Media 2014 october new online file

October 2014 | Vol. 3 | Issue 6 | Price ` 20

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James Foley Steven Sotloff

October 18, 1973 – August 19, 2014

May 11, 1983 – September 2, 2014

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C{µ{]دnsâ \ham[yatemIw ]n. _k´v

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When Reporting Is Dangerous

Nicholas Kristofl

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News Use Across Social Media Platforms

Jesse Holcomb, Jeffrey Gottfried and Amy Mitchell

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How Can Social Media Promote a Feature Film?

Shoma A. Chatterji

FUntämdnbð Lighthouse Ashok R Chandran

04 24

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Students’ Corner

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J. V. Vil’anilam

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Bookshelf

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Editor N. P. Rajendran Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kottayam N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan T. R. Madhukumar Editor In Charge, Deshabhimani Weekly, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Marketing In Charge Shainus Markose Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 20 Annual Subscription: ` 200 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 30,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside B&W: ` 20,000

HIvtSm_À 2014

-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑p-Å t‑I-{‑µ a-{‑´‑n-k-` A-[‑n-I‑m-c-t‑a-ä‑v \‑q-d‑p-\‑mÄ ]‑n-¶‑n-« L-«-¯‑n F-U‑n-t‑ä-g‑v-k‑v K‑nÂ-U‑v H‑m-^‑v C´‑y D-¶b‑n-¨ N‑n-e {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w c‑m-j‑v{‑S‑o-b t‑a-J-e-b‑ne‑p‑w NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. ]‑pX‑n-b kÀ-¡‑m-d‑n-s‑â a‑m-[‑y-a-§-t‑f‑m-S‑p-Å k-a‑o-]-\¯‑n a‑p³-I‑m-e-¯‑v I‑m-W‑m-¯ k‑w-i-b-I-ca‑mb N‑n-e {‑]-h-W-X-IÄ I-ï-X‑v a‑m[‑y-a F-U‑n-äÀ-a‑m-c‑n B-i-¦ D-ï‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑n A-Û‑p-X-a‑nÃ. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-c-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑p-Å A-hk-c‑w hÀ-²‑n-¸‑n-¡‑pI-b‑p‑w A-X‑v k-P‑o-h-a‑m-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿-W-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v k‑wL-S-\ A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨ {‑]-t‑a-b-¯‑n {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-c‑n-a‑n-Xa‑m-b CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v e-`‑y-Xb‑p‑w k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I A-h-t‑_‑m-[h‑p‑w D-Å H-c‑p c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v A-X‑y‑p-¶-X-¯‑n-Â-\‑n-¶‑v X‑mt‑g-¡‑v a‑m{‑X‑w \-S-¡‑p¶ B-i-b-h‑n-\‑n-a-b‑w Aà P-\-§Ä B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b k‑w-h‑m-Z§-s‑f ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¨‑v K‑nÂ-U‑v A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-s‑¸-«X‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑ps‑S H‑m-^‑o-k‑p-a‑mb‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑p-Å k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑m³ s‑s‑h-I‑p-Ib‑p‑w a-{‑´‑n-a‑m-c‑p-a‑mb‑p‑w D-¶-t‑X‑m-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-·‑m-c‑p-a‑mb‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-À _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑p¶-X‑v ]-c‑n-a‑n-Xs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑pÅ h‑n-h-c-h‑n-\‑na-b‑w I‑pd¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ kÀ-¡‑mÀ‑, A-X‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-\‑m-f‑p-I-f‑nÂX-s‑¶‑, P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n- P-\-§-t‑f‑mS‑p-Å D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v A-I-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¶ B-i-¦-b‑mW‑v k‑wL-S-\ a‑p-J‑y-a‑mb‑n {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. k‑p-X‑m-c‑y-X-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑n-h-c‑m-h-I‑m-i¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w X‑p-d-¶ `-c-W-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w C‑u I‑me-¯‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑v h‑nh-c-§Ä I‑n-«‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ \-S-]-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â k-¯-b‑v¡‑v h‑n-c‑p-²-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v {‑]-t‑a-b-¯‑n X‑p-d-¶‑p-]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. Ø‑m-\-t‑a-ä‑v \‑q-d‑p-\‑mÄ X‑n-I-b‑p‑w-a‑p-¼‑v H-c‑p kÀ-¡‑m-d‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v C-{‑Xb‑p‑w IS‑p-¯ h‑m-¡‑pIÄ ]-d-t‑b-ï‑n-h-¶X‑v I£‑nc‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b-t‑{‑]-c-W s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m h‑yà‑n-h‑n-t‑c‑m-[-¯‑m-t‑e‑m AÃ. 1975þ77 I‑me-s‑¯ A-S‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø-b‑n-s‑e‑m-g‑n-s‑I t‑Z-i‑o-b-kÀ-¡‑m-d‑p-IÄ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-t‑f‑mS‑v ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑n-t‑¸‑m-¶ \-b-§Ä G-X‑m-ï‑v H-t‑c k‑z-`‑m-h-a‑p-Å-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v I‑m-W‑m‑w. P-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å B-i-b-h‑n\‑n-a-b-¯‑n-\‑p-Å a‑m-[‑y-a‑w B-b‑n ]-{‑X-§-s‑f I‑m-W‑m³ FÃ‑m t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-§f‑p‑w k-¶-²-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. kÀ-¡‑m-d‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä P-\-§-f‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¡‑m³ a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I‑, kÀ-¡‑mÀ {‑]-hÀ-¯\s‑¯-I‑p-d‑n¨‑v A-t‑\‑z-j‑n¡‑m-\‑p‑w h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑m\‑p‑w h‑n-aÀ-i‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v A-h-k-c-h‑p‑w- k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w \ÂI‑p-I F-¶‑o I‑m-c‑y-§-Ä \-½‑p-s‑S P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h‑y-h-Ø-b‑n X‑n-I¨‑p‑w k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I‑w-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. a‑n-¡ K-h-s‑×-ï‑p-If‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v X-¿‑m-d‑m-b‑n«‑p-a‑pï‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ F-´‑m-W‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b a‑m-ä‑w? a‑p-¶‑p I‑m-c-W-§Ä N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑m\‑m-h‑p‑w.

1. A‑w-K‑o-I‑r-X-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-s‑f A-I-ä‑m\‑p‑w A-h-K-W‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w t‑a‑m-Z‑n kÀ-¡‑mÀ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑m-b‑n k‑wi-b‑w D-bÀ-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

2. k-À-¡‑m-d‑n-s‑â k-t‑µi‑w P-\-§-f‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¡‑m³ A‑w-K‑o-I‑r-X-a‑m-[‑y-a‑w t‑hï‑, t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b a-X‑n F-¶‑v A-[‑n-I‑r-XÀ I-c‑p-X‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K¯‑p-Å-hÀ k‑w-i-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

3.h‑n-h-c-§Ä a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-À-¡‑v e-`‑n¡‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w D-¶-t‑X‑m-t‑Z‑y‑m-KØÀ h‑n-h-c-§Ä -s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑m-À \‑nÀ-t‑±-i-§Ä \Â-I‑n-bX‑m-b‑n k‑q-N-\-IÄ Dï‑v.

C‑u B-i-¦-I-Ä-¡‑v B-[‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n F-s‑´-¦‑ne‑p‑w H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I \-S-]-S‑nt‑b‑m {‑]-J‑y‑m-]-\t‑a‑m t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-¡‑m-d‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑nà F¶-X‑v i-c‑nXs‑¶. ]t‑£‑, B-i-¦-IÄ X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w A-Ø‑m-\-¯‑m-W‑v F-¶ \‑n-K-a-\-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v \-b‑n-¡‑m³ C-X‑v ]-c‑y‑m-]‑vX-aÃ. kÀ-¡‑mÀ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑pIÄ FÃ‑m‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m\-§-f‑m-b‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å-h B-I-W-s‑a-¶‑nÃ-t‑Ã‑m. \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n-s‑b I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w N‑n-e a‑p³-h‑n-[‑n-I-f‑pï‑v. A-X‑n-s‑â I‑q-S‑n A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v A-t‑±l-s‑¯ k‑w-i-b-¯‑n-s‑â I-®‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä I‑m-W‑p¶X‑v. K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑n \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨ \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ A-t‑±-l‑w t‑I-{‑µ¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n¡‑p‑w F-¶ a‑p³-h‑n-[‑n X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w A-k‑z‑o-I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v

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]-d-ª‑p-I‑q-S‑m. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑nb-s‑b ]-c-a‑mh-[‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶-X‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h‑n-c‑p-²a‑m-b \-S-]-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m³ ]-ä‑nÃ. a‑md‑n-b I‑m-e-¯‑n-\‑v A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v ]‑pX‑n-b k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I c‑q-]-§Ä k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑p-Å-X‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å Ah-I‑m-ih‑p‑w k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ-¡‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ-a‑oU‑n-b k‑u-I-c‑y-{‑]-Z-a‑mW‑v. A-X‑v h¬-s‑h {‑S‑m-^‑n-I‑v Bb‑n P-\-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v A-t‑§‑m-«‑v ]-d-b‑m\‑p‑w C-t‑§‑m-«‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§-f‑nà F-¶‑v D-d-¸‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑p-¶- a‑m-[‑yaa‑mW‑v. k‑u-I-c‑y-{‑]-Za‑mb C‑u k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w t‑a‑m-Z‑nb‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-Å-s‑«. \‑m‑w t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-t‑¿ï. ]t‑£‑, ]-{‑X-§Ä‑, N‑m-\-e‑p-IÄ X‑p-S§‑n-b A-t‑§‑m-«‑v A-k‑p-J-I-ca‑m-b t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f ]-c-a‑mh[‑n H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y]ca‑mt‑W‑m? `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f I‑m-W-W-s‑at‑¶‑m C-S-¡‑n-s‑S ]-{‑X-k-t‑½-f-\-§Ä \-S-¯-W-s‑at‑¶‑m `-c-W-L-S-\ t‑b‑m \‑n-b-a-§t‑f‑m A-\‑p-i‑m-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑nÃ. a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑u-l‑r-Z‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶ B-f‑m-t‑W‑m `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n F-¶‑v P-\§Ä ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑nÃ. `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n "a‑oU‑nb {‑^-ï‑v-e‑n' B-t‑W‑m F¶-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w `-c-W‑m[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑mW‑v. P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑v-\aÃ. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h‑n-c‑p-² \-S-]-S‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n Gsd Btcm]Whn t[bbmb {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-µ‑n-c‑m-K‑mÔ‑n. A-t‑X ka-b‑w G-ä-h‑p‑w- I‑q-S‑p-X X-h-W a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑c I‑m-W‑m \‑p‑w k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w A-hk-c‑w D-ï‑m¡‑n-b G-äh‑p‑w k‑u-l‑r-Z-a‑p-Å {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑nb‑p‑w A-h-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑p-d-¨‑pXh-W ]-{‑X-k-t‑½f-\‑w \-S-¯‑n-b‑, G-äh‑p‑w I‑pd-¨‑v A-h-c‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-h-Z‑n-¨ {‑]-[‑m-\-a{‑´‑n H-c‑p]-t‑£ t‑U‑m.a³-t‑a‑m-l³-k‑n-§‑v Bb‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. ]t‑£‑, A-t‑±-l‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v H-c‑p t‑{‑Z‑m-l-s‑a-¦‑ne‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑m-b‑n BÀ¡‑p‑w ]-d-b‑m-s‑\‑m-¡‑nÃ. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v A-I-¶‑p-\‑n-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑pX-s‑¶ \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n-¡‑v X‑n-I-ª P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h‑m-Z‑nb‑p‑w P-\-I‑o-b-\‑p-a‑m-I‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. a‑p³-{‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-a‑m-c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b‑n \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n h‑n-t‑Z-i-b‑m-{‑X-I-f‑n F-U‑n-äÀ-a‑m-s‑cb‑p‑w t‑e-J-I-s‑cb‑p‑w I‑q-s‑S s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑nÃ. CX‑p‑w t‑a‑m-Z‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w I‑p-s‑d a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-s‑c-b‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-a‑mW‑v. kÀ-¡‑md‑n-s‑â s‑N-e-h‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑c {‑]-[‑m-\-a{‑´‑n t‑]‑m-I‑p-t‑¶-S-s‑¯Ã‑m‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I-W-s‑a-¶‑v h‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n he‑n-b I‑mc‑y-s‑a‑m-¶‑p-a‑nÃ. P-\§-s‑f A-d‑n-b‑n-t‑¡-ï I‑m-c‑y-§Ä D-s‑ï-¶‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä k‑z-´‑w s‑N-e-h‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ«À-a‑m-s‑c A-b-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v t‑h-ïX‑v. b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑n F-´‑m-W‑v \-½‑p-s‑S ]-e a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m-d‑p-Å-s‑X-¶‑v F-U‑n-t‑ä-g‑vk‑v K‑nÂ-U‑v H-c‑n-¡e‑p‑w ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨-X‑m-b‑n t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑nÃ. a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S D-S-a-Ø-·‑mÀ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«d‑p-s‑S t‑h-j‑w s‑I-«‑n {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-s‑b A-\‑p-K-a‑n-¨ F-{‑X-s‑b-{‑Xt‑b‑m k‑w-`-h-§-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑pï‑v. A-X‑v A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v F-¶‑v {‑]-k‑v I‑u¬-k‑n h‑yàa‑m-b \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑w \Â-I‑n-b-t‑i-j‑w-t‑]‑me‑p‑w B Z‑p-j‑n-¨ k-{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨‑n-«‑nÃ. C‑u d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«À-a‑mÀ H-c‑p h-c‑n-t‑]‑me‑p‑w h‑m-À-¯-b‑m-b‑n F-g‑p-X‑n A-b-¡‑m-d‑nÃ. h‑mÀ-¯‑m G-P³-k‑n-b‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-IÄ B-W‑v C-h-c‑p-s‑S- t‑]-c‑n ]‑n-t‑ä-¶‑v ]-{‑X-¯‑n h-c‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑v. ]-ec‑p‑w s‑hd‑p‑w h‑n-t‑\‑m-Z-b‑m-{‑X-I-f‑m-b‑mW‑v C‑u k‑u-Ic‑y‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑p‑w.

X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-]-c-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]-e `-c-W-I‑q-S-§f‑p‑w `-c-W-¯-eh-s‑â h‑n-t‑Z-i-]-c‑y-S-\-§-f‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]hÀ-¯I-s‑c s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m-d‑nÃ. C‑u-b‑n-s‑S b‑p.F-k‑v {‑]-k‑nUâ‑v H_‑m-a C-´‑y-b‑n -h-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ H-¸‑w-h-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑e-J-IÀ-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n H-c‑p t‑U‑m-fÀ-t‑]‑me‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-J-P‑m-\‑m-h‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑nà F-¶‑v a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯IÀ s‑h-f‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. A-©‑pe-£‑w c‑q-]-b‑m-W‑v A-hÀ C-´‑y-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å h‑n-a‑m-\-S‑n-¡-ä‑n-\‑v \Â-I‑n-bX‑v. A-[‑n-I‑r-XÀ -\-S¯‑n-b ]-{‑X-k-t‑½-f-\-¯‑n-\‑v l‑mÄ- h‑m-S-I-s‑¡-S‑p-¯-X‑n-s‑â s‑Ne-h‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑n \‑n-¶‑v C‑u-S‑m-¡‑n-s‑b-¶‑v s‑Se-{‑K‑m^‑v a‑p³ h‑m-j‑n-§‑v-S¬ t‑e-JI³ s‑I.]‑n.\‑m-bÀ F-g‑p-X‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. ]-c‑y-S-\-¯‑n-\‑v h‑mÀ-¯‑m-{‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v t‑_‑m-[‑y-a‑pÅ a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä A-h-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑nI-s‑f A-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑N-e-h‑n A-b-¡‑p-I F-¶-Xt‑à i-c‑n?

C-s‑XÃ‑m‑w ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w‑, `-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-[‑m-\-X-e-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-s‑c A-I-ä‑m\‑p‑w D-t‑Z‑y‑m-KØÀ A-hÀ¡‑v h‑n-h-c-§Ä- \Â-I‑p¶-X‑p X-S-b‑m\‑p‑w G-X‑v `-c-W-I‑q-S‑w {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w P-\‑m-[‑n]X‑yh‑n-c‑p-²-a‑m-W‑v F-¶ I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n k‑w-ib‑w-t‑h-ï. K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ \‑o-ï I‑m-e-b-f-h‑n \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n C¯-c‑w ]e \-S-]-S‑n-If‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑m-b‑n B-t‑£-]-a‑p-bÀ-¶-X‑m-W‑v. A-X‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mg-s‑¯ a‑p³-h‑n-[‑n-IÄ-s‑¡Ã‑m‑w B-[‑m-ca‑m-b I‑mc‑y‑w F-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m-s‑Xh-¿. F-U‑n-t‑äg‑v-k‑v K‑nÂ-U‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å k‑w-L-S-\-If‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä- s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑ne‑p‑w k‑w-i-b-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w a‑p³-h‑n-[‑n-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\¯‑n-e‑m-h-c‑p-X‑v H-c‑p `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-s‑b h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-t‑¯-ïX‑v. h‑y-à-a‑m-b h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n¯-s‑¶ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S a‑m-[‑y-a-k-a‑o-]-\§-s‑f h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯-W‑w. H‑u-Z‑m-c‑y-§Ä-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n Bc‑p‑w s‑s‑I-\‑o-«‑n \‑nÂ-t‑¡-ï-X‑nÃ. a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n-¯-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v kÀ-¡‑m-d‑n-s‑â h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑X-S‑p-¶X‑v. A-X‑v X-S-b‑m³ F-´‑n-s‑â t‑]c‑n-e‑m-b‑me‑p‑w `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑nI-s‑f A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¨‑p-I‑qS‑m. h‑n-«‑p-h‑o-g‑v-N-b‑nÃ‑m-s‑X D-d-¨‑p-\‑n-¶‑v t‑\-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p-t‑¡ï-X‑v C-X‑p-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v A-d‑n-t‑b-ï-X‑pï‑v. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), UbdÎÀ (]»nIv dntej³kv), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (FUnäÀ C³ NmÀPv, tZim`nam\n hmcnI, tImgnt¡mSv), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tIm«bw), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³, t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: F³. Fkv. A\nð IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

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Nicholas Kristof

When Reporting Is Dangerous Steven Sotloff and James Foley Elevated Journalism and Society

James Foley

Steven Sotloff

y heart broke for Steven Sotloff, the second American journalist beheaded in Syria, not only because of the barbarity ISIS inflicted on him but also because he died trying to push back against the trend in news coverage.

Over the last couple of decades, we’ve all seen trivialization of news, a drift toward celebrity, scandal and salaciousness.

So far this year, nightly newscasts on ABC, CBS and NBC have offered a combined total of 3 minutes of coverage of the civil war and impending famine in South Sudan, and 9 minutes about mass atrocities in Central African Republic, according to Andrew Tyndall of the Tyndall Report, which tracks such things. In contrast, the missing Malaysian airliner drew 304 minutes (almost five times as much as the Syrian civil war).

That’s why this is a moment to honor Sotloff — and James Foley, the other journalist executed, and so many others out on the front lines — not just for his physical courage, but also for his moral courage in trying to focus attention on neglected stories. He

shone a spotlight in dark nooks of the world to help shape the global agenda.

It was a struggle for him.

“I’ve been here over a week and no one wants freelance because of the kidnappings,” Sotloff emailed another journalist while in Syria before his kidnapping, according to Reuters. “It’s pretty bad here. I’ve been sleeping at a front, hiding from tanks the past few nights, drinking rainwater.”

One of the biggest changes that I’ve seen in my career is that journalists and aid workers have become targets. Virulent extremist groups now see journalists as enemies, and subject captives to abuse and torture. For instance, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria reportedly waterboarded Foley before murdering him.

In addition, in conflict areas, any petty criminal with a gun can kidnap a journalist or aid worker and sell him or her to a group that will demand a ransom. European nations pay these ransoms, which both enrich the terror groups and create an incentive to kidnap other foreigners.

M

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A Times investigation found that Al Qaeda and its direct affiliates had raised at least $125 million from kidnappings since 2008. That’s a powerful business model for a terror group, and it’s one reason journalism and aid work is more dangerous today.

Last year, 70 journalists were killed for doing their jobs, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists. Over the last few years, some 70 journalists have been killed while covering the Syrian conflict, and about 20 are missing.

Most of those are Syrian, and let’s remember that the greatest danger is faced not by the Western journalists but by local ones — or by the local translators and drivers working for Western journalists.

In Darfur once, my interpreter and I were frantically interviewing villagers as a warlord was approaching to massacre them. Finally, my interpreter said: We’ve just got to go. If they catch us, they’ll hold you for ransom. But they’ll just shoot me.

We fled.

One way to honor Foley and Sotloff (and Daniel Pearl and many others killed over the years) would be for US to speak up more forcefully for journalists imprisoned by foreign governments — often by our friends, like Turkey or Ethiopia. Think of Eskinder Nega, serving an 18-year sentence in Ethiopia, or Somyot Prueksakasemsuk, a Thai serving 11 years for publishing articles deemed insulting to the king

of Thailand.

Today there are Steven Sotloffs covering war in Ukraine, Ebola in Liberia, malnutrition in India — and also covering unemployment and crime in American cities.

They are indefatigable and relentless. Once while I was covering the Congo civil war with a group of Africa-based reporters, our plane crashed. It was terrifying for me, but another passenger (a reporter based in Nairobi) told me it was her third plane crash. Yet another colleague on that plane was later killed covering a conflict in West Africa.

A special shout-out to the photojournalists and video journalists, for they often take the greatest risks. A reporter like myself can keep a distance, while that’s useless for those with cameras. My first rule of covering conflicts is never to accept a ride from photographers, because when they hear gunfire they rush toward it. Just Wednesday, it was confirmed that a Russian photojournalist, Andrei Stenin, had been killed in Ukraine.

So, to Steven Sotloff and James Foley and all brave journalists putting themselves in harm’s way, whatever nationality, this column is a tribute to you — and to your loved ones, who suffer as well.

We mourn you; we miss you; and, we admire you. And your commitment to the serious over the salacious elevates not only journalism but the entire global society.

Courtesy: New York Times HIvtSm_À 2014

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C{µ{]دnsâ \-tc-{µ tamZn {]-[m-\-a-{´n-bm-bn Np-a-X-e-tb-ä-Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-¶v {]-[m-\-a-{´n-bp-sS Hm-^o-kn-sâ sh-ºv ssk-äv ]p-Xp-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. "bq-kÀ {^-ïv-en' -B-¡n amän-b ssk-än hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-¯n\pw kp-Xm-cy-X-¡pw th-ïn {]-tXy-I hn-`m-K-§-fp-ïm-¡n. kÀ-¡m-cn-s\ Ip-dn¨pw `-c-W-s¯ Ip-dn-¨p-ap-Å hn-hc-§Ä t\-cn-«v P-\-§-fn-se-¯n-¡p-I X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p e-£yw. {]-[m-\-a-{´n-bp-sS k-tµ-iw F-¶ hn-`m-K¯n kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ D-t±-iw Ir-Xy-am-bn tam-Zn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p. ""\n-§-fp-am-bn t\-cn-«v _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-Å am-[y-a-sa-¶ \n-ebn Cu sh-ºv ssk-äv {]-[m-\-s¸-«-Xm-sW-¶v Rm³ I-cp-Xp-¶p. tem-I-¯p-Å P-\-§-fp-am-bn kw-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km-t¦Xn-I hn-Zy-¡pw tkmjy ao-Un-b-¡p-apÅ i-ànbn hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶ hy-àn-bm-Wv Rm³. tIÄ-¡m\pw ]Tn-¡m-\pw ho-£W-§Ä ]-¦p-sh-¡m\pw Cu kw-hn-[m-\w km-l-N-cy-samcp¡p-sa-¶v hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶p''.þtam-Zn Ip-dn¨p. am-[y-a-§-sf H-gn-hm-¡p-sa-¶ k-tµ-i-am-tWm t\-cn-«v _-Ô-s¸-Sp-sa¶-Xv sIm-ïp B-Zy Znh-kw X-s¶ tam-Zn D-t±-in-¨-Xv?

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-U-Â-l‑n-b‑n-s‑e \-K-c-l‑r-Z-b-¯‑n Ø‑n-X‑n s‑N¿-‑p-¶ ]-©-\-£{‑X t‑l‑m-«-e‑n-s‑e a‑p-I-f‑n-e-s‑¯ \‑n-e-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v Ø‑m-]-\¯‑n-s‑â H‑m^‑ok‑p‑w A-h‑n-S‑p-s‑¯ "BØ‑m-\ s‑s‑Z-h's‑¯b‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑m-¯ a‑p-X‑nÀ¶ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ C-{‑µ-{‑]-د‑n h‑n-c-f-a‑m-W‑v. s‑]-t‑{‑S‑m-f‑n-b‑w‑, s‑S-e‑n-I-½‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡j³ a-{‑´‑me-b-§Ä t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-h-c‑n N‑n-e-s‑c-¦‑ne‑p‑w C-h‑n-S-‑p-s‑¯ Ø‑n-c‑w k-µÀ-i-I-c‑pa‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a‑m-k-‑mZ‑y‑w I‑r-X-‑y-a‑m-b‑n F-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ X-S‑n-¨ I-h-d‑n\‑v t‑hï-‑n A-hÀ I‑m-¯‑n-c-‑p¶‑p. I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b C-S-t‑h-f-I-f‑n t‑l‑m-«-e‑n-s‑e a‑p-d‑nb‑n \‑n-¶‑v F-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑p-d‑n-¸‑n\‑v a‑pIf‑n "t‑U-ä‑v-s‑s‑e-³‑'‑, "s‑s‑_ s‑s‑e³‑' F¶‑n-h I‑q-«‑n-t‑NÀ¯‑v h-Å‑n-]‑p-Å‑n h‑y-X‑y-k-a‑nÃ‑m-s‑X A-X‑v U-k‑v-¡‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w t‑]‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p. Ht‑c‑m ]-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑p‑w B-h-i‑ya‑mb- h‑mÀ¯-IÄ B ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑i-e‑nb‑n X-s‑¶ X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n F-¯‑n-¡‑p-Is‑b¶-X‑v {‑i-a-I-c-a‑m-b t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑mW‑v. t‑PÀ-W-e‑n-Ì‑n-s‑â t‑P‑m-e‑n `‑m-c‑w I‑p-d-¡‑p-I-s‑b-¶ e-£‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w C-X‑n-\‑v ]‑n-¶‑nÂ. t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v C-S-\‑n-e-¡‑m-c-s‑\b‑p‑w t‑PÀ-W-e‑n-Ì‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w I‑q«‑n- t‑b‑m-P‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑n`‑mK‑w I‑q-S‑n D-ï‑v. a-{‑´‑n-a‑mc‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¡‑m-c‑p‑w D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-c‑p‑w. t‑PÀ-W-e‑n-s‑Ì-¶ \‑n-eb‑n a-{‑´‑n-a‑mc‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w a-ä‑v c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-¡‑m-c‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v C-S-\‑n-e-¡‑m-c\‑v F-¯‑n-¨-‑p s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑pI-s‑b-¶X‑p‑w ]‑m-t‑¡-P‑ns‑â `‑m-K-a‑mW‑v. d‑mU‑n-b t‑S-¸‑p-IÄ C-´‑y³ a‑m[‑y-a t‑e‑mI¯‑v s‑]‑m-«‑n-h‑o-W-t‑¸‑mÄ \-½Ä IïX‑v C‑u A-h‑n-i‑p-² I‑q-«‑p-s‑I-«‑m-W‑v. c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¡‑mc‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑pIf‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å C‑u _-Ô‑w G-s‑d NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«-X‑mW‑v.

C-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v.

I-g‑n-ª ]-¯‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w C-´‑y `-c‑n-¨ b‑p.]‑n.F kÀ-¡‑mc‑n-s‑e D-¶-Xc‑m-b a-{‑´‑n-a‑mc‑p‑w D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-c‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶ F-U‑n-äÀ-a‑m-c‑p-a‑mb‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-a‑mb‑p‑w D-ï‑m¡‑n-

HIvtSm_À 2014

b I‑q-«-s‑¡-«‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v C-S-\‑n-e-¡‑m-c‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ \‑oc‑m d‑mU‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S- t‑^‑m¬ k‑w-`‑m-jW-§Ä t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑n-bt‑¸‑mÄ ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-¶X‑v. a-{‑´‑n-a‑mc‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¡‑m-c‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p-If‑p‑w A-h-c‑ps‑S A-Pï- \-S-¸‑m-¡‑m³ a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w h‑y-à‑n-]-c-a‑m-b‑n X-s‑¶ a‑m[‑ya-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³ A-X‑n-\‑v h-g§‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p¶-X‑v ]-‑pX‑n-b k‑w-`-h-aÃ. C-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑ne‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑z-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑m-b H-g‑p-¡‑v H-c‑n-¡e‑p‑w X-S-Ê-s‑¸-«‑nc‑p-¶‑nÃ. kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑e \‑nÀ-®‑m-b-I Ø‑m-\-§f‑n C-c‑n-¡‑p¶-hc‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w aä‑v h‑y-à‑n-If‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w e-`‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑\ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p \-b‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v.

A-h‑n-i‑p-² I‑q-«‑p-s‑I-«‑p-IÄ \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mg‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯‑m t‑{‑k‑mX-Ê‑v H-c‑p k‑m-[‑m-c-W a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-\‑v a‑p-¶‑n s‑I‑m-«‑n-b-S-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ.

F-¶‑mÂ‑, UÂ-l‑n-b‑ns‑e a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ C-¶‑v hÃ‑ms‑¯‑m-c‑p [À-½-k-¦-S-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v. ]‑p-X‑n-b kÀ¡‑mÀ A-[‑nI‑m-c-¯‑n h-¶ t‑i-j‑w ]-gb-X‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e F-f‑p-¸-¯‑nÂ‑, H-c‑p t‑^‑m-¬ t‑I‑mf‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w‑, e-`‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ h‑n-h-c-§Ä I‑n-«‑p-¶‑nÃ. "t‑k‑m-g‑v-k‑v' F-¶‑v h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n¡‑mh‑p-¶ ]-e-c‑p‑w s‑]-s‑«-¶‑v a‑u-\‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n. k‑u-¯‑v t‑»‑m-¡‑n-s‑e C-S-\‑m-g‑n-If‑n ]-ï‑p I-ï ]-c‑nN-b‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w ]-e D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-c‑p‑w I‑m-«‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v "kÀ-¡‑mÀ' _‑o-ä‑n-e‑p-Å a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. `-c-W-I-£‑nb‑m-b _‑n.s‑P.]‑n I-hÀ s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c-‑p-¶hÀ-¡‑p‑w ]-c‑m-X‑n C-X‑p X-s‑¶. ]-g-b-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e H-c‑p A-S‑p-¸‑w I‑m«‑m³ t‑\-X‑m-¡f‑p‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-I‑p-¶‑nÃ. A-hÀ B-s‑ct‑b‑m t‑]S‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v a‑n-ï-c‑p-X‑v F-¶ A-e‑nJ‑n-X k-t‑µi‑w kÀ-¡‑m-c‑ne‑p‑w ]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w X‑m-s‑g-¯-«‑v h-s‑c F-¯‑n-s‑b¶‑m-W‑v A-W‑n-b-d-b‑n-s‑e k‑w-k‑m-c‑w. t‑I‑m¬-{‑K-k‑n-s‑â t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑p-f-f b‑p.]‑n.F A-[‑n-I‑mc-¯‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ h‑mÀ-¯¡‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-§Ä-¡‑p‑w H-c‑p ]-ª-h‑p-a‑nÃ‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. a-{‑´‑na‑mÀ H-c‑p t‑^‑m¬ h‑n-f‑n-¸‑m-S-I-

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\ham[yatemIw

tamZnbpsS t^kv_p¡v t]Pv

{‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n \-t‑c-{‑µ t‑a‑m-Z‑n A-[‑n-I‑m-ct‑a-ä t‑i-j‑w X-e-Ø‑m-\-s‑¯ a‑m-[‑y-at‑e‑m-I‑w t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ k-½À-±‑w s‑N-e‑p-XÃ. X-\‑n-¡‑v ]-d-t‑b-ïX‑v P-\-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v t‑\-c‑n-«‑v ]-d-b‑m³ k‑m-a‑q-l‑y I‑q-«‑m-b‑va s‑s‑k-ä-‑pI-s‑fb‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-s‑bb‑p‑w C-{‑X I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b t‑\-X‑mh‑p‑w C-´‑y-b‑n-e-‑pï-‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ.

X-\‑n¡‑p‑w P-\-§Ä¡‑p‑w C-S-b‑n-e‑pï-‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-s‑\ \-t‑c-{‑µ t‑a‑m-Z‑n H‑m-c-t‑¯-¡‑v a‑m-ä‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. S‑z‑n-äd‑p‑w t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑p‑w K‑q-K‑nÄ ¹-k‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w P-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-h-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å a‑mÀ-¤-a‑m-¡‑n c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n a‑m-ä‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑PÀ-W-e‑n-Ì‑v A-{‑]-k-à-\‑m-I‑p-I-b‑m-t‑W‑m? s‑e. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-s‑b s‑h-«‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶ h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ hs‑c t‑I{‑µ a-{‑´‑n-a‑mÀ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑v s‑h-¨‑p \‑o«‑n-b I‑m-e-a‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p AX‑v. "k‑v]‑q¬ ^‑o-U‑n‑wK‑v‑' F-s‑¶‑m-c‑p C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v h‑m-¡‑p-ï‑v.

FÃ‑m‑w X‑m-e¯‑n s‑h-¨‑p \‑o-«‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑\ X-t‑¶‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w \‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ A-hØ-¡‑v a‑m-ä‑w h-c‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. ]-©-\£-{‑X t‑l‑m-«-e‑ns‑e t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v C-S-\‑n-e-¡‑m-c-³ h‑n-Z-K‑v-²-a‑m-b‑n \-S-¸‑m-¡‑nb-X‑v ]‑n-¶‑oS‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b¡‑mÀ G-s‑äS‑p-¯ I‑m-e-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p I-g‑n-ª ]-¯‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w. F-¶‑mÂ‑, Xe-Ø‑m-\-s‑¯ ]‑pX‑n-b `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n\‑v‑, h‑mÀ-¯‑, h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-

c-\‑n-t‑et‑¡‑m t‑{‑]-£-I-\‑n-t‑et‑¡‑m F-¯‑n-¡-‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑m-[‑y-a‑w F-¶ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑nÃ‑m¯ Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n \-t‑c-{‑µ t‑a‑m-Z‑n A-[‑n-I‑m-ct‑a-ä t‑i-j‑w X-e-Ø‑m-\-s‑¯ a‑m-[‑y-a-t‑e‑m-I‑w t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ k-½À-±‑w s‑N-e‑pXÃ. X-\‑n-¡‑v ]-d-t‑b-ïX‑v P-\-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v t‑\-c‑n-«‑v ]-d-b‑m³ k‑ma‑q-l‑y I‑q-«‑m-b‑va s‑s‑k-ä-‑pI-s‑fb‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-s‑bb‑p‑w C-{‑X I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b t‑\X‑mh‑p‑w C-´‑y-b‑n-e-‑pï-‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ. X-\‑n¡‑p‑w P-\-§Ä¡‑p‑w C-Sb‑n-e‑pï-‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-s‑\ \-t‑c-{‑µ t‑a‑m-Z‑n H‑mc-t‑¯-¡‑v a‑m-ä‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. S‑z‑n-äd‑p‑w t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑p‑w HIvtSm_À 2014

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tamZn ]{Xhmb\bnð

K‑q-K‑nÄ ¹-k‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w P-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-h-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å a‑mÀ-¤-a‑m-¡‑n c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n a‑m-ä‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑PÀ-W-e‑nÌ‑v A-{‑]-k-à-\‑m-I‑p-I-b‑m-t‑W‑m? t‑a‑m-Z‑n N‑p-a-X-et‑b-ä t‑i-j-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Å C‑u a‑m-ä-§Ä C-X‑p h-s‑c a‑p³-\‑n-c a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä h‑n-aÀ-i-\-]-c-a‑m-b NÀ-¨b‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑nÃ. C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w t‑a‑m-Z‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑m-¸-a‑p-Å a-[‑p-h‑n-[‑p B-t‑L‑m-j-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-c a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä. s‑Nd‑n-b t‑X‑mX‑n s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑e NÀ-¨-b‑n H-X‑p-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p C‑u h‑n-jb‑w. k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-Z‑n-\-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-a‑m-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-k‑w-K‑w {‑] [‑m-\ h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-«-¯‑n h-c‑p-¶ H-¶‑p a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. F-¶‑mÂ‑, \-t‑c-{‑µ t‑a‑m-Z‑n- {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b t‑i-j-a‑p-Å s‑N-t‑¦‑m-«b‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å B-Z‑y-s‑¯ {‑]-k‑w-K‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑y I‑q«‑mb‑v-a s‑s‑k-ä‑p-IÄ B-t‑L‑m-j‑n¨‑p. H-¸‑w‑, a‑p-J-‑y[‑m-c a‑m-[‑y-a§-f‑p‑w. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S H‑m-^‑o-k‑n-s‑â H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I s‑hº‑v s‑s‑k-ä-‑p‑w t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S S‑z‑n-ä-d‑n-s‑e A-¡‑uï-‑p-I-f‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w {‑]-k‑w-K‑w {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p¶‑n \‑n¶‑p. A-X‑n³ t‑a-e‑p-Å A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§f‑p‑w NÀ-¨-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n c‑w-K‑w s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑n¡‑p-¶X‑n t‑a‑m-Z‑n h‑n-P-b‑n-¨-‑p-s‑h-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m‑w. F-g‑p-X‑n-X-¿‑md‑m-¡‑m-¯ {‑]-k‑w-K‑w‑, {‑]k‑w-K ]‑oT-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-¶‑n-s‑e _‑pÅä‑v {‑]‑q-^‑v Ih-N‑w H-g‑n-h‑m-¡Â... X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-s‑bÃ‑m‑w X-s‑¶ t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n "s‑{‑S³U‑v‑' s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-s‑h-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m‑w.

A-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑S UÂ-l‑n-b‑n t‑I-c-f ]‑pe-bÀ a-l‑m-k-`-b‑p-s‑S B-`‑n-a‑p-J‑y-¯‑n k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-¨ A-¿-¦‑m-f‑n P³-a-Z‑n-\‑m-t‑L‑m-j ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑n {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑p¶‑p. NS§‑v Ig‑n-ª‑v \‑n-a‑n-j-§Ä-¡‑pÅ‑n X-s‑¶ t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-If‑n-s‑eÃ‑m‑w AX‑v \‑n-d-ª‑p-\‑n-¶‑p. {‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-k-à`‑m-K§Ä‑, A-¿-¦‑m-f‑n-s‑b I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å I‑p-s‑d \à h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ F-¶‑n-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w B t‑]‑m-Ì-‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n HIvtSm_À 2014

D-½³ N‑m-ï‑n t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-a‑mb‑n s‑d-b‑v-k‑o-\‑m I‑p-¶‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e k‑u¯‑v t‑»‑m-¡‑n I‑q-S‑n-¡‑m-g‑v-¨ \S-¯‑n ]‑p-d-¯‑nd-§‑n a‑n-\‑n-«‑pIÄ¡-I‑w t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-b‑p‑w H-c‑p A-S‑n-¡‑p-d‑n¸‑p‑w k-l‑n-X‑w h‑n-hc§Ä K‑q-K‑n-f‑ne‑p‑w t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n-e‑p‑w e-`‑y-a‑m-b‑n. D-¨-¡‑p-Å h‑mÀ-¯t‑¡‑m c‑m-h‑n-s‑e C-d-§‑p-¶ ]-{‑X-¯‑n-t‑\‑m t‑hï-‑n I‑m-¯‑n-c‑n-t‑¡ï--X‑nÃ. h‑mÀ-¯ P-\-¯‑n-\-‑v a‑p-¶‑n-s‑e-¯‑n Ig‑n-ª‑p. c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-k‑w-K‑w‑, A-t‑±-l¯‑n-s‑â N‑n´-IÄ FÃ‑m‑w X-s‑¶ a‑p³-\‑n-cb‑n C-c‑p-¶‑p t‑IÄ-¡‑m-\‑p‑w I‑m-W‑m-\‑p‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑mc-\‑v k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

A-t‑¸‑mÄ ]‑n-s‑¶ a‑p-J‑y[‑m-c a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S B-h-i‑y-s‑a-´‑v? a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f C§-s‑\ AI-ä‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑p¶-X‑v H-c‑p P-\‑m[‑n]-X‑y `-c-W-¯‑n \Ã-X-s‑Ã-¶ A-S-¡‑w ]-d-¨‑n-e‑p-IÄ ]-e t‑I‑m-W‑n \‑n-¶‑p-a‑p-b-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑]‑m-X‑p-X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-s‑â N‑q-S‑n-t‑e-¡‑v c‑mP‑y‑w \‑o-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ I‑m-eL-«‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑p-I. a‑pJ‑y[‑m-c a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S H‑m-a-\-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p- \-t‑c{‑µ t‑a‑mZ‑n. t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑b‑m-K-§Ä X-Õa-b‑w I-hÀ s‑Nb‑v-X N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w t‑k‑m-W-‑n-b-b‑p-s‑St‑b‑m c‑ml‑p K‑m-Ô‑n-b‑p-s‑St‑b‑m ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-IÄ-¡‑v t‑hï-{‑X {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑nÃ. DÄ-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-s‑e s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑b‑mK§f‑ps‑S "s‑s‑e-h‑v ^‑o-U‑v' N‑m-\-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑v t‑\-c‑n-«‑v \Â-I‑n t‑a‑m-Z‑nb‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â a‑o-U‑n-b‑m a‑m-t‑\-PÀ-a‑m-c‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f a‑p-X-s‑e-S‑p-¯‑p. C-X‑n-s‑e k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I hi‑w B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ N‑m-\-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑v e‑m-`-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. H._‑n h‑m\‑p‑w aä‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â s‑N-e-h‑v, X-X‑vk-a-b k‑w-t‑{‑]-£W-¯‑n-\‑v t‑hï k‑m-ä-s‑s‑e-ä‑v s‑Ne-h‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-s‑bÃ‑m‑w Hg‑n-h‑m-¡‑m‑w. H-c‑p s‑N-e-h‑p-a‑nÃ‑m-s‑X X-s‑¶ `‑m-h‑nb‑n {‑]-[‑m-\a-{‑´‑n-b‑mI‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ h‑y-à‑n-s‑b k-t‑´‑m-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w ]-ä‑p-¶‑p.

3U‑n t‑l‑m-t‑f‑m-{‑K‑m-a‑n {‑]-k‑wK-§Ä {‑K‑m-a-§-f‑n F-¯‑n-

(11) ¨‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å ]-c‑o£W‑w t‑a‑m-Z‑n-¡‑v t‑\-S‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p-¯ {‑K‑ma‑o-W t‑h‑m-«‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S IW-¡‑v B-c‑p-s‑a-S‑p-¯‑nÃ. A-h‑ns‑S ]‑mÀ-«‑n-s‑b-¶ C-S\‑n-e CÃ‑m-s‑X k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑S k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S t‑a‑m-Z‑n t‑\-c‑n-«‑v P-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-k‑m-c‑n¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. _‑n.s‑P.]‑n-s‑b-¶ ]‑mÀ-«‑n-¡‑v F-{‑X-t‑¯‑mf‑w ]-¦‑pï-‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-N‑m-c-W¯‑n F-¶-X‑v At‑\‑z-j-W h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-t‑¡ï--X‑m-W‑v. I‑mc-W‑w a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f s‑s‑I-I‑mc‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I k‑w-L‑w X-s‑¶-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p t‑a‑m-Z‑n¡‑v. A-¯-c¯‑n a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑m-W‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑nÂ- Ib-d‑n Z‑n-h-k-§Ä-¡‑pÅ‑n a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f a‑m-ä‑n-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-b-X‑v. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S H‑m-^‑o-k‑n a‑m-[‑y-a D-]-t‑Z-i-I-\‑nÃ.

A-§-s‑\‑m-c‑p X-k‑vX‑n-I A-S‑p-¯ I‑me¯‑p h-¶-X‑m-s‑W-

¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑c k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑m-f‑w A-s‑X‑mc‑p B-i‑z‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z-k-\‑o-b-X Dd-¸‑p h-c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑nt‑\‑m ]‑n.F‑w.H-h‑n-s‑e h‑nhc-§Ä A-d‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\‑m H-c‑m-s‑f _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑m a-X‑n-b‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p. C-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, B-s‑I-b-‑pÅ-X‑v H-c‑p ]‑n.BÀ.H a‑m-{‑X-a‑mW‑v.

K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v ]‑n.BÀ.U‑nb‑n \‑n-¶‑p h‑n-c-a‑n-¨ P-K-Z‑o-j‑v S-¡À.

C‑u a‑p³ kÀ¡‑mÀ D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-\‑n \‑n-¶‑v ]-{‑X-¡‑p-d‑n-¸‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\-¸‑p-d‑w H-¶‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v {‑]-X‑o-£‑n¡ï.

A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ s‑S-e‑n-t‑^‑m-W‑nt‑e‑m s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ t‑^‑m-W‑nt‑e‑m e-`‑n-¡‑p¶-hÀ C-¶‑v UÂ-l‑n-b‑n-s‑e `‑m-K‑y-h‑m³-a‑m-c‑p-s‑S I‑q-«¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v.

A-bÂ-c‑m-P‑ya‑m-b `‑q-«‑m-\‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑ps‑S B-Z‑y-s‑¯ h‑n-t‑Z-i-b‑m-{‑Xb‑n H-¸-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶-X‑v H‑u-

s‑]‑m-X‑p-X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-s‑â N‑q-S‑n-t‑e-¡‑v c‑mP‑y‑w \‑o-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ I‑m-eL-«‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑p-I. a‑p-J‑y[‑m-c a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S H‑m-a-\-b‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p- \-t‑c{‑µ t‑a‑mZ‑n. t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑b‑m-K-§Ä X-Õab‑w I-hÀ s‑Nb‑v-X N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w t‑k‑mW-‑n-b-b‑p-s‑St‑b‑m c‑ml‑p K‑m-Ô‑n-b‑p-s‑St‑b‑m ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-IÄ-¡‑v t‑hï-{‑X {‑]‑m-[‑m\‑y‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑nÃ. DÄ-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-s‑e s‑]‑m-X‑pt‑b‑mK§-f‑ps‑S "s‑s‑e-h‑v ^‑o-U‑v' N‑m-\-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑v t‑\-c‑n-«‑v \Â-I‑n t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â a‑o-U‑n-b‑m a‑m-t‑\-PÀ-a‑m-c‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a§s‑f a‑p-X-s‑e-S‑p-¯‑p. v

XncsªSp¸pImes¯ tamUnbpsS tkmjyð aoUnb {Km^v: anâv ]{Xw X¿mdm¡nbXv.

HIvtSm_À 2014

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tamZnbpsS HutZymKnI sh_vt]Pv

t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I h‑mÀ-¯‑m G-P³-k‑n-IÄ a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. Z‑q-c-ZÀ-i-\‑p‑w F.s‑F.Bd‑p‑w ]‑n.S‑n.s‑F-b‑p‑w. k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n 30 a‑p-J‑y[‑mc a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ¡‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-a‑m-\¯‑n k‑o-ä‑p e-`‑n-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. H-c‑p h‑n-t‑Z-i-b‑m-{‑X-b‑p-s‑S k‑p-J-s‑¯-¡‑m-f‑p]-c‑n {‑][‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b-S-¡-a‑p-Å D-¶-X-c‑p-a‑mb‑p‑w D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-c‑p-a‑m-b‑p‑w _-Ô‑w Ø‑m-]‑n¡‑m³ ]-ä‑p-¶ H-c-h-k-c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-h-s‑bÃ‑m‑w. e‑m _-lZ‑qÀ i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑n {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ I‑m-e‑w a‑p-X X‑p-S-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p c‑o-X‑nb‑m-W‑v t‑a‑m-Z‑n \‑nÀ-¯-e‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. A-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑nb‑ps‑S P-¸‑m³ k-µÀ-i-\‑w a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-c-a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑n N‑ne-X‑v k‑z-´‑w s‑N-e-h‑n t‑]‑m-b‑m-W‑v I-hÀ s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v. a-S-¡-b‑m-{‑X-b‑n k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-a‑m-\¯‑n "H‑m¬ t‑_‑mÀ-U‑v {‑_‑o-^‑n‑w-K‑v' D-ï‑m-I‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-À-¡‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑p-hÀ-®‑m-h-k-c-a‑m-W‑nHIvtSm_À 2014

X‑v. h‑n-a‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑e s‑N-d‑n-b I‑y‑m-_‑n\‑n H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-X H-«‑pa‑nÃ‑ms‑X s‑X‑m-«‑p-a‑p¶‑n c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n. F-´‑p‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑p-¶ A-h-k-c‑w. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S s‑Nd‑p k‑w-L-h‑p‑w. b‑p-.]‑n.F kÀ-¡‑m-À P-\-§f‑n \‑n-¶-I-¶-X‑n-\‑v {‑]-[‑m-\I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-W‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v t‑\-X‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S ]-c‑n-a‑nXa‑m-b a‑m[‑y-a _-Ô-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ a³-t‑a‑m-l³ k‑n‑w-K‑p‑w t‑k‑m-W‑n-b‑m K‑m-Ô‑nb‑p‑w c‑m-l‑pe‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f Iï-X‑v h‑n-c-e‑ns‑e®‑m-h‑p-¶ {‑]‑m-h-i-‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v k-a-b-¯‑v c‑ml‑p K‑m-Ô‑n \-S-¯‑n-b BZ‑ys‑¯ N‑m\ A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑w ]-c‑m-P-b-s‑¸S‑p-I I‑q-S‑n s‑N-b‑v-Xt‑X‑m-s‑S b‑p.]‑n.F-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-[‑n F-g‑p-X-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑m-I-s‑« A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑nt‑ed‑n-b t‑i-j‑w C-X‑ph-s‑c H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a-k-t‑½f-\‑w h‑n-f‑n-¨‑n-«‑nÃ. ]‑mÀ-e-

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s‑a-ï‑v k-t‑½f-\‑w X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v ]-X‑n-h‑p-Å H-t‑¶‑m ct‑ï‑m h-c‑n-IÄ A-h‑n-s‑S I‑q-S‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S a‑p¶‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶-XÃ‑ms‑X‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S t‑N‑m-Z‑y-¯‑n-\‑v A-t‑±-l‑w \‑n-¶‑p s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑n-«‑nÃ. C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å I‑q-S‑n-¡‑mg‑v-¨-IÄ-¡‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I ]-{‑X-¡‑p-d‑n-¸‑n\‑p‑w A-¸‑p-d-¯‑p-Å t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-¿-e‑n-\‑v h‑n-t‑[-b‑m-\‑m-I‑m-\‑p-Å t‑a‑mZ‑n-¡‑p-Å a-S‑n‑, C-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, a-{‑´‑n-a‑m-c‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-c‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w ]-SÀ-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f F-¶‑p‑w I‑m-t‑W-ïX‑n-s‑Ã-¶ k-t‑µ-i‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-a{‑´‑n X-s‑¶ \Â-I‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-X‑v a-d‑n-I-S¡‑m³ Bc‑p‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-h‑nÃ-t‑Ã‑m. ]-{‑X‑w h‑m-b-‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v \‑nÀ-¯‑n-s‑b-¶‑v F-s‑â `‑m-c‑y B-Z‑y‑w ]-d-ª-t‑¸‑mÄ X-a‑m-i-b‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v I-ïX‑v. t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S S‑z‑näÀ A-¡‑u-ï‑n t‑]‑mb‑m FÃ‑m h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. A-h‑ns‑S \‑n-¶‑m-W-t‑Ã‑m \‑n-§Ä-¡‑p‑w h‑n-hc-§Ä e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v

A-hÄ ]-d-ª-t‑¸‑mÄ X‑oÀ¯‑p‑w s‑R«‑n. C-S-\‑n-e-¡‑m-s‑c BÀ¡‑v t‑h-W-s‑a-¶ A-hk‑m-\ h‑mN-I‑w A-h-k‑m-\-s‑¯ B-W‑nb‑m-b‑n t‑X‑m-¶‑n.

P-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n a‑n-\‑n-«‑p-IÄ s‑h¨‑v t‑a‑m-Z‑n t‑\-c‑n-«‑p _-Ô‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑m-W‑v k-X‑y‑w. t‑a‑m-Z‑n a‑n-I-¨ "I-½‑y‑qW‑n-t‑¡-äÀ' B-W‑v. ]s‑£‑, A-X‑v t‑a‑m-Z‑n \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑y-hØ-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑mW‑v. A-h-‑n-s‑S a‑m-[‑y-a-s‑a-¶ a-[‑y-hÀ-¯‑n-b‑nÃ. C-h‑n-s‑S H-c‑p I‑mc‑y‑w {‑i-t‑²-b-a‑mW‑v. X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p-¡-s‑¸-« t‑PÀ-W-e‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ-¡‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n ]‑n.F‑w.

Hh‑n \‑nt‑¶‑m a-{‑´‑n-a‑m-c‑n \‑nt‑¶‑m h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ e-`‑n-¡‑p¶‑n-s‑Ã-¶-X‑m-W‑v. h‑mÀ-¯-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S BÀ-¯‑n A-d‑n-b‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑v, A-X‑n-\‑v I-W-¡‑m-¡‑n N‑n-{‑X-§f‑p‑w h‑o-U‑n-t‑b‑m-h‑p‑w I‑p-d‑n-¸‑p-I-f‑p‑w e-`-‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑mÀ-¯ \‑n-b{‑´‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶‑p. {‑]-a‑m-W-a‑m-b‑n H¶‑p‑w ]-d-b‑m-s‑X X-s‑¶ h‑n-hHIvtSm_À 2014

(14) c-§Ä \Â-I‑p-I-s‑b-¶ X-{‑´-a‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. \-t‑c-{‑µ t‑a‑mZ‑n {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n N‑p-a-X-e-t‑b-ä-X‑n-s‑\ X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S H‑m-^‑o-k‑n-s‑â s‑h-º‑v s‑s‑k-ä‑v ]‑p-X‑p-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. "b‑q-kÀ {‑^-ï‑v-e‑n‑' -B-¡‑n a‑mä‑n-b s‑s‑kä‑n h‑n-h-c‑m-h-I‑m-i-¯‑n\‑p‑w k‑p-X‑m-c‑y-X-¡‑p‑w t‑h-ï‑n {‑]-t‑X‑yI h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n. kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n¨‑p‑w `-c-W-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-a‑p-Å h‑n-hc-§Ä t‑\-c‑n-«‑v P-\-§-f‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¡‑p-I X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p e-£‑y‑w. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S k-t‑µ-i‑w bp.Fknse amUnk¬ kvIzbÀ KmÀU\nð tamUn {]kwKn¡póp

HIvtSm_À 2014

F-¶ h‑n-`‑m-K¯‑n kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â D-t‑±-i‑w I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n t‑a‑m-Z‑n h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. ""\‑n-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑\-c‑n-«‑v _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p-Å a‑m-[‑y-a-s‑a-¶ \‑n-eb‑n C‑u s‑h-º‑v s‑s‑k-ä‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸«-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v R‑m³ I-c‑p-X‑p-¶‑p. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑p-Å P-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-h-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-I h‑n-Z‑y-¡‑p‑w t‑k‑mj‑y a‑o-U‑nb-¡‑p-a‑pÅ i-à‑nb‑n h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑y-à‑n-b‑m-W‑v R‑m³. t‑IÄ-¡‑m\‑p‑w ]T‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w h‑o-£W-§Ä ]-¦‑p-s‑h-¡‑m\‑p‑w C‑u k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w k‑m-l-N-c‑y-s‑a‑mc‑p¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-

(15) ¶‑p‑''.þt‑a‑m-Z‑n I‑p-d‑n¨‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-§-s‑f H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶ k-t‑µ-ia‑m-t‑W‑m t‑\-c‑n-«‑v _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑p-s‑a¶-X‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑p B-Z‑y Z‑nh-k‑w X-s‑¶ t‑a‑m-Z‑n D-t‑±-i‑n-¨-X‑v?

A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â C-S-\‑m-g‑nb‑n \‑n¶‑v a‑m-[‑y-a a-‑p-X-e‑mf‑n-a‑m-s‑c A-I-ä‑n-\‑nÀ-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w [‑mÀ-½‑n-I-X-b‑nÃ‑m-¯ a‑m-[‑y-a{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑c \‑n-c‑p-Õ‑m-l-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§-s‑f s‑]‑m-X‑ph‑n ]‑mÀ-i‑z-h-X‑v-¡-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w X½‑n hf-s‑c h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-a‑p-ï‑v. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑n-\‑v

k‑z-X-{‑´-a‑m-b a‑m-[‑ya-§Ä B-h-i‑y-a‑mW‑v. k‑m-a‑q-l‑y I‑q-«‑mb‑v-a-s‑b-¶ Bi-b‑w \Ã-X‑m-W‑v. ]-s‑£‑, A-X‑n-s‑â k‑z‑m[‑o-\ t‑a-J-e ]-c‑n-a‑n-X-a‑mW‑v. c‑m-P-‑y-s‑¯ F-Ã‑m P-\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w S‑z‑n-äÀ A-¡‑u-ï‑nÃ. K‑q-K‑nÄ ¹-k‑p‑w t‑^-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑p‑w D-Å-hc‑p‑w I‑pd-h‑m-W‑v. kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â \-b-§Ä h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K‑w P-\§f‑n F-¯‑n-¡‑m-³ "a‑m-k‑v a‑o-U‑n-b' X-s‑¶ t‑h-W‑w. kÀ¡‑m-c‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å {‑]-N‑mc-W‑w i-à-a‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑n-I-¨ H-c‑p k‑w-h‑m-Z-I-s‑\b‑p‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑mW‑v‑, "a‑o-U‑nb-s‑b a‑m-t‑\P‑v‑' s‑N-¿‑m³.

X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v {‑]-N‑m-c-W-§f‑n a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f t‑a‑m-Z‑n h‑naÀ-i‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. X-\‑n-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c- h-¶‑n-«-‑p-Å h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ s‑h«‑n-s‑b-S‑p¯‑m H-c‑p a‑p-d‑n \‑n-d-b‑p-s‑a-¶‑v I-f‑n-b‑m-¡‑n. ]s‑£‑, ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑p‑w a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-c a‑m-[‑y-a-§-s‑f A-t‑±-l‑w X-Å‑n-¡-fb‑nÃ. C-S‑p-¶ t‑h-j¯‑n t‑]‑me‑p‑w H-c‑p k-t‑µ-i‑w H-f‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p s‑h-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n‑, X‑m³ s‑h-«‑n-s‑¯-f‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑mÀ-¤-¯‑ne‑q-s‑S a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f s‑I‑m-ï‑p t‑]‑m-h‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. t‑a‑m-Z‑n F-¶ {‑_‑m-â‑v {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï FÃ‑m t‑I‑m-¸‑p‑w \-t‑c-{‑µt‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-h-i-a‑p-ï‑v. k-_À-a-X‑n \-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S X‑o-c¯‑p‑w K‑m-Ô‑n-b‑ps‑S B-{‑i-a¯‑n-e‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f a-b-¡‑m-\‑p-Å I-g‑n-h‑v I-g‑n-ª Z‑nhk‑w t‑a‑m-Z‑n {‑]-I-S-a‑m-¡‑n. s‑s‑N-\-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-k‑n-U-ï‑n-s‑\‑m-¸-a‑p-Å a‑q-¶‑p a-W‑n-¡‑qÀ I‑m-g‑v-¨-h‑n-c‑p-¶‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ A-X‑n-s‑â ]‑n-d-s‑I I‑q-S‑m-¯ G-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-a‑m-W‑v C-´‑y-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶X‑v. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-s‑b-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n X-s‑â ]‑n-d-s‑I I‑q-S‑p-I-bÃ‑ms‑X a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑v a-ä‑v a‑mÀ-¤-a‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v t‑a‑m-Z‑n-¡‑v A-d‑n-b‑m‑w.

B-t‑c‑m-S‑v, F-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, F§-s‑\ k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v t‑a‑m-Z‑n X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p‑w. B ]-«‑n-Ib‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w. ]-s‑£‑, C‑u h¬þs‑h k‑w-`‑m-j-W¯‑n H-c‑p A-]-IS-a‑p-ï‑v. A-k-l-\‑o-ba‑m-b \‑n-i-Ð-X FÃ‑m-X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä¡‑p‑w s‑Xä‑m-b h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-cW§Ä¡‑p‑w h-g‑ns‑h-¡‑p‑w. A-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑S \-S-¶ D-]-X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n D-¯À-{‑]t‑Zi‑n hÀ¤‑o-b t‑N-c‑n-¯‑n-c‑n-h‑n-\‑v k‑w-L-]-c‑nh‑mÀ k‑w-LS‑n-X {‑i-a‑w \-S-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S a‑u-\‑w NÀ-¨-b‑mb‑n-c‑p¶‑p. k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y Z‑n-\ k-t‑µ-i¯‑n h‑nI-k-\-¯‑n-\‑mb‑n A-S‑p-¯ ]-¯‑p s‑I‑mÃ-t‑¯-¡‑v FÃ‑m X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-a‑p-Å G-ä‑p-a‑p«e‑p‑w k‑w-LÀ-j-§f‑p‑w H-g‑n-h‑m¡‑m³ B-l‑z‑m-\‑w s‑N-b‑v-X h‑yà‑n-b‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n.

H-c‑p ]s‑£‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-§-t‑f‑m-S‑p-Å t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S A-IÂ-¨‑, K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ I‑m-e‑w a‑p-X-e‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v.

2002þs‑e K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v I-e‑m-]-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑p-Å h‑mÀ¯-IÄ a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑n \‑n-¶I-e‑w ]‑m-e‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-I‑m‑w. I-e‑m-]‑w X-S-b‑p-¶-X‑n a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑ns‑b-¶ \‑n-eb‑n t‑a‑m-Z‑n ]-c‑m-P-b-s‑¸-«‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑n-\‑v F-X‑n-c-`‑n{‑]‑m-b‑w D-ï‑mI‑m³ h-g‑n-b‑nÃ. A-s‑X-k-ab‑w‑, c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ H-c‑p t‑I‑m-S-X‑nb‑p‑w t‑a‑m-Z‑n-s‑b I‑p-ä-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-a‑n-Ã. K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v a‑p-X-e‑p-Å F-X‑nÀ-¸‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w ]‑pX‑n-b c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v A-t‑±l-s‑¯ \-b‑n-¨-X‑v. a‑u-\‑w F-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w \-Ã-X‑n-\‑m-I‑nÃ. {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v C-´‑y t‑]‑m-s‑e‑m-c‑p P-\‑m-[‑n]-X‑y c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n¡‑v. A-©‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w C-\‑n-b‑p-s‑a‑m-c‑p s‑]‑m-X‑p-X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-\‑v _‑m-¡‑n \‑nÂs‑¡‑, t‑a‑m-Z‑n a‑m-d‑p-t‑a‑m‑, A-t‑X‑m‑, ]-‑pX‑n-b c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-[‑ya-§Ä s‑]‑m-c‑p-¯-s‑¸-S‑pt‑a‑m F-¶‑m-W‑v A-d‑n-t‑b-ï-X‑v. teJI³ amXr`qanbpsS sUðln _yqtdmbnð kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâmWv. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: basanth67@gmail.com

HIvtSm_À 2014

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C.]n.jmPpZo³

t]mt«mam¡nse {]mhvZ

HIvtSm_À 2014

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‑HcpIme¯v sUtam{Imäv ]mÀ«nsb AfhnÃmsX ]n´pW¨ hmjnwKvS¬ t]mkväv ]n¶oSv Atacn¡³ kÀ¡mcnsâ HutZymKnI \b§sf ]n´pWbv¡p¶XmWp IïXv. CtXmsSm¸w Atacn¡bn \nÀWmbI kzm[o\apÅ ]{Xambpw AXp hfÀ¶p. kÀ¡mcn\p ]eImcy§fnepw Znimt_m[w \ÂIp¶ ZuXyw IqSn GsäSp¯tXmsS tkmhyäv IayqWnkväv ]mÀ«nbpsS apJ]{Xamb {]mhvZbpsS t]cv t]mkvänsâ hnfnt¸cmbn amdnþt]mt«mam¡nse {]mhvZ!

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t‑«‑ma‑mI‑v k‑m[‑mcW \Z‑nbÃ. AX‑ns‑â X‑oc¯‑mW‑v t‑e‑mIs‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w ià\‑mb a\‑pj‑ys‑â h‑mkh‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯\h‑p‑w. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ \Kc ¯‑ns‑â a[‑y¯‑ne‑qs‑S Hg‑pI‑p¶ \Z‑n t‑e‑mIKX‑ns‑b a‑mä‑n ad‑n¨ At‑\I‑w X‑oc‑pa‑m\§f‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w Iï‑p. Nc‑n{‑X‑w X‑nc‑p¯‑nb h‑mÀ¯IÄ Xs‑â N‑mt‑c Dc‑p¯‑nc‑nªt‑¸‑mÄ t‑e‑mIs‑¯ A-X‑niàa‑mb Hc‑p ]{‑Xh‑p‑w AX‑ns‑â Icb‑n ]SÀ¶‑p ]´e‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑pþh‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v. t‑e‑mI¯‑v h‑mb\¡‑mÀ¡‑nSb‑ne‑p‑w `cW‑m[‑nI‑mc‑nIÄ¡‑nS b‑ne‑p‑w Ht‑c t‑]‑ms‑e k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w t‑\S‑nb t‑hs‑d A[‑nI‑w ]{‑Xs‑a‑m¶‑pa‑nÃ. ]{‑X‑w Xs‑¶ h‑mÀ¯b‑mI‑p¶X‑v Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w k‑w`h‑n¡‑p¶XÃ. F¶‑mÂ‑, t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v AS‑p¯‑ns‑S h‑mÀ¯b‑mb‑n. F¬]X‑p hÀja‑mb‑n h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSt‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â `cWk‑mcY‑y‑w hl‑n¨‑nc‑p¶ {‑Kl‑m‑w {‑K‑q¸‑v AX‑v h‑nä‑p. CâÀs‑\ä‑v `‑oa\‑mb Bat‑k‑mW‑ns‑â DSa s‑P{‑^‑n ]‑n. s‑_t‑k‑mk‑v 25 t‑I‑mS‑n t‑U‑mfd‑n\‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑\ k‑z´a‑m¡‑nbX‑v Ig‑nªhÀj‑w HI‑vt‑S‑m_d‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

C¡g‑nª a‑mk‑w t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â ]»‑njÀ I‑mXd‑n³ s‑hb‑va‑u¯‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â ]S‑nb‑nd§‑n. {‑Kl‑m‑w I‑pS‑p‑w_¯‑ns‑â Ahk‑m\ I®‑nb‑p‑w A§s‑\ X§f‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nX¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑nt‑\‑mS‑p h‑nS]dª‑p.

Z‑pÀLSa‑mb Ahkc§f‑n h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑\ a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p \b‑n¨ t‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v {‑Kl‑m‑w At‑¸‑mÄ h‑n{‑ia P‑oh‑nX‑w \b‑n¨‑v h‑o«‑ne‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Hc‑p he‑nb ]‑mc¼c‑y¯‑ns‑â Ahk‑m\ I®‑nb‑mb‑n s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑p‑w I‑mXd‑n\‑p‑w a‑md‑n. B ]‑mc¼c‑y¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w \a‑p¡‑p I‑m«‑n¯c‑p¶X‑v t‑e‑mI ]{‑XNc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w k‑phÀ® \‑na‑nj§Ä Iï Hc‑p ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â IYb‑mW‑v.

At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e a‑nk‑ud‑nb‑n H¶‑pcï‑p ]{‑X§s‑f‑m s‑¡ \S¯‑n ]c‑nNba‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ k‑vä‑nÂk¬ l¨‑n³k‑n \‑v c‑mP‑yXek‑vY‑m\a‑mb h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑n Hc‑p ]{‑X‑w X‑pS§ Ws‑a¶‑p t‑X‑m¶‑nbX‑v 1876þe‑mW‑v. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑ns‑e¯‑nb l¨‑n³k‑v AS‑p¯hÀj‑w Xs‑¶ ]{‑X¯‑n\‑p X‑pS¡‑w I‑pd‑n¨‑p. U‑nk‑w_À Bd‑n\‑p ]{‑X‑w ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Bb‑nc‑w t‑I‑m¸‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p {‑]X‑nZ‑n\ {‑]N‑mc‑w. l¨‑n³k‑n\‑v ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â e£‑ys‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑p \à t‑_‑m[a‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑pþ s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑mä‑nI‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n¡‑v X‑pWb‑mI‑pI. C‑u kab¯‑mW‑v h‑nh‑mZa‑mb Hc‑p At‑ac‑n¡³ {‑]k‑n Uâ‑v s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¸‑v \S¡‑p¶X‑v. t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑ns‑â Hc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yI I½‑nä‑nb‑ps‑S X‑oc‑pa‑m\{‑]I‑mc‑w d‑n¸»‑n¡\‑mb dYÀt‑^‑mÀU‑v _‑n. s‑ls‑bk‑v {‑]k‑nUâ‑mb‑n s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¡ s‑¸«‑p. ]‑pd¯‑mbX‑v s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑mä‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n¡‑mc\‑mb k‑ma‑ph s‑Sb‑nÂU³. s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑mä‑pI‑mc\‑mb l¨‑n³k‑v ]‑ns‑¶ AS§‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. d‑n¸»‑n¡·‑mÀs‑¡X‑nt‑c

BªS‑n¡‑m³ At‑±l‑w t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â X‑mf‑pIs‑f D]t‑b‑mK‑n ¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑p¶‑p. s‑ls‑bk‑v {‑]k‑nUâ‑ms‑W¶‑v A‑wK‑oIc‑n ¡‑m³ l¨‑n³k‑v X¿‑md‑mbt‑Xb‑nÃ‑, At‑±ls‑¯ Hc‑n¡Â t‑]‑me‑p‑w ]{‑X¯‑n {‑]k‑nUâ‑v F¶‑p h‑nt‑ij‑n¸‑n¨X‑pa‑nÃ.

X‑pS¡¯‑nt‑eb‑pÅ Dd¨ \‑ne]‑mS‑v ]{‑Xs‑¯ hfs‑cb[‑nI‑w {‑it‑²ba‑m¡‑n. HähÀj‑w s‑I‑mï‑v {‑]N‑mc‑w 6000 t‑I‑m¸‑nb‑m b‑n.

X‑pS§‑n a‑q¶‑m‑w hÀj‑w Xs‑¶ R‑mbd‑mg‑vNb‑p‑w {‑]k‑n²‑o IcW‑w X‑pS§‑n. A¡‑me¯‑v h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑n As‑X‑mc‑p h‑nt‑ija‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. A§s‑\ Ah‑ns‑S Gg‑pZ‑nhkh‑p‑w A¨S‑n¡‑p¶ ]{‑Xa‑mb‑n AX‑v. s‑]‑mX‑pt‑h k‑z‑oI‑mc‑yX h¶t‑X‑ms‑S l¨‑n³k‑v ]{‑Xs‑¯ s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑mä‑v A\‑p`‑mh‑n F¶ I‑pc‑p¡‑n \‑n¶g‑n¨‑v k‑zX{‑´ ]{‑Xs‑a¶ \‑neb‑nt‑e ¡‑v a‑mä‑ns‑bS‑p¯‑p. hfÀ¨b‑ps‑S \‑mf‑pIÄ¡‑nSb‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p A¡‑me¯‑v h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑ne‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ Z‑v d‑n¸»‑n¡³ \‑mjW F¶ ]{‑Xs‑¯ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v k‑z´a‑m¡‑nbX‑v.

137 hÀjs‑¯ Nc‑n{‑X¯‑n\‑nSb‑n Ht‑cs‑b‑mc‑p XhW k‑mb‑mÓ ]{‑X‑w \S¯‑nbX‑p‑w C‑u Ahkc¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

C§s‑\ hfÀ¶‑p hcs‑h s‑]s‑«s‑¶‑mc‑p Z‑nhk‑w l¨‑n³k‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑\ h‑nä‑p; At‑±l¯‑n\‑p t‑hs‑d N‑ne I‑mc‑y§Ä s‑N¿‑m\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n a‑p³ ]c‑nNba‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ {‑^‑m¦‑v l«\‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡³ P\{‑]X‑n\‑n[‑n k`b‑n A‑wKa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ s‑_d‑nb‑m h‑nÂI‑n³k‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v 1889þ 210‑,000 t‑U‑mfd‑n\‑mW‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v h‑m§‑nbX‑v. l«\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nbe‑ns‑â N‑paXe. C¡‑me¯‑mW‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â {‑]ik‑vXa‑mb I¼\‑nK‑m\‑w "Z‑v h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v a‑mÀ¨‑v‑' c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶X‑v. ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p ]c‑n]‑mS‑nb‑n AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ {‑]a‑pJ _‑m³U‑v e‑oUÀ Bb t‑P‑m^‑ne‑n]‑v Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p C‑u K‑m\‑w N‑n«s‑¸S‑p¯‑nbX‑v.

ChÀ Gs‑äS‑p¯‑v a‑q¶‑phÀj‑w s‑I‑mï‑v I¼\‑n hfÀ¶‑p.

1892 Bbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w e‑m`‑w Hc‑p hÀj‑w Hc‑p e£‑w t‑U‑mfÀ Ih‑nª‑p. R‑mbd‑mg‑vN 20‑,000 t‑I‑m¸‑nb‑p‑w aä‑p Z‑nhk§f‑n 16‑,000 t‑I‑m¸‑nb‑pa‑mb‑n {‑]N‑mc‑w. ]t‑£‑, Ig‑nª \‑qä‑mï‑ns‑â X‑pS¡a‑mbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w t‑]‑mk‑vä‑n\‑p X‑pSs‑c N‑ne X‑nc‑n¨S‑nIÄ t‑\c‑nt‑Sï‑nh¶‑p.

1903þ l«³ A{‑]X‑o£‑nXa‑mb‑n ac‑n¨‑p‑, I‑q«‑mf‑n t‑]‑mbt‑X‑ms‑S h‑nÂI‑n³k‑p‑w t‑c‑mK_‑m[‑nX\‑mb‑n h‑og‑m³ A[‑nI‑w s‑s‑hI‑nb‑nÃ. h‑nÂI‑n³k‑ns‑â aI³ ]{‑X‑w h‑nä‑p s‑s‑Is‑b‑mg‑nb‑m\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑n¨X‑v. k‑n³k‑n\‑mä‑n F³I‑zbdÀ F¶ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â DSab‑mb‑nc‑p¶ t‑P‑mBÀ. aI‑ve‑o³ Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]‑n¶‑oS‑v AX‑ns‑â DSa. h‑ne‑y‑w d‑m³t‑U‑mÄ^‑v s‑lg‑vk‑vä‑n a‑nIs‑¨‑mc‑p FU‑näs‑d Is‑ï¯‑nb aI‑ve‑o³ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â AeI‑p‑w ]‑nS‑nb‑p‑w HIvtSm_À 2014

(18) a‑mä‑n. A{‑XI‑me‑w t‑Zi‑ob c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¯‑n\‑p {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w \ÂI‑nb‑nc‑p¶ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v hfs‑c s‑]s‑«¶‑v ^‑o¨d‑pIf‑p‑w t‑I‑ma‑nI‑v k‑v{‑S‑n¸‑pIf‑p‑w k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ {‑i²‑n¡‑m³ X‑pS§‑n.

1916þ aI‑ve‑o³ acWaSb‑pIb‑p‑w At‑±l¯‑ns‑â aI³ FU‑z‑mÀU‑v ]{‑X‑w Gs‑äS‑p¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vXX‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑\ s‑I‑ms‑ï¯‑n¨X‑v AX‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X¯‑ns‑e BZ‑y h‑nh‑mZ¯‑nt‑e¡‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. FU‑z‑mÀU‑ns‑â X‑pS¡‑w {‑]X‑o£ \ÂI‑p¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]{‑X‑w s‑]s‑«¶‑p hfÀ¶‑p. R‑mbd‑mg‑vNs‑¯ {‑]N‑mc‑w 75‑,000 t‑I‑m¸‑n IS¶‑p.

1923þs‑e¯‑nbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w e‑m`‑w 376‑,612 t‑U‑mfd‑mb‑n hÀ[‑n¨‑p. P\§Ä¡‑nSb‑n k‑z‑m[‑o\a‑pÅ ]{‑X‑w

k‑vä‑nÂk¬ l¨‑n³k‑v

h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v BØm\aµncw

s‑s‑Ib‑ne‑pÅt‑¸‑mÄ A[‑nI‑mc t‑I{‑µ§f‑n ]‑nS‑na‑pd‑p¡‑m³ t‑X‑m¶‑pI k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p‑, A¡‑me¯‑p‑w.

At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e Câ‑oc‑nbÀ s‑k{‑I«d‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ BÂ_À«‑v _‑n. ^‑mÄ Ft‑U‑zÀU‑ns‑â DäN§‑mX‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p. BÂ_À«‑v BIs‑« Xs‑â A[‑nI‑mc‑w t‑hs‑d N‑ne hg‑n¡‑v X‑nc‑n¨‑p h‑nS‑p¶X‑n \‑n]‑pW\‑p‑w. F® J\\¯‑n\‑v t‑ee‑w \S¯‑ms‑X s‑s‑I¡‑qe‑n h‑m§‑n k‑vYe‑w h‑nä‑v BÂ_À«‑v I‑pS‑p§‑nbt‑¸‑mÄ FU‑z‑mÀU‑ns‑â t‑Zl¯‑p‑w s‑Nf‑n]‑pcï‑p. X‑pSÀ¶‑pÅ t‑I‑mf‑nf¡¯‑n Xs‑â

k‑m{‑a‑mP‑y‑w BS‑n Deb‑p¶X‑p XSb‑m³ FU‑z‑mÀU‑n\‑p Ig‑n ªt‑Xb‑nÃ. t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â k‑vY‑nX‑n I‑q¸‑pI‑p¯‑n. {‑]N‑mc‑w Ace£¯‑n\‑p X‑ms‑gs‑b¯‑n. GX‑m\‑p‑w hÀj‑w a‑p³]‑phs‑c At‑ac‑n¡³ Xek‑vY‑m\¯‑v \‑nÀ®‑mbI iI‑vX‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v ]‑m¸À lÀP‑n \ÂI‑n Gs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑pXe‑mf‑n Fs‑äS‑p¡‑p¶X‑p I‑m¯‑nc‑p¶‑p.

B a‑pXe‑mf‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p b‑qP‑n³ s‑abÀ. 1933 P‑qH¶‑n\‑p \S¶ h‑mi‑nt‑bd‑nb t‑ee¯‑n s‑abÀ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑\

HIvtSm_À 2014

(19)

k‑z´a‑m¡‑nbX‑v 825‑,000 t‑U‑mfd‑n\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSt‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â {‑Kl‑m‑w I‑pS‑p‑w_h‑mg‑vNb‑v¡‑v Ah‑ns‑S X‑pS¡a‑mb‑n. h‑nPb‑w hc‑n¨ _‑m¦d‑mb‑nc‑p¶ b‑qP‑n³ s‑abÀ¡‑v \à I\a‑pÅ I‑oib‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb h‑n`‑mK‑w a‑nIh‑päX‑m¡‑pI‑, Xs‑â CSs‑] S Dï‑mh‑nà F¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑abÀ BZ‑y‑w Xs‑¶ Xs‑â ]{‑X‑m[‑n]·‑mt‑c‑mS‑p ]dªX‑v. {‑]ik‑vXc‑mb ]e ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯Is‑cb‑p‑w s‑abÀ CX‑n\I‑w ]{‑X¯‑ns‑e¯‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑p.

At‑ac‑n¡s‑b k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑nSt‑¯‑mf‑w IS‑p¯ \‑mf‑pIf‑mb‑n

c‑p¶‑p Ah. k‑m¼¯‑nI a‑mµ‑y¯‑n \‑n¶‑p IcIbd‑m³ {‑]k‑nUâ‑v {‑^‑m¦‑vf‑n³ d‑qk‑vs‑hÂä‑ns‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑n IT‑n\ ]c‑n{‑ia‑w \S¡‑p¶ kab‑w. s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑mä‑nI‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n¡‑mc\‑mb {‑]k‑nUâ‑ns‑â {‑ia§Ä¡‑v Dd¨ d‑n¸»‑n¡\‑mb s‑abÀ iI‑vXa‑mb ]‑n´‑pW \ÂI‑n. h‑y‑mhk‑mb‑nI hfÀ¨b‑p‑w s‑X‑mg‑nehkc hÀ[\b‑p‑w e£‑ya‑n«‑v d‑qk‑vs‑hÂä‑v h‑n`‑mh\‑w s‑Nb‑vX \‑mjW d‑n¡hd‑n AU‑va‑n\‑nk‑vt‑{‑Sj\‑v s‑abd‑ns‑â AX‑niI‑vXa‑mb ]‑n´‑pWb‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. AU‑va‑n\‑nk‑vt‑{‑Sjs‑â N‑nÓa‑mb HIvtSm_À 2014

(20)

b‑qP‑n³ s‑abÀ

^‑ne‑n¸‑v {‑Kl‑mw

\‑oe Ig‑pIs‑â N‑n{‑X‑w ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â a‑mk‑vä‑vs‑lU‑n DÄs‑] S‑p¯‑m³ s‑abÀ¡‑v H«‑p‑w aS‑n t‑X‑m¶‑nb‑nÃ. s‑abÀ Gs‑äS‑p¯‑v BZ‑y A©‑phÀj‑w \j‑vS¯‑ns‑â \‑mf‑pIf‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. {‑]X‑nhÀj‑w ]¯‑p e£‑w t‑U‑mfd‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p \j‑vS‑w. aä‑mc‑ms‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w C«‑n«‑p t‑]‑mI‑p‑w. ]t‑£‑, s‑abÀ¡‑v s‑s‑Ib‑n ]Wa‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. At‑±l‑w ]‑nS‑n¨‑p \‑n¶‑p. 1938þ ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â {‑]N‑mc‑w Hc‑p e£‑w Ih‑nª‑p. ]Ws‑¸«‑n \‑ndª‑p X‑pS§‑n. cï‑m‑w t‑e‑mI b‑p²‑w h¶t‑¸‑mÄ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑n\‑p h‑mb\¡‑mc‑ps‑S F®‑w I‑qS‑n. At‑ac‑n¡³ X‑mX‑v]c‑y¯‑n\‑v H¯‑p \‑nÂI‑pI F¶ \‑ne]‑mS‑n \‑n¶‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v Hc‑n©‑p ]‑nt‑¶‑m«‑p t‑]‑mb‑nÃ. b‑p²‑w Ig‑nª‑v s‑X‑m«S‑p¯ hÀja‑mW‑v‑, 1946þÂ‑, s‑abÀ t‑e‑mI _‑m¦‑ns‑â BZ‑y {‑]k‑nUâ‑mb‑n \‑nba‑nX\‑mI‑p¶X‑v. {‑]k‑nUâ‑v l‑mc‑n Fk‑v. {‑S‑qa‑m³ s‑abs‑d B It‑kcb‑n £W‑n¨‑nc‑p¯‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. aIÄ I‑mXd‑ns‑\b‑p‑w ac‑paI³ ^‑ne‑n]‑v {‑Kl‑ma‑ns‑\b‑p‑w ]{‑X‑w GÂ]‑n¨‑n«‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p s‑abÀ ]‑pX‑nb Z‑uX‑yt‑as‑äS‑p¯X‑v. ]X‑ns‑b ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â \‑nb{‑´W‑w ^‑ne‑n¸‑v {‑Kl‑ma‑ns‑â s‑s‑Ib‑nt‑e¡‑v F¯‑ns‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w {‑][‑m\ X‑oc‑pa‑m\§Ä FS‑p¡‑m³ A[‑nI‑mcs‑¸S‑p¯‑nb A©‑wK ka‑nX‑n Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w P‑m{‑KXt‑b‑ms‑S ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â t‑]‑m¡‑v \‑nc‑o£‑n¨‑p s‑I‑mï‑nc‑p¶‑p. Gäh‑p‑w a‑p´‑nb FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb \‑neh‑mc‑w ]‑peÀ¯‑pI F¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ahc‑ps‑S Z‑uX‑y‑w. ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â hfÀ¨b‑ps‑S \‑mf‑pIf‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]‑n¶‑oS‑v.

N‑ne t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m k‑vt‑äj\‑pIf‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ k‑vt‑äj\‑p If‑p‑w ^‑n-e‑n¸‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â I‑og‑ne‑m¡‑n. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑n Gäh‑p‑w aÂkc‑w \S¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶ h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ s‑s‑S‑wk‑v þs‑ld‑mÄU‑v ]{‑Xs‑¯ k‑z´a‑m¡‑nbX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\‑w. At‑X‑ms‑S c‑mP‑y Xek‑vY‑m\¯‑v AhÀ¡‑v he‑nb FX‑nc‑mf‑nIf‑nÃ‑mX‑mb‑n. {‑it‑²ba‑mb‑nc‑p¶ \‑y‑qk‑v a‑mKk‑n³ \‑y‑qk‑v h‑o¡‑ns‑\ k‑z´a‑m¡‑nbX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p ^‑ne‑n¸‑ns‑â he‑nb t‑\«§f‑n s‑e‑m¶‑v. 1961þe‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑v. AS‑p¯ hÀj‑w Xs‑¶ Hc‑p h‑mÀ¯‑m GP³k‑n¡‑p‑w ^‑ne‑n¸‑v X‑pS¡a‑n«‑p. ]t‑£‑, I‑me‑w t‑]‑mI‑p¶X‑n\‑ns‑S ^‑ne‑n¸‑ns‑â at‑\‑m\‑ne Bs‑I X‑md‑pa‑md‑mI‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. IS‑p¯ a‑m\k‑nI k‑wLÀj ¯‑n\‑v AS‑ns‑¸« ^‑n-e‑n¸‑v 1963 H‑mKk‑vä‑n k‑zb‑w P‑ohs‑\‑m HIvtSm_À 2014

I‑mXd‑n³ {‑Kl‑mw

S‑p¡‑n. I‑mXd‑n³ s‑X‑m«S‑p¯ a‑pd‑nb‑nt‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mb kab¯‑v ^‑ne‑n¸‑v t‑X‑ms‑¡S‑p¯‑v k‑zb‑w s‑hS‑nhb‑v¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑\ ]‑n¶‑oS‑v t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑â s‑\d‑pIb‑ns‑e¯‑n¨ aI³ s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v {‑Kl‑ma‑n\‑v At‑¸‑mÄ 18 hbk‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. `À¯‑mh‑v \‑nd‑p¯‑nb‑nS¯‑p \‑n¶‑p X‑pS§‑pI F¶X‑p a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]‑n¶‑oS‑v I‑mXd‑n\‑p s‑N¿‑m\‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

AhÀ I¼\‑nb‑ps‑S {‑]k‑nUâ‑mb‑n N‑paXet‑bÂI‑pt‑¼‑mÄ ]‑pc‑pj·‑mc‑ps‑S t‑e‑mI¯‑v AhÀ¡‑v F´‑p s‑N¿‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p‑w F¶‑p Ic‑p¯‑nbhc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Gs‑db‑p‑w.

F¶‑m ]‑nX‑mh‑ns‑âb‑p‑w `À¯‑mh‑ns‑âb‑p‑w hg‑nb‑n X‑m³ H«‑p‑w t‑a‑mi¡‑mc‑nbs‑ö‑v AhÀ s‑Xf‑nb‑n¨‑p. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â A`‑qX]‑qÀha‑mb hfÀ¨b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p ]‑n¶‑oS‑v IïX‑v. t‑\c‑m‑whg‑nb‑pÅ ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯\‑w F¶X‑p a‑m{‑X‑w e£‑ya‑n« AhÀ s‑Xf‑n¨ hg‑nb‑ne‑qs‑S t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v I‑pX‑n¨‑p a‑pt‑¶d‑n. ]‑mc‑ok‑n \‑n¶‑v CâÀ\‑mjW s‑ld‑mÄU‑v s‑s‑{‑S_‑y‑qW‑n\‑p X‑pS¡a‑n«X‑v Ahc‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑ld‑mÄU‑v s‑s‑{‑S_‑y‑qW‑ns‑â ]‑mc‑ok‑v FU‑oj³ h‑m§‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AhÀ BZ‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vXX‑v. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑pa‑mb‑n t‑NÀ¶‑v AX‑ns‑\ CâÀ\‑mjW s‑ld‑mÄU‑v s‑s‑{‑S_‑y‑q¬ F¶‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑n. s‑_©a‑n³ {‑_‑mU‑ve‑ns‑b a‑mt‑\P‑n‑wK‑v FU‑näd‑m¡‑nbX‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p I‑mXd‑ns‑â as‑ä‑mc‑p {‑it‑²ba‑mb \S]S‑n. t‑]‑mk‑vä‑n s‑â k‑z`‑mh‑w s‑a‑m¯¯‑n a‑mä‑nad‑n¨ s‑_©a‑ns‑â I‑me¯‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑\ t‑e‑mI{‑i²b‑n F¯‑n¨ cï‑p {‑][‑m\ k‑w`h§Ä d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑Nb‑vXX‑v. s‑]âK¬ t‑]t‑¸g‑vk‑ns‑â {‑]k‑n²‑oIcWa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p BZ‑yt‑¯X‑v. 1971 P‑q¬ 13þ\‑v \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑v BW‑v BZ‑y‑w CX‑p {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨X‑v. h‑nbä‑v\‑m‑w b‑p²‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑â clk‑y t‑cJIf‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ah. F¶‑m {‑]k‑nUâ‑v d‑n¨‑mÀU‑v \‑nI‑vkW‑ns‑â kÀ¡‑mÀ AX‑p XSª‑p s‑I‑mï‑v t‑I‑mSX‑n h‑n[‑n k¼‑mZ‑n¨‑p. A[‑nI‑w X‑mak‑nb‑ms‑X Xs‑¶ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑n\‑p‑w CX‑ns‑â t‑cJIÄ I‑n«‑n. s‑_©a‑n³ {‑_‑mU‑ve‑nb‑ps‑S h‑o«‑n t‑NÀ¶ Hc‑p t‑b‑mK¯‑n t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â ]e d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑mÀ t‑NÀ¶‑v s‑]âK¬ t‑]¸d‑ns‑â h‑mÀ¯b‑pï‑m¡‑n. \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v

(21) H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S hct‑h‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v ‑t]‑mk‑vä‑n\‑p hg‑na‑p«‑n X‑pS§‑nbX‑v. CâÀs‑\ä‑n k‑uP\‑ya‑mb‑n h‑mÀ¯ h‑mb‑n¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p ¶X‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v t‑]‑me‑pÅ h³ a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v X‑nc‑n¨S‑nbt‑à F¶‑v A¡‑me¯‑p Xs‑¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w DbÀ¶‑nc‑p¶‑p. F¶‑mÂ‑, s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v {‑Kl‑m‑w C¡‑mc‑y¯‑n Bt‑hi¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. t‑]‑mk‑vä‑n s‑â ]c‑n[‑n t‑e‑mI‑w a‑pg‑ph³ h‑y‑m]‑n¡‑ps‑a¶X‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p CâÀs‑\ä‑v FU‑ojs‑â k‑m[‑yXb‑mb‑n At‑±l‑w IïX‑v. 1996þ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â H‑ms‑s‑e³ FU‑oj\‑p‑w X‑pS§‑n. H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ FU‑o j³ h³ l‑nä‑mbt‑¸‑mÄ {‑]‑nâ‑v FU‑oj³ X‑mt‑g ¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑m³ X‑pS§‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.X‑mak‑nb‑m s‑X R‑mbd‑mg‑vNIf‑n F«‑p e£‑w t‑I‑m¸‑n¡‑p s‑X‑m«‑p a‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p Z‑nhk§f‑n A©‑p e£ ¯‑n\‑p X‑ms‑gb‑pa‑mb‑n {‑]N‑mc‑w I‑pdª‑p. CâÀ s‑\ä‑v FU‑ojs‑â D]t‑b‑mK¯‑n\‑p ]W‑w C‑uS‑m ¡‑m\‑mb‑n t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â AS‑p¯ {‑ia‑w. F¶‑m AX‑v AhÀ Dt‑±i‑n¨b{‑X h‑nPb‑n¨‑nÃ. ]‑n¶‑ms‑e ]ck‑y hc‑pa‑m\‑w I‑qS‑n CS‑nb‑m³ X‑pS§‑nb t‑X‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v ]{‑Xs‑¯ c£‑n¡‑m³ I\¯ t‑]‑m¡ä‑pÅ BÀs‑¡¦‑ne‑pt‑a k‑m[‑n¡‑q F¶‑p s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑n\‑p a\k‑ne‑mbX‑v. AX‑n\‑p t‑hï‑nb‑pÅ At‑\‑zjW‑w s‑P^‑v s‑_t‑k‑mk‑n s‑Ns‑¶¯‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. 1994þ s‑_t‑k‑mk‑v Bat‑k‑m¬ t‑U‑mS‑v t‑I‑m‑w Bc‑w`‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v {‑Kl‑m‑w h¼\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. F¶‑m cï‑p ZiI‑w Ig‑nb‑p‑w a‑p³]‑v {‑Kl‑ma‑ns‑â k‑z]‑v\ k‑m{‑a‑mP‑ys‑¯ XIÀ¨b‑n \‑n¶‑p c£‑n¡‑m³ t‑I‑mS‑n¡W¡‑n\‑p t‑U‑mfÀ HäbS‑n¡‑v \ÂI‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb‑nt‑e¡‑v s‑_t‑k‑mk‑v hfÀ¶‑p. s‑_©a‑n³ {‑_‑mU‑ve‑n

s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v {‑Kl‑mw

s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â A\‑p`h‑w a‑p¶‑ne‑pÅX‑n\‑m Ch {‑]k‑n²‑o Ic‑n¡c‑ps‑X¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p I¼\‑nb‑ps‑S A`‑n`‑mjIc‑ps‑S \‑ne]‑mS‑v. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v H‑mlc‑n h‑nÂ]\b‑v¡‑v Hc‑p§‑p¶ kaba‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑v. Fs‑´¦‑ne‑p‑w X‑nc‑n¨S‑n Dï‑mb‑m H‑mlc‑nh‑nÂ]\s‑b _‑m[‑n¡‑ps‑a¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Ahc‑ps‑S `‑oX‑n. F¶‑mÂ‑, F´‑p‑w hcs‑« h‑mÀ¯ {‑] k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑m‑w F¶‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p I‑mXd‑ns‑â X‑oc‑pa‑m\‑w. d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑ns‑\X‑nt‑c kÀ¡‑mÀ t‑I‑mSX‑nb‑n t‑]‑mbt‑¸‑mÄ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑p‑w \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑p‑w I‑qS‑n Hc‑pa‑n¨‑mW‑v AX‑ns‑\ t‑\c‑n«X‑v. k‑p{‑]‑n‑w t‑I‑mSX‑n h‑n[‑n ]{‑X§Ä¡‑v A\‑pI‑qea‑mb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. a‑m[‑ya t‑e‑mI¯‑v s‑]âK¬ t‑]t‑¸g‑vk‑ns‑â h‑nPb‑w X‑nf§‑n \‑nÂI‑p¶X‑n\‑nSb‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p h‑m«Àt‑Kä‑v A] h‑mZ‑w ]‑pd¯‑ps‑I‑mï‑ph¶‑v t‑_‑m_‑v h‑pU‑vh‑mÀU‑p‑w I‑mÄ t‑_¬k‑vä‑o\‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡s‑b s‑R«‑n¨X‑v. 1972þe‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p CX‑v. s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑mä‑nI‑v ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S H‑m^‑ok‑n \‑n¶‑v h‑nhc§Ä t‑N‑mÀ¯‑m³ \‑nI‑vk¬ `cWI‑qS‑w \S¯‑nb {‑ia§Ä Cc‑phc‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v ]‑pd¯‑p s‑I‑mï‑ph¶t‑¸‑mÄ \‑nI‑vkW‑p c‑mP‑nh¨‑v Hg‑nt‑bï‑nh¶‑p. t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v t‑\S‑nb 64 ]‑pe‑nä‑vkÀ k½‑m\§f‑n Gäh‑p‑w a‑nI¨X‑v C‑u d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑n\‑p t‑\S‑nbX‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

Fg‑p]X‑pIf‑ps‑S X‑pS¡¯‑n Xs‑¶ I‑mX-d‑ns‑âb‑p‑w ^‑ne‑n¸‑ns‑âb‑p‑w aI³ s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v ]{‑X¯‑n N‑paXet‑bä‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]{‑X¡‑pS‑p‑w_¯‑nt‑e¡‑mW‑v ]‑nd¶‑p h‑oWs‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w t‑\t‑c I¼\‑nb‑ps‑S Xe¸t‑¯¡‑v hc‑nIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nà s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v s‑Nb‑vXX‑v. I‑pt‑d¡‑me‑w h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ U‑n.k‑n t‑]‑me‑ok‑n t‑P‑me‑n s‑Nb‑vX‑p. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v ]«‑mft‑kh\¯‑n\‑p h‑nbä‑v\‑ma‑n t‑]‑mb‑n. t‑e‑mIs‑¯ ]T‑n¨t‑ija‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w t‑]‑mk‑vä‑n F¯‑nbX‑v. Ah‑ns‑Sb‑mIs‑« At‑¸‑mÄ k‑vY‑nX‑n t‑a‑mia‑mb‑n hc‑nIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. {‑]k‑v P‑oh\¡‑mc‑ps‑S b‑qW‑nb³ a‑mt‑\ P‑vaâ‑pa‑mb‑n b‑p²‑w {‑]J‑y‑m]‑n¨ kab‑w. AhÀ CSb‑v¡‑ns‑S kac‑w \S¯‑p‑w.

1973þ h‑m«Àt‑Kä‑v {‑]ik‑vX‑nb‑ps‑S s‑I‑mS‑pa‑pS‑nb‑n \‑nÂs‑I P‑oh\¡‑mc‑ps‑S kac‑w ]{‑Xs‑¯ AS‑na‑pS‑n De¨‑p. {‑]k‑v P‑oh\¡‑mc‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑mc‑p‑w a‑md‑na‑md‑n kac‑w s‑Nb‑vXt‑¸‑mÄ t‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑ns‑â Dc‑p¡‑p a‑pj‑vS‑nIÄ I‑mXd‑n³ s‑hb‑va‑u¯‑v

HIvtSm_À 2014

(22)

s‑P^‑v s‑_t‑k‑mk‑v s‑{‑^U‑v db‑m³

HIvtSm_À 2014

AX‑ns‑\ AS‑n¨aÀ¯‑n. b‑qW‑nb\‑n s‑]S‑m¯ P‑oh\¡‑m s‑c D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v kac‑w s‑]‑mf‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v s‑Nb‑vXX‑v. ]{‑X‑w h‑oï‑p‑w {‑S‑m¡‑n Ibd‑nb t‑X‑ms‑S H¸‑w \‑n¶hs‑c I‑q«‑nb‑nW¡‑n s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v Xt‑âX‑mb Hc‑p k‑wLs‑¯ hfÀ¯‑ns‑bS‑p¯‑p. ]X‑ns‑b DbÀ¶‑v s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v P\d a‑mt‑\Pc‑p‑w ]»‑njd‑p‑w Bbt‑¸‑mÄ AX‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w ]{‑X¯‑ns‑â {‑]N‑mch‑p‑w Dbc‑p Ib‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. F¬]X‑pIf‑ps‑S X‑pS¡a‑mbt‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w R‑mbd‑mg‑vNIf‑n H³]X‑p e£h‑p‑w aä‑p Z‑nhk§f‑n F«‑p e£h‑pa‑mb‑n {‑]N‑mc‑w.

1982þ h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â X‑pS¡t‑¯‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â B[‑n]X‑y¯‑n\‑p `‑ojW‑n t‑\c‑n«X‑v. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v t‑I_‑nÄ s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â {‑]N‑mc‑w hÀ[‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ h‑mÀ¯IÄ k‑uP\‑ya‑mb‑n s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑n I‑mW‑ms‑a¶ k‑vY‑nX‑n aä‑p] {‑X§s‑ft‑¸‑ms‑e h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑n\‑p‑w `‑ojW‑nb‑mb‑n X‑pS§‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. s‑_³ {‑_‑mU‑vHe‑n d‑n«bÀ s‑Nb‑vX‑v ]Ic‑w e‑nb\‑mÀU‑v U‑uW‑n FU‑näd‑mbt‑¸‑mÄ s‑Nd‑nb a‑pcS‑n¸‑v ] {‑X¯‑n\‑pï‑mbX‑mW‑v. F¶‑mÂ‑, k‑mlNc‑y§Ä A{‑X A\‑pI‑qea‑mI‑mX‑nc‑p¶‑n«‑p‑w AX‑ns‑\s‑b‑ms‑¡ ad‑nIS¡‑m³ A¶‑p t‑]‑mk‑vä‑n\‑p Ig‑nª‑p. ]‑pX‑nb {‑]k‑pIf‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb H‑m^‑ok‑p‑w Hs‑¡ AhÀ I‑q«‑nt‑¨À¯‑p. AX‑n\‑ns‑S s‑Se‑nh‑n j³ t‑I{‑µ§f‑p‑w t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m \‑neb§f‑p‑w k‑n³U‑nt‑¡ä‑v t‑eJ\§f‑ps‑S I¼\‑nb‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑n s‑â Bk‑vX‑n hÀ[‑n¸‑n¨‑p. s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w \ÂI‑m³ X‑pS§‑nb t‑ija‑m W‑v ]{‑X‑w C¶s‑¯ \‑neb‑nt‑e¡‑v hfÀ¶X‑v. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑n  c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑m³ Hc‑p ]{‑X‑w F¶‑p a‑m{‑X a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p k‑vY‑m]I³ k‑vä‑nÂk¬ l¨‑n³k‑v Ic‑pX‑nb‑nc‑p ¶s‑X¦‑n s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v AX‑ns‑\ l¨‑n³k‑ns‑â e£‑y t‑¯¡‑mÄ ]X‑n·S§‑v hfÀ¯‑n. h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vSW‑n a‑m{‑X‑w 11 \‑y‑qk‑v _‑qt‑d‑mIf‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡b‑ps‑S aä‑p {‑][‑m\ \Kc§f‑n  \‑mjW _‑y‑qt‑d‑mIf‑p‑w t‑e‑mIs‑¯ 20 Xek‑vY‑m\ \Kc§f‑n CâÀ\‑mjW _‑y‑qt‑d‑mIf‑pa‑mb‑n AX§s‑\ ]SÀ¶‑p ]´e‑n¨‑p.

Hc‑pI‑me¯‑v s‑Ut‑a‑m{‑I‑mä‑v ]‑mÀ«‑ns‑b Afh‑nÃ‑ms‑X ]‑n´‑pW¨ h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v ]‑n¶‑oS‑v At‑ac‑n¡³ kÀ¡‑mc‑ns‑â H‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑nI \b§s‑f ]‑n´‑pWb‑v¡‑p¶ X‑mW‑p IïX‑v. `c‑n¡‑p¶-h-c‑mc‑mb‑me‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡³ X‑mÂ] c‑y‑w k‑wc£‑n¡‑pI F¶X‑mb‑n h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â \b‑w. Ct‑X‑ms‑S‑m¸‑w At‑ac‑n¡b‑n \‑nÀW‑mbI k‑z‑m[‑o\ a‑pÅ ]{‑Xa‑mb‑p‑w AX‑p hfÀ¶‑p. t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v F´‑p ]db‑p¶‑p F¶X‑v I‑m]‑nt‑ä‑mÄ l‑nÃ‑ne‑p‑w s‑s‑hä‑v l‑uk‑ne‑p‑w k‑mI‑qX‑w {‑i²‑n¨‑p. kÀ¡‑mc‑n\‑p ]eI‑mc‑y§f‑ne‑p‑w Z‑ni‑mt‑_‑m[‑w \ÂI‑p¶ Z‑uX‑y‑w I‑qS‑n Gs‑äS‑p¯t‑X‑ms‑S t‑k‑mh‑yä‑v Ia‑y‑qW‑nk‑vä‑v ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S a‑pJ]{‑Xa‑mb {‑]‑mh‑vZb‑ps‑S t‑]c‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â h‑nf‑nt‑¸c‑mb‑n a‑md‑nþt‑]‑mt‑«‑ma‑m¡‑ns‑e {‑]‑mh‑vZ‑!

H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S hct‑h‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v ‑]‑mk‑vä‑n\‑p hg‑na‑p«‑n X‑pS§‑nbX‑v. CâÀs‑\ä‑n k‑uP\‑ya‑mb‑n h‑mÀ¯ h‑mb‑n¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p¶X‑v t‑]‑mk‑vä‑v t‑]‑me‑pÅ h³ a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v X‑nc‑n¨S‑nbt‑à F¶‑v A¡‑me¯‑p Xs‑¶ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w DbÀ¶‑nc‑p¶‑p. F¶‑mÂ‑, s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v {‑Kl‑m‑w C¡‑mc‑y¯‑n Bt‑hi¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â ]c‑n[‑n t‑e‑mI‑w a‑pg‑ph³ h‑y‑m]‑n¡‑ps‑a¶X‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p CâÀs‑\ä‑v FU‑ojs‑â k‑m[‑yXb‑mb‑n At‑±l‑w IïX‑v.

1996þÂ t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ FU‑oj\‑p‑w X‑pS§‑n.

H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ FU‑oj³ h³ l‑nä‑mbt‑¸‑mÄ {‑]‑nâ‑v FU‑oj³ X‑mt‑g¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑m³ X‑pS§‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

X‑mak‑nb‑ms‑X R‑mbd‑mg‑vNIf‑n F«‑p e£‑w t‑I‑m¸‑n¡‑p s‑X‑m«‑p a‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p Z‑nhk§f‑n A©‑p e£¯‑n\‑p X‑ms‑gb‑pa‑mb‑n {‑]N‑mc‑w I‑pdª‑p. CâÀs‑\

(23) ä‑v FU‑ojs‑â D]t‑b‑mK¯‑n\‑p ]W‑w C‑uS‑m¡‑m\‑mb‑n t‑]‑mk‑vä‑ns‑â AS‑p¯ {‑ia‑w. F¶‑m AX‑v AhÀ Dt‑±i‑n¨b{‑X h‑nPb‑n¨‑nÃ. ]‑n¶‑ms‑e ]ck‑y hc‑pa‑m\‑w I‑qS‑n CS‑nb‑m³ X‑pS§‑nb t‑X‑ms‑Sb‑mW‑v ]{‑Xs‑¯ c£‑n¡‑m³ I\¯ t‑]‑m¡ä‑pÅ BÀs‑¡¦‑ne‑pt‑a k‑m[‑n¡‑q F¶‑p s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑n\‑p

a\k‑ne‑mbX‑v. AX‑n\‑p t‑hï‑nb‑pÅ At‑\‑zjW‑w s‑P^‑v s‑_t‑k‑mk‑n s‑Ns‑¶¯‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑n\‑v A]c‑nN‑nX\à \‑me‑v]s‑¯‑m³] X‑pI‑mc\‑mb s‑_t‑k‑mk‑v. ]¯‑p hÀja‑mb‑n Cc‑phc‑p‑w AS‑p¯ ]c‑nNb¡‑mc‑mW‑v.

1994þÂ s‑_t‑k‑mk‑v Bat‑k‑m¬ t‑U‑mS‑v t‑I‑m‑w

Bc‑w`‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ s‑U‑mW‑mÄU‑v {‑Kl‑m‑w h¼\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

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HIvtSm_À 2014

(24) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

Informed Opinion in a Malayalam Newspaper

A column that throws light on studies about Kerala journalism, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala journalism

E

xactly a year ago, I wrote about medical personnel in Malappuram who had improved palliative care in that district by studying their own service delivery.1 I argued that journalists too can snatch hours at the workplace to study their own practices, content offerings, and other aspects to improve the newspaper-reading experience. I termed such smallscale, shoestring research “kutti studies.” This month’s column practises what I preached. As I do not work full-time in a media establishment, I decided to wear the hat of a reader and undertake a shoestring study about print media.

Just as journalists develop notions about their industry (based on anecdotes rather than any systematic study), readers too harbour notions about the media.

The vast majority among us tend to form opinions without really studying any single paper, leave alone the entire industry. We rely on our daily familiarity with news products and our casual, social conversations to make conclusions about journalism in Kerala.

HIvtSm_À 2014

I took one such “conclusion” (and which I too voice frequently) and proceeded to probe.

Hypothesis

Nowadays, media consumers (not just the intellectual elite) complain about the poor quality of media debates on social and economic affairs, even in the leading news outlets. Drawing room chatter drifts towards a consensus that media discussions on politics rarely rise above the level of gossip. (The real villain here is perhaps the TV news environment, which is geared to entertain the viewer rather than substantively inform him or her.

Nevertheless, the criticism or ire is directed at the entire journalist fraternity.) It is this popular view that I decided to test.

Is the quality of media debate low? Are newspapers supplying gossip where they should be serving informed opinion on contemporary political, social, and economic issues?

Method

Since there is no widelyaccepted, direct way to measure the quality of public debate in

newspapers, I decided to walk around the problem and stab at it from various angles.

I would have liked to examine Kerala’s two biggest dailies. But since the Malayala Manorama offered only a week of e-paper archives, and one week’s data would be scarce even by the lower standards of kutti research, I fixed my sight on the more generous Mathrubhumi.

Opinion pages of two normal months (July and August 2014) of Mathrubhumi were examined, and data was collected on opinion articles. Editorials, letters to the editor, and the “Quotes of the Week” section are, in a broad sense, sites of public discussion on current affairs, but were excluded as they would have unhelpfully corrupted the data.2 Thus, opinion items of significant length were the subject of study; there were 45 such items in July and 55 in August. The data presented here relates to these 100 items.

Findings and Discussion

Nature of Media Discussions: Among the articles on the Opinion page, 90 per cent were of serious nature, on political, social, or economic matters.

Humorous articles (10 per cent overall) too appeared on the Opinion page. Ordinarily, there

(25) is nothing unusual about that— across decades and continents, newspapers have played host to satirical pieces.

Yet, keeping in mind the context of our study (“the popular view”), one could argue legitimately that humorous articles aim to entertain readers (rather than keep them wellinformed on the topic), and in that sense, such articles are gossipy and represent low quality of public discussion. Looked at another way, a satirical article on the Opinion page occupies space that could have been otherwise used to boost readers’ awareness on that topic through a serious article. Viewed thus, since 10 per cent of the items were humorous articles, the surveyed newspaper’s Gossipmeter needle can be said to stand at 10 for the Opinion page.

From a broader perspective, if readers accept that one weekly, satirical column is justified in a newspaper, then the scope for improvement in Mathrubhumi is marginal (4 per cent), because its weekly satirical column accounted for 6 per cent overall.

In short, consumers’ complaint about quality of media debate does not appear to be entirely correct with regard to the newspaper surveyed.

But the serious vs humour comparison is only one way to analyse the situation. Let us turn to other ways.

Breadth of Coverage: By examining the range of topics covered on the Opinion page, one can get a clearer picture of media debates. Table 1 shows the broad themes that appeared in the newspaper. About 45 per cent of the items were on national or state politics and economy. Almost all articles on state politics related to administration or policy, rather than political parties. Less than 10 per cent was on international politics. The remaining (45 per cent) included articles on law, gender, East India, television, language, religion, sport, and technology.

The spread of topics and HIvtSm_À 2014

(26) the focus on government administration suggest that the Opinion page is attempting to keep a wide range of matters of public interest in the readers’ minds. No reason to find fault with the newspaper there.

Depth of Discussion: Readers demand not only breadth of coverage, but also its opposite: depth of discussion. An ideal newspaper, therefore, has to set aside ample space for debates and discussions, rather than simply publishing one-off articles on one topic after another. Such debates would offer the reader different points of view and a deeper understanding of political, social, or economic situations.

Table 2 shows that almost half (49 per cent) of the items on the Opinion page of the surveyed newspaper were series, discussions, specials, or multipart articles. These included extended discussions or debates on the national budget, sexual exploitation, East India, the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, the state secretariat, and school education in Kerala.

That these debates caught the public imagination was evident in a ‘full-page special’ presentation, which carried letters to the editor on some of these topics.3 Clearly, the paper is not doing too bad on depth of discussion.

Whose Opinion?: Another indirect way to assess the quality of discussion is to scan the list of participants in the discussion.

When the Opinion page hosts the views of relevant experts or specialists—academics or practitioners—the newspaper can be judged as trying to keep its readers well-informed. For example, on an issue of public health, the newspaper is expected to carry an article by a doctor, health researcher, or social activist rather than by an engineer or clerk.

Table 3 shows the occupationwise contributions in the Opinion page of the newspaper.

Journalists, politicians, and academics dominate. Together HIvtSm_À 2014

they contributed three-fourths of the items that appeared on the Opinion page. (Some scholars use this to identify the elites or opinion shapers in a society.)

But numbers can illumine only up to a point. A qualitative review reveals that the articles on restructuring the state secretariat were written by politicians or civil servants (and supplemented with a series written by a journalist).

Similarly, articles on education were written by researchers or a student leader. Expertise seems to be a factor in selection of articles for publication.

Notably, the space given to poets or writers to discuss issues was limited (and probably much less compared to the 1950s–1970s).

Perhaps it reflects the rise of an indigenous, knowledge-based elite and mirrors the dominance of expertise over humanist values. This seems to have affected journalism too. At first glance, the high proportion of journalists’ contributions (42 per cent) suggested that generalists still rule the Opinion page. But on closer scrutiny, one saw that among the serious articles written by journalists, almost all were reasonably studied and based on homework. To give just one illustration, an article on food, even when written by a journalist, cited researchers’ findings that had appeared in a science journal.

The Opinion page visibly functions as a site of patronage and accommodation. The number of articles by state ministers is higher than what one sees even in a government-funded publication such as Media magazine. This affects the credibility of the newspaper, but I doubt whether readers have such articles in mind when they lament about the quality of discussion in the media.

By thus looking at the Opinion page from various angles, we see that the popular notion—of Kerala media being gossipy—is not entirely correct. Since the newspaper surveyed seems to have a healthy Opinion page, it can be logically concluded that

readers who wish to read good public discussion in print have an option in Kerala.

But can there be smoke without fire? Is the consumers’ complaint correct with regard to other newspapers? Is the popular notion based on news coverage (i.e., not the Opinion page)? Or is the complaint about some specific topics in the Opinion page itself?

Several such questions need to be raised for further examination.

Time for more “kutti research”!

Tailpiece: We know that Malayalam papers routinely give prominent news coverage to factionalism within political parties, and the survey period was no exception. But there was not even a single studied article on the historical, economic, or social aspects of factional politics in any party. Political parties appear to be sacred cows that academics and other experts dare not write about, leaving a vacuum to be filled by satirists (who have always been given a wider berth by society and rulers).

The unfortunate result is that there is hardly any high-quality discussion or understanding about today’s Leviathans.

Ashok R. Chandran is an independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. E-mail: studykeralamedia@ gmail.com 1. Ashok R. Chandran, “Small is Dutiful,” Media, October 2013, pp 37–38.

2. Some may argue that “Quotes of the Week” section should not have been excluded from the survey because they aim to superficially entertain readers rather than substantively inform. The inclusion of that weekly feature would not, however, majorly alter the findings.

Also, if “Quotes of the Week” were included, longer items (“Editorial”, “Letters to Editor”) too would have to be included in the survey. The 60 editorials would have more than offset the “Quotes of the Week” section (8 items maximum).

3. Those letters to the editor, and that “Special” are not included in the data, for reasons mentioned earlier in the article.

(27)

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\‑n¡‑v ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w A£-c‑mÀ-°-¯‑n Hc‑p D]-P‑o-h-\-a‑mÀ¤-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ka‑q-l-¯‑ns‑e CS-¯c-¡‑m-c-\‑v, `£-W‑w‑, ]‑mÀ¸‑nS‑w F¶‑n-hs‑b¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v Ah-t‑âX‑mb \‑ne-h‑mc‑w I‑m¯‑p k‑q£‑n-¡-W-a-t‑Ã‑m. ]s‑£ {‑I‑nb‑mß-I-a‑mb‑n N‑n´‑n-¡‑p¶hÀ¡‑p ]ä‑nb ]W‑n-bà ]{‑X -{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w. A§s‑\ Ds‑ï-¦‑n Xs‑¶ i‑mc‑o-c‑nI A²‑z‑m\-a‑pÅ aä‑p t‑P‑me‑n-If‑p‑w Is‑ï¯-W‑w. F-¦‑nt‑e Hc‑p _‑me³k‑v Dï‑m-I‑q. R‑m³ ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑n-s‑e¯‑n-s‑¸«‑pt‑h‑m AYh‑m ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w Fs‑¶ t‑X-S‑n-h-¶‑pt‑h‑m Fs‑¶-\‑n-¡-d‑n-b‑n-Ã. \½‑ps‑S ]{‑X-s‑¯‑, h‑nt‑-Zis‑¯ Hc‑p ] {‑X-a‑mb‑p‑w X‑mc-X-a‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑n-Ã. Fs‑´-¶‑m ]{‑Xk‑w-k‑vI‑mc‑w Fs‑¶‑m¶‑v \a‑p-¡‑n-Ã. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯-\-s‑a-¶X‑v K‑p-a-k‑vX¸-W‑n-b-Ã. ]{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w IT‑n-\‑m-²‑z‑m-\-h‑p-a‑ps‑ï-¦‑n Hc‑p-]‑mS‑v I‑mc‑y-§Ä s‑N¿‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p¶ t‑aJ-e-b‑mW-X‑v. a‑pj‑n-b‑p¶ {‑]i‑v-\-t‑a-b‑n-Ã. a‑m{‑X-a-Ã‑, ]e-X-c-¯‑n-e‑pÅ Bf‑p-Is‑f ]c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑m\‑p‑w h‑nt‑Z-i-c‑m-P‑y-§Ä kµÀi‑n¡‑m-\‑p-a‑pÅ Ah-k-c-a‑p-ï‑v. At‑a-c‑n¡b‑mW‑v R‑m³ BZ‑y‑w kµÀi‑n¨ c‑mP‑y‑w. AX‑v‑, hfs‑c h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-a‑mb A\‑p-`-ha‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I felt like a countryside man. Gäh‑p‑w iàa‑mb‑n A\‑p-`-h-s‑¸-«-X‑v \‑ot‑{‑K‑m-IÄs‑¡-X‑n-s‑c-b‑pÅ hÀ®h‑n-t‑h-N-\-a‑mW‑v. cï‑m-aX‑v C‑w¥-ï‑n-t‑e-¡‑mW‑v t‑]‑mb-X‑v. k‑wk‑vI‑mc k¼-¶c‑p‑w s‑]c‑p-a‑m-d‑p-¶-X‑n H‑uN‑n-X‑y-t‑_‑m-[-a‑pÅ-h-c‑p-a‑mW‑v C‑w¥‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀ. s‑s‑S‑wk‑p‑w eï³ H_‑vkÀhd‑p‑w t‑d‑mb Fb‑vt‑d‑m-¢_‑p‑w kµÀi‑n-¨‑p.

I‑m \‑qä‑m-ï‑n-\‑p-t‑ij‑w Z‑nÃ‑n h‑n«‑p-t‑]‑m-¶X‑v k‑wX‑r-]‑vX‑nt‑b‑m-s‑S-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑pt‑h‑m F¶‑p ]ec‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. R‑m³ k‑wX‑r-]‑vX-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. t‑PÀW-e‑n-k-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v Gs‑d s‑Xä‑n-²‑m-c-W-IÄ P\-§Ä¡‑p-ï‑v. b‑mY‑mÀ°‑y‑w hfs‑c `‑oIc-a‑m-W‑v. C¶‑v {‑]k‑m-[-I-c‑ps‑S e£‑y‑w "t‑]¸-d‑n‑' \‑n¶‑p aä‑p a‑oU‑n-b-I-f‑n-t‑e¡‑v X‑nc‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. {‑]k‑m-[-IÀ¡‑v HIvtSm_À 2014

(28) Hc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yI k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-a‑p-s‑ï¶‑v ]dt‑ª ]ä‑q. t‑Uh‑nU‑v t‑e‑m (David Law)BW‑v Fs‑â A`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-¯‑n {‑]K-Û\‑mb I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑nÌ‑v. CS-X‑p-]-£-¡‑m-c-\‑mb Ct‑±l‑w hc-¨X‑v k‑z´‑w a‑pX-e‑m-f‑n-b‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v-{‑S‑ob X‑m¸-c‑y-§Äs‑¡-X‑n-c‑mb‑n-«‑m-W‑v. F§‑ns‑\ hc-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑n-e‑mW‑v ad‑n-¨‑v, F´‑p hc-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑n-eà At‑±l‑w {‑i²‑n-¨-X‑v. R‑m³ eï³ H_‑vkÀh-d‑n Fg‑p-X‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ]W-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nà {‑][‑m-\‑w. k‑zX-{‑´-a‑mb‑n Fg‑p-X‑p-h‑m³ Ig‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑mW‑v I‑mc‑y‑w. {‑_‑n«‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀ IÅ-¯-ch‑p‑w \‑y‑mb-a-Ã‑m¯ I‑mc‑y§f‑p‑w Fg‑p-X‑m³ a‑nS‑p-¡-c‑m-W‑v. b‑p²‑m-\-´c‑w‑, Bä-a‑nI‑v t‑I{‑µ-¯‑n t‑P‑me‑n s‑N-b‑vX‑n-c‑p¶ Z¼-X‑n-IÄs‑¡-X‑ns‑c‑, AhÀ dj‑y¡‑v N‑mc-¸W‑n \S¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p-¯‑p-s‑h¶ t‑]c‑n IÅ-t‑¡-k‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n. CX‑v \‑nb-a-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶¶‑v s‑K‑mZ‑mÀU‑v Hc‑p ]‑pk‑vX-I-¯‑n-s‑e-g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. t‑hs‑d‑mc‑p k‑w`h‑w H‑mÀ½ hc‑p-¶‑p. I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n s‑k{‑I-«-d‑n-b‑mb‑n-c‑p¶ Zenoviev, eï-\‑n \S-¡‑m-\‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶ h‑n¹-h-s‑¯¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v t‑e_À ]‑mÀ«‑n-s‑¡-g‑p-X‑n-s‑b¶‑v ]d-b-s‑¸-S‑p¶ I¯‑v FÃ‑m ]{‑X-§-f‑ne‑p‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑e_À ]‑mÀ«‑ns‑b XIÀ¡‑m³ s‑I«‑n¨a¨ I¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AX‑v. Fs‑´‑ms‑¡-b‑m-b‑me‑p‑w \s‑½-¡‑mÄ s‑]‑mX‑p-h‑mb Hc‑p XX‑z-i‑mk‑v{‑X‑w AhÀ¡‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C´‑y-b‑n ]W-¡‑m-c‑mb a‑mÀh‑m-U‑nI-ft‑à ]{‑X‑w \S-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v... ]{‑X-{‑]hÀ¯\s‑¯ _‑p²‑n-]-c-a‑mb‑n D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p¶ k{‑¼-Z‑mb‑w At‑a-c‑n-¡-¡‑mc‑p‑w b‑qt‑d‑m-¸‑p-I‑m-c‑p-a‑mW‑v h‑nZ-K‑v[a‑mb‑n {‑]t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑v. ]s‑£ dj‑y¡‑v t‑hï‑n N‑mc¸W‑n \S-¯‑nb k‑w`-h-§f‑p‑w AhÀ¡‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

CX‑m-Is‑« AhÀ¡‑p N‑n´‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w Ig‑n-b‑m¯ k‑wKX‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

Hc‑p k‑w`h‑w ]d-b‑m‑w. Ì‑me‑n-\‑p-a‑mb‑n NÀ¨ \S-¯‑m³ NÀ¨‑n (Winston Churchill) t‑a‑mk‑vt‑I‑m-b‑n-t‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mb‑nc‑p-¶‑p. F¶‑m {‑_‑n«s‑â {‑][‑m\ Dt‑±i‑y‑w dj‑yb‑p‑w PÀ½-\‑nb‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑pÅ b‑p²-a‑m-s‑W-¶-d‑n-b‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ Ì‑me‑n\‑v {‑_‑n«‑o-j‑p-I‑ms‑c C-j‑vS-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w c‑m{‑X‑n NÀ¨‑n-e‑p-a‑mb‑n aZ‑y‑w ]¦‑n-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Ì‑me‑n³ t‑S‑mÌ‑p s‑Nb‑vXX‑v "R‑m³ {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v Câ-e‑n-P³k‑n\‑mb‑n I‑pS‑n¡‑p¶‑p‑' (I drink to british intellegence) F¶‑p ]d-ª‑mW‑v. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v {‑]Ê‑n\‑v \à hih‑p‑w t‑a‑mi-s‑¸« hi-h‑pa‑p-s‑ï¶‑v I‑mW‑n-¡‑m-\‑mW‑v C‑u k‑w`-h-§Ä Ch‑ns‑S ] d-ª-X‑v.

HÀ-t‑k‑m¬ s‑hÂk‑v (Orzon Welles‑‑) F¶ t‑l‑mf‑nh‑pU‑v \S³ k‑n-ä‑n-k¬ s‑I-b‑v³ (Citizen Kane‑) F¶ N‑n{‑X-¯‑n t‑lÌ‑v (William Randolph Hearst‑‑)F¶ ]{‑X-a‑p-S-a-s‑b-¡‑pd‑n¨‑v ]d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. AX‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, ]{‑X-§s‑f ]e c‑oX‑n-b‑n ]e kµÀ`-§-f‑n D]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑nb k‑w`-h-§-f‑p-ï‑v.

C‑w¥-ï‑n l‑m‑wk‑vhÀ¯‑v kt‑l‑m-Z-c·‑mÀ s‑Nd‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p {‑] Ê‑v a‑pt‑J\ cï‑va‑q¶‑v ]{‑X-§-f‑n-d-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Ahb‑v¡‑v \à {‑]N‑m-c-h‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A§-s‑\-b‑n-c‑n-s‑¡‑, C‑w¥ï‑ns‑e {‑][‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ t‑P‑mÀP‑v t‑e‑mb‑n-U‑nt‑\‑m-S‑v (Lloyd George‑) I‑y‑m_‑n-\ä‑v I‑qS‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ X§s‑f Ad‑n-b‑n¡-W-s‑a¶‑v l‑m‑wk‑vhÀ¯‑v At‑]-£‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Hc‑p {‑]k‑w-K¯‑ne‑q-s‑S-b‑mW‑v CX‑n\‑p ad‑p-]S‑n t‑e‑mb‑vU‑v ]d-ª-X‑v þ ‑"C-X‑v A`‑n-k‑m-c‑n-I-b‑ps‑S X-¯‑z-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-a‑mW‑v. HcÀ°-¯‑n ] d-ª‑m {‑]X‑n-I-c-W-t‑a‑m D¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯t‑a‑m CÃ‑m¯ A[‑nI‑mc‑w‑'. (This is philosophy of Harlot - power without response.) l‑m‑wk‑vhÀ¯‑v CX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e l‑nä‑ve-d‑p-a‑mb‑p‑w _Ô-s‑¸-S‑m³ {‑ia‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]s‑£ l‑m‑wk‑vhÀ¯‑ns‑â {‑] [‑m\ hc‑p-a‑m\ a‑mÀ¤-a‑mb ]c-k‑y-§Ä \ÂI‑n h¶‑n-c‑p¶ P‑q-X-·‑mÀ C‑u {‑ias‑¯ FX‑nÀ¯‑p. ]dª‑p hc‑p-¶-s‑Xs‑´-¶‑m ]{‑X‑w FÃ‑m c‑wK-§-f‑ne‑p‑w ià‑n s‑Xf‑n-b‑n-¨‑n-c‑pHIvtSm_À 2014

¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑m-W‑v. t‑e_À ]‑mÀ«‑n ‑"s‑Ub‑ne‑n s‑ld‑mÄU‑n‑'\‑p t‑ij-a‑mW‑v "s‑Ub‑ne‑n a‑ndÀ' X‑pS-§‑n-b-X‑v. "A-²‑z‑m-\‑n-¡‑p¶ hÀ¤-¯‑ns‑â ]{‑X‑'s‑a¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶t‑Ã‑m Ah-c‑ps‑S ‑"t‑a‑mt‑«‑m‑'. NÀ¨‑ne‑p‑w I¬kÀt‑h-ä‑oh‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑nb‑p‑w X‑nc-s‑ªS‑p-¸‑n ]c‑m-P-b-s‑¸-«-X‑ns‑â {‑][‑m\ I‑mc-W-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑v s‑Ub‑ne‑n a‑nd-d‑ns‑â {‑]N‑m-c-W-a‑m-W‑v.

Ch‑ns‑S C´‑y-b‑n ]{‑X-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-s‑a-¶X‑v a‑p-{‑Z-‑mh‑mI‑y‑w a‑m{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. At‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w I‑n«‑p¶ "h‑nh-c-§Ä‑' s‑h¨t‑à \‑m‑w k±‑m-a‑ns‑\ h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑v. I‑rj‑vW-t‑at‑\‑m³ Hc‑n-¡Â Xa‑m-i-b‑mb‑n ]d-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p‑, "R‑m³ Hc‑p ] g‑w X‑n¶‑p‑' F¶‑p ]{‑X-¡‑m-t‑c‑mS‑v ]d-ª‑mÂ‑, ]‑nt‑ä-Z‑n-hk‑w "]g‑w Fs‑¶ X‑n¶‑p‑'s‑h¶‑mW‑v h‑mÀ¯ hc‑n-I-s‑b-¶‑v. a‑m©ÌÀ K‑mÀU‑n-bs‑â k‑rj‑vS‑m-h‑mb k‑n.-]‑n. k‑vt‑I‑m«‑n-t‑\‑m-

Hc‑n-¡Â l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â l‑nµ‑n Bg‑vN¸-X‑n-¸‑n s‑kb‑nÂk‑n‑w-K‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c Hc‑p t‑eJ\‑w h¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑kb‑nÂk‑n‑wK‑v _‑nÀf-t‑b‑mS‑v ]c‑mX‑n t‑_‑m[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. Ct‑X-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v, {‑i‑oI‑m´‑v hÀa F¶ c‑mP‑y-k-`‑m‑w-K-h‑p-a‑mb‑n t‑^‑mW‑n-e‑qs‑S R‑m³ _Ô-s‑¸-«‑p. A-t‑±l‑w c‑mP‑yk-`-b‑n-e‑nX‑v t‑N‑mZ‑y-a‑m-¡‑n. CX-d‑nª l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â a‑mt‑\-P‑vs‑aâ‑v FU‑n-äÀ at‑\‑m-ls‑d h‑nf‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. at‑\‑m-lÀ Fs‑â ]¡Â h¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

H¶‑p‑w k‑w`-h‑n-¨‑n-s‑ö‑v X‑m³ ]d-b‑m³ t‑]‑mh‑p-Ib‑m-s‑W-¶‑mW‑v Ab‑mÄ ]d-ª-X‑v. R‑m³ ]dª‑p þ "CX‑mW‑v Xs‑â ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w.‑' ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-s‑a-¶X‑v h‑yà‑n-X‑z-a‑n-Ã‑m¯ k‑wK-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v.

S‑v‑, ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â "^‑nt‑e‑m-k-^‑n‑'s‑bs‑´¶‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ At‑±l‑w \ÂI‑nb ad‑p-]S‑n ‑"hk‑vX‑pXIÄ h‑ni‑p-²-a‑m-W‑v.

A`‑n-{‑]‑mb§Ä k‑zX-{‑´-a‑mW‑v' (Facts are sacred Comments are free‑) F¶‑m-W‑v.

Hc‑n-¡Â l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â l‑nµ‑n Bg‑vN-¸-X‑n¸‑n s‑kb‑nÂk‑n‑w-K‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c Hc‑p t‑eJ\‑w h¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑kb‑nÂk‑n‑wK‑v _‑nÀf-t‑b‑mS‑v ]c‑mX‑n t‑_‑m[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. Ct‑X-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v, {‑i‑oI‑m´‑v hÀa F¶ c‑mP‑y-k`‑m‑w-K-h‑p-a‑mb‑n t‑^‑mW‑n-e‑qs‑S R‑m³ _Ô-s‑¸-«‑p. A-t‑±l‑w c‑mP‑y-k-`-b‑n-e‑nX‑v t‑N‑mZ‑y-a‑m-¡‑n. CX-d‑nª l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â a‑mt‑\-P‑vs‑aâ‑v FU‑n-äÀ at‑\‑m-ls‑d h‑nf‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. at‑\‑m-lÀ Fs‑â ]¡Â h¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. H¶‑p‑w k‑w`-h‑n-¨‑n-s‑ö‑v X‑m³ ]d-b‑m³ t‑]‑mh‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑mW‑v Ab‑mÄ ]d-ªX‑v. R‑m³ ]dª‑p þ "CX‑mW‑v Xs‑â ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w.‑' ] {‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-s‑a-¶X‑v h‑yà‑n-X‑z-a‑n-Ã‑m¯ k‑wK-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v.

A\‑p-_-Ô-a‑mb‑n Hc‑p k‑w`-h‑w-I‑qS‑n ]d-b‑m‑w. AS‑n-b-´-c‑m-hØ-I‑m-e-¯‑v, AS‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Øs‑b c‑q£-a‑mb‑n h‑naÀi‑n-s‑¨g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶ C´‑y³ FI‑vk‑v{‑]-k‑ns‑â DS-a-Ø‑m-h-I‑mi‑w a‑mä‑m³ kÀ¡‑mÀ _‑nÀfs‑b s‑I‑mï‑p-h-¶‑p. ]‑pX‑nb FU‑näÀa‑mc‑p‑w IS-¶‑p-h-¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v Cµ‑nc aS-§‑nb DS³ I‑ps‑d a‑mä-§Ä ]ec‑p‑w {‑]X‑o-£‑n-¨‑p. J‑pi‑vh´‑vk‑n‑w-K‑v, _Ô‑p-h‑mb t‑a\-I-k‑n‑w-K‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v, Xs‑¶ c‑mP‑y-k-`-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v \‑ma-\‑nÀt‑±i‑w s‑N¿‑m\‑p‑w l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â FU‑n-ä-d‑m-¡‑m\‑p‑w kR‑vP-b‑n k½À±‑w s‑Ne‑p-¯‑m³ Bh-i‑y-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. cï‑p‑w \S-¶‑p. ]s‑£ J‑pi‑vh´‑n\‑v Fs‑¶ F§‑ns‑\ s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿-W-s‑a¶‑v Ad‑n-b‑n-Ã‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w J‑pi‑vh´‑v Ft‑¶‑mS‑v ]d-ª‑p. {‑i²‑n-t‑¡ï ]{‑´ï‑p t‑] c‑ps‑S e‑nÌ‑v kR‑vPb‑v \ÂI‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑n BZ‑ys‑¯ t‑]c‑v Ft‑â-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v.

(29) Ad‑p-]-X‑p-I-f‑n k‑n.-]‑n. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑n {‑]t‑hi‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ DÅ Ah-Øb‑p‑w C´‑y³ ]{‑X-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑ns‑â s‑]‑mX‑p-s‑h-b‑pÅ Ah-Øb‑p‑w \½‑ps‑S a‑m[‑y-a-c‑w-K¯‑v At‑ac‑n¡ s‑Ne‑p-¯‑nb k‑z‑m[‑o-\h‑p‑w k‑n.-]‑n. h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ] {‑X-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â k-X‑y-k-Ô-a‑mb A-\‑m-Ñ‑m-Z\‑w \‑nÀhl‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p.

C‑w¥‑oj‑v ]{‑X-§Ä‑, t‑Zi‑ob ]{‑X-§Ä F¶‑n-§s‑\ cï‑v h‑n`‑m-K-§-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p A¼-X‑p-I-f‑ns‑e ]{‑X-t‑e‑m-I‑w. C´‑y¡‑p-ÅX‑p‑w aä‑p c‑mP‑y-§-f‑n CÃ‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑mb as‑ä‑mc‑p k‑wK-X‑n-s‑b-s‑´-¶‑m C‑w¥‑oj‑v ]{‑X-§Ä a‑n¡X‑p‑w a‑mÀh‑m-

kn.]n.: hyXykvXamb Hcp apJw

S‑n-I-f‑ps‑S DS-a-Ø-X-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p F¶-X‑m-W‑v. AhÀ¡‑mIs‑« ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-s‑a-¶X‑v Hc‑p "s‑s‑kU‑v _‑nk‑n-\k‑v‑' a‑m{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X-b‑ps‑S a‑nI-h‑v, AX‑m-bX‑v h‑nt‑Zi D]-I-c-W-§f‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦-X‑nI h‑nZ‑y‑m-`‑y‑mk‑w t‑\S‑nb s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑m-f‑n-If‑p‑w Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v {‑_‑n«‑o-j‑p-I‑m-c‑ps‑S ] {‑X-§Ä¡‑p a‑m{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. (a{‑Z‑mk‑v s‑ab‑nÂ‑, t‑Ìä‑va‑m³‑, ]b-\‑n-bÀ‑). {‑_‑n«‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀ C´‑y h‑n«-t‑¸‑mÄ AhÀ {‑]Ê‑p‑w D]-I-c-W-§f‑p‑w hfs‑c N‑pc‑p-§‑nb h‑ne¡‑v h‑nä‑p t‑]‑mh‑pI-b‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑n-\‑m-Is‑« hfs‑c h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-a‑mb Hc‑p Nc‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑p-Å-X‑v. kÀZ‑mÀ a‑wKÄ k‑n‑wK‑v Fs‑¶‑m-c‑m-f‑ps‑S t‑\X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n AI‑m-e‑n-I-f‑mW‑v C‑u

]{‑X‑w X‑pS-§‑n-b-X‑v. ]©‑m-_‑nÂ‑, AI‑m-e‑n-IÄ K‑pc‑p-Z‑z‑mc aS¡‑n-¡‑n-«‑m³ kac‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. AX‑ns‑â {‑]N-cW‑mÀ°-a‑mW‑v C‑u ]{‑X‑w X‑pS-§‑n-b-X‑v. I‑m\-U-b‑n \‑n¶‑v k‑m¼-¯‑nI k-l‑m-bh‑p‑w e`‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Ae‑n-KV‑v b‑qW‑nt‑h-g‑vk‑n-ä‑n-b‑n eI‑vN-dÀ Bb‑n-c‑p¶ kÀZ‑mÀ s‑I.-F‑w. ] W‑n-¡s‑c FU‑n-ä-d‑m-¡‑m\‑p‑w X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. F¶‑m kÀZ‑md‑n-\‑v, ]{‑X‑w Z‑nÃ‑n-b‑n \‑n¶‑v X‑pS-§-W-s‑a¶‑p‑w t‑Zi‑ob {‑] i‑v\-§Ä s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿-W-s‑a¶‑p‑w aä‑p-a‑pÅ \‑n_-Ô\ IÄ Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. AI‑m-e‑nIÄ k½-X‑n-¨‑p. A§s‑\ 1926-þ l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑v X‑pS-§‑n. K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-b‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p DZ‑v-L‑m-S\‑w s‑Nb‑vX-X‑v. cï‑v hÀj-§Ä¡‑p t‑ij‑w AI‑m-e‑n-I-f‑ps‑S {‑]i‑v\-§Ä s‑I«-S-§‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ AhÀ¡‑v ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â Bh-i‑y-a‑n-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n. ]-{‑X-¯‑ns‑â -D-S-a-Ø-X‑mh-I‑mi‑w e`‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ cï‑p-t‑]À X¿‑m-d‑m-b‑n. t‑a‑m¯‑n-e‑m s‑\{‑l‑ph‑p‑w aZ³ t‑a‑ml³ a‑mf-h‑yb‑p‑w. a‑mf-h‑y-b‑mW‑v AhI‑mi‑w t‑\S‑n-b-X‑v. a‑mf-h‑y-b‑ps‑S BZ‑ys‑¯ \S-]-S‑n‑, Z£‑nt‑W-´‑y-¡‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑lµh h‑o£W‑w Ad‑n-b‑n-s‑ö t‑]c‑n kÀZ‑m-d‑ns‑\ a‑mä‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Xs‑â aI³ t‑K‑mh‑nµ‑v a‑mfh‑ys‑b FU‑n-ä-d‑p-a‑m-¡‑n. ]W‑n-¡À c‑m-P‑n-h¨‑p t‑]‑mh‑p-I-b‑mW‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. HS‑p-h‑n P‑n.-U‑n. _‑nÀf-b‑ps‑S s‑s‑Ihi‑w ]{‑X‑w h¶‑p-t‑NÀ¶‑p. At‑±l‑w t‑Zh-Z‑mk‑v K‑mÔ‑ns‑b FU‑n-ä-d‑m-¡‑n. \‑mj-W I‑mÄ X‑pS-§‑nb Øe-¯‑v, Z‑mÂa‑nb C´‑y³ FI‑vk‑v{‑]k‑v s‑I‑mï‑p-h-¶‑p. A§‑n-s‑\‑, t‑Ìä‑vk‑va‑m³‑, l‑nµ‑pØ‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑v‑, s‑s‑S‑wk‑v H‑m^‑v C´‑y‑, C´‑y³ FI‑vk‑v{‑] Ê‑v F¶‑n-§s‑\ \‑me‑p {‑]a‑pJ ]{‑X-k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. s‑{‑]‑mþ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w A¶‑p-Xs‑¶ C‑u ]{‑X-§f‑n-t‑e¡‑v h‑y‑m]‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. AX‑n-\‑p-X-I‑p¶ t‑PW-e‑n-Ì‑p-Is‑f-b‑mW‑v \‑nb-a‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑p‑w. (KÌ‑v s‑s‑dä-d‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ "s‑{‑]‑m {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v' PÀW-e‑nk‑vä‑v c‑ma-k‑n‑wK‑v h¶ At‑X Z‑nh-k-a‑mW‑v l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑n R‑m³ t‑P‑me‑n-b‑n {‑]t‑h-i‑n-¨X‑v.‑) t‑k‑mh‑n-bä‑v dj‑y-s‑¡-X‑ns‑c Fg‑p-X‑m³ At‑a-c‑n¡ ià-a‑mb‑n k‑z‑m[‑o-\‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. AX‑n-\‑mb‑n ]{‑X DS-a-ØÀ¡‑v \s‑Ã‑mc‑p k‑wJ‑y‑, k_‑vk‑n-U‑n-s‑b-¶-t‑]-c‑n \ÂI‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p.

F¶‑n b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p k½À±h‑p‑w Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. R‑m³ s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v "Last week in Parliament' F¶ Saturday column BW‑v. ]e F‑w.-]‑n.-a‑mc‑p‑w Fs‑¶ kµÀi‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]s‑£ A¶s‑¯ F‑w.-]‑n.-a‑m-c‑n \s‑Ã‑mc‑p iX-a‑m\‑w k‑wk‑vI‑mc k¼-¶-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. kt‑l‑m-Z-c-Ø‑m]-\-a‑mb kÀ¨‑vs‑s‑eä‑v ]‑mä-‑v\-b‑n X‑pS-§‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑pÄK‑mh‑p³IÀ (S.Mulgaonkar‑) Fs‑¶ At‑§‑m-t‑«¡‑v £W‑n-¨‑p.

R‑m³ t‑]‑mb-X‑n\‑p ]‑nds‑I i‑w`‑p-\‑m-Y‑vQ‑m F¶ t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑p-I‑m-c\‑p‑w h¶‑p. At‑±l‑w _‑ol‑m-d‑ns‑e c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b‑m-´c‑o£‑w I‑mc‑y-a‑mb‑n _‑qÌ‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p. (i‑w`‑p-\‑mY‑v ]‑n¶‑oS‑v a{‑´‑n-b‑mb‑n.‑) kÀ¨‑vs‑s‑eä‑v s‑e t‑P‑me‑n F\‑n¡‑p X‑r]‑vX‑n-I-ca‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v t‑P‑mÀP‑v FU‑n-ä-d‑m-I‑m³ X‑mÂ]c‑y‑w {‑] I-S‑n-¸‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ kÀ¨‑vs‑s‑eä‑v Dt‑]-£‑n-¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n-¨‑p. l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑n s‑{‑]‑mþ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w I‑mc‑y-a‑m-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F¶‑n AhÀ {‑]X‑o-£‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v ]‑mÀe-s‑aâ‑n t‑Nc‑n-t‑Nc‑m {‑]Ø‑m-\-s‑¯b‑p‑w t‑k‑mj‑y-e‑n-ks‑¯b‑p‑w FX‑nÀ¡‑p¶ At‑a-c‑n-¡³ k‑zc-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. e‑n¦‑v: 1957-þ F.h‑n. \‑mb-c‑p-a‑m-b‑pÅ A`‑n-{‑]‑mb h‑yX‑y‑mk‑w I‑mcW‑w FS-¯« \‑mc‑m-b-W³ c‑mP‑n-s‑h-¨‑p. Hc‑p CS-X‑p-]£ N‑n´‑mK-X‑n-b‑pÅ ]{‑X‑w X‑pS-§‑m³ X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\‑n¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. At‑a-c‑n-¡³ t‑e‑m_‑ns‑b ià-a‑mb‑n ]‑n´‑m§‑p¶ t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑ns‑â he-X‑p-]-£-¡‑ms‑c FX‑nÀ¡‑m-\‑mb‑n k‑n.-]‑n.-F‑w.‑, BÀ.Fk‑v.-]‑n.‑, t‑^‑mÀt‑hÀU‑v t‑»‑m¡‑v a‑pXe‑mb ]‑mÀ«‑n-I-t‑fb‑p‑w‑, Ub-\-a‑n-¡‑mb t‑Nc‑n-t‑N-c‑m-\-bs‑¯ ]‑n´‑m-§‑p-¶-h-c‑p‑w‑, t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑ns‑e Xs‑¶ {‑]k‑vX‑pX N‑n´‑m-K-X‑n-b‑pÅ Bf‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑pÅ he‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p k‑wL-S\¡‑v c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mS‑p-¡‑m-\‑pÅ {‑iah‑p‑w A¡‑m-e-¯‑p-ï‑m-b‑n.

HIvtSm_À 2014

(30) A§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v e‑n¦‑v DÛ-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. Sangal, Viswanath, Sathyavrath Dev X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-c‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p FU‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑n-b Ak‑n-Ìâ‑p-a‑mÀ. BZ‑y-e¡‑w I‑mi‑va‑o-c‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

R‑m³‑, ]‑pk‑vX-I-\‑n-c‑q-]W‑w‑, k‑n\‑na‑m \‑nc‑q-]-W‑w‑, \‑mS-I-\‑nc‑q-]W‑w X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-b‑n-e‑mW‑v {‑i²‑n-¨-X‑v. e‑n¦‑v ]‑pd¯‑p h¶ ka-b¯‑v At‑a-c‑n-¡³ t‑e‑m_‑n-b‑ps‑S ià-a‑mb FX‑nÀ¸‑n\‑p h‑nt‑[-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑{‑I‑mk‑v t‑d‑m-U‑vk‑v: t‑{‑I‑mk‑v t‑d‑mU‑vk‑n\‑p X‑pS-¡-a‑n« ct‑ai‑v X‑m¸À ]‑mÀ«‑n-b‑n \‑n¶‑v ]‑n¶‑oS‑v ]‑pd-¯‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑pI-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Dt‑]-{‑µ-I‑r-j‑vWZ-¯‑ns‑â ]‑nX‑m-h‑mb cU\‑n ]‑ma‑n-Z¯‑v H‑mI‑vk‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑n I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v {‑]hÀ¯-\§Ä \S-¯‑nb Bf‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. At‑±-l-a‑mW‑v C{‑µ-P‑n¯‑v \‑nJ‑nÂ_‑m-_‑ps‑h k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¨-X‑v. t‑{‑I‑mk‑vt‑d‑m-U‑n R‑m³ At‑±-l-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w ]W‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Fs‑¶-t‑¸‑me‑p‑w k‑wi-b‑n¨ c‑m‑wZ‑m-k‑v, FU‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑n-b t‑_‑mÀU‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. hf-s‑c-b-[‑nI‑w N‑n´‑n¨ t‑ij-a‑mW‑v ‑"t‑{‑I‑mk‑v t‑d‑mU‑vk‑n‑'s‑â t‑]c‑v ‑"\‑y‑q GP‑m‑' (New Age‑)¡‑n a‑mä‑n-bX‑v. ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â {‑]t‑X‑y-I-X-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v [‑mc‑mf‑w NÀ¨ \S-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑mb‑n-¨‑m a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W-s‑a¶ h‑mZ-a‑mW‑v R‑m\‑p-¶-b‑n-¨-X‑v. But dogmatics said - paper is only meant for party. t‑P‑mÀÖ‑n-b³ `‑mj¡‑v ]Ic‑w "dj‑y³' Xs‑¶ ]‑mÀ«‑n ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â `‑mj-b‑mb‑n Ì‑me‑n³ X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p¯ I‑mc‑y‑w C.-F‑w.-F-k‑v. k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑o-S‑v, ]‑mÀe-s‑aâ‑ns‑e "c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b-¡‑m-g‑vN-IÄ‑' I‑mW‑m\‑mb‑n R‑m³ \‑nt‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. Ah‑ns‑S ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S K-X‑nIÄ h‑o£‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p \‑nÀt‑±-i‑w. But I could only felt a lack of organisational... Sensational Sense everey where. I was really frustrated - cannot create any impacts - No ideas.

s‑s‑N\‑ok‑v A[‑n-\‑n-t‑hi‑w: a‑pÄK‑m-h‑p³I-d‑ps‑S (S.Mulgaonkar) Bh-i‑y‑m-\‑p-k-cW‑w R‑m³ t‑XP‑v]‑qc‑n-t‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mb‑n. R§Ä A©‑md‑p t‑]c‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

I‑qs‑S cï‑p {‑^©‑pI‑mc‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]s‑£‑, s‑s‑N\ b‑p²‑w \‑nÀ¯‑n Ah-c‑ps‑S AX‑nÀ¯‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v aS-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. AX‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v Xs‑¶ R§Ä¡‑v I‑mc‑y-a‑mb‑n d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑N¿‑m³ H¶‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ]s‑£ X‑nc‑n¨‑p h‑nf‑n-¡‑m-¯X‑n-\‑m Hc‑p a‑mk-t‑¯‑mf‑w X§‑n. CX‑n-\‑ns‑S s‑\{‑l‑ph‑p‑w Nh‑m\‑p‑w kµÀi\‑w \S-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Fs‑â aS¡‑w ck-Ic-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. "DSs‑\ ]‑pd-s‑¸-S‑pI‑' F¶ s‑Se{‑K‑m‑w e`‑n-¨‑p.

Z‑nÃ‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑pÄK‑m-h‑p³IÀ Ft‑¶‑mS‑v ]d-ª‑p. "s‑kI‑y‑q-c‑nä‑n d‑nk‑vI‑v' I‑mc-W-a‑mW‑v X‑nc‑n¨‑p h‑nf‑n-¨-s‑X-¶‑v.

R‑m³ t‑]‑mf‑n-ä‑v _‑y‑qt‑d‑m-b‑p-a‑mb‑n ]W‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v I‑mc-W‑w. R‑m³ "{‑]k‑v C³^Àt‑a-j³ _‑y‑qt‑d‑m‑'h‑nt‑e¡‑v t‑]‑mb‑n. ]‑mÀ«‑n h‑n«‑n«‑p‑w F´‑n-\‑mW‑v h‑oï‑p‑w D]-{‑Z-h‑n-¡‑p-¶s‑X¶‑v t‑N‑mZ‑n-¨‑p. Cs‑X‑mc‑p s‑a¡‑mÀ¯‑nk‑w BW‑v. (At‑a-c‑n¡-b‑n s‑k\-ä-d‑m-b t‑P‑mk^‑v s‑a¡‑mÀ¯‑ns‑¡‑mc‑p X{‑´-a‑pï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. AX‑m-b-X‑v, Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Fh‑n-s‑S-b‑p‑w‑, ""Fs‑â t‑]‑m¡-ä‑n Hc‑p e‑nÌ‑p-ï‑v. AX‑n 561 I½‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑p-I‑mc‑ps‑S t‑]c‑p-ï‑v. AhÀ H‑mt‑c‑m-c‑p-¯-t‑cb‑p‑w R‑m³ ]‑nS‑n-I‑qS‑p‑w‑'' F¶‑p ]dª‑v \S-¡‑p‑w. CX‑v ]e-t‑cb‑p‑w `b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n.

N‑mÀf‑n N‑m¹‑n³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w C‑u `‑oj-W‑n¡‑v h‑nt‑[-b-\‑mb‑n.‑) I½‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑ns‑â t‑]c‑n s‑I.-U‑n. -a‑mf-h‑y, \‑mc‑mb-W³ A§‑ns‑\ aä‑v ]ec‑p‑w Hc‑p-]‑mS‑v A\‑p-`-h‑n-¨‑p. CX‑ns‑\ "I‑uïÀ‑' s‑N¿‑m-\‑mW‑v A¶s‑¯ t‑I‑m¬{‑Kk‑v {‑]k‑n-Uâ‑mb‑n-c‑p¶ I‑ma-c‑m-P‑v, "I‑ma-c‑mP‑v ¹‑m³' s‑I‑mï‑p-h-¶-X‑v. k‑m[‑mc-W-¡‑m-c‑n \‑n¶‑v hfs‑c AI-¶‑p- t‑]‑m-b-X‑n-\‑mÂ‑, ]‑mÀ«‑n¡‑p-t‑hï‑n ]¯‑p s‑I‑mÃ-¯‑n-e-[‑nI‑w I‑y‑m_‑n-\-ä‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶-hÀ c‑mP‑n-s‑h-¡-W-s‑a¶ X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n. A§‑n-s‑\‑, Fk‑v.-s‑I.-]t‑«Â‑, s‑a‑md‑mÀP‑n t‑Zi‑m-b‑n‑, PK‑vP‑o-h³ d‑m‑w X‑pS-§‑nb {‑]a‑pHIvtSm_À 2014

kn.]n. ]dfnbnse hoSn\p apónð

JÀ c‑mP‑n-s‑h-¨‑p. Fs‑â I‑mc‑y-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v aS-§‑m‑w. hÀ-¡‑n‑wK‑v t‑PÀW-e‑nÌ‑v BI‑vS‑v {‑]I‑m-c‑w‑, A¨-S¡ \S-]S‑n s‑s‑Is‑¡‑mÅ-Ws‑a-¦‑n Insubordination As‑Ã-¦‑n Incompetence F¶‑o I‑pä-§Ä Bt‑c‑m-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-S-W‑w. AX‑n-Ã‑m-¯-X‑n-\‑m R‑m³ l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑n Ø‑m\‑w \‑ne-\‑nÀ¯‑n.

P‑n.U‑n. _‑nÀf GI-t‑Zi‑w 80- hb-Ê‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ k‑zb‑w h‑nc-a‑n-¨‑p. At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â aI³ s‑I.-s‑I. _‑nÀf Ø‑m\t‑a-ä‑p. s‑I.-s‑I. _‑nÀf-b‑m-Is‑« a‑pÄK‑m-h‑p³Is‑d a‑mä‑p-¶-X‑ne‑mW‑v BZ‑y‑w {‑i²‑n-¨-X‑v. _‑nÀf¡‑v I‑rj‑vW-`‑m-«‑n-s‑b-b‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p ]Y‑y‑w. I‑mcW‑w `‑m«‑n-b¡‑v B`‑y-´c a{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ K‑pÂk‑m-c‑n-e‑m \µ-b‑p-a‑mb‑n AS‑p-¸-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a‑m{‑Xa-Ã‑, `‑m«‑nb \µ-b‑p-a‑mb‑n _‑nÀf¡‑v Hc‑p I‑qS‑n-¡‑mg‑vN Xcs‑¸-S‑p¯‑n s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. `‑m«‑nb A¶‑v ]‑mÀe-s‑aâd‑n Id-k‑vt‑]‑m-ïâ‑p-a‑m-W‑v. A§‑n-s‑\‑, At‑k‑m-k‑n-t‑bä‑v FU‑nä-d‑mb‑n `‑m«‑nb IS¶‑p h¶‑p. a‑pÄK‑m-h‑p³Is‑d t‑ht‑c‑ms‑S ]‑ng‑pX‑p a‑mä‑m-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p ]‑n¶‑o-S‑pÅ {‑ia‑w. CX‑n\‑p‑w _‑nÀfb‑mW‑v hg‑n Iï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨-X‑v. a‑pÄK‑m-h‑p³Is‑d FU‑n-äÀ C³ N‑o^‑v B¡‑n þ A good for nothing post‑. A`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-b‑mb a‑pÄK‑m-h‑p³IÀ c‑mP‑n-s‑h-s‑¨‑m-g‑n-ª‑p. At‑±l‑w s‑I‑me‑m-e‑w]‑q-c‑n-t‑e¡‑v t‑]‑mb‑n Hc‑p ]{‑X‑w X‑pS-§‑p-I-b‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v.

CX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e P‑n.-U‑n. _‑nÀfb‑p‑w Hc‑p If‑n If‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. 1942þ \‑mc‑m-b-W³ AdÌ‑v s‑N¿-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. t‑Zh-Z‑mk‑v K‑mÔ‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p FU‑n-äÀ. Z‑pÀK‑m-Z‑mk‑v {‑_‑n«‑o-j‑p-I‑m-c‑ps‑S N‑mc-\‑m-s‑W-¶‑mW‑v \‑mc‑m-b-Ws‑â ]£‑w. P‑n.-U‑n. _‑nÀf-b‑mIs‑« t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w {‑_‑n«-s‑\b‑p‑w Hc‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e ]‑n´‑m-

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§‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C§‑ns‑\ b‑p²‑w h¶ ka-b¯‑v b‑qW‑nt‑^‑m‑w h‑nX-cW‑w s‑N¿‑m-\‑pÅ Ah-I‑mi‑w At‑±-l-¯‑n\‑p I‑n«‑n. ]s‑£‑, F´‑p-s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m b‑qW‑nt‑^‑m‑w h‑nX-cW‑w t‑hï{‑X h‑nP-b‑n-¨‑n-Ã. {‑_‑n«‑o-j‑v ]£-]‑m-X‑n-b‑mb Z‑pÀK‑m-Z‑mk‑v C‑u {‑] i‑v\‑w s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑m-s‑a¶‑v _‑nÀf¡‑v h‑m¡‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑p.

AX‑n\‑p {‑]X‑y‑p-]-I-c‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p l‑n-µ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â FU‑n-äÀ Ø‑m\‑w.

AS‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø-¡‑m-e¯‑v s‑I.-s‑I. _‑nÀfs‑b C´‑y³ FI‑vk‑v{‑]-k‑ns‑â s‑NbÀa‑m-\‑m-¡‑m³ {‑ia‑w \S¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

Bb‑ns‑S c‑mP‑oh‑v K‑mÔ‑n-b‑ps‑S k‑pl‑r-¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ k‑pa-³ Z‑p_s‑b ]‑nS‑n¨‑v FU‑n-ä-d‑m-¡‑n. C´‑y³ FI‑vk‑v{‑]-k‑ns‑â t‑]c‑n I‑ps‑d t‑Ik‑p-I-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑pa³ Z‑p_¡‑v t‑ij‑w AP‑nX‑v `«‑m-N‑mÀP‑n \‑nb-a‑n-X-\‑m-b‑n. At‑±-l¯‑n\‑v t‑ij‑w h¶ t‑P‑mÀÖ‑v hÀK‑ok‑mIs‑« Cµ‑n-c-b‑ps‑S \b-§s‑f h‑naÀi‑n¨‑p t‑]‑m¶‑p. CX‑n £‑p`‑n-X-c‑mb t‑I‑m¬{‑K-k‑p-I‑mÀ _‑nÀf-s‑b-¡ï‑v t‑P‑mÀÖ‑ns‑\ \‑o¡‑w s‑Nb‑v-X‑p.

Gs‑d Ne-\-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑nb _‑nÀf-b‑p-a‑m-b‑pÅ t‑Ik‑v k‑n.-]‑n.b‑ps‑S ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\ A²‑y‑m-b-¯‑ns‑e Hc‑p {‑][‑m\ GS‑mW‑v. Gs‑X‑mc‑p "FÌ‑m-»‑n-j‑vs‑aâ‑n‑'\‑p a‑p¶‑ne‑p‑w Xe-I‑p-\‑n¡‑m¯ k‑n.-]‑n.-s‑b¶ h‑yà‑n Ch‑ns‑S kh‑n-t‑ij {‑i²-b‑mIÀj‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

F.-b‑ps‑S B`‑n-a‑p-J‑y-¡‑m-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A¡‑m-e¯‑v ]‑n.-F-k‑v.]‑n.-b‑ps‑S t‑\X‑m-h‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ At‑i‑mI‑v t‑a-¯‑, s‑s‑S‑wk‑v H‑m^‑v C´‑y-b‑ps‑S Ak‑n-Ìâ‑v FU‑n-ä-d‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ t‑P‑mÀÖ‑v hÀK‑ok‑ns‑\ Cµ‑n-c¡‑v ]c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. ]‑n¶‑o-S‑v, Cµ‑n-c-b‑ps‑S ]‑n.-F. Bb‑n-c‑p¶ lI‑vkÀ‑, _‑nÀf-s‑b-s‑¡‑mï‑v hÀK‑o-k‑ns‑\ l‑nµ‑p-Ø‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â FU‑n-ä-d‑m-¡‑n. ]s‑£ Cµ‑n-c-s‑¡X‑n-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p hÀK‑o-k‑ns‑â Fg‑p-¯‑v. hÀK‑o-k‑ns‑\ Hg‑n-h‑m¡‑m³ _‑nÀf¡‑pt‑a k½À±-t‑a-d‑n. ef‑nX‑v \‑mc‑m-b-W³ a‑n{‑i X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p ]‑n¶‑nÂ. A§‑n-s‑\‑, Ø‑m\‑mt‑c‑m-lW‑w \S¯‑n (FU‑n-äÀ-þ-C³-þ-N‑o^‑v‑) Bs‑f i‑oX‑oIc‑n-¡‑p¶ X{‑´‑w h‑oï‑p‑w Bh‑n-j‑vI-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. hÀK‑ok‑v I‑pS‑p-¡‑n-e‑m-b‑n. Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w Fs‑â P‑q\‑n-bÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«Àa‑mÀ Fs‑â I‑y‑m_‑n-\‑n h¶‑v hÀK‑o-k‑ns‑\ ]‑pd-¯‑m-¡‑nb h‑nhc‑w ]d-ª‑p. CX‑n-s‑\-X‑nc‑mb‑n {‑]X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p‑w {‑] hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p¶X‑n\‑p‑w F\‑n¡‑v ]‑n´‑pW \ÂI‑m-s‑a¶‑v Dd¸‑p‑w \ÂI‑n. R‑m³ hÀK‑o-k‑p-a‑mb‑n k‑wk‑m-c‑n-¨‑p. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v {‑]k‑v I‑u¬k‑n s‑NbÀa‑m-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ c‑mP-t‑K‑m-]‑m A¿-¦‑ms‑cb‑p‑w Iï‑p. At‑±l‑w t‑Ik‑v ^b s‑N¿‑m-\‑mW‑v D]-t‑Zi‑n-¨-X‑v. CX‑n-s‑\-X‑ns‑c _‑nÀf-b‑ps‑S A`‑n-`‑m-j-IÀ t‑Ik‑n\‑v k‑m[‑q-I-c-W-a‑n-s‑ö I‑mcW‑w I‑m«‑n Z‑nÃ‑n s‑s‑lt‑¡‑m-S-X‑nb‑n t‑Ì s‑I‑mS‑p-¯‑p. h‑mZ‑w t‑I«X‑v cï‑v \‑y‑mb‑m-[‑n-]-c‑mW‑v. H‑ut‑Z‑y‑m-K‑nI h-¡‑o-e‑m-b‑nc‑p¶ Fk‑v.-U‑n. t‑Zi‑m-b‑n-b‑mW‑v R§Ä¡‑p-t‑hï‑n h‑mZ‑n-¨-X‑v. t‑Ik‑v Hc‑p hÀj-t‑¯‑mf‑w \‑oï‑p. _‑nÀf t‑X‑m¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. AX‑n-\‑n-S-b‑nÂ‑, Z‑nÃ‑n s‑s‑l-t‑¡‑m-S-X‑n‑, t‑Ik‑v \S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Xs‑¶ {‑]k‑v I‑u¬k‑n-e‑n\‑v \S-]-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑m-s‑a¶ D¯-c-h‑n-d-¡‑n. (l‑n-µ‑pØ‑m³ s‑s‑S‑wk‑v b‑qW‑n-b³ k‑n.-]‑n.-s‑F. Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p.‑) B‑wt‑¥‑m C´‑y-\‑mb {‑^‑m¦‑v Bâ-W‑n-b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p _‑nÀfb‑ps‑S h¡‑oÂ. BZ‑ys‑¯ cï‑v a‑q¶‑v Z‑nhk‑w Fs‑¶b‑p‑w hÀK‑o-k‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w at‑¦-Z‑vI-s‑db‑p‑w t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. _‑nÀft‑b‑mS‑v ab-t‑¯‑ms‑Sb‑pÅ ka‑o-]-\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]s‑£ {‑]k‑v I‑u¬k‑n A‑wK-§Ä t‑{‑I‑mk‑v h‑nk‑vX‑mc‑w \S-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ _‑nÀf h‑nbÀ¯‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n.

A\‑p-_-Ô-a‑mb‑n ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v N‑neX‑v I‑qS‑n ]d-b‑m‑w. \½‑ps‑S ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w h‑nt‑Z-i‑o-b-c‑n \‑n¶‑v hf-s‑c- h‑y-X‑y-k‑vX-a‑mW‑v. AhÀ h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑nb t‑ij-a‑mW‑v Fg‑p-X‑p-I. t‑\‑mÀ¯‑v h‑nbä‑v\‑m‑w kµÀi‑n-¡‑m³ B{‑K-l‑n¨ l‑mc‑n-k¬ k‑me‑n-k‑v_-d‑n-b‑ps‑S \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑v s‑s‑S‑wk‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨ t‑eJ-\-§Ä hfs‑c A\‑p-I¼ \‑nd-ª-X‑m-W‑v. C¯c‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w \t‑¶ I‑pd-h‑mW‑v. C´‑y³ FI‑vk‑v{‑]-k‑n X-h‑ve‑o³ k‑n‑wK‑v Ii‑va‑oÀ {‑] i‑v\‑w IÅ-¯-c-a‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w {‑]k‑v t‑]‑me‑p‑w Ah‑m-k‑vX-h-a‑mb I‑mc‑y-§-f‑mW‑v Fg‑p-X‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑p‑w X‑pd-s‑¶-g‑p-X‑n. CX‑mW‑v t‑hï-X‑v. s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑â FU‑n-ä-d‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ {‑^‑m¦‑v s‑a‑mt‑dk‑v I½‑y‑q-W‑nÌ‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n-b‑p-a‑mb‑n Hc‑p I‑me¯‑v _Ô-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y‑m-\-´c‑w Ab‑mÄ FÌ‑m-»‑n-j‑vs‑aâ‑ns‑â `‑mK-a‑m-h‑p-Ib‑p‑w At‑a-c‑n-¡³ hà‑m-h‑mb‑n a‑md‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. Hc‑n-¡Â‑, s‑s‑N\-b‑p-a‑mb‑n k‑ul‑r-Z-_-Ô-¯‑n\‑v s‑\{‑l‑p a‑p³s‑s‑I-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w h‑nP-b-e£‑va‑n ]W‑vU‑nä‑ns‑â t‑\X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n Hc‑p ]-{‑X-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n[‑n k‑wLs‑¯ s‑s‑N\-b‑n-t‑e-¡-b-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. {‑^‑m¦‑vs‑a‑mt‑dk‑p‑w I‑qs‑S t‑]‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]s‑£‑, X‑nc‑n¨‑p h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑s‑N\‑ok‑v h‑nc‑p-²-\‑mb {‑^‑m¦‑v s‑a‑mt‑dk‑v hk‑vX‑p-X-IÄ ad-¨‑p-s‑h-¡‑m\‑mW‑v {‑ia‑n-¨-X‑v.

C‑u ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-¨ ]-X‑n-¸‑v t‑I-c-f {‑]-k‑v A-¡‑mZ-a‑n DS-s‑\ ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-¡‑p‑w. c-L‑p-\‑m-Y³ ]-d-f‑n-b‑p-s‑S Cþsabvð: reghunathan@gmail.com

]‑n.-F-k‑v.-]‑n. (Praja Socialist Party‑) a‑pg‑p-h³ k‑n.-s‑F.HIvtSm_À 2014

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Jesse Holcomb, Jeffrey Gottfried and Amy Mitchell

News Use Across Social Media Platforms How do different social networking websites stack up when it comes to news? How many people engage with news across multiple social sites?

And what are their news consumption habits on traditional platforms?

As part of an ongoing examination of social media and news, the Pew Research Center in collaboration with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation analyzed the characteristics of news consumers and the size of their population across 11 social networking sites.

N

ews plays a varying role across the social networking sites.1 Roughly half of both Facebook and Twitter users get news on those sites, earlier reports have shown. On YouTube, that is true of only one-fifth of its user base, and for LinkedIn, the number is even smaller. And Pinterest, a social pin board for visual content, is hardly used for news at all. (Table. 1) The proportions who get news, combined with the total reach of a site, show how many U.S. adults are learning about events and issues through each social networking site. Facebook is by far the largest social networking site among U.S. adults, and with half of its users getting news there, is also the largest among U.S. adults when it comes to getting news. As discussed in an earlier report, roughly two-thirds (64%) of U.S. adults use the site, and half of those users get news there—amounting to 30% of the general population. YouTube has the next greatest reach in terms of general usage, at 51% of U.S. adults. Thus, even though only a fifth of its users get news there, that amounts to 10% of the adult population, which puts it on par with Twitter.

Twitter reaches just 16% of U.S. adults, but half (8% of U.S. adults) use it for news. reddit is a news destination for nearly two-thirds of its users (62%).

But since just 3% of the U.S. population uses reddit, that translates to 2% of the population that gets news there. (Table. 2)

The Audience Overlap

To what extent do the various news audiences on social media overlap? A look at the five social

HIvtSm_Ă€ 2014

Table. 1

(33) Table. 2

Table. 3

networking sites with the biggest news audiences shows that a majority of news consumers on those sites (65%) get news from just one, and for 85% of those, it is Facebook. About a quarter (26%) gets news on two of those sites. And 9% get news on at least three. (Table. 3) For those who get news on multiple social networking sites, Facebook is likely to be one of the ones they use. More than half of adults who get news on Twitter, Google Plus, LinkedIn and YouTube also get news on Facebook. Aside from that, the shared audience between these sites is relatively small. (Table. 4)

The Demographics of Social News Consumers

A look at the demographic characteristics of news consumers on the five social networking sites shows that, while there is some cross-over, each site appeals to a somewhat different group. LinkedIn news consumers stand out from other groups as more likely to be high earners and college educated.

Twitter news consumers are significantly younger than news consumers on Facebook, Google Plus and LinkedIn. And Facebook news consumers are significantly more likely to be female than news consumers on YouTube, Twitter and LinkedIn. (Table. 5)

Social News Consumers and Other News Platforms

Social media news consumers still get news from a variety of other sources and, in some cases, even more so than the general public does. YouTube, LinkedIn and Google Plus news consumers are more likely than Facebook and Twitter news consumers to watch cable news. Twitter news consumers are among the least likely to turn to local and cable TV. HIvtSm_Ă€ 2014

(34) Table. 4

Table. 5

Table. 6

And nearly four-in-ten LinkedIn news consumers listen to news on the radio, compared to about a quarter of the general population. (Table. 6) News consumers on social networking websites are more likely than the general public to use a mobile device for news, including roughly half of Twitter and LinkedIn news consumers. (Table. 7)

Survey Methodology

This report is based on a Pew Research Center survey conducted Aug. 21-Sept. 2, 2013, among a nationally representative sample of adults 18 years of age or older. The sample included 5,173 respondents. The survey questionnaire was written by the Pew Research Center and administered

by GfK using KnowledgePanel, its nationally representative online research panel.

HIvtSm_Ă€ 2014

For questions asked of the full sample of 5,173, the margin of sampling error is plus or minus 1.7 percentage points at the 95% confidence level.

The table describes the sample sizes for users and news consumers on each social networking website

(35) Table 7

Table 8

included in the study, as well as the margins of error for each. (Table. 8) News consumers for each social networking website are defined as those who answered that they “ever get news or news headlines on [name of website].” News is defined as “information about events and issues that involve more than just your friends or family.”

Courtesy: www.journalism.org 1. News consumers for each social networking website are defined as those who answered that they “ever get news or news headlines on (name of website).” News is defined as “information about events and issues that involve more than just your friends or family.”

"aoUnb' X]mðamÀKw C´ybnsehnsSbpw e`n¡póp hmÀjnI hcnkwJy þ 200cq] ]qÀ®amb taðhnemkw klnXw ]Ww sN¡mtbm Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À Btbm ASbv¡mw Kerala Press Academy SB Account No.57025499757 State Bank of Travancore, Civil Station Branch, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 IFSC SBTR0000339

Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À sN¿póhÀ ]qÀ® hnemkw t^m¬ \¼À klnXw mail@pressacademy.org -ð Adnbn¡pI. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682 030; t^m¬ \w. 0484 2422275 HIvtSm_À 2014

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Shoma A. Chatterji

How Can Social Media Promote a Feature Film?

The small producer is the one who can truly exploit social media networks for his film as he does not have the financial means to support direct channels of marketing and promotion.

T

he social media are a very powerful tool in many ways. Some of them are so original and unique that they escape the layman’s attention because a majority of social media account holders confine themselves to socialising, making friends, chatting up, and publicising what they are busy doing at any given point of time. Few are aware of the potential of the social media in promoting a feature film, especially when the film is a relatively smallbudget, controversial one where expensive publicity, marketing, and promotional tools cannot be resorted to for want of adequate funds.

Film production companies often create a page on social media sites to publicise their in-production film to reach the millions of subscribers of various social media networks. Their efficacy has not been analysed or tabulated till date, but if this is done the results would be extremely interesting and provide illustrations for filmmakers not aware of the potential of social media sites as a free and useful promotional agency for films.

Big-banner and big-budget Bollywood films have already tried and tested social media networks alongside their huge budgets for promotional and marketing strategies like taking the top stars on promotional tours across the country, pre-launch, first-look, pre-release press conferences, and music launch parties. For big-banner films, such as Kahaani, Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, and Ishaqzaade, it would be difficult for the makers to find out which form of publicity and marketing really contributed to the drawings at the box office— whether it was the publicity across social media or the more exaggerated, expensive, star-studded,

HIvtSm_À 2014

and glamorous direct channels. So, the success of these films does not indicate the efficacy of social networking on the box-office returns on a film.

According to Amrita Sharma, who is into digital advertising, “Bollywood is using Social Media extensively and SM has now become an integral part of the marketing budget of any Bollywood Movie..... Actors, producers, writers—everyone who is anyone—is thronging to virtual venues like Twitter, Facebook, Orkut and Blogging sites to voice their opinions and actions.... When we have all seen, followed and interacted with individuals like Anurag Kashyap, Amitabh Bachchan and Priyanka Chopra digitally, how can movies be far behind?”1 The small producer is the one who can truly exploit social media networks for his film as he does not have the financial means to support direct channels of marketing and promotion. Besides, his film might not feature the top stars of the film industry, top music directors, dance scenes shot in picturesque locations, and so on. For the smalltime producer, especially if his film has to do with a serious subject or a subject derived from a real-life incident that might court controversy or censorship issues, social networking used as marketing and promotional agencies is not an additional way but perhaps the only way to publicise the film and draw the audience to the theatres.

The website Social Samosa posts case studies on strategy, aims, objectives, and results of social media resourcing as a marketing and promotional strategy for different films. The studies claim that social media has often doubled and tripled the box-office pickings for different films, and provide graphs

(37) and analyses to substantiate the findings. But in the absence of comparative analysis of other direct sources, the results need to be taken with a pinch of salt. Study titles include “Social Media Case Study: How Lootera Kept Their Audience Coming Back for More,” “How Bhaag Milkha Bhaag got over 3 Million Video Views!,” and “How Gulaab Gang’s Power of Pink Campaign Hit 1 Million Views in 3 Days.” How reliable these findings are may be debatable, but the fact remains that they appear to be well-researched and well-strategised and do not seem to have been drawn out of thin air.

The case studies available for everyone include that of big-banner and small-budget films. An agency skilled in conducting these promotional strategies is appointed by the production company.

Among the case studies freely available online, this writer picked on a very good film based on a real story called Ankur Arora Murder Case (AAMC; 2013).

One needs to study the background of the real-life incident that motivated this film before one gets into grips with the social media connections. Written and produced by Vikram Bhatt and directed by Suhail Tatari under the ASA Productions banner, AAMC is based on a real-life incident where a boy dies on the operation table due to medical negligence.

The film proves in the end that medical negligence was not only committed but also hushed up by the chief surgeon who jointly owns and runs the nursing home. He is so powerful that when a young doctor decides to support the bereaved parents and investigate the truth, the surgeon goes to great lengths in a cover-up.

The film did not have top stars, much fighting, item numbers, or lip-synced song and dance

numbers, and much of the latter half was shot in courtroom situations. Therefore, it was not the routine, masala, mainstream film that would automatically pull the masses into the theatres. The film was not promoted or marketed at all through normal marketing channels. But social media were used to reach out to would-be viewers of this courtroom drama on medical malpractice, perhaps the only Hindi film in recent times to deal with this delicate issue.

Since this was a medical thriller based on a true incident, the strategy followed for social media marketing and promotion was a little offbeat in keeping with the content of the film. It was conducted by the digital agency Intelliassist. The communication plan revolved around highlighting the mother–child bond which also created another bond between two mothers—the defence lawyer who was forced to abort her unborn baby and the mother of the boy who died on the operation table. The plan further put up other real-life cases of medical negligence leading to tragedy, which seemed to work well in the beginning, along with a poll created in a very popular social networking site to sensitise the initiated where some medical practitioners agreed that medical negligence does exist in India and these cases ought to be acted upon swiftly. Each time there was a drop in the engagement levels, the agency began a fresh strategy through “light a candle” campaigns, such as “Candle of Awareness,” “Candle of Hope,” “Candle of Courage,” “Candle of Protest,” and the final “Candle of Justice.”

The case study found that despite innovative campaigns and supporting marketing strategies, the film did not do well at the box office. It concludes thus: “It is not necessary that all good things end well. AAMC story was no different. In spite of positive word of mouth, fantastic review and rating by critics and audiences the movie did not fare well at the Box Office. What could be the reason?”

To prove the efficacy of social media in marketing and promoting films, the same website has a study on Fukrey (“Social Media Helped Fukrey’s Profit Cross 200% at the Box Office”), which confidently states that this “film with a relatively unknown cast wins at the box office by crossing profits to over 200% with Twitter-focused activity, and continues to grow organically on social media post release.”

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com 1. Amrita Sharma, “How Bollywood is Using Social Media,” Social Samosa, May 2012. Retrieved from http:// www.socialsamosa.com/2012/05/how-bollywood-is-usingsocial-media

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sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

‑]¿\pw cma\pw

am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

]

¯‑nc‑p]X‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w a‑p¼‑mW‑v.

R‑m³ t‑Icfk‑ml‑nX‑y A¡‑mZ a‑nb‑ps‑S s‑k{‑I«d‑nb‑mb‑n N‑mÀs‑ÖS‑p ¯‑v cï‑p a‑q¶‑mg‑v¨b‑mbt‑Xb‑pÅ‑p.

Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w c‑mh‑ns‑e IfI‑vSd‑ps‑S t‑^‑m¬ h¶‑p. t‑Icfk‑ml‑nX‑yA¡‑m Za‑nb‑ps‑S {‑SjdÀ X‑rÈ‑qÀ IfI‑vSd‑mW‑v. k‑ml‑nX‑yt‑{‑]a‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ c‑mP‑oh‑v kZ‑m\µ\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p A¶‑v IfI‑vSÀ.

At‑±l‑w Bt‑hit‑¯‑ms‑S A¡‑mZa‑n b‑ps‑S FÃ‑m {‑]hÀ¯\§f‑ne‑p‑w `‑mK`‑m¡‑mI‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. B c‑mP‑oh‑m W‑v h‑nf‑n¨X‑v. hÀ½‑mP‑n‑, C¶s‑e F\‑n¡‑v X‑nc‑ph‑ne‑z‑maeb‑n H^‑nj‑y ]W‑n Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Ah‑ns‑S I‑pd¨‑v CSt‑hf Dï‑m¡‑n h‑n.s‑I.F³. k‑md‑ns‑â h‑o«‑n  t‑]‑mb‑n. ]‑pX‑nb I½ä‑n N‑mÀs‑PS‑p ¯ I‑mc‑ys‑a‑ms‑¡ ]dª‑p. At‑¸‑mÄ At‑±l¯‑ns‑â I‑z‑n¡‑v Iaâ‑v h¶‑p.

F´‑ms‑Wt‑¶‑m? t‑a‑ml\hÀ½ h¶‑n «‑pït‑Ã‑m s‑k{‑I«d‑nb‑mb‑n«‑v. C\‑n k‑ml‑nX‑y‑w F§‑ns‑\ t‑]‑mb‑me‑p‑w `£W¯‑ns‑â I‑mc‑y¯‑n A¡‑mZa‑n b‑n k‑ml‑nX‑y¡‑mÀ¡‑v i‑p{‑IZib‑mb‑n c‑n¡‑p‑w. .

R‑m³ c‑mP‑oh‑ns‑\ ka‑m[‑m\‑n¸‑n¨‑p.

R§Ä¡‑p cï‑p t‑]À¡‑p‑w `£ W‑w Cj‑vSa‑mW‑v. `£W‑w hbd‑p \‑nd b‑v¡‑m³ a‑m{‑Xaà F¶‑mW‑v R§f‑ps‑S Cc‑phc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w h‑ni‑z‑mk‑w. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v Fs‑â ]X‑nh‑p ]c‑n]‑mS‑nb‑m b‑n a‑md‑n h‑n.s‑I.F¶‑pa‑mb‑pÅ k‑wh‑m Z‑w. k‑ze‑v]‑w t‑_‑mdS‑n t‑X‑m¶‑p¶ ka b‑w‑, ka‑ql¯‑ns‑e‑, c‑mj‑v{‑S‑obc‑wK s‑¯‑, k‑m‑wk‑v¡‑mc‑nIc‑wKs‑¯ X‑nI ¨‑p‑w A]Nba‑mb hk‑vX‑pXIÄ

HIvtSm_À 2014

I‑mW‑pt‑¼‑mÄ Bs‑I \a‑ps‑¡‑mc‑p Ak‑zØX t‑X‑m¶‑md‑nt‑Ã? \a‑p¡‑p [‑mÀ½‑nIt‑c‑mja‑pï‑v‑, ]s‑£ \a‑ps‑¡‑m ¶‑p‑w s‑N¿‑m\‑mI‑nÃ. A¯c‑w kab‑w t‑^‑ms‑WS‑p¯‑p t‑\s‑c X‑nc‑ph‑ne‑z‑mae b‑v¡‑p h‑nf‑n¡‑p‑w. I‑ps‑d t‑\c‑w k‑wk‑m c‑n¡‑p‑w. a‑n¡ t‑{‑]‑m»§Ä¡‑p‑w kck a‑mb ]c‑nl‑mc‑w s‑hd‑p‑w Xa‑mib‑ne‑qs‑S I‑n«‑p‑w. a\Ê‑n\‑v ka‑m[‑m\‑w. kt‑´‑mj‑w.

CSb‑v¡‑v X‑nc‑ph‑ne‑z‑maeb‑v¡S‑p¯‑v ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑ps‑ï¦‑n Ah‑ns‑S h‑o«‑n t‑]‑mI‑p‑w. Gs‑d t‑\c‑w k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑p‑w. a‑n¡h‑md‑p‑w Ah‑ns‑S `£W‑w Ig‑n¡‑p‑w. {‑][‑m\a‑mb‑p‑w h‑n.s‑I.F³ Gs‑d¡‑m e‑w h‑nlc‑n¨ Z‑nÃ‑nb‑ns‑e t‑Zi‑ob ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯\c‑wKs‑¯ ckIca‑mb A\‑p `h§f‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w ]db‑pI. Fs‑â t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w k‑w_Ôa‑mb ]e DÄ ¡‑mg‑v¨If‑p‑w e`‑n¨X‑v h‑n.s‑I.F¶‑n \‑n¶‑mW‑v.

Ft‑S‑m‑, Z‑nÃ‑nb‑ne‑mW‑v C´‑y³ ]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯I³ P‑oh‑nt‑¡ïX‑v. {‑]‑mI‑vS‑n ¡Â s‑{‑Sb‑n\‑n‑wK‑v. F\‑n¡‑v Hc‑n¡e‑p‑w \S¡‑m\‑nSb‑nÃ‑m¯ Hc‑p k‑z]‑v\a‑pï‑v.

Hc‑p a‑q¶‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w I‑qS‑n Z‑nÃ‑nb‑n ]gbX‑pt‑]‑ms‑e H¶‑p P‑oh‑n¡W‑w. ]¿\‑mb‑n? ]¿t‑\‑m‑, c‑mat‑\‑m. Bc‑mb‑me‑p‑w aX‑n. cï‑p‑w I‑qS‑n Bb‑m AX‑mW‑v s‑FU‑nbÂ. h‑n.s‑I.F³ Z‑nÃ‑nb‑n Dï‑mb‑nc‑p ¶ I‑me¯‑v t‑Zi‑ob c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑w K‑uc ha‑mb De¨‑ne‑pIs‑f t‑\c‑nS‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p. C¶s‑¯ De¨‑neÃ. `‑mjb‑p‑w t‑K‑ma‑mX‑mh‑p‑w ]©i‑oeh‑p‑w Bb‑nc‑p ¶‑p {‑][‑m\‑w. l‑nµ‑n c‑mj‑v{‑S`‑mjb‑m¡‑n

C‑w¥‑oj‑n\‑p ]Ic‑w C´‑y a‑pg‑ph³ A‑wK‑oIc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑n FX‑nÀ¯ a{‑Z‑mk‑nt‑e¡‑v ]«‑mfs‑¯ Ab¡‑m³ h‑mi‑n ]‑nS‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ ]‑pc‑pt‑j‑m¯‑w Z‑mk‑v SW‑vUs‑\t‑¸‑ms‑eb‑pÅ D¶X t‑\X‑m¡Ä‑, t‑K‑mh[\‑nt‑c‑m[\‑w c‑mj‑v{‑Sh‑y‑m]Ia‑mb‑n GÀs‑¸S‑p¯‑m³ k\‑y‑mk‑na‑mc‑ps‑S t‑\X‑rX‑z¯‑n K‑pÂk‑mc‑ne‑m \µb‑ps‑S ]‑n´‑pW t‑b‑ms‑S D¯t‑c´‑y BIa‑m\‑w {‑]£‑p _‑v[a‑mb‑n hc‑p¶ kac‑w‑, ]©i‑oe h‑p‑w t‑k‑mh‑nbä‑v k‑ul‑rZh‑p‑w hc‑p¯‑n b t‑Nc‑nt‑Nc‑m h‑nt‑Zi\b{‑]i‑v\§Ä.

A¶‑v P‑mX‑nb‑p‑w Ag‑naX‑nb‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑obXe¯‑n Dbc‑m³ X‑pS§‑p¶t‑Xb‑pÅ‑p. Cc‑p]X‑n\‑mb‑nc‑w c‑q]‑m s‑s‑I¡‑qe‑n t‑aS‑n¨X‑n\‑v h‑nÔ‑y {‑]t‑Zi‑ns‑e h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mka{‑´‑n¡‑v a‑q¶‑p hÀj‑w Pb‑n i‑n£ I‑n«‑n ic‑n¡‑pÅ Pb‑ne‑n¯s‑¶ I‑nS¶‑p ac‑n¨ I‑mea‑m W‑v. P‑mX‑n t‑\‑m¡‑n Ak‑w»‑n‑, ]‑mÀes‑aâ‑v Ø‑m\‑mÀ°‑nIs‑f \‑nÝb‑n ¡‑p¶ s‑s‑ie‑n X‑pS§‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ.

PhlÀe‑m s‑\l‑vd‑ph‑ns‑â H‑u¶X‑y s‑¯ t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N¿‑m³ BÀ¡‑p‑w s‑s‑[c‑ya‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. _‑nk‑n\Ê‑pI‑m À c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¸‑mÀ«‑nIs‑f kl‑mb‑n¡‑p¶ X‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w AX‑nclk‑ya‑mb‑n«‑mb‑nc‑p ¶‑p.

A¶‑v \‑y‑qk‑v t‑at‑¡g‑vk‑n\‑v ]ª a‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. Z‑ri‑ya‑m²‑ya‑w k‑n\‑nab‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w If‑nIf‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w _‑nk‑n\k‑v c‑wK¯‑p\‑n¶‑p‑w C¶‑v \‑y‑qk‑v t‑at‑¡g‑vk‑ns‑\ \ÂI‑p¶‑pï‑v.

A¡‑me¯‑v ]{‑´ï‑p t‑]P‑pÅ ]{‑X ¯‑ns‑e H¶c t‑]P‑p \‑ndb‑v¡‑m³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ C‑u t‑aJeIf‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w e`‑n¡‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ.

Ah‑ns‑S Bb‑nc‑p¶‑p h‑n.s‑I.F³ Xs‑â {‑]X‑nc‑q]§f‑mb ]¿s‑\b‑p‑w c‑mas‑\b‑p‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¨‑v ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I s‑â I‑mc‑nt‑¡¨À k¼¶a‑m¡‑nbX‑v.

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h‑n.s‑I.F³

c‑ma³ Xg¡‑w h¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯ I\‑mW‑v. ]¿³ ]‑pX‑nbh\‑p‑w. c‑ma³ Xa‑ng³. ]¿³ aeb‑mf‑n. cï‑pt‑]c‑p‑w s‑s‑S¸‑n‑wK‑n h‑nZK‑v²c‑mW‑v. s‑s‑S¸‑nÌ‑m I‑m\‑mb‑n Z‑nÃ‑ns‑e¯‑nbX‑mW‑v. s‑s‑Zh‑w Ahs‑c ]{‑Xa‑m^‑ok‑ns‑e¯‑n¨‑p. a‑nS‑p¡c‑mW‑v. AX‑ps‑I‑mï‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À ]W‑nb‑ns‑e¯‑n. ]¯‑m‑w ¢‑mk‑p‑w {‑]‑mt‑b‑mK‑nI_‑p²‑nb‑p‑w k‑q£‑vaa‑mb \‑nc‑o£W]‑mShh‑p‑w \à C‑w¥‑oj‑v Fg‑pX‑m\‑pÅ Ig‑nh‑p‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v s‑s‑Ia‑pXÂ. c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob h‑mÀ¯IÄ FÃ‑mhÀ ¡‑p‑w I‑n«‑p‑w. ]s‑£ h‑mb\¡‑mc\‑v FI‑vk‑v¢‑qk‑nh‑v t‑hW‑w. ]{‑Xa‑pXe‑mf‑n ¡‑p‑w FI‑vk‑v¢‑qk‑nh‑v t‑hW‑w. c‑ma\‑p‑w ]¿\‑p‑w Hc‑p]‑mS‑v I‑mc‑y§Ä Ad‑nb‑m‑w. ]s‑£ ]‑pd¯‑p ]db‑m³ ]‑mS‑nÃ. k‑zb‑w Dï‑m¡‑nb ]c‑na‑nX‑nb‑p‑w clk‑y‑w e`‑n¡‑p¶ t‑k‑mg‑vk‑v ASb‑p

s‑a¶ `bh‑p‑w A[‑nI‑mc‑nIÄ \ÂI‑p ¶ s‑]À¡‑vk‑v \‑neb‑v¡‑ps‑a¶ A¦e‑m¸‑p‑w. h‑n.s‑I.F³ c‑mas‑\b‑p‑w ]¿s‑\b‑p‑w IY‑m]‑m{‑X§f‑m¡‑n ic‑n¡‑p‑w C´‑y³ t‑Zi‑ob]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I\‑v ¢‑mk‑v \ I‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p Xs‑â cN\If‑ne‑qs‑S. ^‑nI‑vj³ \ÂI‑p¶ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w h‑n.s‑I.F³ ]‑qÀ®a‑mb‑p‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n ¨‑p.

D¨b‑v¡‑v Ø‑nc‑w _‑md‑ne‑nc‑p¶‑v _‑nbÀ I‑p¸‑nt‑b‑mS‑v Xs‑â t‑P‑me‑n k‑w_Ô‑n¨ s‑]g‑vkWÂ Z‑p‑xJ‑w ]¦‑n S‑p¶ ]¿s‑\¡ï‑v c‑ma³ ka‑m[‑m\‑n ¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

FS‑m‑, \‑ns‑â Z‑p‑xJ‑w F´‑p Z‑p‑xJ a‑mS‑m. B ]‑mh‑w \½‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S]X‑n t‑U‑mI‑vSÀ c‑m[‑mI‑rj‑vWs‑â Z‑p‑xJs‑a‑m t‑¶‑mÀ¯‑p t‑\‑m¡‑v. AX‑ns‑âbS‑p¯‑v \‑ns‑â Z‑p‑xJ‑w Hc‑p Z‑p‑xJt‑abÃ. ]‑mh‑w‑,

F{‑X hÀja‑mb‑n Hc‑p t‑\‑m_Â s‑s‑{‑]k‑n\‑p {‑ia‑n¡‑p¶‑p‑!

C´‑yb‑n Ia‑y‑qW‑nk‑w hc‑m¯X‑n \‑p Hc‑p I‑mcWt‑ab‑pÅ‑p. ]Þ‑nX‑vP‑n b‑ps‑S k‑q{‑X‑w. PhlÀe‑m s‑\l‑vd‑p C´‑y³ d‑n¸»‑n¡‑ns‑â BZ‑y s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¸‑p {‑]J‑y‑m]‑n¨t‑¸‑mÄ H¸‑w s‑Nb‑vXX‑v Ia‑y‑qW‑nÌ‑v ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑ps‑S \‑nt‑c‑m[\‑w ]‑n³he‑n¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. ]‑mÀ«‑n s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¸‑n aÕc‑n¡‑m³ Xb‑md‑mb‑n. e£¡W¡‑n\‑v k‑mb‑p[ h‑n¹hI‑mc‑nIf‑mb‑n a‑md‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶ s‑Nd‑p¸¡‑mÀ CeI‑vj\‑v \‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¸‑pÕh¯‑n\‑p‑w X¿‑md‑m b‑n. F.s‑I. t‑K‑m]‑me³ ]‑mÀes‑aâ‑ns‑e {‑]X‑n]£t‑\X‑mh‑mb‑n. c‑ma³ ]dª‑p‑, s‑\l‑vd‑p Xa‑mi¡‑mc\‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

At‑±l‑w ]‑mÀes‑aâ‑ns‑e s‑s‑a¡‑ns‑â i_‑vZ‑w I‑q«‑n¨‑p. At‑±l¯‑n\d‑nb‑ma‑m b‑nc‑p¶‑p. C\‑n t‑]S‑nt‑¡ï. k‑z´‑w i_‑vZ¯‑n Bc‑p‑w ca‑n¡‑p‑w. k‑z´‑w h‑m¡‑pIf‑ps‑S D¨`‑mj‑nW‑nb‑ne‑qs‑S hc‑p¶ H¨ t‑I«‑v Bt‑hi‑w s‑I‑mÅ‑p¶ Ia‑y‑qW‑nÌ‑v t‑\X‑m¡Ä C´‑yb‑n C\‑n k‑mb‑p[h‑n¹hs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑v N‑n´‑n¡‑pIt‑]‑me‑pa‑nÃ. \‑y‑qk‑v t‑a¡d‑mb h‑yà‑nIf‑p‑w k‑m[‑mcW \½s‑ft‑¸‑ms‑e FÃ‑m i‑mc‑oc‑nIh‑p‑w a‑m\k‑nIh‑pa‑mb t‑¢i§Ä DÅhc‑mW‑v. X§f‑ps‑S k‑zI‑mc‑yP‑oh‑nXs‑¯ t‑PÀWe‑nÌ‑pIÄ a‑m\‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑p‑w AX‑ns‑\ ]»‑n¡‑v t‑{‑]‑m¸À«‑n B¡c‑ps‑X¶‑p‑w Hc‑pa‑mX‑nc‑n FÃ‑m \‑y‑qk‑v t‑a¡À t‑\X‑m¡f‑p‑w IÀi\a‑mb‑n Bhi‑ys‑¸S‑md‑pï‑v.

AX‑ns‑\ [‑mÀ½‑nIXb‑ps‑S `‑mha‑mb‑n h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m\‑n¸‑n¡s‑¸S‑md‑pa‑pï‑v. ]s‑£ FÃ‑m t‑\X‑m¡f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w X‑oc‑pa‑m\§ s‑fS‑p¡‑m³ t‑{‑]cIa‑mI‑p¶ \‑nÀ®‑mb ILSI‑w Ahc‑ps‑S k‑zI‑mc‑yXb‑ns‑e {‑]t‑X‑yIXIf‑mW‑v. t‑c‑mK‑w‑, {‑]‑mb‑m[‑n I‑y¯‑ns‑â XfÀ¨‑, BÀ¯‑n‑, Ak‑qb‑, h‑mi‑n‑, s‑s‑hc‑mK‑y‑w‑, A[‑nI‑mct‑a‑ml‑w Chs‑bÃ‑m‑w k‑zI‑mc‑yXb‑ps‑S `‑mKa‑m W‑v. I‑pS‑p‑w_h‑mg‑v¨ C´‑y³ P\‑m[‑n] X‑ys‑¯ I‑mÀ¶‑p Z‑pÀ_ea‑m¡‑nbX‑n \‑p‑w ]W‑w C´‑yb‑n A[‑nI‑mc¯‑n s‑â N‑meIià‑nb‑mbX‑n\‑p‑w I‑mcW‑w CX‑p Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v. ]¿\‑p‑w c‑ma\‑p‑w h‑n.s‑I.F¶‑p‑w C¶‑v I‑qS‑pX {‑]kàa‑mW‑v Fs‑¶ \‑n¡‑p t‑X‑m¶‑p¶‑p. Ahc‑ps‑S I‑mg‑v¨ ¸‑mS‑pIf‑ps‑S ià‑n \a‑p¡‑v Bhi‑ya‑m W‑v. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com HIvtSm_À 2014

(40) Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

Radio in India The All India Radio has not forgotten its social responsibility.

B

roadcasting in India was started in 1927 by the Indian Broadcasting Company in Bombay, with transmitters in Bombay and Calcutta. The Company did not last long, although about 10,000 listeners in the two cities had invested money in it. Broadcasting was revived under a new company, the Indian Broadcasting Service (IBS), in New Delhi under the auspices of the British government in 1930.

Licence fee from listeners was a source of government income.

The government got the services of Lionel Fielden of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), who streamlined the working of the IBS. It was on Fielden’s suggestion that the name All India Radio (AIR) was adopted in 1936. The name continues even now, although its Indian equivalent—Akashvani— is used more frequently now in all linguistic areas. There are occasional regional variations, such as Vaanoli (in Tamil) and Vaani (in Telugu). It is said that the name “Akashvani” was suggested by Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, Prince of Mysore, in 1935.

The AIR came under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in 1941. It continued to, even after India got her independence in 1947. Direct government management of broadcast and telecast media (radio and television) was in

HIvtSm_À 2014

existence until the formation in 1997 of an independent broadcasting corporation, the Prasar Bharati.

In 1947, India had 11 radio stations—six in the provinces, and five in the princely states, including Mysore, Hyderabad, and Travancore. Eventually, the stations in the princely states were taken over by the central government. Today, India has over 200 full-fledged stations and the Indian population has 600 million radio sets and at least 100 million batteryoperated transistors. The radio is the most widespread medium in India. There are plans to increase the number of radio stations, particularly frequency modulation (FM) stations, transmitters, and other equipment. There should at least be a thousand radio broadcasting stations for India’s present population of 1,200 million. The United States, the media Mecca of the world, has about 12,000 radio stations (7,000 amplitude modulation stations and 5,000 FM stations) for its 360 million people.

Radio Programmes

As a developing country, with 67 per cent of the people hardly meeting the basic needs of food, pure drinking water, nutrients, and housing with toilet facilities, India has to use its media, particularly radio and TV for

making the people aware of the country’s resources, the people’s responsibilities of respecting the rule of law and upholding human rights of all, and the basic premise of equality before the law for all citizens. Unfortunately, air time and newspaper space are devoted to less important issues, forgetting the burning issues confronting the large majority of the people.

Can this be the primary reason for India’s media using 40–50 per cent of air time and newspaper space for music, comedy, drama, religious obscurantism, and popular superstitions, instead of making people aware of their

(41) rights and responsibilities and the dangers of deviant social behaviour? There is very little of serious discussion on the radio and TV channels about the vital problems confronting the citizens, whereas much is made out of casteist and communal organisations celebrating obscure rituals. Is this a healthy trend?

There is a perceptible change in radio and TV programming not only in the private channels but also on the AIR and the Doordarshan (DD). Devoting more than 50 per cent of their time to musical and dramatic entertainment is not socially productive. The media have a social responsibility. However, it is true that among the electronic media corporations, including private channels, it is the Prasar Bharati that gives the most time to programmes with social responsibility.

Of course, the Akashvani’s News Services Division collects news and views about current events as they occur and broadcasts them in news bulletins and features. Discussions and proceedings in the Parliament and the State Assemblies are also

brought to the listeners. But there are critics who point out that bureaucratic delays common in government services sometimes delay announcement of significant news by the AIR and the DD. The AIR is a mammoth organisation, and no other media organisation can claim its vast network and infrastructure. It broadcasts 250 news bulletins in different languages—Indian and foreign—directly from Delhi and relayed from important regional stations. Listeners abroad get 63 AIR bulletins in 24 languages.

Tribal areas in India receive 35 bulletins in different tribal languages. The News Division gives “slow-speed bulletins” that help small newspapers to take down the news in long- or short-hand system of writing. The current affairs programmes and newsreels bring eyewitness accounts to listeners and interviews with VIPs. There are about 100 full-time correspondents and 400 parttimers who send news reports to the AIR. The AIR and the DD followed a policy of commercial-free broadcasting until the mid-1960s.

The policy was changed, first by the AIR in 1967 and then by the DD in 1976. When more and more Indian listeners turned to Radio Ceylon, the AIR decided to go commercial and provide more musical programmes to compete with Radio Ceylon. Advertising commercials were aired before, between, and after programmes.

The stress on classical music was also reduced when popular cinema songs and light songs began to be aired.

The DD turned commercial on 1 November 1976, first as an experimental measure in the Bombay, Pune, and Nagpur stations that used medium wave transmitters. Today, about 40 stations broadcast commercials.

Special programmes for women and children, housewives, students, villagers, farmers, tribes, labour groups, and soldiers are broadcast by the AIR. Nearly 40 stations have special health and hygiene programmes. All AIR stations have farm and home programmes specially aimed at farmers and rural audiences in general.

As for variety in programming, the AIR is the leader among radio stations in India. One can say unhesitatingly that the AIR, despite its recently introduced practice of giving more time for entertainment, has not forgotten its social responsibility and public commitment as a medium devoted to the welfare and development of the large majority of India’s teeming millions. Next month, we shall turn to the visual media—cinema and television.

See you later, communicator!

Professor Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (19821992) at the University of Kerala.

As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards.

Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

HIvtSm_À 2014

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am[ya]T\¯nsâ (IayqWnÌv) am\ns^tÌm

sSenhnjsâ am{XaÃ, kaIme am[ya§fpsS Xs¶ amÀIvknb³ ]T\§fpsS am\ns^tÌmbmWv sdbvaïv hneywknsâ Cu {KÙw.

c

ï‑p h‑nJ‑y‑mX a‑m[‑ya]T\{‑KÙ §f‑ps‑S A³]X‑p‑w \‑me‑v]X‑p‑w h‑mÀj‑nIa‑mW‑v 2014. bY‑m{‑Ia‑w a‑mÀj aI‑ve‑qls‑â Understanding Media (1964‑)‑, s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â

Television: Technology and Cultural Form (1974‑) F¶‑nhb‑ps‑S. ]eÀ¡‑p‑w

a‑m[‑ya]T\¯‑ns‑â s‑s‑__‑nf‑mW‑v aI‑ve‑qls‑â {‑KÙs‑a¦‑n B c‑wK s‑¯ Ia‑y‑qW‑nÌ‑v a‑m\‑ns‑^t‑Ì‑mb‑mW‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â I‑rX‑n. GXÀY¯‑ne‑p‑w A{‑Xt‑a h‑n`‑n¶§f‑mb k‑n²‑m´‑, c‑oX‑ni‑mk‑v{‑X]²X‑nIÄ ]‑n´‑pSc‑p¶h b‑mW‑v Cc‑p {‑KÙ§f‑p‑w. X‑nI¨‑p‑w `‑n¶a‑mb I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑pIt‑f‑ms‑S‑, Ig‑nª \‑qä‑mï‑ns‑â H¶‑m‑w]I‑pX‑nb‑n  ]‑mÝ‑mX‑y a‑m[‑ya]T\§s‑f A¡‑mZa‑nI Xe¯‑n c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑n b {‑^‑m¦‑v^À«‑v k‑vI‑qÄ‑, It‑\U‑nb³ a‑oU‑nb‑mk‑vI‑qÄ N‑n´If‑ps‑S X‑pSÀ¨ b‑pa‑mW‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑p‑w aI‑ve‑ql\‑p‑w.

It‑\U‑nb³ a‑oU‑nb‑mk‑vI‑qf‑n l‑mt‑c‑mÄU‑v C¶‑nk‑v X‑pS§‑nh¨ e‑n_d P\‑m[‑n]X‑y]ch‑p‑w kt‑¦X _²h‑p‑w \h h‑naÀi\]ch‑pa‑mb \‑ne]‑mS‑pIf‑ne‑mW‑v aI‑ve‑qls‑â {‑KÙ‑w `‑mh\ s‑N¿s‑¸«s‑X¦‑n \h HIvtSm_À 2014

Television: Technology and Cultural Form Raymond Williams Routledge - Viva Books, 2004

a‑mÀI‑vk‑nb³‑, {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI ]T\ka‑o]\§f‑ne‑mW‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â {‑KÙ‑w cN‑n¡s‑¸«‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. aI‑ve‑qls‑â {‑KÙh‑p‑w ka‑o]\h‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nIX¡‑p \ÂI‑nb D‑u¶e‑p‑w a‑pXe‑mf‑n¯ h‑yhØ¡‑p Ie‑v]‑n¨ {‑]‑ma‑mW‑yh‑p‑w k‑rã‑n¨ {‑]t‑I‑m]\ a‑mW‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â {‑KÙs‑¯b‑p‑w ka‑o]\s‑¯b‑p‑w c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑nbX‑v F¶‑pt‑hWs‑a¦‑ne‑p‑w ]db‑m‑w. ‑"a‑m[‑yak‑mt‑¦X‑nIXb‑ps‑S c‑q]§ f‑ne‑mW‑v a‑mä¯‑ns‑â {‑]{‑I‑nb A[‑n j‑vT‑nXa‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑'s‑X¶‑v BZ‑y‑w ]dªX‑v C¶‑nk‑mW‑v. aI‑ve‑ql³ C‑u h‑o£W‑w Gs‑äS‑p¯‑p h‑nIk‑n¸‑n ¡‑p¶‑p. ]gb t‑^‑mÀae‑nk¯‑ns‑â X‑pSÀ¨b‑mb‑n ]ec‑p‑w C‑u ka‑o]\ s‑¯ Iï‑p. aI‑ve‑qls‑â cï‑p I‑mg‑vN ¸‑mS‑pIf‑mW‑v Gs‑d h‑naÀi\§Ä £W‑n¨‑phc‑p¯‑nbX‑v. H¶‑v‑, k‑ma‑m\‑y a‑mb‑n \‑m‑w ]c‑nKW‑n¡‑p¶ A¨S‑n‑, {‑i‑mh‑y‑, Z‑ri‑y a‑m[‑ya§s‑f a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, I‑mÀ‑, s‑s‑k¡‑nÄ‑, _Ä_‑v‑, hk‑v{‑X[‑mc W‑w‑, A¡§Ä‑, s‑Se‑nt‑^‑m¬...

F¶‑n§s‑\ a\‑pj‑ys‑â GX‑p k‑m[‑yXs‑bb‑p‑w a‑m[‑yaa‑mb‑n IïX‑v.

"Extensions of Man‑' F¶‑mW‑v aI‑ve‑ql³ a‑m[‑ya§s‑f h‑nf‑n¨X‑p‑w \‑nÀhN‑n¨X‑p‑w Ft‑¶‑mÀ¡‑pI. D‑w_À t‑«‑m Ft‑¡‑m a‑pX dP‑nk‑v s‑Zs‑{‑_ hs‑cb‑pffhÀ C‑u I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑ns‑\

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s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v

X‑ns‑c c‑wK¯‑ph¶‑p. cï‑v‑, k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m c‑nIXs‑b¡‑mÄ k‑mt‑¦X‑nIX¡‑p \ÂI‑nb D‑u¶Â. c‑q]h‑mZ¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w \h h‑naÀi\¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w N‑phS‑p ]‑nS‑n¨‑v‑, a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S DffS¡aÃ‑, c‑q]a‑mW‑v a‑pJ‑y‑w F¶‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nIX b‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya§Ä \ÂI‑p¶ {‑]‑mYa‑n I kt‑µi‑w (The Medium is the Message) F¶‑pa‑pff aI‑ve‑qls‑â h‑mZ‑w Ht‑ckab‑wXs‑¶ Gs‑d {‑]k‑n² h‑p‑w FX‑nÀ¸‑pIÄ £W‑n¨‑phc‑p¯‑p ¶X‑pa‑mb‑n. BZ‑yI‑me Ia‑y‑qW‑nÌ‑pIf‑p s‑S k‑m¼¯‑nI \‑nÀWbh‑mZ (economic determinism‑)¯‑n\‑p ka‑m\a‑mb k‑mt‑¦X‑nI\‑nÀWbh‑mZ (technological determinism‑)a‑mW‑v aI‑ve‑qlt‑âX‑v F¶‑p \‑nc‑o£‑n¡s‑¸ «‑p. Retribalisation, Globalvillage X‑pS§‑nb aI‑ve‑qls‑â k¦e‑v]\§

f‑p‑w ]ec‑me‑p‑w h‑naÀi‑n¡s‑¸«‑p. t‑P‑m¬^‑nk‑vs‑I "Media Matters‑‑' F¶ {‑KÙ¯‑n F-g‑pX‑n: "Power is social; not just technological and it is through institutional and economic control that technology is directed.' {‑_b‑m³ h‑n³Ì¬

Hc‑p]S‑nI‑qS‑n IS¶‑v‑, aI‑ve‑qls‑\X‑ns‑c ‑"Misunderstanding Media' Fs‑¶‑mc‑p {‑KÙ‑wXs‑¶ Fg‑pX‑n‑! Tel-

evision: Technology and Cultural Form þÂ s‑db‑vaï‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v ] db‑p¶‑p: "The work of Mcluhan was a particular culmination of an aesthetic theory which became, negatively, a social theory: a development and elaboration of formalism which can be seen in many fields, from literarycriticism

and linguistics to psychology and anthropology, but which acquired its most significant popular influence in an isolating theory of ‘the media’. ... For if the mediumwhether print or television - is the cause, all other causes, all that men ordinarily see as history, are at once reduced to effects... The initial formulation - the medium is the message-was a simple formalism.

The subsequent formulation-the medium is the massage- is a direct and functioning ideology' (‑p.129-130‑).

C{‑Xs‑b‑ms‑¡b‑mb‑n«‑p‑w aI‑ve‑qls‑â {‑KÙh‑p‑w aI‑ve‑ql³ X‑pS¡‑w I‑pd‑n¨ a‑m[‑ya]T\c‑oX‑ni‑mk‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w C¶‑p‑w {‑]kàa‑ms‑W¶X‑n XÀ¡a‑nÃ.

P‑o³t‑_‑mZ‑ne‑mZ‑v‑, B[‑p\‑nI‑m\´cX HIvtSm_À 2014

(44) b‑ps‑S a‑m[‑yak‑wk‑vI‑mcs‑¯ a‑p³\‑nÀ ¯‑nb‑mh‑nj‑v¡c‑n¨ k¦e‑v]\§t‑f‑m t‑c‑m¶‑p‑w aI‑ve‑qls‑â k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w s‑hf‑n s‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶hb‑mW‑v Ft‑¶‑mÀ¡‑pI. a‑mÀI‑vk‑nb³ k‑n²‑m´§f‑ps‑S N‑phS‑p ]‑nS‑n¨‑v ]‑n¡‑me¯‑p h‑nIk‑n¨ a‑m[‑y a]T\§f‑ps‑S he‑ns‑b‑mc‑p X‑pS¡a‑mb‑n a‑md‑nb h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â {‑KÙh‑p‑w Ct‑X t‑X‑mX‑n {‑]kàa‑mW‑v.

1974þe‑mW‑v ‑"s‑Se‑nh‑nj³: k‑mt‑¦X‑n IXb‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nIc‑q]h‑p‑w‑' ]‑pd ¯‑phc‑p¶X‑v. \‑nch[‑nb‑mb a‑m[‑ya§ s‑f¡‑pd‑ns‑¨g‑pX‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w aI‑ve‑qls‑â D‑u¶e‑p‑w t‑I{‑µ_‑n‑w_h‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj \‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑n Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v {‑i²t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n¨X‑v.

AX‑phg‑n a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S k‑mt‑¦X‑nI Xb‑p‑w k‑m¼¯‑nI]cXb‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑n IXb‑p‑w Ah k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m c‑nIXb‑p‑w a\Ê‑ne‑m¡‑m\‑pff Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb c‑oX‑ni‑mk‑v{‑X‑w AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p‑, At‑±l‑w. The Long revolution, Communications F¶‑o {‑KÙ§f‑n A¨S‑n a‑m[‑ya§s‑f a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n a‑p³]‑pXs‑¶ D¶b‑n¨X‑p‑w _‑n._‑n.k‑n.b‑ps‑S h‑mc‑nIb‑mb The Listener þ 1968þ72 I‑mes‑¯g‑pX‑nb ]‑wà‑nb‑n k‑qN‑n¸‑n¨X‑pa‑mb Bib §f‑ps‑S s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑nb‑p ff A]{‑KY\a‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ‑w. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v‑, At‑ac‑n¡³ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ k‑wk‑vI‑mc§f‑ps‑S X‑mcXa‑y h‑niIe \¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v F¯‑nt‑¨À¶ \‑nKa\§f‑mW‑v {‑KÙ¯‑n\S‑n¯d b‑mbX‑v. ‑"a‑pXe‑mf‑n¯¯‑ns‑â c‑wKt‑hZ‑nb‑p‑w B[‑p\‑nIXb‑ps‑S \‑mSIh‑pa‑mb‑n‑' h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑\ Iï‑ps‑h¶‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nIc‑q]s‑a¶ \‑neb‑n s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff s‑s‑k²‑m´‑n I]T\§Ä¡‑v Dd¨ AS‑n¯d \‑nÀ½‑n ¨‑ps‑h¶‑p‑w t‑P‑m¬l‑mÀ«‑ve‑n ]db‑p¶‑p. "s‑Se‑nh‑nj³]T\c‑wKs‑¯ BZ‑y ¢‑mk‑nI‑v‑' F¶‑mW‑v t‑S‑m_‑n a‑nÃÀ C‑u {‑KÙs‑¯ h‑nt‑ij‑n¸‑n¨X‑v. a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S c‑q]t‑a‑m k‑mt‑¦X‑nI Xt‑b‑m AÃ‑, Ahb‑ps‑S DffS¡‑w Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v Ah \ÂI‑p¶ kt‑µi‑w F¶‑p‑w c‑q]h‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXb‑p‑w A\‑nh‑mc‑ya‑m‑wh‑n[‑w Nc‑n{‑X]ch‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑nIh‑pa‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w AX‑n\‑m Ahb‑ps‑S c‑m{‑ã‑oba‑mW‑v s‑Se‑nh‑nj s‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nIXs‑b¶‑p‑w h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v Ø‑m]‑n¡‑p¶‑p. AX‑phg‑n‑, Ht‑ckab‑w Xs‑¶‑, aI‑ve‑qlt‑\‑mS‑pff h‑nt‑b‑mP‑n¸‑p‑w h‑naÀi\h‑pa‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p‑, h‑ne‑y‑wk‑n s‑â I‑rX‑n. k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXb‑p‑w ka‑qlh‑p‑w‑, k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXb‑ps‑S Ø‑m]\§Ä‑, s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ c‑q]§Ä‑, ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑p HIvtSm_À 2014

s‑S‑, h‑nXcWh‑p‑w {‑]h‑mlh‑p‑w‑, k‑mt‑¦ X‑nIXb‑ps‑S {‑]`‑mh§f‑p‑w {‑]t‑b‑mP\ §f‑p‑w‑, _Z k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXþ_Z D]t‑b‑mK‑w F¶‑n§s‑\ Bd[‑y‑mb§ f‑ne‑mb‑n‑, a‑m[‑yac‑q]s‑¯ k‑mt‑¦X‑nIX a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑n I‑mW‑p¶ aI‑ve‑qls‑â I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑pIÄ h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v s‑]‑mf‑ns‑¨g‑p X‑p¶‑p. {‑]a‑pJ a‑m[‑ya]T‑nX‑mh‑mb t‑d‑mPÀ k‑nÂhÀt‑Ì‑m¬ 2003þ h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â I‑rX‑nb‑ps‑S ]‑pX‑nb ]X‑n¸‑ns‑\g‑pX‑nb Ba‑pJ¯‑n ]db‑p ¶X‑pt‑]‑ms‑e‑, s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â BZ‑y Ac\‑qä‑mï‑ns‑\¡‑pd‑n¨‑pff h‑naÀi\‑m ßI k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI h‑mb\b‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ‑w. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ {‑]h‑ml‑w (flow) F¶ k¦e‑v]\‑w c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑n h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑phb‑v¡‑p¶ s‑s‑k²‑m´‑nI ]c‑nIe‑v]\ Gs‑d {‑it‑²ba‑mb‑n.

CSXSh‑nÃ‑ms‑Xb‑p‑w t‑{‑]£Ic‑ps‑S \‑nb{‑´W¯‑n\X‑oXa‑mb‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj ³ N‑m\e‑pIÄ k‑wt‑{‑]jW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p s‑I‑mt‑ïb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑ps‑S b‑p‑w ]ck‑y§f‑ps‑Sb‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ X‑pSÀ¨ b‑mb Hg‑p¡‑v k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ {‑]X‑oX‑nI s‑f k‑qN‑n¸‑n¡‑m\‑mW‑v C‑u ]c‑nIe‑v]\ h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑nbX‑v. (‑"d‑nt‑a‑m«‑v I¬t‑{‑S‑mÄ‑' h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â k‑n²‑m´ s‑¯ A{‑]kàa‑m¡‑n Fs‑¶‑mc‑p h‑mZ‑w c‑q]‑ws‑I‑mï‑p F¶X‑p I‑mW‑mX‑n c‑p¶‑pI‑qS‑m‑). k‑ma‑ql‑nIh‑p‑w k‑m¼¯‑n Ih‑p‑w c‑m{‑ã‑obh‑pa‑mb k‑mlNc‑y§ f‑p‑w Bhi‑y§f‑p‑w A[‑nI‑mc_Ô§ f‑pa‑mW‑v k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXs‑b k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ X‑v. h‑yhk‑mbh¡cWh‑p‑w B[‑p\‑n I‑oIcWh‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXs‑b \‑nb{‑´‑n¡‑m\‑pff \‑nch[‑n CSs‑]Se‑p IÄ \S¯‑n. k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXIf‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑Xh‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑yi‑mk‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w Ah b‑ps‑S h‑nXcW¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w Ø‑m]\ h¡cW¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w D]t‑b‑mK§f‑p s‑Sb‑p‑w I‑qS‑n Nc‑n{‑Xh‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑y i‑mk‑v{‑Xh‑pa‑mW‑v. Ht‑ckab‑wXs‑¶ k‑ma‑ql‑yi‑nY‑ne‑oIcW¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w ]¦‑mf‑n¯¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§f‑mb‑n t‑dU‑nt‑b‑mb‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ c‑q]s‑¸«X‑ns‑â C‑uh‑n[a‑pff k‑ma‑ql‑y Nc‑n{‑X‑w h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v h‑nhc‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

"Flow' k‑n²‑m´‑w t‑]‑ms‑eXs‑¶ {‑it‑²ba‑mW‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â "Mobile privatisation' F¶ ]c‑nIe‑v]\b‑p‑w. s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â DffS¡‑w‑, a‑p³]‑p Xs‑¶ \‑neh‑ne‑nc‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya§f‑n \‑n¶‑p IS‑ws‑I‑mïX‑mW‑v. F¦‑ne‑p‑w B a‑m[‑ya‑w k‑rã‑n¨ a‑ue‑nIa‑mb N‑ne ]‑pX‑paIf‑pï‑v. AX‑mIs‑«‑, ‑"s‑s‑Z\‑wZ‑n\ P‑oh‑nX¯‑ns‑â k‑m[‑mcWX‑zs‑¯ t‑\c‑n«‑p‑w AS‑p¯‑p‑w \‑n¶‑v Bh‑nj‑v¡c‑n ¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb‑mW‑v‑' þ k‑nÂhÀt‑Ì‑mN‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶‑p ("...‑ its

a‑mÀj aI‑ve‑ql³

directness and its closeness to the ordinariness of everyday life')

‑"c‑q]h‑mZ]ch‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦X‑nI_² h‑p‑w ka‑ql\‑nct‑]£h‑p‑w ANc‑n{‑X ]ch‑pa‑mb‑' aI‑ve‑qls‑â a‑m[‑ya k¦e‑v]\§Äs‑¡X‑ns‑c h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v D¶b‑n¡‑p¶ h‑naÀi\§f‑ps‑S I‑mX s‑Se‑nh‑nj³c‑q]§Ä¡‑p ]‑n¶‑ns‑e a‑m\‑pj‑nI CSs‑]Se‑pIf‑mW‑v.

"Technologies may constrain, but they donot determine‑' -þ F¶‑mW‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑ns‑â h‑ni‑z‑mk‑w. ‑"The routes

their developments follow are marked by competing interests, struggles over meaning and the limitlessly unintended consequences of human action' ‑-

k‑nÂhÀt‑Ì‑m¬ h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ‑"k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXb‑p‑w ka‑qlh‑p‑w‑' F¶ H¶‑ma[‑y‑mb‑w a\‑pj‑yNc‑n{‑X

(45)

s‑¯b‑p‑w P‑oh‑nXs‑¯b‑p‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p I‑pX‑n¸‑n¨ k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑yIs‑f‑, k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXa‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑n I‑mW‑p¶ c‑oX‑nt‑b‑mS‑p h‑nt‑b‑mP‑n¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v Ah b‑v¡‑pff k‑ma‑ql‑nIh‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑n Ih‑p‑w XX‑zN‑n´‑m]ch‑pa‑mb ]Ý‑m ¯e§Ä N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

X‑pSÀ¶‑v a‑q¶‑pXe§f‑n C‑u h‑nj b‑w h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑y s‑b k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑p ka‑ql¯‑n \‑ne \‑n¡‑p¶ I‑mc‑yþI‑mcW_Ô§Ä‑, k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑ys‑b¶ \‑neb‑n s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â k‑ma‑ql‑yNc‑n{‑X‑w‑, s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXb‑ps‑S D] t‑b‑mK§Ä¡‑pff k‑ma‑ql‑yNc‑n{‑X‑w F¶‑n§s‑\. s‑s‑hZ‑y‑pX‑n‑, s‑Se‑n{‑K‑m^‑v‑, t‑^‑mt‑«‑m{‑K^‑n‑, k‑n\‑na‑, t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m X‑pS§‑nbhb‑ps‑S X‑pSÀ¨b‑mb‑n c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mï k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑ys‑b¶ \‑ne b‑n s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â Nc‑n{‑X‑w h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v

hc¨‑nS‑p¶‑p. Ht‑ckab‑w K‑mÀl‑nIh‑p‑w k‑zI‑mc‑yh‑p‑w k‑ma‑ql‑nIh‑pa‑mb k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI‑m\‑p`h¯‑ns‑â \‑nÀ½‑nX‑n k‑m[‑ya‑m¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑yas‑a¶ \‑neb‑n s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑pff ‑mobile privatisation k‑z`‑mhs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑v k‑qN‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v. s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXb‑ps‑S Ø‑m]\§s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑mW‑v cï‑ma[‑y‑m b‑w. t‑{‑_‑mU‑vI‑mÌ‑n‑wK‑ns‑â k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑p‑w \b]ch‑p‑w `cW]ch‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya] ch‑p‑w aä‑pa‑mb k‑zc‑q]§f‑ps‑S h‑niIe \‑w _‑n._‑n.k‑n.s‑b a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n X‑pS §‑n‑, At‑ac‑n¡³ s‑Se‑nh‑nj\‑nt‑es‑¡ ¯‑p¶‑p. s‑]‑mX‑pþk‑zI‑mc‑y Ø‑m]\ §Ä s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ a‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑p \S¯‑nb CSs‑]Se‑pIÄ X½‑n X½‑n  `‑n¶§f‑mb \‑nch[‑n ka‑o]\§ f‑nt‑e¡‑p ]SÀ¶‑p. At‑ac‑n¡³ Ia‑y‑q W‑nt‑¡j³ t‑aJeb‑ps‑S Bt‑K‑mf I‑p¯I 1950 If‑nÂXs‑¶ X‑pS§‑p¶‑p ï‑v. s‑s‑k\‑nIþc‑m{‑ã‑obþh‑yhk‑mb t‑aJeIf‑ps‑S k‑wb‑pà k‑wc‑w`s‑a ¶ \‑neb‑ne‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡³ k‑wØ‑m\ §f‑ns‑e‑m¶S¦‑w ]SÀ¶ t‑{‑_‑mU‑vI‑m Ì‑n‑wK‑v t‑aJe F¶ \‑neb‑ne‑p‑w CX‑ns‑\ h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

Hc‑p]s‑£‑, s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI c‑m{‑ã‑ob§f‑n Gä h‑p‑w {‑]a‑pJa‑mb k‑z`‑mh§f‑ns‑e‑m¶‑p Xs‑¶ C‑u s‑s‑k\‑nIþc‑m{‑ã‑obþh‑y‑mh k‑mb‑nI k‑wc‑w`a‑mW‑v. s‑]‑mX‑pþ k‑zI‑mc‑yt‑aJeIÄ X½‑ne‑pff h‑yX‑y‑mk‑wt‑]‑me‑p‑w `cWI‑qSh‑p‑w h‑n]W‑na‑pXe‑mf‑n¯h‑p‑w X½‑ne‑pff h‑yX‑y‑mka‑ms‑W¶‑v C¶‑p \‑m‑w a\Ê‑n e‑m¡‑p¶‑p.

X‑pSÀ¶‑pff cï[‑y‑mb§Ä k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nIc‑q]s‑a¶ \‑neb‑n s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑\ h‑niIe\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. h‑mÀ¯‑, k‑wh‑mZ§Ä‑, h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w‑, h‑nt‑\‑mZc‑q]§Ä‑, k‑n\‑na‑, k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑v, ]ck‑y‑w‑, aÕc§Ä F¶‑n§s‑\ s‑Se‑nh‑nj³c‑q]§s‑f a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑nb‑pff DffS¡ h‑niIe\ a‑mW‑v a‑q¶‑ma[‑y‑mbs‑a¦‑nÂ‑, Ch k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ I‑mg‑vNb‑ps‑S k‑wk‑vI‑mc a‑mW‑v \‑me‑ma[‑y‑mb¯‑ns‑e h‑njb‑w. flow k¦e‑v]\‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n s‑Se‑nh‑nj³ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑ps‑S Ah‑nc‑m aa‑mb Hg‑p¡‑v k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ Z‑ri‑y{‑]X‑o X‑nIf‑ps‑S h‑niIe\‑w. 1973 a‑mÀ¨‑v a‑mk¯‑ns‑e Hc‑mg‑vNb‑n At‑ac‑n¡b‑n s‑e cï‑p‑w {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e a‑q¶‑p‑w N‑m\e‑p If‑ps‑S ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ H¶S¦‑w h‑niIe\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑ps‑I‑mï‑mW‑v h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v C‑u c‑oX‑ni‑mk‑v{‑X‑w {‑]t‑b‑mK ¯‑n s‑I‑mï‑phc‑p¶X‑v. t‑ae‑v]dª N‑m\ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑ps‑S KWh‑p‑w DffS¡k‑z`‑mhh‑p‑w kabh‑p‑w

A\‑p]‑mXh‑p‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n‑, Ah k‑rã‑n¡‑p¶ AÀY§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w a‑qe‑y §f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI {‑]`‑mh§ Ä h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p‑, h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v.

A©‑ma[‑y‑mb¯‑ne‑mW‑v aI‑ve‑ql s‑â I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑pIs‑f t‑\c‑n«‑p JÞ‑n ¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXs‑b¡‑mÄ DffS¡‑w s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑n I‑m\‑p`h§s‑f \‑nÀ½‑n¡‑p¶X‑ns‑â Aht‑e‑mI\‑w h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v \S¯‑p¶X‑v. k‑mt‑¦X‑nI \‑nÀWbh‑mZ¯‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑Xþk‑ma‑ql‑nI‑m`‑mh§Ä a‑p³\‑nÀ ¯‑n aI‑ve‑qls‑â a‑m[‑ya]T\§f‑ps‑S ]c‑na‑nX‑nIÄ h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n ¡‑p¶‑p. AX‑ns‑â X‑pSÀ¨b‑mb‑n Bd‑ma[‑y‑mb¯‑n s‑]‑mX‑pþk‑zI‑mc‑y t‑aJeIÄ a‑m[‑yac‑wK¯‑p s‑s‑Ihc‑n¨ k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑p‑w k‑m¼¯‑nIh‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nIh‑pa‑mb I‑p¯Is‑¡X‑n s‑c DbÀ¶‑pht‑cï _Z a‑m[‑ya§ s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑v k‑qN\IÄ \ÂI‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p.

1970 If‑ne‑p‑w 80 If‑ne‑p‑w k‑w`h‑n ¡‑mh‑p¶ k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nI‑mk§Ä N‑qï‑n¡‑m«‑n 1973 s‑eg‑pX‑nb {‑KÙ¯‑n  h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v \S¯‑nb \‑nc‑o£W§Ä ]eX‑p‑w C¶‑p‑w {‑]kàa‑mW‑v. t‑I_‑nÄ‑, D]{‑Kl k‑mt‑¦X‑nIXIÄ k‑rã‑n¡‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p¶ h‑n¹h§Ä N‑qï‑n¡‑mW‑n¡‑p¶ h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v‑, Câd‑m Î‑nh‑v s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑â k‑m[‑yXIf‑nt‑e ¡‑pt‑]‑me‑p‑w h‑ncÂN‑qï‑p¶‑p. At‑ac‑n ¡³‑, _l‑pc‑m{‑ã a‑m[‑yaI‑p¯IIÄ s‑¡X‑ns‑c c‑q]‑ws‑I‑mt‑ffï t‑Zi‑ob‑, {‑]‑mt‑Zi‑nI‑, {‑]X‑nt‑c‑m[ a‑m[‑yak‑wc‑w` §s‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p NÀ¨s‑N¿‑p¶ h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v‑, s‑Se‑nh‑njs‑\ h‑n¹h¯‑ns‑â b‑p‑w {‑]X‑nh‑n¹h¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w Cc« Z‑uX‑y‑w \‑nÀhl‑n¡‑m³ t‑ij‑nb‑pff a‑m[‑yaa‑mb‑n X‑nc‑n¨d‑nb‑p¶‑p. ]¦‑mf‑n ¯ P\‑m[‑n]X‑y¯‑ns‑â h‑mlI\‑m I‑m\‑pff C‑u a‑m[‑ya¯‑ns‑â `‑mh‑n k‑m[‑yXIÄ a‑p³I‑q«‑nIï h‑ne‑y‑wk‑v Xs‑¶ h‑n]W‑na‑pXe‑mf‑n¯¯‑ns‑â A[‑n\‑nt‑hic‑q]Ia‑mb‑p‑w s‑Se‑nh‑nj s‑\ I‑mW‑p¶‑p. CâÀs‑\ä‑n\‑p‑w a‑p³]‑m W‑v C‑u s‑Se‑nh‑nj³]T\‑w ]‑pd¯‑p hc‑p¶X‑v. CâÀs‑\ä‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑obþ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑mc‑nI k‑m[‑yXIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑p ff Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb ]T\§Ät‑]‑me‑p‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑phb‑v¡‑p¶ I‑mg‑vN¸‑mS‑pIÄ ]eX‑p‑w h‑ne‑y‑wk‑nt‑âX‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p `‑n¶aà F¶X‑pXs‑¶b‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ns‑â {‑]kà‑n. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com HIvtSm_À 2014

(46) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

Joep Cornelissen Sage 320 Pages; Price: Rs.3,033.00

James Glen Stovall Pearson Education India 382 Pages; Price: Rs.475.00

Writing for the Mass Media

Media and Cultural Studies

Written specifically for students interested in knowing more about the organizational and management context of communications, and to get more hands-on learning, practical experience and skills to help them get off to a flying start in their career, this book is a guide to corporate communication that will help students and practitioners navigate the area, understand the main theories and put these into practice through examples and case studies. Academically grounded, it covers the key concepts, principles and models within corporate communication by bringing together academic knowledge and insights from the subject areas of management and communication. At the same time, it combines this academic base with a clear practical outlook – practical cases illustrate the theory and each chapter also focuses on models and exercises that equip students with practical expertise and skills.

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This book offers clear writing, simple organization, abundant exercises, and precise examples that give readers information about media writing and opportunities to develop their skills as professional writers. With a focus on a converged style of media writing, and converting that style into real work, this eighth edition maintains its classic and effective text-workbook format while staying ahead of the curve and preparing professionals for their future careers.

MyCommunicationLab is an integral part of the Stovall program. MediaShare allows students to post speeches and share them with classmates and instructors. Online selfassessments and pre- and post-tests help students assess their comfort level with public speaking and their knowledge of the material.

Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks is one of the most popular and highly acclaimed anthologies in the dynamic and multidisciplinary field of cultural studies. Bringing together a range of core texts, the new edition of this collection offers the definitive resource on the evolution of culture, media, and communication from its origins to the digital world of the twentyfirst century. While never losing focus on the foundational figures in cultural studies -- intellectual giants that run the gamut from Gramsci, Bourdieu and Adorno, to Herman, Chomsky, hooks, Stuart Hall, Fredric Jameson, Nestor Garcia-Canclini, and Angela McRobbie -- this new edition features several new articles reflecting cutting edge cultural issues and innovations in social media. These include enhanced treatment of such topics as Twitter, YouTube, interactive media, web 2.0, and new concepts of audience-as-producer.

Corporate Communication

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\yqkv s\äv C.]n.jmPpZo³ BtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpó anI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn. am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.

a‑oU‑nb‑m s‑s‑hk‑v

t‑\c‑nt‑Sï c‑oX‑nb‑mW‑v- h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¡‑p ¶X‑v. s‑N¡‑v_‑p¡‑v t‑PWe‑nk‑w‑, N‑nÂ{‑U³‑, t‑I‑mU‑v‑, t‑I‑mU‑v H‑m^‑v IïÎ‑v‑, {‑^‑oU‑w H‑m^‑v C³^Àt‑aj³‑, s‑l¯‑v‑, e‑ns‑_Â‑, {‑]k‑v {‑^‑oU‑w‑, k‑zI‑mc‑yX‑, s‑]‑mX‑p X‑me‑v]c‑y‑w‑, \‑nba §Ä‑, BßlX‑y X‑pS§‑nb h‑njb §Ä k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v CX‑n\‑pÅ‑n t‑eJ\§f‑pï‑v.

k‑n.s‑F.s‑F.s‑P

F.F‑w.s‑F.k‑n. {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e {‑_‑nÌf‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p ¶ k‑wLS\b‑mb a‑oU‑nb‑m s‑s‑hk‑n s‑â {‑][‑m\ e£‑y‑w s‑Xä‑mb a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\‑w hg‑n _‑p²‑na‑p«\‑p`h‑n¡‑p ¶hs‑c kl‑mb‑n¡‑pI F¶X‑mW‑v-. s‑Xä‑mbX‑p‑w k‑zI‑mc‑yX e‑wL‑n¡‑p¶ X‑p‑w {‑`a‑mßIh‑pa‑mb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ t‑Z‑mjIca‑mb‑n _‑m[‑n¨‑n«‑pfhÀ¡‑v k‑uP\‑y kl‑mb‑w \ÂI‑p¶‑p a‑oU‑nb‑m s‑s‑hk‑v. www.mediawise.

org.uk.

1993 A¨S‑n a‑m[‑ya§s‑f a‑m{‑X‑w e£‑ya‑n«‑mW‑v- C‑u Ø‑m]\‑w X‑pS§‑nbX‑v. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v s‑a‑m¯‑w a‑m[‑ya c‑wKs‑¯ CX‑ns‑â ]c‑n[‑nb‑n DÄ s‑I‑mÅ‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. k¶²{‑]hÀ ¯\ k‑wLS\IÄ¡‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑pP\ ¯‑n\‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§s‑f k‑w_Ô‑n¨ ]c‑ni‑oe\‑w \ÂI‑pI‑, a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ ¯\§Ä¡‑pÅ ]c‑ni‑oe\ c‑oX‑nIÄ Dc‑p¯‑nc‑ns‑ªS‑p¡‑pI‑, a‑oU‑nb‑m \‑nba‑w‑, \b§Ä X‑pS§‑nbh k‑w_ Ô‑n¨‑v Kt‑hjW‑w \S¯‑pIb‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑pI F¶‑nhb‑p‑w a‑oU‑nb‑m s‑s‑hk‑n s‑â \b]c‑n]‑mS‑nIf‑n s‑]S‑p¶‑p.

Chc‑ps‑S N‑ne d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ t‑l‑m‑w t‑]P‑n Xs‑¶ I‑mW‑m‑w. s‑]‑mX‑p ka‑ql¯‑n\‑mb‑n ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ 21 t‑I‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ ChÀ \S¯‑p¶‑pa‑pï‑v. I‑ws‑s‑¹\‑n‑wK‑v F_‑u«‑v Z‑v a‑oU‑nb F¶ e‑n¦‑n s‑N¶‑m s‑]‑mX‑pP\§Ä¡‑v a‑m[‑ya §f‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ t‑a‑mi‑w A\‑p`h§ Äs‑¡X‑nt‑c ]c‑mX‑n \ÂI‑m‑w. U‑oe‑n‑wK‑v h‑n¯‑v Z‑v a‑oU‑nb F¶ e‑n¦‑v BIs‑« H‑mt‑c‑m kµÀ`§f‑n a‑m[‑ya§s‑f

k‑n‑wK¸‑qÀ BØ‑m\a‑mb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n ¡‑p¶ Gj‑y³ a‑oU‑nb C³^Àt‑aj³ B³U‑v Ia‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ s‑kâd‑ns‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v- www.amic.org. sg. a‑m[‑ya-Bibh‑n\‑nab t‑aJeIf‑n  Kt‑hjW‑w \S¯‑p¶ Ø‑m]\a‑m W‑v- F.F‑w.s‑F.k‑n. a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S k‑ma‑ql‑nI N‑paXe‑, ]‑mÀi‑z-h¡c‑n ¡‑p¶hÀ¡‑p I‑qS‑n a‑m[‑ya§f‑n AÀla‑mb {‑]‑mX‑n\‑n[‑y‑w \ÂI‑pI F¶‑n§s‑\ [‑mc‑mf‑w e£‑y§Ä C‑u k‑wLS\ a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑v hb‑v¡‑p¶‑pï‑v. a‑m[‑ya t‑aJes‑b ]ä‑nb‑pÅ \‑nch[‑n s‑ka‑n\‑md‑pIÄ‑, i‑nÂ]i‑meIÄ X‑pS§‑nbhb‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑S \S¡‑p¶‑p. \S¡‑m\‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑p‑w a‑p³]‑v \S¶X‑p a‑mb C¯c‑w t‑b‑mK§f‑ps‑S h‑nhc§ Ä s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑ne‑pï‑v. Kt‑hjWh‑p‑w {‑]k‑n²‑oIcWh‑pa‑mW‑v- as‑ä‑mc‑p {‑][‑m \ c‑wK‑w. k‑wLS\b‑ps‑S Kt‑hjW d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ s‑s‑kä‑v hg‑n h‑m§‑m‑w. \‑y‑qk‑v s‑eäÀ Ds‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w Ig‑nª a‑mÀ¨‑n\‑p t‑ij‑w Cd§‑nb‑n«‑nÃ. Gj‑y b‑n a‑m[‑ya t‑aJes‑b k‑w_Ô‑n¨ K‑uchXca‑mb Kt‑hjW‑w \S¡‑p¶ Ø‑m]\a‑mb‑n F.F‑w.s‑F.k‑n hfÀ¶‑p hc‑p¶‑pï‑v.

At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e k‑m³ {‑^m‑ ³k‑nk‑vtI ‑ m‑ k‑vt‑ää‑v b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑nb‑ps‑S t‑PWe‑n k‑w h‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p k‑wc‑w`a‑mb s‑kâÀ t‑^‑mÀ Cât‑{‑Kj³ B³U‑v C‑w{‑]‑qh‑vs‑aâ‑v H‑m^‑v t‑PWe‑nk¯‑ns‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v- ‑www.ciij.org.

CX‑ns‑e DÅS¡¯‑n he‑nb ]¦‑p‑w k‑m³{‑^‑m³k‑nk‑vt‑I‑ms‑bb‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡s‑bb‑p‑w t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n¨‑pÅX‑m s‑W¦‑ne‑p‑w N‑neX‑v Bt‑K‑mf k‑z`‑mh a‑pÅX‑mW‑v-. ]»‑nt‑¡j³k‑v h‑n`‑mK‑w DZ‑mlcW‑w. CX‑n A¡‑mUa‑nI‑v ]»‑nt‑¡j³k‑v‑, d‑nkÀ¨‑v t‑U‑mI‑y‑p s‑aâ‑vk‑v, d‑nkÀ¨‑v s‑{‑]‑mPÎ‑vk‑v, {‑]^j W ]»‑nt‑¡j³k‑v‑, BÀs‑s‑¡h‑v F¶‑n§s‑\ h‑nh‑n[ h‑n`‑mK§f‑ne‑mb‑n [‑mc‑mf‑w ]T\§f‑p‑w t‑eJ\§f‑p‑w {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. CX‑n a‑n¡X‑p‑w k‑uP\‑ya‑mb‑n U‑u¬t‑e‑mU‑v s‑N¿‑m‑w. d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vkk‑v h‑n`‑mK-h‑p‑w hfs‑c ka‑r²a‑mW‑v-. t‑PWe‑nk‑w k‑wLS\IÄ‑, t‑PWe‑nk‑ws‑s‑hh‑n[‑y‑w‑, t‑I‑mfP‑v Ì‑pUâ‑v d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ‑, Kt‑hjIÀ‑, A[‑y‑m]IÀ‑, t‑PWe‑nk‑w h‑njb§Ä‑, d‑nkÀ¨‑v s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ‑, At‑ac‑n¡³ FX‑v\‑nI‑v a‑oU‑nb‑, t‑PWe‑nk‑w t‑»‑mK‑pIÄ‑, t‑PWe‑nk‑w d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ F¶‑n§s‑\ h‑nh‑n[ h‑njb§f‑n [‑mc‑mf‑w s‑h_‑v e‑n¦‑pI Ä CX‑n \‑n¶‑p Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. K‑uch a‑mb‑n t‑PWe‑nk‑w ]T\s‑¯ ka‑o]‑n ¡‑p¶hÀ¡‑v Gs‑d D]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mW‑vC‑u s‑s‑kä‑v. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

HIvtSm_À 2014

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C\n A¡mZanbnð \nópw aäp {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¡pó ]pkvXI§Ä¡p ]pdsa aebmf¯nse aäp {]apJ {]km[IcpsS am[yakw_Ônbmb ]pkvXI§fpw C\n apXð {]kv A¡mZanbnð \nópw e`n¡pw.

{]kv A-¡mZ-an {]-kn-²o-I-c-W§Ä 1. hr¯m´]{X{]hÀ¯\w kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]n-Å 2. kztZim`nam\n þ cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmPykvt\ln Sn.thWptKm]me³ 3. F.sI.]nÅ: BZÀi§fpsS càkm£n F.cm[mIrjvW³ 4. s\òenbpsS I¼n sI.sI.taml\³ 5. Im¼ntÈcn þ Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À sI.kpµtci³ 6. hmÀ¯bpsS inð]ime F³.F³.kXy{hX³ 7. aebmf ]{X`mj þ hnImk ]cnWma§Ä hn.]n.kpss_À 8. hmÀ¯ IY hyhlmcw BâWn kn tUhnkv 9. dnt¸mÀ«À {]ikvXcmb apXnÀó 18 ]{X{]hÀ¯-IÀ, FUnäÀ : C.]n.jmPp±o³ 10. hn]nBÀ dohnknäUv A¦nX NocI¯nð 11. A\p`h k©mc§Ä h-\nXmam[ya{]hÀ-¯-I-cpsS HmÀ½IÄ 12. am[ya {]hÀ¯\hpw kÀKmßIXbpw F-UnäÀ: sN-dp-I-c k-®n eq-t¡mkv 13. Ncn{Xkm£nIÄ ]n.kp-PmX³ 14. Mass Communication Basics J.V.Vil’anilam 15. \m«phmÀ¯bpsS Ime§Ä F-kv.F³.P-b-{]-Imiv 16. Malayalam Newspapers and

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HIvtSm_À 2014

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{]km[IcpsS ]pkvXI§fpw A¡mZan {]kn²oIcW§Ä¡v 30% Dw aäp {]km[IcpsS ]pkvXI§Ä¡v 20% iXam\ hpw Ingnhpw e`n¡pw. Im¡\ms« A¡mZan Hm^oknð \nóv t\cnt«m X]mð hgntbm ]pkvXI§Ä e`yamWv. IqSpXð hnhc§Ä¡v t^m¬: 0484 2422275 25. kn.hn. Ipªncma³ PohnXw, Imew \thm°m\w 26. ]ÝntamZbw 27. Zriy{imhy am[ya§Ä 28. cmPy kamNmcw

kamlcWw : lmjnw cmP³ hÅn¡mhv taml³Zmkv Hcp kwLw teJIÀ hÅn¡mhv taml³Zmkv

hne: 25.00 cq] hne: 195.00 cq] hne: 75.00 cq] hne: 50.00 cq]

tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZan 29. ]{X{]hÀ¯\w hgnbpw hkvXpXbpw 30. ]{Xw Ncn{Xw ]h\³

31. BZyIme amknIIÄ 32. h\nXm ]{X{]hÀ¯\w Ncn{Xhpw hÀ¯am\hpw 33. tIcf ]{X{]hÀ¯\ Ncn{Xw 34. ktlmZc³ A¿¸³ {]t£m`Imcnbmb ]{X{]hÀ¯I³ 35. sISmhnf¡v

36. Ipamc\mimsâ apJ{]kwK§Ä 37. Fsâ aebmfw

38. Im¼nticn

39. sI.kn.am½³ am¸nf

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Znt\iv hÀ½ ]h\³ Pn.{]nbZÀi\³

hne: 140.00 cq] hne: 100.00 cq] hne: 150.00 cq]

F.IrjvWIpamcn ]pXp¸Ån cmLh³

hne: 90.00 cq] hne: 150.00 cq]

Pn. {]nbZÀi³ k¼mZ\wþF.Cµnc Pn.{]nbZÀi\³ tUm.F.kn.hmkp tUm.km_p tIm«p¡ð Fw.sI.km\p ]n.{io[c³ Pn.{]nbZÀi\³ Fw.hn.tXmakv hn.]n.tPmkv

hne: 70.00 cq] hne: 180.00 cq] hne: 280.00 cq] hne: 110.00 cq] hne:140.00 cq] hne: 200.00 cq] hne: 210.00 cq] hne: 100.00 cq] hne: 130.00 cq] hne: 75.00 cq]

am-Xr-`qan 44. ho£W hntijw tXmakv 45. hcnIÄ¡¸pdw Ipð±o]v \¿mÀ 46. amdpó temIw amdpó am[yatemIw F³.]n.cmtP{µ³ 47. t^mÀ¯v FtÌänsâ acWw F³.]n.cmtP{µ³ 48. ]{X{]hÀ¯I\mb KmÔnPn F_n.]n tPmbv 49. amXr`qanbpw Fkv.sI.s]msä¡mSpw þþ 50. amXr`qanbpw _jodpw

þþ 51. aebmf A¨Sn am[yaw `qXhpw hÀ¯am\hpw

PbcmPv Fw.

hne: 80.00 hne: 350.00 hne: 75.00 hne: 50.00 hne: 75.00 hne: 30.00 hne: 20.00

cq] cq] cq] cq] cq] cq] cq]

hne: 225.00 cq] HIvtSm_À 2014

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

amÀ¡v KqUvk¬ kv{SoäÀ Cdm¡nse CÉmanIv tÌäv Xo{hhmZnIÄ Igp¯dp¯v sImes¸Sp¯nb am[ya{]hÀ¯I \mb sPbnwkv t^mfn¡v BZcmRvPenIfÀ¸n¨psImïv bp.Fknse {]apJ ImÀ«qWnÌm b amÀ¡v KqUvk¬ kv{SoäÀ hc¨ ImÀ«qWmWnXv. acn¨Xn\ptijhpw ]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenI `ocp¡fpsS hmfnt\¡mÄ iàntbdnbXmsWó {]Jym]\amWv ImÀ«qWnÌv \S¯póXv. Xsâ kztZiamb tPmÀPnbbnse kmhóbnemWv Fw kv{SoäÀ Fóv Adnbs¸Spó Ct±lw {]hÀ¯n¡póXv. 1974ð ImÀ«q¬ cwKt¯¡p {]thin¨ kv{SoäÀ 1988 apXð kmhó tamWn§v \yqkn\pthïnbmWv hc¡póXv.Nn{XcN\bnð _n.F^v.F _ncpZ [mcnbmb Ct±lw Atkmkntbj³ Hm^v Atacn¡³ FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWnÌv, \mjWð ImÀ«qWnÌv skmsskän Fónhbnse kPohmwKamWv. GXmsïñm hÀjt¯bpw anI¨ FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWpIfpsS XncsªSp¸nð kv{SoädpsS \nch[n ImÀ«qWpIÄ CSw ]nSn¡mdpïv. Hcp ImÀ«q¬ kamlmchpw {]kn²oIcn¨n«pïv. tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, On behalf of the Secretary, Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly | October 2014 | ` 20/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676