the villagers said no. I’m saying sometimes, not

(11) all the time, they will say no. No government in this country wants the panchayat to take decisions on their own. “They’re uneducated, illiterate fellows, what do they know? If you want a factory there, don’t consult the panchayat, we’ll approve directly from Trivandrum,”- because you can make a deal there. They do not want the people to feel that they have got a role in their own democracy.

That’s why I’m trying to link up democracy, media and environment. People like me who have been environmentalists find that the best environmental decisions have been taken when the people who have to take it are faced with a problem of their own life and death. Otherwise, they’ll make compromises or accept bribes. If you ask some tribal villagers for example if they want that particular development project, they will probably say no.

Kasturirangan

In Kasturirangan, it is just the reverse. He is a space scientist, working in ISRO- he had never been to Western Ghats. Government appointed him saying that we’re not taking the Gadgil report because of too much opposition. The committee which they appointed to examine how the Gadgil recommendations could be implemented- including the chairman, Kasturirangan, were from outside the Western Ghats. They took the decisions based on satellite pictures. From the top, we can decide, what is good for the villages- “We have satellite pictures!” The reduced the entire area of the Ghats worthy of protection! The next step that he said, is that they don’t want any approval from any panchayat. “We are the experts. We have the data.

We have decided which the ecologically sensitive area is.” It is done from the sky, like god created the

Kasturirangan is a space scientist, working in ISRO- he had never been to Western Ghats. Government appointed him saying that we’re not taking the Gadgil report because of too much opposition.

The committee which they appointed to examine how the Gadgil recommendations could be implemented- including the chairman, Kasturirangan, were from outside the Western Ghats. They took the decisions based on satellite pictures. From the top, we can decide, what is good for the villages- “We have satellite pictures!” The reduced the entire area of the Ghats worthy of protection!

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(12) earth, Kasturirangan decides the sensitive areas.

The situation now is that we have a report which is promoting democracy, but is rejected by the people who believe in democracy. We have another report which is basically anti-democratic, but is being promoted by democratically elected governments. It happens because people did not read the report. One major argument against the Gadgil report, is that once Gadgil is accepted, “everybody would have to leave the Western Ghats. You will lose all your land.

Those doing agriculture will have to quit and move.”

None of these are in the report! It is unfortunate that the media participated in this nonsense. The

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Often I used to find that a journalist is not willing to say things s/he should because they are worried about what the editor would say. There is censorship at the primary level itself. Will this get edited, will I lose my job – selfcensorship!

A young journalist wanting to tell the truth- if deterred, would be willing to sell the un-truth every day! Whatever the management, MLA, or the local goon wants.

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media, without reading the report, told the people of Kerala, that this is what the Gadgil report is saying, you will lose everything, your land, etc.

The media is committed to objective and fair reporting. If you, for example, say something about someone which is not true, they can sue you for defamation. In media, fair and correct reporting, is a primary duty of journalists. Time and again this does not happen. The media is not successful in providing the truth to its viewers. Often I used to find that a journalist is not willing to say things s/ he should because they are worried about what the editor would say. There is censorship at the primary level itself. Will this get edited, will I lose my job – selfcensorship! A young journalist wanting to tell the truth- if deterred, would be willing to sell the un-truth every day! Whatever the management, MLA, or the local goon wants. You must be careful about this- because you are all going to go through the same phase. Today all of you are aspiring to be journalists. The senior journalist asks you “why you’re getting into trouble? Drop the story, let somebody else write it. Remove this, or that from it.”

The boiling hot controversy, which everybody wants to read, in the end, becomes nothing. Remember that the reader knows the compromises you made.

There will be five different versions for every five of the papers in the city of Goa. Do you remember the Mukesh Ambani’s son involved in a hit-and-run recently? No news came anywhere! This should be an insult to all journalism. TOI, Express, Arnab Goswami, no one is willing to say anything. Is this a nation of cowards? Only in social media, and because of it, we came to know that there was a cover-up to protect the some of the most powerful man in India.

I’ve yet to come across anybody who is –instead of promoting or opposing – says this is what Gadgil says, this is what Kasturirangan says – like in court.

Wrong reporting is as bad as no reporting.

You should be careful what will happen to you in another 15-20 years. Some people will say they’re starting their own newspaper because they’re fed up by how the media is controlled, handled by their owners. Today because of the internet, you have at least social media to be make those who would not otherwise be published, able to circulate news.

You should even consider that no such thing as a newspaper may even exist 15-20 years from now.

Universities may not even exist by that time –you don’t go ask stuff to your college professor, what he has read was from 40 years ago! If you want up-todate info, you go to the internet. Similarly, people will get news from the internet first, before they get it from the media. Two hours later, they open their paper and say- there is no news here! Then they’ll know that the media is trying to conceal the truth. You have to accept that media as a form you see today- print or so, may not exist. I have already changed, I only write for newspapers once in a while. I do blogging, and stuff on the internet, it gets to more people. Number of people who read articles on Social media is far greater than the others.

You have a much bigger access to your writing.

I’m not saying to ignore the print media. But look at how things are evolving. You will need to cultivate skills for reporting for different types of media, not just one.

This is a part of lecture series on Media, Democracy.

Transcribed by Ananthu R A

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TRAI

Summary of Recommendations on Issues Relating to Media Ownership The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India has recommended that the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting set up a commission, headed by a retired Supreme Court Judge, to examine various issues relating to the media. It has issued a set of recommendations regarding ensuring plurality in the media, and its increasing influence. From an anti-trust perspective, the authority has recommended the usage of the “Herfindahl Hirschman Index” to ascertain the concentration of media within specific states, to ensure that there is adequate compensation, and give media companies two years to diversify.

It’s important to note that the TRAI has not taken into account magazines and the Internet, citing a limited reach for the Internet and limited circulation for magazines, and focused only on the TV and Print, due to their pervasive reach and influence.

D

efining Ownership and Control

1. The Authority recommends that the following definition of control should be adopted for all issues concerning media ownership discussed in this paper: An entity (E1) is said to ‘Control’ another entity (E2) and the business decisions thereby taken, if E1, directly or indirectly through associate companies, subsidiaries and/or relatives: (a) Owns at least twenty per cent of total share capital of E2. In case of indirect shareholding

by E1 in E2, the extent of ownership would be calculated using the multiplicative rule. For example, an entity who owns, say, 30% equity in Company A, which in turn owns 20% equity in Company B, then the entity’s indirect holding in Company B is calculated as 30% * 20%, which is 6%.; Or (b) exercises de jure control by means of: (i) having not less than fifty per cent of voting rights in E2; Or (ii) appointing more than fifty per cent of the members of the board of directors in E2; or (iii) controlling the management or affairs through decision-making in strategic affairs of E2 and appointment of key managerial

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personnel; or (c) exercises de facto control by means of being a party to agreements, contracts and/or understandings, overtly or covertly drafted, whether legally binding or not, that enable the entity to control the business decisions taken in E2, in ways as mentioned in (b) (i) (ii) and (iii) above.

For this purpose: (i) The definitions of ‘associate company’, ‘subsidiary’ and ‘relative’ are as given in the Companies Act 2013. (ii) An ‘entity’ means individuals, group of individuals, companies, firms, trusts, societies and undertakings.

2. The Authority recommends that the following proviso be added to the definition of control as provided in the ‘Recommendations on Issues related to New DTH Licenses’ dated 23.07.2014: • “Provided that if E1 advances a loan to E2 that constitutes not less than - [51%] of the book value of the total assets of E2, E1 will be deemed to ‘control’ E2.”

Cross-Media Ownership

3. The Authority recommends that the News

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and Current Affairs genre is of utmost importance and direct relevance to the plurality and diversity of viewpoints and, hence, should be considered as the relevant genre in the product market for formulating cross-media ownership rules.

4. The Authority recommends that television and print should be considered as the relevant segments in the product market. For print, only daily newspapers, including business and financial newspapers, should be considered. Once private radio channels are allowed to air news generated on their own and become significant in the relevant market, a review of the cross- media ownership rules should be undertaken.

5. The Authority recommends that the relevant geographic market should be defined in terms of the language and the State(s) in which that language is spoken in majority. Thus the twelve relevant geographic markets would be as follows – (i) Assamese and Assam (meaning, Assamese newspapers read and Assamese television channels watched in Assam, and similarly henceforth); (ii) Bengali and West Bengal; (iii) English pan-India; (iv) Gujarati and Gujarat;

(v) Hindi and Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand (these ten States together should be considered as a single market); (vi) Kannada and Karnataka; (vii) Malayalam and Kerala; (viii) Marathi and Maharashtra; (ix) Odia and Odisha; (x) Punjabi and Punjab; (xi) Tamil and Tamil Nadu; (xii) Telugu and Andhra Pradesh and Telangana; In this list, the other languages included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, namely – Bodo, Dogri, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Manipuri, Nepali, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi and Urdu, to be considered based on the growth of newspaper circulation and television viewership in these languages in the future.

6. The Authority recommends that a combination of reach and volume of consumption metrics should be used for computing market shares for the television segment. For the print segment, using only the reach metric is sufficient.

7. The Authority also recommends that for calculating market shares, in the relevant market for sk]vXw_Ă€ 2014

(16) the television segment, the GRP of a channel* should be compared with the sum of the GRP ratings of all the channels* in the relevant market and the market share of an entity# would be the sum of the market shares of all the channels* controlled by it i.e. : • Market share of a channel = GRP of the channel* ∑ GRP of all channels* in the relevant market • Market share of an entity# = ∑ Market share of all channels* controlled by it

(*In the television segment, apart from pure news channels, some regional markets are characterized by the presence of news-cum-entertainment channels, which broadcast news bulletins for only some parts of the day in 30-minute slots, amidst various entertainment programs. The GRP of only the news content aired on these news-cumentertainment channels is taken into account so that they are comparable, for the purpose of analysis, with the pure news channels.)

8. Similarly, in the relevant market for the print segment, the market share of a newspaper would sk]vXw_À 2014

be the circulation of that newspaper compared with the combined circulation of all newspapers in the relevant market, and the market share of an entity# would the sum of the circulation of all the newspapers controlled by it i.e.: • Market share of a newspaper = Circulation of the newspaper ∑ Circulation of all newspapers in the relevant market • Market share of an entity# = ∑ Market share of all newspapers controlled by it

(# this entity may be a media entity itself, which is operating the television channel(s) and/or daily newspaper(s) in the relevant market or an entity which is controlling many media entities, which in turn are operating the television channel(s) and daily newspaper(s).)

9. The Authority recommends that the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) be adopted to measure concentration in a media segment in a relevant market.

10. The Authority recommends that a rule based on HHI be implemented i.e. if the television as well

(17) as newspaper markets are concentrated (HHI> 1800 in each), then, an entity contributing more than 1000 to the HHI of the television market, cannot contribute more than 1000 towards HHI in the newspaper market as well, and vice-versa. If it does so, it will have to dilute its control (as defined in paragraph 1 & 2 above) in one of the two segments.

This rule applies only if the HHI thresholds are violated consecutively for two years.

11. The Authority recommends that the crossmedia ownership rules be reviewed three years after the announcement of the rules by the licensor and once every three years thereafter. The existing entities in the media sector which are in breach of the rules, should be given a maximum period of one year to comply with the rules.

12. The Authority recommends that Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) in the media sector will be permitted only to the extent that the rule based on HHI, as recommended in Para 10 above, is not breached.

13. The Authority recommends the following list of reporting requirements for this section. These reports are to be made on an annual basis to the licensor and the regulator.

A. Transparency Disclosures (to be placed in public domain) (i) Shareholding pattern of the entity (ii) Foreign direct investment pattern of the entity (iii) Interests, direct and indirect, of the entity in other entities engaged in media sector (iv) Interests of entities, direct and indirect, having shareholding beyond 5% in the media entity under consideration, in other media entities/companies (v) Shareholders Agreements, Loan Agreements and any other contract/ agreement (vi) Details of key executives and Board of Directors of the entity. (vii) Details of loans made by and to the entity (viii) For all channels registered as news channels with MIB – Registered language(s) of operation, actual language(s) of operation, time slots for news programs B. Reports to be submitted to the Licensor and regulator (confidential) (ix) Subscription and advertisement revenue of the entity/ company (x) Advertising rates (xi) Top ten advertisers for each media outlet of the entity Changes in any of the parameters (i) to (vi) listed above must be reported to the licensor and regulator within thirty days of implementation of the change.

Vertical Integration amongst Media Entities 14. Based on an examination of the issues and analysis of the comments received in this exercise, the Authority reiterates its recommendations on

vertical integration amongst broadcasters and DPOs as contained in its “Recommendations on Issues related to New DTH Licenses” dated July 23, 2014 and recommends early notification and implementation of the same.

Issues affecting Internal Plurality

15. Given that about six years have elapsed without any concrete action being taken by the

Given that about six years have elapsed without any concrete action being taken by the Government, the Authority strongly recommends that its Recommendations of 12 November 2008 and 28 December 2012 may be implemented forthwith. These Recommendations inter alia specified: (a) the entities (political bodies, religious bodies, urban, local, panchayati raj, and other publicly funded bodies, and Central and State Government ministries, departments, companies, undertakings, joint ventures, and government-funded entities and affiliates) to be barred from entry into broadcasting and TV channel distribution sectors; (b) that in case permission to any such organisations have already been granted an appropriate exit route is to be provided; (c) that the arm’s length relationship between Prasar Bharati and the Government be further strengthened and that such measures should ensure functional independence and autonomy of Prasar Bharati ; and (d) that pending enactment of any new legislation on broadcasting, specified disqualifications for the entities in (a) above from entering into broadcasting and/or TV channel distribution activities should be implemented through executive decision by incorporating the disqualifications into Rules, Regulations and Guidelines as necessary.

Government, the Authority strongly recommends that its Recommendations of 12 November 2008 and 28 December 2012 may be implemented forthwith.

These Recommendations inter alia specified: (a) the entities (political bodies, religious bodies, urban, local, panchayati raj, and other publicly funded bodies, and Central and sk]vXw_À 2014

(18) State Government ministries, departments, companies, undertakings, joint ventures, and government-funded entities and affiliates) to be barred from entry into broadcasting and TV channel distribution sectors; (b) that in case permission to any such organisations have already been granted an appropriate exit route is to be provided; (c) that the arm’s length relationship between Prasar Bharati and the Government be further strengthened and that such measures should ensure functional independence and autonomy

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of Prasar Bharati ; and (d) that pending enactment of any new legislation on broadcasting, specified disqualifications for the entities in (a) above from entering into broadcasting and/or TV channel distribution activities should be implemented through executive decision by incorporating the disqualifications into Rules, Regulations and Guidelines as necessary.

16. The Authority further recommends that even surrogates of the entities listed in paragraph 15 above should be barred from entry into broadcasting

(19) and TV channel distribution sectors.

17. Given the inherent conflict of interest arising from practices such as “private treaties”, the Authority recommends that such practices be immediately proscribed through orders of the PCI or through statutory rules and regulations. This would cover all forms of treaties including (i) advertising in exchange for the equity of the company advertised; (ii) advertising in exchange for favourable coverage/ publicity; (iii) exclusive advertising rights in exchange for favourable coverage.

18. The Authority recommends that in “advertorials” (for that matter any content which is

Given the inherent conflict of interest arising from practices such as “private treaties”, the Authority recommends that such practices be immediately proscribed through orders of the PCI or through statutory rules and regulations. This would cover all forms of treaties including (i) advertising in exchange for the equity of the company advertised; (ii) advertising in exchange for favourable coverage/ publicity; (iii) exclusive advertising rights in exchange for favourable coverage.

The Authority recommends that in “advertorials” (for that matter any content which is paid for), a clear disclaimer should be mandated, to be printed in bold letters, stating that the succeeding content has been paid for. The Authority is absolutely clear that placing such a disclaimer in fine print will not suffice. The Authority recommends that such action on advertorials and other material which is paid for may be taken immediately.

On “paid news”, in addition to the above, it is imperative that liability reposes in both parties to the transaction if it is tried to be passed off as news. For instance, if an MP/ MLA seeks favourable coverage in the media in exchange for payment, then if such coverage was given in the garb of “news”, responsibility would be that of both parties, not only of the politician. paid for), a clear disclaimer should be mandated, to be printed in bold letters, stating that the succeeding content has been paid for. The Authority is absolutely clear that placing such a disclaimer in fine print will not suffice. The Authority recommends

that such action on advertorials and other material which is paid for may be taken immediately.

19. On “paid news”, in addition to the above, it is imperative that liability reposes in both parties to the transaction if it is tried to be passed off as news. For instance, if an MP/ MLA seeks favourable coverage in the media in exchange for payment, then if such coverage was given in the garb of “news”, responsibility would be that of both parties, not only of the politician.

20. Again, on grounds of the inherent conflict of interest, the Authority recommends that ownership restrictions on corporates entering the media should be seriously considered by the Government and the regulator. This may entail restricting the amount of equity holding/ loans by a corporate in a media company, viz., to comply with provisions relating to control.

21. The Authority recommends that editorial independence must be ensured through a regulatory framework.

22. With respect to the “media regulator”, the Authority recommends that: (a) Government should not regulate the media; (b) There should be a single regulatory authority for TV and print mediums; (c) The regulatory body should consist of eminent persons from different walks of life, including the media. It should be manned predominantly by eminent non-media persons; (d) The appointments to the regulatory body should be done through a just, fair, transparent and impartial process; (e) The “media regulator” shall inter alia entertain complaints on “paid news”; “private treaties”; issues related to editorial independence; etc, investigate the complaints and shall have the power to impose and enforce an appropriate regime of penalties.

23. The above recommendations, once implemented, will address the immediate objective of curbing unhealthy media practices. The Authority notes that there would still exist the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the legislative and legal framework in order to establish a robust institutional mechanism for the long term. The Authority, therefore, recommends that a Commission, perhaps headed by a retired Supreme Court Judge, be set up to comprehensively examine the various issues relating to the media, including the role and performance of various existing institutions, and the way forward. More than 5 years have elapsed since the Authority released its ‘Recommendations on Media Ownership’ on 25 February 2009. The situation has become graver. Clear time-lines may, therefore, be indicated to the Commission so appointed.

For full report: www.trai.gov.in

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(21) b‑w. F_‑uh‑v Z‑v t‑^‑mÄU‑v F¶X‑p a‑pX s‑s‑k³k‑v (zines) F¶X‑p hs‑cb‑pÅ F³{‑S‑nIÄ h‑mb‑n¨‑m C¡‑mc‑y‑w HäbS‑n¡‑p ]‑nS‑nI‑n«‑p‑w.

A¨S‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â I‑me‑w a‑pX U‑nP‑nä ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â `‑mh‑n I‑me‑w hs‑c a‑p¶‑n Iï‑pÅ ]‑pk‑vXIa‑mW‑nX‑v.

A¨S‑nb‑n {‑][‑m\a‑mW‑v- F_‑uh‑v Z‑v t‑^‑mÄU‑v F¦‑n `‑mh‑nb‑nt‑e¡‑pÅX‑mW‑v- s‑s‑k³k‑v (zines C-þa‑mKk‑n\‑pIs‑f Dt‑±i‑n¨‑pÅ {‑]t‑b‑mK‑w‑). a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\ t‑aJeb‑nÂ‑, AX‑v A¨S‑n a‑m[‑yaa‑mb‑me‑p‑w h‑nj‑z t‑aJeb‑mb‑me‑p‑w Ø‑nca‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ At‑\I‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nI]Z§f‑p‑w aä‑pa‑pï‑v. Ahs‑b‑ms‑¡ CX‑n Ø‑m\‑w t‑\S‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v F¶X‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w ]dt‑bïX‑nÃ. F¶‑mÂ‑, C‑w¥ï‑n ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\‑w Dc‑p¯‑nc‑nb‑pIb‑p‑w h‑nIk‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX I‑me§f‑n NÀ¨‑mh‑njba‑mb‑nc‑p¶ k‑w`h§Ä hs‑c H¸a‑pï‑v. k‑v{‑S‑oä‑v H‑m^‑v s‑jb‑n‑w‑, t‑U‑mÀk‑vs‑ä¸‑n‑wK‑v‑, s‑U¯‑v t‑\‑m¡‑v F¶‑n§s‑\ ]e F³{‑S‑nIf‑ne‑mb‑n AX‑p t‑S‑mW‑n l‑mÀ¡]‑v I‑nS¡‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑e{‑_d‑ns‑b t‑a‑mÀK‑v (t‑a‑mÀ¨d‑n‑) t‑NW-e‑nk‑w (Churnalisam‑)‑, _‑nK‑v^‑q«‑n‑wK‑v F¶‑mW‑v- h‑nf‑n¨‑nc‑p¶s‑X¶‑v C¶‑v F{‑Xt‑] À¡‑v Ad‑n-b‑m‑w? C¡‑me¯‑v a‑m[‑ya t‑aJes‑b (Bigfooting‑)‑, Bk‑vt‑{‑S‑mSÀ^‑n‑wK‑v (Astroturfing‑) ]ä‑n ]T‑n¸‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ NÀ¨ s‑N¿s‑¸S‑p¶ F¶‑n§s‑\ C´‑y³ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑n¡Â U‑näÀa‑n\‑nk‑w‑, IĨd h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk t‑aJeb‑n A[‑nI‑w NÀ¨ C¼‑oc‑nbe‑nk‑w‑, d‑n^‑vfÎ‑oh‑v {‑]‑mÎ‑ok‑v s‑N¿s‑¸S‑m¯ [‑mc‑mf‑w I‑mc‑y§f‑p‑w CX‑n F¶‑nhb‑p‑w H¸‑w ]c‑maÀi‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶‑p. Ø‑m\‑w ]‑nS‑n¡‑p¶‑p. \‑y‑qk‑v d‑qa‑n Cet‑{‑Î‑mW‑nI‑v t‑NW-e‑nk‑w (Churnalisam‑)‑, _‑nK‑v^‑q«‑n‑wK‑v c‑q]¯‑n F¯‑p¶ h‑nhc§Ä as‑ä‑mc‑p (Bigfooting‑)‑, Bk‑vt‑{‑S‑mSÀ^‑n‑wK‑v (Astroturfing‑) \‑nÀKa\ a‑mÀK¯‑ne‑qs‑S t‑hs‑d‑mc‑p c‑q]¯‑n F¶‑n§s‑\ C´‑y³ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\h‑mÀ¯b‑mb‑n ]‑pd¯‑p hc‑p¶X‑mW‑v- t‑NWe‑nk‑w. h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk t‑aJeb‑n A[‑nI‑w NÀ¨ Ht‑c \‑y‑qk‑v d‑qa‑n Xs‑¶ {‑]‑nâ‑v‑, s‑h_‑v‑, s‑N¿s‑¸S‑m¯ [‑mc‑mf‑w I‑mc‑y§f‑p‑w CX‑n Ø‑m\‑w ]‑nS‑n¡‑p¶‑p. \‑y‑qk‑v d‑qa‑n Cet‑{‑Î‑mW‑nI‑v h‑nj‑z a‑m[‑ya§Ä {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Ht‑c h‑mÀ¯ ]ec‑q]¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑pat‑Ã‑m ]‑pd‑w c‑q]¯‑n F¯‑p¶ h‑nhc§Ä as‑ä‑mc‑p t‑e‑mIs‑¯¯‑pI. AX‑mW‑v- Ch‑ns‑S \‑nÀKa\ a‑mÀK¯‑ne‑qs‑S t‑hs‑d‑mc‑p c‑q]¯‑n h‑mÀ¯b‑mb‑n ]‑pd¯‑p hc‑p¶X‑mW‑v- t‑NWe‑nk‑w. ]c‑maÀi h‑njb‑w. as‑ä‑mc‑mÄ AS¡‑nh‑mg‑p¶ Ht‑c \‑y‑qk‑v d‑qa‑n Xs‑¶ {‑]‑nâ‑v‑, s‑h_‑v‑, h‑nj‑z t‑aJeb‑n t‑hs‑d‑mc‑p Ì‑mÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À a‑m[‑ya§Ä {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Ht‑c h‑mÀ¯ \‑nt‑b‑mK‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶X‑ns‑\b‑mW‑v- _‑nK‑v ^‑q«‑n‑wK‑v ]ec‑q]¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑pat‑Ã‑m ]‑pd‑w t‑e‑mIs‑¯ F¶‑p h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. AS‑nØ‑m\ h‑nhc§Ä ¯‑pI. AX‑mW‑v- Ch‑ns‑S ]c‑maÀi h‑njb‑w. s‑Xä‑mb‑n {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶-X‑ns‑\ as‑ä‑mc‑mÄ AS¡‑nh‑mg‑p¶ t‑aJeb‑n t‑hs‑d‑mc‑p Bk‑vt‑{‑S‑mSÀ^‑n‑wK‑v F¶‑v h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Ì‑mÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À \‑nt‑b‑mK‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶X‑ns‑\b‑mW‑v- a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\ t‑aJeb‑nÂ‑, AX‑v A¨S‑n _‑nK‑v ^‑q«‑n‑wK‑v F¶‑p h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. AS‑nØ‑m\ a‑m[‑yaa‑mb‑me‑p‑w h‑nj‑z t‑aJeb‑mb‑me‑p‑w h‑nhc§Ä s‑Xä‑mb‑n {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶-X‑ns‑\ Ø‑nca‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶ At‑\I‑w Bk‑vt‑{‑S‑mSÀ^‑n‑wK‑v F¶‑v h‑nf‑n¡‑p¶‑p. k‑mt‑¦X‑nI]Z§f‑p‑w aä‑pa‑pï‑v. Ahs‑b‑ms‑¡ 1400- Gs‑d F³{‑S‑nIf‑mW‑v- U‑n£‑vWd‑nb‑ne‑p CX‑n Ø‑m\‑w t‑\S‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v F¶X‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w ÅX‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n\‑p‑w C‑u t‑aJeb‑ns‑e ]dt‑bïX‑nÃ. F¶‑mÂ‑, C‑w¥ï‑n ]{‑X{‑] ]T\¯‑n\‑p‑w t‑hï H«‑pa‑n¡ I‑mc‑y§f‑p‑w hÀ¯\‑w Dc‑p¯‑nc‑nb‑pIb‑p‑w h‑nIk‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w CX‑ne‑pï‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ c‑oX‑nIÄ‑, X‑nbd‑nIÄ‑, s‑Nb‑vX I‑me§f‑n NÀ¨‑mh‑njba‑mb‑nc‑p¶ k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑yIÄ‑, Bib§Ä‑, {‑]a‑mW§Ä‑, k‑w`h§Ä hs‑c H¸a‑pï‑v. k‑v{‑S‑oä‑v H‑m^‑v s‑jb‑n‑w‑, k‑wLS\IÄ‑, Ø‑m]\§Ä‑, {‑]k‑n²‑oIcW§ t‑U‑mÀk‑vs‑ä¸‑n‑wK‑v‑, s‑U¯‑v t‑\‑m¡‑v F¶‑n§s‑\ Ä F¶‑n§s‑\ s‑s‑hh‑n[‑y]‑qÀWa‑mW‑v- DÅS¡‑w. ]e F³{‑S‑nIf‑ne‑mb‑n AX‑p I‑nS¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ Ad‑nª‑nc‑nt‑¡ï \‑nba§ s‑s‑e{‑_d‑ns‑b t‑a‑mÀK‑v (t‑a‑mÀ¨d‑n‑) F¶‑mW‑vÄ F¶‑nhb‑p‑w CX‑n {‑]X‑n]‑mZ‑n¡‑p¶‑p. h‑nf‑n¨‑nc‑p¶s‑X¶‑v C¶‑v F{‑Xt‑]À¡‑v Ad‑n-b‑m‑w? a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w sk]vXw_À 2014

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CX‑v Hc‑pt‑]‑ms‑e {‑]t‑b‑mP\s‑¸S‑p¶X‑v C¯c‑w DÅS¡‑w a‑qea‑mW‑v-. k‑nä‑nk¬ t‑PWe‑nÌ‑pIÄ‑, A[‑y‑m]IÀ‑, Kt‑hjIÀ F¶‑n§s‑\ ]‑pk‑vXI‑w {‑]t‑b‑mP\s‑¸S‑p¶hc‑ps‑S ]«‑nI \‑o-f‑p‑w. ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v A\‑pt‑b‑mP‑ya‑mb Cc‑p¶‑qd‑ne[‑nI‑w s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑ps‑S h‑ne‑mkh‑p‑w CX‑n \ÂI‑n b‑n«‑pï‑v. ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑ns‑â D-ÅS¡aS§‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑n CX‑v CSb‑v¡‑ns‑S \h‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p a‑pï‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ c‑wKs‑¯ {‑][‑m\ k‑w`h§Ä U‑n£‑vWd‑nb‑ps‑S Ahk‑m\‑w A\‑p_Ôa‑mb‑n t‑NÀ¯‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ]{‑X]hÀ¯\ t‑aJe IS¶‑p h¶ hg‑nIÄ Hät‑\‑m«¯‑n a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m³ CX‑p kl‑mb‑n¡‑p‑w. C‑u c‑wKs‑¯ X‑pS¡¡‑m c‑mb al‑m·‑ms‑c ]c‑nNbs‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ h‑n`‑mKh‑p a‑pï‑v.

"C‑u U‑n£‑vWd‑n Iï‑p Ig‑nb‑pt‑¼‑mÄ H‑mt‑c‑m a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯I\‑p‑w N‑n´‑n¡‑p‑w‑, F´‑ps‑I‑mï‑v F\‑n¡‑v C‑u Bib‑w t‑X‑m¶‑nb‑nà F¶‑v‑' sk]vXw_À 2014

K‑mÀU‑nbs‑â a‑m[‑ya \‑nc‑o£I³ t‑d‑mb‑v {‑K‑o³ t‑ÉU‑v Fg‑p-X‑n.

F¶‑mÂ‑, CX‑v {‑]k‑m[Is‑â Biba‑mb‑nc‑p s‑¶¶‑v t‑S‑mW‑n ]db‑p¶‑p. "C‑u ]‑pk‑vXI‑w s‑N¿‑m³ X‑mX‑v]c‑ya‑pt‑ï‑m F¶‑v H‑mI‑vk‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑v b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑n {‑]k‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ AX‑v Gs‑d {‑iaIca‑mb Z‑uX‑ya‑ms‑W¶‑v F\‑n¡d‑nb‑ma‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p. F\‑n¡‑ms‑W¦‑n kabh‑pa‑nÃ. ]t‑£ Cs‑X‑m¶‑p‑w C‑u £W‑w XÅ‑n¡fb‑m\‑pÅ I‑mcWa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. Bs‑c¦‑ne‑p‑w‑, C\‑n AX‑p R‑m³ Xs‑¶ Bs‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w‑, C‑u U‑n£‑vWd‑n Xb‑md‑m¡‑pIb‑ms‑W¦‑n AX‑v \‑y‑qk‑v d‑qa‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ Fg‑p¯‑mb‑nc‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑p R‑m³ a\k‑ne‑m¡‑n. a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â FÃ‑m t‑aJeIf‑p‑w AX‑n hc‑nIb‑p‑w t‑h-W‑w.‑' "h‑mb\¡‑mÀ¡‑v Gs‑d K‑pW{‑]Za‑mb k‑wc‑w`a‑mIW‑w As‑X¶‑v R‑m³ Ic‑pX‑n.

H‑mt‑c‑m F³{‑S‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w h‑niZ‑oIcW¯‑ns‑â X‑pS¡¯‑n Xs‑¶ AX‑p k‑w_Ô‑n¨

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Häh‑mNI h‑nhcW‑w \ÂI‑p¶X‑v h‑mb\¡‑ms‑c kl‑mb‑n¡‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w R‑m³ a\k‑n-e‑m¡‑n‑' t‑S‑mW‑n ]db‑p¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v h‑nhc§Ä k‑w`c‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ Hc‑p he‑n b Z‑uX‑ya‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. h‑mb‑n¨ ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑ps‑S he‑nb Hc‑p C³UI‑vk‑v Xs‑¶ Xb‑md‑m¡‑n. ]{‑X‑w h‑mb‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w S‑nh‑n I‑mW‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w U‑n£‑vWd‑nb‑nt‑e¡‑pÅ h‑nhc t‑iJcWa‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p a\k‑nÂ. Hc‑mib‑w a\k‑nt‑e¡‑v hc‑pt‑¼‑mÄ At‑¸‑mÄ Xs‑¶ I‑pd‑n¨‑p hb‑v¡‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. _k‑v S‑n¡ä‑ne‑p‑w t‑j‑m¸‑n‑wK‑v e‑nÌ‑ns‑â ad‑phi¯‑p‑w hs‑c X‑m³ I‑pd‑n¸‑pIs‑fS‑p¯‑n«‑ps‑ï¶‑v t‑S‑mW‑n.

U‑n£‑vWd‑nb‑ns‑e h‑nhc§f‑ps‑S I‑rX‑yXb‑v¡‑m b‑n X‑m³ "{‑X‑o t‑k‑mg‑vk‑v d‑qÄ' BW‑v- ]‑n³]ä‑nb s‑X¶‑mW‑v- {‑KÙIÀ¯‑mh‑ns‑â h‑niZ‑oIcW‑w.

Cs‑X´‑ms‑W¶‑v C‑u ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑n Xs‑¶ ]db‑p¶‑pï‑v. h‑m«À t‑Kä‑v A]h‑mZ‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑p¶ kab¯‑v h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mÌ‑v X¿‑m d‑m¡‑nb \‑nbaa‑mW‑nX‑v. Hc‑p h‑nhc‑w I‑n«‑nb‑mÂ

aä‑p cï‑v t‑{‑k‑mXk‑n \‑n¶‑p I‑qS‑n AX‑p Ø‑nc‑o Ic‑n¨‑nt‑« {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑mh‑q F¶X‑mW‑vt‑]‑mÌ‑ns‑â {‑X‑o t‑k‑mg‑vk‑v d‑qÄ. C³s‑hÌ‑nt‑Kä‑oh‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑ns‑\ K‑ucha‑mb‑n Iï a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑oS‑v CX‑v Ø‑nca‑mb‑n {‑]‑mhÀ¯‑nIa‑m¡‑n. a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑Xh‑p‑w kaI‑m e‑nI {‑]kI‑vX‑nb‑p‑w `‑mh‑nb‑p‑w h‑niIe\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑v GX‑m\‑p‑w t‑]P‑pIÄ a‑m{‑X‑w \‑of‑p¶s‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w Bib K‑w`‑oca‑mb Hc‑p I‑pd‑n¸‑v t‑S‑mW‑n C‑u U‑n£‑vWd‑nb‑n Fg‑pX‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. F{‑Xa‑m{‑X‑w K‑ucht‑¯‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v- At‑±l‑w C‑u h‑njb s‑¯ ka‑o]‑n¡‑p¶s‑X¶‑v CX‑n \‑n¶‑p a\k‑n e‑m-¡‑m‑w. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

sk]vXw_À 2014

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Raju Narisetti

Loosen the newsroom’s chokehold on the brand This article by Raju Narisetti, prominent editor of Indian origin, writes in the series NEIMAN LAB titledPredictions for journalism 2014.

“The privileged status a newsroom enjoys ought to come with accountability and a responsibility to help sustain both journalism and the business of journalism.”- We may or may not agree, but this current thinking in media organisations journalists will not be able to ignore.

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A

ny American editor will proudly tell you that the newsroom — and especially The Editor — is the sole custodian of the news(paper) brand, the true keeper of what the masthead is really meant to represent.

And if you ask anyone on the business side at most American publishing houses — especially in the advertising/sales department — you will likely hear a grudging acknowledgment of this odd reality, an admission that the newsroom does have the final, veto-proof say on the vast majority of issues involving the use of the brand.

There is a good reason for this unchallenged, even if incongruous, reality. For decades, when newspaper ad departments were essentially ordertakers, simply “booking” ads and incoming revenue, all that a news brand — such as The Wall Street Journal or The New York Times or The Washington Post — stood for, was entirely the journalism, which until very recently was merely the physical newspaper. There was little need to “extend” the brand, to find new ways to use the masthead’s name — and more critically, the news brand’s relationship to customers — to generate other revenue. Over time, the editor and the newsroom’s grip on what the brand is, what it should be and also what it couldn’t be, became embedded in the very foundation of the Church and State demarcation. A fait accompli, if you will.

Just how has this “newsroom owning the brand” manifested itself in most mainstream American newsrooms? In 2013 alone, we saw: • High profile, creative journalism experiences mostly run ad-free, with highly engaging acts of digital storytelling actually generating negative revenue for publishers (because even normal ads on the website were deliberately “designed out,” essentially turned off on these pages, instead of accommodating new kinds of sponsorships/ads).

• Conversations about how a publisher’s advertising team and their non-news contentcreators can engage and work with deep-pocketed brands wanting to become storytellers have stalled over some genuine and largely unproven newsroom fears that sponsored content/native advertising will be the ruin of their news brand.

• Media critics, usually former editors/reporters who don’t have the burden of funding a newsroom — continue to feel rather well qualified, as de facto guardians of the news brand, to use their bully pulpits to publicly challenge any and all brand extensions, be it events, a themed cruise or any branded, paid-for service, including even the mere existence of shopping on news web sites.

• Newsrooms and editors blithely citing “reader perception” issues, often without any actual and measurable evidence, to stonewall transparent and user-friendly ecommerce hyperlinks or, heaven forbid, serving contextual product ads.

• Paywalls are owned by circulation when

(25) it comes to generating paying customers for journalism, yet newsrooms continue to insist on owning critical content levers that can be used by circulation to help drive conversion of “drive-by” audiences into paying audiences.

Now, wishfully, let us fast forward into 2014.

If publishers are to build sustainable business models through a combination of advertising dollars, reader revenue, and smart adjacent

If publishers are to build sustainable business models through a combination of advertising dollars, reader revenue, and smart adjacent businesses, then one of the biggest stumbling blocks will be this prevailing, meek public acceptance of the newsroom’s primary ownership of the brand by those in product, advertising, circulation, marketing, public relations, and indeed by many publishers. businesses, then one of the biggest stumbling blocks will be this prevailing, meek public acceptance of the newsroom’s primary ownership of the brand by those in product, advertising, circulation, marketing, public relations, and indeed by many publishers.

Just because a news “brand” was almost never leveraged for anything other than journalism for decades doesn’t entitle a newsroom to its veto-proof card, especially when such power currently comes sk]vXw_À 2014

(26) without real accountability to help sustain the brand, not just the brand’s perceived reputation but also its financial health.

Don’t get me wrong. The complaints that editors — and many journalists — express, often mostly in private, about their “business” side — they don’t read or understand the product; they can’t seem to sell what news does well but always want something new; they only care about closing an ad buy and not about readers — aren’t entirely made up, even if they are way overdone.

But for the news brand to succeed and a publishing house to find sustainable business models for journalism (usually the single largest expense for a publisher), the brand has to be coowned: by those who create journalism, those who can turn that journalism into a product, those who try and monetize that product, and those who support and promote that entire package. Editors, by virtue of their critical role as maestros of journalism, will always be first among equals in any publishing house that values honest, independent journalism.

Still, the privileged status a newsroom enjoys ought to come with accountability and a responsibility to help sustain both journalism and the business of journalism.

For 2014, here are six specific suggestions for publishers to help loosen the newsroom’s default chokehold on the news brand, and try to more formally connect daily acts of journalism to the longterm business of funding that journalism: • If the newsroom cites potential reader “confusion” or “perception” as the reason to simply not do something that doesn’t seem like it will hurt the news brand, ask for evidence. Chances are most journalists/editors haven’t actually talked to many readers, if any at all, recently, and are not beyond projecting their own confusion/perceptions on to readers. Sure, there is a good place for personal skepticism to inform decision-making, but that can no longer be a substitute for actual reader feedback.

• Create formal reader-survey processes and A-B testing mechanisms that everyone — including the newsroom — agree, in advance, will be used to help settle merely subjective disagreements on issues related to redesign, fonts, modules, and, especially, the use of labels. (Native advertising, anyone?)

• Since editors are prone to talking the mobile and digital talk but not necessarily walking that talk, ask key newsroom staffers to take on specific goals aimed at getting more people to consume more journalism, especially on mobile. For instance, first mapping and then tracking the mismatch between audience peaks and intra-day story publishing patterns on web/mobile.

• The editor — or the designated liaison between newsroom standards and advertising — should always be able to turn down ads, especially when obstructive (and annoying) ads are being pitched as innovative ads. But ask then if the newsroom sk]vXw_À 2014

(27) standards team will also agree to take on the goal of actually approving at least five new ad campaigns in a year — especially ad templates that are truly innovative and can engage readers and appeal to advertisers.

• Offer to create an ad innovations team made up of representatives from news, product, technology, ad operations, and ad sales. The team is charged with coming up with new ad formats that first meet the newsroom’s approval and are then taken to clients. Ask the editor or an influential newsroom nominee to head up this team. This structure can also help deal with the unwillingness of some newsrooms to even share, ahead of time, the broad

has been a self-inflicted problem stemming from newsroom brand ownership that is not shared by key stakeholders. When it comes to digital, there is a collective amnesia, which goes against our industry’s experience, about how journalism and advertising, when designed to work well together, works best for our customers — audiences and advertisers alike.

The revenue generating departments of a news brand, which have either become complacent or diffident in a digital world where potential clients have endless alternatives to the often single news brands being pitched, can’t use their lack of brand ownership as the excuse to not innovate on behalf of the news brand.

topic that a new reader experience, such as those spawned by The New York Times’ Snow Fall, is going to be used for, therefore making sure the ad department can’t really monetize it fully.

• For publishers with paywalls, if the newsroom’s homepage team wants complete control over what stories are set free or moved behind a paywall, they must then agree to take on joint goals around conversion (moving visitors to readers to paying subscribers) with the circulation department.

Nothing can be worse for a news brand than no longer being able to afford to pay for and publish what actually created an enduring brand.

Constricting revenue sources and opportunities without actual evidence of negative brand impact

Publishers have simply been too afraid to hold newsrooms accountable for their lack of cooperation around both creating and integrating innovative revenue-generating opportunities for the very news brand that everyone actually has a vested interest in preserving.

Here is hoping that in 2014, the news industry will find a good answer to this long-ignored question of who should own the news brand.

Raju Narisetti is senior vice president for strategy at News Corp. Courtesy http://www.niemanlab.org

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F. kPo-h³

{]iv\w Fgp-¯ñ; {]Xn-`-bm-Wv Xs‑â cN-\-t‑b‑mS‑v Bß‑mÀ° ]‑peÀ¯‑pó Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c\‑v Fñ‑m h‑mb\-‑m\‑n-e-h‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑p-a‑p-Å-hs‑c Hc‑pt‑]‑ms‑e X‑r]‑vX‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑n-ñ.

AhÀs‑¡ñ‑m‑w k‑wt‑h-Z-\-£-a-a‑m-I-W-s‑aó‑p Dd-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-a‑m-I‑nñ. AX‑n\-b‑mÄ _‑m[‑y-Ø-\‑p-añ. Fó‑mð a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-I\‑v B _‑m[‑yX X‑oÀ¨b‑mb‑p‑w Dï‑v. Ab‑mÄ t‑\c‑n-S‑pó {‑][‑m\ {‑]i‑v\‑w AX‑p-X-s‑ó-b‑m-W‑v. X‑m³ Fg‑p-X‑pó‑ H‑mt‑c‑m h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w t‑eJ-\h‑p‑w AX‑v GX‑p `‑mj-b‑n-e‑mt‑W‑m B `‑mj Ad‑n-b‑m-h‑pó Fñ‑m-hÀ¡‑p‑w h‑mb‑n-¨‑mð a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-I-W‑w. h‑mb-\-¡‑m-cs‑\‑mc‑p Iñ‑p-I-S‑nb‑p‑w Dï‑m-I‑m³ ]‑mS‑nñ.

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§Ä¡‑v Ht‑c kab‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I\‑p‑w k‑ml‑nX‑y-I‑m-c-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p-t‑a‑m F¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y¯‑n\‑v D¯c‑w ef‑n-X-a‑m-W‑v. X‑oÀ¨-b‑mb‑p‑w k‑m[‑n-¡‑p‑w.

F¶‑mÂ‑, \‑n§Ä¡‑v Ht‑c-k-ab‑w a‑nI¨ ]{‑X-{‑]hÀ¯-I\‑p‑w a‑nI¨ k‑ml‑n-X‑y-I‑m-c-\‑p-a‑m-I‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑pt‑a‑m F¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y¯‑n\‑v D¯c‑w A{‑X ef‑n-X-a-Ã. Fg‑p-¯Ã‑, {‑]X‑n-`-b‑mW‑v I‑mc‑y‑w Ft‑¶ AX‑n\‑v D¯c‑w \ÂI‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑q. AX‑pX-s‑¶-b‑mW‑v ic‑n-b‑p-¯-ch‑p‑w. a‑m[‑y-a-`‑m-j-s‑bb‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-¯‑ns‑e Fg‑p-¯‑n-s‑\-¡‑pd‑n¨‑pa‑pÅ ]gb k‑n²‑m´‑w ]{‑X-`‑m-jb‑p‑w Fg‑p¯‑p‑w kÀK‑mß-I-c-N-\-b‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w `‑n¶-a‑m-W‑v F¶‑m-W‑v.

AX‑v ic‑n-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v (B-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p F¶‑p ]d-b‑p-¶-X‑mI‑p‑w I‑qS‑pX³ ic‑n‑). I‑mc-W‑w‑, kÀK‑m-ß-I-c-N-\-b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-cN-\-b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w a‑mÀKh‑p‑w e£‑yh‑p‑w cï‑m-W‑v. k‑ml‑n-X‑y-I‑mc\‑p‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I\‑p‑w A`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v X‑nI¨‑p‑w h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-c‑mb h‑mb-\-¡‑m-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v. AX‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v Fg‑p¯‑ns‑â c‑oX‑nb‑p‑w s‑s‑ie‑nb‑p‑w X‑nI¨‑p‑w h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡W‑w. kÀK‑m-ßIcN-\-b‑n H‑mt‑c‑m Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c\‑p‑w h‑yX‑yk‑vX-a‑mb s‑s‑ie‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w. Ht‑c Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c³ H‑mt‑c‑m cN-\-b‑ne‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â ]Ý‑m-¯-e-a-\‑p-k-c‑n¨‑v `‑mj‑m{‑]t‑b‑m-K§f‑p‑w s‑s‑ie‑nb‑p‑w k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. Fg‑p-X‑p¶ h‑nj-b-¯‑ns‑â k‑z`‑m-hh‑p‑w ]Ý‑m-¯-e-h‑p-a‑mW‑v kÀK‑m-ßI cN-\-b‑n `‑mj‑m-s‑s‑ie‑n \‑nÝ-b‑n-¡‑p-¶s‑X¶À°‑w. Ah‑ns‑S Fg‑p-¯‑pI‑m-c³ a‑pg‑p-h³ h‑mb-\-¡‑m-t‑cb‑p‑w a‑p¶‑n I‑mW‑n-Ã. h‑nh‑n[ k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-¯‑ne‑p‑w P‑oh‑n-X-\‑n-e-h‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑p-a‑pÅ h‑mb-\¡‑mÀs‑¡Ã‑m‑w Ht‑c t‑]‑ms‑e a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-I‑p¶ Xc-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v X‑m³ Fg‑p-t‑X-ï-s‑X¶‑p‑w AX‑n-\-\‑p-k-c‑n¨ s‑s‑ie‑n k‑z‑oIc‑n-¡-W-s‑a¶‑p‑w N‑n´‑n-¡‑n-Ã. A§-s‑\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W-s‑a¶‑v h‑mi‑n -]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m³ kl‑r-Z-b-\‑p-a‑m-I‑n-Ã. Xs‑â cN-\-b‑ps‑S ]

sk]vXw_À 2014

Ý‑m-¯e‑w t‑\‑m¡‑n‑, X‑m³ e£‑y-a‑n-S‑p¶ h‑mb-\‑m-k-a‑q-ls‑¯ t‑\‑m¡‑n‑, Xs‑â Fg‑p-¯‑n\‑v A\‑p-t‑b‑m-P‑y-a‑mb Xc-¯‑n `‑mj {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-\‑pÅ Ah-I‑m-ih‑p‑w k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w kÀK‑m-ß-I-c-N-b‑n-X‑m-h‑n-\‑p-ï‑v.

Cs‑X‑m¶‑p h‑ni-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. k‑n. -h‑n. c‑ma³]‑n-Å-b‑ps‑S {‑]k‑n-²-a‑mb t‑\‑mh-e‑mW‑v "a‑mÀ¯‑mÞ-hÀ½‑'. ae-b‑mf t‑\‑mh {‑]Ø‑m-\-¯‑ns‑e \‑mg‑n-I-¡-Ã‑m-W-X‑v. AX‑nÂ‑, ]©-h³I‑m-S‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑pÅ h‑ni-Z-a‑mb hÀW-\-b‑pï‑v. t‑\‑mh-e‑ns‑e \‑mb-I-I-Y‑m-]‑m-{‑X-a‑mb A\-´-]-Z‑va-\‑m`s‑â X‑nt‑c‑m-[‑m-\-h‑p-a‑mb‑n _Ô-s‑¸-«‑pÅ hÀW-\-b‑m-W‑v. ]©-h³I‑m-«‑n h¨‑p I‑mW‑m-X‑mb Xs‑â {‑]X‑n-{‑i‑pXhc\‑mb A\-´-]-Z‑va-\‑m-`³ hc‑p-¶X‑p‑w I‑m¯‑v I‑me‑w Ig‑n¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v \‑mb‑n-I. h‑rY‑m-h‑n-e‑m-I‑p¶ B I‑m¯‑n-c‑n-¸‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w aIs‑f ]‑n´‑n-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ A½ {‑ia‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. \‑oe‑n-s‑b¶ s‑I‑mS‑p‑w-`‑o-I-c‑n-b‑mb b£‑n hk‑n-¡‑p¶ ]©-h³I‑m-«‑n \‑n¶‑v P‑oh-t‑\‑ms‑S X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-h-¶-hÀ Bc‑p-a‑ns‑ö‑v aIs‑f t‑_‑m²‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ B h\-¯‑ns‑â `‑oX‑nX‑m-hØ h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n "Õ‑nÃ‑n Õ‑wI‑mc \‑mZ-\‑n-Z\ aÞ‑n-X-a‑mb' F¶ h‑m¡‑p {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. b£‑n hk‑n-¡‑p¶ I‑mS‑ns‑â `‑oI-cX aIs‑f t‑_‑m[‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ ]d-b‑p¶ h‑m¡‑p-I-f‑m-W‑n-h. CX‑p- t‑I«‑v k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑mb h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑v F´‑p- t‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w. ]‑md‑p¡‑p«‑n t‑]S‑nt‑¨‑m F¶d‑n-b‑n-Ã. Hc‑p h‑n[‑w h‑mb-\-¡‑m-s‑c‑m¶‑p‑w t‑]S‑n-¡‑n-à F¶‑pd-¸‑v. I‑mcW‑w B ]dª h‑m¡‑ns‑â AÀ°‑w Ah-c‑ps‑S Xe-b‑v¡‑p-Å‑n {‑]t‑h-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-I‑n-Ã. \‑me‑p-]‑mS‑p‑w CS-XS-h‑n-Ã‑ms‑X a‑pg-§‑p¶ N‑ne¦-b‑ps‑S i_‑vZ-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑mW‑v t‑\‑mh-s‑e-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c³ ]d-b‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑v X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑m-et‑à t‑]S‑n-s‑b¶ h‑nI‑mc‑w Ah-c‑ps‑S a\-k‑n {‑]t‑h-i‑n-¡‑q.

C§s‑\ k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c\‑p ]‑nS‑n-I‑n-«‑m¯ IS‑p-I«‑n h‑m¡‑pIÄ t‑\‑mh-e‑n {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨-X‑n\‑v k‑n. h‑n. c‑ma³]‑n-

(29) Ås‑b h‑naÀi‑n-¨‑n«‑p I‑mc‑y-a‑pt‑ï‑m? CÃ. Xs‑â Fg‑p-¯‑n D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-t‑¡ï h‑m¡‑p-If‑p‑w s‑s‑ie‑n-If‑p‑w X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p¡‑m-\‑pÅ k¼‑qÀ® k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w kÀK‑m-ßI cN-b‑n-X‑m-h‑n\‑p-ï‑v. A¯c‑w X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑p-IÄ h‑mb-\-¡‑m-s‑c-s‑bÃ‑m‑w X‑r]‑vX‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑pt‑a‑m F¶‑p N‑n´‑n-¡‑m-\‑pÅ N‑pa-X-et‑b‑m A§s‑\ X‑r]‑vX‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶ h‑m¡‑p-If‑p‑w s‑s‑ie‑n-If‑p‑w a‑m{‑Xt‑a {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑mh‑q F¶ _‑m[‑y-Xt‑b‑m kÀK‑m-ßI cN-b‑n-X‑m-h‑n-\‑n-Ã. kÀK‑m-ßI cN\ Bc‑w-`‑n¨ I‑me‑w a‑pX A\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡-s‑¸« k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.

F‑w. S‑n. h‑mk‑p-t‑Z-h³\‑mb-c‑ps‑S "I‑me'-¯‑ne‑p‑w "\‑me‑p-s‑I«‑n‑'e‑p‑w hÅ‑p-h-\‑m-S³ `‑mj‑m-s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑m-W‑p-Å-X‑v. F¶‑mÂ‑, "cï‑m-a‑q-g'¯‑n-t‑e¡‑p hc‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ s‑s‑ie‑n X‑nI¨‑p‑w h‑n`‑n¶-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. "h‑mc-W‑m-k‑n‑'-b‑ne‑p‑w h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-a‑mW‑v s‑s‑ie‑n.

I‑mc-W‑w‑, B cï‑p t‑\‑mh-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w ]Ý‑m-¯-eh‑p‑w I‑meh‑p‑w kµÀ`-§f‑p‑w k‑z`‑m-hh‑p‑w h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-a‑m-W‑v. h‑yX‑yk‑vX-a‑mb kµÀ`-¯‑n\‑p‑w Ah-Øb‑v¡‑p‑w A\‑p-k-c‑n¨‑v cN\-b‑n I‑qS‑p-a‑mä‑w \S-¯‑m³ Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c³ \‑nÀ_-Ô‑n-X\‑m-W‑v. ]dª‑p hc‑p-¶-X‑n-X‑m-W‑v. Xs‑â cN-\-t‑b‑mS‑v Bß‑mÀ° ]‑peÀ¯‑p¶ Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c\‑v FÃ‑m h‑mb-\-‑m\‑n-e-h‑m-c-¯‑ne‑p-a‑p-Å-hs‑c Hc‑pt‑]‑ms‑e X‑r]‑vX‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑n-Ã.

AhÀs‑¡Ã‑m‑w k‑wt‑h-Z-\-£-a-a‑m-I-W-s‑a¶‑p Dd-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑m\‑p-a‑m-I‑n-Ã. AX‑n-\-b‑mÄ _‑m[‑y-Ø-\‑p-aÃ.

F¶‑m a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-I\‑v B _‑m[‑yX X‑oÀ¨b‑mb‑p‑w Dï‑v. Ab‑mÄ t‑\c‑n-S‑p¶ {‑][‑m\ {‑]i‑v\‑w AX‑p-Xs‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. X‑m³ Fg‑p-X‑p¶‑, X§Ä {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¡‑p¶ H‑mt‑c‑m h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w t‑eJ-\h‑p‑w AX‑v GX‑p `‑mj-b‑n-e‑mt‑W‑m B `‑mj Ad‑n-b‑m-h‑p¶ FÃ‑m-hÀ¡‑p‑w h‑mb‑n-¨‑m a\-Ê‑n-e‑mI-W‑w. h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c-s‑\‑mc‑p IÃ‑p-I-S‑nb‑p‑w Dï‑m-I‑m³ ]‑mS‑nÃ.

A{‑X s‑Xf‑n-ab‑p‑w e‑mf‑n-X‑yh‑p‑w AX‑n-\‑p-ï‑m-I-W‑w. A£c‑w h‑mb‑n-¡‑m³ Ad‑n-b‑m-¯-hc‑p‑w h‑mb‑n-¨‑p- t‑IÄ¡‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a-h‑mÀ¯-IÄ. AhÀ¡‑p‑w Hc‑p k‑wi-bh‑p‑w k-µ‑nK‑v[Xb‑p-a‑n-Ã‑ms‑X DÄs‑¡‑m-Å‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑m-IW‑w h‑mÀ¯-If‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m-[‑n-j‑vT‑nX t‑eJ-\-§-f‑p‑w.

AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯-IÀ kÀK‑m-ßI Fg‑p¯‑p-c‑oX‑n Hc‑n-¡e‑p‑w D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-c‑pX‑v F¶‑p ]d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. kÀK‑m-ßI cN-b‑n-X‑m-h‑n\‑p I‑n«‑p¶ k‑z‑m-X{‑´‑y‑w a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]hÀ¯-IÀ¡‑v Fg‑p-¯‑ns‑â I‑mc‑y-¯‑n A\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡‑m-¯X‑p‑w AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v. ]{‑X-`‑mj ef‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑w‑, t‑\t‑cs‑N‑m-t‑Æ-b‑p-Å-X‑m-I-W‑w‑, Be-¦‑m-c‑n-I-X-IÄ CÃ‑m¯-X‑mIW‑w. kÀK‑m-ßI cN\ C¯-c-¯‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑p-a‑m-I-W-s‑a¶‑v \‑nÀ_-Ô-a‑n-Ã. ]c‑n-W‑m-a-K‑p-]‑vX‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑, Be-¦-‑mc‑n-I-X-b‑ps‑S hÀ®-]-I‑n-t‑«‑ms‑S Fg‑p-X‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v ic‑n-b‑mb kÀK‑mß cN\ F¶‑mW‑v h‑ni‑z-k‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w B h‑ni‑z‑mk‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑p-¶-hÀ Gs‑d-b‑m-W‑v. as‑ä‑mc‑p h‑yX‑y‑mk‑w `‑mh-\-b‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y-a‑m-W‑v. kÀK‑m-ßI cN-\-b‑ps‑S P‑oh-h‑mb‑p `‑mh-\-b‑m-W‑v. Nc‑n-{‑X-s‑¯b‑p‑w hÀ¯a‑m\ k‑w`-h-§-s‑fb‑p‑w B[‑m-c-a‑m¡‑n Fg‑p-X‑p-¶-hÀt‑]‑me‑p‑w k‑z´‑w `‑mh-\-b‑n k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ Ab‑mÀ° a‑pl‑qÀ¯-¯‑ne‑mW‑v k‑rj‑vS‑n IÀ½‑w \S-¯‑p-¶-X‑v. AX‑n\‑v b‑mY‑mÀ°‑y-h‑pa‑mb‑n Hc‑p _Ô-h‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-I-W-s‑a-¶‑n-Ã. AX‑n\‑v b‑pà‑n-b‑p-s‑S _e‑w Dï‑m-I-W-s‑a-t‑¶-b‑n-Ã. A§s‑\ b‑mY‑mÀ°‑y¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w b‑pà‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w s‑I«‑p-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-Ã‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡-e‑mb‑n-c‑n¡‑m‑w ]e-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w kÀK‑m-ßI cN-\-b‑ps‑S h‑nP-bh‑p‑w k‑z‑oI‑m-c‑y-X-b‑p‑w. {‑i‑oc‑ma³ N{‑I-hÀ¯‑n-b‑mb‑n `c‑n-¡‑p-¶ At‑b‑m-[‑yb‑n-t‑e¡‑v X‑m³ k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ c‑ma-I-Y‑m-h-X-c-W-¯‑n-\‑mb‑n h‑mÂa‑oI‑n alÀj‑n t‑]‑mI‑p-¶X‑v c‑ma‑m-bW kµÀ`‑w. c‑ma-I-

"a‑mÀ¯‑mÞ-hÀ½‑' t‑\‑mh-e‑nð \‑oe‑n-s‑b¶ s‑I‑mS‑p‑w-`‑o-I-c‑n-b‑mb b£‑n hk‑n-¡‑p¶ ]©-h³I‑m-«‑n \‑n¶‑v P‑oh-t‑\‑ms‑S X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-h¶-hÀ Bc‑p-a‑n-s‑ö‑v \mbnIsb t‑_‑m²‑y-s‑¸S‑p-¯‑m³ A½ B h\-¯‑ns‑â `‑oX‑n-X‑m-hØ h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n "Õ‑nÃ‑n Õ‑wI‑mc \‑mZ-\‑n-Z\ aÞ‑n-X-a‑mb' F¶ h‑m¡‑p {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.

CX‑p- t‑I«‑v k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑mb h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑v F´‑p- t‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w. ]‑md‑p¡‑p«‑n t‑]S‑nt‑¨‑m F¶-d‑nb‑n-Ã. Hc‑p h‑n[‑w h‑mb-\-¡‑m-s‑c‑m¶‑p‑w t‑]S‑n-¡‑nà F¶‑p-d-¸‑v. I‑mcW‑w B ]dª h‑m¡‑ns‑â AÀ°‑w Ah-c‑ps‑S Xe-b‑v¡‑p-Å‑n {‑]t‑h-i‑n-¨‑n«‑p-ï‑m-I‑n-Ã. k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c\‑p ]‑nS‑n-I‑n-«‑m¯ IS‑p-I«‑n h‑m¡‑pIÄ t‑\‑mh-e‑n {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨-X‑n\‑v k‑n. h‑n. c‑ma³]‑n-Ås‑b h‑naÀi‑n-¨‑n«‑p I‑mc‑ya‑pt‑ï‑m? CÃ. Xs‑â Fg‑p-¯‑n D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-t‑¡ï h‑m¡‑p-If‑p‑w s‑s‑ie‑n-If‑p‑w X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑pÅ k¼‑qÀ® k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w kÀK‑m-ßI cN-b‑n-X‑m-h‑n\‑p-ï‑v. A¯c‑w X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑p-IÄ h‑mb-\-¡‑ms‑c-s‑bÃ‑m‑w X‑r]‑vX‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑pt‑a‑m F¶‑p N‑n´‑n-¡‑m\‑pÅ N‑pa-X-et‑b‑m A§s‑\ X‑r]‑vX‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶ h‑m¡‑p-If‑p‑w s‑s‑ie‑n-If‑p‑w a‑m{‑Xt‑a {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n¡‑mh‑q F¶ _‑m[‑y-Xt‑b‑m kÀK‑m-ßI cN-b‑nX‑m-h‑n-\‑n-Ã. kÀK‑m-ßI cN\ Bc‑w-`‑n¨ I‑me‑w a‑pX A\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡-s‑¸« k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. sk]vXw_À 2014

(30) Y‑m-K‑mY {‑i‑oc‑m-a\‑p a‑p¶‑n Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v eh-I‑p-i·‑mÀ. N{‑I-hÀ¯‑n Iï‑n«‑n-Ã‑m¯ At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â a¡Ä.

IY‑m-h-XcW-¯‑n k‑w{‑]‑o-X-\‑mb c‑ma³ Ah-s‑c-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p X‑nc-¡‑m³ k‑m[‑y-X-b‑p-ï‑v. Ah-c‑m-s‑c¶‑v a‑p\‑n ]d-b‑m\‑p‑w \‑y‑mb-a‑p-ï‑v. F¶‑m AX‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p N‑n´‑n¨‑v k‑o-X N‑n´‑m-{‑K-k‑vX-b‑mb‑n kcb‑q X‑oc¯‑v Cc‑n-¡‑p¶ kµÀ`‑w h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. F¶‑m I‑pa‑m-c-\‑m-i‑ms‑â `‑mh-\-b‑n A¯-s‑a‑mc‑p kµÀ`‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n-¡-¸-«‑p. Xs‑â P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑ns‑e H‑mt‑c‑m a‑pl‑qÀ¯-s‑¯b‑p‑w k‑oX-b‑ps‑S I‑mX-c-a‑mb a\Ê‑v h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ h‑nk‑va-b-I-c-a‑mb a‑pl‑qÀ¯‑w c‑q]-s‑¸«‑p. k‑oX A§-s‑\-s‑b‑ms‑¡ N‑n´‑n-¨‑n-c‑pt‑¶‑m As‑X‑m-s‑¡-¯s‑¶-b‑mt‑W‑m N‑n´‑n-¨X‑v F¶‑p X‑pS-§‑n-b‑pÅ b‑pà‑nN‑n´IÄ¡‑v Ch‑ns‑S Ø‑m\-a‑n-Ã. "N‑n´‑m-h‑n-j‑vS-b‑mb k‑oX' AX‑n-a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑mb I‑rX‑n-b‑m-s‑W¶‑v Bc‑p‑w k½-X‑n-¡‑p‑w.

F‑w. S‑n. b‑ps‑S "cï‑m-a‑qg‑'h‑p‑w ]‑n. s‑I. _‑me-I‑rj‑vWs‑â "C\‑n R‑m³ Dd-§s‑«‑' F¶ t‑\‑mhe‑p‑w H.F³.h‑n. I‑pd‑p-

s‑la‑n‑wK‑vt‑h

¸‑ns‑â "kc-b‑q-h‑n-t‑e¡‑v' F¶ Ih‑n-Xb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w C¯-c-¯‑n AX‑n-a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑mb k¦Â¸ a‑pl‑qÀ¯-§Ä k‑rj‑vS‑n-¡s‑¸« I‑rX‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-Is‑\ k‑w_-Ô‑n¨‑v `‑mh-\b‑v¡‑v X‑pS¡‑w a‑pX h‑ne-§‑pX-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑v. C¶s‑¯ h‑mÀ¯ \‑mfs‑¯ Nc‑n{‑X-a‑mW‑v F¶‑mW‑p ]d-b‑p-I. hk‑vX‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-X-b‑mW‑v Nc‑n{‑X-¯‑ns‑â a‑pJ-a‑p-{‑Z. hk‑vX‑p-\‑nj‑vTX-b‑n h‑og‑vN h¶‑m Nc‑n{‑X‑w hf-s‑¨‑m-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p-s‑h¶ h‑naÀi-\-a‑p-b-c‑p‑w. hf-s‑¨‑mS‑n-¡-s‑¸« Nc‑n{‑X‑w Nc‑n-{‑X-a-Ã‑m-X‑m-I‑p‑w. AX‑v a\‑p-j‑y-c‑m-i‑nt‑b‑mS‑p s‑N¿‑p¶ \‑oX‑n-t‑I-S‑p-a‑m-I‑p‑w. I‑me-L-«-§-f‑ps‑S ic‑nb‑mb h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯-e‑ns‑\ AX‑v _‑m[‑n-¡‑p‑w. AX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e Xs‑¶-b‑mW‑v h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m-[‑nj‑vT‑nX cN-\-If‑p‑w.

Ah hk‑vX‑p-X-b‑n AS‑n-Ø‑m-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑m-IW‑w. hf-¨‑ps‑I-«-e‑p-It‑f‑m s‑N¯‑n-¡‑p-db‑v¡e‑p-It‑f‑m AX‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-I‑m³ ]‑mS‑n-Ã. -F-´‑mt‑W‑m k‑w`-h‑n-¨X‑v AX‑v `‑mh\‑m-t‑eia‑n-Ã‑ms‑X sk]vXw_À 2014

hf-s‑¨‑m-S‑n-¡-e‑n-Ã‑ms‑X h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c\‑n-s‑e-¯W‑w.

Ch‑ns‑S k‑z-´‑w A`‑n{‑]‑m-b-§f‑p‑w X‑mÂ]-c‑y-§f‑p‑w a‑mä‑n-h¨‑v X‑nI¨‑p‑w \‑nj‑v]£-\‑mb‑n \‑n¡‑m³ a‑m[‑y-a{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ _‑m[‑y-Ø-\‑m-W‑v. CX‑v A‑wK‑o-I-c-‑n¡‑ms‑X k‑ml‑n-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑e-¶t‑]‑ms‑e \‑nj‑v]-£-X-s‑b-s‑¶‑mc‑p ]£-a‑nà F¶‑p h‑mZ‑n-¡‑p-¶-hc‑p‑w ic‑nb‑ps‑S ]£-¯‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya-{‑]hÀ¯-I³ \‑ne-b‑p-d-¸‑n-t‑¡ïs‑X¶‑v iT‑n-¡‑p-¶-hc‑p‑w [‑mc‑m-f-a‑p-ï‑v. B h‑mZ-¯‑ns‑â ad-h‑n k‑z´‑w ]£-]‑mX‑w h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c\‑ne‑p‑w t‑IÄh‑n-¡‑m-c-\‑ne‑p‑w AS‑n-t‑¨Â¸‑n-¡‑m³ t‑_‑m[-]‑qÀÆ‑w {‑ia‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p-a‑pï‑v. As‑X‑mc‑p a‑p«‑m-t‑¸‑m¡‑p k‑n²‑m´a‑ms‑W¶‑p ]d-b‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ h¿. F§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v hk‑vX‑p-X-IÄ t‑hït‑]‑ms‑e h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑ms‑X ic‑n-b‑ps‑S ]£‑w Is‑ï¯‑m³ Ig‑nb‑pI? s‑UU‑vs‑s‑e-\‑p-I-f‑n I‑pc‑p§‑n-¡‑n-S-¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-I\‑v ic‑n-b‑ps‑S ]£‑w Is‑ï¯‑m³ Fh‑n-s‑S-b‑mW‑v t‑\ch‑p‑w Hg‑nh‑p‑w I‑n«‑pI? C{‑Xb‑p‑w ]d-ª-X‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w‑, kÀK‑mßI k‑ml‑nX‑yh‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-cN-\b‑p‑w cï‑mW‑v F¶‑p‑w cï‑p hg‑n-¡‑mW‑v F¶‑p‑w h‑yà-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡W‑w. A§-s‑\-s‑b-¦‑n a‑m[‑y-a-c-N\b‑p‑w kÀK‑m-ßI cN-\b‑p‑w Hc‑mÄ¡‑v Hc‑p-a‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑pt‑]‑m-I‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑pt‑a‑m? X‑oÀ¨-b‑mb‑p‑w {‑]b‑m-k-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑mW‑v s‑]‑mX‑ps‑h A‑wK‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸« XX‑z‑w. cï‑p t‑aJ-e-b‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑pt‑]‑ms‑e h‑y‑m]-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ t‑e‑mI¯‑v [‑mc‑m-f-a‑p-ï‑v. \½‑ps‑S ae-b‑mf \‑m«‑n¯s‑¶ [‑mc‑m-f-a‑p-ï‑v. AX-d‑n-b‑m-s‑Xbà C‑u ]d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-\‑m-b‑n-c‑ns‑¡ kÀK‑mßI cN-\-IÄ \S-¯‑n-b-h-c‑ps‑S t‑]c‑p-IÄ t‑hï{‑X \‑nc¯‑m-\‑m-I‑p-s‑a¶‑v Ad‑n-b‑m‑w. F¦‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w. CX‑n F{‑X-t‑]À¡‑v cï‑p t‑aJ-e-b‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p t‑]‑ms‑e X‑nf-§‑m³ Ig‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. Gs‑X-¦‑n-e‑p-s‑a‑m-¶‑n h‑nf-§‑m\‑p‑w X‑nf§‑m\‑p‑w a‑n¡-hÀ¡‑p‑w Ig‑n-b‑p‑w. AX‑v Ff‑p-¸-a‑mW‑v. F¶‑m cï‑p c‑wK¯‑p‑w Ak‑m-a‑m-\‑y-a‑mb {‑]X‑n`‑mh‑ne‑mk‑w {‑]I-S‑n-¸‑n¡‑pI A{‑X Ff‑p-¸-a-Ã. {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨ k‑ml‑nX‑y k‑rj‑vS‑nb‑ps‑S F®h‑p‑w h®h‑p‑w h¨-Ã‑, Ah-b‑v¡‑p-Å‑ns‑e I‑m¼‑p t‑\‑m¡‑n-b‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯-I-\‑ns‑e kÀK-c-N-b‑n-X‑mh‑ns‑\ h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑m³. ae-b‑m-f-¯‑n A¯c‑w Hc‑p h‑ne-b‑nc‑p-¯Â k‑ml-k-¯‑n\‑v X¡‑me‑w a‑pX‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã.

A´‑m-c‑m-j‑v{‑SX-e-¯‑n GWÌ‑v s‑la‑n‑w-K‑vt‑hs‑b BW‑v Z‑z‑nX-e-{‑]X‑n-`-b‑mb‑n N‑n{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑v. AX‑v ic‑n-b‑mb h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v. s‑la‑n‑wK‑vt‑h a‑nI¨ a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯I-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. At‑X kab‑w At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â kÀK‑m-ßI cN\IÄ Ak‑m-[‑y-a‑mb l‑rZ-b-{‑Z-h‑o-I-c-W-t‑ij‑n-b‑p-Å-hb‑p-a‑m-W‑v. CX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e ]e-s‑cb‑p‑w Is‑ï-¯‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p-a‑mb‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w‑, ae-b‑m-f-¯‑nÂt‑¸‑me‑p‑w. ]©‑m-\-\X‑z‑w s‑Xf‑n-b‑n¨ Ht‑«s‑d {‑]X‑n-`-IÄ P‑oh‑n¨ \‑mS‑m-Ws‑Ã‑m CX‑v. s‑I«‑n-t‑b¸‑n¡-s‑¸-«-hc‑p‑w h‑ne-b‑v¡‑p-h‑m-§‑n-b-h-c‑p-a‑mb ]©‑m-\-·‑mÀ P‑oh‑n-¨X‑p‑w P‑oh‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑mb \‑mS‑p -I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-Wt‑Ã‑m CX‑v.

AX‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯Â hfs‑c k‑q£‑n¨‑p‑w {‑i²‑n¨‑p‑w t‑hW‑w. s‑la‑n‑w-K‑vt‑h-b‑ps‑S k‑m£‑y‑w Hc‑p I‑mc‑y‑w \s‑½ H‑mÀ½‑n¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑nI¨ a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-I\‑v a‑nI-h‑pä kÀK‑m-ßI cN-b‑n-X‑mh‑p I‑qS‑n-b‑mI‑m‑w. AX‑n\‑v h‑ne-§‑p-X-S‑n-s‑b‑m-¶‑p-a‑n-Ã.

Ab‑mÄ¡‑v cï‑p t‑aJ-e-b‑ne‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-`-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑w. {‑] X‑n-`-b‑ps‑S Gä-¡‑p-d-¨‑n h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯-e‑ne‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-^-e‑n-¡‑p‑w.

Fg‑p-¯Ã {‑]i‑v\‑w‑, {‑]X‑n-`-b‑m-W‑v. {‑]X‑n` X‑nf-§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ B s‑hf‑n-¨-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v Fg‑p¯‑v ]d-s‑¶-¯‑p‑w. At‑¸‑mÄ Fg‑p¯‑ns‑â c‑q]h‑p‑w `‑mhh‑p‑w a‑md‑p‑w. tI-c-f {]-kv A-¡mZ-an {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ "am[ya{]hÀ¯-\hpw kÀKm-ß-I-Xbpw' Fó ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-ð \nópÅ teJ\w. "{]`mXw' FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv F-Un-ä-dm-Wv te-JI³

(31)

Shoma A. Chatterji

Information Technology: Good or Bad? The choice of technology is determined by society, but technology in turn influences society, including the allocation of power in society.

T

he question of whether information technology (IT) is good or bad is perhaps passé in a world where even cell phones are being used not only as a one-to-one communication medium between two individuals but can be used to plan crimes, promote action-oriented programmes to work towards the welfare of the marginalised and the oppressed, indulge in social networking, make short films and art, create other interesting works of communication, and so on. Yet, though one can no longer be judgmental on these questions, it is necessary at times to look back and explore the pros and cons of technology within information.

The focus on IT arises because masses of population exposed to technological change via satellite television and the Internet, are themselves confused and ambivalent about their attitude towards change. For example, commercial clips on television and the Internet, of consumer durables are known to raise the sales of these goods considerably in the market without viewers (buyers) questioning these ads about their silence on detailed information about the real use, operations, or potential problems of these products. The same consumers are the first to raise their voice against television technology for imposing alien values on an unsuspecting viewership. It does not occur to them to cut themselves off from the parabolic dish antenna that exposes them to this cultural imperialism in the first place.

According to J. K. Galbraith, “technology is the systematic application of scientific or other organised knowledge to practical tasks of human beings and their societies.” Technology is needed to accomplish such tasks and ease human efforts to achieve goals in keeping with the values of society. Technological change and innovation are developed and dictated by people’s needs and desires, or by what they feel are the ideals towards the formation of a better society. The general meaning of technology, therefore, is not confined to its technical aspects alone but includes the cultural and organisational aspects of the society it has been designed for. This is an ideal approach towards

technological change.

“Technology progresses linearly and steadily ahead like a train. It has to be accepted by anybody or any society wishing to advance,” wrote Dr Alwi Dahlan, who teaches communications at the University of Indonesia. According to this line of thought, technology is supposed to be value-free and neutral. If a society fails to accept and adapt to technological advances, the blame is squarely placed on the cultural and educational backwardness of the society and not on the technology itself. This valueneutral approach to technology has been termed “ideology of technology” in Arnold Pacey’s book The Culture of Technology.

There is another school of thought—in fact, several such schools—vehemently opposed to this belief of technology being value-free. The resistance is openly critical of technology as much as it is of technologists. They believe that technology is detrimental by nature and tends to increase, rather than decrease the problems for people, society, and the environment. If there are visible advantages, these are often neatly undercut by the invisible, negative side-effects that the proponents of technology fail to see. This resistance to technology is specially focussed more on IT and on informatics than on technological change in other areas of life such as in automation, domestic space, and transport.

The general public treats the effects of technological changes in information by taking different aspects in isolation and then interpreting, questioning, or criticising them for ‘corruption’ of values. The proponents of the “ideology of technology” feel that a major slice of the public exposed to innovations in IT either fails to or refuses to understand the social meaning of technology that it has already accepted and recognised as a part of its daily existence. Though this is partly true, this also suggests that in course of time, society itself will be determined by technology. The question that arises here is: should technology be allowed to become so powerful?

Societal power is more deterministic than sk]vXw_À 2014

(32)

technology. The future course of technology in any society will be determined by several factors, which includes the social dynamics of technological adaptation. Yet, it is also true that although the choice of technology is determined by society, technology itself also influences society in many ways once it is applied. The design of telecommunication networks, for example, will affect the allocation of power within society. Due to its role as an infrastructure, IT actually influences, and could also determine, the way power is shared by the suprastructure. Those who are not linked to the network of infrastructure would not have access to the latest information and may be left behind in the race towards development within a changing social, cultural, and economic environment.

Businessmen and industrialists, for instance, will be left behind if they are not linked to the financial network of information databases.

The need to view IT and society with an integrated, holistic approach is increasingly important now that we have stepped into the 21st century. As a factor of social change, the importance of information has been noted by policymakers and development planners. The UNESCO uses a media index to measure social and cultural development of all UN member countries. The UNDP regularly compares economic development in various ways, one of them being in terms of information. Its Human Development Index includes literacy and schooling, indicators of the basic information capability of an individual. In its measurement of South–North gaps, the agency includes adult literacy, years of schooling, and telephones. To compare developing countries, it looks at its communication profiles, using indices such as numbers of radio sets, television sets, cinema attendance, daily newspapers, books, telephones, and letters posted. For industrial countries, the UNDP also compares registered library users, museum attendance, and international telephone calls.

However, a note of caution is called for. The increasing and extensive use of technology to sk]vXw_À 2014

manage an increasingly complex society may bring along with it, negative implications that may create blocks in the society’s well-being and stability. It may go far beyond the micro-social impact that was initially envisaged by technological and sociological experts. Technology accepted at face value, without question or consideration, and designed solely on the basis of the financial ability to pay for the line, may intentionally restructure existing structures of social power. The dangers of telecommunication lines may either close the socio-economic gap, or do the opposite—increase the socio-economic imbalance. No one knows at this point which way the tide will turn.

If in future, society transforms itself into an Information Society, what will the main institutions be? What kinds of roles will information resource and infrastructure managers be expected to play to stop further socio-economic imbalance? How can development uplift the poor through information when the IT available to them would have no real operational values that would equip them with the ability to find, select, and use information to raise their welfare in an increasingly competitive world?

These are the questions addressed to technologists and social communication specialists equally, since they are the ones who are certain that media impact on social mores are no longer specific because the definition of society itself is changing irretrievably.

Society may no longer be limited to territory where space frees itself from the boundaries of the real and the physical to embrace the virtual. How will we share this common environment of cyberspace?

What would be the features of this shared common identity and culture? These are questions that the future alone, one hopes, will provide answers to.

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com

(33) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

How to Compile a List of Standard Journals

A column that throws light on studies about Kerala journalism, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala journalism

L

ast month, this column brought under the scanner the window-dressing approach and low-grade tactics that university academics adopt to survive (or thrive!) without seriously doing research.1 We saw how the absence of good research was papered over by polluting the “list of standard journals” used in research assessment.

But what if a university department is genuinely interested in improving the state of research? How should it prepare the list of standard journals? This month’s column constructively proposes a method that journalism departments in Kerala’s universities can consider adopting.

Basics

Improving the research culture takes time and requires the department to implement a research plan systematically

across 5–10 years. Once the faculty decide to strengthen the research orientation of the department, an early step would be to compile a list of topics that are at present researched in the department and likely to be studied in the next 3–5 years by the faculty themselves and research scholars. With such a list of topics in hand, the list of standard journals can be prepared in a month or two, in the following manner.

Method

Step 1: Pick two or three top journals in the Communication category in the latest Journal Citation Report (JCR), a widely used resource for evaluating journals.

The selected ones need not necessarily be the top three journals in the Communication category; they could be journals among the top 20 in the

Communication category in JCR, and those that publish on topics in the department’s research plan for the next 3–5 years. Even if it may not be immediately possible to get published in these top journals, Step 1 is important to keep the department’s goal in focus. The selected ones would serve as “aspirational journals” and signal the department’s goal—where the faculty desire and hope to publish in 5–10 years.

Step 2: Add 3–4 highly respected academic journals from India in Communication or Journalism.

Since hardly any Communication or Journalism journal from India figures in the JCR or the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Step 2 would call for going beyond those lists of journals. So long as the selected journals are truly respected nationally, a department would be justified in including them in the list of standard journals.

How can the faculty go about this task? Consultation or survey among peers can be one initiative.

For integrity, however, it must be sk]vXw_À 2014

(34) with significant impact (i.e., which gets repeatedly cited in national and international journals) emerges from India, that too can be included.

A department must resist the temptation to include its home journals simply because they are home journals. The evaluation of a home journal should be using the same criteria (and as rigorous) as for other national journals in Communication or Journalism.

Step 3: Identify 5–10 good journals from India or abroad in the humanities and social sciences—in history, political science, or sociology, or interdisciplinary areas like development studies. The selection process could make use of the JCR and SSCI, or be similar to the one used in Step 2, and as always keeping current and future research topics of the department firmly in sight.

This would help faculty to publish in good journals and win peer recognition in their specialised or allied areas of research. For example, if one faculty member plans to build her research profile in the next decade by studying various aspects of women in Kerala journalism, the department can include the Indian Journal of Gender Studies, which figures in the JCR and SSCI. Other Indian social science journals in the latest JCR are: Contributions to Indian Sociology; Indian Economic and Social History Review; Journal of South Asian Development; and Science, Technology and Society.

Strengths and Limitations supplemented by a more objective evaluation of each journal by the department’s faculty. Such an evaluation exercise would also raise awareness among faculty and serve as an excellent orientation into the world of contemporary scholarship.

In this, one can tweak the criteria used to select journals for the SSCI. Broadly, these would include adherence to basic publishing standards sk]vXw_À 2014

(timeliness, editorial conventions, peer review), assessment of editorial content (whether or not the journal publishes topics of research interest to the department), test of international or national diversity (among contributing authors, editors, and advisory board members), and citation analysis (how often a journal gets cited in other international or national journals).2 If a regional journal

The three-step method’s major advantage is that the resulting list will contain only good, peerreviewed journals.

Moreover, it will reflect a healthy mix of idealism and realism. At one end, the top rung journals in the list will reflect the laudable direction in which research in the department is headed (what should be achieved in the long term); journals at the other end would signal the minimum benchmarks held by

(35) the faculty, and the current or near future level of research in the department (what can be achieved in the medium term). In the first two years, it is quite likely that none of the faculty get published in any of the standard journals, but that would be the price paid for decades of neglect.

The method outlined here is flexible in that it can be used with different tools if a department wishes to. For example, in the place of Thomson Reuters’ JCR, a department can opt to use the more easily accessible SCImago journal rankings (which uses Elsevier’s Scopus database).

Down the road, a combination of metrics can be used to offset the weaknesses of any particular set of journal rankings.

This is not to suggest that the proposed method is perfect. It is possible for an article to wins peer recognition (i.e., get heavily cited nationally or internationally) after being published in an unknown journal. In such a case, the list of standard journals compiled using the method here would disappoint the scholar concerned.

But such an event being rare, if it does happen, the method can be modified at that juncture to

accommodate one-off cases.

A few may criticise the method outlined here for privileging peer review even though the peer review system itself is not foolproof. After all, it was only two months ago that leading journal publisher SAGE retracted 60 articles from a peer-reviewed journal after the publisher investigated and busted a peer review ring of fake IDs. Indeed, the peer review system is not perfect, but much of the academic world continues to prefer peer review partly because a superior solution is yet to emerge. Here is what folks at Nature, one of the most prestigious journals in the world, say about this: “We are continually impressed with peer review’s positive impact on almost every paper we publish. Even papers that are misunderstood by reviewers are usually rewritten and improved before resubmission. Mistakes are made, but peer review, through conscientious effort on the part of referees, helps to protect the literature, promote good science and select the best. Until a truly viable alternative is provided, we wouldn’t have it any other way.”3 That said, we all know that

any single method or measure is unlikely to satisfy all situations.

The method outlined here is for preparing a list of standard journals for incentivising good research in a department that wishes to upgrade itself on the research front. The method outlined and the tools mentioned are not for evaluating the research contributions of a scholar.

Research assessment is a wider topic for which other criteria too have to be framed, and tools like the H-Index or a combination of such metrics might have to be used.

Ashok R. Chandran is a book editor in Palakkad, Kerala. E-mail: studykeralamedia@gmail.com 1. Ashok R. Chandran, “When a University Bored of Studies Sets the Standards,” Media, August 2014, pp 36–38.

2. For more information on each criterion, see Jim Testa, “The Thomson Reuters Journal Selection Process,” May 2012, http://wokinfo. com/essays/journal-selection-process/.

3. “Peer Review Policy”, http://www. nature.com/authors/policies/peer_ review.html.

"aoUnb' X]mðamÀKw C´ybnsehnsSbpw e`n¡póp hmÀjnI hcnkwJy þ 200cq] November 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 7 | Price ` 10

October 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 6 | Price ` 10

Learning from India’s experience with paid news, we need a regulating body with punitive powers, and independent of the government and the media.

]qÀ®amb taðhnemkw klnXw ]Ww sN¡mtbm Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À Btbm ASbv¡mw Kerala Press Academy SB Account No.57025499757 State Bank of Travancore, Civil Station Branch, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 IFSC SBTR0000339

Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À sN¿póhÀ ]qÀ® hnemkw t^m¬ \¼À klnXw mail@pressacademy.org -ð Adnbn¡pI. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682 030; t^m¬ \w. 0484 2422275 sk]vXw_À 2014

(36)

{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu

sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

‑aoUnbm Dd§pIbmtWm?

am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

Zn

Ã‑nb‑ns‑e t‑Zi‑ob a‑oU‑nb‑mb‑ps‑S A¼c¸‑ns‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑v Ig‑nª I‑ps‑d Bg‑v¨If‑mb‑n s‑s‑hh‑n²‑y‑w \‑ndª Aht‑e‑mI\§f‑p‑w Iaâ‑pI f‑p‑w a‑pdb‑v¡‑v hc‑p¶‑pï‑v. s‑k{‑It‑«d‑nb ä‑ns‑e D¶X Dt‑Z‑y‑mKØÀ I‑rX‑yka b¯‑v B^‑ok‑n hcWs‑a¶‑p X‑pS §‑n {‑][‑m\a{‑´‑nt‑b‑ms‑S‑m¸‑w Ø‑nc‑w t‑^‑md‑n³ b‑m{‑X \S¯‑p¶X‑v AhI‑mi a‑mb‑n Iï‑nc‑p¶ Z‑nÃ‑n a‑oU‑nb‑m c‑mP‑m ¡s‑f kÀ¡‑mÀ N‑neh‑n I‑qs‑S s‑I‑mï‑pt‑]‑mI‑mX‑nc‑p¶ \b‑w hs‑c {‑]‑mhÀ¯‑nIa‑m¡‑nb {‑][‑m\a{‑´‑n t‑a‑mZ‑nb‑mW‑v CX‑n\‑p I‑mcW‑w F¶‑v FÃ‑mhc‑p‑w Iï‑p]‑nS‑n¨‑p.

Z‑nÃ‑n a‑oU‑nb‑m P‑oh‑n¡‑p¶X‑v k‑v¡‑q¸‑pIf‑ne‑mW‑v. As‑Xf‑p¸a‑mW‑v.

A[‑nI‑mcØ‑m\h‑pa‑mb‑n AS‑p¸‑w hb‑v¡‑pI. Hc‑p {‑]bX‑v\h‑pa‑nÃ‑ms‑X clk‑y h‑mÀ¯IÄ I‑n«‑p‑w. t‑ei‑w s‑]b‑vU‑v s‑s‑S¸‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. k‑mca‑nÃ. ]s‑£ ck‑w I‑mW‑p‑w. h‑mb\¡‑mÀ¡‑v Fc‑nh‑p‑w ]‑pf‑nb‑p‑w I‑n«‑p‑w. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑v h‑mÀ¯‑mt‑{‑k‑mXÊ‑pIs‑f ]‑nW¡c‑pX‑v.

I‑me{‑]h‑ml¯‑n C¶‑v k‑v¡‑q¸‑pIÄ a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑n h‑mÀ¯IÄ. Ag‑naX‑n. t‑K‑mk‑n¸‑v. h‑n.s‑I.F³. {‑I‑nt‑bä‑p s‑Nb‑vX ]¿s‑â s‑aâÀ c‑ma³‑, A¡‑m es‑¯ t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v {‑]k‑nUâ‑v I‑mac‑mP‑ns‑â h‑ni‑zk‑vX³‑, Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p ic‑n¡‑p‑w C¶‑phs‑c hfÀ¶ Z‑nÃ‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯s‑s‑ie‑nb‑ps‑S F\‑n¡‑p ]c‑nNba‑pÅ X‑pS¡¡‑mc³. \‑mad‑nb‑m s‑X Xs‑¶ h¶ Hc‑p a‑mä‑w CX‑p I‑mc W‑w a‑oU‑nb‑mb‑v¡‑v k‑w`h‑n¨‑p. h‑ni‑me a‑mb I‑mg‑v¨¸‑mS‑pIf‑p‑w Z‑oÀLh‑o£W t‑ij‑nb‑p‑w {‑K‑ma§s‑fb‑p‑w Zc‑n{‑Zs‑cb‑p‑w

sk]vXw_À 2014

A¡§Ä¡¸‑pd‑w I‑mW‑m\‑pÅ Ig‑n h‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ \i‑n¨X‑v‑, C‑uk‑nb‑mb‑n e`‑n ¡‑p¶ k‑v]‑q¬ ^‑oU‑n‑wK‑v h‑nhc‑w‑, t‑]P‑v {‑X‑ob‑p‑w t‑]P‑v H¶‑p‑w a‑nI‑vk‑v BI‑p¶ Ø‑nX‑nh‑nt‑ij‑w Fó‑nhs‑b‑m s‑¡b‑mW‑v B a‑mä¯‑ns‑â ^e§Ä. a‑oU‑nb‑mb‑p‑w s‑k{‑I«d‑nt‑bä‑ns‑e D¶ t‑X‑mt‑Z‑y‑mKØc‑ps‑S ka‑m\c‑q]a‑mb‑n.

Ch‑ns‑Sb‑mW‑v ka{‑Ka‑mb N‑n´I f‑ps‑S {‑]kà‑n. \a‑p¡‑nh‑ns‑S C¶‑v Bb‑nc¡W¡‑n \‑v ]{‑Xa‑mk‑nIIf‑p‑w a‑p¶‑qt‑d‑mf‑w h‑mÀ¯ e`‑n¡‑p¶ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ N‑m\ e‑pIf‑pa‑pï‑v. ]s‑£ s‑]s‑«¶‑v Hc‑p t‑I‑mS‑n s‑s‑e¡‑pIf‑p‑w A¼X‑p e£‑w t‑^‑mt‑f‑mt‑hÀk‑pa‑mb‑n t‑a‑mZ‑n‑, At‑ac‑n ¡³ {‑]k‑nUâ‑v H_‑mas‑bt‑¸‑ms‑e‑, h‑mÀ¯ Ahi‑ya‑pÅh\‑v CX‑phs‑c t‑Zi‑ob a‑oU‑nb‑m \ÂI‑nb‑nc‑p¶ k‑v¡‑q¸‑p h‑mÀ¯s‑b ad‑n IS¶‑v‑, Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb k‑wt‑hZ\s‑s‑ie‑n Dï‑m¡‑nb‑n c‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v.

CX‑n F\‑n¡‑p Z‑p‑xJ‑w \½‑ps‑S s‑ka‑n d‑n«t‑bÀt‑U‑m t‑]‑mIs‑«‑, a²‑y hbk‑v¡c‑mb {‑]X‑n`‑mi‑me‑nIf‑mb a‑oU‑nb‑m {‑]hÀ¯IÀt‑]‑me‑p‑w C‑u a‑mä§Ä¡‑p I‑mcWa‑mb s‑SI‑vt‑\‑m fP‑ns‑b kl‑n¡‑pI F¶ a«‑n DÄs‑¡‑mÅ‑pIbÃ‑ms‑X k‑z´‑w s‑s‑kt‑¡b‑ps‑S `‑mKa‑m¡‑p¶‑nà F¶ X‑mW‑v.

AS‑p¯‑ns‑S \S¶ k‑w`h‑w: R‑m³ k‑pl‑r¯‑ns‑â h‑o«‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v.

Fs‑â k‑pl‑r¯‑v‑, X‑nI¨‑p‑w P‑oh‑n Xh‑nPb‑w t‑\S‑nb AX‑n{‑]KÛ\‑mb

a‑m²‑ya{‑]hÀ¯I³‑, B[‑p\‑nIa‑mb FÃ‑m a‑mä§s‑fb‑p‑w {‑I‑nb‑mßIa‑mb‑n DÄs‑¡‑mï‑v Ahs‑b Xs‑â {‑]hÀ¯ \§Ä¡‑p ]‑qcIa‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p ¶ a‑mX‑rI‑m]‑pc‑pj³‑, a‑mt‑\P‑vs‑aâ‑ns‑e ckIca‑mb Hc‑p Bib‑w IYb‑mb‑n h‑nhc‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\‑nSb‑n H¶‑p\‑nÀ¯‑n. s‑F ]‑mU‑v X‑pd¶‑p. t‑eäÌ‑v t‑a‑mUe‑m W‑v. ]dª‑p. "hÀ½‑mP‑n‑, Hc‑p a‑n\‑n«‑v. Z‑m‑, Ct‑¸‑mÄ I‑mW‑n¨‑pXc‑m‑w. CX‑ns‑â h‑nj‑zÂk‑p‑w H¨b‑pa‑pï‑v. k‑o‑!‑' ]e I‑o AaÀ¯‑n. h‑nct‑e‑mS‑n¨‑p. h‑oi‑n. a‑mP‑n¡‑pI‑mcs‑â a«‑v l‑mh`‑mh §Ä. cï‑p a‑n\‑n«‑v. H¶‑p‑w k‑w`h‑n¨‑nÃ.

At‑±l‑w N‑nc‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v ]dª‑p.

"I‑n«‑p¶‑nÃ. \‑qd‑mb‑nc‑w H‑m¸t‑dj³k‑v CX‑ne‑pï‑v. ic‑nb‑mI‑p ¶‑nÃ. A¸‑p hcs‑«. R‑m³ I‑m«‑n¯ c‑m‑w. Ah³ {‑I‑n¡ä‑v If‑n Ig‑nª‑v C¸‑w hc‑p‑w.‑' A¸‑p At‑±l¯‑ns‑â A©‑m‑w ¢‑mk‑n ]T‑n¡‑p¶ s‑I‑m¨‑p aI\‑mW‑v. h‑mk‑vXh¯‑n kP‑oha‑mb‑n ka‑ql ¯‑n\‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w \ðI‑m\‑p‑w hc‑p‑wXe a‑pdb‑v¡‑v hg‑nI‑m«‑m\‑p‑w {‑]‑m]‑vX‑nb‑pÅ Xea‑pd C¶‑v t‑\c‑nS‑p¶‑, ]s‑£ ]‑qÀ®a\t‑Ê‑ms‑S k‑zb‑w A‑wK‑oIc‑n ¡‑m³ Xb‑md‑mI‑m¯‑, Ig‑nh‑pt‑IS‑m W‑nX‑v. t‑hs‑d‑mc‑p k‑w`h‑w. Fs‑â A\´‑n ch³ `‑mc‑yt‑bb‑p‑w a¡s‑fb‑p‑w I‑q«‑n K‑pc‑ph‑mb‑qc‑n \‑n¶‑v hc‑p¶ hg‑n FdW‑mI‑pf¯‑v Fs‑â h‑o«‑n h¶‑p.

Ahc‑nc‑phc‑p‑w s‑S¡‑o _‑nc‑pZ‑m\´c _‑nc‑pZ[‑mc‑nIf‑mW‑v. s‑s‑Zhh‑ni‑z‑mk‑n IÄ. a¡Ä‑, a‑q¯h³ F«‑p hbÊ‑v‑, A\‑nb¯‑n \‑me‑p hbÊ‑v. A\´‑nch \‑v s‑s‑{‑]hä‑v s‑S¡‑o s‑kI‑vSd‑n e£ §Ä i¼f‑w I‑n«‑p¶ t‑P‑me‑n Dï‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p. Ct‑¸‑mÄ AX‑p h‑n«‑v k‑z´‑w

(37) _‑nk‑n\Ê‑ne‑mW‑v. `‑mc‑yb‑v¡‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ e‑mhW‑w. \Kc¯‑n Hc‑p eI‑vj‑zd‑n ^‑vf‑mä‑v. \‑m«‑n ]gb h‑oS‑p‑w ct‑ï¡À ]‑pcb‑n Sh‑p‑w. cï‑p I‑md‑v. Hc‑p k‑wX‑r]‑vX I‑pS‑p‑w_‑w. \‑me‑phbÊ‑pI‑mc‑n BZ‑ya‑mb‑n K‑pc‑p h‑mb‑qc‑v t‑]‑mI‑pIb‑mW‑v. R‑m³ Ahs‑f AS‑p¯‑nc‑p¯‑n A¼e h‑nt‑ij‑w ]¦‑n«‑p: "\‑o F´‑m At‑¼‑mä‑nt‑b‑mS‑v {‑]‑mÀ°‑n¨X‑v?‑' AhÄ ]dª‑p: "R‑m\‑v... R‑m³ ]db‑m‑w. R‑m³ I®S¨‑p. ]‑ns‑¶ ]dª‑p. AÑ\‑v Hc‑p]‑mS‑p c‑q]‑m Xct‑W¶‑v.‑' "t‑hs‑d‑m¶‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑nt‑Ã?'

AhÄ \‑nt‑j[‑mÀ°¯‑nÂ

Ã‑m¯ Hc‑p k‑vt‑^‑mS\‑w. ]c¼c‑mKX c‑oX‑nb‑ne‑pÅ A{‑Iah‑p‑w aÕch‑p‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w CÃ‑mX‑m¡‑p¶ Xc¯‑n i‑mk‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nIc‑wKs‑¯ Iï‑p]‑nS‑p¯§f‑p‑w \‑m‑w C¶‑phs‑c AN©es‑a¶‑p Ic‑pX‑nb‑nc‑p¶ FÃ‑m kah‑mI‑y§s‑fb‑p‑w X‑qs‑¯d‑nª‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. XX‑zi‑mk‑v{‑X‑w‑, k‑m¼¯‑nIi‑mk‑v{‑X‑w‑, c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑w‑, \‑oX‑nh‑yhØ‑, k‑ma‑ql‑yi‑mk‑v{‑X‑w‑, F¶‑pt‑hï‑, `‑mjb‑p‑w IW¡‑p‑w Ie b‑p‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w C¶‑v A\‑pZ‑n\‑w ]‑pX‑nb AÀ°Xe§f‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w c‑q]§f‑nt‑e ¡‑p‑w a‑md‑ns‑¡‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. c‑mj‑v{‑S§f‑ps‑S AX‑nÀ¯‑nIÄ a‑mb‑p ¶‑p. aX§Ä i‑mk‑v{‑X‑w \ÂI‑p¶ Ad‑nh‑ns‑\b‑p‑w k‑z‑mX{‑´‑ys‑¯b‑p‑w t‑\Àhg‑n¡‑m¡‑m³ ]‑mS‑p s‑]S‑pIb‑mW‑v.

¡‑pIb‑mW‑v.

Ch‑ns‑S a‑oU‑nb‑mb‑v¡‑v Hc‑p N‑paX‑ eb‑nt‑Ã? \‑m‑w F´‑p s‑N¿W‑w?

Hg‑p¡‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w \‑o´‑p¶X‑v N¯ a‑o\‑pIf‑mW‑v. CX‑v Hc‑p {‑]k‑n²a‑mb B{‑^‑n¡³ ]gs‑a‑mg‑nb‑mW‑v. P‑oh\‑p Åh Hg‑p¡‑ns‑\X‑ns‑c \‑o´‑m³ {‑ia‑n ¡‑p‑w. \½f‑n a‑n¡hc‑p‑w C¯c‑w N¯ a‑o\‑pIf‑mW‑v. Hg‑p¡‑ne‑mW‑v k‑pJ‑w. H¶‑p‑w s‑Nt‑¿ï. H¸‑w \‑n¶‑m  aX‑n. Hg‑p¡‑v \½s‑f a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑v \b‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mÅ‑p‑w. he‑nb he‑nb I‑mc‑y§Ä F¶‑v IW¡‑p I‑q«‑n \‑m‑w Ahb‑ps‑S ]‑nds‑I \‑o´‑p‑w. AX‑v s‑hd‑p‑w N¯a‑o\‑n\‑v Hg‑p¡‑p \ÂI‑p¶ Ne\a‑ms‑W¶‑v X‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑m³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w \‑m‑w a‑n\s‑¡S‑md‑nÃ. \½‑ps‑S N¯ a\Ê‑pIÄ¡‑v P‑oh³ \Ât‑It‑ï?

Xeb‑m«‑n.

R‑m³ Ahf‑ps‑S t‑N«³ F«‑p hbÊ‑pI‑mct‑\‑mS‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p: "\‑os‑b´‑m {‑]‑mÀ°‑n¨X‑v?'

"Aѳ A‑w_‑m\‑nb‑mIt‑W¶‑v.‑' "\‑n\t‑¡‑m?‑' "]‑ns‑¶ F\‑n¡‑v t‑[‑mW‑nb‑mI t‑W¶‑v.‑' "As‑X´‑m t‑[‑mW‑n?‑' "A¸‑q¸\d‑nb‑mt‑a‑m‑, Ct‑¸‑mÄ t‑[‑mW‑n¡‑mW‑v Gäh‑p‑w h‑ne. S‑q l{‑UU‑v t‑{‑I‑mÀk‑v‑!'

CX‑p cï‑p‑w IYbÃ. Hc‑p Ct‑aP‑v.

A{‑Xa‑m{‑X‑w.

C¶‑v t‑e‑mI‑w Hc‑p he‑nb s‑]‑m«‑n s‑¯d‑nb‑ps‑S h¡‑ne‑mW‑v \‑nes‑I‑mÅ‑p ¶X‑v. b‑p²¯‑ns‑â s‑]‑m«‑ns‑¯d‑nbÃ.

AX‑ns‑\¡‑mÄ he‑nb‑, a‑m\hka‑ql‑w C¶‑phs‑c k‑z]‑v\‑w Iï‑n«‑pt‑]‑me‑pa‑n

s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑p‑w s‑aU‑n¡Â s‑SI‑v t‑\‑mfP‑nb‑p‑w s‑I‑mï‑phc‑p¶ k‑pX‑mc‑y Xb‑p‑w k‑z‑mX{‑´‑yh‑p‑w ka‑ql¯‑n i‑mc‑oc‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w a‑m\k‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w Bß‑oba‑mb‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb kah‑mI‑y§Ä k‑rj‑vS‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mt‑ïb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m\ hka‑ql¯‑ns‑â \‑ne\‑n¸‑ns‑âb‑p‑w ]‑pt‑c‑mKX‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w AS‑nØ‑m\i‑ne b‑mb‑nc‑p¶ I‑pS‑p‑w_‑w F¶ Ø‑m]\ ¯‑n\‑p‑w C‑u h‑n¹h¯‑n \‑n¶‑v a‑md‑n \‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p¶‑nÃ.

C‑u `‑mh‑nb‑ps‑S Hc‑p a‑p¶d‑nb‑n¸‑m W‑v t‑a¸dª s‑hd‑p‑w k‑m[‑mcW IYIÄ I‑m«‑p¶X‑v. D]t‑`‑mà‑rhk‑vX‑p ¡f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w BU‑w_c¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w ]c‑n[‑nb‑nÃ‑m¯ e`‑yXb‑p‑w AX‑v k‑z´ a‑m¡‑m\‑pÅ k‑z‑mÀ°Xb‑p‑w k‑z‑m`‑mh‑n Ia‑mW‑v. Ah‑ns‑S ]W‑w \s‑½ \‑nb {‑´‑n¡‑p¶ GI LSIa‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb‑nc‑n

Hg‑p¡‑ns‑\ s‑Nd‑p¡‑m\‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â KX‑n \‑nb{‑´‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w Ig‑nb‑pt‑¼‑mgt‑Ã \‑m‑w bY‑mÀ°a\‑pj‑yc‑mI‑q? As‑X§‑ns‑\ k‑m[‑n¡‑p‑w? \a‑p¡‑v AX‑v k‑m[‑n¡W‑w.

Hg‑p¡‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w \‑o´‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m³ a‑oU‑nb‑mb‑v¡‑v ià‑n Dï‑mIW‑w.

AX‑n\‑v Hc‑p \à Ahkca‑mW‑v C¶‑v Z‑nÃ‑nb‑n t‑Zi‑ob a‑oU‑nb‑mb‑ps‑S A¼ c¸‑v. C‑u A¼c¸‑v hc‑p‑w Xea‑pdb‑ps‑S a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑pÅ {‑]b‑mW¯‑n AhÀ ¡‑v H¸‑w s‑I‑mï‑pt‑]‑mI‑mh‑p¶ ]‑mt‑Yb a‑mb‑n‑, c‑pN‑nIca‑mb s‑]‑mX‑nt‑¨‑md‑mb‑n‑, a‑mäW‑w. AX‑mW‑v {‑]Ê‑ns‑â ISa. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com sk]vXw_À 2014

(38) Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

Electric (Wired) and Electronic (Wireless) Communication Towards Broadcasting in the World

Scientists and inventors have always searched for faster methods of transmitting messages across land and sea

T

hree major revolutions occurred in the world of communications during the 19th century—the telegraph, the telephone and the wireless (radio). We call the first two “wired” and the third, “wireless” communication. Although the telegraph is no longer important for the 21st century, and we cancelled the system in India and other parts of the world in 2013, we should know its history.

Experiments in Europe, particularly by Michael Faraday in England, Alessandro Volta in Italy, and Georg Ohm in Germany, showed that electricity was a natural phenomenon and that it could be produced on a fairly large scale, stored, and transported to different parts of the country of its origin or even beyond its borders. It was also demonstrated by several scientists that electricity could carry information through wired and wireless means—the radio waves.

In 1840, Samuel F. B. Morse (1791–1872), American inventor

sk]vXw_À 2014

and artist, patented a telegraphic system by which messages could be sent by electric wire using a code (later called the Morse Code) to distant places.

In 1844, he succeeded in sending the first telegraphic message from Baltimore to Washington D. C., namely, “What hath God wrought?” The Morse Code was an alphanumeric system where letters of the alphabet and numbers were represented by short and long patterns, which were conveyed as sounds, signals, flashes of light, or dots and dashes, to distant destinations.

Morse’s invention was of far-reaching consequence in the daily operation of railways and business establishments.

But more quick and dependable means of communication reduced dependence on the telegraph system. For example, when telephone was invented

by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, and the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi, living in England, started using the

wireless method of transmitting messages and later on established the Marconi Company, the importance of the telegraph system got reduced in business as well as the public and private spheres. Today, the telegraph system is defunct, but it is of historical importance for all communicators to know that scientists and inventors have always searched for faster methods of transmitting messages (information) across land and sea. And we cannot forget that the telegraph system served in speeding up human communication quite a lot in the 19th and 20th centuries. Allied systems such as the teleprinter (also known as teletype), telex, and fax machines are functioning even now.

Heinrich Hertz of Germany was the first physicist to transmit and receive radio waves. This happened ten years after James C. Maxwell predicted that light was a form of electromagnetic radiation. Although Marconi is generally credited with the pioneering of broadcasting, radio

(39) frequencies are measured in hertz (Hz), kilohertz (kHz), and megahertz (MHz).

J. C. Bose (1858–1937) conducted experiments on electric waves. He too worked on the predictions made by Maxwell about the electromagnetic nature of light waves. Unbeknownst to Hertz and Marconi, Bose obtained

experiments which had created electromagnetic waves and a receiver for detecting the waves.

Before he was hardly 24, Marconi was sending wireless signals over several miles. He showed the world that messages could be sent without Morse’s telegraph lines or Bell’s telephone lines. In 1896, he migrated to England, with his

him to earn GBP 15,000 annually at the tender age of 23! His wireless not only had commercial value but great application in the news transmission business.

An important newspaper in the United States, the New York Herald was the first to use Marconigram for news dissemination. Marconi himself gave a radio broadcast of

Irish–Scot mother.

Marconi was more a businessman than an inventor because he applied his scientific invention to the setting up of a business firm in 1897: the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company. His wise management and investment genius helped

the highlights of a football match for the Herald in October 1899.

Finally, businessmen, and military and political leaders helped in the establishment of the American Marconi Company.

Two scientists—Reginald Fessenden and Lee de Forest— showed keen interest in Marconi’s

Marconi

waves of short length using his own device called the “electric radiator.” In 1885, he succeeded in sending wireless signals, one year before Marconi invented a method for sending wireless signals.

Marconi was 20 years old when he learnt of Hertz’s

sk]vXw_À 2014

(40) invention and enterprise.

Fessenden succeeded in sending a lady’s song and violin recital from his lab to a merchant ship in Brant Rock, Massachusetts.

Lee de Forest (1873–1961) invented the “audion,” a glass bulb radio detector that revolutionised broadcasting. This 1907 invention opened the door to commercial broadcasting all over the world. Lee de Forest surprised the world by broadcasting from New York and from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. He even broadcast the U. S. election results of 1916.

Many historians consider him as the first real radio broadcaster.

celebrity as the operator who received and sent out many SOS signals when the legendary Titanic was about to sink (in 1912); he was the one who alerted many ports about it. Sarnoff was 21 when this happened. A talented person, he eventually became a firm believer in the commercial possibilities of the radio and wrote a memorandum to his superiors in the Marconi Wireless Company about how the Company could expand its commercial activity by persuading many citizens to install radio sets at home.

But Sarnoff could realise his

Weather is big news in western countries, especially because the clothes that people wear change according to weather patterns. In our country—where most of the time the weather remains the same in most regions—imitating the West is not a healthy practice, but we always report weather as a ritual. For example, in TV news telecast in Kerala, most news bulletins end with a reporting of the temperatures in three cities: “Kozhikode: 33 degrees celsius, Kochi: 32 and Trivandrum: 30 degrees celsius.” “So what?” the wag would ask with a grin! How does it affect the normal life of a citizen?

Lee de Forest’s audion, although costlier than Fessenden’s crystal detector, was quite efficient and dependable. All his patents were bought by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT & T).

Two other important men— David Sarnoff and Frank Conrad—have to be remembered when we look at the early history of broadcasting.

Starting his adult life as a humble Marconi set operator in Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, Sarnoff, a Russian immigrant to the United States, became a sk]vXw_À 2014

dream only when he became the Commercial Manager and later President of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA).

The RCA was the corporate establishment owning the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), the earliest radio network. Sarnoff pioneered radio broadcasting in America. With the advent of television in the late 1950s, the NBC started a TV network too.

Dr Frank Conrad, an engineer in the Westinghouse Electric Company, made commercial broadcasting a regular activity.

In 1920 he started organising the broadcasting of music on a regular basis from Pittsburgh, an industrial city in the state of Pennsylvania, which had a radio station under Conrad’s direction.

It was known by its call letters “KDKA”, and it was the first radio station in the world to broadcast music, news, and sports. The station’s broadcasting began with presidential election news on 4 November 1920.

The radio became a great entertainer in due course, although radio in America was developed there as a segmented medium, with narrowcasting (as opposed to broadcasting to a general audience). Some stations were devoted to popular and classical music, some others to news, views, and sports, and a few others were entirely for traffic news, weather, and sports.

Weather is big news in western countries, especially because the clothes that people wear change according to weather patterns.

In our country—where most of the time the weather remains the same in most regions—imitating the West is not a healthy practice, but we always report weather as a ritual. For example, in TV news telecast in Kerala, most news bulletins end with a reporting of the temperatures in three cities: “Kozhikode: 33 degrees celsius, Kochi: 32 and Trivandrum: 30 degrees celsius.” “So what?” the wag would ask with a grin! How does it affect the normal life of a citizen?

Think about this later, communicator!

Professor Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (19821992) at the University of Kerala.

As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards.

Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

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[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\h‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya h‑naÀi\h‑p‑w A{‑Xt‑a H¶‑n¨‑nW§‑nt‑¸‑mI‑p¶ t‑aJeIfÃ. s‑{‑]‑m^jW a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n  A¡‑mZa‑nI a‑m[‑yah‑naÀi\ XX‑z §f‑ps‑S {‑]t‑b‑mK‑w F{‑Xb‑p‑w Z‑pj‑vIc a‑ms‑W¶ÀY‑w. 1992 a‑pX Hc‑p ZiI t‑¯‑mf‑w Hc‑p a‑m[‑yaØ‑m]\¯‑ns‑â Xe¸¯‑nc‑p¶‑v CX‑v Gäh‑p‑w \¶‑mb‑n a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑nb h‑yà‑nb‑mW‑v ii‑n I‑pa‑mÀ. AX‑n\‑pa‑p³]‑v t‑Zi‑ob‑, c‑mP‑y‑m ´c a‑m[‑ya§f‑ns‑e Z‑oÀLa‑mb {‑]hÀ ¯\I‑mebfh‑nt‑e‑m AX‑n\‑pt‑ij‑w a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Is‑c ]c‑ni‑oe‑n¸‑n¡‑p ¶ Ø‑m]\¯‑n h‑y‑m]c‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑m t‑g‑m C‑us‑b‑mc‑p k‑wLÀj‑w At‑±l ¯‑n\‑v A{‑Xt‑a A\‑p`h‑nt‑¡ï‑n h¶‑n«‑nÃ. 1979 a‑pX 2014 hs‑cb‑pff a‑p¸¯©‑p hÀj§f‑ns‑e Xs‑â a‑m[‑y aP‑oh‑nX¯‑n \‑m\‑mh‑n[ a‑m[‑ya§f‑p a‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«‑v ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ Fg‑pX‑n b \‑qd‑ne[‑nI‑w h‑naÀi\‑, ]T\ t‑eJ \§f‑ps‑S k‑zc‑q]h‑p‑w k‑z`‑mhh‑p‑w s‑Xf‑nb‑n¡‑p¶X‑p‑w C‑u hk‑vX‑pXb‑m W‑v. Gj‑y‑ms‑\ä‑v I‑me¯‑n\‑v a‑p³]‑p‑w

Unmediated Sashikumar Tulika Books, 2014

]‑n³]‑pa‑mW‑v Chb‑n _l‑p`‑qc‑n]£ h‑p‑w Fg‑pXs‑¸«X‑v.

C‑u cN\If‑n Hc‑p]I‑pX‑n k‑n\‑n as‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑mW‑v. 79þ2014 I‑me¯‑pS \‑of‑w‑, N‑m\e‑ns‑e CSt‑hfs‑b‑mg‑n¨‑m ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ Hc‑p a‑pg‑p\‑of Ne¨‑n{‑X \‑nc‑q]I³ I‑qS‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ad‑p]I‑p X‑n ]{‑X‑w‑, t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m‑, S‑n.h‑n.‑, \ha‑m[‑y a§Ä X‑pS§‑nbh a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑nb‑pff a‑m[‑yah‑nN‑mc§f‑mW‑v. cs‑ï®s‑a‑mg‑n s‑I FÃ‑m‑w Cc‑p]s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑n s‑eg‑pXs‑¸«h. Z l‑nµ‑p Z‑n\]{‑X¯‑n e‑p‑w {‑^ï‑vs‑s‑e³ a‑mk‑nIb‑ne‑p‑w {‑] k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨hb‑mW‑v C‑u t‑eJ\§Ä a‑n¡hb‑p‑w.

"Z l‑nµ‑p‑'h‑n k‑n\‑na‑m\‑nc‑q]W §f‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob\‑nc‑o£W§f‑p‑w Fg‑p X‑nt‑¸‑m¶‑nc‑p¶ I‑me¯‑mW‑v 1983  ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑mb‑nc‑p¶ P‑n. Ik‑vX‑qc‑n ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑\ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â ]Ý‑nt‑a j‑y³ t‑eJI\‑mb‑n _l‑vd‑n\‑nt‑e¡‑v Abb‑v¡‑p¶X‑v. ]‑mek‑vX‑o\‑nb³ {‑] Ø‑m\‑w a‑pX aeb‑mf‑nIf‑ps‑S KÄ^‑v I‑pS‑nt‑bä‑w hs‑cb‑pff h‑njb§f‑n ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ Fg‑pX‑nb t‑eJ\§f‑mb‑n c‑p¶‑p ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑ps‑S a\Ê‑nÂ. ]‑me k‑vX‑o³ P\Xt‑b‑mS‑v s‑FI‑yZ‑mÀV‑y‑w {‑]J‑y‑m]‑n¡‑p¶X‑n H¯‑pX‑oÀ¸‑pI t‑f‑m h‑n«‑ph‑og‑vNIt‑f‑m {‑]IS‑n¸‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑n à ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â Fg‑p¯‑v. _l‑vd‑n\‑n sk]vXw_À 2014

(42)  ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m t‑PWe‑nk ¯‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w X‑nc‑nª‑p. ]‑mek‑vX‑o³ {‑]i‑v\t‑¯‑mS‑p‑w {‑]Ø‑m\t‑¯‑mS‑pa‑pff B`‑na‑pJ‑y‑w Xs‑¶b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑n \‑p‑w I‑mcW‑w. X‑pSÀ¶‑v ]‑n.S‑n.s‑Fb‑ps‑S s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ h‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑â Xeh\‑m b‑n C´‑yb‑nt‑e¡‑v. t‑e‑mI‑m´ch‑mÀ ¯‑mb‑m{‑XIÄ‑, t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑nIf‑ps‑S \‑nÀa‑mW‑w‑, h‑mÀ¯‑mhXcW‑w‑, Ne¨‑n{‑X‑m`‑n\b‑w þ ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â P‑oh‑nX‑w Z‑ri‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑nt‑e¡‑p ]d‑n ¨‑p\Ss‑¸S‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. A§s‑\ 1990 If‑ps‑S X‑pS¡¯‑n C´‑yb‑ns‑e BZ‑ys‑¯ D]{‑Kl‑, k‑zI‑mc‑y s‑Se‑nh‑n j³ N‑m\e‑pIf‑ns‑e‑m¶‑v Ø‑m]‑n¨‑p.

Hc‑p ZiI¯‑n\‑pff‑n N‑m\ h‑n« ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ s‑Ns‑s‑¶b‑n Gj‑y³ k‑vI‑qÄ H‑m^‑v t‑PWe‑nk‑w X‑pS§‑n

\‑ne\‑nÀ¯‑nt‑¸‑m¶X‑v. c‑mP‑y‑m´c Xe¯‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n ¡‑p¶ aeb‑mf‑nIf‑mb A¡‑mZa‑nI a‑m[‑ya]T‑nX‑m¡f‑p‑w \‑nc‑q]Ic‑p‑w ]ec‑p s‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w C¶‑nt‑¸‑mÄ t‑Zi‑obXe ¯‑n {‑it‑²bc‑mb aeb‑mf‑n a‑m[‑ya h‑naÀiIc‑nà F¶X‑mW‑v h‑mk‑vXh‑w. ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑mW‑v C‑u c‑wK¯‑pff GI h‑yà‑nX‑z‑w. CX‑n\‑p s‑Xf‑nh‑mW‑v At‑± ls‑ag‑pX‑nb \‑qd‑ne[‑nI‑w h‑naÀi\ t‑eJ\§f‑ps‑S ka‑ml‑mca‑mb ‑ "Unmediated'. \h/\hXc‑wK k‑n\‑na a‑pX \hk‑ma‑ql‑ya‑m[‑ya§Ä hs‑c‑, Ig‑nª \‑me‑p]X‑nä‑mï‑ns‑â Bt‑K‑m f‑, C´‑y³‑, t‑Icf‑ob Ie‑m‑, a‑m[‑ya k‑wk‑vI‑mcs‑¯ h‑n«‑ph‑og‑vNb‑nÃ‑m¯ c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑]X‑n_²Xt‑b‑ms‑S h‑niIe \‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ t‑eJ\§f‑mW‑v CX‑ne‑p

t‑\‑m‑w t‑N‑m‑wk‑vI‑nb‑mW‑v ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â a‑pJ‑y a‑mÀK ZÀi‑n. k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y¯h‑nc‑p²X‑, h‑n]W‑n a‑pXe‑mf‑n¯ h‑naÀi \‑w‑, P\‑m[‑n]X‑yh‑mZ‑w F¶‑o Xe§f‑ns‑eÃ‑m‑w t‑N‑m‑wk‑vI‑n b‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑obh‑p‑w \bka‑o]\ §f‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑y‑, a‑m[‑ya \‑nc‑o£W§f‑p‑w ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ \‑nc´c‑w D]t‑b‑mKs‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶‑p.

H¸‑w ka‑m\a‑mb \‑ne]‑mS‑pIÄ k‑z‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ t‑d‑m_À«‑v aI‑vs‑Nk‑v\‑n‑, Ft‑U‑zÀU‑v Fk‑v. s‑lÀ½³ X‑pS§‑nbhc‑ps‑S I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑pIf‑p‑w. t‑\‑m‑w t‑N‑m‑wk‑vI‑n

]‑pX‑ns‑b‑mc‑p a‑m[‑yaaÞe¯‑nt‑e¡‑p N‑phS‑pa‑mä‑n. aeb‑mf‑nIf‑mb a‑m[‑yaIe‑m{‑]hÀ ¯Ic‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w h‑naÀiIc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k‑m¶‑n[‑y‑w t‑Zi‑obXe¯‑n C‑w¥‑oj‑v `‑mjb‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑mW‑v C¡‑mea{‑Xb‑p‑w {‑it‑²ba‑mb‑n«‑pffX‑v. i¦d‑p‑w t‑]‑m¯³ t‑P‑mk^‑p‑w h‑nPb\‑p‑w A_‑ph‑p‑w _‑nP‑n hÀK‑ok‑p‑w S‑n.s‑P. Fk‑p‑w a‑pX kZ‑m\µ‑v t‑at‑\‑m\‑p‑w {‑]k¶c‑mP\‑p‑w hs‑cb‑pffhÀ DZ‑ml cW‑w. t‑K‑m]‑oI‑rj‑vWs‑\t‑¸‑me‑pff ]‑pX‑nb \‑nc a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S I‑mc‑yh‑p‑w `‑n¶aÃ. ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑âb‑p‑w `‑mj‑ma‑m[‑ya‑w C‑w¥‑oj‑mW‑v. Bs‑Ib‑p ff h‑yX‑y‑mk‑w CS¡‑me¯‑v At‑±l‑w Gj‑y‑ms‑\ä‑pa‑mb‑n _Ôs‑¸«‑v aeb‑mf ¯‑ne‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨‑p F¶X‑mW‑v. t‑ae‑v]dªhc‑n h‑nPb\‑p‑w S‑n.s‑P. Fk‑p‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑ms‑W¶‑p t‑X‑m¶‑p¶‑p‑, cï‑p `‑mjIf‑ne‑p‑w X§f‑ps‑S s‑{‑]‑m^ jW P‑oh‑nX‑w Fg‑p¯‑ne‑qs‑S sk]vXw_À 2014

ffX‑v. \h a‑mÀI‑vk‑nÌ‑v k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI ka‑o]\§f‑p‑w h‑n]W‑na‑pXe‑mf‑n¯þ k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y¯ h‑nc‑p²‑, e‑n_d l‑y‑qa \‑nÌ‑v c‑m{‑ã‑ob \‑ne]‑mS‑pIf‑p‑w I‑q«‑nb‑n W¡‑p¶ ]‑mÝ‑mX‑y CSX‑p]£ A¡‑mZa‑nI a‑m[‑ya‑, Ie‑m]T\§f‑ps‑S X‑mhg‑nb‑ne‑mW‑v ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â h‑o£ W§Ä c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¶X‑v. F³.d‑m‑w C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ns‑\g‑pX‑nb a‑p³I‑pd‑n¸‑n ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI \‑nt‑b‑m K‑w C§s‑\ I‑pd‑n¨‑n-S‑p¶‑p: "cï‑p I‑mc‑y §f‑mW‑v ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â a‑m[‑yaP‑oh‑n Xs‑¯ kh‑nt‑i-j-a‑m¡‑p¶X‑v. H¶‑v‑, AX‑ns‑â Ak‑m[‑mcWa‑mb s‑s‑hh‑n [‑y‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ h‑mÀ¯‑mhX‑mcI³‑, d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À‑, t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑nI‑mc³‑, ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â h‑nt‑Zi {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑n‑, Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯‑m GP³k‑nb‑ps‑S s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]c‑n]‑mS‑n \‑nÀ½‑mX‑mh‑v‑, C´‑yb‑ns‑e k‑zI‑mc‑y s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ c‑wK¯‑ns‑â X‑pS¡¡‑mc‑ns‑e‑mc‑mÄ‑, Ne¨‑n{‑X\‑nc‑q]

I³‑, k‑wh‑n[‑mbI³‑, \S³‑, Z£‑nt‑W j‑yb‑ns‑eXs‑¶ a‑p³\‑nc t‑PWe‑nk‑w Ø‑m]\§f‑ns‑e‑m¶‑ns‑â Ø‑m] I\‑p‑w \S¯‑n¸‑pI‑mc\‑p‑w... Hs‑¡b‑mW‑v ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ. cï‑v‑, ]‑pt‑c‑mKa\]ch‑p‑w P\]£]ch‑pa‑mb a‑m[‑ya\b§t‑f‑mS‑v k‑z‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ h‑n«‑ph‑og‑vNb‑nÃ‑m¯ ka‑o]\‑w'.

Xs‑â a‑m[‑ya‑, Ie‑mN‑n´Is‑fb‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯\§s‑fb‑p‑w Xs‑â k‑ma‑ql‑y P‑oh‑nX¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob \‑ne]‑mS‑p If‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w {‑]IS\]{‑X‑nIIf‑mb‑n `‑mj‑m´c‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI {‑]hÀ¯Is‑\¶ \‑neb‑n ii‑n I‑pa‑mÀ ka‑o]I‑me C´‑y³ s‑]‑mX‑p aÞe¯‑ns‑â t‑hd‑n« i_‑vZ§f‑ns‑e‑m ¶‑mW‑v. B[‑p\‑nIXb‑ps‑S D¨L«¯‑n  Ne¨‑n{‑X \‑nc‑q]W¯‑n X‑pS¡a‑n S‑p¶ ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â a‑m[‑ya‑, Ie‑m h‑niIe\§Ä GX‑ms‑ï‑m¶S¦‑w C‑us‑b‑mc‑p c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑mk‑vX‑nX‑z‑w t‑]d‑p¶ hb‑mW‑v. a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S Ø‑m]\ ]cX a‑pX k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXb‑ps‑S h‑nt‑a‑mNIk‑z`‑mh§Ä hs‑cb‑pffh a‑qe‑y\‑nÀWb‑w s‑N¿s‑¸S‑p¶X‑v Ah b‑ps‑S hÀK‑, P\‑m[‑n]X‑y k‑zc‑q]§Ä a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v. t‑l‑mf‑nh‑pU‑v k‑n\‑nab‑mb‑me‑p‑w N‑n´ch‑nb‑ps‑S a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\a‑mb‑me‑p‑w CX‑n\‑p a‑mäa‑nÃ. ‑"a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w k‑wk‑vI‑mch‑p‑w' F¶ H¶‑m‑w ]I‑pX‑nb‑n Bs‑Ib‑p ff A³]X‑ne[‑nI‑w cN\If‑n cs‑ï®‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v Ig‑nª \‑qä‑m ï‑ns‑eg‑pXs‑¸«X‑v. D]{‑Kls‑Se‑nh‑nj ³ I‑mes‑¯ Bt‑K‑mf a‑m[‑ya k‑wk‑vI‑mc¯‑ns‑â ]c‑nt‑OZs‑a¶X‑n s‑\‑m¸‑w Bt‑K‑mfh¡cWI‑mes‑¯ a‑m[‑yaNc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑â k‑m¼¯‑nIh‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑obh‑p‑w \‑nba]ch‑p‑w aä‑pa‑mb a‑m\§f‑ps‑S ad\‑o¡Â I‑qS‑nb‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p‑, C‑u `‑mKs‑¯ t‑eJ\§Ä.

C´‑y³ I‑p{‑K‑ma§Ä a‑pX At‑ac‑n ¡³ al‑m\Kc§Ä hs‑c; \‑nc£c ka‑ql§f‑ns‑e h‑mb\‑mi‑oe§Ä a‑pX k‑ma‑ql‑ya‑m[‑ya§Ä X‑zc‑n¸‑n ¡‑p¶ Ad_‑v h‑n¹h§Ä hs‑c aI‑ve‑ql\‑p‑w U‑m\‑nb _Ã‑p‑w {‑K‑m‑wj‑nb‑p‑w Ft‑U‑zÀU‑v k¨‑n\‑p‑w g‑mI‑v Zd‑nZb‑p‑w ]‑nbd‑nt‑_‑mÀZ‑nb‑ph‑p‑w t‑l_Àa‑mk‑p‑w s‑s‑KZt‑_‑mÀk‑p‑w s‑Pb‑n‑wkW‑p‑w D‑w_Àt‑«‑m Ft‑¡‑mb‑p‑w t‑_‑mZ‑ne‑mZ‑p‑w X‑pSÀ¨b‑mb‑n IS¶‑phc‑p ¶ A¡‑mZa‑nI NÀ¨If‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p‑, ]e cN\If‑p‑w. F¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑\‑m‑w t‑N‑m‑wk‑vI‑nb‑mW‑v ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â a‑pJ‑y a‑mÀKZÀi‑n. k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y¯h‑nc‑p²X‑, h‑n]W‑n a‑pXe‑mf‑n¯ h‑naÀi\‑w‑, P\‑m[‑n]X‑yh‑mZ‑w F¶‑o Xe§f‑ns‑e Ã‑m‑w t‑N‑m‑wk‑vI‑nb‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑obh‑p‑w

(43) \bka‑o]\§f‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑y‑, a‑m[‑ya \‑nc‑o£W§f‑p‑w ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ \‑nc´c‑w D]t‑b‑mKs‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶‑p. H¸‑w ka‑m\ a‑mb \‑ne]‑mS‑pIÄ k‑z‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ t‑d‑m_À«‑v aI‑vs‑Nk‑v\‑n‑, Ft‑U‑zÀU‑v Fk‑v. s‑lÀ½³ X‑pS§‑nbhc‑ps‑S I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑pIf‑p‑w.

Ig‑nª H¶c ]X‑nä‑mï‑pI‑me‑w Bt‑K‑mf‑, t‑Zi‑ob Xe§f‑n {‑i² ]‑nS‑n¨‑p]ä‑nb a‑m[‑ya\b§f‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nI ]c‑nW‑ma§f‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑mþ h‑nt‑\‑mZ k‑wk‑vI‑mc§f‑p‑w X‑pSÀ¨b‑m s‑bt‑¶‑mW‑w h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿s‑¸S‑p ¶‑p‑, C‑u `‑mKs‑¯ cN\If‑nÂ.

At‑ac‑n¡³ a‑m[‑yaI‑p¯IIf‑p‑s‑S Bt‑K‑mf k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI‑m[‑n\‑nt‑hi‑w‑, ]‑mÝ‑mX‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S ]Ý‑nt‑aj‑y³ c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w‑, h‑yhk‑mb h‑n¹h¯‑n \‑n¶‑v h‑nhch‑n¹h¯‑nt‑e¡‑p I‑pX‑n¨ t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â a‑m[‑yaaÞe§Ä‑, C´‑y³ s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI h¡cW‑w‑, C´‑y³ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ns‑e hÀK‑ob APïIÄ‑, Ahb‑ps‑S k‑v{‑X‑o h‑nc‑p²X‑, a‑m[‑yaØ‑m]\§f‑p‑w Bß\‑nb{‑´Wh‑p‑w‑, Ad_‑v hk´ h‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w‑, P‑qe‑nb³ Ak‑ms‑©‑, Ft‑U‑zÀU‑v k‑vt‑\‑mU³ F¶‑nhÀ X‑pd¶‑ph‑n« a‑m[‑yak‑z‑mX

{‑´‑ys‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff NÀ¨IÄ‑, a‑m[‑ya k‑n³U‑nt‑¡ä‑pIf‑ps‑S Bt‑K‑mfc‑m{‑ã‑o b‑w‑, U‑nP‑nä I‑m¸‑näe‑nkh‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦ X‑nIh‑n¹hh‑p‑w‑, _e‑mÕ‑wK¯‑ns‑â a‑m[‑ya{‑]X‑n\‑n[‑m\§Ä‑, t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m b‑ps‑S k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI Nc‑n{‑X‑w... ii‑n I‑pa‑mÀ h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ h‑njb §Ä \‑nch[‑nb‑mW‑v. h‑n. {‑i‑o[c³ ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑pa‑mb‑n \S¯‑nb Hc‑p Z‑oÀL k‑w`‑mjWh‑pa‑pï‑v C‑u `‑mK¯‑v. Bt‑ K‑mfa‑m[‑yak‑wk‑vI‑mct‑¯‑mS‑p‑w Bt‑K‑mfh¡cWI‑mes‑¯ a‑m[‑ya c‑m{‑ã‑ob§t‑f‑mS‑p‑w Hc‑p a‑q¶‑m‑wt‑e‑mI ]‑uc³ ]‑peÀ¯‑p¶ h‑naÀi\‑mßI a‑mb k‑wh‑mZ§f‑mW‑v AS‑nØ‑m\]c a‑mb‑n C‑u cN\It‑f‑mt‑c‑m¶‑p‑w. cï‑m‑w]I‑pX‑n Ne¨‑n{‑X]T\§f‑m W‑v. CXc a‑m[‑ya§s‑f¡‑mÄ Bg¯‑n e‑p‑w ]c¸‑ne‑p‑w ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ Fg‑pX‑p¶ X‑v k‑n\‑nas‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑mW‑v. AS‑nØ‑m\ ]ca‑mb‑n a‑m[‑ya\‑nc‑q]Is‑\¶X‑ns‑\ ¡‑mÄ Ne¨‑n{‑X\‑nc‑q]I\‑mW‑v ii‑nI‑p a‑mÀ F¶‑p s‑Xf‑nb‑n¡‑p¶ cN\IÄ. k‑n\‑na‑mNc‑n{‑X‑w‑, ^‑ne‑n‑ws‑^Ì‑nhe‑p IÄ‑, Ie‑mk‑n\‑naþI¨hSk‑n\‑na‑, k‑n\‑nab‑ps‑S k‑mt‑¦X‑nIX‑, k‑ma‑ql‑n IX‑, k‑uµc‑yi‑mk‑v{‑X‑w... F¶‑n§s‑\ h‑nh‑n[ Xe§Ä t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶

Ig‑nª H¶c ]X‑nä‑mï‑pI‑me‑w Bt‑K‑mf‑, t‑Zi‑ob Xe§f‑n {‑i² ]‑nS‑n¨‑p]ä‑nb a‑m[‑ya \b§f‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nI ]c‑nW‑ma§f‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑nt‑\‑mZ k‑wk‑vI‑mc§f‑p‑w X‑pSÀ¨b‑ms‑bt‑¶‑m W‑w h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿s‑¸S‑p¶‑p‑, C‑u `‑mKs‑¯ cN\If‑nÂ. Bt‑Km‑ fk‑mw‑ k‑vIm‑ c‑nI‑m[‑n\‑nt‑hi‑w,‑ ]‑mÝ‑mX‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S ]Ý‑nt‑aj‑y³ c‑m{‑ão‑ b‑w,‑ h‑yhk‑mb h‑n¹h¯‑n \‑n¶‑v h‑nhch‑n¹h¯‑n t‑e¡‑p I‑pX‑n¨ t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â a‑m[‑yaaÞe §Ä‑, C´‑y³ s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nIh¡ cW‑w‑, C´‑y³ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ns‑e hÀK‑ob APï IÄ‑, Ahb‑ps‑S k‑v{‑X‑oh‑nc‑p²X‑, a‑m[‑yaØ‑m]\ §f‑p‑w Bß\‑nb{‑´Wh‑p‑w‑, Ad_‑v hk´h‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑ya‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w‑, P‑qe‑nb³ Ak‑ms‑©‑, Ft‑U‑zÀU‑v k‑vt‑\‑mU³ F¶‑nhÀ X‑pd¶‑ph‑n« a‑m[‑yak‑z‑mX{‑´‑ys‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff NÀ¨IÄ‑, a‑m[‑yak‑n³U‑nt‑¡ä‑pIf‑ps‑S Bt‑K‑mfc‑m{‑ã‑ob‑w‑, U‑nP‑nä I‑m¸‑näe‑nkh‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑n¹hh‑p‑w‑, _e‑mÕ‑wK¯‑ns‑â a‑m[‑ya{‑]X‑n\‑n[‑m\§Ä‑, t‑dU‑nt‑b‑mb‑ps‑S k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI Nc‑n{‑X‑w... ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ h‑njb§Ä \‑nch[‑nb‑mW‑v. Bt‑K‑mfa‑m[‑yak‑wk‑vI‑mc t‑¯‑mS‑p‑w Bt‑K‑mfh¡cWI‑mes‑¯ a‑m[‑ya c‑m{‑ã‑ob§t‑f‑mS‑p‑w Hc‑p a‑q¶‑m‑wt‑e‑mI ]‑uc³ ]‑peÀ¯‑p¶ h‑naÀi\‑mßIa‑mb k‑wh‑mZ§f‑m W‑v AS‑nØ‑m\]ca‑mb‑n C‑u cN\It‑fm‑ t‑cm‑ ¶‑pw‑ .

Ne¨‑n{‑X]T\§f‑ps‑S _‑rl¯‑p‑w s‑s‑hh‑n[‑ya‑mÀ¶X‑pa‑mb Hc‑p t‑e‑mI‑w C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ne‑pï‑v. Bg¯‑ne‑pff Ne¨‑n{‑X]c‑nNba‑mW‑v ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑n s‑â a‑m[‑ya]T\§s‑f k‑uµc‑yh¡ c‑n¡‑p¶s‑X¦‑n h‑n]‑pea‑mb k‑ml‑n X‑y]c‑nNba‑mW‑v At‑±l¯‑ns‑â Ne¨‑n{‑X]T\§s‑f k‑uµc‑yh¡ c‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. I‑mf‑nZ‑mk³ a‑pX Je‑o P‑n{‑_‑m³hs‑cb‑p‑w C.FÂ. t‑U‑mÎt‑d‑m h‑v a‑pX kda‑mK‑phs‑cb‑p‑w A¡‑n¯‑w a‑pX \I‑v]‑mÄ hs‑cb‑pa‑pff Fg‑p ¯‑pI‑mÀ ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â Ne¨‑n{‑X h‑naÀi\§f‑n IS¶‑phc‑p¶‑p.

C´‑y³ \hk‑n\‑nas‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff t‑eJ\§f‑ne‑mW‑v X‑pS¡‑w. {‑^©‑v \hXc‑wK {‑]Ø‑m\¯‑ns‑â k‑z‑m[‑o\ ¯‑n C´‑y³ k‑n\‑nab‑n 1970 If‑n e‑pï‑mb \h‑o\XIs‑f Ahb‑ps‑S I‑r{‑X‑naX‑z§Ä DÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pff k‑z`‑mh§Ä N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¨‑p h‑niZ‑o Ic‑n¡‑p¶‑p‑, BZ‑yt‑eJ\‑w. Cä‑me‑nb³ \‑nt‑b‑m d‑nbe‑nks‑¯¡‑mÄ ‑"kX‑y P‑nX‑v d‑mb‑nb‑nk‑w‑' k‑z‑m[‑o\‑n¨ ‑'60 If‑n s‑e k‑n\‑nab‑nÂ\‑n¶‑pff a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p t‑]‑m¡‑mb‑nc‑p¶t‑Ã‑m 70 If‑nt‑eX‑v. ]S‑nª‑md³‑, I‑ng¡³ b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ k‑n\‑naIf‑ps‑S s‑s‑ie‑n‑, {‑I‑nt‑Ì‑m^‑v

ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ

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aeb‑mfk‑n\‑nas‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â ]T\§f‑n {‑it‑²ba‑mI‑p¶ \‑nch[‑n LSI §f‑pï‑v. Fe‑n¸¯‑mbs‑¯ ¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff Hc‑p s‑Nd‑pt‑eJ\ s‑a‑mg‑n¨‑mÂ‑, AS‑qc‑ns‑â A`‑mh a‑mW‑v Ahb‑ns‑e‑m¶‑v. F¶‑m Ach‑nµs‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑v \‑me©‑p ]T\§Ä C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ne‑pï‑v. aeb‑mfk‑n\‑nas‑b¶‑m ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑n\‑v Ach‑nµ\‑mW‑v.‑ ASqÀ

k\‑qk‑nb‑pa‑mb‑n \S¯‑nb k‑w`‑mj W‑w F¶‑nhb‑ne‑q¶‑n d‑mb‑nb‑ps‑S k‑n\‑naIf‑ns‑e k‑ma‑ql‑nI ]c‑mM‑va‑pJ X DÄs‑¸s‑Sb‑pff LSI§Ä ii‑n I‑pa‑mÀ X‑pd¶‑pI‑mW‑n¡‑p¶‑p. i‑y‑m‑w _\KÂ‑, a‑rW‑mÄs‑k³‑, Ach‑nµ³‑, K‑nc‑oj‑v IÀW‑mS‑v‑, s‑I. _‑meNµÀ‑, t‑P‑m¬ G{‑_l‑m‑w X‑pS§‑nbhc‑ps‑S Ne¨‑n{‑XIes‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑p h‑niZ‑oIc‑n ¡‑p¶ C‑u t‑eJ\‑w C´‑y³ \hk‑n\‑n ab‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑obc‑ml‑nX‑ys‑¯ \‑ni‑nX a‑mb‑n h‑naÀi‑n¡‑p¶‑p. (AS‑qÀ t‑K‑m]‑me I‑rj‑vWs‑â t‑]c‑pt‑]‑me‑p‑w C‑u t‑eJ\ ¯‑n ]c‑maÀi‑n¡s‑¸S‑p¶‑nÃ. aeb‑m fk‑n\‑nas‑b¶‑m ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑n\‑v Ach‑nµ\‑mW‑v.‑) C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w Z‑oÀLa‑mb cN\b‑p‑w Ct‑X h‑njba‑mW‑v NÀ¨s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. "C´‑y³ k‑n\‑nab‑ns‑e \h‑o\{‑]hWXIÄ' F¶ t‑]c‑n _‑m‑w¥‑qÀ ^‑ne‑n‑ws‑^Ì‑n he‑nt‑\‑mS\‑p_Ô‑n¨‑v ‑"Z l‑nµ‑p‑' ]{‑X ¯‑n\‑pt‑hï‑n ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ N‑ne Ne ¨‑n{‑XI‑mc·‑mc‑pa‑mb‑n \S¯‑nb k‑wh‑mZ a‑mW‑nX‑v. Ach‑nµ³‑, _k‑p`«‑mN‑mc‑y‑, K‑uX‑wt‑L‑mj‑v‑, K‑nc‑oj‑v I‑mkdhff‑n‑, s‑P. at‑l{‑µ³‑, ch‑o{‑µ³‑, a‑rW‑mÄ s‑k³ X‑pS§‑nbhc‑mW‑v ]‑m\e‑nÂ. s‑]‑mX‑ps‑h \hk‑n\‑na ]‑peÀ¯‑nb s‑s‑hbà‑nIh‑p‑w ht‑cW‑yh‑pa‑mb k‑uµc‑yi‑mk‑v{‑X¯‑ns‑â Z´t‑K‑m]‑pc k‑z`‑mh¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v k‑ma‑ql‑nIXb‑nt‑e ¡‑p‑w P\I‑obXb‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob ¯‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w aS§‑nhc‑m\‑pff kÀK‑m ßI k½À±§f‑mW‑v C‑u NÀ¨b‑ne‑pS \‑of‑w c‑q]‑ws‑I‑mff‑p¶X‑v. {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI/ t‑Zi‑obk‑n\‑na‑, Ie‑m/I¨hSk‑n\‑na F¶‑o Z‑zµ‑z§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑ob k‑n\‑nab‑ps‑S `‑mh/A`‑mhs‑¯¡‑pd‑n ¨‑p‑w C‑u NÀ¨ I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑pIÄ c‑q]‑o Ic‑n¡‑p¶‑p. sk]vXw_À 2014

Achnµ³

C´‑yb‑n \S¶ c‑mP‑y‑m´c Ne¨‑nt‑{‑X‑mÕh§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff Ah t‑e‑mI\§Ä‑, C´‑y¡‑mc‑p‑w h‑nt‑Zi‑ob c‑pa‑mb Ne¨‑n{‑XI‑mc·‑ms‑c¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff h‑niIe\§Ä‑, {‑it‑²ba‑mb N‑ne Ne¨‑n{‑X§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff \‑nc‑q]W §Ä‑, {‑]a‑pJa‑mb N‑ne Ne¨‑n{‑X{‑]h WXIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff NÀ¨IÄ‑, k‑n\‑nab‑ns‑e k‑ma‑ql‑nI {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑m\ §s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff \‑nc‑o£W§Ä‑, P\ {‑]‑nbþh‑n]W‑n k‑n\‑nab‑ps‑S kah‑mI‑y §Ä‑, Ne¨‑n{‑Xh‑yhk‑mb‑w‑, s‑k³kÀ t‑_‑mÀU‑v‑, `cWI‑qS CSs‑]Se‑pIÄ X‑pS§‑nb h‑njb§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff N‑ne h‑niZ‑oIcW§Ä‑, aW‑nI‑uf‑ns‑\ t‑¸‑me‑pff k‑wh‑n[‑mbIc‑pa‑mb‑n \S ¯‑p¶ A`‑na‑pJ§Ä‑, s‑a‑mï‑mj‑v t‑]‑me‑pff Ne¨‑n{‑Xkt‑¦X§s‑f¡‑p d‑n¨‑pff ]T\§Ä‑, ‑"h‑ni‑zc‑q]‑w‑' t‑]‑ms‑e h‑nh‑mZa‑mb‑n¯‑oÀ¶ Ne¨‑n{‑X k‑wc‑w`§s‑f a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑nb‑pff CS s‑]Se‑pIÄ... F¶‑n§s‑\ {‑it‑²ba‑m b \‑nch[‑n ]T\§Ä C‑u `‑mK¯‑p ï‑v. ‑"True Archivist of Cinema‑' F¶ t‑]c‑nÂ‑, ]‑n.s‑I. \‑mbc‑ps‑S Ne ¨‑n{‑XP‑oh‑nXs‑¯ a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑ns‑bg‑pX s‑¸« Nc‑n{‑Xt‑cJb‑mW‑v t‑hd‑n«‑p\‑n ¡‑p¶ cN\If‑ns‑e‑m¶‑v. aeb‑mfk‑n\‑nas‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff ii‑n I‑pa‑md‑ns‑â ]T\§f‑n {‑it‑²ba‑mI‑p ¶ \‑nch[‑n LSI§f‑pï‑v. Fe‑n¸ ¯‑mbs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff Hc‑p s‑Nd‑pt‑eJ \s‑a‑mg‑n¨‑mÂ‑, AS‑qc‑ns‑â A`‑mha‑mW‑v Ahb‑ns‑e‑m¶‑v. F¶‑m Ach‑nµs‑\ ¡‑pd‑n¨‑v \‑me©‑p ]T\§Ä C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ne‑pï‑v. Ie‑mk‑n\‑nab‑ne‑p‑w P\{‑]‑nbk‑n\‑nab‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑pt‑]‑ms‑e {‑] kàa‑mI‑p¶ at‑\‑mþs‑s‑e‑wK‑nI I‑ma\ If‑ps‑S t‑{‑^‑mb‑vU‑nb³ h‑niIe\ §Ä ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ aeb‑mfk‑n\‑nab‑v¡‑p

Ie‑v]‑n¨‑p \ÂI‑p¶ s‑]‑mX‑pt‑_‑m[¯‑n s‑â `‑mK‑wXs‑¶b‑mW‑v.

U‑nP‑ns‑s‑ät‑kj³ k‑m[‑ya‑m¡‑p¶ k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑n¹h§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p k‑qN\ \ÂI‑ns‑¡‑mï‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya§ s‑f¡‑pd‑ns‑¨¶t‑]‑ms‑e k‑n\‑nas‑b¡‑pd‑n ¨‑pa‑pff ]T\§Ä ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ Ahk‑m\‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. h‑nt‑ij‑n¨‑p‑w C¡g‑nª ZiI¯‑n Fg‑pXs‑¸« a‑m[‑ya‑, k‑n\‑na‑m]T\§Ä a‑n¡X‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXs‑bb‑p‑w k‑m{‑a‑mP‑yX‑zs‑¯ b‑p‑w I‑q«‑nb‑nW¡‑p¶ c‑m{‑ã‑ob h‑o£W¯‑ne‑mW‑v ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ `‑mh\ s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v. k‑nb‑mh‑p±‑o³ kÀZ‑mÀ a‑pX s‑FP‑mk‑v Al‑vaZ‑v hs‑cb‑pff hs‑c a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â C‑u I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑pIÄ¡‑pff kaI‑me {‑]kà‑n h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑m³ Ig‑nb‑p‑w. a‑m[‑yah‑p‑w Ieb‑p‑w GX‑pa‑mIs‑«‑, AX‑ns‑â a‑qe‑yh‑nN‑mc¯‑n Xs‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob\‑ne]‑mS‑pIf‑pa‑mb‑n H¯‑pX‑oÀ ¸‑pIf‑pï‑m¡‑m³ ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ Hc‑n¡ e‑p‑w X¿‑mdÃ. h‑n«‑ph‑og‑vNIf‑p‑w H¯‑p X‑oÀ¸‑pIf‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯ c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑]X‑n_ ²X Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v Ie‑m‑, a‑m[‑yah‑nN‑mc §f‑n ii‑nI‑pa‑md‑ns‑â \‑ne]‑mS‑pXd. A¡‑mZa‑nI k‑z`‑mha‑pff Z‑oÀL]T\ §f‑ne‑mIs‑«‑, ]‑m\ÂNÀ¨If‑ne‑mIs‑«‑, Bk‑z‑mZ\k‑z`‑mh‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑pff s‑Nd‑p t‑eJ\§f‑ne‑mIs‑«‑, AX‑n\‑p a‑mäs‑a‑m ¶‑pa‑nÃ. Xes‑¡«‑p‑w DffS¡h‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pff H¯‑nW¡‑w C‑u {‑KÙ ¯‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob‑wXs‑¶b‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶ kµÀ`aX‑m-W‑v. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com

(45) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

Reading Media Theory

Brett Mills, David M. Barlow Routledge 704 Pages; Price: Rs.2,673.00 What does the Frankfurt School have to say about the creative industries? Does the spread of Google prove we now live in an information society? How is Madonna an example of postmodernism? How new is new media?

This groundbreaking volume – part reader, part textbook - helps you to engage thoroughly with some of the major voices that have come to define the landscape of theory in media studies, from the public sphere to postmodernism, from production to reception and beyond. But much more than this, by providing assistance and questions directly alongside the readings, it crucially helps you develop the skills necessary to become a critical, informed and analytical reader.

Each reading is supported on the facing page by author annotations which provide comments, dissect the arguments, explain key ideas and terminology, make references to other relevant material, and pose questions that emerge from the text.

Media Policy and Globalization

Consumer Behaviour And Branding

This volume takes a fresh look at media and communications policy and provides a comprehensive account of issues that are central to the study of the field. It moves beyond the ‘specifics’ of regulation, by examining policy areas that have proved to be of common concern for societies across different socioeconomic realities. It also seeks to address profound gaps in the study of policy by demonstrating the centrality of historical, social and political context in debates that may appear solely technical or economistic.Media Policy and Globalization covers the institutional changes in the communications policy arena by examining the changing role of the state, technology and the market and the role of civil society. It discusses policy areas in broadcasting, telecommunications and the information society, and examines the often-overlooked normative dimensions of communications policy.

India is one of the emerging markets that pose a unique set of challenges to marketers. The importance of the context and the usefulness of concepts in the Indian context is the core proposition of the book. The diversity of a mix of factors such as cultural aspects, lifestyles, demographics and unbranded offerings make consumer behaviour a fascinating study.

This book focuses on the behavioural principles of marketing and its application to branding in the Indian context, Consumer behaviour concepts associated with branding, A combination of recent and traditional examples reflecting the application of behavioural concepts, Touch of reality boxes to indicate context-based examples, Caselets and cases drawn from real-life situations, Research findings associated with the Indian context and Topical issues in consumer behaviour like cultural aspects, digital marketing and experiential branding

Paula Chakravartty, Katharine Sarikakis Edinburgh University Press 211 Pages; Price: Rs. 4,195.00

S. Ramesh Kumar Pearson Education India 624 Pages; Price: Rs.575.00

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\yqkv s\äv C.]n.jmPpZo³ BtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpó anI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn. am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.

F.s‑P.C ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑n\‑p a‑p³X‑q¡‑w \ÂI‑m³ {‑_‑n«\‑n X¿‑m d‑m¡‑nb s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v- www. jeuk.org. {‑_‑n«\‑ne‑p‑w AbÀe³U‑n e‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk c‑wK¯‑p {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶hc‑ps‑S k‑wLS\b‑mb At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bj³

H‑m^‑v t‑PWe‑nk‑w FP‑y‑pt‑¡js‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v- CX‑v. t‑PWe‑nk‑w h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑ne‑p‑w Kt‑hjW¯‑ne‑p‑w D¶X \‑neh‑mc‑w ]‑me‑n¡‑pI F¶X‑m W‑v- k‑wLS\b‑ps‑S e£‑ya‑mb‑n DbÀ ¯‑n¡‑m«‑p¶X‑v. {‑_‑n«s‑\ t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n ¨‑pÅX‑ms‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I-s‑a-¼‑m-S‑pa‑pÅ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯I h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w A[‑y‑m] IÀ¡‑p‑w CX‑ns‑e ]e DÅS¡h‑p‑w {‑]t‑b‑mP\{‑]Za‑mW‑v-. d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vkk‑v h‑n`‑mKa‑mW‑v- Gs‑d {‑it‑²b‑w. ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\ c‑wK‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§Ä DÄs‑I‑mÅ‑p¶ ]T\§Ä‑, ]‑pk‑vXI§Ä‑, s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIÄ X‑pS§‑nbhk‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑nhc§Ä s‑s‑kä‑ne‑pï‑v. CX‑ns‑e s‑k¡³Ud‑n t‑k‑mg‑vkk‑v F¶ D] h‑n`‑mKh‑p‑w [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑nhc§Ä DÄ s‑I‑mÅ‑p¶X‑mW‑v-. A]‑vt‑Uä‑vk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w k‑w_ Ô‑n¨ ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§Ä Is‑ï¯‑m‑w.

U‑nP‑nä ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n\‑p kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶ ]e h‑nhc§f‑p‑w CX‑ne‑mW‑v- I‑mW‑m\‑mh‑p¶X‑v.

s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v- aejmc.org. 1912 a‑pX e‑mt‑`Ñ I‑qS‑ms‑X {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p ¶ k‑wLS\b‑mW‑nX‑v. C‑u s‑s‑kä‑ne‑p‑w d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vkk‑v h‑n`‑mKa‑mW‑v- Gs‑d {‑]t‑b‑mP\{‑]Z‑w. CX‑ns‑e S‑o¨‑n‑wK‑v d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vkk‑v F¶ D]h‑n`‑mK¯‑n A[‑y‑m]\¯‑n\‑p kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶ h‑nh‑n[ \‑nÀt‑Zi§Ä AS§‑n-b Cþ_‑p ¡‑pIÄ e`‑ya‑mW‑v-. d‑nkÀ¨‑v d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vk k‑v F¶ D]h‑n`‑mK‑w Kt‑hjW¯‑n\‑p t‑hï a‑mÀK\‑nÀt‑Zi§Ä \ÂI‑p¶‑p.

S‑o¨‑n‑wK‑v S‑qÄk‑v D]h‑n`‑mKa‑mIs‑« h‑nh‑n [ t‑aJeIf‑ns‑e h‑n`‑mK§Ä ]T‑n¸‑n ¡‑m³ kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pI f‑nt‑e¡‑mW‑v- \s‑½ \b‑n¡‑p¶X‑v.

a‑oU‑nb Uhe]‑vs‑aâ‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀS‑vk‑v F¶ D]h‑n`‑mKa‑m-W‑v{‑it‑²ba‑mb a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯ \‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑nh‑n[ ]T\ d‑nt‑¸‑m À«‑pIf‑ps‑S ]‑n.U‑n.F^‑v t‑I‑m¸‑nIÄ Ch‑ns‑S I‑n«‑p‑w. e‑n¦‑vk‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑n \‑n¶‑mIs‑« ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v kl‑m bIa‑mb \‑qd‑pIW¡‑n\‑p s‑h_‑vs‑s‑k ä‑pIf‑nt‑e¡‑pÅ hg‑nI‑m«‑nIf‑pï‑v.

A£ca‑me‑m {‑Ia¯‑n AS‑p¡‑nb‑nc‑n ¡‑p¶ C‑u e‑n¦‑pIÄ e‑mt‑`Ñb‑nÃ‑m¯ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑pIf‑nt‑e¡‑m-W‑v-. ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯\‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ N‑ne {‑][‑m\ ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑pt‑S ]‑n.U‑n.F^‑v. c‑q-]§f‑p‑w s‑s‑k-ä‑n Dï‑v.

s‑P.C.F

F.C.s‑P.F‑w.k‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk c‑wK¯‑p {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ At‑ac‑n¡³ k‑wLS \b‑mb At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bj³ t‑^‑mÀ FP‑y‑pt‑¡j³ C³ t‑PWe‑nk‑w B³U‑v a‑mk‑v Ia‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡js‑â sk]vXw_À 2014

At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bjs‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v- jea.org. 1924 a‑pX {‑]hÀ¯‑n ¡‑p¶ k‑wLS\ {‑][‑m\a‑mb‑p‑w ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯\ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk¯‑ne‑mW‑v{‑i²hb‑v¡‑p¶X‑v. t‑PWe‑nk‑w k‑w_ Ô‑n¨ Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§Ä k‑wLS\ A¨S‑n-¨‑p‑w H‑m¬s‑s‑e\‑ne‑p‑w ]‑pd¯‑nd¡‑p¶‑p. hfs‑c K‑uchXca‑m b ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ Kt‑hjW§f‑mW‑vk‑w-LS\b‑ps‑S {‑]t‑X‑yIX. t‑^‑mÀ FP‑y‑pt‑¡t‑äg‑vk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑n \‑n¶‑v C‑u s‑s‑kä‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\ s‑¸« h‑nhc§Ä Is‑ï¯‑m‑w.A[‑y‑m] IÀ¡‑v F¶‑p‑w B{‑ib‑n¡‑mh‑p¶ s‑s‑kä‑v BW‑nX‑v. CX‑n Xs‑¶b‑pÅ U‑nP‑nä a‑oU‑nb F¶ D]h‑n`‑mK‑w {‑it‑²b h‑nhc§Ä e`‑ya‑m¡‑p¶‑p.

At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e I³k‑mk‑v k‑vt‑ää‑v b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑n t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n¨‑p {‑]hÀ ¯‑n¡‑p¶ t‑PWe‑nk‑w FP‑y‑pt‑¡j³

s‑FI‑yc‑m{‑ã k‑wLS\b‑ps‑S I‑og‑ne‑p Å b‑ps‑\k‑vt‑I‑m a‑m[‑ya t‑aJeb‑v¡‑m b‑n Xb‑md‑m¡‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v- http://en.unesco.org/themes/ media-development. CX‑ns‑e X‑o‑wk‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑n \‑n¶‑v Ia‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡ j³ B³U‑v C³^Àt‑aj³ F¶ D] h‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑e¯‑nb‑m a‑m[‑ya

c‑wK‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ [‑mc‑mf‑w h‑nhc§Ä Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. ]T\ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ‑, H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ ]‑pk‑vXI§Ä‑, t‑a‑mU Ic‑n¡‑pe‑w‑, h‑nIk‑zc c‑mP‑y§f‑ns‑e a‑m[‑ya h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk c‑wK¯‑ns‑â KX‑n F¶‑nh CX‑n \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. ] {‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ ]T\‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v b‑p s‑\k‑vt‑I‑m ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑ps‑S ]c¼c Xs‑¶ Cd¡‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. Ahb‑pw‑ Ch‑ns‑S I‑mW‑m‑w. CX‑ns‑e t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâ‑vk‑v h‑n `‑mKh‑p‑w h‑nhc§f‑m ka‑r²a‑mW‑v-. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

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P‑mX‑naX N‑n´b‑nt‑e¡‑v \‑m‑w X‑nc‑n¨‑pt‑]‑m-I‑p-ó‑p: s‑]c‑p¼Sh‑w

P‑mX‑naX N‑n´If‑ps‑S CS‑p§‑nb N‑n´ If‑nt‑e¡‑v \½Ä X‑nc‑n¨‑pt‑]‑mI‑p¶X‑m b‑n t‑Icf k‑ml‑nX‑y A¡‑mZa‑n {‑]k‑n Uâ‑v s‑]c‑p¼Sh‑w {‑i‑o[c³. k‑z‑mX {‑´‑ykact‑k\‑m\‑nb‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯ I\‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ I‑pd‑qÀ \‑oeIW‑vT³ \¼‑qX‑nc‑n¸‑mS‑ns‑â k‑vacWb‑v¡‑mb‑n t‑Icf k‑vt‑ää‑v {‑^‑oU‑ws‑s‑^t‑äg‑v-k‑v At‑k‑mk‑nt‑bj³ X‑rÈ‑qÀ P‑nÃ‑m LS I‑w {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑n GÀs‑¸S‑p¯‑n b F³t‑U‑mh‑v-s‑aâ‑v B[‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑p Å 28-þ‑ma-X‑v k‑v-a‑mcI{‑]`‑mj-W‑w \-S¯‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. ‑"k‑ma‑ql‑n I \t‑h‑m°‑m\h‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑yh‑p‑w‑' F-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p h‑njb‑w. t‑Zi‑ob {‑]Ø‑m\¯‑ns‑â a‑p³\‑nc t‑\X‑mh‑mb I‑pd‑qÀ \‑oeIW‑vT³ \¼‑q X‑nc‑n¸‑mS‑v \½‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e

{‑]t‑X‑yI I‑meL«s‑¯ {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑oI c‑n¡‑p¶ h‑yà‑nX‑za‑mW‑v. k‑ma‑ql‑nI \t‑h‑m°‑m\¯‑n\‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w \ÂI‑n.

At‑±ls‑¯b‑p‑w At‑±l¯‑ns‑â k‑w`‑mh\Is‑fb‑p‑w ad¶‑ps‑I‑mï‑pÅ \½‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w A]‑qÀ®a‑m-I‑p‑w. k‑z‑mX{‑´‑ykac‑w t‑Ihes‑a‑mc‑p c‑m{‑ã‑o bkac‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. ad‑n¨‑v k‑ma‑ql‑nI \t‑h‑m°‑m\¯‑nt‑e¡‑pÅ a‑ps‑¶‑mc‑p¡a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. I‑pd‑qc‑ns‑â I‑meL«¯‑ne‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶hc‑ps‑S \t‑h‑m°‑m\ b‑m{‑XIf‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p k‑z‑mX {‑´‑ykacs‑¯ \b‑n¨X‑v. Ab‑nt‑¯‑m ¨‑mS\‑w‑, t‑£{‑X{‑]t‑hi\¯‑n\‑pÅ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w F¶‑nh k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y kac ¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n I‑pd‑qc‑ns‑\t‑]‑me‑pÅ hÀ Gs‑äS‑p¯‑v \S¸‑ne‑m¡‑n. AÔ I‑mc‑w \‑ndª I‑meL«¯‑n s‑hf‑n

¨‑w s‑I‑mï‑ph¶X‑v al‑m³a‑mc‑mb Chs‑ct‑¸‑me‑pÅhc‑mW‑v. F¶‑m P‑mX‑naX N‑n´If‑ps‑S CS‑p§‑nb N‑n´If‑nt‑e¡‑v \‑m‑w X‑nc‑ns‑I t‑]‑mI‑p ¶X‑v I‑pd‑qc‑ns‑\ t‑]‑me‑pÅht‑c‑mS‑v s‑N¿‑p¶ A\‑oX‑nb‑mW‑v. CX‑pa‑qe‑w I‑pd‑qc‑ns‑\ t‑]‑me‑pÅhc‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nX‑w h‑yÀ°a‑mb‑n t‑]‑mt‑b‑m F¶‑v i¦‑n¡‑p ¶ AhØb‑mW‑pÅs‑X¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n. c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑m A[‑y£\‑mb‑n. ]‑n. N‑n{‑X³ \¼‑qX‑nc‑n ¸‑mS‑v A\‑pk‑vacW {‑]k‑wK‑w \S¯‑n. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³.Fk‑v. A\‑nÂI‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w k‑n._‑n.Fk‑v. aW‑n \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

_‑n.BÀ.]‑n.`‑mk‑v-Id‑n\‑v k‑zt‑Zi‑m`‑na‑m\‑nþt‑Ikc‑n Ah‑mÀU‑vk‑wØ‑m\ kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑â k‑zt‑Zi‑m`‑na‑m \‑nþt‑Ikc‑n Ah‑mÀU‑n-\‑v a‑p-X‑nÀ¶ ] {‑X{‑]hÀ¯I\‑mb _‑n.BÀ.]‑n.`‑mk‑v-I À AÀl\‑mb‑n. Hc‑p e£‑w c‑q]b‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vX‑n]{‑Xh‑pa‑mW‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v. ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯\c‑wK¯‑v A`‑na‑m\h‑p‑w Bt‑hiIch‑pa‑mb {‑]hÀ¯\§Ä¡‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w \ÂI‑nb k‑zt‑Zi‑m`‑na‑m\‑n c‑maI‑rj‑vW]‑nÅb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w t‑Ikc‑n _‑meI‑rj‑vW]‑nÅb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w t‑]c‑ne‑p Å k‑zt‑Zi‑m`‑na‑m\‑nþt‑Ikc‑n Ah‑mÀU‑v 2010e‑mW‑v k‑wØ‑m\ kÀ¡‑mÀ GÀs‑¸S‑p¯‑nbX‑v.

1940 X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc‑w I‑mb‑n¡c b‑ne‑mW‑v _‑n.BÀ.]‑n.`‑mkI‑vd‑ns‑â P\\‑w. C´‑yb‑ns‑e ]e {‑]a‑pJ t‑Zi‑o b ]{‑X§f‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑mb‑n {‑]h À¯‑n¨‑p. Z l‑nµ‑p‑, k‑vt‑ää‑vk‑v-a‑m³‑,

]‑m{‑S‑nbä‑v‑, s‑U¡‑m³ s‑ld‑mÄU‑v‑, B {‑Ô‑m{‑]t‑Zi‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v X‑pS§‑nb ]{‑X §f‑n {‑]hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n«‑pï‑v. Ct‑¸‑mÄ j‑mÀPb‑n \‑n¶‑v {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ KÄ^‑vSp‑ s‑U ]{‑X¯‑ns‑e t‑Im‑ fa‑nÌ‑mW‑.vs‑I.FÂ.t‑a‑ml\hÀ½ s‑NbÀa‑m \‑p‑w F³.BÀ.Fk‑v._‑m_‑p‑, s‑I.F. a‑pcf‑o[c³ F¶‑nhÀ DÄs‑¸« I½‑nä‑n b‑pa‑mW‑v ]‑pck‑v-I‑mct‑PX‑mh‑ns‑\ X‑nc s‑ªS‑p¯X‑v. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w‑, k‑ma‑ql‑nI‑w‑, k‑m‑wk‑v-I‑mc‑nI‑w F¶‑o c‑wK§f‑n AÀ¸Wt‑_‑m[t‑¯‑ms‑S _‑n.BÀ.]‑n. `‑mk‑v-IÀ {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨X‑mb‑n PU‑vP‑nM‑v I½‑nä‑n h‑neb‑nc‑p¯‑n. ]‑pck‑v-I‑mc‑w AS‑p¯ a‑mk‑w a‑pJ‑ya{‑´‑n k½‑m\‑n ¡‑ps‑a¶‑v a{‑´‑n s‑I.k‑n.t‑P‑mk^‑v Ad‑nb‑n¨‑p. sk]vXw_À 2014

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Aôv am[yaIrXnIÄ {]Imi\w sNbvXp

t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n ¨ A©‑v a‑m[‑yaI‑rX‑nIÄ {‑]I‑mi\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. A¡‑mZa‑n H‑mU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb¯‑n  \S¶ NS§‑n C´‑y³ FI‑v-k‑v {‑]k‑v \‑y‑qZÂl‑n FU‑näÀ D®‑n c‑mP ³ i¦À {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n a‑p³ s‑NbÀ a‑m\‑p‑w a‑pX‑nÀ¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I\‑pa‑m b h‑n.]‑n.c‑maN{‑µ\‑v ]‑pk‑vXI§Ä \ ÂI‑n {‑]I‑mi\IÀ½‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑p.

A¡‑mZa‑n {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨ A©‑v C-þ_‑p¡‑pIf‑ps‑S {‑]I‑mi\‑w s‑{‑]‑m^. s‑I.h‑n.t‑X‑mak‑v F‑w.]‑n \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑p. t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nbIf‑ps‑S k‑z‑m[‑o \‑w hÀ²‑n¡‑p¶ C¡‑me¯‑v h‑mb\ ¡‑mc\‑v ]‑pX‑pX‑mb‑n F´‑p \ÂI‑m‑w F¶X‑mW‑v ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Is‑â s‑hÃ‑ph‑nf‑ns‑b¶‑v {‑]I‑mi\‑w \‑nÀhl‑n ¨‑v D®‑n c‑mP³ i¦À ]dª‑p. ]{‑X §f‑n F§s‑\ h‑mÀ¯ hc‑p¯W s‑a¶‑v t‑k‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nbIÄ X‑oc‑pa‑m \‑n¡‑p¶ AhØ h¶‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p: -

At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. `‑uX‑nI k‑mlNc‑y§Ä A\‑pI‑qe as‑æ‑ne‑p‑w a‑mä§Ä¡\‑pkc‑n¨‑v CeI‑v-t‑{‑S‑mW‑nI‑v a‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑p‑w a‑pt‑¶d‑m³ {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n¡‑v Ig‑nb‑p ¶X‑v k‑vX‑pX‑yÀla‑mb t‑\«a‑ms‑W¶‑v NS§‑n A[‑y£X hl‑n¨ s‑{‑]‑m^. s‑I.h‑n.t‑X‑mak‑v F‑w.]‑n. ]dª‑p. h‑n.]‑n. c‑maN{‑µ³‑, t‑U‑m.s‑P.h‑n. h‑nf\‑ne‑w‑, s‑I..FÂ.t‑a‑ml\hÀ½ F¶‑nhÀ NS§‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n.c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, s‑F&]‑nBÀU‑n s‑U]‑y‑q«‑n UbdÎÀ h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ F¶‑nhÀ ]‑pk‑vXI§Ä ]c‑nN bs‑¸S‑p¯‑n. NS§‑n A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ k‑z‑mK Xh‑p‑w s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³.Fk‑v.A\‑n I‑pa‑mÀ \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p. t‑U‑m.s‑P.h‑n.h‑nf\‑ne¯‑ns‑â a‑mk‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ t‑_k‑nI‑v-k‑v -F

d‑oUÀ t‑^‑mÀ Ì‑pU³k‑v B³U‑v {‑]‑mÎ‑oj‑yt‑\g‑v-k‑v, s‑I.FÂ.t‑a‑ml\ hÀ½b‑ps‑S Hc‑p t‑\‑mhe‑nÌ‑ns‑â a‑m[‑y a N‑n´IÄ‑, t‑U‑m.F‑w.h‑n.t‑X‑mak‑ns‑â aeb‑mf‑w \‑y‑qk‑v t‑]t‑¸g‑v-k‑v B³U‑v Z {‑^‑oU‑w a‑qh‑v-s‑aâ‑v C³ t‑Icf‑, Fk‑v.F³.Pb{‑]I‑mi‑ns‑â \‑m«‑ph‑mÀ ¯b‑ps‑S I‑me§Ä‑, _‑n.Fk‑v._‑na‑n \‑n¯‑ns‑â \ha‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S ]‑pX‑nb BI‑mi§Ä F¶‑nhb‑mW‑v {‑]I‑mi \‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¡s‑¸« ]‑pk‑vXI§Ä. k‑n.]‑n.kX‑yc‑mP‑ns‑â k‑ma‑ql‑nI \t‑h‑m°‑m\h‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w‑, ]‑n.s‑I. t‑he‑mb‑p[s‑â Zf‑nX‑v P‑oh‑nX‑w a‑m[‑ya §f‑nÂ‑, h‑n.t‑hW‑pt‑K‑m]‑me‑ns‑â I‑p«‑n b‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w‑, s‑I.h‑n.k‑p[‑mIcs‑â a‑m[‑yaI‑mg‑vNIf‑n ab§‑p¶hÀ‑, F‑w.k‑pt‑c{‑µs‑â t‑Icf h‑nIk\‑w: CSX‑p]£h‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w F¶‑nh b‑mW‑v {‑]I‑mi\‑w s‑N¿s‑¸« C-þ_‑p¡‑pIÄ.

{‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n ]‑pX‑nb _‑m¨‑n\‑v X‑pS¡a‑mb‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ s‑X‑mg‑ne‑ns‑\ D¯c h‑mZ‑nX‑zt‑¯‑ms‑S I‑mWWs‑a¶‑p‑w s‑k³t‑kj\e‑nk¯‑ns‑â ]‑n¶‑ms‑e t‑]‑mI‑mX‑nc‑n¡‑m³ {‑i²‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑p‑w {‑]a‑pJ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I\‑p‑w t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n a‑p³ s‑NbÀa‑m\‑pa‑mb h‑n. ]‑n. c‑maN{‑µ³ ]dª‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ns‑e t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w‑, S‑n. h‑n. t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w‑, ]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³-k‑v t‑I‑m-g‑v-k‑p-I-f‑ps‑S ]‑pX‑nb _‑m¨‑ns‑â DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w \‑nÀÆl‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w.

P\‑m[‑n]X‑y h‑yhØs‑b \‑ne\‑nÀ ¯‑p¶ s‑\S‑p‑wX‑qW‑mW‑v P\‑m`‑n{‑]‑mb s‑¯ c‑q]‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya§Ä. a‑m[‑ya§f‑mW‑v ]et‑¸‑mg‑p‑w `‑mj k‑rã‑n¡‑p-¶X‑v. F¶‑m AS‑nb´‑nc L«§f‑n h‑mÀ¯IÄ k‑rã‑n¡s‑¸ S‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w Ah {‑i²t‑b‑ms‑S t‑hW‑w s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¡‑m³ F¶‑v {‑]a‑pJ sk]vXw_À 2014

k‑ml‑nX‑yI‑mc‑nb‑p‑w A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ns‑e k‑o\‑nbÀ ^‑m¡Âä‑n A‑wKh‑pa‑mb t‑U‑m. F‑w. e‑oe‑mhX‑n h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIÄ ¡‑v \ÂI‑nb kt‑µi¯‑n A`‑n{‑]‑mb s‑¸«‑p. h‑nt‑hIa‑mW‑v h‑nI‑mct‑¯¡‑mÄ a‑p³]‑n \‑nÂt‑¡ïs‑X¶‑p‑w S‑o¨À H‑mÀa‑n¸‑n¨‑p. t‑e‑mI‑w h‑nc¯‑p¼‑nt‑e¡‑v a‑md‑p ¶ I‑me¯‑v AX\‑pkc‑n¨‑v I‑pX‑n¡‑m ³ a‑m[‑yah‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIÄ¡‑v Ahkc s‑a‑mc‑p¡‑p¶ A¡‑mZa‑n t‑e‑mIh‑y‑m]I a‑mb a‑mä§Ä s‑I‑mï‑phc‑m³ {‑ia‑n¡‑p ¶X‑mb‑n NS§‑n A²‑y£X hl‑n¨ A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I. k‑n. c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑m ]dª‑p. NS§‑n A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³. Fk‑v.

A\‑n I‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w C³-Ì‑n ä‑y‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ Ubd ÎÀ c‑mP‑p d‑mt‑^ \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

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a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ ka‑qls‑¯ t‑\c‑ns‑â hg‑nb‑ne‑qs‑S \b‑n¡W‑w: a{‑´‑n X‑nc‑phô‑qÀ c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³

ka‑qls‑¯ t‑\c‑ns‑â hg‑nb‑ne‑qs‑S \b‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ he‑nb D¯ch‑mZ‑nX‑za‑m W‑v ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑pÅs‑X¶‑v KX‑mKXþh\‑w hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑n X‑nc‑ph ©‑qÀ c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vW³ ]dª‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑p‑w ]¯\‑wX‑n« {‑]k‑v ¢º‑p‑w k‑wb‑pàa‑mb‑n k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ Z‑z‑nZ‑n\ a‑m[‑ya ]T\I‑y‑m¼‑ns‑â DZ‑vL‑m S\‑w AS‑qÀ a‑mÀt‑¯‑m½‑m b‑q¯‑v s‑kâd‑n \‑nÀhl‑n¨‑v {‑]k‑wK‑n¡‑pI b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. {‑]i‑v-\§f‑ps‑S ic‑ns‑Xä‑pIÄ t‑hÀX‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑m\‑pÅ X‑o{‑hbÚ‑w a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ \S¯W‑w. h‑naÀi‑w t‑\Àhg‑nb‑ne‑qs‑S \b‑n¡‑m \‑pÅX‑mhW‑w. a‑m[‑yac‑wKs‑¯ aÕc‑w kX‑ys‑¯ s‑s‑Ih‑n«‑ps‑I‑mï‑mh c‑pX‑v. t‑{‑_¡‑nM‑v \‑y‑qk‑v kX‑yas‑æ‑n AX‑v X‑nc‑p¯‑m\‑mh‑m¯ k‑mlNc‑ya‑m W‑pÅX‑v. a‑mä-¯‑n\‑p h‑nt‑[ba‑mb‑n

s‑¡‑mï‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯\‑w ka‑ql\·b‑v¡‑v {‑]t‑b‑mP\s‑¸S‑p¶X‑m hWs‑a¶‑v At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. ka‑ql ¯‑ns‑e FÃ‑m h‑n`‑mK‑w P\§s‑fb‑p‑w ic‑nb‑ps‑S `‑mKt‑¯¡‑v \b‑n¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v Ig‑nbWs‑a¶‑v N-S§‑n k‑wk‑mc‑n¨ N‑näb‑w t‑K‑m] I‑pa‑mÀ F‑wFÂF ]dª‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³. ]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A[‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n.c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, P\d I‑uk‑n A‑wK‑w C.]‑n.j‑mP‑pZ‑o³‑, FI‑v-k‑n I‑y‑p«‑oh‑v t‑_‑mÀU‑v A‑wK‑w F³.c‑mt‑P j‑v‑, {‑]k‑v ¢_‑v {‑]k‑nUâ‑v k‑m‑w s‑N¼ I¯‑nÂ‑, s‑k{‑I«d‑n kP‑n¯‑v ]ct‑ai‑z c³ X‑pS§‑nbhÀ {‑]k‑wK‑n¨‑p. h‑mÀ¯b‑ps‑S aeb‑mf‑w‑, {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI h‑mÀ¯ Fg‑pX‑pt‑¼‑mÄ‑, h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w \‑nba-h‑p‑w‑, h‑nhc‑mhI‑mi\‑n-ba‑w‑,

s‑{‑s‑I‑wd‑nt‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n§‑v‑, a‑m[‑ya§f‑ns‑e h\‑nX F¶‑o h‑njb§f‑n a‑pX‑nÀ ¶ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯IÀ F.klt‑Zh ³‑, a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n \‑y‑qk‑v FU‑näÀ S‑n.s‑I. c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, t‑U‑m.H.s‑I.a‑pcf‑oI‑r j‑vW³‑, AU‑z.U‑n._‑n._‑n-\‑p‑, P‑nt‑P‑m t‑P‑m¬ ]‑pt‑¯g-¯‑v, BÀ.]‑mÀhX‑o t‑Zh‑n F¶‑nhÀ ¢‑ms‑kS‑p-¯‑p. {‑]a‑pJ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯Ic‑p‑w {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑pa‑mb‑n a‑pJ‑ma‑pJ‑w \S¶‑p. at‑\‑mca At‑k‑m. FU‑näÀ t‑P‑mk‑v ]\¨‑n¸‑pd‑w‑, Z‑o]‑nI At‑k‑m.

FU‑näÀ S‑n.k‑n.a‑mX‑y‑p‑, a‑mX‑r`‑qa‑n U]‑y‑q«‑n FU‑näÀ‑, t‑Zi‑m`‑na‑m\‑n k‑vs‑] j Idk‑vt‑]‑mï³d‑v _‑nP‑p I‑pc‑y³‑, t‑Icf I‑ua‑pZ‑n Ak‑n.FU‑näÀ h‑ni‑z³ F¶‑nhÀ t‑N‑mZ‑y§Ä¡‑v ad‑p]S‑n \ I‑n. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n FI‑v-k‑nI‑y‑p«‑oh‑v t‑_‑mÀU‑v A‑wK‑w F³.c‑mt‑Pj‑v t‑a‑mUt‑däd‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. sk]vXw_À 2014

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

{_bm³ AUvtIm¡v {]ikvX kvtIm«njv ImÀ«qWnÌmb {_bm³ AUvtIm¡nsâ iàamb kmaqlyhnaÀi\ amWv Cu ImÀ«q¬. AXnk¦oÀ®amb Nne tcmK§Ä¡mbpÅ [\kamlcW¯ns\ó t]cnð ]mÝmXy\mSpIfnð {]Ncn¨ "sFkv _¡äv Neôv' Fó ]cn]mSnbmWv ImÀ«qWn\m[mcw. ]cn]mSnbnð ]s¦Sp¡póhÀ X§fpsS Xebnð Hcp _¡äv sFkv hm«À Hgn¡pIbpw aqópt]sc A§s\ sN¿m³ shñphnfn¡pIbpw thWw. AXnsâ hoUntbm jq«v sNbvXv s^bvkv_p¡v t]mepÅ tkmjyð aoUnb sskäpIfnð {]ZÀin ¸n¡Ww. e£yt¯¡mfp]cn CXv ]pXpXeapdbpsS BßcXnbpsS ]cn]mSnbmbn amdn Fó hnaÀi\w CXns\Xnsc ]e `mK§fnð \nópw DbÀóncpóp. AtX hnjbamWv ImÀ«qWnÌpw ChnsS ssIImcyw sN¿póXv. kwLÀj§fmð I¯pó Cdm¡ntebpw ]ekvXo\ntebpsams¡ a®ns\ XWp¸n¡m\pÅ ]cn{ia§fmWv thïsXópw AXnt\ AÀ°apÅq Fópw ImÀ«qWnÌv ChnsS Nqïn¡mWn¡póp.

1999ð ImÀ«q¬ temIt¯¡v hó {_bm³ aqóph«w kvtIm«njv {]kv AhmÀUv t\Snbn«pïv. 46 Imc\mb Ct±lw Ct¸mÄ kvtImSvkvam³, C³Uns]³Uâv XpS§nb ]{X§Ä¡mbmWv hcbv¡póXv. tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, On behalf of the Secretary, Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly | September 2014 | ` 20/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676