Media 2014 january file for online

January 2014 | Vol. 2 | Issue 9 | Price ` 10

]ptcmKXnbpsS almIYIsfÃmw sI«pIYIfmsW¶p Xncn¨dnª Hcp ]pXpXeapdsbbpw temIs¯bpamWv ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯n\pw C\n t\cnSm\p- Å Xv . {Zhambn¯oÀ¶ temI¯nse ISemkph©nbmWv Ct¸mÄ ]{Xw. D¶Xamb HcnS¯ncp¶p \ymbhn[nIÄ FdnªpsImSp¡p¶ \nba\nÀamXmhnsâ Øm\¯p\n¶v ]e `mjIfn kwkmcn¡p¶ ]e P\hn`mK§fpsS a[yØsâ Øm\t¯¡p kz´w h©n XpgbpIbmWv C\n ]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ [Àaw.

P\phcn 2014 $ ]pkvXIw 2 $ e¡w 9 $ hne ` 10

06

18

21

43

Jc¯nð-\n-óp {Z-h-¯n-te-¡v: a-ebm-f]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-se D-¯-cm-[p-\n-IX ]n.sI.cm-P-ti-J-c³

Media Ethics and Social Responsibility B. G. Verghese

Is Advertising Becoming a Publicity Stunt?

Dr. Michael Puthenthara

]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nse kmln-Xy-k-cWn

]n. AP-b-Ip-amÀ

FUntämdnbð 04 {^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu 28 sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

ap³t] ]dóhÀ ]n. kpPm-X³

30

Lighthouse

39

Students’ Corner

41

Bookshelf

45 46

Ashok R Chandran J. V. Vil’anilam

\yqkv s\äv

C.]n.jmPpZo³

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 47 temIw Iï hc 49

(4)

FUntämdnbð

-Xcp¬ tXPv-]mepw P-Ìn-kv Kmw-Kp-enbpw

X Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kozhikode N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan Political Editor, Veekshanam, Kochi T. R. Madhukumar Editor In Charge, Deshabhimani Weekly, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 10 Annual Subscription: ` 100 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 20,000 Inside B&W: ` 15,000

P\phcn 2014

-c‑p¬ t‑X-P‑v-]‑me‑p‑w P-Ì‑n-k‑v K‑m‑w-K‑p-e‑nb‑p‑w X-½‑n F-´‑m-W‑v h‑y-X‑y‑mk‑w?

C-h-c‑p-s‑S I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-§Ä- X-½‑n b‑m-s‑X‑m-c‑p h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-a‑p-a‑nà F-¶‑m-W‑v \‑nb-a‑w ]T‑n-¨-hÀ ]-d-b‑p-¶X‑v. ic‑n‑, ]-t‑£ F-´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v X-c‑p¬ t‑X-P‑v]‑m- P-b‑n-e‑ne‑p‑w P-Ì‑n-k‑v K‑m‑w-K‑p-e‑n C-s‑X-g‑p-X‑p-t‑¼‑mg‑p‑w ]._‑w-K‑mÄ a-\‑p-j‑y‑mhI‑m-i I-½‑o-j³ X-e-¸¯‑p‑w C-c‑n-¡‑p¶X‑v? B-t‑c‑m-]‑n-Xa‑m-b I‑p-ä‑w K‑m‑w-K‑p-e‑n s‑N-b‑vX-X‑v G-X‑m-ï‑v H-c‑p hÀ-j‑w a‑p-¼‑mW‑v. t‑X-P‑v-]‑m I‑p-ä‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑v Z‑n-hk-§Ä¡-I‑w P-b‑n-e‑n-e‑mb‑n. ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§‑m³ s‑s‑h-I‑p‑w F-¶‑v X‑oÀ-¨. c-ï‑v B-f‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n \‑nb-a‑w F-´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v A-X‑n-s‑â (t‑\À‑)h-g‑n-¡‑v t‑]‑m-I‑m¯X‑v? ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-\‑v H-c‑p \‑n-ba-h‑p-‑w P-k‑v-ä‑n-k‑n-\‑v a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p \‑n-b-ah‑p-a‑mt‑W‑m? ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I\‑m-b t‑X-P‑v-]‑m-e‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n h-¡‑me-¯‑v Aà C‑u I‑p-d‑n-¸‑v. t‑X-P‑v-]‑m X-S-¦-e‑n-e‑mW‑v. k‑z-´‑w I‑q-«-¯‑nÂ- s‑]-«-h-c‑mW‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯Is‑c k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑m-f‑w t‑X-P‑v-]‑me‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â C-c-b‑m-t‑I-ï‑n-h-¶ s‑]¬-I‑p-«‑n-b‑p‑w. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-k-a‑q-l‑w C-c-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w D-d-¨‑p-\‑n¶‑p. A-hÀ t‑X-P‑v-]‑m-e‑n-s‑\ \‑o-X‑n-c-l‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-N‑m-c-W s‑N-b‑v-X‑p F¶‑p‑w k‑w-i-b-¯‑ns‑â B-\‑p-I‑q-e‑y‑w-t‑]‑me‑p‑w \Â-I‑m-s‑X P-b‑n-e‑n-t‑e-¡‑v XÃ‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑n-s‑¨-¶‑p‑w D-Å B-t‑£-]‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w N‑n-e t‑I‑m-W‑p-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p-ï‑mb‑n. H-c‑p t‑j‑m-a N‑u-[-c‑nt‑b t‑X-P‑v-]‑m-e‑n-s‑\ s‑X-s‑Ã-¦‑ne‑p‑w k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-ï‑m-b‑pÅ‑q. ]t‑£‑, P-Ì‑n-k‑v K‑m‑w-K‑p-e‑n-¡‑v k‑w-i-b-¯‑n-s‑â B-\‑p-I‑qe‑y‑w t‑h-ï‑p-t‑h‑m-f‑w e-`‑n-¨‑p \‑o-X‑n-\‑y‑m-b k-a‑q-l-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v. t‑X-P‑v-]‑m C-c-t‑b‑m-s‑S-¦‑ne‑p‑w I‑p-ä‑w G-ä‑p-]d-ª‑v B-d‑pa‑m-k-t‑¯-¡‑v F-U‑n-äÀ ]-Z-h‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v H-g‑n-ª‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-s‑a-¶ i‑n-£ k‑z-b‑w {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p¶‑p. a-\‑p-j‑y‑m-hI‑m-i I-½‑o-j³ X-e-h-s‑â ]-Zh‑n-b‑n I-S‑n-¨‑p-X‑q-§‑p-¶ P-Ì‑n-k‑v BI-s‑« B-t‑c‑m]-W‑w i-à‑n-b‑m-b‑n \‑n-t‑j[‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â I‑o-g‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨ s‑]¬-I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑a‑m-g‑n C-t‑¸‑mÄ ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-¶‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. P-Ì‑n-k‑v I-g‑n-¨ a-Z‑y-¯‑n-s‑â Af-h‑v s‑]¬I‑p-«‑n F-S‑p-¯‑p-]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. P-Ì‑n-k‑n-s‑\ I‑p-ä-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ. C-{‑Xb‑p‑w aZ‑y‑w I-g‑n-¨‑m C-§-s‑\-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑m-W‑v A-Û‑p-X-s‑¸-t‑S-ïX‑v.

C-{‑Xb‑p‑w e-l-c‑n-b‑n s‑Nb‑v-X I‑m-c‑y‑w BÀ-¡‑v H‑mÀ-a‑n-¡‑m-\‑mI‑p‑w‑! t‑X-P‑v-]‑m F-¶ ]-{‑X-]-hÀ-¯I-s‑â t‑]-c‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]-h-À-¯-I-k-a‑q-lt‑a‑m K‑m‑w-K‑p-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n \‑o-X‑n-\‑y‑m-b k-a‑q-lt‑a‑m e-Ö‑n-¡‑p-I-s‑b‑m¶‑p‑w t‑h-ï. s‑s‑e‑w-K‑n-I-I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n e-Ö‑n-t‑¡ï-X‑v ]‑p-c‑p-j-k-a‑q-l‑w H-¶S-¦-a‑mW‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ P-b‑n-e‑n-e‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-¡‑q-«‑ne‑p‑w s‑s‑e‑w-K‑n-I-]‑oU-\‑w B-t‑c‑m-]‑n¡-s‑¸-«‑v I‑p-ä-]{‑X‑w I‑m-¯‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ a‑q-¶‑v {‑]-X‑o-I-§Ä I‑q-S‑nb‑m-b ]‑p-c‑pj-ò‑m-s‑c I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¨‑m ]‑p-c‑p-j-òmÀ-¡‑v X-s‑¶-bà k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ-¡‑v X-s‑¶b‑p‑w e-Ö t‑X‑m-¶‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑p‑w. H-c‑mÄ \‑o-X‑n-]‑oT-¯‑n-s‑â X-e¸-¯‑v C-c‑p-¶ BÄ‑, H-c‑mÄ B-ZÀ-i‑m-ß-I ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑oI‑w‑, H-c‑mÄ B-b‑nc-§Ä B-c‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ Bß‑o-b B-N‑m-c‑y³‑, A-b‑m-f‑p-s‑S h-g‑n-s‑b ]‑p-{‑X-\‑p‑w.

B-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v s‑]-®‑n-\‑v h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p-I? ]‑n-©‑p-I‑p-ª‑p-§Ä¡‑v A-Ñ-\‑n \‑n-¶‑v ]‑o-U-\-t‑aÂ-t‑¡-ï‑n-h-¶-X‑n-s‑â h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ Z‑n-h-kh‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n I‑m-t‑W-ï‑n-h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ BÀ-¡‑v B-s‑c h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑m-\‑mh‑p‑w?

X-c‑p¬ t‑X-P‑v-]‑m-e‑n \‑n-¶‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ ]T‑n-t‑¡-ï ]‑mT-§-f‑pï‑v. H-c‑p I‑m-e¯‑v B-ZÀ-i-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w k-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w ]‑m-X-b‑n X‑n-f-§‑n-\‑n-¶ h‑y-à‑n-X‑z-a‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-t‑âX‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ A-]-I‑oÀ-¯‑n A-t‑±l-s‑¯ s‑]‑m-X‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v I‑p-s‑d a‑p-¼‑pX-s‑¶ a‑m-[‑y-a-

(5)

t‑e‑m-I‑w t‑X-P‑v-]‑m-e‑n-s‑â \‑o-¡-§-f‑n k‑wi-b‑w {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-X‑p-S-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. ]-W-¯‑n\‑p‑w {‑]-i-k‑v-X‑n¡‑p‑w A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑n\‑p‑w t‑h-ï‑n- X-s‑â kÂ-t‑¸-c‑v h‑nÂ-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-t‑±l‑w. t‑e‑m-I-s‑a-¼‑m-S‑p-a‑p-Å k‑z-[‑o-\-i-à‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S N-§‑m-X‑n-b‑mb‑n C‑u X‑o-s‑¸‑m-c‑n t‑P-W-e‑n-Ì‑v. h-g‑n a‑m-d‑n k-©-c‑n-¨‑p-X‑p-S-§‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ A-t‑±-l‑w X‑m³-h-¶ h-g‑n-Xs‑¶ a-d-¶‑p. t‑I‑m-S‑o-i‑z-c-\‑m-b‑n h-fÀ¶ X-s‑â k‑z‑m-[‑o-\h‑p‑w A-[‑n-I‑m-c-h‑p‑w X-s‑¶ G-X‑v G-S‑m-I‑q-S-¯‑nÂ-\‑n¶‑p‑w c-£‑n-¡‑ps‑a¶‑p‑w BÀ¡‑p‑w X-\‑n-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c H¶‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p-a‑p-Å A-{‑]-a‑m-Z‑n-¯ N‑n-´b‑p‑w A-t‑±l-s‑¯ ]‑n-S‑n-I‑q-S‑n-¡‑m-WW‑w. X‑m³ I‑p-g‑n-¨ I‑p-g‑n-b‑nÂX-s‑¶ h‑o-g‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p t‑X-P‑v]‑mÂ. t‑X-P‑v-]‑m k‑w`-h‑w a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p K‑p-c‑p-X-ca‑m-b {‑]-i‑v-\-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I‑q-S‑n \-½‑p-s‑S {‑i-² £-W‑n¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑wK-¯‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ B-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v h-\‑n-X-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑yh‑p‑w k‑p-c-£‑n-X-¯‑zh‑p‑w D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑m³ F-´‑p-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v c‑m-P‑y-¯‑pÅX‑v? Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-\‑v A-I-¯‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w k‑p-c-£‑n-X-aÃ‑m-¯ A-hÀ-¡‑v F-§‑n-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑e k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p-s‑S k‑p-c-£‑n-X-¯‑z-¯‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n i-Ð‑n-¡‑m-\‑mh‑pI? e‑n-^‑v-ä‑nÂ-s‑h-¨‑v t‑X-P‑v-]‑m s‑]-¬-I‑p-«‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑v ]-dª-X‑v s‑X‑m-g‑n k‑p-c-£‑n-X¯‑z‑w D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑m³ X-\‑n-¡‑v h-g-§-W‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v. C-s‑X‑m-c‑p H-ä-s‑¸-« k‑w-`-h-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v I-c‑p-X‑m³ ]ä‑nÃ. F-®-a-ä h-\‑n-X‑m-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑v Ø‑m-]-\§-f‑n -k‑p-c-£‑n-X¯‑z‑w D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑m³ F-´‑v \-S-]-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ÅX‑v? c‑m-h‑ns‑e H‑m-^‑o-k‑n-s‑e-¯‑n k-Ô‑y a-b-§‑p‑w-a‑p-¼‑v h‑o-S-W-b‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v h‑yX‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-W‑v h-\‑n-X‑m ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y‑w. k‑z-´‑w s‑\-©‑q-¡Ã‑m-s‑X C-hÀ-¡‑v F-´‑mW‑v k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-b‑n D-ÅX‑v? t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-h‑n-[‑n {‑]-I‑m-c-a‑p-Å {‑]-t‑X‑y-I k-a‑n-X‑n s‑XlÂ-¡ F-¶ B-ZÀ-i-]-{‑X-Ø‑m]\¯‑n c‑q-]-hÂ-¡-c‑n¡‑p-I t‑]‑m-e‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑nà F-t‑¶‑mÀ-¡W‑w. F-{‑X ]-{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n C¯-c‑w I-½‑n-ä‑n-IÄ Dï‑v? B-c‑m-W‑v C-X‑v t‑\‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å-X‑v? {‑]-k‑v-I‑u¬k‑n-e‑n-s‑â N‑p-a-X-e-I-f‑n C-X‑v h-c‑nÃ‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. ]t‑£‑, t‑Zi‑o-b h-\‑n-X‑m I-½‑o-j³ t‑]‑m-e‑pÅ Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-a‑nt‑Ã? k‑m-a‑m-\‑ya‑m-b s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ-k‑p-c-£‑n-X-¯‑z-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w CÃ‑m-¯ Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v h\‑n-X‑m-P‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑s‑e‑wK‑n-I k‑p-c-£‑n-X-¯‑z‑w D-ï‑mh‑pI? ]-c‑m-X‑n-s‑¸-t‑S-ï A-h-Ø Dï‑m-b‑m A-X‑n-s‑\‑m-c‑p I-½‑n-ä‑n-b‑nÃ. I-½‑n-ä‑n-b‑p-ï‑m¡-W‑w F-¶‑m-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑m³ Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n H-c‑p t‑{‑S-U‑v b‑q-W‑n-b³ t‑]‑me‑p‑w CÃ‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I. FÃ‑m‑w k-l‑n-¨‑v t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑n X‑p-Sc‑p-I A-s‑æ‑n G-I-b‑m-b‑n s‑N-d‑p-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑v s‑]-c‑p-h-g‑n-b‑m-[‑m-c-a‑mI‑p-I F-¶ c-ï‑v t‑]‑m‑w-h-g‑n-b‑n-s‑e‑m-t‑¶ X-\‑n-¡‑v a‑p-¶‑n-e‑p-Å‑q F-¶‑v h¶‑m F-{‑X k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ-¡‑v B-ß‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\-t‑¯‑m-s‑S C‑u c‑wK-¯‑v \‑nÂ-¡‑m-\‑mh‑p‑w? a‑m-[‑y-a-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑n h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ I-c‑mÀ ]-W‑n k-{‑¼Z‑m-b-h‑p‑w t‑{‑S-U‑v b‑q-W‑n-b³ h‑n-\‑m-ih‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n h-\‑n-X-I-f‑p-s‑S A-h-Ø K‑p-c‑p-X-c-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.

CX‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S a‑m{‑X‑w {‑]-i‑v-\aÃ‑, s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â I‑q-S‑n {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v ]-d-t‑b-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), UbdÎÀ, ]»nIv dntej³kv, sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (FUnäÀ C³ NmÀPv, tZim`nam\n hmcnI, tImgnt¡mSv), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tImgnt¡mSv), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³ (s]mfnän¡ð FUnäÀ, ho£Ww), t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: hn. BÀ. APnXv IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

P\phcn 2014

(6)

]n.sI.cm-P-ti-J-c³

Jc¯nð-\n-óp {Z-h-¯n-te-¡v: a-ebm-f]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-se D-¯-cm-[p-\n-IX F-X‑n-c‑m-f‑n-I-f‑nÃ‑m-¯ t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n-s‑e k-X‑y‑m-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-t‑a‑m h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT‑m-J‑y‑m-\t‑a‑m B-b‑n C-\‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-s‑¯‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I\‑p‑w X‑p-S-c‑m³ {‑]-b‑m-k-a‑m-W‑v. {‑Z-h‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â- AY-h‑m D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â Bi-b-t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯b‑p‑w B-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-§-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑n-\‑n-a-b-h‑n-X‑m-\-§-s‑fb‑p‑w A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p‑w A-`‑nk‑w-t‑_‑m-[-\s‑N-b‑vX‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-t‑a ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑v C-\‑n a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p t‑]‑m-I‑m-\‑m-h‑q. F-´‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w \‑y‑q-\‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p I‑m-W‑p¶‑, \-h‑o-\‑m-i-b-§-s‑fb‑p‑w N‑n-´-I-s‑fb‑p‑w ]‑n³-t‑]-P‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p X-Å‑p-¶ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑â D-¨‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¨‑nc‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑, _-Z h‑n-\‑n-a-b-§-s‑fb‑p‑w a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-c-b‑v-¡‑p ]‑p-d-¯‑p-Å ]‑mÀ-i‑z-§-s‑f b‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-X-I-s‑fb‑p‑w F-X‑nÀ-k‑z-c-§-s‑fb‑p‑w X-§Ä-¡‑v A-]-c‑n-N‑n-Xa‑m-b B-i-b-§-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-cÂ-¯‑p¼‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p s‑R-c‑n-¨‑p I-f-b‑m-s‑a-¶ h‑y‑m-t‑a‑m-l-t‑¯‑ms‑S C‑u {‑Z-h-t‑e‑mIs‑¯ t‑\-c‑n-S‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ.

P\phcn 2014

(7)

k

-a-I‑me‑n-I a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n¡‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑q-]-I-a‑m-W‑v D-c‑p-I‑n-¸-c-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p Jc-c‑q-]-¯‑n-t‑â-X‑v. B-[‑p-\‑nIX‑z(‑modernity‑)¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z(Postmodernity‑)¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å a-eb‑m-f a‑m[‑y-ak‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-I‑m-k-¯‑n k‑w-`h‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å- l‑n-a-b‑p-K-§-s‑f-¡‑q-S‑n A-X‑v {‑]-X‑o-I-h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. t‑Z-i-s‑¯b‑p‑w `‑m-j-s‑bb‑p‑w k‑zX‑z-s‑¯-b‑p‑w I‑p-d-‑n-¨‑p-Å ]‑pX‑nb t‑_‑m-[-¯‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑p c‑q-]-s‑¸-«-X‑m-W‑v a-eb‑m-f ]-{‑X-{‑]hÀ-¯-\‑w. s‑I‑m-t‑f‑m-W‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S e-`‑n-¨ B-[‑p-\‑nI-X‑zt‑_‑m-[-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑v. 19þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â A-´‑y-Z-i-I-§-f‑n B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ C‑u B-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z-]²-X‑n a-e-b‑m-f‑n-k‑z-X‑z‑w‑, t‑I-cf‑o-bk‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑w‑, C-´‑y³ t‑Z-i‑ob-X‑, i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑ob-X‑, b‑pà‑n-t‑_‑m[‑w‑, a‑m-\-h‑nI-X X‑pS§‑n-b H-t‑«-s‑d J-c-c‑q-]§Ä D‑u-«‑n-b‑p-d-¸‑n-¨‑v \-h‑o-\a‑m-s‑b‑m-c‑p t‑I-c-fk-a‑ql-s‑¯ c‑m-{‑ã‑o-bh‑p‑w P‑m-X‑o-bh‑p‑w a-X-]-c-h‑pa‑m-b h‑n-`‑n-¶-X-IÄ-¡‑n-S-b‑ne‑p‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑p. t‑e‑m-Is‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å A-h-t‑_‑m-[-¯‑n-s‑â c‑q-]-h-X‑v-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p A-¶‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-s‑âb‑p‑w ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w [À-a-‑w. a-\‑p-j‑y³‑, {‑]-I‑rX‑n‑, k-a‑q-l‑w F-¶‑n-h-s‑b-¸-ä‑n-b‑p-Å ]‑m-c-¼c‑y-`‑n-¶a‑m-b A-h-t‑_‑m-[-¯‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-Ø-‑m-\-¯‑n B k‑whÀ-K§-s‑f ]‑p\À-c‑q-]-h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z‑w.

P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-]-ca‑m-b H-c‑p s‑]‑m-X‑p-aÞ-e‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡-s‑¸«-X‑v A-X‑n-s‑â ^-e-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v. h‑mb-\‑, h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c(‑n‑)³‑, ]-{‑X-{‑]hÀ-¯-I/³‑, ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\‑w‑, h‑mÀ-¯‑m-J‑y‑m-\‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b J-c-k-¦-e‑v-]-§Ä B s‑]‑m-X‑p-a-Þ-e-¯‑n-s‑â \‑nÀ-a‑m-W¯‑n he‑n-b ]-¦‑ph-l‑n¡‑p-I a‑m-{‑X-aà A-X‑n-s‑â k‑z-`‑m-h-a\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑p k‑zb‑w ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯‑nX-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. 19þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â A´‑y‑ws‑X‑m-«‑v 20þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â A-´‑y-Zi-I-§Ä h-s‑c-b‑p-Å t‑I-c-fN-c‑n{‑X‑w ]c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨‑m B J-c-c‑q-]-§Ä \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-¨ A-h-t‑_‑m-[-c‑q-]-h-X‑v-I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-`‑m-h‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-I‑p‑w.

C¶‑v B J-c-c‑q-]-§Ä D-c‑p-I‑n-¸-c-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. J-cX‑z‑w {‑Z-h-X‑z-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-t‑¸‑mÄ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I³ A-h-t‑_‑m-[-\‑nÀ-a‑m-X‑m-hÃ. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â B L-«‑w a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑n-\‑p h-g‑n-a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a-ä‑p k‑m-a‑ql‑n-I k‑m‑wk‑v-I‑mc‑n-I a-Þ-e-§-f‑ne‑p‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ÅX‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑nI-L-«‑w. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â D-¨-L-«-t‑¯‑ms‑S a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-cb‑p‑w H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ¶‑v k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑n \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ Ø‑m-]-\h‑p‑w h³I‑n-S h‑y-h-k‑m-b-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n- a‑md‑nb ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â J-c‑w D-c‑p-I‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p. A-Z‑ri‑yh‑p‑w \‑n-È-Ð-h‑pa‑m-b _-l‑p-P\-¯‑n-\‑v A-d‑nh‑p‑w A-h-t‑_‑m-[h‑p‑w A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-bh‑p‑w \‑n-e-]‑mS‑p‑w \Â-I‑p-¶ J-c-a‑m-b‑n¯-s‑¶ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w C-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w \‑nÂ-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v F-¶‑p I-c‑p-X‑p¶-X‑v Hc‑p "h‑mÀ-¯‑m-{‑`a‑w' a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â {‑Z-h‑m-h-Ø k-a‑q-l-t‑I{‑µ-¯‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑p ]‑mÀ-i‑z-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v H-g‑p-I‑n-¸-c-¡‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v.

J-c-¯‑n-s‑â k‑p-\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑z-¯‑n\‑p‑w Ø‑n-c-X-b‑v¡‑p‑w ]I-c‑w AX‑v A-\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑zh‑p‑w A-Ø‑n-c-Xb‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p¶‑p. ]-c‑nhÀ-¯‑n-¡e‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑p-¡-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v A-h‑n-s‑S Ø‑n-c-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v.

A-d‑nh‑v‑, b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y‑w‑, G-I-t‑I-{‑µ‑n-XX‑z‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-s‑b-b‑mW‑v B-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z‑w D‑u-«‑n-b‑p-d-¸‑n-¨-s‑X-¦‑n h‑n-hc‑w‑, {‑]-X‑oX‑nb‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y‑w‑, _-l‑p-t‑I-{‑µ‑n-X-X‑z‑w‑, k‑z-X-{‑´-h‑n-\‑na-b‑w X‑pS-§‑n-bh-s‑b D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p.

F-X‑n-c‑m-f‑n-I-f‑nÃ‑m-¯ t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n-s‑e k-X‑y‑m-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-t‑a‑m h-k‑vX‑p-\‑n-j‑vT‑m-J‑y‑m-\t‑a‑m B-b‑n C-\‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-s‑¯‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I\‑p‑w X‑p-S-c‑m³ {‑]-b‑m-k-a‑m-W‑v. {‑Z-h‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â- AY-h‑m D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â Bi-b-t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯b‑p‑w B-h‑n-j‑vI‑m-c-§-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑n-\‑n-a-b-h‑n-X‑m-\-§-s‑fb‑p‑w A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p‑w A-`‑nk‑w-t‑_‑m-[-\s‑N-b‑vX‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-t‑a ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑v

C-\‑n a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p t‑]‑m-I‑m-\‑m-h‑q. F-´‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w \‑y‑q-\‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p I‑m-W‑p-¶‑, \-h‑o-\‑m-i-b-§-s‑fb‑p‑w N‑n-´-I-s‑fb‑p‑w ]‑n³-t‑]P‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p X-Å‑p-¶ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑â D-¨‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z-¨‑nc‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑, _-Z h‑n-\‑n-a-b-§-s‑fb‑p‑w a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-c-b‑v-¡‑p ]‑p-d-¯‑p-Å ]‑mÀ-i‑z-§-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-X-I-s‑fb‑p‑w F-X‑nÀk‑z-c-§-s‑fb‑p‑w X-§Ä-¡‑v A-]-c‑n-N‑n-Xa‑m-b B-i-b-§-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-cÂ-¯‑p¼‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p s‑R-c‑n-¨‑p I-f-b‑m-s‑a-¶ h‑y‑m-t‑a‑m-l-t‑¯‑ms‑S C‑u {‑Z-h-t‑e‑mI-s‑¯ t‑\-c‑n-S‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ. k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑e b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-¯‑n-s‑â h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vTa‑mb B-J‑y‑m-\-a‑m-W‑p ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w F-¶ \‑n-j‑v-I-f-¦ b‑m-Y‑mXY‑y-h‑mZ(‑naive realism)¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-c‑p-]X‑m‑w\‑qä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â A´‑y‑wh-s‑cb‑p‑w a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w Dd-¨‑p\‑n-¶X‑v. A-t‑X-ka-b‑w -I-e-b‑ne‑p‑w k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-§-f‑ne‑p‑w i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â N‑n-e t‑a-J-eI-f‑ne‑p‑w B b‑m-Y‑mXY‑y-h‑m-Z-¯‑n-s‑â k‑p-\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑z-¯‑n-\‑p-] I-c‑w A-\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑z-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å B-i-b-§Ä Ø‑m-\‑w t‑\-S‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j-‑vT -b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-¯‑n-s‑â k‑zX-{‑´‑m-J‑y‑m-\‑w F¶ 19þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑e k-¦-e‑v-]-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w D‑u-¶‑n \‑n-¶-X‑v. C-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w A-X‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-

W‑p b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-s‑a-¶‑p‑w A-§-s‑\X-s‑¶ \‑nÂ-¡‑m-s‑a¶‑p‑w h‑n-N‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p-ï‑m-I‑m‑w. A-hÀ `‑q-c‑n-]-£-a‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂt‑¸‑me‑p‑w B N‑n-´ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑y‑m-t‑a‑m-l-aÃ‑m-s‑X‑m-¶‑p-aÃ.

G-I I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-S‑n\‑p‑w b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å G-I-h‑o£-W-¯‑n\‑p‑w ]-c-a-{‑]‑m-[‑m\‑y‑w I-e‑v-]‑n-¡‑p-¶ B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑zh‑o-£W-s‑¯ D-¯-c‑m-[‑p\‑n-I k-¦-e‑v-]§Äþ s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y‑w‑, h‑y-X‑y-k‑vX-X‑, _-l‑p-k‑zc-X‑, _-l‑p-h‑o-£-W-Ø‑m-\§Ä‑, A\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑z‑wþ X‑n-c-k‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k‑z-X‑z‑w‑, \‑oX‑n‑, s‑s‑e‑w-K‑n-I-X X‑p-S§‑n-b k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-k‑w-hÀ-K-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-s‑¨Ã‑m‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑vXa‑m-b \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-If‑p‑w B-i-b-§f‑p‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-«‑p-I-g‑nª C‑u t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-X-b‑p-s‑S \‑mS-I‑w A-`‑n-\-b‑n¡‑p-I k‑m-[‑y-aÃ. A-`‑n-t‑\-X‑m-¡f‑p‑w b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-`‑m-hs‑¯b‑p‑w B-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-s‑¯b‑p‑wI‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å k-¦-e‑v-]-§f‑p‑w a‑md‑n-¡-g‑n-ª h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-Xa‑m-b C‑u h‑n-\‑n-a-b-t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-¶‑v a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w. ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑ns‑â C‑u L-«h‑p‑w A-X‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑ph-c‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-§f‑p‑w B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ B-i-b-]-ca‑m-b h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-X-If‑p‑w k‑n-²‑m´-h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-]T-\-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w A-]-{‑K-Y-\¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w N-c‑n-{‑X-c-N-\-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w b-Y‑mÀ-°-[Àa‑w. \‑nÀ-`‑m-K‑y-h-i‑m t‑I-c-f-¯‑n a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀP\phcn 2014

(8) ¯\-s‑¯ B-[‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑p-Å H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a-]T-\-k-{‑¼Z‑m-b‑w h‑n-I-k‑n-¨‑p-h-¶‑n-«‑nÃ. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e a‑m[‑y-a h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k¯‑ne‑p‑w H-c‑p a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\ ]T-\a‑mX‑r-I c‑q-]-s‑¸«‑n-«‑nÃ. b‑q-t‑d‑mþA-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ B-k‑v-]-Z-§-f‑pÅ B ]T-\‑w I-g‑n-ª‑ph-c‑p-¶ `‑q-c‑n]-£‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n-If‑p‑w s‑X‑m-g‑n t‑\S‑p¶-X‑v a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X§f‑nt‑e‑m s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³N‑m-\-e‑p-If‑nt‑e‑m H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ t‑]‑mÀ-«-e‑p-If‑nt‑e‑m B-W‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\]-c‑n-N-b-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ A-¡‑m-Z-a‑o-j‑y-·‑m-c‑m-W‑v A-e‑v-]-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-s‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-]T-\-§Ä a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑X‑m-e‑n-¸‑p-dt‑a-b‑p-Å h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑n-i-I-e\-§t‑f‑m s‑S-e‑n-h‑nj\‑n {‑]-X‑y-£-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S D-¨‑m-c-W-¸‑ni-I‑ph‑n-aÀ-i\§t‑f‑m B-W‑v B ]T-\-§Ä a‑n-¡-h-b‑p‑w. a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑e a‑n-¡ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-N-c‑n-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S I-Yb‑p‑w C-s‑X‑m-s‑¡¯-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. h‑n-h-c-§Ä a‑m-{‑X-a-S§‑n-b s‑N-d‑pI‑n-S h‑n-Ú‑m\-t‑I‑m-i-§Ä a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v B -]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-N-c‑n-{‑X-§Ä. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Å A-S‑nØ‑m-\a‑m-X‑rI‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-§f‑p‑w L-S-\‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-§f‑p‑w Ø‑m-\‑m-´c-W§f‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â \‑nÀ-½‑m-

\‑nÀ-`‑m-K‑y-h-i‑m t‑I-c-f-¯‑n a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X{‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ B-[‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑p-Å H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a]T-\-k-{‑¼Z‑m-b‑w h‑n-I-k‑n-¨‑p-h-¶‑n-«‑nÃ. t‑I-c-f-¯‑ns‑e a‑m[‑y-a h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-¯‑ne‑p‑w H-c‑p a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X{‑]-hÀ-¯-\ ]T-\a‑mX‑r-I c‑q-]-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑nÃ.b‑q-t‑d‑mþ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ B-k‑v-]-Z-§-f‑pÅ B ]T-\‑w I-g‑n-ª‑ph-c‑p-¶ `‑q-c‑n]-£‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n-If‑p‑w s‑X‑m-g‑n t‑\-S‑p¶-X‑v a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X§f‑nt‑e‑m s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³N‑m-\-e‑p-If‑nt‑e‑m H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ t‑]‑mÀ-«-e‑p-If‑nt‑e‑m B-W‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\]-c‑n-N-b-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ A-¡‑m-Z-a‑o-j‑y-·‑m-c‑m-W‑v A-e‑v-]a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-]T-\-§Ä a-e-b‑m-f¯‑n \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑X‑m-e‑n-¸‑p-dt‑a-b‑p-Å h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑n-i-I-e\-§t‑f‑m s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j\‑n {‑]-X‑y£-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S D-¨‑m-c-W-¸‑ni-I‑ph‑n-aÀ-i\§t‑f‑m B-W‑v B ]T-\-§Ä a‑n-¡-h-b‑p‑w. a-e-b‑m-f¯‑n-s‑e a‑n-¡ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-N-c‑n-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S I-Yb‑p‑w C-s‑X‑m-s‑¡-¯-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v.

Wh‑p‑w ]-{‑X-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å _-Ôh‑p-s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w N-c‑n-{‑X-]-c-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-i-Ie-\‑w s‑N-¿‑m¯ B ]-{‑X-N-c‑n-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑v a-Õ-c-¸c‑o-£-IÄ-¡‑pÅ s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑n-Ú‑m-\-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑n-e a‑m-{‑X-t‑a-b‑p-Å‑q. a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-N-c‑n-{‑X-c-N-\-b‑p-s‑S Ø‑n-X‑nX-s‑¶ C-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-s‑¡ ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n k‑w-`h‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]‑pX‑n-b a‑m-X‑r-I‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â A-]-{‑K-Y-\h‑p‑w N-c‑n-{‑X-c-N-\b‑p‑w i‑q-\‑y-X-b‑n \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶X‑n A-Z‑v-`‑p-X-s‑¸-t‑S-ï-X‑nÃ. t‑`-Z‑n-¡-s‑¸-t‑S-ï \‑n-È-Ð-X-b‑mW‑n-X‑v.

-þ2þ D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑e {‑Z-h‑m-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-¶‑p h‑mÀ-¯‑m-a‑m-[‑y-ah‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯b‑p‑w h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑p‑w. ]‑p-eÀ-¨b‑v-¡‑p h-c‑p-¶ ]{‑X‑w I‑m-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑p h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑, A§-s‑\ A-h-t‑_‑m-[-a‑mÀ-P‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-s‑a-S‑p-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶ \‑n-Ý-e-h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ a‑m-{‑X-aà I-¼‑y‑q-«d‑nt‑e‑m s‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â-t‑^‑mW‑nt‑e‑m h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ N-e‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑pa‑p-ï‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ. X-t‑e-¶‑p a‑p-g‑p-h³ S‑n.h‑n.b‑n Iï-X‑v ]‑n-t‑ä-¶‑v `‑m-j‑m-h‑n-h-c-W-a‑m-b‑n h‑m-b‑n-t‑¡-ï‑nh-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶ K-X‑n-t‑IP\phcn 2014

S‑p-Å h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑m-W‑p t‑I-c-fk-a‑q-l-¯‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑v. A-h-c‑nt‑¸‑mÄ A-Z‑ri‑yt‑c‑m \‑nÈ-Ðt‑c‑m AÃ. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä \Â-I‑p-¶ h‑mÀ¯-I-t‑f‑m-S‑pÅ s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\h‑n-t‑b‑m-P‑n-¸‑n-s‑â Af-h‑v C-¶‑v \‑m-S-I‑o-b-a‑m-b‑n hÀ-[‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m\-a‑q-e‑y-§-s‑fb‑p‑w [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-X-s‑bb‑p‑wI‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ff t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä a‑p-¼-s‑¯-¡‑mÄ F{‑Xt‑b‑m I‑q-S‑p-X C-t‑¸‑mÄ D-bÀ-¶‑p-h-c‑p¶‑p. t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S D-X‑v-]-¶a‑m-b ]-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v ]-g-b k-a-{‑K-X‑m`‑m-h‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ. t‑k‑mj‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑mI-s‑« ]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑p _-ZÂX-s‑¶ \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w ]-{‑X-\‑n-e-]‑m-S‑pI-s‑f t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑m-e‑p‑w b‑m-Y‑mÀ°‑y-¯‑ns‑â A-\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑z-s‑¯-¸-ä‑n-b‑p-Å- ]‑pX‑n-b B-i-b-§f‑me‑p‑w {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z‑n-Xa‑m-b \‑n-c-´-c-a‑m-ä-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-e-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. k-a-I‑me‑n-IP‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â L-S-\‑m-]-ca‑m-b Ø‑n-X‑nX-s‑¶ {‑Z-h-X‑z-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ""C-¶‑v \‑m‑w H-c‑p Ø‑n-c‑w h‑n¹-h-¯‑n-s‑â k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ k-a‑q-l‑w P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑p h‑n-¹-h‑w. a-\‑p-j‑y-k-a‑q-l¯‑ns‑â "k‑m-[‑m-c-W-Ø‑n-X‑n‑'b‑m-b‑n h‑n¹-h‑w a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p'' F-¶‑v k‑n-K‑v-a¬-U‑v _‑ua³ C‑u {‑Z-h‑m-hØ-s‑b \‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¨‑n«‑p-ï‑v. FÃ‑m‑w N‑p-ä‑n-¯‑n-c‑n-b‑p-¶ C‑u A-h-Ø-b‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑e D-¯-c-‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IX. A-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S I-S¶‑p-t‑]‑m-h‑pI-b‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w. h‑mÀ-¯b‑p‑w D-X‑v-]-¶-a‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w \‑nÝ‑n-X D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m¡Ä-¡‑p h‑nÂ-¡‑m-\‑p-Å-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑p-a‑p-Å h‑n]-W‑oX-¯‑z-¯‑ns‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑p ]-{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-]-W‑nb‑p‑w h‑n-]-W-\-¯‑n-s‑â [À-a-i‑m-k‑v-{‑Xh‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑p a‑m-{‑X‑w. k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑n-Ih‑n-]-W‑n-s‑b A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-X‑n-s‑â [À-a-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑p-¶X‑v k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑n-Iþc‑m-{‑ã‑o-b h‑y-h-l‑m-c-§-Ä -B-W‑v. h‑nÂ-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ D-X‑v-]-¶-s‑a-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n A-X‑n-\‑v k-a‑m-\a‑m-b H-t‑«-s‑d k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑n-t‑I‑m-X‑v-]¶-§-t‑f‑m-S‑p a-Õ-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-ï‑v. _-ZÂ- a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§f‑p‑w s‑X‑m-«‑v t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-t‑I‑m-¸‑nbÀ h-s‑c \‑o-f‑p¶ B F-X‑nÀ-\‑n-c-b‑n CâÀ-s‑\ä‑p‑w s‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â- t‑^‑m¬ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w A-W‑n-t‑NÀ-¶‑p \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-¯‑n-s‑â a‑m-{‑X-aà h‑y-à‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑z-X-{‑´h‑p‑w k‑z‑m-ß-t‑{‑]-c‑n-X-h‑pa‑m-b C-S-s‑]-S-e‑p-If‑p‑w A-\‑ph-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶ _-l‑p-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø-s‑b-b‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑mÀ-¯b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ‑"k-X‑y‑m-ß-IX‑z‑w'‑, ‑"h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑nj‑vT-X‑'‑, B[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-X X‑p-S§‑n-b h‑y-h-Ø‑m-]‑n-XK‑p-W§s‑f "B-t‑]£‑n-I'h‑p‑w ‑"k-¦-e‑v]‑n-X‑'h‑p‑w "]-e h‑o-£-W-§f‑ns‑e‑m-¶‑p‑'a‑m-¡‑n-¯‑oÀ-¡‑p-¶ D-¯-c‑m-[‑p\‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a‑m-´-c‑o£‑w a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ H-c‑p l‑n-a-b‑p-K-¯‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑ph-¶‑p \‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-c‑p-]X‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑ns‑â A-´‑y-Z-i-I-¯‑n t‑I-_‑nÄ s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j\‑p‑w C-c‑p-]-s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â X‑p-S-¡-¯‑n H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ a‑o-U‑n-bb‑p‑w k-P‑oh-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑ph-s‑c C¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p s‑hÃ‑p-h‑nf‑n‑, l‑n-a-b‑p-K‑m-`‑na‑p-J‑o-Ic-W‑w a-eb‑m-f ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑p t‑\-c‑n-t‑S-ï‑n h-¶‑n-«‑nÃ‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z‑w F-¶ N-c‑n-{‑Xþk‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-L-«-¯‑ne‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f-h‑p‑w. \-a‑p-¡‑v \à t‑d‑m-U‑p-If‑p‑w i‑p-²-P-eh‑p‑w D-Ä-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-Å B-[‑p-\‑nI-X‑zk‑u-I-c‑y-§ÄX-s‑¶-b‑nÃt‑Ã‑m ]‑n-s‑¶-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z‑w F-¶ a-«‑n F-X‑nÀh‑m-Z-§-f‑p-ï‑m-h‑m‑w. B-t‑K‑m-f‑o-I-c-Wh‑p‑w a‑q-e-[-\-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-X-{‑´-{‑]-h‑m-lh‑p‑w B L-«-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-`‑m-h-§Ä t‑I-cf-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑ne‑p-Å t‑\À-]-X‑n¸‑m-b H-¶Ã \-½‑p-s‑S D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z‑w.

FÃ‑m¯-c‑w h‑n-`‑n-¶-X-If‑p‑w \‑n-dª s‑s‑h-c‑p-[‑y‑m-ß-Ia‑m-b D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-a‑m-W‑p \-½‑p-t‑S-X‑v. D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z‑w F-¶ k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I‑m-h-Ø-b‑p-s‑S k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑n-I‑m-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v

(9) D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑nIX(postmodernism‑). c-ï‑p Z-i-I-a‑m-s‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑e k‑m-l‑n-X‑y‑m- h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-§-f‑ne‑p‑w k-a‑o]-I‑m-e-¯‑m-b‑n P-\-{‑]‑n-b-k‑n-\‑n-a-b‑ne‑p‑w k‑w-K‑o-X-¯‑ne‑p‑w D-¯c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-`‑m-h‑p-IX‑z‑w k-P‑o-h-a‑m-W‑v. D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n t‑I-cf‑o-bP‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â `‑n-¶-c‑w-K-§-f‑n B-ib‑m-`‑n-e‑m-j-§-f‑ne‑p‑w k‑m-a‑ql‑n-Ik-¦-e‑v-]-¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑n-I-a-Þ-e-¯‑ne‑p‑w D-]-t‑`‑m-K-i‑o-e-§-f‑ne‑p‑w I-t‑¼‑m-f-¯‑ne‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b]-c‑n-K-W-\-I-f‑ne‑p‑w k‑w-`-h‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑Z-h‑oIc-W‑w ]-{‑X-¯‑ne‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¨‑v A-h-s‑bb‑p‑w ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v, A-d‑nt‑ª‑m A-d‑n-b‑ms‑X-t‑b‑m. A-X‑v k-¼‑qÀ-Wa‑m-b ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\h‑p‑w

s‑â N-c‑n-{‑X-]-ca‑m-b k-h‑n-t‑i-j-X. 19þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n B-[‑p-\‑nI-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â ^-e-a‑m-b‑n Dï‑m-b A-X‑v t‑I-c-f‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑ns‑â \‑nÀ-a‑m-X‑m-h‑p-I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. B k-h‑n-t‑i-j-X-b‑m-W‑v 19þ‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â a-[‑y‑ws‑X‑m-«‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-e‑pï‑m-b FÃ‑m k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-Iþk‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑n-Iþc‑m-{‑ã‑o-b ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-§-s‑fb‑p‑w k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¨-X‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â N-c‑n-{‑Xs‑¯ a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â N-c‑n-{‑X-a‑mb‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n¨‑p‑w h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m‑w. s‑s‑Z-\‑wZ‑n-\]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w A-s‑Ã-¦‑n H-c‑p s‑X‑m-g‑n F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n-e‑p-Å ]-{‑X-P‑o-h‑nX‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑ms‑Xt‑b‑m H‑mÀ-¡‑m³ t‑\-c-a‑nÃ‑ms‑Xt‑b‑m t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â h‑m-k‑v-X-h‑w. t‑Zi‑w‑, t‑Z-i‑ob-X‑, k‑z-X‑z‑w‑, `‑m-j‑, K-Z‑y‑w‑, a-X-\‑n-c-

\ham[yatemIw

N‑n-´‑m-a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑p-s‑S h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p a‑m-{‑X‑w.

C-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑wX-s‑¶ D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-{‑Z-h‑o-Ic-W‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨X‑nÂ- ]-{‑Xh‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\‑p‑w h-l‑n-¨ ]-¦‑pI‑q-S‑n a-\-Ê‑ne‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. A-]-{‑K-Y‑n-¨‑v A-S-b‑m-f-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¯-ï-X‑pï‑v. þ3þ H-t‑cka-b‑wX-s‑¶ D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-I\‑p‑w D-X‑v-]-¶-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p-I F-¶ C-c-« `‑m-K-t‑[-b-X‑z-a‑m-W‑v a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-

t‑]£-X‑, i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑ob-X‑, P‑mX‑n‑, A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-bh-s‑b \‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w ]-g-b-X‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑p `‑n-¶-a‑m-b‑n c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑v-X ]-{‑X‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â B h-g‑n-b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p ]‑n-c‑n-ª‑pI-g‑n-ª h‑y-h-l‑m-ch‑p‑w B-J‑y‑m-\-c‑q-]h‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑r-¯‑n-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v C-¶‑v a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w.

B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n A-X‑v J-c-c‑q-]-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n D-¯-c‑m[‑p-I-X‑z-¯‑n {‑Z-h-c‑q-]-a‑m-W‑v. D-c‑p-I‑n-¸-c-¡‑p-¶ J-c-¯‑n-s‑â c‑q-]-I-s‑¯¸ä‑n C‑u {‑]-I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â X‑p-S-¡-¯‑n k‑q-N‑nP\phcn 2014

(10) ¸‑n¨X‑v H‑mÀ-¡‑p-I. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â D-X‑v-]-¶-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p a-eb‑m-f ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\‑w‑, t‑I-c-f‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-b-{‑´h‑p‑w. a-\‑p-j‑y]‑p-t‑c‑m-KX‑n‑, b‑pà‑n‑, B-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-X X‑p-S§‑n-b B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z‑m-i-b-§Ä A-X‑v t‑I-cf‑o-bk-a‑q-l-¯‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. A-h-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-j‑vT‑m-]-\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S k-a‑qls‑¯ B-[‑p-\‑n-I‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. 19þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑â A-´‑y-Z-i-I-§-f‑n B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-L-«-¯‑n-s‑â B-i-b‑m-ZÀ-i-§f‑p‑w t‑e‑m-Ih‑o-£-Wh‑p‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p¶ a‑qib‑p‑w I-®‑m-S‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑m-a‑ql‑n-I\-h‑o-I-c-W-e-£‑y-§f‑p‑w h‑n-Ú‑m-\-{‑]-N‑m-c-Wh‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-t‑b‑m-t‑±‑y-i‑y-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n J-c-c‑q-]-a‑m-ÀÖ‑n¨‑p\‑n-¶ a-eb‑mf]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w h‑n-h‑n-[-L-«-§-f‑n D-c‑p-I-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑p h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑mX-c‑w {‑Z-h-b‑p-K-§Ä. k‑m-t‑¦-X‑nIt‑a‑m k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-It‑a‑m c‑m-{‑ã‑o-bt‑a‑m B-b ]‑pX‑n-b B-h‑nÀ-`‑mh-§f‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v D-c‑p-I-e‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-S-e‑ns‑âb‑p‑w L-«-§Ä k‑r-ã‑n-¨X‑v. k‑q-£‑v-a-a‑m-b‑n t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑m A¯-c‑w A-©‑p-L-«-§Ä a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n D-ï‑m-b-X‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-W‑m‑w. B L-«-§t‑f‑m-t‑c‑m-¶‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-e‑n-Ia‑m-b b‑p-à‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑ws‑I‑m-ï‑v A-X‑n-P‑o-h‑n-¨‑v I‑q-S‑p-X _-e‑n-j‑vT-a‑m-I‑m\‑p‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑ns‑â {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-§-s‑f B c‑q-]‑m-´-c-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S D-d-¸‑n-¨‑p _-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m\‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑p I-g‑n-ª‑p.

B A-©‑p-L-«§-s‑f C§-s‑\ t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m‑w: b‑q-t‑d‑m-

]‑y³ k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y-X‑z‑m-[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑pa-X{‑]-N‑m-c-W-e-£‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S X‑p-S§‑n-b B-\‑p-I‑m-e‑n-I-§Äs‑X‑m-«‑v b-Y‑mÀ-° hÀ-¯-a‑m-\-¸-{‑X-§Ä- h-s‑c-b‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v B-Z‑y-L-«‑w. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\N-c‑n-{‑X-§f‑p‑w h‑n-Ú‑m-\-t‑I‑mi-§f‑p‑w ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§-f‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w B-Z‑y-s‑¯ a-e-b‑m-f]-{‑X-s‑a-¶‑p t‑L‑m-j‑n-¡‑p-¶ ‑"c‑m-P‑y-k-a‑m-N‑m-c'(1847‑)h‑p‑w ‑"] Ý‑n-t‑a‑m-Z-b‑'h‑p‑w ‑"Ú‑m-\-\‑n-t‑£-]-‑'h‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w C‑u L-«-¯‑ne‑p-ï‑m-b-h-b‑m-W‑v. ]{‑X‑w F-¶ ]-c‑n-K-W-\b‑v-¡‑v b-Y‑mÀ-°¯‑n AÀ-l-X-b‑nÃ‑m-¯-h-b‑mW‑v C‑u {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-§Ä.

"C-µ‑p-t‑e-J‑'-b‑v-¡‑p-a‑p-¼‑v a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑pÅ t‑\‑m-h-e‑pIÄ-¡‑p k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-¯‑n-e‑p-Å Ø‑m-\‑w a‑m-{‑X-t‑a ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑n A-h-b‑v-¡‑p-Å‑q. I-g‑n-b‑p¶-{‑X ]g-¡‑w I-e‑v-]‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑p I-\-t‑a-d‑p-¶ h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-a‑m-W‑v A¯-c‑w B-\‑p-I‑m-e‑n-I-§Ä-¡‑p h‑r-¯‑m-´-]-{‑X-]Z-h‑n \ÂI‑m³- N-c‑n-{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-s‑c t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑pà‑n¡‑p‑w i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-k-¦-e‑v-]-¯‑n\‑p‑w a-X-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-¯‑n\‑p‑w \‑n-c-¡‑m-¯-X‑n-\‑m `‑m-c-X‑o-ba‑m-b Ú‑m-\-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k§-s‑f \‑n-c-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i-h‑o-£-W-a‑m-W‑v B {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-Ic-W-§Ä ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑n-b-X‑v. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ Ú‑m-t‑\‑m-Z-b-¯‑n-s‑â X‑n-t‑b‑m-f-P‑n-b‑m-W‑v Ah-s‑b `-c‑n-¨-X‑v. ]-Ý‑n-t‑a‑mZ-b‑w‑, (]‑m-Ý‑mt‑X‑y‑m-Zb‑w‑) X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-h-b‑p-s‑S e-£‑y‑w. Ú‑m-t‑\‑mZ-b-b‑p-à‑n-b‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑nÂ‑, A-Úc‑m-b t‑I-cf‑o-b A-\‑y-s‑c i-c‑nb‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w b-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w \-b‑n-¡‑m³ A-h {‑i-a‑n-¨‑p. h‑mÀ-¯-IfÃ‑, ]‑m-Ý‑m-X‑y-b‑p-à‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w h‑n-

s‑I‑m-¨‑n-b‑n-s‑e K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑n h-W‑n¡‑m-b t‑Z-h‑vP‑n `‑o‑w-P‑n B-c‑w-`‑n-¨X‑p‑w I-ï-¯‑n h-d‑p-K‑o-k‑v a‑m¸‑n-f ]-{‑X‑m[‑n-]X‑y‑w h-l‑n-¨-X‑pa‑m-b ‑"t‑I-c-f-a‑n-{‑X‑w‑' (1881‑)‑, s‑N-¦-f-¯‑p- he‑n-b I‑p-ª‑n-c‑m-at‑a-t‑\‑m³ t‑I‑m-g‑n-t‑¡‑m-«‑v B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ "t‑I-c-f]-{‑X‑n-I' (1884‑) F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v b-Y‑mÀ-°-]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑p X‑pS-¡‑w I‑p-d-‑n-¨-X‑v. B-Z‑y-s‑¯ a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-§-f‑m-b‑n t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¯ï B b-Y‑mÀ-°]-{‑X§-s‑f¡‑mÄ c‑m-P‑y-k-a‑m-N‑m-c‑m-Z‑n-IÄ-¡‑p {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w \Â-I‑m³ N-c‑n-{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-s‑c t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n¨-X‑v A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-Å B-[-aÀ-W‑y-aÃ‑m-s‑X a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑p-aÃ. F-g‑p-X-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ b-Y‑mÀ-°- a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-N-c‑n{‑X‑w ‑"t‑I-c-f-a‑n-{‑X'¯‑ne‑p‑w "t‑I-c-f-]-{‑X‑n-I'b‑ne‑p‑w \‑n-¶‑m-W‑p X‑p-S-t‑§-ï-X‑v. "c‑m-P‑y-k-a‑m-N‑m-c'h‑p‑w ‑"]Ý‑n-t‑a‑m-Z-b‑'h‑p‑w ‑"Ú‑m-\-\‑n-t‑£-]-‑'h‑p-‑w

P\phcn 2014

(11) A-S‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø-b‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S a‑n-¯‑p-I-Äþh-k‑v-X‑p\‑n-j‑vT-X‑, k-X‑y‑m-ßI-X‑, b‑m-Y‑m-XY‑y‑wþX-IÀ-s‑¯-d‑n-ª-X‑v. ]-{‑X-§Ä ‑"t‑d‑m-_‑n³-k{‑I‑qt‑k‑m‑'b‑n-s‑e \‑m-¡‑p- a‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-a‑mä‑n-b I-d‑p-¯-hÀ¤-¡‑m-c³ s‑s‑{‑^-t‑U-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑ph‑oW B ¾‑m-\-hÀ-j§Ä‑, B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w t‑Z-i-c‑m-{‑ã-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w- a‑q-e-¡Ã‑m-b‑n X-§-f‑p-s‑S D-X‑v-]¶-s‑¯ h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑nb‑n-c‑p-¶ ]-{‑X-]‑m-c-¼c‑y-s‑¯ \‑n-e‑w-]-c‑n-i‑m-¡‑n. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â B-J‑y‑m-\-c‑q-]-a‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X‑w F-¶ B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-k¦-e‑v-]-¯‑n-\‑v A-k‑v-X‑nX‑z‑w \-ã-s‑¸-«‑p. h-k‑v-X‑p-Xb‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯b‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-h‑m-l-t‑a‑m-N-\-¯‑n-s‑â L-«-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑v. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w hk‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-Xb‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w J-c‑w D-c‑p-I‑n-¸‑n-fÀ-¶ B-Z‑y -k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑m\-´-ck-µÀ-`-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑v. i‑z‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-§-f‑m-W‑v A-h A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v. b-Y‑mÀ-° hÀ-¯-a‑m-\-¸-{‑X-§-f‑p-t‑S-X‑m-W‑v cï‑m‑wL-«‑w. h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n D-ï‑m-b-h-b‑m-Wh. s‑I‑m-¨‑n-b‑n-s‑e K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑n h-W‑n¡‑m-b t‑Z-h‑vP‑n `‑o‑w-P‑n B-c‑w-`‑n-¨X‑p‑w I-ï¯‑n h-d‑p-K‑o-k‑v a‑m¸‑n-f ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w h-l‑n-¨-X‑pa‑m-b ‑"t‑Ic-f-a‑n-{‑X‑w‑' (1881‑)‑, s‑N-¦-f-¯‑p- he‑n-b I‑p-ª‑n-c‑m-at‑a-t‑\‑m³ t‑I‑m-g‑n-t‑¡‑m-«‑v B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ "t‑I-c-f]-{‑X‑n-I' (1884‑) F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v b-Y‑mÀ-°-]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑p X‑pS-¡‑w I‑p-d-‑n-¨-X‑v. B-Z‑y-s‑¯ a-eb‑m-f-]-{‑X-§-f‑m-b‑n t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¯ï B b-Y‑mÀ-°]-{‑X§s‑f¡‑mÄ c‑m-P‑y-k-a‑m-N‑m-c‑m-Z‑n-IÄ-¡‑p {‑]‑m-[‑m\‑y‑w \Â-I‑m³ N-c‑n-{‑X-s‑a-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-s‑c t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n¨-X‑v A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-Å B-[-aÀ-W‑y-aÃ‑m-s‑X a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑p-aÃ. F-g‑p-X-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ b-Y‑mÀ-°- a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-N-c‑n{‑X‑w ‑"t‑I-c-f-a‑n-{‑X' ¯‑ne‑p‑w "t‑I-c-f-]-{‑X‑n-I'b‑ne‑p‑w \‑n-¶‑m-W‑p X‑p-S-t‑§-ï-X‑v. k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-e-Ï‑nh-s‑c \‑o-f‑p-¶ k‑p-Z‑oÀLa‑m-b C‑u cï‑m‑w L-«-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v ‑"Z‑o-]‑n-I‑'‑, ‑"a-eb‑m-f a-t‑\‑mc-a'‑, ‑"k‑z-t‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m\‑n‑', ‑"t‑I-c-f-I‑u-a‑pZ‑n‑'‑, ‑"a-e-b‑m-f-c‑mP‑y‑w', ‑"a-e-b‑mf‑n‑'‑, "a‑m-X‑r`‑qa‑n‑'‑, ‑"k-a-ZÀi‑n'‑, X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-s‑bÃ‑m‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¨-X‑v. B t‑]-c‑p-IÄX-s‑¶ A-h-b‑p-s‑S e-£‑y-§Ä -{‑]-X‑o-I-h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. k‑w-`-h-§-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-§-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑m-b-‑n \‑nÀh-N‑n-¨ C‑u L-«‑w t‑I-c‑m-f‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-s‑¯ _-e‑n-j‑vT-a‑m¡‑n. `‑m-j‑, t‑Z-i‑ob-X‑, k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w‑,- k‑zX‑z‑w‑, ]‑u-c‑m-h-I‑mi‑w‑, A-`‑n{‑]‑m-b-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b B-i-b-§Ä Ø‑m-]‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑p¶-X‑n he‑n-b ]-¦‑p-h-l‑n-¨ ]-{‑X-§Ä h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ F-¶ ]‑pX‑n-b k-a‑q-l-s‑¯b‑p‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑p. A-X‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-a‑m-X‑r-II-f‑m-W‑v ‑"C-µ‑p-t‑e-J-‑'b‑n-s‑e (1889‑) a‑m-[-h\‑p‑w C-µ‑p-t‑e-J-b‑p‑w. ]{‑X‑w h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ I-Y‑m-]‑m-{‑X-§-f‑m-W‑v A-hÀ. A-¨-S‑n-b‑p-s‑S k-´-X‑n-IÄ. X‑mf‑n-t‑b‑m-e-{‑K-Ù-§Ä D-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v A-¨-S‑n-{‑KÙ-§Ä k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨-h-c‑m-W‑v C-µ‑p-t‑e-Jb‑p‑w a‑m-[-h-\‑p-s‑a-¶‑v t‑\‑m-h-e‑n-s‑e b‑m-Y‑m-Ø‑nX‑n-I I‑m-c-W-hc‑m-b ]-©‑pt‑a-t‑\‑m³ ]-c‑m-X‑n-s‑¸-S‑p¶‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. ]-{‑X‑w‑, ]‑p-k‑v-XI‑w‑, s‑S-e‑n-{‑K‑m^‑v‑, s‑d-b‑nÂt‑h‑, C‑w-¥‑n-j‑v, h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b c‑q-]-§-f‑n I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶ B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-a‑m-W‑v ‑"C-µ‑p-t‑e-J‑'-b‑n-s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\{‑]t‑ab‑w. ‑"t‑I-c-f-]-{‑X‑n-I'-b‑n-s‑e t‑e-J-I-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-µ‑pt‑e-J‑m-I‑m-c-\‑m-b H.N-´‑pt‑a-t‑\‑m³ F-¶‑p-I‑qS‑n H‑mÀ-¡-W‑w. a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯ s‑N-d‑p-I-Y-s‑b-g‑p-X‑n-b (h‑m-k-\‑mh‑n-I‑r-X‑n‑,1891‑) t‑Ik-c‑n t‑h-§-b‑n I‑p-ª‑n-c‑m-a³\‑m-b-\‑mc‑mI-s‑« a‑p-g‑p-h³k-a-b -]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑z-X{‑´\‑p‑w ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-e‑w-L-I\‑p‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I-\‑pa‑m-b h‑y-à‑n-s‑b k‑r-ã‑n-¨-X‑n C‑u L-«-¯‑n-s‑â X‑pS-¡‑wa‑p-X ]-{‑X-§Ä h-l‑n-¨ ]-¦‑p s‑N-d‑pXÃ.

h‑mÀ-¯b‑p‑w h‑n-h-ch‑p‑w k‑m-l‑n-X‑yh‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-Xa‑m-b A-d-I-f‑m-W‑v F¶ ]‑n-e‑v¡‑m-e ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-t‑_‑m-[‑w B-Z‑yI‑m-e]-{‑X-§-f‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. \‑n-c-£-cc‑p‑w AÀ[-k‑m-£-cc‑p‑w a-l‑m-`‑q-c‑n-]-£a‑m-b H-c‑p k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑e A-Ú-X-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w s‑s‑h-c‑p-²‑y-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w C-S-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X§Ä \‑n-¶‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. \-h‑o-I-c-t‑W-Ñ-b‑p-s‑S X‑m-§‑m-\‑m-h‑m-¯ `‑m-c‑ws‑I‑m-ï‑p h‑oÀ-¸‑p-a‑p-«‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶ B ]-{‑X-§Ä¡‑p‑w ]-{‑X‑m[‑n-]·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â I‑o-g‑v\‑n-e-s‑b a‑m-ä‑na-d‑n-t‑¡-ïX‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑I‑m-f-\‑n-h‑m-g‑v-Nb‑p‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-kh‑p‑wh-g‑n e-`‑n-¨ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ B-[‑p-\‑nI-X‑zk-¦-e‑v-]-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n s‑]‑m-c‑p¯-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p- t‑Ic-f-t‑_‑m-[h‑p‑w aeb‑m-f‑n-t‑_‑m[h‑p‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ ]-{‑X-Øe-s‑¯ A-hÀ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p. b‑pà‑n‑, ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n‑, i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-X F-¶‑o h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-§-f‑n D-d-¨‑p-\‑n-¶ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ Ú‑m-t‑\‑m-Z-b-t‑_‑m-[‑w A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑hi-h‑n-Ú‑m-\-]²-X‑nI-f‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å- ]-c‑n-N-b-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S C‑u ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-t‑\-Ñ-b‑p-s‑S A-t‑_‑m-[-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. t‑I-cf‑o-b P‑o-h‑nX-s‑¯ d‑m-j\-s‑s‑e-k‑v s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å Z‑u-X‑y-a‑mW‑v ]-{‑X-§Ä G-s‑ä-S‑p-¯-X‑v. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-I-S-\]-{‑X‑n-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p B d‑mj-\-s‑s‑e-t‑k-j³. i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-Ih‑n-Z‑yb‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w t‑\-«-§-f‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X§-s‑f k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-¡‑nb-X‑v. A¨-S‑nb{‑´‑w F-¶ k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-Ih‑n-Z‑y‑m-h‑n{‑Kl-s‑¯ t‑I-{‑µa‑m-¡‑n-b‑p-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-a‑m-bX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p X-s‑¶ ]-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-Ú‑m-\-¯‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑p t‑h-d‑n-«Ã‑ms‑X \‑n-e‑v-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â b‑pà‑n-t‑_‑m-[-a‑m-W‑v, I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑q-S‑n k‑q-£‑v-a-a‑m-b‑n ]-dª‑m C‑w-¥‑n-j‑vh‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S I‑n«‑n-b A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i‑m-[‑p-\‑nI-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â b‑pà‑n-t‑_‑m-[-a‑m-W‑v ‑"h‑y-à‑n‑'-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w ‑"h‑m-b\¡‑mc(‑n‑)‑'s‑â-b‑p‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-¡‑p ]-{‑X-§-s‑f -k-l‑m-b‑n-¨-X‑v.

A¯-c‑w h‑y-à‑n-IÄ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w k‑w-ib‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-X-¯‑z-§Ä e‑w-L‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑vX‑p. k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-k-a-c-s‑¯b‑p‑w P‑m-X‑n-h‑n-c‑p-²-k-a-c-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w h‑n-P-b‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑p‑w s‑F-I‑y-t‑Ic-f‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨-X‑p‑w Ahc‑mW‑v.

B-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z-t‑_‑m-[-¯‑mÂ‑, ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w b‑p-à‑n-h‑ni‑z‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w B-i-b-§-f‑m c‑q-]-s‑¸-« B- ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀa‑m-W-b-X‑v-\-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑m¡‑p‑w \‑m-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p ]-{‑X-§Ä. k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-e-Ï‑n-s‑X‑m-«‑v A-S‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø-h-s‑c-b‑p-Å-X‑mW‑v a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â a‑q-¶‑m‑w-L-«‑w. t‑Z-i‑o-bX-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y`‑m-h-\-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w k-a-t‑c‑m-Õ‑p-Ia‑m-b k‑z-]‑v-\‑m-´-c‑o-£-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S I-S¶‑p-t‑]‑m-b ]-{‑X-§Ä Ø‑m-]-\§-f‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑nbX‑v C‑u L-«-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. A-S‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø-b‑v¡‑p-t‑i-j‑w A-S‑p-¯L-«‑w X‑p-S-§‑p-¶‑p. 1990þI-f‑n t‑I-_‑nÄ P\phcn 2014

(12) t‑I-_‑nÄ s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ IS-¶‑ph-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v a-s‑ä‑m-c‑pX-c‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ D-ï‑m-b-X‑v.

A-d‑nh‑v‑, h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-X‑, h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m\‑w‑, I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-S‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S I‑p-¯-I ]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑pï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ k‑p-hÀ-W-L-«-¯‑n h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-À H-c‑p A-Z‑r-i‑y-k-a‑q-l-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I-t‑¼‑m-f‑w Ah-s‑c S‑mÀ-s‑K-äU‑v H‑m-U‑n-b³-k‑m-b‑n- I-c‑p-X‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-a‑p-¼‑p-Å A-Z‑r-i‑y-h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑ps‑SB I‑m-e‑w t‑I-_‑nÄ- S‑n-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑y‑m-]-\-t‑¯‑m-s‑S A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. t‑I-_‑nÄ S‑n.h‑n. t‑b‑m-S‑p a-Õ-c‑n-¡‑m³ ]-{‑X-§Ä h‑mÀ-¯-s‑bb‑p‑w h‑n-t‑\‑m-Z-s‑¯b‑p‑w I‑q«‑n-b‑n-W¡‑p-I a‑m-{‑X-aà P-\-{‑]‑n-b ^‑nI--‑vjs‑â a‑m-X‑r-I-IÄ t‑]‑me‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p. B ]-S‑w s‑]‑m-g‑n-¡Â ]‑qÀ-Wa‑mb s‑X‑m-®‑q-d‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-§Ä a‑n-¡-X‑n\‑p‑w [‑m-c‑m-f‑w F-U‑n-j-\‑p-IÄ D-ï‑m-b-X‑v. s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â ac-W‑w D-d-¸‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶ {‑]-h-N-\-§Ä ]-c‑m-P-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n ]-{‑X-§Ä he‑n-b {‑]-N‑m-c‑w t‑\-S‑p-I-b‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-§Ä A-h-b‑p-s‑S N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e \‑m-e‑m‑w-{‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-s‑b h‑n-P-b-I-c-a‑m-b‑n A-X‑n-P‑o-h‑n-¨‑v k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑n-Ih‑y-h-k‑m-b-§f‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑vØ‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑n-s‑â I-Y-b‑m-W‑n-X‑v.

S‑n.h‑n. B-h‑nÀ-`-h‑n-¨-X‑p-h-s‑c-b‑pÅ \‑me‑m‑w L-«-¯-‑n ]-{‑X§Ä h³-I‑n-S-h‑y-h-k‑m-b-§f‑mb‑n a‑m-d‑n. {‑]-N‑m-c‑w e£-§-f‑nt‑e-¡‑p I-S-¶‑p. h-e‑n-b-]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑v B-\‑p-I‑m-e‑n-I-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑n-c -X-s‑¶-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S F-®‑w s‑]-c‑pI‑n. A-h-c‑p-s‑S h-‑nZ‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-t‑b‑m-K‑y-X-IÄ \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-e‑p-Å _‑n-c‑p-Z‑m-\-´-c-_‑n-c‑p-Zt‑a‑m U‑nt‑¹‑ma-It‑f‑m A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-t‑b‑m-K‑y-X-I-f‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑p. b‑p-h-]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑p-Å ]-c‑n-i‑oe-\‑w \‑nÀ-_-Ô-a‑m-b‑n. h‑n-ZK‑v-[s‑¯‑m-g‑n-e‑m-b‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ ]‑p-\À-\‑n-ÀhN‑n-¡‑m-\‑pÅ B b-X‑v-\§-Ä h‑y-h-k‑m-b-h-X‑v-I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑p-¯³ k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-Ih‑n-Z‑y-I-f‑p-s‑S hc-h‑v A-¨-S‑n-b‑n k‑u-µ-c‑y-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-]-c-a‑mb h‑n¹-h‑w k‑rã‑n-¨X‑p‑w C-¡‑m-e-¯‑p-X-s‑¶. c-ï‑pa‑p-X \‑m-e‑p-h-s‑cb‑p-Å L--«-§-f‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â k‑p-hÀ-W-I‑me‑w. F-X‑n-c‑m-f‑nI-f‑nÃ‑m-¯ I‑m-e-a‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X-‑v,t‑dU‑n-t‑b‑mb‑ns‑e H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-Ih‑mÀ-¯-bÃ‑m-s‑X. \‑m-e‑m‑w-L-«-¯‑n-s‑â H-S‑p-h‑n t‑I-_‑nÄ s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ IS-¶‑ph-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v a-s‑ä‑m-c‑pX-c‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ D-ï‑m-b-X‑v. A-d‑nh‑v‑, h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-X‑, h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m\‑w‑, I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-S‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S I‑p-¯-I ]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ k‑p-hÀ-W-L-«-¯‑n h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-À H-c‑p A-Z‑r-i‑y-k-a‑q-l-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I-t‑¼‑m-f‑w Ah-s‑c S‑mÀ-s‑KäU‑v H‑m-U‑n-b³-k‑m-b‑n- I-c‑p-X‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-a‑p-¼‑p-Å A-Z‑r-i‑y-h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑ps‑S- B I‑m-e‑w t‑I-_‑nÄ- S‑n-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑y‑m-]-\-t‑¯‑m-s‑S A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. t‑I-c-f‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w b-Y‑mÀ-°]-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w B-h‑nÀ-`‑m-h-Z-i-b‑m-b 1880 IÄ s‑X‑m-«‑p-Å H-c‑p \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑pI‑me-¯‑v ]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑v H-c‑pX-c‑w {‑]-t‑_‑m-[-\-[À-a-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v B-i-b-h‑y-à-Xb‑p‑w \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑pIf‑p‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p-¡‑p¶ P\phcn 2014

B {‑]-t‑_‑m-[-\X‑z‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑p-t‑c‑mK-X‑nk-¦-e‑v]-s‑¯b‑p‑w b‑p-à‑n-s‑bb‑p‑w B-[‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-W‑v \‑n-e-\‑n-¶-X‑v. ]{‑X‑w h‑m-§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ H-c‑p I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑mS‑p- I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v B-f‑p-IÄ h‑m-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-{‑X-{‑]-h-À¯-\-¯‑n-s‑e d‑n-b-e‑n-k-¯‑n-s‑â B L-«-¯‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑mS‑n \‑n-¶‑p h‑y-X‑yk‑v-X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nà h‑mÀ¯. A-§s‑\-s‑b‑m-c‑p h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-X t‑hW-s‑a-¶‑v BÀ¡‑p‑w t‑X‑m-¶‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑pa‑nÃ.

A-S‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø-b‑v-¡‑p s‑X‑m-«‑p-a‑p-¼‑p-Å h-Àj-§-f‑ne‑p‑w (a‑q-¶‑m‑w-L-«-¯‑n-s‑â A-´‑y-hÀ-j-§Ä‑) A-S‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨- t‑i-j-a‑p-Å B-Z‑y-hÀ-j-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w (\‑m-e‑m‑w-L«-¯‑n-s‑â X-‑pS-¡‑w‑) B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â t‑e‑m-Ih‑o-£-W-a‑mW‑v ]-{‑X-§-f‑n c‑q-]‑m-´c-§-t‑f‑m-s‑S \‑n-e-\‑n-¶-X‑v. ]‑p-t‑c‑mKX‑nh‑m-Z-¯‑ns‑â H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I c‑m-{‑ã‑o-bh‑y-h-l‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑n-s‑â I‑m-XÂ. A-t‑X-ka-b‑w k‑m-l‑n-X‑y‑w‑, I-e‑, k‑n-\‑n-a‑, c‑m-{‑ã‑ob‑w‑, b‑p-h-P‑o-h‑n-X‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b-h-b‑n k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n-b B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X- F-¶ k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑n-I {‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k-h‑pa‑m-b‑n H-c‑p k-µ‑nK‑v-[_-Ô-a‑mW‑v C‑u I‑m-e-b-f-h‑n ]-{‑X§Ä ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑n-b-X‑v. h‑mÀ-¯‑m-c-N-\-b‑ne‑p‑w h‑n-\‑y‑m-k-¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑S k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S d‑n-b-e‑n-k-¯‑n-s‑â Ø‑m\-¯‑v B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X I-S-¶‑p-h-¶‑p. F-¶‑m h‑mÀ-¯-b‑ps‑S {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I]‑p-t‑c‑mK-X‑nh‑m-Z-¯‑n-t‑âX‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑n-I B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X H‑ut‑Z‑y‑mK‑n-I-k‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c-t‑¯‑m-S‑p ]‑p-e-À¯‑n-b \‑nt‑j-[a-t‑\‑m-`‑m-hh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑n-b B-J‑y‑m-\-{‑I-a-§Ä I-s‑ï-¯‑m³ \-S¯‑n-b {‑i-ah‑p‑w ]-{‑X‑m-J‑y‑m-\-¯‑n {‑]-X‑y-£-a‑m-b‑nÃ. A-t‑X ]-{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\-§f‑n N‑n-e-s‑-X-¦‑ne‑p‑w \-S-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ B-\‑p-I‑me‑n-I {‑]-k‑n-²‑oI-c-W-§-f‑mh-s‑« B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X-b‑p-s‑S B-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-§Ä-¡‑p t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑ml-\‑w \Â-I‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. ‑"a‑m-X‑r-`‑qa‑n- B-g‑v-N-¸-

(13)

X‑n¸‑p‑'‑w t‑I-c-fI‑u-a‑pZ‑n {‑K‑q-¸‑n-s‑â "I-e‑m-I‑u-a‑p-Z‑n‑'b‑p‑w D-Z‑m-lc-W‑w. Ø-‑m-]-\-§-f‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶ ]-{‑X-§Ä-¡‑v A-h-b‑p-s‑S i‑o-e-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p ]‑pd-¯‑ph-c‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶-t‑¸‑m-g‑m-W‑v A-h-b‑p-s‑S B-\‑p-I‑m-e‑n-I-§Ä i‑o-e-t‑¡-S‑p-IÄ-¡‑v CS‑w \ÂI‑n-b-X‑v. k‑z‑m-X{‑-´-‑y‑m\-´-c\‑n-c‑m-i-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑n-I h‑n-{‑K-l-`-R‑v-P-\-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w A‑w-i-§Ä {‑]-X‑n-^-e-‑n-¸‑n-¨ e‑nä‑n a‑m-K-k‑n-\‑p-I-f‑mW‑v‑, A-h {‑l-k‑z‑m-b‑p-Ê‑p-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶¦‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶b‑p‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑m-h‑m-Z-¯‑n-s‑â A-`‑n-e‑m-j-§Ä A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v. F¬-]-X‑p-I-f-h-k‑m-\‑wh-s‑c e‑n-ä‑n a‑m-K-k‑n\‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S k-a‑m-´-c-h‑n¹-h‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p. c-à-k‑m-£‑n-X‑z-§Ä k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑v A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mt‑g¡‑p‑w A-h H-c‑p _-Z k‑m-l‑nX‑y-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-k‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑pI-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

A-S‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø-b‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S a‑n-¯‑p-I-Äþh-k‑v-X‑p\‑n-j‑vT-X‑, k-X‑y‑m-ßI-X‑, b‑m-Y‑m-XY‑y‑wþ- X-IÀ-s‑¯d‑n-ª-X‑v. ]-{‑X-§Ä ‑"t‑d‑m-_‑n³-k¬ {‑I‑qt‑k‑m‑'b‑n-s‑e \‑m-¡‑pa‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-a‑mä‑n-b I-d‑p-¯-hÀ-¤-¡‑m-c³ s‑s‑{‑^-t‑U-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-b‑nt‑e-¡‑ph‑oW B ¾‑m-\-hÀ-j§Ä‑, B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w t‑Z-i-c‑m-{‑ã-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w- a‑q-e-¡Ã‑m-b‑n X-§-f‑p-s‑S D-X‑v-]¶-s‑¯ h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑nb‑n-c‑p-¶ ]-{‑X-]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-s‑¯ \‑n-e‑w-]-c‑n-i‑m¡‑n. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â B-J‑y‑m-\-c‑q-]-a‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X‑w F-¶ B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-k-¦-e‑v-]-¯‑n-\‑v A-k‑v-X‑nX‑z‑w \-ã-s‑¸-«‑p. h-k‑vX‑p-Xb‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯b‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-h‑m-l-t‑a‑m-N-\-¯‑n-s‑â L-«-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑v. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑nj‑vT-Xb‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w J-c‑w D-c‑p-I‑n-¸‑n-fÀ-¶ B-Z‑y -k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑m\-´ck-µÀ-`-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X‑v. (h‑n. s‑I. \-c-k‑n‑w-l·‑m-s‑c‑m¶‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n P-\‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ‑, ]-{‑X-c‑wK-¯‑v). k-h‑n-t‑i-jh‑p‑w h‑n-i-Z-h‑pa‑m-b ]T-\-a-À-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑a-J-e-b‑m-W‑n-X‑v. A-S‑n-b-´‑nc‑m-h-Ø‑m-\-´-c-L-«-t‑¯‑m-s‑S ]-{‑X-§Ä h³-I‑n-S-h‑y-h-k‑m-

b-a‑m-b‑n h-f-c‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â B--Z‑y-N‑p-h-S‑p-I-Ä- s‑h-¨‑p X‑p-S-§‑n. ]-c-k‑y-h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w I‑q-S‑m³ X‑p-S-§-‑n-s‑b-¶‑p a‑m-{‑Xà ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-c‑p-s‑S F-®h‑p‑w k‑m-t‑¦X‑n-Ik‑u-I-c‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑h]‑p-e‑yh‑p‑w hÀ-[‑n¨‑p. [‑m-c‑m-f‑w t‑]À ]-{‑X-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W-¯‑n ]-¦‑p-h-l‑n-¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n-b-t‑X‑ms‑S H-c‑p k-h‑nt‑i-jc‑m-j-{‑S‑o-b -k-a‑o]-\‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I A-k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-b‑n. {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑Xa‑nÃ‑mb‑v-a F-¶ {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n C-t‑X‑m-s‑S c‑q-]-s‑¸-«-X‑v. h‑mÀ-¯‑m-c-N-\-b‑n-s‑e d‑n-b-e‑nk‑w‑, F-s‑´Ã‑m‑w \‑y‑q-\-X-I-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶b‑p‑w Bß‑mÀ-°-X- \‑n-d-ª k-aÀ¸‑n-XP‑o-h‑n-X-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑w-`‑m-h-\b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ B B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-h‑o£-W‑w X‑n-t‑c‑m-`-h‑n-¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n. C³-s‑hÀ«-U‑v ]‑n-c-a‑n-U‑v B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p ]‑pX‑n-b s‑{‑]‑m^-j-W ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]‑n-b-s‑¸« B-J‑y‑m-\-a‑mX‑r-I. F¬-]-X‑p-IÄ ¢‑m-´-X-b‑p-s‑S hÀ-j-§Ä-I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑nÂ. h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ]-c-k‑y-h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b [À-a-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p ]-{‑X-h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑w \‑o-§‑m³- X‑p-S§‑n-b C‑u I‑m-e-b-f-h‑n-e‑m-W‑v D-S-a-Ø-c‑p-s‑S C-S-s‑]-SÂ‑, a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑n-[-¯‑n ]-d-ª‑m a‑qe-[-\-¯‑n-s‑â X‑m-X‑v]c‑y‑w H-c‑p k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-L-S-I-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ¶-X‑v. ]-{‑X-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S A-[‑n-I‑m-c-L-S-\-b‑n-e‑pï‑m-b C‑u a‑m-ä‑w h‑mÀ¯-s‑b h‑nÂ-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ D-X‑v-]-¶-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p ]-X‑p-s‑¡-¸-X‑p-s‑¡ ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. b‑p.F-k‑v.F.S‑p-t‑U-b‑ps‑S a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑n-e‑p-Å h‑mÀ-¯-s‑b-g‑p¯‑p‑w ^‑o-¨-s‑d-g‑p¯‑p‑w aeb‑mf]-{‑X-§-f‑n IS-¶‑ph-c‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n. h‑mÀ¯-s‑b h‑n-t‑\‑m-t‑Z‑m-]‑m-[‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p X‑m-g‑v-¯‑m³ h³-I‑n-S-]{‑X-§Ä \-S¯‑n-b h‑m-W‑n-P‑y-b-X‑v-\‑w s‑N-d‑p-]-{‑X-§f‑p‑w A-\‑p-I-c‑n-¨‑p.

A-S‑n-b-´-c‑mh-Ø H‑mÀ-½-IÄ \-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-It‑b‑m B-i-b-]c-a‑m-b‑n X-IÀ-¡‑p-It‑b‑m s‑Nb‑v-X ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ \‑n-c‑mi-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-j‑v-{‑I‑n-b-X‑z-¯‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑p-X‑m-b‑n h-¶hÀ a‑q-e-[-\-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w X‑m-X‑v]-c‑y-§Ä¡-\‑pk-c‑n-¨‑p-Å s‑{‑]‑m-^-j-W-e‑n-k-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w \‑o-§‑n. t‑I-_‑nÄ S‑n.h‑n. t‑b‑m-S‑p a-Õ-c‑n-¡‑m³ ]-{‑X-§Ä h‑mÀ-¯-s‑bb‑p‑w h‑n-t‑\‑m -Z-s‑¯b‑p‑w I‑q«‑n-b‑n-W¡‑p-I a‑m-{‑X-aà P-\-{‑]‑n-b ^‑nI--‑vjs‑â a‑m-X‑r-I-IÄ t‑]‑me‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p. B ]-S‑w s‑]‑m-g‑n-¡Â ]‑qÀ-Wa‑mb s‑X‑m-®‑q-d‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-§Ä a‑n-¡X‑n\‑p‑w [‑m-c‑m-f‑w F-U‑n-j-\‑p-IÄ D-ï‑m-b-X‑v. s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ ]-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â ac-W‑w D-d-¸‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶ {‑]-h-N-\-§Ä ]-c‑m-P-bs‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n ]-{‑X-§Ä he‑n-b {‑]-N‑m-c‑w t‑\-S‑p-I-b‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-§Ä A-h-b‑p-s‑S N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e \‑m-e‑m‑w-{‑]-X‑n-kÔ‑n-s‑b h‑n-P-b-I-c-a‑m-b‑n A-X‑n-P‑o-h‑n-¨‑v k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑mc‑n-Ih‑y-hk‑m-b-§f‑p‑w t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑vØ‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑n-s‑â I-Y-b‑m-W‑n-X‑v.

C-t‑¸‑mÄ A©‑m‑wL-«-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\‑w. N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e a-ä‑p {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-I-s‑f-¡‑mÄ h-e‑p-X‑m-b -H-¶‑n-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑oI-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å-X‑vþ H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ a‑m-[‑y-a‑w. Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä a‑m{‑X-aà H-ä-h‑y-à‑n-If‑p‑w s‑N-d‑p-k‑w-L-§-f‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶ h‑n-\‑n-a-b h‑n-¹-h-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. t‑I-_‑nÄ S‑nh‑nt‑b‑m-S‑p a-Õ-c‑n-¡‑m³ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-J‑y‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â c‑o-X‑n-b‑ne‑p‑w t‑]-P‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S Z‑r-i‑y‑mh‑n\‑y‑m-k-¯‑ne‑p‑w h-c‑p¯‑n-b ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯\§f‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\k-l‑m-b-I-§f‑m-b ]‑w-à‑n-If‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ a-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶-‑p.

F-¶‑m ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â A-t‑X B-J‑y‑m-\‑m-b‑p-[a‑mb F-g‑p-¯‑mW‑v H‑m-¬s‑s‑e³ a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w B-b‑p-[‑w.

B-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä X-½‑n-e‑pÅ H-c‑p b‑p-²-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v A-X‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-s‑¯ s‑I‑m-ï‑p-s‑N-¶‑p\‑nÀ-¯‑p¶--X‑v. CâÀ-s‑\ä‑n-s‑\ h‑n-t‑\‑m-t‑Z‑m-]‑m-[‑n-b‑m-b‑m-W‑v `‑q-c‑n-`‑m-K‑w a-e-b‑m-f‑n-If‑p‑w I‑m-W‑p¶--X‑v F-¶‑p-ÅX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ ]-{‑X-§Ä `-{‑Za‑m-b \‑n-e-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v. hc‑p‑w hÀ-j-§-f‑n A-§-s‑\-b‑m-I-W-s‑a¶-‑nÃ. \-h-a‑m-[‑ya‑w (new media‑) a‑p{‑Z-Wa‑m-[‑ya-s‑¯ ]‑p-\À-a‑m-[‑yP\phcn 2014

(14) a‑oIcW(remediation)¯‑n-\‑p h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ. ]-g-b -a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f ]‑p-\À-c‑q-]-I-e‑v-]\-¡‑p \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a‑w \‑nÀ_-Ô‑n-X-a‑m-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v ]-g-b-a‑m-[‑y-a‑w k‑z-b‑w ]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-¨‑p I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑pa‑m-b {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-b‑m-W‑v ]‑p-\À-a‑m-[‑y-a‑o-I-c-W‑w. \-h a‑m-[‑y-a‑w s‑N-e‑p-¯‑p-¶ k‑z‑m-[‑o-\-X-b‑p-s‑S ^-e-a‑m-W-X‑v. a‑m[‑y-a c‑q-]‑m´cW(‑media morphosis‑‑)s‑a-¶‑p h‑n-f‑n-¡‑m‑w C‑u {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-s‑b. -]-{‑X-s‑¯ b‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-s‑¯b‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯‑m-J‑y‑m-\-s‑¯b‑p‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ J-c-c‑q-]-§Ä D-c‑p-I‑n-¯‑p-S-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ C‑u {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-L«-s‑¯ A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-a‑w‑, a‑p-{‑Z-W-]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w F-§-s‑\-b‑mh‑p‑w A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑pI. B A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑oI-c-W-¯‑n k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-§Ä F-s‑´Ã‑m-a‑m-W‑v. ]-{‑X§Ä H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ F-U‑n-j-\‑p-It‑f‑m \‑y‑qk‑v- t‑]‑mÀ-«-e‑pI-t‑f‑m X‑p-S-§‑n-bX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v -A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-i‑v-\‑w X‑oÀ-¶‑p F-¶‑p I-c‑p-X‑p¶-X‑v a‑q-V-X‑z-a‑m-W‑v. k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y k‑z‑m-b-¯-a‑m-¡‑p-I-bà C-h‑nS-s‑¯ {‑]-i‑v-\‑w. a‑q-e-[-\-i-à‑nb‑p-Å G-X‑p Ø‑m-]-\-¯‑n-\‑p‑w B-I‑m-h‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W-X‑v. k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-s‑bbÃ‑, a‑m-d‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ B-i-b-I‑me‑m-h-Ø-s‑b-b‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑v A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m\‑p-Å-X‑v. A-\´a‑m-b ]‑p-t‑c‑mK-X‑n F-¶ B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-h‑n-i‑z‑mk‑w X-IÀ-¶‑p h‑o-W‑p-I-g‑n-ªX‑v h‑y-hk‑m-b Z‑p-c-´-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n{‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑ne‑p‑w D‑uÀ-P-£‑m-a-¯‑ne‑p‑w a-e‑n-\‑o-Ic-W¯‑ne‑p‑w \-K-c-P‑o-h‑n-X-{‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-I-f‑ne‑p‑w \‑m‑w I-ï‑p I-g‑n-ª‑p. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â b‑pà‑n-t‑_‑m-[h‑p‑w ]‑p-t‑c‑m-KX‑n-h‑n-i‑z‑m-kh‑p‑w B-J‑y‑m-\-`‑m-h-\b‑p‑w X‑n-c-k‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ X-e-a‑pd-I-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\ ‑v C\‑n- t‑\-c‑n-S‑m-\‑p-Å-X‑v. h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-X-b‑p-s‑S h-à‑m-¡-f‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ F-¶‑v A-hÀ A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑nÃ. ]-e h‑o-£-W-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w ]-e k‑z-c-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w C‑u t‑e‑mI-s‑¯/Cþt‑e‑mI-s‑¯ D-¯c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-s‑¯ A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]hÀ¯-\‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n. þ4þ ‑"t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑oU‑n-b d‑o-UÀ' F-¶ k-a‑o-]-I‑m-e -A-¡‑mZ-a‑n-I‑v ]‑p-k‑v-I-¯‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯ t‑eJ-\‑w {‑i²-s‑b h-i‑oI-c‑n¨-X‑v A-X‑n-s‑â X-e-s‑¡«‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑mW‑v‑, "H‑m-U‑n-b³-k‑v F-¶‑v a‑p-¼-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶ B-f‑pIÄ' (The people formerly known as the Audience‑). t‑P-b‑v t‑d‑m-s‑k³ F-¶ A-t‑ac‑n-¡³ A-¡‑m-Z-a‑o-j‑y³ F-g‑pX‑nb B t‑eJ-\‑w C§-s‑\ X‑pS-§‑p¶‑p: ""H‑m-U‑n-b³-k‑v F-¶‑v a‑p-¼-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶ B-f‑p-IÄ X-§-f‑p-s‑S A-k‑v-X‑n-X‑z-s‑¯¸-ä‑n a‑m[‑y-a{‑]-hÀ-¯-Is‑c A-d‑n-b‑n¡‑m³ B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. \‑n-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w t‑I-«‑n-«‑p-Å \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-a‑mä-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m-¸-a‑p-Å H-c‑p A-[‑n-I‑m-c-a‑m-ä-s‑¯-¸-ä‑n-b‑p‑w. \‑n-§-Ä k-©-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ I-¸-e‑n k‑z-´‑w t‑_‑m-«‑p-Å b‑m-{‑X-¡‑m-s‑c¸-ä‑n k-¦-e‑v-]‑n-¡‑pI. F-g‑p-X‑p-¶ h‑m-b-\-¡‑mÀ. I‑y‑m-ad s‑s‑I-b‑n-s‑eS‑p-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-W‑n-IÄ. a‑p-¼‑v t‑e‑m-I-t‑¯‑m-S‑p k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑m³ A-W‑p-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑, ]-c-k‑v]-c‑w _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑m\‑p‑w k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑n-s‑â K‑p-W‑w I‑n-«‑m\‑p‑w e-f‑n-X-a‑mÀ-K-§Ä a-‑m{‑X-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶ t‑I-Äh‑n-¡‑mÀ. k‑z-´‑w b‑p-à‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑h-f‑n-¨-¯‑n C§-s‑\ ]-d-b‑m-\‑m-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-t‑«-s‑d a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑c C-t‑¸‑mÄ R-§Ä-¡‑p a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-h‑p‑w: "FÃ‑m-hc‑p‑w k‑w-k‑m-c‑n¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n B-c‑m-W‑p t‑IÄ-¡‑m-\‑p-ï‑mh‑p-I? A-s‑X¦‑ne‑p‑w \‑n-§Ä-¡‑p ]-d-ª‑p-Xc‑mt‑a‑m?' H‑m-U‑n-b³-k‑v F-¶‑v a‑p-¼-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶ B-f‑pIÄ C‑u {‑]-i‑v-\-¯‑n h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p¶‑nÃ- k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑]-c‑p¸‑w‑! A-X‑m-W‑p R-§-f‑ps‑S {‑]-i‑v-\‑w. C-¶‑v \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-«-¯‑n Bc‑p‑w R-§Ä B-c‑m-s‑W-t‑¶‑mÀ-¯‑v A-¼-c-¡‑p‑w. H‑u-]-N‑m-c‑n-Ia‑m-b H-c‑p \‑nÀhN-\‑w C-Æ‑n-[-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. H‑m-U‑n-b³-k‑v F-¶‑v A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«‑nc‑p-¶-hc‑p‑w G-I-]-£‑o-b-h‑p‑w a-Õ-c‑n-¡‑m³ A-[‑n-I‑w t‑]-c‑nÃ‑m¯-X‑pa‑m-b H-c‑p a‑m[‑y-ah‑y-h-Ø-b‑p-s‑S k‑z‑o-I-c-W‑m-ä¯‑p‑w P\phcn 2014

I‑p-d-¨‑p- Ø‑m-]-\-§Äa‑m{‑X‑w D-¨-¯‑n k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑pI-b‑p‑w -t‑i-j‑n-¨-h-c-{‑Xb‑p‑w ]-c-k‑v-]-c-aI-¶‑v G-I‑m-´-X-b‑n t‑I-«‑n-c‑n¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p {‑]-t‑£-]-W-L-S-\-b‑ne‑p‑w \‑n-¶‑nc‑p-¶ B-f‑p-IÄ C-¶‑v A¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p A-h-Ø-b‑neÃ.

• H-c‑n-¡Â \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v- A-¨-S‑n-b-{‑´-§-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

C-¶‑v B h‑n\‑o-t‑X‑m-]-Ic-W‑w‑, t‑»‑m-K‑v R-§Ä-¡‑v A-¨-S‑nb{‑´‑w X¶‑p.

• H-c‑n-¡Â C-X‑v \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m \‑n-e-b-a‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p‑, \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑z-´‑w X-c‑w-K-s‑s‑ZÀ-L‑y-¯‑n- {‑]-t‑£]W‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v. C-t‑¸‑m-Ä B D-Ö‑z-ea‑m-b I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑p¯‑w‑, t‑]‑m-U‑v-I‑m-k‑v-ä‑n-M‑v R-§Ä-¡‑v t‑dU‑nt‑b‑m X-¶‑p. \‑n-§Ä

(15) s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-§Ä R-§Ä I-s‑ï¯‑n.

• N‑n-{‑X‑o-I-cW‑w‑, N‑n-{‑Xk‑w-t‑b‑m-P-\‑w‑, h‑oU‑n-t‑b‑m-h‑n-XcW‑w F¶‑n-h H-c‑n-¡Â -\‑n§Ä‑, h³-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-t‑S-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. \‑n-§Ä-¡‑p-a‑m-{‑X-t‑a k‑z-´‑w C-t‑a-P‑n \‑n-§Ä k‑r-ã‑n-¨ s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ t‑{‑]-£I-s‑c k-a‑o-]‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑pÅ‑q. C-t‑¸‑mÄ h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m D-]-t‑b‑m-à‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-b‑n-t‑e¡‑p h¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑p¼-s‑¯ I‑m-W‑n-IÄ \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-¨ t‑{‑]£-I-k-a‑q-l-k‑r-ã‑n s‑h-º‑n k-P‑o-h-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

• H-c‑n-¡Â \‑n§Ä (\‑n-§-Ä a‑m-{‑X‑w‑) h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S F-U‑n-äÀ-a‑m-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p‑, H-¶‑m‑w-t‑]-P‑n F-´‑p-t‑h-W-s‑a-¶‑p

\‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p-¶hÀ. C-t‑¸‑mÄ R-§Ä-¡‑v h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ F-U‑n-ä‑v s‑N-¿‑m‑w‑, R-§-f‑p-s‑S H¶‑m‑w t‑]-P‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v R§-f‑p-s‑S X‑nc-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑p-IÄ h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ A-b-¡‑p¶‑p.

• A-X‑y-[‑n-I‑w t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I‑r-Xa‑m-b a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w P-\§-s‑f h-¼³ k‑m-a‑ql‑n-I{‑]-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p-a‑mb‑p‑w A-[‑n-I‑mc-t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑p-a‑mb‑p‑w e‑w-_-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô‑n-¨‑p. ]-t‑£ ]-c-k‑v]-c‑w I-eÀ-¯‑n-b‑nÃ. C-t‑¸‑mÄ ]‑u-c-c‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑v ]‑u-c-c‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å X‑nc-Ý‑o-\-{‑]-h‑m-l‑w e‑w-_-a‑m-b-s‑X-¶-t‑]‑m-s‑e b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑yh‑p‑w ^-e-{‑]-Z-h‑p-a‑mW‑v.‑'' B t‑e-J-\‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑P-b‑v t‑d‑m-s‑k-³ C-{‑X-b‑p‑w-I‑q-S‑n F-g‑p-X‑p-¶‑p. ""H‑m-U‑n-b³-k‑v F-¶‑v a‑p-¼-d‑n-b-s‑¸-

P\phcn 2014

(16)

«‑n-c‑p-¶ B-f‑p-I-Ä s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-a‑q-l‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨ b-Y‑mÀ-°-§f‑p‑w `‑m-h-\‑m-k‑r-ã‑n-I-fÃ‑m-¯-hc‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-Å-hc‑p‑w A-{‑]-h-N-\‑o-b-c‑p-a‑m-W‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯-It‑c‑, \‑n-§Ä Ahs‑c k‑z‑mK-X‑w s‑N-¿‑p-IX-s‑¶ s‑N-¿-W‑w. \‑n-§Ä A§-s‑\ s‑N-b‑v-X‑me‑p‑w C-s‑Ã-¦‑ne‑p‑w R-§-Ä C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v \‑n§Ä A-d‑n-bW‑w.‑'' {‑Z-h-I‑m-e-¯‑ns‑â {‑]-J‑y‑m-]-\-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-¯‑n-s‑e a‑m-{‑X-aà k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I‑m-h-Ø-b‑ne‑p‑w Bi-b-t‑e‑mI¯‑p‑w `‑m-h-\‑m-L-S-\-b‑ne‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑Z-h‑o-I-c-W‑w. ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ {‑i-²‑n-¨‑me‑p‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-Jc-c‑q-]-¯‑n Dd-¨‑p \‑n¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]‑p-Ñ-¨‑nc‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S X-Å‑n-¡f-ª‑me‑p‑w C-s‑Ã-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-X‑v k‑w-`-h‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â F-X‑nÀ-k‑z-ch‑p‑w F-X‑nÀ-N‑n-´-b‑p‑w.

F-g‑p-]-X‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w F¬-]-X‑p-I-f‑ne‑p‑w b‑p-h-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑ne‑p‑w N‑n-´-b‑ne‑p‑w I-e‑m-k‑m-l‑n-X‑y‑m-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-§-f‑ne‑p‑w k‑m-a‑ql‑nIh‑n-t‑h-I-¯‑ne‑p‑w Dï‑m-b B-[‑p-\‑n-IX-s‑b ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-¯‑n-\‑v DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑m³ I-g‑n-ª‑nÃ. b‑m-Y‑m-Ø‑n-X‑n-I-a‑m-b J-c-k-¦-e‑v-]-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-hÂ-¡‑m-c‑m-W‑v þ \‑n-j‑v-I-f-¦ d‑n-be‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ þ ]-{‑X§-s‑f \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¨-X‑v. C-t‑¸‑mg‑p‑w G-X‑m-ï‑v A-§s‑\-s‑b‑m-s‑¡-b‑m-W‑p Ø‑n-X‑n-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑nZ‑y-b‑p-s‑S a-[‑y-Ø-X-b‑ne‑p‑w P-\‑m-[-‑n]-X‑y-¯‑ne‑p‑w {‑Z-h‑o-Ic-W‑w A-X‑n-X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-s‑\ A-`‑nk‑w-t‑_‑m-[-\-s‑N-¿‑m-s‑X‑, ]‑p-\À-a‑m-[‑y-a‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n-\‑p h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-I‑ms‑X‑, B-J‑y‑m-\-§s‑fb‑p‑w `‑m-j-s‑bb‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-s‑S t‑{‑i-W‑o-k-¦-e‑v-]-s‑¯b‑p‑w c‑q-]-h‑n-\‑y‑m-k-s‑¯b‑p‑w s‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑¨-g‑p-X‑m-s‑X A¨-S‑n a‑m-[‑y-a¯‑n-\‑p a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p t‑]‑m-I‑m-\‑m-h‑nÃ. h‑n-Ik‑n-Xk-a-‑ql-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p hc‑p-¶t‑X‑m \-K-c-t‑I-{‑µ‑n-Xa‑m-b D-]-c‑n-hÀ-K-b‑p-h-X‑z-§f‑n a‑m-{‑X-a‑p-Åt‑X‑m Bb A-X‑n-h‑m-Z-a‑m-b‑n A-X‑n-s‑\ X-Å‑n¡-f-ª‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-N-c‑n-{‑X-]-ca‑m-b a-ï-¯-c-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑mh‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\‑w I‑q-¸‑p-I‑p-¯‑pI. B-t‑K‑m-f‑o-I-c-W-¯‑ns‑â P\phcn 2014

k‑z-`-‑m-h-s‑¯¸-ä‑n A-Ú-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑m a‑m-{‑X-t‑a B X-Å‑n-¡f-b k‑m-[‑y-a‑mh‑q. þ5þ a-eb‑m-f]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\h‑p‑w D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â ^-ea‑m-b {‑Z-h-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-X-I-s‑fb‑p‑w _-l‑pk‑z-c-X-s‑bb‑p‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ ]‑pX‑n-b k‑m-a‑ql‑n-Ih‑n-t‑h-I‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯\-‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. B k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-h‑n-t‑h-Ih‑p‑w C-e-t‑{‑Î‑m-W‑n-I‑v k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑yb‑p‑wt‑NÀ¶‑p c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n-b {‑Z-hX‑z‑w H-t‑«-s‑d J-c-k-¦-e‑v-]§-s‑f A-e‑n-b‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ]{‑Xh‑p‑w s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j\‑p‑w DÄs‑¸-s‑Sb‑p-Å FÃ‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w h‑n-t‑i-j-s‑¯‑m-g‑n F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n-e‑p-Å ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-s‑¯b‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I³ F-¶ _‑n‑w-_-s‑¯b‑p‑w A-X‑v D-S-¨‑p-I-f-b‑p-It‑b‑m ]‑p-\À-c‑q-]h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p-It‑b‑m s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. A-d‑nh‑v‑, h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-X‑, t‑Z-i‑o-b-X X‑p-S§‑n-b B-[‑p-\‑nI-X‑z J-c-k‑w-hÀ-K-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-a‑m-X‑mh‑p‑w h‑n-X-c-W-¡‑m-c-\‑p-aà C-¶‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I³.

H-t‑c-ka-b‑w D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-I\‑p‑w D-X‑v-]-¶-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p-I F-¶‑v C-c-«-`‑m-K-t‑[-b-X‑z-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I-s‑\ {‑`-ã-\-‑m¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-s‑Ã-¦‑n t‑a‑m-N‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p-¶‑p. D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-t‑¯‑mS‑p‑w D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IXt‑b‑mS‑p‑w A-h k‑r-ã‑n-¨ {‑Z-h-X‑z-¯‑n P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mį-s‑¶ H-c‑p k-µ‑n-K‑v[-a-t‑\‑m-`‑m-ht‑a‑m D-`b-a-t‑\‑m-`‑m-ht‑a‑m ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑n-^-e-\-§Ä h‑mÀ¯-b‑ne‑p‑w B-J‑y‑m-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w A-t‑\-I‑w s‑X-f‑n-h‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n a-e-b‑m-f-]-{‑X-§-f‑n \‑n-e‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-I‑m-W‑m‑w. {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v{‑X]-ct‑a‑m c‑m-{‑ã‑o-bt‑a‑m Bb‑p-Å k-µ‑n-K‑v-[-X-bà A-s‑X¶‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w. a‑m-ä-s‑¯-¡‑mÄ {‑]-X‑n-{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑m³ h-¿‑m-s‑X _‑u-²‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-k-¦-e‑v-]-§-f‑ps‑-S X-S-h-d-b‑n I-g‑n-b‑p-¶X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ k-µ‑n-K‑v-[-X-b‑m-W-X‑v. \-h-a‑m-

(17)

[‑y-a-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-Å- k-a‑o-]-\-¯‑nÂ-¯s‑¶ (\-h-a‑m[‑y-a h‑n-¹-h§Ä _‑m-e-e‑oe-It‑f‑m N‑m-b-t‑¡‑m-¸-¡‑m-ä‑p-It‑f‑m B-s‑W-¶ t‑P‑y-j‑vT-a-t‑\‑m-`‑mh‑w‑) A-X‑p s‑X-f‑n-ª‑p I‑m-W‑m‑w. H‑m¬-s‑s‑e\‑n-s‑â k‑m-[‑y-XI-s‑f h‑n-t‑\‑m-Z-k‑m-[‑y-X-I-f‑mb‑p‑w K‑r-l‑m-X‑pc-X‑z-h‑y-hk‑m-b k‑m-[‑y-X-I-f‑mb‑p‑w B-ß-c-X‑n-t‑h-Z‑n-I-f‑mb‑p‑w I‑m-W‑p-¶ {‑]hW-X C‑u k-µ‑n-K‑v-[-X-b‑v-¡‑v H-c‑p ]-c‑n-[‑nh-s‑c I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â b-Y‑mÀ-°-k‑z-`‑m-h‑w A-Xà F-¶ X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑v B k-µ‑n-K‑v-[-X-b‑v-¡‑p ]-c‑n-l‑m-c-a‑mt‑b-¡‑p‑w. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑zh‑p‑w D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑zh‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-§Ä h‑y-à-a‑m-¡-‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\h‑p‑w F-¯‑n \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ {‑Z-h-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-`‑m-h‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-I‑q.

I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-P-·‑n-¯¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p h‑y-hk‑m-ba‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n-¯-¯‑nt‑e¡‑p‑w c‑m-P‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑nÂ- \‑n-¶‑p P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w a-X‑m-ß-I-X‑z-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p a-X-\‑n-c-t‑]-£-X-b‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w h‑ni‑z‑m-k-¯‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑p i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-a‑p-Å ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\s‑¯-b‑m-W‑v B-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z‑w F-¶ I-e‑v-]-\ h‑n-i-Z-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w‑, k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-h-fÀ-¨‑, P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w‑, \‑nb-a‑w X‑p-S§‑n-b-h-s‑b B-[‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n-\‑n¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-X‑v k‑m-{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑nI-c‑o-X‑nI-s‑f D-S-¨‑p-h‑mÀ-¯‑p. a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â B-ßk¯ (self‑) F-¶ k-¦-e‑v-]-s‑¯¯-s‑¶ A-X‑v A-Ø‑n-c-a‑m-¡‑n. ]-c-¼-c‑m-KX-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n H-c-‑mf‑p-s‑S k‑zX‑z‑w ]‑qÀ-h-\‑n-Ý‑n-Xa‑m-b H-¶‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. P‑m-X‑n-s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-a-l‑n-a-s‑I‑mt‑ï‑m H-s‑¡ e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-¶‑v. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n k‑zX‑z‑w H-c‑p \‑nÀ-a‑n-Xh-k‑v-X‑p-h‑m-b‑n. \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑zX‑z‑w \‑n-§Ä¯-s‑¶ c‑q-]-s‑¸S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. b‑pà‑n(‑reason)b‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n- B-[‑p\‑n-IX‑z‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-{‑I-ah‑p‑w k‑p-\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑z-h‑p‑w k‑rã‑n-¨‑p.

A-X‑n-s‑â A-´-c‑o-£-¯‑n ]‑n-d-¶‑p-h‑o-W-X‑m-W‑v a-e-b‑m-f-]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-h‑p‑w. D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑nIX‑z‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â k‑p-\‑n-Ý‑n-X-X‑z§-s‑f D-c‑p-¡‑n-¡-f-b‑p-¶‑p. b‑p-à‑nb‑p‑w ]‑p-t‑c‑m-KX‑n-h‑m-Zh‑p‑w a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑\ F-¯‑n¨-X‑v A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i-¯‑ne‑p‑w b‑p-

²-¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑w-i-l-X‑y-I-f‑ne‑p‑w kÀ-h-k‑w-l‑m-c‑m-b‑p-[-§-f‑ne‑p‑w ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-\-i‑o-I-c-W-¯‑ne‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑nh‑n-`-h-N‑q-j-W-¯‑ne‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑p \-a‑p-¡d‑n-b‑m‑w. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n-¯‑oh-ï‑n s‑N-¶‑p\‑n-¶‑p X‑o-s‑b-c‑n-ª k‑v-t‑ä-j-\‑p-IÄ. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-IÄ D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-IX‑z‑w t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. AX‑n-t‑â-X‑v A-´‑n-a-a-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w. AÀ-°-¯‑n\‑p‑w k-X‑y-¯‑n\‑p‑w B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X‑z-¯‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ Ø‑n-cX‑z‑w C-t‑¸‑m-g‑nÃ. a‑m-[‑y-a‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ D-¯-c‑m-[‑p\‑n-Ik-a‑q-l¯‑n FÃ‑m‑w I‑q-S‑n-¡-e-c‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. D¯-a‑w/A[-a‑w F-¶ a-«‑n H-¶‑p‑w t‑hÀ-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯ D-]-t‑`‑m-K-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c‑w k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â FÃ‑m a-Þ-e-§-f‑ne‑p-a‑pï‑v‑,A-t‑\I‑w s‑s‑h-c‑p-²‑y-§-t‑f‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w. B s‑s‑h-c‑p-²‑y-§Ä a‑m{‑X‑w F-S‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-«‑n \‑m‑w ]-g-b-I‑m-e-¯‑m-W‑v F-¶‑p h‑m-i‑n-]‑n-S‑n¨‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑mÂ- \‑n-§Ä k‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑n-Ia‑m-b B-ß-l-X‑y-b‑nt‑et‑¡‑m B-ß-l-X‑y‑m-]-ca‑m-b i‑o-X-\‑n-{‑Z-b‑n-t‑et‑¡‑m s‑N-¶‑p h‑o-g‑p‑w. ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S a-l‑m-I-Y-I-s‑fÃ‑m‑w s‑I-«‑p-I-Y-If‑m-s‑W-¶‑p X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª H-c‑p ]‑p-X‑p-X-e-a‑p-d-s‑bb‑p‑w t‑e‑m-Is‑¯-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n\‑p‑w C-\‑n t‑\-c‑n-S‑m-\-ÅX‑v. {‑Z-h-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ¶ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e I-S-e‑m-k‑p-h-©‑n-b‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ ]-{‑X‑w. D-¶-Xa‑m-b H-c‑n-S-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑p \‑y‑m-b-h‑n-[‑n-IÄ F-d‑nª‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ \‑n-b-a-\‑nÀ-a‑m-X‑m-h‑n-s‑â Ø‑m-\-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑v ]-e `‑m-j-I-f‑n k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]-e P-\-h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑p-s‑S a-[‑yØ-s‑â Ø‑m-\-t‑¯-¡‑p k‑z-´‑w h-©‑n X‑p-g-b‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v C-\‑n ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯I-s‑â [Àa‑w. ‑{]ikvX \ncq]I\pw amXr`qan \yqkv FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: pkrajasekharan@gmail.com

P\phcn 2014

(18)

B. G. Verghese

Media Ethics and Social Responsibility Powerful, high-speed cars are only safe with good brakes and traffic controls. Today’s immensely powerful media needs regulation to ensure matching responsibility.

M

edia ethics and social responsibility have always been important but never so much as today. Information, like knowledge, is power. Hence intelligence gathering was from early times basic to statecraft. The liberal revolution that followed the Reformation and Renaissance democratised information.

But none of this compares with the communications revolution ushered in our own lifetime by the satellite and the chip, and the computer and the internet. This has created an instant world, shrinking space and time.

Convergence and miniaturisation have given us the cell phone and the iPod, and we now can hold the world in the palm of one hand. This has in turn created an entirely new medium called the social media, manifested in the Web, YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter. Information is now popular power and not just state power.

The press has been transformed from select opinion sheets to news-papers per se, providing the public, in theory, with all the news that is fit to print. But apart from constraints of space, there have been compulsions of ideology, ownership interests, political preferences and pressures, and such other considerations. And likewise in the broadcast media.

If the body demands a healthy and varied diet, so does the mind. Bias, misinformation, and disinformation can be as insidious and dangerous as food or drug adulteration.

Standards and ethics are therefore vitally important in the media world, which has graduated P\phcn 2014

from being the Fourth Estate—alongside the executive, legislature, and judiciary—to becoming virtually the First Estate, sought and feared by all.

Governance, as much as life, revolves around communication, which triggers responses and actions. Given the technology now available, the global 24x7 media is most often the first to get and disseminate news, way ahead of intelligence agencies, the government, the military, corporates, or anybody else. It sets the agenda, tone, and parameters of discussion, and relays back responses.

This position of immense information power obviously entails a corresponding individual and social responsibility of the media, from the reporter, photographer, copy-editor, news editor, and up the line to the analysts and editor. How and what they sift make them gatekeepers.

The media, in this sense, holds a position of trust and social responsibility that makes newspapers and broadcast channels public trustees of news, informed comment, and good taste. This is as much an ethical and social responsibility as a legal one.

By law, the Editor is the one finally responsible, although publishers as owners and managers obviously matter.

This is the theory—the ideal situation. But we live in a world of pressures, ambitions, competition, ego, cupidity, human frailty, and folly. Costs have soared.

No surprise then that for some, or much, or most of the media, “mission” has been corrupted into “commerce” combined with the arrogance of power.

News and images can be created to suit given

(19) needs to create a new virtual reality.

The Japanese play “Rashomon” tells of a murder of a prince at a crossroads in the forest at dusk that is witnessed by a woodcutter, a merchant, and a robber. The event is first portrayed as it happened.

The rest of the play consists of the subjective versions of what happened as told by the three others as observed from their vantage points and “edited” by their states of mind. So do we have one truth and three stories, or are there many sides of the truth?

The media has therefore to report all sides of a story and provide the background and perspective for its better understanding. This may be possible not at one go, but through careful investigation and follow-up.

But then we find owner and advertiser interests and angles coming into play. Sources can be subjective, and leaks motivated and selective, to give colour to events in line with the demands of interested parties. Information may be carelessly collected, fed from a poisoned chalice, or poorly collated or trivialised to create sensation. It may even be fabricated or distorted to create misinformation or disinformation. Haste to beat the competition, make “breaking news,” or win dubious TRP ratings or self-glory, can result in error, invasion of privacy, failure to double check, trial by the media, and other ills.

With rising costs, economic slowdown, and falling advertising, owners look to make more money to recoup past investments and amortise debt. Some lust for more. Hence the abolition of Editors as an unnecessary nuisance, and the phenomenon of paid news and private treaties whereby newspaper magnates get shares in companies in lieu of advertising and then play the market–a phenomenon that has alarmed the Securities and Exchange Board of India.

Cross-media holdings and corporate investments in the media are changing ownership and editorial relationships. Political parties, advertisers, the entertainment people, event managers, and the underworld all seek media power. Information is power—and profit and patronage too. Media credibility has been eroded.

These trends are not entirely peculiar to India.

They represent a global phenomenon. The News of the World scandal in the United Kingdom is illustrative of what goes on.

Somehow in India there is a myth that democratic societies do not have media regulation. This is incorrect. Article 19(1a)(2) allows imposition of “reasonable restrictions” on freedom of speech and expression on specified grounds. We have several laws that impinge on the media, but the courts have been a shield and have helped expand the freedom of expression.

The Press Council is a weak instrument. There is no statutory complaints commission for the

electronic media although some informal broadcast tribunals have been set up with a limited reach of some 40 members against over 800 news channels!

Self-regulation clearly has not worked and regulation by the state, now under consideration, has aroused a good deal of alarm. Attempts at controls and censorship must and will be resisted. But just as powerful, high-speed cars are only safe given good brakes and traffic controls, today’s immensely powerful media needs some measure of regulation to ensure matching responsibility.

The Right to Information has played a great role in bringing sunshine, transparency, and accountability in the conduct of public affairs.

But the demand widely aired for free access to government and institutional processes of decisionmaking is dangerous and if acceded to can lead to anarchy, or compel decisions to be taken orally or

Cross-media holdings and corporate investments in the media are changing ownership and editorial relationships.

Political parties, advertisers, the entertainment people, event managers, and the underworld all seek media power.

Information is power—and profit and patronage too. Media credibility has been eroded. recorded in doubly secret files. Tax dodgers keep double accounts. We should not compel decision makers to maintain double entry files.

Complex and delicate issues of governance cannot be thrashed out in the marketplace by the demos or the multitude in the name of participative democracy. That would be mobocracy.

Social media is ubiquitous and can play a vital role in on-the-spot, I-was-there reporting. Citizen journalism is likewise narrow-focussed, subjective, and unmediated. The worm’s eye view is limited.

Disinformation is in constant competition with information and is the mainstay of psychological P\phcn 2014

(20)

Social media, in wrong hands, can play havoc as it did during and after the Kokrajhar riots in Assam in 2012, causing thousands of North-Easterners to flee Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai for fear of revenge killings. Likewise, the more recent Muzaffarnagar riots were sparked by the uploading on the internet of a twoyear old clip, of some killings in Pakistan, that was mischievously morphed to generate communal passions here. warfare. Social media, in wrong hands, can play havoc as it did during and after the Kokrajhar riots in Assam in 2012, causing thousands of NorthEasterners to flee Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai for fear of revenge killings. Likewise, the more recent Muzaffarnagar riots were sparked by the uploading on the internet of a two-year old clip, of some killings in Pakistan, that was mischievously morphed to generate communal passions here.

One antidote to such negative trends could be a genuinely autonomous public broadcasting service. Unfortunately, the Prasar Bharati has been emasculated by the government, the Parliament, the advertisers, the entertainment world, and the commercial media, all of whom would prefer to see and label it as an official trumpet.

The private commercial channels must earn their keep and therefore cater to the upmarket advertiser. A public service broadcaster like the Prasar Bharati is on the contrary charged with catering to the extraordinarily diverse publics of P\phcn 2014

India, that is, to the common citizen. With so many living below or scarcely above the poverty line, while all consumers are citizens, not all citizens are advertisement-relevant consumers. The tragedy is that the difference has simply not been understood in this information age when access to information empowers and enlarges democratic participation and accountability.

I have spoken of the troughs but not the peaks of the Indian media. These too are there and we must draw inspiration from them. Overall, however, ethics and social responsibility must remain the watchwords of the Indian media.

This lecture was delivered at St Joseph’s College, Bengaluru on 29 November 2013.

B. G. Verghese is Visiting Professor, Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. He was Editor of the Hindustan Times, and the Indian Express, and won the Magsaysay Award in 1975. E-mail: bgverghese@gmail.com. Website: www.bgverghese.com

(21)

Michael Puthenthara

Is Advertising Becoming a Publicity Stunt?

Nowadays, many assess the quality of an advertisement by the publicity it generates. But the fundamental assumptions that inspired good advertising remind us that advertising is much more than publicity.

W

e commonly use a nail to hang up a beautiful picture on the wall. The nail is the prop that supports the picture. Regardless of whether this prop is short or long, thick or thin, the significance of the nail goes only as far as it provides support to the picture. It can never replace the picture nor can it add any value to the picture which has its own intrinsic worth making it beautiful. However, imagine a situation in which the nail is larger and thicker than is necessary, is painted in eye-catching colours, and is decorated. The result of such an exercise would most probably be that the viewers are fascinated more by the nail than the beauty of the picture and perhaps the picture itself would take a back seat or be neglected. And yet the original intention was to project or highlight the picture so that the viewers are enamoured by its beauty.

An honest analysis of the present-day advertisements, particularly of the big spenders, raises the question: don’t they reflect the situation described in the case of the nail and the picture?

Haven’t props become more important than the picture itself? Hasn’t presentation overtaken the message to the extent of the latter being sidelined or simply neglected?

The Core of Advertising

Advertising a message about a product, service, or idea is the heart of the advertising effort. As Samuel Johnson said long ago, “the soul

of advertising is the promise, a promise that is delivered.” The message is all about the promise.

Tracing modern advertising back to its origins in the latter part of the 19th century, the message was stated straightforward to the reader without any frills. There were no props, and if there were any they were so insignificant that they went unnoticed.

As the advertising activity grew into a competitive profession, creativity became the hallmark of delivering the message, which obviously made advertising more appealing. Creativity was mostly around the techniques involved in presenting the message which, however, did remain simple and straightforward. Following the well-known principle that the art of communication should not overshadow the content of the communication, that is “what you say is more important than how you say it,” creativity, as a rule, did not interfere with message in good advertising. As the profession of advertising grew, several thinkers expressed this approach in more ways than one.

It was Rosser Reeves of Ted Bates Ad Agency, who in the 1940s came up with the concept of the “central idea” which could be the selling idea, or the “big idea” in the advertisement. This implied the assumption that advertising is primarily an intellectual activity. It is axiomatic that advertising that has value is advertising that works. This value is enveloped by the fact that a customer does not purchase a product, but he/she buys the benefit that P\phcn 2014

(22)

David Ogilvy

The result of good advertising is action. As Ogilvy comments, “When Aeschines spoke, they said, ‘How well he speaks’, but when Demosthenes spoke, they said, ‘let us march against Philip’.”

That’s advertising that works!

is offered by the product. The customer buys the benefit that fulfils his specific need(s) at a particular point of time. Products are merely symbols of perceived benefits. Therefore, good advertising focuses relentlessly on the benefit of a product in preference to other products. It is the task of advertising to translate this benefit into a big selling idea.

The selling idea is merely the benefit presented in compelling consumer language or in visuals. A good selling idea is meaningful to the consumer.

It is credible and is capable of being believed. It is provocatively presented that it wakes up the consumer. It is also durable without having to change it year after year. The big idea helps the brand to stand up for something specific in the mind of the consumer. That is how products become brands. A brand is a bundle of characteristics relevant to the consumer. The selling idea helps the brand to achieve distinctiveness and stature in a competitive market by emphasising these characteristics. And it may be remembered that a P\phcn 2014

brand is not built in a day, but over a period.

Over and above the big idea, professional ad men use two other concepts which empower and enrich the selling idea. They are the “unique selling proposition” (USP) and “positioning.” USP is often loosely used or misused as slogans, clever phrases, and sound combinations. The USP ought to be a unique feature of the brand and expressed as the big idea. The USP may be stated as matching a selling point in the brand with a consumer benefit in a unique way.

More often than not, positioning is misunderstood as something in the product or in the marketing strategy. Actually it does not refer to product facts; it is the approximate perception of facts. Therefore, it exists in the mind of the customer along the parameters that are important to the customer and selected by the customer. Positioning is often oriented on the market leader in a particular product category, because the leader has the largest “share of mind.” Therefore, the reason behind positioning is to obtain as much share of mind as

(23) possible for the product or service.

There are some recent remarkable instances of advertising based on these fundamental assumptions. The “telephone exchange” ad highlighting a mobile phone network, in which the son removes the misunderstanding between his parents, by switching their mobile sets without their knowledge, is one such. Another one is of two kids kicking a ball across a high barbed wire fence proclaiming the concept that nothing is a hindrance to communication. An earlier ad presented a puppy following a child wherever he went, demonstrating the presence of a network connection all over. And there are the highly reputed zoo zoo ads accentuating among other things, the idea of a superior range. While all these ads focus on the mobile network revolution, there are equally outstanding ads in other product and service categories.

All such good advertisements notwithstanding, it is the considered view of this writer that advertising has deteriorated from its professional standards, causing confusion between techniques and content, and presentation and message. The main reason for this appears to be the replacement of the fundamental assumptions that inspired good advertising, which were referred to, by other assumptions not necessarily germane to good advertising. There is a widely held view now that the quality of an advertisement is measured by the publicity it generates. The means employed is not as important as the result it brings in publicity.

Publicity, it seems, is everything. But nothing could be farther from the truth. Publicity, according to the Webster’s dictionary, means “exposure”; just that.

But advertising is far more complicated than that.

Based on a marketing strategy and an advertising strategy flowing from it, the task of advertising is to implement these strategies in the format of an advertisement or commercial. A mere “exposure” cannot achieve it. In a most recent television commercial for a pressure cooker and gas stove, we have a highly reputed star couple having a duet on who is more beautiful, the wife or the pressure cooker. Obviously, the wife wins hands down! How many housewives are going to buy a kitchenware for their beauty, with no other benefit to bank upon?

One could perhaps get away with such publicity gimmicks if it is a reminder ad, which is often for products that require repeated purchase. But how often does a family buy a pressure cooker?

However, there are two considerations that give relevance to publicity in the context of advertising.

One is the publicity-driven communication during inaugurations and product launches, which demand as much publicity as possible to entice crowds to the event. These are actually examples of marginal advertising rather than substantial advertising.

And the means often used, or misused, on such occasions is to ensure the presence of a “star.”

There is a widely held view now that the quality of an advertisement is measured by the publicity it generates. The means employed is not as important as the result it brings in publicity. Publicity, it seems, is everything. But nothing could be farther from the truth. Publicity, according to the Webster’s dictionary, means “exposure”; just that. But advertising is far more complicated than that. Based on a marketing strategy and an advertising strategy flowing from it, the task of advertising is to implement these strategies in the format of an advertisement or commercial. A mere “exposure” cannot achieve it.

P\phcn 2014

(24) There was an example of even bringing a football star, whose better days were behind him, all the way from a South American country to preside over such an occasion. And all that he proclaimed then was that his client was the number one in his product category! However, if those responsible for the publicity effort, preferably in the ad agency if there is one, are creative enough to incorporate a selling big idea in the inaugural publicity communication, more substantial ads could follow from the inaugural advertisement. Otherwise the star would go away, the crowd would disperse, and the publicity is ended. This is often the case.

AIDA

The second consideration is related to the various

stages which the scripting of a good advertisement goes through. The stages are expressed in the acronym AIDA. The first of these is “Awareness” or “Attention.” It is flagging down the attention of the prospective buyer to the product and its sales message. This is the stage of publicity. The mistake lies in concluding that once this stage is executed well, advertising has done its job. Awareness has to lead to “Interest,” which involves presenting the USP in a clear and interesting manner so that the customer will understand and accept it. This stage also involves relating the message to the customer’s own lifestyle, making it relevant and believable.

Psychologist Abraham Maslow had proposed a hierarchy of human needs beginning with the physiological leading up to the need for self-

The selling idea is merely the benefit presented in compelling consumer language or in visuals. A good selling idea is meaningful to the consumer. It is credible and is capable of being believed. It is provocatively presented that it wakes up the consumer. It is also durable without having to change it year after year. The big idea helps the brand to stand up for something specific in the mind of the consumer. That is how products become brands.

P\phcn 2014

(25) actualisation. An understanding of these needs is a sine qua non for scripting an ad message. The next stage is “Desire” for the specific brand advertised or rather for the benefit promised by the brand. The information must be persuasive enough to change, or reinforce, an attitude or behaviour. Customers have to be convinced it is in their own best interest to purchase. It is in this context that John S. Wright of the School of Business, Georgia State University recommends comprehension of advertising as “controlled, identifiable information and persuasion.” And the last stage is “Action.” It is the purchase by the customer in the manner intended by the advertiser either physically, mentally, or emotionally (if the sale is of an idea). So the result of good advertising is action. As Ogilvy comments, “When Aeschines spoke, they said, ‘How well he speaks’, but when Demosthenes spoke, they said, ‘let us march against Philip’.” That’s advertising that works! The acronym AIDA is often used as a checklist to verify the comprehensiveness of a good advertising copy so that it will be effective.

Techniques

A host of techniques (props), such as celebrities, children, entertainment, sex, fashion, humour, and others are used for scripting an ad copy. Some of them are commented upon here.

The use of celebrities is advantageous to project the values (benefits) in a brand, provided the celebrity represents in his/her persona those values.

For example, Sachin Tendulkar could represent excellence or superiority of a product because he himself is an icon of excellence. But where the product is not only not superior, but substandard and having disadvantages to the consumer, the use of such a persona would be misleading the customer and also unethical. There are several cases in which highly respected celebrities withdrew from advertisements of products found to be harmful to the customer (examples: Amitabh Bachchan for Pepsi Cola; Jagathy Sreekumar for Sikkim Lotteries).

In the same manner, a superior product can acquire a bad image by associating itself with a celebrity who becomes suspected of wrongdoing. This also has happened (cricketer Sreesanth). Using an actor has a disadvantage in that he would be merely acting in the ad (for which he gets paid, like in the cinema) instead of making a serious offer of a benefit (which he may not have even grasped!). Therefore, the use of celebrities is fraught with damaging consequences. However, Kerala being more a state of shopkeepers than manufacturers, the use of popular actors to attract crowds for inauguration of shops and similar events is indeed relevant. But this should be accompanied by the realisation that they just provide the initial publicity. Serious advertising has to be eventually done to bring in customers.

This is not often the case and hence the suspicion of advertising becoming a publicity stunt.

Since the arrival of film commercials, particularly the proliferation of television channels, advertisements often appear to be imitating cinema, which has an all-pervasive, unwholesome impact nearly on every aspect of life, especially among the youth. In the yesteryears there was a clear distinction between advertisements for promoting a particular cinema and promoting products. One could tell the difference by merely observing the ad in print. But no longer is it so. Today everything has become cinematic! Naturally, they provide entertainment. But do these entertaining visuals contain elements that make effective advertising?

Unlike print advertising, the imaginatively and intelligently executed commercials, because they are visually appealing, are powerful persuaders. They

Once in the latter part of 1970s, this writer wrote a slightly naughty headline in an ad for the then nascent television receiver industry—“My wife is in Babu’s room every evening.” The body copy immediately stated that Babu had a TV set and I had none. The message was: so better buy a TV set to make the wife stay at home. However, the leading English daily in South India refused to carry the ad saying that it had sexual overtones. It took the combined persuasive abilities of the top management of the ad agency to make the daily lift the ban on the ad and carry it as scheduled.

Today, the same daily publishes, on the front page, ads having explicit sexual innuendos, even relegating news to inside pages and without batting an eyelid. It would be unrealistic to assume that these changes do not affect advertising. also help the advertisement to become subliminal, which is the best form of an advertisement. Alas!

More often than not, the present-day commercials are confusing, forgetting the truth that “advertising is not entertainment.” This is true especially of the big spenders for silks and jewellery, competing with each other amidst lavish weddings sets, computergenerated animals, and exotic locales. Therefore, it is not surprising if the majority of these ads do not go beyond being attention-getting publicity exercises, contributing to the degeneration of professional advertising.

Psychologist Carl Jung had observed that femininity (anima) in man and masculinity (animus) in woman is the basis for the mutual magnetism between sexes. Creative minds have used this fundamental awareness to convey promotional P\phcn 2014

(26) The use of celebrities is advantageous to project the values (benefits) in a brand, provided the celebrity represents in his/her persona those values. For example, Sachin Tendulkar could represent excellence or superiority of a product because he himself is an icon of excellence. But where the product is not only not superior, but substandard and having disadvantages to the consumer, the use of such a persona would be misleading the customer and also unethical. In the same manner, a superior product can acquire a bad image by associating itself with a celebrity who becomes suspected of wrongdoing.

P\phcn 2014

messages. However, it can also easily be just another prop to gain attention. Here the basic rule in employing sex ought to be that it must be appropriate to the product promoted. And generally sex in ads can have two objectives: (a) to obtain approval of the opposite sex (man or woman), for example in ads for cosmetics; and (b) to suggest sexual confidence, which basically implies that in buying a given product customers are comfortable with their sexual roles. This is the case for purchasing clothes and also cosmetics. But resorting to the use of sex for all products across the spectrum, without discriminating between them for its relevance, obliterates the borderline between advertising and publicity.

Role Players

The main role players in advertising cannot walk away from the responsibility for confusing advertising with other forms of communication, and making it lose its distinctiveness as a specific genre of information dissemination. The advertiser sets the ball rolling in the advertising process. Besides the budget, he should be able to provide marketing inputs and the strategy behind his product in the marketplace. The ad strategy and finally the advertisement have to necessarily flow from this knowledge, because advertising is primarily a marketing activity. However, the news from the ad world is that this is not what is often happening.

Marketing strategy is scarce. The advertiser wants to be the ad creator by interfering in the ad-making procedure. For this, his knowledge levels are limited to pieces of ad knowledge picked up from here and there. There is no expertise. This is not to deny that there are exceptions to this situation.

What a professional advertiser alias good marketer would do is to appoint an ad agency with proven credentials to take care of his ad requirements and then adopt the policy of “approve or disapprove, but not improve.” This is very much like appointing an able lawyer to argue your case in the court and leaving him alone to do his job. If you interfere in his job, he would probably walk out on you. In my ad agency days I have seen this happening. An ad agency let go of a lucrative account merely because the client got into the habit of “improving” the ads it had created!

However, in the present context where the criterion used for selecting an ad agency is the amount of discount that is offered by the client on the cost of release of ads, this may not be at all possible. Hence the deterioration of professional advertising.

More than any other factor, it is the attitude and practices of ad agencies that have contributed to the degeneration of professional advertising, particularly in Kerala. Like the mushrooming of television channels, ad agencies have proliferated without a corresponding increase in the ad accounts

(27) in the state. An effective copy of an ad cannot be scripted without gathering facts related to the product, company, customer, competition, and so on.

It is from these that the big ideas that sell products are generated. However, more often than not, these facts are not researched. And in their absence, the self-proclaimed ad men are more concerned with design and colours than content, forgetting that advertising has to be appeal to the intellect more

Here it may be relevant to point out that not long ago a large retail outlet in Kochi city closed shop because it was not selling enough to make ends meet. It was a shop that had state-wide publicity coverage! In such a scenario, the question that demands an answer is: what makes an ad agency tick or appealing to the client? One answer stands above everything else: it is the kickback or the discount it offers to the advertiser. Gone is creativity; it’s a money deal, pure and simple. than to emotions. Actually they cannot be faulted either. If mere publicity is the objective, why bother about facts? Moreover, when the majority of the ad accounts are of shops, why spend time, energy, and money in researching facts? Here it may be relevant to point out that not long ago a large retail outlet in Kochi city closed shop because it was not selling enough to make ends meet. It was a shop that had state-wide publicity coverage! In such a scenario, the question that demands an answer is: what makes an ad agency tick or appealing to the client?

One answer stands above everything else: it is the kickback or the discount it offers to the advertiser.

Gone is creativity; it’s a money deal, pure and

simple.

Two developments in the media scene have had an impact on the way advertising is practised.

One is the redefinition of the press, violating wellestablished and accepted standards of journalism, and being concerned with entertainment than news. The second is that the television media also follows this entertainment principle, however, with the difference that it clearly takes the path of cinema. The net result is that the media wants entertainment as the primary consideration even in serious professional advertising. This has led to giving more importance to media scheduling than creativity and big idea in ads. In the earlier days, the press had a significant role in controlling the content of ads, ensuring it to be ethical. Once in the latter part of 1970s, this writer wrote a slightly naughty headline in an ad for the then nascent television receiver industry—“My wife is in Babu’s room every evening.” The body copy immediately stated that Babu had a TV set and I had none. The message was: so better buy a TV set to make the wife stay at home. However, the leading English daily in South India refused to carry the ad saying that it had sexual overtones. It took the combined persuasive abilities of the top management of the ad agency to make the daily lift the ban on the ad and carry it as scheduled. Today, the same daily publishes, on the front page, ads having explicit sexual innuendos, even relegating news to inside pages and without batting an eyelid. It would be unrealistic to assume that these changes do not affect advertising.

Slight exaggerations in the message regarding products have always been accepted as normal in advertising communication. But exaggeration has to be within reasonable limits. The customer would be the best judge of that. Overstating half-truths makes advertising propagandistic, making it favourable to the advertiser than the customer. In such instances, propaganda serves as a mask for publicity. But advertising ought to be neither propaganda nor mere publicity.

To conclude, advertising is a complex and involved process. Attempts to marginalise its core by reducing it to a publicity gimmick or a visually appealing presentation or to other forms of information dissemination such as propaganda does a great disservice to a great profession, without which the modern life as we know it would probably come to a standstill. Moreover, advertising represents a specific genre of communication. All those who are associated with the making of ads, including the mass media which carry the ads, have the responsibility to be sentinels of this particular genre of communication, instead of confusing it with other methods of information.

Dr Michael Puthenthara is a faculty member of the Institute of Communication, Kerala Press Academy.

Email: michael.puthenthara@gmail.com P\phcn 2014

(28)

{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

‑ISemknñm¯ temIw am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

ssZ

h‑w a\‑pj‑y\‑v k½‑m\‑w \ÂI‑p¶ Z‑nhka‑mb‑nc‑p

¶‑p.

N{‑IhÀ¯‑na‑mc‑p‑w t‑e‑mI‑w I‑ogS¡‑n b t‑b‑m²‑m¡f‑p‑w c‑mP‑yX{‑´Úc‑p‑w t‑I‑mS‑oi‑zcc‑p‑w \‑nc\‑ncb‑mb‑n h¶‑p.

I‑oc‑oSh‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vX‑n]{‑Xh‑p‑w s‑]‑m¶‑m Sb‑p‑w t‑]c‑ps‑I‑m¯‑nb a‑mÀ_‑nÄ^eI h‑p‑w AhÀ¡‑p t‑hï‑n I‑m¯‑nc‑p¶‑p.

At‑¸‑mg‑mW‑v IïX‑v Hc‑p k‑m[‑mcW ¡‑mc³ I£¯‑n Hc‑p ]‑pk‑vXIh‑p a‑mb‑n Ad‑nh‑ns‑â X‑nf¡a‑pÅ ]‑p©‑nc‑n b‑pa‑mb‑n i‑m´\‑mb‑n s‑as‑à \S¶‑p hc‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑Zh‑w Ae‑v]‑w Ak‑qbt‑b‑ms‑S Xs‑¶ ]dª‑p. \‑os‑b´‑n\‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S hc‑p¶X‑v? \‑n\s‑¡´‑n\‑m t‑hs‑d‑mc‑p k½‑m\‑w?

Fs‑â Gäh‑p‑w h‑ne]‑nS‑n¸‑pÅ k½‑m\‑w \‑o k‑z´a‑m¡‑n¡g‑nªt‑Ã‑m.

I‑y‑qh‑n \‑n¶hÀ AZ‑v`‑pXt‑¯‑ms‑S BKXs‑\ t‑\‑m¡‑n. s‑s‑Zh‑w h‑niZ‑oIc‑n¨‑p.

R‑m\‑nh\‑v h‑mb‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ Ig‑nh‑v s‑I‑mS‑p¯‑nc‑p¶‑p. Ah³ AX‑v ]‑qÀ® a‑mb‑n D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑p. \‑n§Ä \‑qd‑p P·‑w s‑I‑mï‑p t‑\S‑p¶ k‑pJh‑p‑w kt‑´‑mj h‑p‑w Ch³ C‑u P·¯‑n¯s‑¶ t‑\S‑n¡g‑nª‑p.

CX‑v Hc‑p IYb‑mW‑v F¶X‑v {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w ]dt‑bït‑Ã‑m. ]s‑£ CX‑n Hc‑p al¯‑mb kX‑ya‑pï‑v. k‑wk‑mc`‑mjb‑v¡‑v Fg‑p X‑mh‑p¶ e‑n]‑nIÄ k‑zI‑mc‑yX k½‑m \‑n¨‑p. A§‑ns‑\ h‑mb\b‑ne‑qs‑S Ad‑n h‑p t‑\S‑nbhs‑cs‑bÃ‑m‑w k‑wt‑hZ\¯‑n s‑â \‑qX\h‑p‑w BIÀjIh‑pa‑mb t‑e‑mI¯‑ns‑e¯‑n. Ad‑nh‑n\‑v t‑\c‑n«‑v _Ôs‑¸t‑Sï K‑pc‑ph‑ns‑â Bhi‑ya‑n Ã‑mX‑mb‑n. C‑u h‑n]‑vfh‑w hs‑c a‑m\h ka‑ql¯‑ns‑â ]‑pt‑c‑mKX‑n aµ`‑mh¯‑n P\phcn 2014

e‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p.

A¨S‑n h¶t‑¸‑mÄ h‑n¹h¯‑n\‑v t‑hKX I‑qS‑n. h‑mb\ ka‑ql¯‑ns‑\ \b‑n¨‑nc‑p¶hc‑ps‑S Bb‑p[a‑mb‑n D] t‑b‑mK‑n¡s‑¸S‑pI a‑m{‑Xa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AX‑phs‑c {‑][‑m\a‑mb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑nc‑p¶ X‑v. A¨S‑nb{‑´‑w Iï‑p]‑nS‑n¨‑v {‑]‑mhÀ ¯‑nIa‑mb ]X‑n\©‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑n t‑e‑mI¯‑ms‑I Hc‑p e£¯‑n X‑ms‑g ]‑pk‑vXI§t‑f Dï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑pÅ‑p.

Ahb‑n `‑qc‑n`‑mKh‑p‑w s‑s‑__‑nf‑pa‑m b‑nc‑p¶s‑{‑X. Ah h‑mb‑n¡‑mh‑p¶hc‑p s‑S F®a‑mIs‑« Bb‑nc¯‑ns‑e‑m¶‑p t‑]‑me‑pa‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. h‑mb\ ic‑n¡‑p‑w P\I‑oba‑mbX‑v Cc‑p]X‑m‑w \‑qä‑mï‑ne‑mW‑v. k‑m£cX a‑n¡ c‑mj‑v{‑S§f‑p‑w X§f‑ps‑S ]‑uc·‑m c‑ps‑S a‑ue‑nI‑mhI‑mi¯‑n DÄs‑¸S‑p ¯‑n. P\¯‑n\‑v k‑m£cX s‑a¨s‑¸« k‑m¼¯‑nI\‑neb‑ps‑S t‑{‑k‑mXÊ‑mb‑n A‑wK‑oIc‑n¡‑ms‑X \‑nhÀ¯‑nb‑nÃ‑mX‑m b‑n. A¨S‑n k‑mt‑¦X‑nIh‑nZ‑y N‑neh‑p I‑pdªX‑mb‑n. h‑nÚ‑m\¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑nt‑\‑mZ¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯IÄ Ad‑nb‑m \‑p‑w h‑mb\ A\‑nh‑mc‑ya‑mb‑n. A¨S‑n¨ ISe‑mk‑ns‑e A£c§Ä t‑d‑m«‑o‑, I]‑vU‑m‑, aI‑m\‑p t‑ij‑w a\‑pj‑ys‑â {‑][‑m\ Bhi‑ya‑mb‑n a‑md‑n. ]s‑£ Ct‑X kab‑w i‑mk‑v{‑X¯‑n s‑â \h‑w \h Iï‑p]‑nS‑p¯§Ä A¨S‑n¡‑m\‑pÅ a‑mäÀ c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¯‑p ¶h\‑p‑w h‑mb\¡‑mc\‑p‑w X½‑n ] ï‑p a‑pXe‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p¶ ]e AI ¨If‑p‑w CÃ‑mX‑m¡‑n. A¨S‑nb‑p‑w ISe‑m k‑p‑w k‑m£cXb‑p‑w Gäh‑p‑w Zc‑n{‑Z\‑p t‑]‑me‑p‑w s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑m³ ]‑mIa‑m b‑n. k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w I‑qS‑pX h‑mb \¡‑mÀ F¶ e£‑y‑w A¨S‑n a‑mäd‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n.

C¶‑v s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑nb‑ps‑S B{‑Ia W‑w X§f‑ps‑S Ak‑vX‑nX‑zs‑¯t‑¸‑me‑p‑w

_‑m[‑n¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑nb‑n A¨S‑n a‑m²‑ya ¯‑n F¯‑nt‑¨À¶‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ISe‑m k‑p‑w A¨S‑naj‑nb‑p‑w CÃ‑mX‑mb‑me‑p‑w k‑mca‑nÃ. h‑mb\ \‑ne\‑n¡‑p‑w.

Cþh‑mb\ AX‑ns‑â X‑pS¡a‑mW‑v. . ]¯‑nc‑p]X‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w Ig‑nb‑pt‑¼‑mÄ ISe‑mk‑v Bhi‑ya‑nÃ‑mX‑mI‑p‑w‑, ]c‑n Ø‑nX‑n k‑wc£Wka‑nX‑n¡‑mÀ¡‑v ISe‑mk‑n\‑pt‑hï‑n I‑m«‑ns‑e acs‑aÃ‑m‑w s‑h«‑p¶X‑ns‑c kac‑w s‑Nt‑¿ï‑n hc‑nà F¶‑p Xa‑mi ]dª k‑pl‑r¯‑ns‑\ R‑m³ ka‑m[‑m\‑n¸‑n¨‑p. AX‑p k‑w`h‑n ¡‑nÃ. Fs‑´¶‑m At‑¶b‑v¡‑v At‑ac‑n¡³ t‑S‑mb‑veä‑ps‑s‑ie‑nb‑p‑w s‑s‑IIg‑pI s‑s‑ie‑nb‑p‑w _ÀPd‑p‑w t‑I‑mfb‑p‑w t‑]‑ms‑e t‑e‑mI‑w a‑pg‑ph³ k‑z‑mb¯a‑m¡‑p‑w. Pe‑w {‑]I‑rX‑nb‑ps‑S Aa‑qe‑ya‑mb k¼¯‑mW‑v. AX‑ns‑\ ic‑oc‑w h‑r¯‑nb‑m¡‑m³ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v \j‑vSs‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ {‑]‑mI‑rXc‑oX‑n a‑mä‑q. ]Ic‑w ISe‑mk‑v D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑q F¶‑v ]ck‑y¡¼\‑nIÄ k‑n\‑na‑m \S·‑ms‑cb‑p‑w {‑I‑n¡ä‑p If‑n¡‑ms‑cb‑p‑w {‑_‑m³U‑v A‑w_‑mk‑nUÀa‑mc‑m¡‑n ISe‑mk‑v _‑nk‑n\k‑n\‑v t‑I‑m«‑w hc‑ms‑X t‑\‑m¡‑ns‑¡‑mÅ‑p‑w.

F¶‑m ISe‑mk‑p ]‑pk‑vXIh‑p‑w ]{‑Xh‑p‑w CÃ‑mX‑mI‑m\‑mW‑nS. hÀ¯a‑m \¸{‑Xh‑p‑w a‑mk‑nIIf‑p‑w ]‑pk‑vXI§ f‑p‑w X‑mf‑nt‑b‑me {‑KÙs‑¡«‑pIÄ t‑]‑ms‑e ]‑pc‑mhk‑vX‑ph‑mI‑p‑w.

C¶‑v s‑Uk‑v¡‑v t‑S‑m¸‑ne‑p‑w S‑m»ä‑n e‑p‑w s‑k t‑^‑mW‑ne‑p‑w ISe‑mk‑nÃ‑m ¯, A¨S‑n t‑hï‑m¯ h‑mb\‑m\‑p`h‑w e`‑ya‑mW‑v. ]X‑n\‑mb‑nc‑w ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑ps‑S s‑I«‑v Hc‑p s‑s‑I¸¯‑nb‑ps‑S he‑n¸‑w t‑]‑me‑p‑w CÃ‑m¯ t‑]‑m¡ä‑v Ubd‑nb‑nÂ.

GX‑p ]{‑Xh‑p‑w a‑mk‑nIb‑p‑w BÀs‑s‑¡ h‑n \‑n¶‑v Ft‑¸‑mg‑p‑w U‑u¬ t‑e‑mU‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑v h‑mb‑n¡‑m‑w.

R‑m³ 1995 a‑pX I¼‑y‑q«À k‑wh‑n [‑m\‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑v a‑m{‑X‑w Fg‑pX‑p¶ h\‑mW‑v. aeb‑mfh‑p‑w C‑w¥‑oj‑p‑w l‑nµ‑n b‑p‑w A¡‑me¯‑v Ht‑c I‑ot‑_‑mÀU‑n t‑ei‑w ]c‑nNb‑w h¶‑m A\‑mb‑mk

(29)

a‑mb‑n s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑mh‑p¶ s‑F e‑o¸‑v BW‑v R‑m³ D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑nc‑p¶X‑v.

Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. Fg‑p¯‑n s‑\ k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑nSt‑¯‑mf‑w F\‑n¡X‑v t‑]\ s‑I‑mï‑v ISe‑mk‑n Fg‑pX‑p¶ X‑ns‑\¡‑mf‑p‑w s‑a¨a‑mb‑n s‑N¿‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p¶‑pï‑v. s‑Xä‑p X‑nc‑p¯‑m\‑p‑w s‑s‑Ib£c¯‑ns‑â h‑nISX CÃ‑mX‑m ¡‑m\‑p‑w Fg‑p¯‑v {‑]{‑I‑nbb‑ps‑S kab‑w e‑m`‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w N‑neh‑p I‑pdb‑v¡‑m\‑p‑w CX‑v kl‑mbIa‑mb‑n. h‑yà‑n]ca‑mb‑n F\‑n¡‑v I‑p\‑nª‑nc‑p¶‑v ]W‑n s‑N¿‑p t‑¼‑mÄ Dï‑mI‑m³ X‑pS§‑nb‑, a‑n¡ Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w t‑hX‑mfa‑mb‑, ¢À ¡‑v U‑nk‑ok‑v F¶‑v k‑mb‑n¸‑v k‑vt‑\l ]‑qÀh‑w t‑]c‑n« k‑vt‑]‑m¬S‑ns‑s‑eä‑nk‑v t‑c‑mK¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p‑w ac‑p¶‑p‑wN‑nI‑nÕb‑p a‑nÃ‑ms‑X t‑a‑mN‑nX\‑mI‑m\‑p‑w Ig‑nª‑p. ]‑ns‑¶ Fs‑â AS‑pt‑¯¡‑v CâÀ s‑\ä‑v h¶‑p. Cþs‑ab‑n h¶‑p. H‑ms‑s‑e³ ]{‑X§Ä h¶‑p. a‑mk‑nIIÄ h¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑ms‑e Cþ]‑pk‑vXI§Ä h¶‑p.

F\‑n¡‑v ]{‑X‑w h‑mb‑n¡‑m³ Ct‑¸‑m Ä hfs‑c Ff‑p¸a‑mW‑v. R‑m³ c‑mh‑ns‑e a‑q¶‑p aW‑n¡‑v DWc‑p‑w. a‑p¸X‑p s‑I‑mà a‑mb‑pÅ ]X‑nh‑mW‑v. A©caW‑n hs‑c t‑\‑mht‑e‑m IYt‑b‑m t‑eJ\t‑a‑m hÀ¡‑v s‑N¿‑p‑w. A©c a‑pX Bt‑dI‑m hs‑cb‑pÅ a‑p¡‑m aW‑n¡‑qd‑n R‑m³ H¼X‑p aeb‑mf‑w ]{‑Xh‑p‑w R‑m³ k‑zb‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ k‑wh‑n[‑m\ ¯‑ne‑qs‑S C´‑yb‑ns‑eb‑p‑w h‑nt‑Zis‑¯ b‑p‑w a‑p¸t‑X‑mf‑w ]{‑X§f‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m GP³k‑n Ad‑nb‑n¸‑pIf‑p‑w F\‑n¡‑nj‑vS s‑¸« t‑aJeIf‑nt‑eX‑v Ac‑ns‑¨S‑p¯‑p

Hä hc‑nIf‑n \ÂI‑p¶X‑v h‑mb‑n¡‑p‑w.

I‑qS‑pXÂ h‑mb‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑v t‑X‑m¶‑p¶ X‑p a‑m{‑X‑w a‑pg‑ph\‑m¡‑n t‑\‑m¡‑p‑w.

R‑m³ ISe‑mk‑p]t‑b‑mK‑n¡‑p¶X‑v Gg‑p s‑I‑mÃa‑mb‑n \‑nÀ¯‑n. {‑]‑nâ‑u«‑v t‑hï. t‑\s‑c Cþs‑ab‑n hg‑n a‑mäÀ Fh‑ns‑Sb‑ps‑a¯‑n¡‑m‑w.

FdW‑mI‑pf‑w ]_‑vf‑n¡‑v s‑s‑e{‑_d‑n b‑n F³s‑s‑kt‑¢‑m]‑oU‑nb‑m t‑XS‑n t‑]‑mI‑p¶X‑v \‑nÀ¯‑n.

Fs‑â s‑]g‑vkW s‑s‑e{‑_d‑nb‑n s‑e Bd‑mb‑nct‑¯‑mf‑w ]‑pk‑vXI§f‑n  A]‑qÀh‑w N‑nes‑X‑mg‑ns‑I FÃ‑m‑w C¶‑v F\‑n¡‑p A\‑ya‑mW‑v.

Fs‑â s‑F ]‑mU‑v Fs‑â Ahbh a‑mW‑v. H¸‑w s‑I‑mï‑p\S¡‑m³ k‑uI c‑y‑w‑, h‑mb‑n¡‑m³ Ff‑p¸‑w‑, XÕab h‑mÀ¯If‑p‑w U‑nI‑vjWd‑nb‑p‑w s‑XÊ‑m dÊ‑p‑w h‑nÚ‑m\t‑I‑mih‑p‑w. h‑mb‑n¡‑m ³ k‑pJ‑w. A£c‑w he‑pX‑m¡‑m‑w. `‑qX¡®‑mS‑n t‑hï. _‑mäd‑n U‑uBI‑ms‑X N‑mÀP‑p s‑N¿‑m\‑pÅ ¹K‑v a‑m{‑X‑w CSb‑v¡‑v t‑XS‑nb‑m aX‑n. ]s‑£ Hc‑p I‑pg¸‑w. Fs‑â h‑mb\ b‑ps‑S c‑oX‑n Bb‑nc‑n¡W‑w I‑mcW‑w.

I‑p«‑n¡‑me‑w a‑pXe‑pÅ k‑z`‑mh‑w. t‑N‑md‑p‑w I‑q«‑m\‑p‑w h‑nceaÀ¯‑n I‑pg¨‑p Dï‑mt‑e F\‑n¡‑v X‑r]‑vX‑nb‑mI‑q. k‑v]‑qW‑p‑w t‑^‑mÀ¡‑p‑w D]t‑b‑mK‑n¨‑m e‑p‑w hbd‑p \‑ndb‑p‑w. Fs‑â `£W ¯‑ns‑â e£‑y‑w t‑\S‑m‑w. ]s‑£ Hc‑p k‑wX‑r]‑vX‑nb‑nÃ. k‑pJa‑mb‑n Dï‑p F¶ t‑X‑m¶e‑nÃ. F\‑n¡‑v Hc‑p ]‑pk‑vXI‑w h‑mb‑n¡W‑w. ISe‑mk‑ns‑â aW‑w. t‑]P‑v ad‑n¡‑pt‑¼‑mg‑pï‑mI‑p¶ s‑R‑mS‑nb‑nSb‑ps‑S a‑u\‑w‑, C‑uk‑n

s‑Nbd‑ns‑e h‑n{‑ia¯‑n\‑v h‑mb\ \ I‑p¶ H‑mPÊ‑v‑, Chs‑b‑ms‑¡b‑mW‑v h‑mb\s‑b Fs‑â IÀ½s‑a¶X‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w h‑nt‑\‑mZ‑w F¶ \‑neb‑n F\‑n¡‑v kt‑´‑mj‑w Xc‑p¶ {‑]hÀ¯‑n b‑mb‑n a‑mä‑p¶X‑v. At‑¸‑mÄ F\‑n¡‑v S‑m_‑p‑w‑, s‑F ]‑mU‑p‑w t‑]‑mc‑m‑, A¨S‑n¨ ]‑pk‑vXI‑w Xs‑¶ t‑hW‑w.

F\‑n¡‑v Dd§‑m³ I‑nS¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ AS‑ps‑¯‑mc‑p ]‑pk‑vXI‑w t‑hW‑w.

Fh‑nS‑w hs‑c h‑mb‑n¨‑p F¶‑v Ad‑nb‑m ³ t‑]P‑ns‑â a‑qe aS¡W‑w. AX‑v aS¡‑m³ ad¡W‑w. I¼‑y‑q«À k‑v{‑I‑o\‑n s‑e A£c§s‑f¡‑mÄ Fs‑â {‑]‑nb s‑¸« k‑vt‑\l‑nX³ C‑u ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑n s‑e A£c§f‑mW‑v. _‑me‑yI‑mekJ‑n. ]c¼c‑mKX ]‑pk‑vXI‑w h‑m§‑p¶ hc‑n _l‑p`‑qc‑n]£h‑p‑w a²‑yhbÊ‑p Ig‑nªhc‑mW‑v F¶‑mW‑v IW¡‑pI Ä I‑m«‑p¶X‑v. Ahs‑cÃ‑m‑w Fs‑¶t‑¸‑m s‑e ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑mf‑ns‑â K‑rl‑mX‑pcX‑z ¯‑n ca‑n¡‑p¶hc‑mW‑v. Ahc‑ps‑S F®‑w k‑z‑m`‑mh‑nIa‑mb‑p‑w I‑pdª‑p hc‑p‑w. ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑ns‑â t‑]P‑v ad‑n¡‑p¶ {‑]X‑oX‑n Dï‑m¡‑m\‑p‑w BIÀjIa‑mb IhÀ I‑m«‑m\‑p‑w _‑p¡‑v t‑Ik‑ns‑â c‑q]¯‑n s‑s‑e{‑_d‑n U‑u¬ t‑e‑mU‑v s‑N¿‑m\‑p‑w aä‑p‑w aä‑p‑w ]e h‑nZ‑yIf‑p‑w {‑]k‑m[IÀ s‑I‑mï‑p hc‑p¶‑pï‑v.

Bat‑k‑m¬ Chc‑n a‑pJ‑y\‑mW‑v. ]s‑£ h‑mb\¡‑mcs‑\ AhÀ¡‑v BIÀj‑n¡‑m³ {‑]X‑o£‑n¨ h‑n[‑w ]ä‑p¶‑nÃ.

IYb‑p‑w Ih‑nXb‑p‑w N‑pä‑p]‑mS‑pa‑pÅ h‑nhch‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w t‑IÄ¡‑m\‑p‑w I‑mW‑m \‑pa‑pÅ B{‑Kl‑w s‑s‑hI‑mc‑nIa‑mW‑v.

AX‑n\‑v Hc‑p kl‑mb‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v s‑SI‑vt‑\‑mfP‑n \ÂI‑p¶X‑v. ISe‑mk‑p‑w A¨S‑nb‑p‑w Ig‑nª A©‑p \‑qä‑mï‑m b‑n `c‑n¨ C‑u t‑hZ‑ns‑b Cþh‑mb\ Deb‑v¡‑m³ X‑pS§‑n¡g‑nª‑p.

CX‑v Hc‑p X‑mX‑v¡‑me‑nI {‑]X‑n`‑m k‑w a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑v. ]s‑£ C‑u {‑]X‑n`‑mk a‑nÃ‑ms‑X AS‑p¯ ]Sh‑nt‑e¡‑v a‑m\h ka‑ql¯‑n\‑v Ibd‑m³ ]ä‑nÃ. {‑K‑mat‑^‑m¬ F¶ CS¯‑mhf‑w CÃ‑ms‑X C¶s‑¯ U‑u¬t‑e‑mU‑n‑wK‑v U‑nP‑nä k‑wK‑oX a‑mk‑vac‑nIX Dï‑m I‑pa‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑nÃ. AX‑n CSb‑v¡‑p Ibd‑n h¶ I‑mkä‑v t‑S¸‑pIÄ¡‑p kaa‑mW‑v Cþ_‑p¡‑pIf‑p‑w ]{‑X§f‑ps‑S H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ ]X‑n¸‑pIf‑p‑w. Ahs‑b \a‑p¡‑v k‑vt‑\lt‑¯‑ms‑S Xt‑e‑mS‑m‑w. h‑mb‑n¡‑m‑w. t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com P\phcn 2014

(30)

ap³t] ]dóhÀ

]n. kpPm-X³

-\‑ h-tI-cf inð¸n

]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenIbv¡v, Iymad¡®n\v temIs¯ amän adn¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. hmÀ¯bpsS temI¯v AÛpX§Ä krãn¨ temIam[yacwKs¯ A¯cw AXpeycmb {]Xn`Isf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó ]wàn.

\n

c‑m-l‑mc kX‑y‑m-{‑K-l-¯‑ns‑â alX‑z-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v {‑]`‑mjW‑w \S-¯‑m³ t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑mS‑v BI‑mi-h‑mW‑n \‑ne-b-¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v Hc‑n-¡Â s‑I.-]‑n. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑\ £W‑n-¨‑p.

At‑±l‑w £W‑w \‑nc-k‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v C§s‑\ ]dª‑p: ""F\‑n¡‑v X‑os‑c h‑ni‑z‑m-k-a‑n-Ã‑m¯ Hc‑p I‑mc‑y-s‑¯-¸ä‑n k‑wk‑m-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã. al‑m-ß-P‑n-b‑ps‑S alX‑z‑w R‑m³ At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â aä‑p {‑]hÀ¯-\-§-f‑n-e‑mW‑v I‑mW‑p-¶X‑v.‑'' s‑Nd‑p¸‑w a‑pX Xs‑¶ \s‑Ã‑mc‑p `£-W-{‑]‑n-b-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑m³. c‑pN‑n-t‑`-Z-a‑pÅ Bl‑m-c-]Z‑mÀ°-§s‑f s‑I‑mX‑n-t‑b‑ms‑S Bk‑zZ‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ t‑at‑\‑m³ D]-h‑mk‑w Hc‑p ka-c‑m-b‑p-[-a‑mb‑n I‑mW‑m³ I‑q«‑m-¡‑n-b‑nÃ. IÀ½-t‑ij‑n e`‑n¡‑m³ \à CÑ‑m-ià‑n-s‑¡‑m¸‑w I‑mb‑n-I-_-eh‑p‑w t‑hW‑w. \‑nc‑m-l‑mc‑w ic‑o-cs‑¯ t‑¢i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑pIb‑p‑w {‑I‑nb‑m-t‑ij‑n s‑IS‑p-¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p-s‑a¶‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ h‑ni‑zk‑n-¨‑p. ]«‑nW‑n ka-c-¯‑n At‑±l‑w b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p al-X‑zh‑p‑w Iï‑n-Ã.

K‑mÔ‑n-P‑ns‑b a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n s‑I.-]‑n. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m-\‑p-ï‑mb ] c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-b‑mb‑n CX‑ns‑\ h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m-\‑n-¡-c‑pX‑v. al‑m-Ih‑n hÅ-t‑¯‑m-f‑n-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-s‑eXs‑¶ al‑m-ß-P‑ns‑b t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ k‑z´‑w K‑pc‑p-\‑m-Y-\‑m-b‑n-«‑mW‑v P‑oh‑nX‑m´‑y‑w hs‑c Ic‑p-X‑n-b-X‑v. t‑Zi-t‑{‑]-a‑w‑, kX‑y-k-Ô-X‑, k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-h‑m-R‑vO‑, P\phcn 2014

ka-X‑z-t‑_‑m[‑w F¶‑o a\‑p-j‑y-K‑p-Wh‑n-t‑i-j-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w t‑I-i-ht‑a-t‑\‑m-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑n t‑{‑]‑mP‑z-e‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

K‑mÔ‑n-P‑ns‑bt‑¸‑ms‑e C‑w¥-ï‑nÂt‑]‑mb‑n ]T‑n¨‑v _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ Bb t‑at‑\‑m³ B\‑n _kâ‑ns‑â t‑l‑m‑wd‑qÄ {‑]Ø‑m\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑Sb‑p‑w C´‑y³ \‑mj-W t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n-e‑q-s‑Sb‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑p-c‑w-K-¯‑ph-¶X‑v t‑Zi‑m-`‑n-a‑m\ t‑{‑]c‑n-X-\‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Xs‑¶. ae-_‑m-d‑n t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v {‑]N-cW-¯‑n\‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m-k-¼-¶-c‑mb P\-§s‑f BIÀj‑n-¡‑m³ Hc‑p ]{‑X‑w t‑hW-s‑a¶‑v t‑X‑m¶‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-b‑ps‑S "b‑wK‑v C´‑y‑' F¶ {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-s‑¯b‑mW‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ a‑mX‑r-I-b‑m-¡‑nb-X‑v. a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S BZ‑y e¡-¯‑n al‑m-ß-P‑n-b‑ps‑S N‑n{‑X‑w H¶‑m‑w ]‑pd¯‑v t‑NÀ¯‑p. hÅ-t‑¯‑mÄ Fg‑p-X‑nb "Fs‑â K‑pc‑p-\‑m-Y³‑' F¶ Ih‑nXb‑p‑w BZ‑y‑w A¨-S‑n-¨X‑v B e¡-¯‑n-e‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. "a‑mX‑r-`‑qa‑n‑'b‑ps‑S B-ZÀis‑a-s‑´¶‑v C§s‑\ h‑yà-a‑m-¡‑nb t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ c‑mj‑v{‑S-]‑n-X‑m-h‑ns‑â D]-h‑mk ka-c-s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑n h‑ni‑z-k‑n¨‑n-Ã. A¡‑mc‑y‑w _‑p²‑n-]-c-a‑mb kX‑yk-Ô-X-t‑b‑ms‑S At‑±l‑w X‑pd¶‑p ] d-ª‑p. ae-b‑m-f-¯‑n al‑m-ß-P‑n-b‑ps‑S Gäh‑p‑w a‑nI¨ P‑oh-N-c‑n-{‑X-{‑KÙ‑w t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ Fg‑p-X‑n-b-X‑m-W‑v.

K‑mÔ‑n-P‑ns‑b k‑vt‑\l‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mg‑p‑w AX‑v AÔ-a‑m-I-c‑p-s‑X¶‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑m³ \‑nj‑v¡Àj‑n-¨‑p. X‑y‑mK-k‑p-c-`‑n-

e-a‑mb B P‑oh‑n-Xs‑¯ Cg-]‑n-c‑n¨‑p a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ At‑±l‑w {‑ia‑n-¨‑p.

Cj‑vS‑m-\‑n-j‑vS-§Ä t‑hÀX‑n-c‑n-¨‑p. al‑mß-P‑n¡‑p‑w X\‑n¡‑p‑w h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-a‑mb cï‑v Xe-I-f‑mW‑v DÅ-s‑X¶‑v t‑at‑\‑m³ X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑p. AX‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â h‑yà‑n-X‑z-¯‑ns‑e kl‑y-]ÀhX ka‑m\-a‑mb i‑nc-k‑n-s‑\-b‑mW‑v H‑mÀ½‑n-¸‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑v. AX‑n\‑v At‑\I‑w i‑nJ-c§-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1923 a‑mÀ¨‑v 17-þ‑m‑w X‑n¿X‑n ]‑pd-¯‑p-h¶ a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S H¶‑m‑w e¡-¯‑n a‑pJ‑y ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-] À t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑wK c‑q]¯‑n C§s‑\ Fg‑pX‑n: ""c‑mP‑y-¯‑ns‑â s‑]‑mX‑p-t‑£a‑w a‑m{‑X‑w e‑m¡‑m-¡‑n‑, kX‑y‑w s‑s‑Ih‑n-S‑m-s‑X‑, Hc‑p Xc-¡‑m-c‑ps‑St‑b‑m aX-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑St‑b‑m I‑mc‑ys‑¯ \‑nhÀ¯‑n-¡‑p-h‑m-\à R§Ä ]‑pd-s‑¸S‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑v H‑mÀ½-s‑h¨‑v‑, k‑m[‑m-cW Ah-I‑m-is‑¯ k‑w_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑mf‑w FÃ‑m a\‑p-j‑y-·‑mc‑p‑w ka-·‑m-c‑m-s‑W¶‑pÅ h‑ni‑z‑m-k-t‑¯‑ms‑S k‑zX-{‑´‑yhÀ²-\-b‑v¡‑mb‑n \‑nÀ`b‑w s‑]‑mc‑p-X‑p-¶X‑n Hc‑n-¡e‑p‑w R§Ä ]‑nt‑¶‑m¡‑w s‑hb‑v¡‑p-¶-X-Ã.‑'' t‑Ic-f‑ob \t‑h‑m-°‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â k‑phÀ®-Z-iI‑w 1889 a‑pX Bc‑w-`‑n¡‑p¶ ]¯‑p-hÀj-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v Nc‑n{‑X-¯‑n k‑q£‑n-¨‑p-t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑m Ad‑n-b‑m‑w. k‑ma‑q-l‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob-a‑mb‑p‑w k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-a‑mb‑p‑w t‑Icf‑w DW-c‑p¶ Zi-I-a‑m-W-X‑v. F¶‑m H‑ut‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-a‑mb‑n At‑¸‑mÄ t‑Ic-fs‑a-s‑¶‑mc‑p `‑q{‑]-t‑Z-i-a‑n-Ã. ae-b‑mf `‑mj k‑wk‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ cï‑v \‑m«‑pc‑m-P‑y-§-f‑ne‑p‑w {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v A[‑o\ {‑] t‑Z-i-§-f‑ne‑p‑w N‑nX-d‑n-¡‑n-S-¡‑p-¶‑p.

(31) Ht‑¶-I‑m t‑I‑mS‑n-t‑b‑mf‑w hc‑p‑w A¶hÀ. Bibh‑n\‑n-a-t‑b‑m-]‑m-[‑n-s‑b¶ \‑ne-b‑n N‑ne {‑]X‑n-h‑mc ]{‑X-§f‑p‑w k‑ml‑nX‑y a‑mk‑nIIf‑p‑w ae-b‑m-f-¯‑n {‑]X‑y-£-s‑¸«‑p X‑pS-§‑n. 1881  s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v Iï-¯‑n hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑nf ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑mb‑n "t‑Ic-f-a‑n{‑X‑w‑' F¶ {‑] k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w X‑pS-§‑n. ae-b‑m-f-¯‑ns‑e e£-W-b‑p-à-a‑mb BZ‑ys‑¯ ] {‑X‑w t‑Zh‑vP‑n `‑o‑wP‑n F¶ K‑pP-d‑m-¯‑nb‑ps‑S DS-a-Ø-X-b‑n Bc‑w-`‑n¨ t‑Icf a‑n{‑X-a‑m-s‑W¶‑v ]d-b‑p-¶‑p. 14 hÀj‑w \‑ne-\‑n¶ C‑u ]{‑X-¯‑n\‑v \‑nc-h[‑n A\‑p-I-c-W-§-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. t‑h§-b‑n \‑mc‑m-b-W-]‑n-Å-b‑ps‑S "t‑Icf N{‑µ‑nI‑'‑, s‑N¦-f¯‑v I‑p-ª‑n-c‑m-a-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â "t‑Icf ]{‑X‑nI' (1884‑)‑, t‑I‑m«-b-¯‑p\‑n¶‑v \{‑k‑mW‑n Z‑o]‑nI (1887‑) F¶‑nh A¡‑q-«-¯‑n N‑ne-X‑m-W‑v. 1888  ae-b‑mf at‑\‑m-ca X‑pS-§‑m³ hÀ¤‑ok‑v a‑m¸‑n-fb‑v¡‑v t‑Ic-f-a‑n-{‑X-¯‑ns‑e {‑] hÀ¯-\‑m-\‑p-`h‑w X‑pW-t‑b-I‑n. ae-b‑mf-¯‑ns‑e BZ‑ys‑¯ k‑ml‑n-X‑y-a‑m-k‑n-Ib‑mb "h‑nZ‑y‑m-h‑n-t‑\‑mZ‑n\‑n‑' 1889  X‑ri‑qc‑n \‑n¶‑v {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑w X‑pS-§‑n. k‑n. ]‑n. A-N‑y‑p-Xt‑a-t‑\‑m³ B-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À. BZ‑y-a‑mb‑n ]‑pk‑vXI \‑nc‑q-]W‑w X‑pS-§‑n-bX‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m-h‑n-t‑\‑mZ‑n-\‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v. ae-b‑mf t‑\‑mh-e‑ns‑â i‑p`‑m-c‑w`‑w I‑pd‑n¨ Cµ‑p-t‑eJ (H-¿‑mc¯‑p N´‑p-t‑a-t‑\‑m³‑) ]‑nd-h‑n-s‑b-S‑p¯X‑p‑w 1890  Bb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. X‑nc‑p-h‑nX‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑n P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-b‑p-K-¯‑n\‑v I‑mlf‑w a‑pg-¡‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑v {‑i‑oa‑qe‑w {‑] P‑m-k` \‑ne-h‑n h¶ 1888  Xs‑¶b‑mW‑v Ac‑p-h‑n-¸‑p-d¯‑v {‑i‑o\‑m-c‑m-b-WK‑pc‑p i‑nh-{‑]-X‑nj‑vT \S¯‑n k‑ma‑q-l‑nI ]c‑n-j‑v¡-c-W-¯‑n\‑v X‑pS¡‑w I‑pd‑n-¨-X‑v.

B[‑p-\‑nI t‑Icf‑w c‑q]‑ws‑I‑mï C‑u k‑phÀ® Zi-I-¯‑ns‑â k´-X‑n-b‑mW‑v ae-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑ns‑â I‑mc-W-hÀ Ø‑m\¯‑v {‑]X‑n-j‑vT‑n-¡‑m³ Cj‑vS-s‑¸-S‑p¶ s‑I.-]‑n. t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑m³. 1886 s‑k]‑vX‑w-_À H¶‑n\‑v ]‑me¡‑mS‑v P‑nÃ-b‑ns‑e Xc‑qÀ {‑K‑ma-¯‑n I‑ngt‑¡s‑]‑mt‑ä h‑oS‑v F¶ Xd-h‑m-S‑ns‑â ]¯‑m-b-¸‑p-c-b‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ P\‑n-¨‑p. Xc‑q-c‑ne‑p‑w ]‑me-¡‑m«‑p‑w {‑]‑mYa‑nI h‑nZ‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w. ]{‑´ï‑m‑w hbÊ‑n D]-c‑n-]-T-\‑mÀ°‑w t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑ms‑«-¯‑n. K‑pc‑p-h‑m-b‑q-c-¸³ t‑I‑mt‑f-P‑n\‑v "t‑Ic-f- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-i‑me‑' F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p A¶s‑¯ t‑]c‑v. Ah‑ns‑S t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑m³ F«‑p-s‑I‑mÃ‑w ]T‑n-¨‑p. a¶¯‑p I‑rj‑vW³\‑m-bÀ F¶ t‑]c‑p-t‑I« A`‑n`‑m-j-Is‑â h‑o«‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p t‑at‑\‑ms‑â X‑ma-k‑w. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â h‑yà‑nX‑z-c‑q-]‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n I‑rj‑vW³\‑mbÀ he‑nb k‑z‑m[‑o\‑w s‑Ne‑p-¯‑n. s‑a{‑S‑n¡‑p-t‑e-j³ Pb‑n¨‑v a{‑Z‑m-k‑n-t‑eb‑v¡‑v

t‑]‑mb‑n. F^‑v.-s‑F. ]c‑o-£b‑p‑w _‑n.F.-b‑p‑w a{‑Z‑m-k‑ne‑p‑w t‑I‑mb-¼-¯‑q-c‑ne‑p-a‑mb‑n ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob I‑mc‑y-§-f‑n X‑m¸c‑y‑w P\‑n-¨‑p. h‑n]‑n³ N{‑µ-]‑m a{‑Z‑m-k‑n \S-¯‑nb {‑]`‑m-j-W-]-c-¼c k{‑i²‑w t‑I« t‑at‑\‑m³ k‑zc‑m-P‑v, k‑zt‑Z-i‑n‑,

IÄ¡‑mb‑n C¡‑m-e¯‑v Hc‑p {‑]_-Ôa-Õc‑w \S-¯‑n. "`‑mK‑w ae-b‑m-f-¯-dh‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n Bh-i‑y-a‑mt‑W‑m?' F¶ h‑nj-b-¯‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ Fg‑pX‑nb {‑]_Ô‑w k½‑m-\‑mÀl-a‑m-b‑n. t‑K‑m]‑m-e-I‑r-j‑vW-t‑K‑m-Js‑e a{‑Z‑m-k‑n h¶t‑¸‑mÄ At‑±-ls‑¯ I‑mW‑m\‑p‑w

s‑I.-]‑n. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³

k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w F¶‑o h‑m¡‑p-I-f‑ps‑S AÀ°-X-e-§Ä At‑\‑z-j‑n-¨‑p. e‑me‑m eP‑v]X‑v d‑mb‑n-b‑ps‑S eL‑p-P‑o-h-N-c‑n{‑X‑w Fg‑pX‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ C‑u At‑\‑zjW‑w t‑{‑]c-W-b‑m-b‑n. t‑h§-b‑n I‑pª‑n-c‑m-a³ \‑mb-\‑mÀ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-

H-¶‑p s‑X‑mS‑m\‑p‑w BÄ¡‑q-«-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v XÅ‑n-¡-b-d‑nb t‑at‑\‑m-\‑v s‑N-d‑n-b ]-c‑n¡‑p-]-ä‑n-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w I‑mc‑y‑w k‑m-[‑n¨‑p.

C§s‑\ N‑ne [‑oc-h‑o-c-k‑y-§-f‑p-a‑mb‑n ]T\‑w Ig‑n-s‑ª-¯‑nb t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ ]‑nX‑mh‑v `‑oa-\-¨³ _‑mc‑nk‑väÀ P\phcn 2014

(32) ]T-\-¯‑n\‑v C‑w¥-ï‑n-t‑eb‑v¡‑v b‑m{‑Xb‑m-¡‑n. Hc‑p h‑ni‑z-]‑u-cs‑â ]‑nd-h‑n¡‑v a{‑Z‑m-k‑v, s‑I‑mf‑w_‑v hg‑n C‑w¥-ï‑n-t‑e¡‑pÅ B \‑oï I¸Âb‑m{‑X \‑mµ‑nI‑p-d‑n-¨‑p. a‑mÀs‑k-b‑nÂk‑v ]«-W-¯‑n I¸-e‑n-d-§‑n. Ah‑ns‑S \‑n¶‑v s‑{‑Sb‑n³ a‑mÀ¤‑w eï-\‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ \‑m«‑pI‑m-c-\‑mb Hc‑p ]c‑n-N-b-¡‑m-c³ I‑m¯‑p \‑n¸‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Hc‑p C‑w¥‑oj‑v I‑pS‑p‑w-_-¯‑n AX‑n-Y‑n-b‑mb‑n Ig‑nª‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v GX‑m\‑p‑w Z‑nhk‑w B \ Kc‑w a‑pg‑p-h³ N‑pä‑n-¡-ï‑p. P\-§-f‑ps‑S ac‑y‑m-Z‑, ]c‑n-k-c-h‑r-¯‑n‑, s‑]‑mX‑p-]‑m-XI--f‑ps‑S `‑wK‑n F¶‑n-h-s‑bÃ‑m‑w b‑ph‑mh‑mb t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑\ BIÀj‑n-¨‑p.

BX‑n-t‑Yb I‑pS‑p‑w-_-¯‑ns‑â k‑vt‑\l_-l‑p-a‑m-\-§f‑p‑w Cj‑vS-s‑¸-«‑p. Hc½b‑p‑w a‑q¶‑v a¡f‑p‑w AS-§‑p¶ B h‑o«‑ns‑e as‑ä‑mc‑p A‑wK-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑m³ t‑at‑\‑m\‑v t‑hK‑w Ig‑n-ª‑p. h‑o«½ Xs‑¶ FÃ‑m-hÀ¡‑p‑w `£-W-a‑p-ï‑m¡‑n h‑nf-¼‑n. `‑rX‑y-·‑mc‑mc‑p‑w Dï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑n-Ã. C‑w¥-ï‑ns‑e k‑ma‑q-l‑nI k{‑¼Z‑m-b-§Ä C´‑y-b‑ne‑p‑w h¶‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n-

Bi-b-h‑n-\‑n-ab‑w \S-¯‑n. _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ ] c‑o£ Pb‑n¨‑v Dt‑Z‑y‑mK‑w t‑\S‑p-¶-X‑ne‑p‑w A`‑n-I‑ma‑y‑w C´‑y-b‑ps‑S k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-¯‑n\‑p-t‑hï‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-s‑W¶‑v C‑u kµÀi-\-§f‑p‑w NÀ¨-If‑p‑w Ig‑n-s‑ª-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑X‑m¶‑p-a‑m-b‑nc‑p-¶‑p. Bb‑ns‑S \‑m«‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v Hc‑p I¼‑n h¶‑p. t‑at‑\‑ms‑â Aѳ ac‑n-¨‑p.

He-h-t‑¡‑mS‑v s‑db‑nÂt‑h t‑Ìj-\‑n h¶‑v t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ cï‑p-s‑I‑mÃ‑w a‑p¼‑v b‑m{‑X-b‑m¡‑n I®‑oÀ X‑pS-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-\-S-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p¶ AÑs‑â Ah-k‑m-\-c‑q]‑w H‑mÀ½-b‑n \‑n¶‑pa‑m-b‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ]T\a‑pt‑]-£‑n¨‑p \‑m«‑nt‑e¡‑v aS-§‑m-s‑\‑m-c‑p-§‑nb t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ BX‑n-t‑Yb I‑pS‑p‑w_‑w Bi‑z-k‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. ]T\‑w ]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑m¡‑n aS-§‑n-b‑m aX‑n-s‑b¶‑v IÀi-\-a‑mb‑n D]-t‑Z-i‑n¨‑p. ac-W‑w‑, P‑oh‑n-X‑w‑, IÀ½-]-Y-§Ä F¶‑o I‑mc‑y-§-f‑ps‑S s‑]‑mc‑pÄ Bt‑e‑mN‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w Bß‑ob h‑nj-b-§-f‑n-t‑e¡‑v a\Ê‑v N‑mb‑m\‑p‑w C¡‑m-e¯‑v CSh¶‑p. {‑i‑o_‑p-²-s‑âb‑p‑w {‑I‑nk‑vX‑p-t‑Z-hs‑âb‑p‑w P‑oh-N-c‑n{‑X‑w ]T‑n-¨‑p. \‑oï

1923 a‑mÀ¨‑v 17-þ‑m‑w X‑n¿X‑n ]‑pd-¯‑p-h¶ a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S H¶‑m‑w e¡-¯‑n a‑pJ‑y ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]À t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑wK c‑q]¯‑n C§s‑\ Fg‑pX‑n: ""c‑mP‑y-¯‑ns‑â s‑]‑mX‑p-t‑£a‑w a‑m{‑X‑w e‑m¡‑m-¡‑n‑, kX‑y‑w s‑s‑Ih‑n-S‑m-s‑X‑, Hc‑p Xc-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑St‑b‑m aX-¡‑m-c‑ps‑St‑b‑m I‑mc‑ys‑¯ \‑nhÀ¯‑n-¡‑p-h‑m-\à R§Ä ]‑pd-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-s‑X¶‑v H‑mÀ½-s‑h¨‑v‑, k‑m[‑m-cW Ah-I‑m-is‑¯ k‑w_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑mf‑w FÃ‑m a\‑p-j‑y-·‑mc‑p‑w ka-·‑m-c‑m-s‑W-¶‑pÅ h‑ni‑z‑m-k-t‑¯‑ms‑S k‑zX{‑´‑y-hÀ²-\-b‑v¡‑mb‑n \‑nÀ`b‑w s‑]‑mc‑p-X‑p-¶-X‑n Hc‑n-¡e‑p‑w R§Ä ]‑nt‑¶‑m¡‑w s‑hb‑v¡‑p-¶-X-Ã.‑'' s‑e¶‑v t‑at‑\‑m³ Bi‑n-¨‑p. B h‑o«‑ns‑e a‑q¯-I‑p-«‑n H-c‑n-¡Â k‑w-`‑m-j-W-at‑²‑y t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m-t‑\‑mS‑v C§s‑\ ] dª‑p: ""C´‑y¡‑mÀ ]c-k‑v]c‑w Iel‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑m-W‑v. AX‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑mW‑v R§Ä \‑n§s‑f `c‑n-¡‑m³ CS-b‑mb-X‑v. C\‑nb‑p‑w Gs‑d-¡‑me‑w R§Ä Xs‑¶ \‑n§s‑f `c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a¶‑v Fs‑â S‑o¨À ]d-ª‑p.'' C‑u k‑w`‑m-jW‑w t‑at‑\‑ms‑â k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-t‑_‑m-[s‑¯ k‑v] Ài‑n-¨‑p. t‑I‑mf\‑n h‑mg‑vN-b‑n \‑n¶‑v t‑a‑mN\‑w t‑\S‑nb c‑mP‑y-§-s‑fb‑p‑w AX‑n-\‑mb‑n ka-c-§-Ä \b‑n¨ h‑yà‑nIs‑f-b‑p‑w I‑p-d‑n¨‑v Ad‑n-b‑p-h‑m³ B{‑Kl-a‑p-Z‑n-¨‑p. l‑uk‑v H‑m^‑v t‑I‑ma¬k‑v I‑qS‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ NÀ-¨-IÄ t‑IÄ¡‑m³ kµÀ-i-I-s‑\-t‑¸‑ms‑e ]X‑n-h‑mb‑n t‑]‑mb‑n. ch‑o-{‑µ-\‑mY S‑mt‑K‑mÀ‑, t‑K‑mJs‑e‑, eP‑v]X‑v d‑mb‑v‑, F‑w.-F. P‑n¶‑, kt‑c‑m-P‑n\‑n \‑mb‑nU‑p‑, B\‑n-_-kâ‑v‑, k‑n. i-¦-c³ \‑mbÀ X‑pS-§‑nb t‑\X‑m¡Ä C‑w¥-ï‑n F¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑m-s‑gÃ‑m‑w C´‑y³ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-s‑b¶ \‑ne-b‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ Ahs‑c s‑N¶‑p-I-ï‑v P\phcn 2014

b‑m{‑X-IÄ \S-¯‑n. H¶‑m‑w t‑e‑mI-b‑p²‑w s‑]‑m«‑n-¸‑p-d-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑m³ _Àe‑n³ ]«-W-¯‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. Ah‑ns‑S\‑n¶‑v C‑w¥-ï‑n-t‑e¡‑v aS-§‑m-\‑m-h‑ms‑X h‑nj-a‑n-¨‑p. b‑p²-]£-¯-Ã‑m¯ k‑z‑nä‑vkÀe-ï‑n-t‑e¡‑p IS-¶‑p. cï‑p-a‑mk‑w Ig‑nª‑v eï-\‑n aS-§‑n-h-¶‑p. _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ ]c‑o-£-b‑ps‑S ^e‑w h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑at‑\‑m³ Pb‑n-¨‑n-«‑pï‑v. b‑p²-I‑m-e-a‑m-b‑me‑p‑w aS-§‑m³ {‑] b‑m-k-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-Ã. a{‑Z‑m-k‑n I¸-e‑nd-§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ _Ô‑p-¡-f‑mb N‑neÀ I‑m¯‑p \‑n¸‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m\‑v X‑nc‑qÀ {‑K‑ma-h‑m-k‑n-IÄ c‑mP-I‑ob hc-t‑h¸‑p \ÂI‑n. ]‑nX‑r-i‑q\‑y-a‑mb `h-\-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v I‑ms‑e-S‑p-¯‑ph-b‑v¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ h‑nP-b‑m-Ë‑m-Zs‑¯ a‑qS‑ns‑¡‑mï‑v t‑at‑\‑ms‑â t‑]eh l‑rZb‑w t‑X§‑n.

I‑ua‑mc I‑me¯‑v ]T-\-¯‑n-\‑mb‑n F«‑p-s‑I‑mÃ‑w P‑oh‑n¨ t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑mS‑v \K-c-¯‑n 1915  _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ s‑I.-]‑n. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â h¡‑o H‑m^‑ok‑p‑w t‑_‑mÀU‑p‑w DbÀ¶‑p. BZ‑ys‑¯ Hc‑p-

a‑mk‑w b‑ms‑X‑mc‑p h¡‑m-e-¯‑p-a‑n-Ã. ]‑n´‑p-SÀ¨‑m-h-I‑m-i-s‑¯-¸ä‑n Hc‑p lÀP‑n ^b s‑N¿‑m³ BZ‑y-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K-a‑pï‑m-b‑n. s‑hÅ-¡‑m-c-\‑mb P‑mI‑vkk‑mb‑v¸‑ns‑â t‑I‑mS-X‑n-b‑n h‑nN‑m-c-Wt‑]‑me‑p‑w I‑qS‑ms‑X t‑at‑\‑ms‑â I£‑n¡‑v A\‑p-I‑qe h‑n[‑n I‑n«‑n. A©‑p-c‑q] h¡‑o-e‑n\‑v {‑]X‑n-^-eh‑p‑w I‑n«‑n. t‑Ik‑p‑w t‑I‑mS-X‑n-b‑p-a‑n-Ã‑m¯ t‑\c-§-f‑n A\‑p-`-h-[-\‑y-\‑mb Hc‑p A`‑n-`‑m-j-I³ F´‑p-s‑N¿‑p‑w? Fg‑p-X‑m³ h‑mk-\-b‑p-ÅX‑n-\‑m t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ "_‑ne‑m¯‑n h‑nt‑ij‑w‑' Fg‑p-X‑n. Hc‑p s‑I‑mÃ‑w s‑I‑mï‑v ]‑pk‑vXI‑w h‑nä‑p-X‑oÀ¶‑p. b‑p²-¯‑n-t‑eÀs‑¸« c‑mP‑y-§Ä¡‑v {‑_‑n«³ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w \ÂI‑m³ {‑ia‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w C´‑y-b‑ps‑S I‑mc‑y‑w hc‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑p«‑p-\‑y‑m-b-§Ä ] d-b‑p-¶‑p. B\‑n _kâ‑v F¶ {‑_‑n«‑oj‑p-I‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑]‑me‑p‑w {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v `c-W\b‑w ]‑nS‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. Ah-c‑ps‑S t‑l‑m‑w d‑qÄ {‑]Ø‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p i‑mJ t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑mS‑v \K-c-¯‑n Ø‑m]‑n-¨‑p. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ I‑mc‑y-ZÀi‑n-b‑m-b‑n.

A¶‑v t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑ms‑« {‑]a‑pJ ]{‑X‑w "a‑nX-h‑mZ‑n‑'b‑mW‑v. X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑ne‑p‑w AX‑n\‑p h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ Dï‑v. ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-] À k‑n. I‑r-j‑vW³ h¡‑o C´‑y³ k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-{‑]-Ø‑m-\-t‑¯‑mS‑v X‑m¸c‑y‑w I‑m«‑n-b‑n-Ã. {‑_‑n«‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀ C´‑y `c‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑n F´‑m I‑pg-¸-s‑a¶ \‑ne]‑m-S‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p a‑nX-h‑mZ‑n ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑pt‑S-X‑v. t‑l‑m‑w d‑qÄ {‑]Ø‑m-\-¡‑m-c‑ps‑S h‑mÀ¯b‑v¡‑v a‑nX-h‑m-Z‑n-b‑n t‑hï ] c‑n-K-W\ e`‑n-¨‑n-Ã. AU‑z-t‑¡ä‑v s‑I. a‑m[-h³\‑m-bÀ‑, _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑m³‑, at‑©c‑n c‑ma-¿À F¶‑n-hs‑cÃ‑m‑w CX‑n J‑n¶-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1916  ae_‑mÀ t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v kt‑½-f\‑w ]‑me¡‑m«‑v t‑NÀ¶-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ k‑zb‑w-`-c-W‑m-h-I‑mi {‑]t‑ab‑w Ah-Xc‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. ]‑nt‑ä-s‑¡‑mÃ‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v kt‑½-f\‑w t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑m«‑v \S-¯‑m³ Hc‑p-§‑n-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w ae-_‑mÀ If-I‑vSÀ A\‑p-aX‑n \‑nt‑j-[‑n-¨‑p. HS‑p-h‑n c‑ma³ t‑at‑\‑ms‑â hk-X‑n-b‑n cl-k‑y-t‑b‑mK‑w t‑NÀ¶‑p ]‑nc‑n-ª‑p. B\‑n _kâ‑p‑w k‑n.-]‑n. c‑ma-k‑z‑ma‑n A¿c‑p‑w ]s‑¦S‑p-¯‑p. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ kÀ¡‑mÀ h‑nc‑p² {‑]hÀ¯-\-§-f‑n a‑pg‑p-I‑p-¶X‑n _Ô‑p-¡f‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w-_‑m‑w-K-§f‑p‑w h‑nj-a‑n-¨‑p. a¶¯‑p I‑rj‑vW³ \‑mb-s‑ct‑¸‑m-e‑p-Å-hÀ t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p.

I‑pS‑p‑w-_-s‑¨-eh‑v \S-¯‑m³ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob‑w D]-I-c‑n-¡‑n-Ã. h¡‑o ]W‑n-b‑n {‑i²‑n-¡-W‑w. F¶‑m AZ‑r-i‑y-a‑mb Gt‑X‑m Ic-§Ä t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑\ s‑]‑mX‑p-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v XÅ‑n-h‑nS‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e t‑X‑m¶‑n. As‑¡‑mÃ‑w eI‑vt‑\‑m F.-s‑F.-k‑n.-k‑n. kt‑½-f-\-

(33) ¯‑n t‑at‑\‑m³ ]s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑p. _‑me-K‑wK‑m-[-c-X‑n-e-I³‑, k‑pt‑c-{‑µ-\‑mY _‑m\ ÀP‑n X‑pS-§‑nb t‑\X‑m-¡s‑f ]c‑n-N-bs‑¸-«‑p. t‑l‑m‑w d‑qÄ kac‑w ià‑n-s‑¸-«‑p.

B\‑n _kâ‑v Pb‑n-e‑n-e‑m-b‑n. t‑I‑mg‑nt‑¡‑m«‑v {‑]X‑n-t‑j[ P‑mYb‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑p-kt‑½-f-\h‑p‑w \S-¶‑p. I‑mc‑y-ZÀ-i‑n-s‑b-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n t‑a-t‑\‑m³ A-X‑n-s‑eÃ‑m‑w k-P‑o-h-a‑mb‑n. b‑p²-¯‑n\‑v ]W‑w ]‑nc‑n¡‑m³ If-I‑vSÀ h‑nf‑n-¨‑p-t‑NÀ¯ t‑b‑mK¯‑n ae-b‑m-f-¯‑n {‑]k‑w-K‑n-¡‑m³ X‑p\‑nª t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ If-I‑vSÀ h‑ne-¡‑n. t‑Zi-t‑{‑]-a-‑nI-s‑fÃ‑m‑w t‑at‑\‑ms‑â t‑\X‑rX‑z-¯‑n {‑]X‑n-t‑j-[‑n¨‑v Cd-§‑n-t‑¸‑m¶‑p. t‑b‑mK‑w Ae-t‑¦‑m-e-s‑¸-«‑p. _‑mc‑n-ÌÀ t‑at‑\‑ms‑â s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑ns‑\ C‑u k‑w`-h-§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w {‑]X‑n-I‑q-e-a‑mb‑n _‑m[‑n-¨‑p. s‑hÅ-¡‑mÀ \‑y‑mb‑m-[‑n-]·‑m-c‑m-I‑p¶ t‑I‑mS-X‑n-b‑n t‑a-t‑\‑m-s‑â h-¡‑me-¯‑v t‑I-k‑v P-b‑n-¡‑m³ XS-Ê-a‑mamXr`qan ]{X¯nsâ BZy e¡w

I‑p-s‑a¶‑v I£‑n-IÄ `b-¶‑p. s‑a‑mt‑ïK‑v-þ-s‑N‑wk‑v t‑^‑mÀU‑v `c-W-]-c‑n-j‑vI‑mc \‑nÀt‑±-i-§Ä NÀ¨ s‑N¿‑m³ B\‑n _kâ‑v t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ UÂl‑n¡‑p £W‑n¨‑p. 67 I‑mc‑n-b‑mb _kâ‑v aZ‑m-½-b‑ps‑S N‑n«-b‑mb P‑oh‑n-X-{‑I-a-§Ä t‑Ii-ht‑a-t‑\‑ms‑\ BIÀj‑n-¨‑p. k‑n. i¦-c³ \‑mbÀ Ah‑n-s‑S-h¨‑v ae-_‑mÀ If-I‑vS-d‑pa‑mb‑n DS-¡‑n-b-X‑n\‑v t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ A`‑n\-µ‑n-¨‑p. t‑K‑mJ-s‑e‑, X‑ne-I³ F¶‑n-hc‑ps‑S P‑oh-N-c‑n{‑X‑w C‑u kµÀ`¯‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-hg‑n k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑yt‑{‑]-a‑n-IÄ¡‑n-S-b‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ Gs‑d {‑]i-k‑vX-\‑m-b‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p. 1917  \¼‑q-X‑nc‑n t‑b‑mK-t‑£-a-k` "t‑Icf-X‑n-eI‑w‑' F¶ _l‑p-aX‑n At‑±-l¯‑n\‑p k½‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. t‑Ik‑n-Ã‑m-¯-X‑n\‑m \‑nX‑y-P‑o-h‑nX‑w t‑¢i-I-c-a‑m-b‑n. t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑m-«‑p-\‑n¶‑v 1918  a{‑Z‑mk‑v s‑s‑lt‑¡‑m-S-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v {‑]‑mI‑vS‑ok‑v

a‑mä‑n. d‑n£-¡‑mÀ‑, X‑p¶Â¡‑mÀ‑, {‑S‑m‑wt‑h ]W‑n-¡‑mÀ‑, t‑X‑m«‑n-IÄ X‑pS§‑n h‑nh‑n[ s‑X‑mg‑n t‑aJ-e-I-f‑n-e‑p-Åhs‑c k‑wL-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ a{‑Z‑m-k‑n t‑at‑\‑m\‑v Ah-kc‑w e`‑n-¨‑p. `c-W-]c‑n-j‑v¡‑mc \‑nÀt‑±-i-§Ä NÀ¨b‑v¡‑p h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v A‑wK-§Ä cï‑p t‑Nc‑n-b‑m-b‑n. B\‑n _kâ‑p‑w I‑q«c‑p‑w ]c‑n-a‑nX `c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c-§Ä k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¡-W-s‑a¶‑p h‑mZ‑n-s‑¨-¦‑ne‑p‑w `‑qc‑n-`‑mK‑w A‑wK-§f‑p‑w ]‑qÀ®-a‑mb A[‑n-I‑m-c-a‑m-ä-¯‑n\‑pt‑hï‑n Dd-¨‑p-\‑n¶‑p. t‑at‑\‑m\‑p‑w B `‑qc‑n-]-£-¯‑n-s‑\‑m¸-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. at‑©-c‑n-b‑n t‑NÀ¶ t‑b‑mK-¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v B\‑n _kâ‑v Cd§‑n-t‑¸‑m-b‑n. ]‑n¶‑o-S‑p-ï‑mb P‑me‑n-b³ h‑me‑m-_‑mK‑v I‑q«-¡‑p-c‑pX‑n t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑ns‑e a‑nX-h‑m-Z‑n-Is‑f XfÀ¯‑n. i¦c³\‑m-bÀ s‑s‑hk‑vt‑d‑mb‑n I‑u¬k‑ne‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v c‑mP‑n-h-¨‑p. Ø‑m\-a‑m-\-§Ä s‑hS‑nª‑v h‑nt‑Zi `c-W-t‑¯‑m-S‑pÅ FX‑nÀ¸‑v ià-a‑m¡‑m³ 1920  \‑mK‑v]‑q-c‑n t‑NÀ¶ AJ‑n-t‑e´‑y t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v kt‑½-f\‑w X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-b‑ps‑S c‑wK-{‑]t‑hi‑w \ÂI‑nb DWÀh‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p {‑]hÀ¯-IÀ. `‑mj‑m-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n H‑mt‑c‑m {‑]t‑Z-i¯‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v I½‑n-ä‑n-IÄ \‑ne-h‑nÂh-¶X‑v \‑mK‑v]‑qÀ kt‑½-f-\-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v. s‑I.-]‑n.k‑n.k‑n. Dï‑m¡‑n {‑]hÀ¯\‑w ià‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m\‑p‑w a‑m[-h³\‑m-bÀ¡‑p‑w A\‑pÚ e`‑n¨‑p. a{‑Z‑m-k‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v t‑at‑\‑m³ ae_‑m-d‑n-t‑e¡‑v X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-I-W-s‑a¶‑p‑w \‑nÀt‑±i‑w Dï‑m-b‑n. c‑mP-t‑K‑m-]‑m-e‑m-N‑mc‑n-s‑¡‑m¸‑w t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ ]‑me-¡‑m«‑v X‑nc‑n-s‑¨-¯‑n. s‑{‑Sb‑n-\‑n Ib-d‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ S‑n. {‑]I‑mi‑w Hc‑p s‑N¡‑v t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â s‑s‑Ib‑n G¸‑n-¨‑p. s‑I. a‑m[-h³\‑mb-c‑ps‑S h‑oS‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v H‑m^‑ok‑v Bb‑n a‑md‑n. t‑at‑\‑m\‑p‑w I‑pS‑p‑w-_h‑p‑w A-h‑ns‑S X‑mak‑w X‑pS-§‑n. c‑mP‑mP‑n Bb‑nc‑w c‑q] \ÂI‑n-b-X‑n-\‑m k‑m¼¯‑nI {‑]b‑m-k-§-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-Ã. F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ H‑mI‑vk‑vt‑^‑mÀU‑v kÀh-I-e‑mi‑m-e-b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v t‑P‑me‑n Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑p X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-h-¶‑p. s‑I. t‑If-¸³ t‑_‑m‑ws‑_b‑n \‑nb-a-]-T\‑w X‑pS-c‑ms‑X aS§‑n t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑m-s‑«-¯‑n. A Aa‑o³ ] {‑X‑m-[‑n-]À a‑pl-½Z‑v A_‑vZ‑pÄ dl‑va‑m³ t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n kP‑o-h-a‑m-b‑n. s‑a‑mb‑vX‑p a‑ue-h‑n-b‑ps‑S {‑]k‑w-K-§Ä ae-_‑md‑ns‑e a‑pÉ‑o‑w P\-h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑n Ne\-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n. [‑mc‑mf‑w k‑m[‑m-c-W-¡‑mÀ t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n AW‑n-t‑N-c‑m³ X‑pS-§‑n. t‑e‑mI-K-X‑n-s‑b-¸ä‑n A-hÀs‑¡Ã‑m‑w Ad‑n-h‑p-]-I-t‑cï Bhi‑y‑w h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ ae-_‑m-d‑ns‑â ]e `‑mK¯‑p‑w t‑at‑\‑m³ ]T-\-¢‑m-Ê‑p-IÄ k‑wL-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. 1921 P\phcn 2014

(34)  Hä-¸‑m-e¯‑v t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v kt‑½f-\-t‑¯‑m-S-\‑p-_-Ô‑n¨‑v J‑ne‑m-^¯‑p kt‑½-f-\h‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑p. Ae‑n a‑pk-e‑nb‑m-c‑ps‑S t‑\X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n X‑nc‑q-c-§‑mS‑n‑, at‑©c‑n X‑pS-§‑nb Øe-§-f‑n s‑]‑m«‑n-¸‑p-d-s‑¸« elf s‑]‑me‑ok‑v IÀ¡-i-a‑mb‑n t‑\c‑n-«‑p. s‑]‑m¶‑m-\‑nb‑ne‑p‑w elf X‑pS-§‑n. ]«‑m-f-¡‑mÀ s‑db‑nÂ]‑m-f-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S X‑nc‑n-t‑¨‑m-S‑n. i‑n£‑n-¡-s‑¸« el-f-¡‑ms‑c K‑pU‑vk‑v s‑{‑Sb‑n³ I¼‑mÀ«‑p-s‑aâ‑n X‑nc‑p-I‑n-¡b-ä‑n-b-X‑n-\‑m \‑nc-h[‑n t‑]À i‑z‑mk‑wa‑p«‑n ac‑n-¨‑p. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³‑, s‑a‑mb‑vX‑p a‑ue-h‑n‑, a‑m[-h³\‑m-bÀ‑, t‑K‑m]‑m-et‑a-t‑\‑m³ X‑pS-§‑n-b-hÀ Ie‑m] {‑] t‑Z-i-§-f‑n c£‑m-Z‑u-X‑y-h‑p-a‑mb‑n \‑ne-s‑I‑m-ï‑p. Bd‑p-a‑mk‑w \‑oï Z‑pc‑nX‑m-i‑z‑mk {‑]hÀ¯-\-§-Ä¡‑nS-b‑n {‑]‑mW-c-£‑mÀ°‑w \‑mS‑p-h‑n-«-hs‑c X‑nc‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶‑p. aX-‑wa‑m-ä-s‑¯-¸ä‑n s‑Xf‑nh‑v t‑iJ-c‑n¨ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ "l‑nµ‑p‑' Z‑n\-]-{‑X-¯‑n a‑m¸‑nf el-fs‑b-¸ä‑n t‑eJ\‑w Fg‑p-X‑n. I‑p]‑n-X-c‑mb el-f-¡‑mÀ t‑at‑\‑ms‑â h‑oS‑n\‑p Is‑Ãd‑n-ª‑p. c‑mP‑mP‑n F¯‑n \‑mS‑ns‑â ] e `‑mK¯‑p‑w aX-k‑u-l‑mÀ± kt‑½-f-\§Ä k‑wL-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â I‑qs‑S-b‑mW‑v At‑±l‑w X‑ma-k‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v. t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑mS‑v IS¸‑p-d¯‑v \S¶ t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v t‑b‑mK-¯‑n t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ N‑neÀ I‑q¡‑n-h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p. ""Is‑Ã-d‑n-ª‑me‑p‑w I‑qI‑n h‑nf‑n-¨‑me‑p‑w ]‑qh‑v AÀ¸‑n-¨‑me‑p‑w kX‑y-¯‑n \‑n¶‑v R‑m³ a‑md‑n-Ã'' F¶ t‑at‑\‑ms‑â Z‑rV-h-N-\-§Ä t‑{‑i‑mX‑m¡s‑f i‑m´-c‑m-¡‑n. al‑m-ßP‑n-b‑ps‑S Dä k‑pl‑r¯‑v k‑n.-F-^‑v.

B³{‑U‑qk‑v e-lf¡‑me¯‑v ae-_‑md‑n h¶‑v t‑at‑\‑m\‑v ]‑n´‑pW \ÂI‑n. aS-§‑p‑w-hg‑n Z‑o\-_Ô‑p B³{‑U‑qk‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â ]‑p{‑X³ D®‑ns‑b I‑qs‑S s‑I‑mï‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. i‑m´‑n-\‑n-t‑IX-\‑n ]T\ k‑uIc‑y‑w GÀ¸‑mS‑v s‑Nb‑vX‑p. t‑_‑m‑ws‑_ t‑I‑mSX‑n al‑m-ß‑mK‑mÔ‑ns‑b h‑nN‑m-cW s‑N¿‑p-¶X‑p I‑mW‑m³ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ A©‑pZ‑n-hk‑w I¸Â b‑m{‑X s‑Nb‑vX‑mW‑v t‑]‑mb-X‑v. aP‑n-k‑vt‑{‑S«‑v Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n¨ I‑pä-]-{‑X-¯‑ns‑e FÃ‑m I‑pä‑m-t‑c‑m]-W-§f‑p‑w K‑mÔ‑nP‑n k½-X‑n-¨‑p.

Bd‑phÀjs‑¯ XS-h‑p-i‑n£ h‑m§‑n Pb‑n-e‑n-t‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ aP‑nk‑vt‑{‑S«‑v h‑nI‑m-c‑m-[‑o-\-\‑mb‑n C§s‑\ ] dª‑p: ""c‑mP‑y-t‑{‑Z‑m-l-¡‑pä‑w X‑m¦Ä¡‑p \‑nt‑j-[‑n-¡‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]t‑£ I‑pä‑w Gä‑p-]-dª \‑neb‑v¡‑v F\‑n-s‑¡´‑p s‑N¿‑m-\‑mI‑p‑w? I‑me‑m-h-[‑n-¡‑p-a‑p¼‑v Xs‑¶ X‑m¦Ä¡‑p t‑a‑mN\‑w e`‑n-¨‑m Gs‑d kt‑´‑m-j‑n¡‑p-¶X‑v R‑m\‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w.'' K‑mÔ‑nP‑n s‑]‑me‑o-k‑n-s‑\‑m¸‑w \ P\phcn 2014

S¶‑p \‑o§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ AS‑p¯‑p s‑N¶‑p. "A¡‑mc‑y‑w R‑m³ GÀ¸‑m-S‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v‑' F¶‑v t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ t‑\‑m¡‑n al‑m-ßP‑n ]d-ª‑p. t‑Ii-ht‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â {‑]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡‑v _P‑mP‑v ^ï‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v {‑]X‑n-a‑mk‑w \‑qd‑p-c‑q] A\‑p-h-Z‑n-¨‑n-«‑pÅ I‑mc‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p K‑mÔ‑nP‑n Ad‑n-b‑n-¨-X‑v.

K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-b‑ps‑S A`‑m-h-¯‑n Kbb‑n t‑NÀ¶ t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v kt‑½-f\‑w t‑Zi-_Ô‑p N‑n¯-c-R‑vP³Z‑mk‑v BW‑v \b‑n-¨-X‑v. F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ‑, a‑m[-h³\‑mbÀ F¶‑n-hÀs‑¡‑m¸‑w t‑at‑\‑m³ kt‑½f-\-¯‑n ]s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑p. a‑nX-h‑m-Z‑n-If‑p‑w ]c‑n-hÀ¯-\-h‑m-Z‑n-If‑p‑w t‑Nc‑n-X‑n-c‑n-ª‑p. c‑mP-t‑K‑m-]‑m-e‑m-N‑m-c‑n-b‑ps‑S t‑\X‑r-X‑z¯‑n a‑nX-h‑m-Z‑n-IÄ¡‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p `‑qc‑n-]£‑w. A²‑y-£-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-c‑p¶ N‑n¯tIihtat\msâ BßIY

c-R‑vP³Z‑mk‑v AS¡‑w Hc‑p h‑n`‑mK‑w X‑o{‑h-]-c‑n-hÀ¯-\-h‑m-Z‑n-IÄ ]‑pd-¯‑pt‑]‑mb‑n k‑zc‑mP‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n. ae-_‑m-d‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v t‑]‑mb-hÀ kt‑½-f-\h‑n-hc‑w \‑m«‑ns‑e t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑p-I‑m-t‑c‑mS‑v h‑ni-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ B{‑K-l‑n-s‑¨-¦‑ne‑p‑w FÃ‑m Øe-§-f‑ne‑p‑w t‑b‑mK‑w k‑wL-S‑n¸‑n-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑ms‑X h¶‑p. t‑I‑m¬-{‑K -Ê‑n\‑v \‑mS‑p-\‑os‑f {‑]hÀ¯-I-c‑p-ï‑v.

AhÀ¡‑v ]‑mÀ«‑n-b‑n-s‑e´‑p \S-¡‑p¶‑p F¶-d‑n-b‑m³ B{‑K-l-a‑p-ï‑v. K‑mÔ‑nP‑n¡‑v Pb‑n-e‑n F´‑p k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑p¶‑p F¶‑v t‑IÄ¡‑m³ X‑m¸-c‑y-a‑p-Å-hÀ [‑mc‑m-f‑w. Bi-b-{‑]-N-c-W-¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑nh-c-§Ä Ad‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p‑w Hc‑p {‑]X‑n-h‑mc ]{‑X-s‑a-¦‑ne‑p‑w Dï‑mt‑b aX‑n-b‑m-I‑q. a‑nX-h‑m-Z‑n‑, at‑\‑m-c-a‑, t‑Icf k©‑m-c‑n‑, t‑Icf ]{‑X‑nI

(35) X‑pS-§‑nb ]{‑X-§Ä t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑nt‑\‑mS‑p‑w k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y {‑]Ø‑m-\-t‑¯‑mS‑p‑w t‑hï{‑X I‑qd‑p I‑m«‑p-¶‑n-Ã. F.-s‑I. ]‑nÅ s‑I‑mÃ-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑v {‑]-k‑n-²‑oI-c‑n-¡‑p¶ "k‑zc‑m«‑v' ae-_‑m-d‑n t‑hïh‑n[‑w F¯‑p-¶‑n-Ã. "\h‑o\ t‑Icf‑w‑' F¶ t‑]c‑n Hc‑p ]{‑X‑w X‑pS-§‑m³ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m\‑p‑w I‑q«c‑p‑w t‑\cs‑¯ Bt‑e‑m-N‑n-s‑¨-¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑m¸‑nf el-f-s‑b-¯‑p-SÀ¶‑v AX‑v \S-¸‑mb‑n-Ã. C\‑n h¡‑o ]W‑n h¿ F¶‑v I‑qS‑n X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\‑n¨ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n\‑v ae-_‑m-d‑n k‑z´-a‑mb‑n Hc‑p ]{‑X‑w t‑hW-s‑a¶ Bib‑w kl{‑]-hÀ¯-I-c‑ps‑S a‑p¶‑n D¶-b‑n-¨‑p.

FÃ‑m-hc‑p‑w I‑qS‑n Bt‑e‑m-N‑n¨‑v Hc‑p t‑] c‑v \‑nÀt‑±-i‑n-¡‑m³ t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ Xs‑¶ N‑pa-X-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. AX‑n-s‑\-´‑n{‑X Bt‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑m³; "a‑mX‑r-`‑qa‑n' F¶‑v t‑at‑\‑m³ ]d-ª‑p. ]{‑X-¯‑n\‑v [\‑w ka‑m-l-c‑n-¡‑m³ hg‑n-t‑XS‑n. A©‑p c‑q] h‑ne-b‑pÅ Cc‑p-]-X‑n-\‑m-b‑nc‑w H‑ml-c‑n-b‑ne‑qs‑S t‑hï ^ï‑v ka‑m-l-c‑n-¡‑m-s‑a¶‑v X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. 1922 a‑mÀ¨‑v 15 \‑v I¼\‑n cP‑n-ÌÀ s‑Nb‑vX‑p. s‑I. a‑m[-h³\‑m-bÀ‑, I‑pd‑qÀ \‑oe-I-W‑vT³ \¼‑q-X‑n-c‑n-¸‑m-S‑v, A¼-e-¡‑m«‑v Ic‑p-W‑m-I-c-t‑a-t‑\‑m³‑, S‑n.h‑n. k‑pµ-c-¿À‑, t‑U‑m. F.-BÀ. t‑at‑\‑m³‑, s‑I.-]‑n. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³‑, ]‑n. AN‑y‑p-X³ F¶‑n-h-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p BZ‑ys‑¯ Ub-d-I‑vSÀa‑mÀ. t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑m³ a‑mt‑\-P‑n‑wK‑v Ub-d-I‑vSd‑p‑w Bb‑n. ]X‑n-\-¿‑m-b‑nc‑w c‑q]b‑v¡‑v Hc‑p {‑]Ê‑v k‑z´-a‑mb‑n h‑m§‑n. K‑mÔ‑nP‑n XS-h‑ne‑m-b-X‑ns‑â H¶‑m‑w h‑mÀj‑n-I-¯‑n\‑v a‑mX‑r-`‑qa‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n¨‑p X‑pS-§‑ms‑a¶‑v \‑nÝ-b‑n¨‑p {‑]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \‑o§‑n. BÀ¡‑p‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑mt‑b‑m-K‑n-I-h-i-§-s‑f‑m¶‑p‑w Ad‑n-b‑n-Ã. DÕ‑m-lh‑p‑w B{‑K-lh‑p‑w X‑o{‑h-a‑m-W‑v. t‑eJ-I-c‑n-Ã‑, h‑nX-c-W¡‑m-c‑n-Ã. F´‑p t‑P‑me‑n s‑N¿‑m\‑p‑w k¶-²-c‑mb Hc‑p I‑q«‑w {‑]hÀ¯-Ic‑p-ï‑v. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m\‑v al‑m-ß-P‑nb‑ps‑S ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\ s‑s‑ie‑n "b‑wK‑v C´‑y'b‑ne‑qs‑S h‑mb‑n¨‑v ]c‑n-N-b-a‑p-ï‑v. \h-P‑o-h³ "K‑pP-d‑m¯‑n `‑mj-b‑n-e‑m-bX‑n-\‑m AX‑p I‑mW‑m-d‑n-Ã. "lc‑n-P³' A¶‑v Bc‑w-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã. C‑w¥-ï‑n {‑] N‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑pÅ ]{‑X-§-f‑ps‑S a‑mX‑rI a\-Ê‑n h¶‑p. \Ã- \‑n-e-h‑mca‑pï‑mI-W‑w‑, ]‑pX‑nb Ad‑nh‑p‑w t‑e‑mI-I‑mc‑y-§f‑p‑w P\-§-f‑n-s‑e-¯W‑w F¶‑n§s‑\ H‑mt‑c‑m¶‑v N‑n´‑n¨‑v t‑at‑\‑m³ c‑m]-I A²‑z‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. "t‑e‑mIh‑p‑w t‑e‑mIc‑p‑w‑' Fs‑¶‑mc‑p ]‑wà‑n t‑hW-s‑a¶‑v \‑nÝ-b‑n-¨‑p. "]ec‑p‑w ]-eX‑p‑w‑' F¶‑v t‑hs‑d‑mc‑p ]‑wà‑nb‑p‑w Fg‑p-X‑n. {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v `c-Ws‑¯ \‑ni‑n-X-a‑mb‑n h‑naÀi‑n-¨‑ps‑I‑mï‑v "kX‑y‑w‑, ka-X‑z‑w‑, k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w‑'

amXr`qan kµÀin¨ s\lvdphns\ tIihtat\m³ amebn«p kzoIcn¡póp

F¶ {‑]J‑y‑m-]‑nX \‑ne-]‑m-S‑p-I-t‑f‑ms‑S ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â DÅ-S¡‑w Hc‑p-¡‑n. K‑mÔ‑nP‑n-b‑ps‑S Pb‑nÂh‑m-k-¯‑ns‑â H¶‑m‑w h‑mÀj‑nI‑w 1923 a‑mÀ¨‑v 18-þ‑m‑w X‑ob-X‑nb‑m-W‑v. A¶‑v R‑mb-d‑mg‑vN Hg‑n-h‑p-Z‑n-\a‑m-I-b‑m ]{‑X-¯‑ns‑â {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-cW‑m-c‑w`‑w Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w t‑\cs‑¯b‑m¡‑n. a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S H¶‑m‑w e¡‑w ]‑pd-¯‑ph-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ 'Ig‑n-ª-I‑me‑w‑' F¶ Bß-I-Y-b‑n h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑p t‑\‑m¡‑pI: ""a‑mÀ¨‑v 16-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n I‑me¯‑v R§-s‑fÃ‑m‑w B¸‑o-k‑n-s‑e-¯‑n. {‑]k-c‑n-¸‑pÅ a‑m[h³\‑m-bÀ X‑mt‑g‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑mb‑p‑w It‑¼‑mk‑näÀa‑mc‑ps‑S {‑]h‑r-¯‑n-t‑\‑m-¡‑nb‑p‑w DÕ‑ml‑w h‑nX-d‑nb‑p‑w \S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Hc‑p he‑nb kZ‑yb‑v¡‑v Hc‑p¡‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AN‑y‑p-X³ h¡‑o-e‑ns‑â {‑ia‑w. "H¶‑p‑w ic‑n-b‑m-b‑n-«‑nÃ-t‑Ã‑m‑, ]{‑X‑w \‑ms‑f ]‑pd-s‑¸-t‑St‑ï?'

F¶‑m-h-e‑m-X‑n-s‑¸-«‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v Hc‑p hS‑nb‑p‑w s‑s‑Ib‑n ]‑nS‑n¨‑v AN‑y‑p-X³ h¡‑o A£-a-\‑mb‑n {‑]Ê‑ns‑â ] e-`‑m-K¯‑p‑w \S-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {‑] hÀ¯-Ic‑p‑w kl‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³ h¶-hc‑p‑w I‑mg‑vN-¡‑m-c‑p-a‑mb‑n a‑mX‑r-`‑qa‑n B¸‑ok‑n H«-[‑nI‑w Bf‑p-IÄ X‑n§‑n-¡‑qS‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p... t‑I‑mf‑w {‑]‑q^‑p‑w t‑]P‑v {‑]‑q^‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w ]c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n¨‑p Ig‑nª‑p. a‑mäÀ s‑aj‑o-\‑n Ib-ä‑p-h‑m³ X¿‑m-d‑mb‑n t‑^‑mÀa‑m³ N´‑p-¡‑p«‑n Hc‑p-§‑n. At‑¸‑mÄ s‑aj‑o\‑v Ft‑´‑m t‑IS‑p-]-ä‑n. AX‑p ic‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³ N´‑p-I‑p-«‑n¡‑p‑w s‑aj‑o³a‑m³ N‑m¯‑p¡‑p-«‑n¡‑p‑w I‑q«‑p-I‑mÀ¡‑p‑w I‑ps‑d kab‑w t‑hï‑n-h-¶‑p. I‑pª‑ns‑â P\-\s‑¯ I‑m¯‑p-\‑n¡‑p¶ ]‑nX‑m-h‑n-s‑\-t‑¸‑ms‑e N‑pa-c‑n X‑q¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶ t‑¢‑m¡‑p-t‑\‑m¡‑n

R‑m³ At‑§‑m-«‑p-a‑n-t‑§‑m«‑p‑w \S-¶‑p.

BZ‑y t‑I‑m¸‑n aS¡‑n N‑m¯‑p-¡‑p«‑n Fs‑â s‑s‑Ib‑n X¶‑p. R‑m\X‑p \‑nhÀ¯‑n t‑\‑m¡‑n. a‑m[-h³ \‑mbc‑p‑w aä‑p ]ec‑p‑w Fs‑â AS‑p¯‑pï‑mb‑nc‑p-¶‑p. t‑\c‑w s‑hf‑p-¡‑m-d‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. N‑ne ]‑oS‑n-I-IÄ X‑pd-¶‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.

I‑mes‑¯ hï‑n¡‑p ]‑pd-s‑¸-S‑p-¶hÀ AX‑p s‑Xä‑pt‑a‑m F¶‑v `b-s‑¸«‑v _²-s‑¸«‑p \S-¡‑p-¶‑p. Nc-¡‑p-I-bä‑n DÄ\‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n \‑n¶‑v h¶ hï‑n-IÄ Hs‑¶‑m-¶‑n\‑p ]‑n¶‑ms‑e \‑nc-¯‑n I‑qS‑n k‑mh-[‑m\‑w t‑]‑mI‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. Ah he‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ I‑mf-If‑p‑w s‑Xf‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ Bf‑p-If‑p‑w Hc‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e £‑oW‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶‑p. a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S P\-\-s‑¯-¸ä‑n Ch-c-d‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑pt‑a‑m F¶ h‑nN‑mc‑w F\‑n-¡-t‑¸‑mÄ Dï‑m-I‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã.‑'' IS-e‑mk‑p I¯‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e Bi-b-§Ä t‑hK-¯‑n I¯‑n-¸-S-c‑p¶ I‑me-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p AX‑v. k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-kac ]c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-IÄ ià‑n{‑]‑m]‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k‑m£-c-Xb‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-kh‑p‑w ] S‑n-]-S‑n-b‑mb‑n Db-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑e‑mIs‑¯ Ad‑n-b‑p-h‑m-\‑p-ff B{‑Kl‑w P\-§-f‑n hÀ²‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ae-_‑m-d‑n a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S hch‑v Bi-b-{‑]-N-c-W¯‑n ]‑pX‑nb DWÀh‑v Df-h‑m-¡‑n. ] {‑X‑m-[‑n-]-s‑c¶ \‑ne-b‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑m³ ]‑me‑n¨ \‑nj‑v]-£-Xb‑p‑w kX‑yk-Ô-Xb‑p‑w \‑nÀ`-b-X‑zh‑p‑w h‑mb-\-¡‑mc‑n he‑nb aX‑n¸‑v Df-h‑m-¡‑n. t‑Ìä‑v I‑u¬k‑n A‑wK-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ Ih-f-¸‑md a‑q¸‑n \‑mb-c‑ps‑S h¡‑o t‑\‑m«‑ok‑v Hc‑p DZ‑m-l-c-W-a‑m-W‑v. D¸‑p \‑nI‑p-X‑n¡‑mc‑y‑w t‑h‑m«‑n-\‑n-«-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑q¸‑nÂ\‑m-bÀ k`-b‑n l‑mP-c‑m-b‑n-Ã. h‑oï‑p‑w X‑ncs‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n\‑p aÕP\phcn 2014

(36)

amXr`qan BgvN¸Xn¸nsâ BZy e¡w

t‑_‑m‑ws‑_ t‑I‑mSX‑n al‑m-ß‑m-K‑mÔ‑ns‑b h‑nN‑m-cW s‑N¿‑p-¶X‑p I‑mW‑m³ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ A©‑p-Z‑n-hk‑w I¸Â b‑m{‑X s‑Nb‑vX‑mW‑v t‑]‑mb-X‑v. aP‑n-k‑vt‑{‑S«‑v Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n¨ I‑pä-]-{‑X-¯‑ns‑e FÃ‑m I‑pä‑mt‑c‑m-]-W-§f‑p‑w K‑mÔ‑nP‑n k½-X‑n-¨‑p. Bd‑phÀjs‑¯ XS-h‑p-i‑n£ h‑m§‑n Pb‑n-e‑n-t‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ aP‑n-k‑vt‑{‑S«‑v h‑nI‑m-c‑m-[‑o-\-\‑mb‑n C§s‑\ ]dª‑p: ""c‑mP‑y-t‑{‑Z‑m-l-¡‑pä‑w X‑m¦Ä¡‑p \‑nt‑j-[‑n-¡‑m-a‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]t‑£ I‑pä‑w Gä‑p-]-dª \‑neb‑v¡‑v F\‑n-s‑¡´‑p s‑N¿‑m\‑mI‑p‑w? I‑me‑m-h-[‑n-¡‑p-a‑p¼‑v Xs‑¶ X‑m¦Ä¡‑p t‑a‑mN\‑w e`‑n-¨‑m Gs‑d kt‑´‑m-j‑n¡‑p-¶X‑v R‑m\‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.'' K‑mÔ‑nP‑n s‑]‑me‑o-k‑ns‑\‑m¸‑w \S¶‑p \‑o§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ AS‑p¯‑p s‑N¶‑p.

"A¡‑mc‑y‑w R‑m³ GÀ¸‑m-S‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑pï‑v‑' F¶‑v t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ t‑\‑m¡‑n al‑m-ßP‑n ]d-ª‑p. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â {‑]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡‑v _P‑mP‑v ^ï‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v {‑]X‑n-a‑mk‑w \‑qd‑p-c‑q] A\‑p-h-Z‑n-¨‑n-«‑pÅ I‑mc‑y-a‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p K‑mÔ‑nP‑n Ad‑n-b‑n-¨-X‑v.

P\phcn 2014

c‑n¨ \‑mb-c‑ps‑S FX‑nÀØ‑m-\‑mÀ°‑n a‑pÃ-t‑Èc‑n t‑K‑m]‑m-e-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ C¡‑mc‑y‑w Hc‑p {‑]k‑vX‑m-h-\-b‑mb‑n ]{‑X-§Ä¡‑v Fg‑pX‑n Ab-¨‑p. t‑h‑m«Àa‑ms‑c X\‑n-s‑¡X‑ns‑c X‑nc‑n-¡‑m³ FX‑nÀØ‑m-\‑mÀ°‑n IÅ-{‑]-N-cW‑w \S-¯‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W¶‑p‑w AX‑n I£‑n-t‑NÀ¶‑v Ah-a-X‑n-b‑pï‑m-¡‑nb ]{‑X-§-Ä a‑m¸‑p-]-d-ª‑n-s‑æ‑n \‑nb-a-\-S-]S‑n k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¡‑p-s‑a¶‑p‑w a‑q¸‑n \‑mbÀ h¡‑o t‑\‑m«‑ok‑v Ab-¨‑p. a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-s‑b‑m-g‑ns‑I aä‑v ] {‑X-§Ä "£a‑m-b‑m-N\‑w‑' \S-¯‑n. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ ià-a‑mb `‑mjb‑n-s‑e-g‑p-X‑nb a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n-e‑qs‑S a‑q¸‑n \‑mbÀ¡‑v ]c-k‑y-a‑mb‑n ad‑p-] S‑n \ÂI‑n. D¸‑p-\‑n-I‑pX‑n I‑mc‑y-¯‑n \‑mbÀ I‑u¬k‑n \‑n¶‑v h‑n«‑p-\‑n¶‑p F¶‑p a‑m{‑X-aÃ; {‑_‑n«‑oj‑v kÀ¡‑mc‑n\‑v A\‑p-I‑qe \‑ne-]‑m-s‑S-S‑p-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p F¶ hk‑vX‑pX s‑hf‑n-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n. t‑K‑m]‑m-e-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â {‑]k‑vX‑m-h\b‑v¡‑v ad‑p]S‑n Fg‑p-X‑m³ a‑q¸‑nÂ\‑mbÀ¡‑p‑w ]{‑X-Øe‑w e`‑y-a‑m-W‑v. ] Ic‑w s‑N¿‑m¯ s‑Xä‑n\‑p a‑m¸‑p-]-d-b‑m³ X¿‑m-dà F¶‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ Fg‑pX‑n. a‑q¸‑nÂ\‑m-bÀ At‑X‑ms‑S ]¯‑na-S-¡‑n. C‑u k‑w`h‑w a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S h‑ni‑z‑m-k‑y-Xb‑v¡‑p a‑mä‑p-I‑q-«‑p-Ib‑p‑w h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c‑n he‑nb aX‑n-¸‑p-f-h‑m-¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑ns‑â a‑pJ-]-{‑X-a‑mW‑v a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-s‑b-¦‑ne‑p‑w ]£-]‑mX ka‑o-]\‑w h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑nt‑e‑m t‑eJ\-§-f‑nt‑e‑m IS¶‑p I‑qS-c‑p-s‑X¶‑v kl-{‑]-hÀ¯-Is‑c t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ H‑mÀ½‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. Hc‑p ]‑mÀ«‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑oI-c-W-a‑mb‑n N‑pc‑p-§‑n-b‑m h‑ni‑m-ea‑mb P\-X‑m¸c‑y‑w l\‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑ps‑a¶‑v At‑±l‑w Z‑oÀL-ZÀi‑n-b‑m-b‑n. s‑N‑mÆ‑, h‑y‑mg‑w‑, i\‑n Z‑nh-k-§-f‑n s‑s‑{‑Xh‑m-c‑n-I-b‑m-b‑n-«‑mW‑v X‑pS-¡-¯‑n a‑mX‑r-`‑qa‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.

FX‑n-c-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§s‑f a‑m\‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w A\‑o-X‑ns‑b X‑pd¶‑v FX‑nÀ¡‑m\‑p‑w {‑ia‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑nÂt‑]‑me‑p‑w t‑at‑\‑m\‑p i{‑X‑p-¡-f‑p-ï‑m-I‑ms‑X Xca‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑ph¶‑p. IS-¡‑ms‑cs‑¡‑mï‑v s‑]‑md‑pX‑n a‑p«‑n. F¦‑ne‑p‑w Bß-h‑ni‑z‑mk‑w s‑s‑Ih‑n-S‑ms‑X a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. "\‑m‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑v‑' F¶X‑v At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â ]‑wà‑n a‑m{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ‑, k‑p\‑n-Ý‑nX-a‑mb P‑oh‑n-X-h‑o-£-W-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑zI‑mc‑y P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑ns‑e FÃ‑m Z‑pc‑nX-§f‑p‑w Z‑pc-´-§f‑p‑w Xc-W‑w-s‑Nb‑vX‑v a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m\‑v {‑]X‑y‑mi‑m\‑nÀ`-c-a‑mb C‑u at‑\‑m-`‑mh‑w Ic‑p-¯‑p-\ÂI‑n. a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S {‑] b‑m-Ws‑¯ AX‑v kl‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p.

X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑ns‑e t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v

(37) {‑]hÀ¯-I\‑p‑w s‑I‑mÃ-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑v {‑] k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p-h¶ t‑Zi‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-b‑ps‑S Ø‑m]I ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑p-a‑mb S‑n.-s‑I. a‑m[-h³ Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑m«‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑\ I‑mW‑m³ h¶‑p. {‑i‑o\‑m-c‑m-bW K‑pc‑p-h‑ns‑â i‑nj‑y-\‑mW‑v a‑m[-h³. t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v Ab‑n-¯‑m-Nc-Ws‑¯ FX‑nÀ¡‑m³ ]c-k‑y-a‑mb‑n c‑wK-¯‑p-h-c-W-s‑a¶‑v ]d-b‑m-\‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p a‑m[-hs‑â kµÀi-\‑w. t‑at‑\‑m³ k½-X‑n-¨‑p. I‑m¡‑n-\‑mU t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v kt‑½-f-\-¯‑n t‑at‑\‑ms‑â ]‑n´‑p-Wt‑b‑ms‑S a‑m[-h³ \S-¯‑nb {‑]k‑wK‑w Ab‑n-t‑¯‑m-¨‑m-S\‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑ns‑â ]c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑mb‑n A‑wK‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ t‑{‑] c-W-t‑bI‑n. kt‑½-f\‑w Ig‑nª‑p aS-§‑n-h¶ t‑\X‑m-¡Ä Fd-W‑mI‑p-f¯‑v t‑b‑mK‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v s‑s‑h¡‑w al‑m-t‑Zh t‑£{‑X-h-g‑n-b‑n Ab‑n¯ P‑mX‑n-¡‑mÀ¡‑v k©‑mc k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w

e`‑n-¡‑m³ kX‑y‑m-{‑K-l-k-ac‑w \S-¯W-s‑a¶‑p X‑oc‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. AX‑n-\‑mb‑n X‑nc‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑n 24 Z‑nhk‑w {‑] N-c-W-t‑b‑m-K-§Ä k‑wL-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. 1924 a‑mÀ¨‑v 27-þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ s‑s‑h¡¯‑v kX‑y‑m-{‑Kl‑w \b‑n¨‑v AdÌ‑p-h-c‑n-¨‑p. Bd‑p-a‑m-ks‑¯ XS-h‑p-i‑n£ Gä‑p-h‑m§‑n ]‑qP-¸‑pc Pb‑n-e‑n-e‑p-a‑m-b‑n. `‑mc‑yb‑p‑w A©‑v a¡f‑p‑w F§s‑\ P‑oh‑n-¡‑p¶‑p F¶‑v At‑\‑z-j‑n-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑ms‑X s‑]‑mX‑p-P‑o-h‑nX {‑]i‑v\-§f‑n a‑pg‑p-I‑nb t‑a-t‑\‑m\‑v Z‑p‑xJIc-a‑mb N‑ne k‑zI‑m-c‑y‑m-\‑p-`-h-§Ä t‑\c‑n-t‑Sï‑n-h-¶‑p. £b-t‑c‑m-K‑n-b‑mb `‑mc‑ys‑b N‑nI‑n-Õ‑n-¡‑m³ a{‑Z‑m-k‑n F¯‑n-bt‑¸‑mÄ i‑p{‑i‑q-j‑n-¡‑m³ H¸‑ws‑N¶ `‑mc‑y‑m a‑mX‑mh‑v hk‑qc‑n _‑m[‑n¨‑p ac‑n-¨‑p. Gs‑d s‑s‑hI‑ms‑X `‑mc‑yb‑p‑w I®-S-¨‑p. Hc‑p aIf‑p‑w t‑c‑mK‑w h¶‑p ac‑n-¨‑p. AS‑n-¡-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑mb C‑u X‑nc‑n-

amXr`qan kµÀin¨ cmjv{S]Xn tUm. Fkv. cm[mIrjvWs\ tIihtat\m³ amebn«p kzoIcn¡póp

¨-S‑n-I-f‑n a\‑w-s‑\‑m´‑v ]‑pX‑p-t‑Èc‑n Ac-h‑n-µ‑m-{‑i-a-¯‑n s‑N¶‑v alÀj‑n Ac-h‑n-µ-t‑L‑m-j‑ns‑â D]-t‑Zi‑w t‑XS‑n. `‑mc‑y-b‑ps‑S kt‑l‑m-Z-c‑ns‑b I‑pS‑p‑w-_‑n\‑n-b‑mb‑n k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¨‑p. \‑nX‑y-P‑o-h‑nX‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ hc‑p-a‑m\-a‑n-Ã. a‑m[-h³\‑m-b-c‑ps‑S ]d-¼‑ns‑e BZ‑m-b-s‑a-S‑p-¯‑mW‑v a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑n s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑m-f‑n-IÄ¡‑v I‑qe‑n s‑I‑mS‑p-¡‑p¶-X‑v. t‑at‑\‑m³ Z‑mc‑n{‑Z‑y‑w \‑o¡‑m³ ] e hg‑n-IÄ Bt‑e‑m-N‑n-¨‑p. ae-b‑m-b‑n t‑]‑mb‑m h¡‑o ]W‑n ]¨-]‑n-S‑n¡‑p-s‑a¶‑v Hc‑p k‑pl‑r¯‑v D]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p. b‑m{‑X‑m-s‑¨-e-h‑n-\‑p-Å ]W‑w cï‑p k‑pl‑r-¯‑p-¡Ä \ÂI‑n. 41-þ‑m‑w hbÊ‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ kI‑p-S‑p‑w_‑w \‑mS‑p-h‑n-«‑p. a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ns‑e ]{‑X‑m-[‑n]] Z-h‑nb‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v k‑wØ‑m\ s‑k{‑I-«d‑n ]Z-h‑nb‑p‑w c‑mP‑n-s‑h-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ae-b‑m-b‑ne‑p‑w k‑n‑wK-¸‑q-c‑ne‑p‑w A`‑n`‑m-j-I-h‑r-¯‑n¡‑v a‑m\‑y-Xb‑p‑w A‑wK‑oI‑m-ch‑p‑w ]Wh‑p‑w e`‑n-¡‑m³ XS-Êa‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-Ã. t‑at‑\‑m\‑v C´‑y-¡‑m-c‑mb AX‑n-Y‑n-IÄ F¶‑p‑w Dï‑m-I‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. S‑n. {‑]I‑m-i‑w‑, c‑ma-k‑z‑ma‑n \‑mb‑v¡À F¶‑n-hc‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑n-s‑â {‑]a‑p-J t‑\-X‑m-¡f‑p‑w t‑a-t‑\‑m-s‑â a-e-b‑m-b‑ns‑e kµÀi-I-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑]‑mX‑p-{‑]hÀ¯-\-¯‑n \‑n¶‑v a‑md‑n X³I‑mc‑y‑w t‑\‑m¡‑n P‑oh‑n-¡‑m³ t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ i‑oe‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã. C´‑y³ k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-k-a‑nX‑n-b‑p-ï‑m¡‑n cï‑m‑w t‑e‑mI b‑p²-I‑me¯‑v P¸‑ms‑â kl‑m-b-t‑¯‑ms‑S {‑_‑n«s‑\-X‑ns‑c s‑]‑mc‑p-X‑m³ Ah‑n-s‑Sb‑p‑w Hc‑p-¡-§Ä \S-¯‑n. C´‑y³ k‑z‑mX{‑´‑y-¯‑n\‑v P¸‑m³I‑m-c‑ps‑S kl‑mb‑w Bh-i‑y-a‑n-s‑ö \‑ne-]‑m-S‑mW‑v ]‑n¶‑oS‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ k‑z‑oI-c‑n-¨-X‑v. k‑p`‑mj‑v N{‑µ-t‑_‑m-k‑p-a‑mb‑n C¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n h‑nt‑b‑m-P‑n-¨‑p. Bk‑mZ‑v Kh¬s‑aâ‑v F¶ Bi-bs‑¯ FX‑nÀ¯-X‑n\‑v P‑m¸-\‑nk‑v ]«‑mf‑w t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ XS-h‑n-e‑m¡‑n. b‑p²‑m-\-´c‑w Pb‑n t‑a‑mN‑n-X-\‑mb‑n. s‑F.-F³.F.-b‑ps‑S \‑ne-]‑m-S‑ns‑\ t‑at‑\‑m³ FX‑nÀ¯X‑v At‑±-ls‑¯ Ad‑n-b‑p¶ C´‑y-¡‑m-c‑n t‑£‑m`a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n. 1946  \‑m«‑n-s‑e-¯‑nb t‑at‑\‑ms‑\ t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑mS‑v s‑db‑nÂt‑h t‑Ìj-\‑nÂs‑h¨‑v N‑neÀ It‑¿ä‑w s‑N¿‑m³ {‑ia‑n-¨‑p. Hc‑p I‑q«-a‑m-f‑p-IÄ k‑z‑oI-c‑n¨‑v B\-b‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ FX‑n-c‑m-f‑nIÄ "t‑K‑m _‑m¡‑v‑' h‑nf‑n¨‑p. s‑Nd‑p-X‑pc‑p-¯‑n-b‑n s‑N¶‑v hÅ-t‑¯‑m-f‑ns‑\ Iï‑p. t‑If-¸³‑, Z‑mt‑a‑m-Z-c-t‑a-t‑\‑m³‑, B\‑n- a-k‑v{‑I‑n³ F¶‑n-h-c‑p-a‑mb‑n Ah‑ns‑S t‑NÀ¶‑v s‑FI‑y-t‑I-cf‑w F¶ Bi-b-¯‑n\‑v c‑q]‑w \ÂI‑nb t‑at‑\‑m³ a‑od-ä‑n t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑v kt‑½-f-\-¯‑n ]s‑¦-S‑p¯‑v ]gb k‑ul‑r-Z-§Ä ]‑pX‑p¡‑n. s‑\{‑l‑p-h‑ns‑â CS-¡‑me kÀ¡‑mÀ P\phcn 2014

(38) A[‑n-I‑m-c-t‑aä‑p Ig‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑n‑wK¸‑q-c‑ne‑p‑w ae-b‑m-b‑ne‑p‑w t‑P‑me‑n-IÄ ] eX‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p-X‑oÀ¡‑m-\‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ {‑lk‑z-a‑mb C´‑y‑m kµÀi\‑w Ig‑nª‑v At‑§‑m«‑pa-S§‑n. k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-Z‑n-\h‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S-]‑n-X‑mh‑ns‑â cà-k‑m-£‑n-X‑zh‑p‑w {‑]h‑m-k‑nb‑p-s‑S h‑n-I‑m-c-h‑m-b‑v-t‑]‑m-s‑S A-t‑±-l‑w A-\‑p-`-h‑n¨‑p. al‑m-ß-P‑n-b‑ps‑S N‑nX‑m`-k‑va-¯‑n\‑v k‑n‑wK-¸‑q-c‑n k‑z‑oI-c-Ws‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑n-bX‑v t‑at‑\‑ms‑â t‑\X‑r-X‑z-¯‑ne‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C‑w¥‑oj‑pI‑mc‑n-b‑mb Hc‑p h‑r² K‑mÔ‑n-P‑n-b‑ps‑S k‑vac-Wb‑v¡‑v ]‑pj‑v]-§Ä AÀ¸‑n-¡‑p¶ h‑nI‑mc\‑nÀ`c-a‑mb c‑wK‑w Iï‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ \‑nb-{‑´W‑wh‑n«‑p- I-c-ª‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. 21

d‑n-¨‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ""k‑m[‑m-cW a\‑p-j‑ys‑â kÀh-t‑X‑m-a‑p-J-a‑mb k‑pJ-t‑¯b‑p‑w k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y-t‑¯b‑p‑w hÀ²‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑n-\‑pÅ Hc‑p he‑nb Ø‑m]-\-a‑m¡‑n a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑ns‑b hfÀ¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑m³ R‑m³ \‑nc-´c‑w ]c‑n-{‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v‑'' F¶ Xc-¯‑n h‑yà‑n-]-c-a‑mb {‑] X‑nÚ ]‑pX‑p-¡Â I‑qS‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p B a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑w-K‑w. 1955 U‑nk‑w-_d‑n {‑][‑m-\-a{‑´‑n Ph-lÀe‑m s‑\ {‑l‑p t‑I‑mg‑n-t‑¡‑mS‑v a‑mX‑r-`‑qa‑n H‑m^‑ok‑v kµÀi‑n-¨‑p. h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑ne‑p‑w t‑eJ-\-§-f‑ne‑p‑w hk‑vX‑p-X‑m-]-c-a‑mb ]‑ni-I‑p-IÄ Dï‑m-Ic‑p-s‑X¶ IÀi\ \‑nÀt‑±-i-a‑mW‑v N‑o^‑v FU‑n-äÀ F¶ \‑ne-b‑n k-l]-

]£-]‑mX ka‑o-]\‑w h‑mÀ¯-If‑nð IS¶‑p I‑qS-c‑p-s‑X¶‑v kl{‑]-hÀ¯-Is‑c t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ H‑mÀ½‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. FX‑n-c-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b§s‑f a‑m\‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w A\‑o-X‑ns‑b X‑pd¶‑v FX‑nÀ¡‑m\‑p‑w {‑ia‑n-¨t‑¸‑mÄ t‑I‑m¬{‑K-Ê‑nÂt‑]‑me‑p‑w t‑at‑\‑m\‑p i{‑X‑p-¡-f‑p-ï‑m-I‑ms‑X Xc-a‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑ph¶‑p. IS-¡‑ms‑c s‑¡‑mï‑v s‑]‑md‑pX‑n a‑p«‑n. F¦‑n e‑p‑w Bß-h‑n-i‑z‑mk‑w s‑s‑Ih‑n-S‑m s‑X a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n. "\‑m‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑v‑' F¶X‑v At‑±-l-¯‑n s‑â ]‑wà‑n a‑m{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ‑, k‑p\‑n-Ý‑n-X-a‑mb P‑oh‑n-X-h‑o-£W-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑zI‑mc‑y P‑oh‑n-X¯‑ns‑e FÃ‑m Z‑pc‑n-X-§f‑p‑w Z‑pc-´-§f‑p‑w Xc-W‑w-s‑Nb‑vX‑v a‑pt‑¶‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ t‑Ii-ht‑a-t‑\‑m\‑v {‑]X‑y‑mi‑m\‑nÀ`-c-a‑mb C‑u at‑\‑m-`‑mh‑w Ic‑p-¯‑p-\ÂI‑n. a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S {‑]b‑m-Ws‑¯ A X‑v kl‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. hÀjs‑¯ {‑]h‑mk P‑oh‑n-X‑m-\‑p-`-h§-f‑p-a‑mb‑n 1948 P‑qe‑m-b‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑m³ X‑nc‑n-s‑¨-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ a{‑Z‑m-k‑n a{‑´‑n t‑I‑mg‑n-¸‑p-d¯‑p a‑m[-h-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑â t‑\X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n DÖ‑z-e-a‑mb k‑z‑oIcW‑w Hc‑p-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ps‑S ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-Ø‑m\‑w Gs‑ä-S‑p-¡-W-s‑a¶‑v A`‑yÀ°‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑pÅ kt‑µ-i-h‑pa‑mb‑n Hc‑p Z‑qX\‑p‑w k‑z‑oI-c-W-¨-S-§‑ns‑e-¯‑n. s‑I.-F. Z‑mt‑a‑m-Z-c-t‑a-t‑\‑m-\‑n \‑n¶‑v ]‑nt‑ä-a‑mk‑w t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ a‑pJ‑y-]-{‑X‑m-[‑n] Ø‑m\‑w Gs‑ä-S‑p¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. h‑oï‑p‑w N‑paXet‑bä-t‑ij‑w At‑±-l-s‑a-g‑p-X‑nb BZ‑y a‑pJ-{‑]-k‑wK‑w k‑z‑mX-{‑´‑y‑m-\-´c C´‑ys‑b ]‑p\‑xk‑rj‑vS‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑pP\phcn 2014

{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w t‑eJ-I-·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ \Â-I‑n-b-X‑v. "BI‑y‑pdk‑n's‑b¸ä‑n A´‑y-i‑z‑m-k-¯‑ne‑p‑w i‑nj‑y-t‑c‑mS‑v k‑wk‑m-c‑n¨ t‑P‑mk^‑v ]‑pe‑n-ä‑vkÀ Bb‑n-c‑p¶‑p C¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n t‑at‑\‑ms‑â a‑mX‑r-I. s‑\{‑l‑p-h‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w c‑mP‑m-P‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w \‑nÀ_-Ô-¯‑m 1951  Hc‑p CS-t‑h-f-¡‑m-e¯‑v ] {‑X‑m-[‑n-]À ]Zh‑n h‑n.-F‑w. \‑mbs‑c G¸‑n-¨-t‑ij‑w t‑at‑\‑m³ k‑nt‑e‑ms‑s‑l¡-½‑o-j-W-d‑mb‑n t‑]‑mb‑n. UÂl‑n h‑nt‑Z-i-I‑m-c‑y-h-I‑p-¸‑p-a‑mb‑n Dï‑mb A`‑n-{‑]‑mb `‑n¶-X-a‑qe‑w s‑s‑l¡½‑o-j-WÀ Dt‑Z‑y‑mK‑w Dt‑]-£‑n¨‑v ] {‑X‑m-[‑n-]À ]Z-h‑n-b‑n-t‑eb‑v¡‑p Xs‑¶ X‑nc‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-¶‑p. 1962  a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-

b‑ps‑S cï‑m-as‑¯ FU‑n-j³ s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑n Bc‑w-`‑n¨‑v ae-_‑mÀ ]{‑X-s‑a¶ {‑]‑mt‑Z-i‑nI k‑z`‑m-h-¯‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v h‑ni‑me t‑Ic-f-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v t‑at‑\‑ms‑â ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\ s‑s‑ie‑n h‑y‑m]‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. t‑Icf k‑ml‑nX‑y A¡‑m-Z-a‑n-b‑ps‑S D]‑m²‑y£ Ø‑m\¯‑v k‑zX-{‑´-a‑mb‑n {‑] hÀ¯‑n-¡‑m³ BZ‑ys‑¯ C.-F‑w.-F-k‑v. a{‑´‑n-k-`‑m- I‑m-e¯‑v A\‑p-h‑mZ‑w I‑n«‑p¶‑n-s‑ö‑v t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m\‑p t‑X‑m¶‑n. kÀ¡‑m-c‑ns‑â s‑s‑II-S-¯Â Ak-l\‑o-b-a‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ At‑±l‑w c‑mP‑n-h-¨‑p.

I®‑ns‑â t‑c‑mKh‑p‑w I‑mg‑vN-¡‑p-dh‑p‑w Xs‑â \‑nX‑y-{‑]-hÀ¯-\s‑¯ _‑m[‑n¡‑p¶‑p F¶‑v t‑at‑\‑m³ X‑nc‑n-¨-d‑n-¨‑p. h‑n.-F‑w. \‑mbs‑c a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v h‑oï‑p‑w £W‑n-¨-t‑ij‑w \h-`‑m-cX i‑n¸‑n-IÄ F¶ ]‑pk‑vXI ]c-¼c Fg‑pX‑n X‑oÀ¡‑m³ DÕ‑m-l‑n-¨‑p. h‑nPb-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v, G{‑_l‑m‑w e‑n¦¬‑, Ph-lÀe‑m s‑\{‑l‑p‑, \‑m‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑v F¶‑o {‑]‑uV-{‑K-Ù-§f‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S-]‑nX‑m-h‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑pÅ cï‑v h‑mf‑y-§f‑p‑w CX‑n-\I‑w ]‑pd-¯‑p-h-¶‑p. {‑I‑nk‑vX‑pt‑Z-h³‑, k‑mb‑mÓ N‑n´-IÄ‑, ]‑qÀ® P‑oh‑nX‑w F¶‑o I‑rX‑n-If‑p‑w t‑Ii-h-t‑at‑\‑ms‑â £‑oW‑n-¡‑m¯ {‑]X‑n-`-b‑ps‑S {‑]`‑m-]‑q-c-§-f‑m-W‑v. \à c-N-\‑m-I‑u-i-eh‑p‑w a‑nI¨ ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\h‑p‑w A`‑n-`‑m-jI h‑r¯‑nb‑p‑w c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob {‑]hÀ¯-\h‑p‑w ka-c-k-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m-h‑p¶ k‑zØ-a‑mb k‑zI‑mc‑y P‑oh‑n-X-s‑a‑m-¶‑pa‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nà t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m-t‑â-X‑v. k‑wLÀj-§f‑p‑w Z‑pc-´‑m-\‑p-`-h-§f‑p‑w Hs‑¶‑m-¶‑mb‑n XcW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p-s‑I‑mï‑mW‑v _l‑p-a‑p-J-a‑mb Xs‑â {‑] hÀ¯\aÞ-e-§Ä t‑at‑\‑m³ kP‑o-ha‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. {‑]X‑n-k-Ô‑n-IÄ¡‑p‑w {‑]i‑v\§Ä¡‑p‑w \S‑p-h‑n P‑oh‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v Hc‑p ]{‑X‑w Ø‑m]‑n¨‑v \b‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w h‑nP-b-I-c-a‑mb‑n AX‑ns‑â k‑phÀ® P‑q_‑ne‑n Bt‑L‑m-j‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ t‑e‑mI ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯\-c‑w-K¯‑v s‑]‑mc‑pX‑n Pb‑n¨ t‑P‑mk^‑v ]‑pe‑n-ä‑vk-d‑ps‑S IY-b‑mW‑v H‑mÀ½‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v. {‑]i‑v\-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑v {‑]X‑n-k-Ô‑nI-f‑n-e‑qs‑S \‑o§‑n k‑wLÀj-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S hfÀ¶‑v {‑]X‑n-_-Ô-§-s‑f-s‑bÃ‑m‑w HS‑ph‑n X«‑n-\‑o¡‑n k‑zѵ k‑pµ-c-a‑mb‑n Ah-k‑m-\‑n-¡‑p¶ Hc‑p P‑oh‑nX k‑n‑w^W‑n. 1978 \h‑w_À 9þ‑m‑w X‑obX‑n 92-þ‑m‑w hb-k‑n t‑Ii-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ i‑m´-a‑mb‑n I®-S-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ k‑w`-h-_-l‑p-e-a‑mb B Nc‑n-{‑X-¯‑n\‑v h‑nc‑m-a-N‑nÓ‑w h‑oW‑p. teJI³ ho£Ww ]{X¯nse s]mfnän¡ð FUnädmWv. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: sujaathan@gmail.com

(39) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

In the Beginning

A column that throws light on studies about Kerala media, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala media

I

n 1969, at the University of Wisconsin in the United States, a study on Kerala journalism took shape in the form of a doctoral dissertation.1 It is the earliest academic study that I have come across on Kerala media.

The pioneering scholar was K. E. Eapen, who would go on to set up four years later, the Department of Communication at Bangalore University, and later become the Vice President of the International Association for Mass Communication and Research, ideate the Indian Council for Communication Training and Research, and receive the Karnataka government’s highest civilian honour, the Rajyotsava award.2 By the late 1960s, there had been a few books and academic articles on journalism in India. But communication theories on India were unheard of. So, instead of testing any theoretical hypothesis, Eapen turned to studying the sociology of journalism. Such studies of journalists as an occupational group had been done in the United States as early as 1937 when Leo Rosten studied Washington correspondents.

Indian sociologists too were studying occupational groups, but Eapen felt that newsmen in India had not been studied seriously.

K. E. Eapen

Around the time of his study, Eapen estimated that there were about 6,000 editorial employees in India. He narrowed his focus to full-time editorial staff in Indian newspapers in two states (Bihar and Kerala) and two metropolitan cities (Bombay and Madras). Since he studied the editorial staff at the points of publication, some journalists— such as, foreign, national, and district correspondents stationed elsewhere—were not covered. Between October 1967 and August 1968, Eapen conducted long interviews with 256 journalists, and collected data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. During that period, the Indian press also

faced a major national strike by employees; due to that and other reasons, Eapen could not reach the target of 300 interviewees he had set.

PhD dissertations can sometimes be boring because of the dry presentation of data or the desperate attempt by the scholar to sprinkle jargon and ruin good prose. Eapen saves the day with passages like this, about interviewees: “There were no outright refusals even though an old Hindi editor in Bombay could not take the questionnaire as it was constructed.

He had imagined that the purpose of the interview was to take notes on his ideas as to what journalism should be rather than responding to what he thought to be silly questions as to age, education, views on language controversy, etc. As he was not willing to budge and accommodate, the interview with him had to be discontinued. A Hindi sub-editor in Patna did not want to participate in an ‘English’ questionnaire— although his work at the paper was primarily to translate English copy into Hindi—and he turned noncooperative. He, however, yielded after many days of persuasion.”

(Eapen 1969: 57–58).

Eapen’s attempt to build a sociological snapshot of journalists was only one major part of his study. The other major part was the assessment of the professional orientation of journalists. Questions he P\phcn 2014

(40) set out to ask included “Are education and professionalism correlated?,” “How ‘modern’ are Indian journalists?,” and whether professionalism affected self-perception, job satisfaction, and public evaluation. His dissertation’s findings in this part are aggregated at the national level, and compared with data from similar surveys in the United States (Milwaukee) and Latin America (Quito).

Let us turn to the Kerala part of the dissertation.

Kerala Journalists in 1967–68

What did the research scholar find in Kerala? In this state, Eapen interviewed journalists in Malayalam newspapers in five towns (Calicut, Kottayam, Trivandrum, Quilon, and Trichur).

There is mention of Ernakulam too being covered because by then Mathrubhumi had its second edition from there. Among the 67 interviewed in Kerala, 37 journalists (55 per cent) were below the age of 41 years.

Early on, Eapen clarifies that he chose to study Kerala because it was among the advanced states in India (in terms of literacy and press circulation), and correspondingly, Bihar was taken as a representative of the backward states. So, when the results are presented, he compares his findings in Kerala with that from Bihar.

Eapen makes three significant observations. First, referring to journalists in Kerala and Bihar, he says in his felicitous prose that “these are two species of individuals” (p 191). Journalists in Bihar were more educated (44 per cent had Master’s degree; 27 per cent had Bachelor’s; 20 per cent had no degrees) than those in Kerala (9 per cent, 21 per cent, and 58 per cent respectively).

About 19 per cent of Kerala journalists reported entering college but not completing a degree, while there were only 4 per cent of such Biharis. Eapen remarks, “It is likely that one out P\phcn 2014

of every five Kerala journalists left college out of frustration, political involvement, or some such reason and ended up in journalism as ‘agitators, instigators, and reformers’” (p 191).

How did the journalists in Kerala and Bihar compare on some of the other characteristics?

Table 1 offers a partial picture of 3 what he found.

East or Latin America” in “states such as Kerala” where “conditions exist... demanding revision of certain accepted notions” (pp 196–97).

Ashok R. Chandran is an independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. He can be reached at studykeralamedia@gmail.com

TABLE 1. Select Characteristics of Journalists in Kerala and Bihar, Compared to National Sample Kerala (%) N=67

Bihar (%) N=44

India (%) N=256

Urban upbringing

64

80

80

Brahmins

2

38

34

Christians

31

0

13

Muslims

16

18

14

Married

69

86

78

No children

42

18

31

Favour family planning

93

73

87

Had Press Institute of India training

45

9

16

On-the-job training is insufficient for journalism

67

33

52

Not against newspaper career for children

7

29

18

Member of a political body

33

7

14

Arrested/jailed

40

20

25

Listen to BBC, VOA “regularly”

24

11

16

Characteristic

Source: Eapen (1969: 192)

Comparing the socio-economic data on journalists and the Eapen concludes that (Ashoksurvey R. Chandranon is an professionalism, independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. E-mail: studykeralamedia@gmail.com) journalists in Kerala are “perhaps...better suited for a K. E. Eapen (1969), “Journalismorientation” as a Profession in India: than A Study of Two States and Two Cities,” PhD in higher professional their counterparts dissertation, University of Wisconsin. All page references in the article are to this work.

Bihar (p 195).

This observation went against the B. P. Sanjay (2010), “Remembering Prof Eapen,” The Hoot, 22 October.

Retrieved from grain that http://thehoot.org/web/RememberingProfEapen/4904-1-1-36-true.html. Also, see the obituary “K. E. Eapen higher levels of23 education make Passes Away,” The Hindu, October 2010. Retrieved from one more susceptible to http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ke-eapen-passes-away/article845289.ece professionalisation.

1

2

Second, comparing the socioeconomic data on journalists and the survey on professionalism, Eapen concludes that journalists in Kerala are “perhaps...better suited for a higher professional orientation” than their counterparts in Bihar (p 195).

This observation went against the grain that higher levels of education make one more susceptible to professionalisation.

Third, Eapen recommends to communication and sociology scholars that they should “test findings of studies of the Middle

1. K. E. Eapen (1969), “Journalism as a Profession in India: A Study of Two States and Two Cities,” PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin.

All page references in the article are to this work.

2. B. P. Sanjay (2010), “Remembering Prof Eapen,” The Hoot, 22 October.

Retrieved from http://thehoot.org/ web/RememberingProfEapen/4904-11-36-true.html. Also, see the obituary “K. E. Eapen Passes Away,” The Hindu, 23 October 2010. Retrieved from http://www.thehindu.com/news/ national/karnataka/ke-eapen-passesaway/article845289.ece

(41) Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

Correlation of Parts of Society and Interpretation of Events and Issues (Major and Minor Functions of the Media - ii)

One of the major functions of the media is to interpret events and present all shades of opinion.

I

t is necessary for citizens to get an interpretation of the economic, political, and cultural significance of various events.

The media do such interpretation through features, editorials, special articles, letters to the editor, and special discussions on radio or TV. The Internet helps citizens to exchange views on important developments.

Certain wrong actions taken by government agencies (Gawakadal in Kashmir) and wrong actions by citizens (Khairlanji, Maharashtra) are explained by the media through news, features, detailed articles, and editorials. Lasswell called this “correlation of the parts of society through interpretation of events and issues” as a major function of the media.

The reader should not be confused with a mixture of news and personal opinions of a news reporter. News should not be mixed with editorial views.

Facts and opinions should not be mixed, as C P Scott, a famous English journalist said: “Facts should be sacred; opinion is free.”

But news should be identified as news and opinions should be identified as opinions. This is why

we have the separate positioning of editorials. A page is devoted in most newspapers for editorial opinions, special articles, and letters to the editor, which are not news. Certain newspapers also set apart the page opposite to the editorial page for such expression of views and opinions. They call that page, Op–Ed page (Opposite– Editorial) Page.

Newspapers should also identify advertisements as advertisements and not as news or quasi-news. Strictly speaking they should use rules to demarcate ads and separate them from news and editorial matter.

Some newspapers use the same font for news and ads, without lines or rules separating them.

Newspapers accused of using “paid news” do indulge in these unethical practices to mislead readers.

It is unethical to give the reporter’s opinion as part of the news report. If it is absolutely essential to do so, the reporter has to identify that part of the news report as her own personal opinion.

In the broadcast media in Western countries, the station

director comes on the air to express the station’s views on a certain issue. We do not find this practice in India. Here, the broadcast news editors prefer to hide behind the screen. It is not because they do not have opinions of their own or of their station/channel; they prefer anonymity. Are they afraid that they would alienate their listeners or viewers and thereby lose their ratings? However, most opinions are discussed by participants in discussions and debates on radio and TV. One of the major functions of the media, thus, is to interpret events, presenting all sides and shades of opinion. The media users are given a comprehensive account of the day’s events, and they can draw their own conclusions. Sometimes reports alone may not give the full implications and far-reaching consequences of certain events.

Then, editorial comments, letters to the editor, and broadcast and telecast discussions will help.

Correlation of the various parts of society and interpretation of the significance of events for the locality, state, region, nation, or the world is essential. Most of us are not aware of the historical P\phcn 2014

(42)

In the broadcast media in Western countries, the station director comes on the air to express the station’s views on a certain issue. We do not find this practice in India. Here, the broadcast news editors prefer to hide behind the screen. It is not because they do not have opinions of their own or of their station/channel; they prefer anonymity. Are they afraid that they would alienate their listeners or viewers and thereby lose their ratings? significance of certain events because we left school or college a few years prior to reading the newspaper or viewing TV. The general knowledge of the average media user is not exceptionally high. Therefore, the specialists in the media’s regular workforce or guest panel have to explain the political, economic, social, and cultural significance of an event or issue. In a news report, such

interpretation or discussion is deliberately avoided because a report must be confined to the barest minimum facts and figures.

If facts and opinions are mixed in a straight news report, the reporter will definitely be accused of bias and manipulation.

See you later, communicator!

Professor Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (19821992) at the University of Kerala.

As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards.

Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

"aoUnb' X]mðamÀKw C´ybnsehnsSbpw e`n¡póp hmÀjnI hcnkwJy þ 100cq]

November 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 7 | Price ` 10

October 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 6 | Price ` 10

Learning from India’s experience with paid news, we need a regulating body with punitive powers, and independent of the government and the media.

]qÀ®amb taðhnemkw klnXw ]Ww sN¡mtbm Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À Btbm ASbv¡mw Kerala Press Academy SB Account No.57025499757 State Bank of Travancore, Civil Station Branch, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 IFSC SBTR0000339

Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À sN¿póhÀ ]qÀ® hnemkw t^m¬ \¼À klnXw mail@pressacademy.org -ð Adnbn¡pI. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682 030; t^m¬ \w. 0484 2422275 P\phcn 2014

(43)

]n. AP-b-Ip-amÀ

]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\¯ - nse kmln-Xy-kc- Wn ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³ s‑s‑Z\‑w-Z‑n\‑w X¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯-IÄ k‑ml‑n-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â KW-¯‑n s‑]S‑p-s‑a¶‑v Bc‑p‑w Ah-I‑m-i-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑n-Ã. ]T-\ a\-\-§Ä¡‑pt‑ij‑w X¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p¶ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b‑m-]-{‑K-Y-\-§Ä‑, ]c‑n-Ø‑nX‑n k‑w_-Ô-a‑mb t‑eJ-\-§Ä‑, At‑\‑z-jW ]c-¼-c-IÄ X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-b‑mW‑v Ad‑n-h‑ns‑â ]‑pX‑nb Ie-hd h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑mb‑n X‑pd-¶‑n«‑v kÀK-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑ns‑â t‑aJ-e-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v {‑]t‑h-i\‑w t‑\S‑p-¶-X‑v.

]

{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-Is‑â `‑mjb‑p‑w k‑rj‑vS‑nb‑p‑w F§s‑\ k‑ml‑n-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â hI‑p-¸‑nÂs‑]-S‑p¯‑p‑w F¶‑p k‑wib‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ [‑mc‑m-f‑w. k‑ml‑n-X‑y-s‑a-¶X‑p IYb‑p‑w Ih‑nXb‑p‑w t‑\‑mhe‑p‑w a‑m{‑X-a‑m-s‑W¶ A_-²-N‑n-´-b‑mW‑v B k‑wi-b-¯‑n\‑v AS‑n-Ø‑m-\‑w. k‑ml‑nX‑y‑w cï‑p Xc-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑v.

A\‑p-`‑qX‑n ]I-c‑p¶ Hc‑p h‑n`‑m-Kh‑p‑w Ad‑nh‑v ]I-c‑p¶ Hc‑p h‑n`‑m-K-h‑p‑w. t‑\‑mhÂ‑, IY‑, Ih‑n-X‑, \‑mSI‑w X‑pS-§‑n-bh A\‑p-`‑qX‑n ]I-c‑p¶ k‑ml‑n-X‑y-h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n DÄs‑¸-S‑p‑w.

At‑X-k-ab‑w P‑oh-N-c‑n-{‑X‑w‑, k‑ml‑n-X‑y-h‑n-aÀi-\‑w‑, XX‑z-N‑n-´ X‑pS-§‑n-bh Ad‑n-h‑p-]-I-c‑p¶ k‑ml‑n-X‑y-t‑{‑i-W‑n-b‑n s‑] S‑p-¶-h-b‑m-W‑v. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³ ]T-\h‑p‑w Kt‑h-j-Wh‑p‑w \ S¯‑n X¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p¶ t‑eJ-\-§Ä h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑v ]‑pX‑nb Ad‑nh‑p ]I-c‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m X‑oÀ¨-b‑mb‑p‑w Ahs‑b k‑ml‑nX‑y-¯‑ns‑â KW-¯‑n s‑]S‑p-¯‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p‑w. `‑mj-b‑ps‑S K‑pW-t‑a-·b‑p‑w Ad‑n-h‑ns‑â Af-h‑p-a‑mW‑v AX‑ns‑â \‑ne-h‑m-ct‑¯‑mX‑v \‑nÝ-b‑n-¡‑p-I-s‑b¶‑p a‑m{‑X‑w. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³ s‑s‑Z\‑w-Z‑n\‑w X¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯IÄ k‑ml‑n-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â KW-¯‑n s‑]S‑p-s‑a¶‑v Bc‑p‑w Ah-I‑m-i-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑n-Ã. ]T-\ a\-\-§Ä¡‑p-t‑ij‑w X¿‑m-d‑m¡‑p¶ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b‑m-]-{‑K-Y-\-§Ä‑, ]c‑n-Ø‑nX‑n k‑w_-Ô-a‑mb t‑eJ-\-§Ä‑, At‑\‑z-jW ]c-¼-c-IÄ X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-b‑mW‑v Ad‑n-h‑ns‑â ]‑pX‑nb Ie-hd h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑mb‑n X‑pd-¶‑n«‑v kÀK-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑ns‑â t‑aJ-e-b‑n-t‑e¡‑v {‑]t‑h-i\‑w t‑\S‑p¶-X‑v. ]{‑X-§-f‑n {‑]k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑p-If‑p‑w Ah-b‑ps‑S a‑nI-h‑ns‑â AS‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n DbÀ¶ kÀK-k‑rj‑vS‑n-I-f‑m-I‑p-¶‑p.

Z‑n\-]-{‑X-§-f‑n h¶ I‑p«‑n‑, A_‑p F{‑_-l‑m‑w‑, BÀ.-s‑I. e£‑va¬‑, a‑mc‑nt‑b‑m a‑nd‑m³U X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-c‑ps‑S I‑mÀ«‑qcN-\-IÄ ]eX‑p‑w al-¯‑mb Ie‑m-k‑r-j‑vS‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v. N‑n{‑XI-e-b‑ps‑S k‑m²‑yX I‑qS‑n D]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m I‑mÀ«‑q-W‑ns‑\ N‑n{‑X-c-N\‑m h‑n`‑m-K-¯‑n-e‑mW‑v ]ec‑p‑w DÄs‑¸-

S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑v. F¶‑m k‑ml‑n-X‑y-¯‑n\‑p‑w N‑n{‑X-c-N-\b‑v¡‑p‑w at‑[‑y-b‑pÅ kÀK-`‑q-a‑n-I-b‑n-e‑mW‑v Ah-b‑ps‑S Ø‑m\-s‑a¶‑p h‑ni‑z-k‑n-¡‑m-\‑mW‑v F\‑n-¡‑n-j‑vS‑w.

AS‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø-b‑v¡‑p-t‑ij‑w \S¶ s‑]‑mX‑p-s‑X-cs‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n\‑p a‑pt‑¶‑m-S‑n-b‑mb‑n h‑n{‑i‑pX ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³ S‑n.-h‑n.-BÀ. t‑jW‑mb‑v A¶s‑¯ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob \‑mb-I-s‑c-¸ä‑n X¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑nb I‑mc‑n-t‑¡-¨À c‑q]-¯‑n-e‑pÅ t‑eJ-\-§Ä D¶X-a‑mb k‑ml‑n-X‑y-k‑r-j‑vS‑n- X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A¶s‑¯ {‑] X‑n-]£ P\-a‑p-t‑¶-ä-¯‑n\‑v t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¯ s‑a‑md‑mÀP‑n t‑Zi‑m-b‑n‑, PK-P‑o-h³d‑m‑w‑, Nc¬k‑n‑w-K‑v, _l‑p-K‑p-W‑, t‑Zh‑ne‑m X‑pS-§‑n-b-hs‑c AX‑n-a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑mb‑n Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n¨ B t‑eJ-\-§Ä at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑n Hc‑p t‑\‑mh h‑mb‑n-¡‑p¶ BI‑m‑w-£-t‑b‑m-s‑S-b‑mW‑v h‑mb-\-¡‑mÀ I‑m¯‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. A¶‑v Hc‑p t‑I‑mt‑fP‑v h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ F¶‑n ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I-\‑m-I‑m-\‑pÅ A`‑n-h‑mR‑vO A¦‑p-c‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v AX‑p-e‑y-s‑s‑ie‑n-b‑n Fg‑p-X-s‑¸« B t‑eJ-\-§-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. HYt‑Ã‑m F¶ t‑jI‑vk‑v]‑n-bÀ \‑mS-I-¯‑n \‑mb-I³ Xs‑¶ HS‑p-h‑n h‑nÃ-\‑mb‑n a‑md‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e P\-X‑m-]-c‑o-£W‑w AX‑n\‑p t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¯ ]‑mÞ-hÀ I‑uc-h-¸-S-b‑mb‑n a‑md‑n X½‑nÂXÃ‑n ]c‑m-P-b-¯‑ns‑â ]S‑p-I‑p-g‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ X‑nf-§‑n-\‑n-¶X‑v t‑jW‑m-b‑n-b‑ps‑S d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

A¶s‑¯ h‑nN‑n-{‑X-a‑mb c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob I‑me‑m-hØ a\-Ê‑n-e‑m¡‑m³ B{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p¶ Nc‑n-{‑X-h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ°‑n¡‑v S‑n.-h‑n.-BÀ. t‑jW‑m-b‑n-b‑ps‑S k‑z]‑v\-X‑p-e‑y-a‑mb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-IÄ h‑ne-s‑¸« Nc‑n-{‑X-t‑c-J-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑n hc‑p-¶-X‑p-hs‑c t‑jW‑mb‑n Xs‑â d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ ae-b‑m-f-¯‑n X¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑mW‑v R‑m³ h‑ni‑z-k‑n¨‑p-t‑]‑m-¶-X‑v. B t‑eJ-\-§-f‑ns‑e kc-k-k‑p-µ-ch‑p‑w l‑rZ‑y-h‑pa‑mb KZ‑y-s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p B h‑ni‑z‑m-k-¯‑n\‑v I‑mc-W‑w.

F¶‑m at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑n h¶-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑jW‑mb‑n C‑w¥‑o-j‑ne‑mW‑v Xs‑â d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-IÄ UÂl‑n-b‑n \‑n¶-b-b‑v¡‑p-¶P\phcn 2014

(44)

h‑n.-s‑I. a‑m[-h³I‑p-«‑n-

S‑n.-h‑n.-BÀ. t‑jW‑mb‑v

{‑]a‑pJ ]{‑X-t‑e-J-I-c‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob t‑eJ-\-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S Hc‑p I‑me-L-«-¯‑ns‑e c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob I‑me‑m-hØ a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m-\‑pÅ K‑uc-h-]‑qÀW-a‑mb ]c‑n-{‑i-a-§Ä A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI‑v Xe-¯‑n \S-¶‑n-«‑pt‑ï‑m F¶‑p k‑wi-b-a‑m-W‑v. s‑X¶‑v a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-ª‑p. ]e FU‑n-äÀa‑m-c‑mW‑v B t‑eJ-\-§Ä ae-b‑m-f-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v ]c‑n-`‑m-j-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v. F¶‑m Bc‑p ]c‑n-`‑m-j-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑me‑p‑w S‑n.-h‑n.-BÀ. t‑jW‑m-b‑n-b‑ps‑S d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-IÄ IY-t‑]‑ms‑e Bk‑z‑m-Z‑y-a‑mb‑n X‑pSÀ¶‑p. As‑Ã-¦‑n Bc‑p ]c‑n-`‑m-j-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑me‑p‑w t‑a‑mia‑m-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑m¯ A\-\‑y-s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑ps‑S DS-a-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p B al‑m-\‑mb ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-c‑n Hc‑p Ih‑n P‑oh‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n AX‑p S‑n.-h‑n.-BÀ. t‑jW‑mb‑n a‑m{‑Xa‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. as‑ä‑mc‑p UÂl‑n t‑eJ-I-\‑mb h‑n.-s‑I. a‑m[-h³I‑p-«‑nb‑ps‑S ]e t‑eJ-\-§f‑p‑w k‑ml‑n-X‑y-t‑e-J-\-§Ä t‑]‑ms‑e a\-Ê‑n {‑]I‑mi‑w ]c-¯‑p-¶-h-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑Ic-f-¯‑ns‑e a¬a-d-ª‑p-t‑]‑mb ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I-c‑mb k‑n. \‑mc‑m-b-W-]‑nÅ‑, s‑I.-BÀ. N‑p½‑mÀ‑, s‑I.-k‑n. s‑k_‑m-Ì‑y³ X‑pS-§‑n-bh-c‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑o-b‑m-]-{‑K-Y\ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p-If‑p‑w kÀK‑m-ß-IX H‑mf‑w-s‑h-«‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1960-þ80 I‑me-L-«-¯‑ns‑e t‑Icf Xe-Ø‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob N‑n{‑X‑w a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ I‑pi‑m{‑K-_‑p-²‑n-If‑p‑w cN-\‑m-N-X‑p-c-·‑m-c‑p-a‑mb B al‑m-c-Y-·‑m-c‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob t‑eJ-\-§Ä h‑mb‑n-¨‑m a‑m{‑X‑w aX‑n-b‑m-I‑p‑w. {‑]a‑pJ ]{‑X-t‑e-J-I-c‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob t‑eJ-\-§-f‑n-e‑qs‑S Hc‑p I‑me-L-«-¯‑ns‑e c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob I‑me‑m-hØ a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m\‑pÅ K‑uc-h-]‑qÀW-a‑mb ]c‑n-{‑i-a-§Ä A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI‑v Xe¯‑n \S-¶‑n-«‑pt‑ï‑m F¶‑p k‑wi-b-a‑m-W‑v. ae-b‑mf`‑mj-b‑n N‑ne ]Z-§Ä¡‑v ]‑pX‑nb AÀ°-Xe-§Ä k½‑m-\‑n-¨X‑p‑w ]{‑X-t‑e-J-I-c‑m-W‑v. "]‑oU\‑w' F¶ h‑m¡‑mW‑v a‑nI¨ DZ‑m-l-c-W‑w. 1995 I‑me¯‑v k‑qc‑y-s‑\Ã‑n k‑w`h‑w \S-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ AS‑n-a‑m-e‑n-b‑ns‑e {‑]‑mt‑Z-i‑nI ]{‑X-t‑eJ-I-c‑mW‑v s‑]¬I‑p-«‑ns‑b s‑s‑e‑wK‑n-I-a‑mb‑n D]-{‑Z-h‑n¨‑p F¶ AÀ°-¯‑n "]‑oU‑n-¸‑n¨‑p' F¶‑v BZ‑y-a‑mb‑n {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨X‑v P\phcn 2014

AX‑p-hs‑c ]‑oU\‑w `‑mc‑y‑m-]‑o-U-\h‑p‑w `ÀX‑r-h‑o-«‑p-I‑m-c‑ps‑S ]‑oU\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. C¶‑v ]‑oU-\-s‑a-¶‑m AX‑v s‑]¬I‑p«‑ns‑b s‑s‑e‑wK‑n-I-a‑mb‑n D]-{‑Z-h‑n-¡-e‑m-s‑W¶‑v GX‑p s‑I‑m¨‑pI‑p-«‑n-¡‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p-a-d‑n-b‑m‑w. B AÀ°-¯‑n B h‑m¡‑v {‑] N-c‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑v t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e ]{‑X-§-f‑m-W‑v. "s‑N¯‑pI‑' F¶ k‑m[‑m-c-W-h‑m-¡‑n\‑v Bf‑p-Is‑f BIÀj‑n-¡‑p¶ c‑q]-`‑m-h¯‑n \S-¡‑pI F¶‑v AÀ°‑m-´c‑w h¶X‑v 1985-þ90 I‑meL-«-¯‑n ]{‑X-t‑e-J-IÀ A§s‑\ {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨-t‑¸‑m-g‑m-W‑v. s‑s‑_¡‑v A`‑y‑m-k-c‑q-]-¯‑n H‑mS‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v "s‑s‑_¡‑n s‑N¯‑pI‑' F¶‑v {‑]t‑b‑m-K‑n¨‑v HS‑p-h‑n "s‑N¯‑n-\-S-¡‑pI' F¶X‑v Hc‑p-Xc‑w P‑oh‑n-X-s‑s‑i-e‑ns‑b t‑Z‑y‑mX‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ h‑m¡‑mb‑n a‑md‑n.

Bc‑p‑w D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑ms‑X a‑rX-{‑]‑m-b-a‑mb‑n I‑nS-¶‑n-c‑p¶ "ka-h‑mb‑w‑' F¶ h‑m¡‑v "GI‑m-`‑n-{‑]‑mb‑w' F¶ AÀ°¯‑n t‑Ic-f-¯‑n {‑]N-c‑n-¸‑n-¨X‑p‑w AX‑n\‑v ]‑pX‑p-P‑o-h³ \ ÂI‑n-bX‑p‑w ]{‑X-§-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑pX‑nb Ad‑nh‑p ]IÀ¶‑p‑w ]Z-§Ä¡‑v ]‑pX‑nb AÀ°-Xe-§Ä k½‑m-\‑n¨‑p‑w ]{‑X-t‑e-J-IÀ \S-¯‑p¶ kÀK-]-c-a‑mb CS-s‑]-S-e‑p-IÄ Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w ià-a‑mb‑n X‑pS-c‑p-¶‑p. Z‑n\-]-{‑X§-f‑n-e‑pÅ {‑]t‑X‑yI ]‑wà‑n-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑Sb‑p‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯IÀ `‑mj-s‑bb‑p‑w k‑ml‑n-X‑y-s‑¯b‑p‑w ]c‑n-t‑]‑m-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ I‑mc‑yh‑p‑w Ch‑ns‑S N‑qï‑n-¡‑m-W‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-Å-s‑«. t‑I‑m«-b¯‑v ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I b‑qW‑n-b³ k‑wØ‑m-\- k-t‑½-f-\ -t‑¯‑m-S-\‑p-_-Ô‑n¨‑v "kÀK‑m-ß-I-Xb‑p‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\h‑p‑w‑' Fó h‑n-j-b-¯-‑nð \-S-ó skan\mdnð Ah-X-c‑n-¸‑n¨ {‑]_Ô‑w.

(45) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

Reading Rituparno

Dr. Shoma A. Chatterji Sparrow Publication 334 Pages; Price Rs. 399.00 Reading Rituparno traces filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh’s celluloid journey through several phases - women-centric films, relationship films, literary classics removed from Rabindranath Tagore; celluloid interpretations of Tagore’s works and the actordirector exploring his alternative sexual identity. Within a brief span of two decades, this multitalented genius has tracked diverse layers of human life.

This is the first study of the filmmaker’s feature films after his sudden and untimely demise on May 30 2013.

An initiative of www.

Tollywoodhamaka.com a website committed to the promotion of Bengali culture in general and Bengali cinema in particular, the book has been published by Sparrow Publication, Kolkata an established name in art books and travel books. Reading Rituparno is illustrated with around 36 colour images of the filmmaker and stills from his films.

The Survival Guide To Journalism

The DBS Handbook of News and News Editing

A must-read for anyone thinking about going into journalism or already there. The recurring Q&A style is really helpful - the author really did pre-empt all various questions. As someone who is deciding whether to go into journalism or not - this is the only book which has actually been helpful and fun to read at the same time. What best is that the book is fun without being patronising - a lot of journo books are stuffy, outdated or intimidating. Importantly it tackles all the current issues about journalism becoming multiplatform, with advice on blogging etc.And although encouraging, it is realistic enough to make sure you don’t see journalism through rose-tinted glasses - it really made think hard about whether one would survive as a journalist. it’s essentially a journalism course in a nutshell. This essential survival manual to print and online media journalism explores the personal qualities and skills neede.

In Journalism, News is the element and News Editing is the exercise to polish and finish it.

News is the communication of selected information on current events, which is presented by Print, Broadcast, Internet media or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience. News is older than the newspaper. ‘News’ is a strange term, which carries with it, diverse feelings. News Editing is the process of selecting and preparing, written, audible and visible items, used to convey information. This exclusive work covers all aspects and dimensions of News and News Editing, in one cover. This book is an asset for all scholars, researchers and professional journalists, alike.

Indeed, this book contains a sound knowledge of the subject in a nutshell. It provides the novice with the nuts and bolts of news and news editing. This is an excellent handbook for professionals.

Daniel Synge McGraw-Hill International 152 Pages; Price Rs. 1070.00

M. S. Ishshan DBS Imprints 856 Pages; Price: Rs. 4995.00

P\phcn 2014

(46)

C.]n.jmPpZo³

\yqkv s\äv

BtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpó anI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn. am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.

s‑F.]‑n.s‑F. k‑zX{‑´ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â kt‑µi‑w {‑]Nc‑n¸‑n¡‑pI F¶ e£‑y h‑pa‑mb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ CâÀ\‑mjW {‑]k‑v C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q«‑n s‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BW‑v- http:// www.freemedia.at‑. FU‑näÀa‑mÀ‑, ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ X‑pS§‑nbhc‑ps‑S Bt‑K‑mf I‑q«‑mb‑vab‑mW‑v- s‑F.]‑n.s‑F. C‑u s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v BIs‑«‑, ]{‑X{‑] hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v Gs‑d {‑]t‑b‑mP\{‑]Za‑mb h‑nhc§Ä DÄs‑¡‑mÅ‑p¶X‑pa‑mW‑v-. s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â t‑»‑mK‑v‑, {‑]k‑v d‑q‑w X‑pS§‑nb `‑mK§f‑mW‑v- D]I‑mc{‑]Z a‑mb h‑nhc§Ä \ÂI‑p¶X‑v. C³Ì‑nä‑y‑q«‑v \S¯‑p¶ {‑][‑m\ ]c‑n]‑mS‑n If‑ps‑S h‑nhc§Ä Châ‑vk‑v e‑n¦‑nÂ

\‑n¶‑p I‑n«‑p‑w. h‑nh‑n[ c‑mP‑y§f‑n t‑Zi‑ob I½‑nä‑nIÄ hg‑nb‑mW‑vk‑wLS\b‑ps‑S {‑]hÀ¯\‑w. h‑yà‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w k‑wLS\IÄ¡‑p‑w A‑wKX‑zs‑aS‑p¡‑m‑w. a‑q¶‑pXc‑w A‑wKX‑z§f‑pï‑v. ]{‑Xk‑z‑mX{‑´‑y‑w `‑ojW‑n t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ c‑mP‑y§f‑n k‑uP\‑y A‑wKX‑zh‑p‑w \ÂI‑p‑w. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I\‑ms‑W¶X‑ns‑â t‑]c‑n B{‑IaW¯‑n s‑I‑mÃs‑¸«hc‑ps‑S h‑nhc§Ä AS§‑p¶ s‑U¯‑v h‑m¨‑v‑, a‑m\\ ãt‑¡k‑pIÄ {‑I‑na‑n\ t‑Ik‑pIf‑ps‑S ]c‑n[‑nb‑n \‑n¶‑v Hg‑nh‑m¡‑m\‑pÅ I‑m¼b‑nÂ‑, h‑nh‑n[ c‑mP‑y§f‑ns‑e a‑m[‑yak‑z‑mX{‑´‑y¯‑ns‑â ]T\‑w F¶‑nhb‑mW‑v- C³-Ì‑nä‑y‑q«‑ns‑â a‑q¶‑p {‑][‑m\ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ‑, Chs‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä s‑s‑kä‑ne‑pï‑v. AS‑p¯‑ns‑S t‑\¸‑mÄ‑, _‑w¥‑mt‑Zi‑v‑, {‑i‑oe¦ F¶‑nh‑nS§f‑ns‑e a‑m[‑ya t‑aJeIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑v ]T\‑w \ S¯‑nb‑nc‑p¶‑p. t‑»‑mK‑ne‑mIs‑«‑, Gäh‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb P\phcn 2014

a‑m[‑ya h‑nhc§Ä DÄs‑I‑mÅ‑n¨‑nc‑n ¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m[‑y t‑aJes‑b k‑w_Ô‑n¨ h‑nh‑n[ ]T\ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ ]»‑nt‑¡j³k‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑n \‑n¶‑v Is‑ï¯‑m\‑mI‑p‑w.

s‑F.k‑n.F^‑v.s‑P

CâÀ\‑mjW s‑kâÀ t‑^‑mÀ t‑PWe‑nÌ‑vk‑ns‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑v D] t‑b‑mK{‑]Za‑mb H¶‑mW‑v-. h‑ne‑mk‑w: http://www.icfj.org. t‑e‑mIs‑a¼‑mS‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ ¯‑ns‑â t‑a· hÀ[‑n¸‑n¡‑pI F¶X‑mW‑v- s‑F.k‑n.F^‑v.s‑Pb‑ps‑S e£‑y‑w. Ig‑nª 29 hÀja‑mb‑n 180 c‑mP‑y§f‑n AhÀ {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑PWe‑nk‑w s‑{‑Sb‑v\‑n§‑v‑, k‑vt‑I‑mfÀj‑n¸‑v X‑pS§‑nbhb‑mW‑vCX‑ns‑â {‑][‑m\ {‑]hÀ¯\§Ä. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑pÅ [‑mc‑mf‑w k‑vt‑I‑mfÀj‑n¸‑pIs‑f¡‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä s‑s‑kä‑n \‑n¶‑p I‑n«‑p‑w. s‑kâd‑ns‑â {‑]hÀ¯\§Ä C´‑yb‑neS¡a‑pï‑v. AX‑v H‑uÀ hÀ¡‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑n \‑n¶‑p a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m‑w. s‑kâd‑ns‑â {‑]hÀ¯\§Ä t‑e‑mIs‑a¼‑mS‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ t‑aJeb‑n [‑mc‑mf‑w a‑mä§Ä hc‑p¯‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. Chs‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑v a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m³ H‑uÀ C‑w]‑mÎ‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK‑w kl‑mb‑n¡‑p‑w. t‑»‑mK‑v h‑n`‑mK‑w Fs‑d h‑nhc§f‑m k¼¶a‑mW‑v-. {‑] a‑pJ·‑mc‑mb [‑mc‑mf‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ CX‑n t‑eJ\§Ä Fg‑pX‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v.

s‑F.U»‑y‑p.F‑w.F^‑v. t‑e‑mIs‑a¼‑mS‑pa‑pÅ h\‑nX‑m]{‑X {‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ]ca‑mb D-¶-a\¯‑n\‑mb‑n 23 hÀja‑mb‑n h‑mj‑n‑wK‑vS¬ U‑n.k‑n. t‑I{‑µa‑m¡‑n

{‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p¶ k‑wLS\b‑mW‑vCâÀ\‑mjW h‑na³k‑v a‑oU‑nb‑m ^‑ut‑ïj³. ^‑ut‑ïjs‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑mb http://www. iwmf.org ka‑r²a‑mb h‑n`h§Ä AS§‑nbX‑mW‑v-. h\‑nXIf‑ps‑S k‑zX{‑´ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\a‑mW‑vChÀ e£‑ya‑nS‑p¶X‑v. h\‑nX‑m ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑mb‑n [‑mc‑mf‑w ]c‑ni‑oe\ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nIÄ‑, ]T\§Ä F¶‑nh s‑s‑kä‑v k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p.

2003 a‑pXe‑pÅ h‑mÀj‑nI d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v s‑s‑kä‑n \‑n¶‑p I‑n«‑p‑w.

Bt‑K‑mfa‑mb‑n h\‑nX‑m a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S \‑neh‑mc‑w‑, Ø‑nX‑n F¶‑nh h‑yàa‑m¡‑p¶ t‑¥‑m_ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v C‑u t‑aJeb‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w B[‑nI‑mc‑nIa‑mW‑v-. CX‑v s‑s‑kä‑nÂ

\‑n¶‑p U‑u¬t‑e‑mU‑v s‑N¿‑m‑w. 59 c‑mP‑y§f‑ns‑e 500 I¼\‑nIf‑n t‑P‑me‑n s‑N¿‑p¶hc‑n \‑n¶‑p h‑nhc§Ä t‑iJc‑n¨‑mW‑v- d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v Xb‑md‑m¡‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. h\‑nX‑m ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ s‑I‑mÃs‑¸S‑p¶ k‑w`h§Ä hfs‑c hÀ[‑n¨‑phc‑nIb‑ms‑W¶‑mW‑vIW¡‑pIÄ h‑yàa‑m¡‑p¶X‑v. h\‑nX‑m ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Ic‑ps‑S k‑pc£‑nXX‑z‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ ]‑pX‑nb ]T\§f‑mW‑vs‑s‑kä‑ns‑e BIÀjIa‑mb as‑ä‑mc‑p DÅS¡‑w. k‑wLS\b‑ps‑S {‑]hÀ¯\ ^ea‑mb‑pÅ a‑mä§Ä s‑s‑kä‑ns‑â H‑uÀ C‑w]‑mÎ‑v F¶ h‑n`‑mK¯‑n \‑n¶‑v Ad‑nb‑m\‑mh‑p‑w. {‑]a‑pJc‑mb h\‑nX‑m a‑m[‑ya{‑]hÀ¯Is‑c ]c‑nNbs‑¸S‑p¯‑p¶ Ø‑nc‑w t‑I‑mfh‑p‑w s‑s‑kä‑ne‑pï‑v. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

(47)

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

‑am[ya§Ä ASnØm\ P\hn`mK§fnð\nóv AIepóp

s‑Ns‑s‑¶: a‑m[‑ya§Ä DbÀ¯‑n¸‑n S‑n¡‑p¶X‑v a[‑yhÀ¯‑n ka‑ql¯‑nâ X‑mX‑v]c‑y§f‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w AS‑nØ‑m\ P\h‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑â {‑]i‑v-\§f‑n \‑n¶hÀ a‑md‑nt‑¸‑mI‑p¶‑ps‑h¶‑p‑w Gj‑y³ t‑I‑mt‑fP‑v H‑m^‑v t‑PWe‑nk‑w s‑NbÀa‑m³ ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ A`‑n{‑]mb s‑¸«‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑vA¡‑mZa‑nb‑p‑w s‑I.b‑p.U»‑y‑p.s‑P. s‑Ns‑s‑¶ LSIh‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑v \S¯‑nb t‑Zi‑ob s‑ka‑n\‑md‑n a‑pJ‑y{‑]`‑mjW‑w \S¯‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. ‑""a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yXb‑mW‑v AX‑ns‑â a‑qe[\h‑p‑w Bk‑vX‑nb‑p‑w. a‑m[‑ya§Ä k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ A`‑n{‑]‑mbt‑h‑ms‑«S‑p¸‑pIs‑fÃ‑m‑w k‑pX‑mc‑yh‑p‑w I‑rX‑yXb‑p‑w \‑ndªXÃ. {‑K‑ma‑oW P\h‑n`‑mK¯‑ns‑â X‑mX‑v]c‑y §Ä k‑wc£‑n¡‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯IÄ I‑pdª‑phc‑nIb‑mW‑v‑'' At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. ‑"l‑qk‑v t‑h‑mb‑v-k‑v C‑uk‑v a‑oU‑nb‑' F¶ h‑njb¯‑ne‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p

{‑]`‑mjW‑w. ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯Is‑b s‑s‑e‑wK‑nIa‑mb‑n ]‑oU‑n¸‑n¨ t‑Ik‑n At‑\‑zjW‑w t‑\c‑nS‑p¶ s‑Xl¡ ]{‑X‑m[‑n]À Xc‑p¬ t‑XP‑v]‑m a‑m[‑ya ka‑ql¯‑n\‑v If¦a‑mbX‑mb‑n ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ ]dª‑p. a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑pÅ‑ne‑pÅhÀ h‑naÀi‑n¡s‑¸Sc‑ps‑X¶ [‑mcW ic‑nbÃ. s‑Xl¡ ]{‑X‑m[‑n]c‑ps‑S t‑Ik‑v h‑nZ‑qca‑mb Fh‑ns‑St‑b‑m \S¶X‑mb‑n N‑n{‑X‑oIc‑n¡‑m\‑mW‑v ]ec‑p‑w Cãs‑¸S‑p¶X‑v At‑±l‑w A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. \‑nI‑pX‑n \ÂI‑p¶hc‑ps‑S X‑mX‑v]c‑y‑w k‑wc£‑n¡‑m\‑mW‑v a‑m[‑ya§Ä ]et‑¸‑mg‑p‑w {‑ia‑n¡‑p¶X‑v. c‑m{‑ã‑ob¡‑ms‑c s‑Nd‑pX‑m¡‑n AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ {‑]hWX hÀ[‑n¨‑phc‑nIb‑mW‑v. `‑mcX¯‑ns‑e 8085 iXa‑m\‑w t‑]À h‑o£‑n¡‑p¶ Z‑qcZÀit‑\¡‑mÄ I‑qS‑pXÂ

]ck‑y§Ä k‑zI‑mc‑y N‑m\e‑pIÄ¡‑v e`‑n¡‑m³ I‑mcW‑w a[‑yhÀ¯‑n {‑]‑oW\‑w Xs‑¶b‑ms‑W¶‑p‑w ii‑nI‑pa‑mÀ I‑q«‑nt‑¨À¯‑p. a‑p³I‑q«‑n X¿‑md‑m¡‑nb k‑v-{‑I‑n]‑vä‑pIs‑f AS‑nØ‑m\a‑m¡‑nb‑mW‑v h‑mÀ¯IÄ a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑pt‑]‑mI‑p¶s‑X¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p iàa‑mb h‑naÀi\§f‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑p‑w {‑]X‑nIcW§f‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya§Ä¡‑v Z‑ni‑mt‑_‑m[‑w \ÂI‑m³ P\§Ä¡‑v _‑m[‑yXb‑ps‑ï¶‑v a‑pX‑nÀ¶ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯I³ s‑I.F‑w. t‑d‑mb‑v ]dª‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n. c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ NS§‑n A[‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n .c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ. AP‑nX‑vI‑pa‑mÀ‑, s‑I.b‑p.U»‑y‑q.s‑P. s‑Ns‑s‑¶ LSI‑w {‑]k‑nUâ‑v s‑I.F. t‑P‑mW‑n F¶‑nhÀ k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p.

The Sparkling Workshop This academic year of Public Relations and Advertising (2013-14) course started with an entertaining and interesting workshop which was held on 25th to 30th of November and 4th of December. It was handled by prominent and wellexperienced personalities from various fields.

The classes were taken by well-known Director and Ad maker Mr. Sanal kalathil, a professional Cinematographer and media consultant Mr. Jain Joseph, prominent film editor Mr. Sreekumar, well-experienced cinematographer Mr. Rajesh Narayanan, expert camera man Mr. Sajan Kalathil, and well known artist Mr. Jijoy P.R P\phcn 2014

(48)

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

t‑PÀWe‑nk¯‑nð Hó‑m‑wd‑m¦‑v \‑oe‑na F‑w. \¼‑qX‑nc‑n¡‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n 2012-13 _‑m¨‑v t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w _‑nc‑pZ‑m\´c U‑n]‑v-t‑f‑ma ]c‑o£b‑n \‑oe‑na F‑w. \¼‑qX‑nc‑n 1200  812 a‑mÀt‑¡‑ms‑S H¶‑m‑wd‑m¦‑v t‑\S‑n. t‑{‑]‑wI‑pa‑mÀ P‑n. cï‑m‑wd‑m¦‑p‑w (810‑) h‑n\‑oj‑v F.s‑I. (801‑) a‑q¶‑m‑wd‑m¦‑p‑w t‑\S‑n. s‑s‑hä‑ne Nf‑n¡h«‑w a®‑md¡c t‑d‑m U‑n F‑w.I‑rj‑vWs‑âb‑p‑w s‑I.h‑n.]‑mÀÆ \‑oe‑na F‑w.\¼‑qX‑nc‑n, t‑{‑]‑wI‑pa‑mÀ X‑nb‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w aIf‑mW‑v H¶‑m‑wd‑m¦‑v t‑\ S‑nb \‑oe‑na F‑w. \¼‑qX‑nc‑n. s‑I‑mÃ‑w Ic‑p\‑mK¸Å‑n Be‑p‑wISh‑v t‑at‑¨c‑nh‑o«‑n t‑K‑m]‑n\‑mYI‑pd‑p¸‑ns‑âb‑p‑w h‑mk´‑nb½b‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w aI\‑mW‑v cï‑m‑wd‑m¦‑v t‑\S‑nb t‑{‑]‑wI‑pa‑mÀ.

{]kv A¡mZanbnð \nópw ]pXnb ]pkvXIw

]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑v & AU‑zÀs‑s‑Sk‑n‑wK‑v Hó‑m‑w d‑m¦‑v K‑uc‑n t‑a‑ml\‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n 2013-14 _‑m¨‑v ]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑v B³U‑v AU‑zÀs‑s‑Sk‑n‑wK‑v _‑nc‑pZ‑m\´c U‑n]‑vt‑f‑ma ]c‑o£b‑n K‑uc‑o t‑a‑ml³ 1200 827 a‑mÀt‑¡‑ms‑S H¶‑m‑w d‑m¦‑v t‑\S‑n.

I‑rj‑vW{‑]‑nb k‑n._‑n cï‑m‑w d‑m¦‑p‑w (818‑) AÐ‑pÄ d‑u^‑v ]‑n (793‑) a‑q¶‑m‑w d‑m¦‑p‑w t‑\S‑n. a‑qh‑mä‑p]‑pg I‑ngt‑¡¡c k‑u]À®‑n K‑uc‑o t‑a‑ml³ I‑rj‑vW{‑]‑nb k‑n._‑n. Ib‑n F‑w.F³.t‑a‑ml\s‑âb‑p‑w _‑o\‑m t‑a‑mls‑âb‑p‑w aIf‑mW‑v H¶‑m‑w d‑m¦‑v t‑\S‑nb K‑uc‑ot‑a‑ml³. ISh{‑´ i‑m´‑n]‑mh\ A¸‑mÀ«‑v-s‑aâ‑n N§\‑m«‑pISh‑n k‑n.Fk‑v._‑ml‑pt‑ebs‑âb‑p‑w s‑I.BÀ.s‑s‑Icf‑nb‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w aIf‑mW‑v cï‑m‑w d‑m¦‑v t‑\S‑nb I‑rj‑vW{‑]‑nb k‑n._‑n.

h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m FU‑nä‑n‑wK‑v t‑I‑mg‑v-k‑v Hó‑m‑w d‑m¦‑v j‑mð_‑n³ s‑I.Fk‑n\‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n 2013 _‑m¨‑v h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m FU‑nä‑n‑wK‑v t‑I‑mg‑v-k‑ns‑â s‑s‑^\ ]c‑o£b‑n j‑mÂ_‑n³ s‑I. Fk‑v. 100- 65 a‑mÀt‑¡‑ms‑S H¶‑m‑w d‑m¦‑v t‑\S‑n. Ac‑p¬Z‑mk‑v S‑n.]‑n. 59 a‑mÀt‑¡‑ms‑S cï‑m‑w d‑m¦‑n\‑v AÀl\‑mb‑n. s‑s‑h¸‑n³ Ag‑o¡Â IS‑pa‑pï‑n h‑o«‑n i‑y‑maft‑âb‑p‑w cX‑ni‑y‑maft‑âb‑p‑w j‑mÂ_‑n³ s‑I.Fk‑v., Ac‑p¬Z‑mk‑v S‑n.]‑n. aI\‑mW‑v j‑mÂ_‑n³. s‑I‑m¨‑n‑, I‑p¼f§‑n s‑s‑Xh¨‑nS¯‑v h‑o«‑n {‑]k‑mZ‑nt‑âb‑p‑w eX‑nIb‑pt‑Sb‑p‑w aI\‑mW‑v Ac‑p¬Z‑mk‑v. ]c‑o£‑m-^-e-§Ä A¡‑mZa‑n s‑h_‑v-s‑s‑kä‑n e`‑ya‑mW‑v. www.pressacademy.org

teJ\aÕc¯nð ]n. Fw. PnXojn\v- Hómw Øm\w

]‑n. F‑w. P‑nt‑Xj‑v, AR‑vPe‑n k‑md t‑__‑n P\phcn 2014

s‑I‑m¨‑n: t‑Zi‑ob a‑m[‑ya Z‑n\‑mNcW¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n C³^Àt‑aj³þ-]_‑vf‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑v hI‑p¸‑v t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑pa‑mb‑n klIc‑n¨‑p \S¯‑nb t‑eJ\ aÕc¯‑n {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n ]‑n. F‑w. P‑nt‑Xj‑v t‑PX‑mh‑mb‑n. t‑I‑mXa‑wKe‑w a‑mÀ _t‑ke‑nt‑b‑mk‑v t‑I‑mt‑fP‑ns‑e AR‑vPe‑n k‑md t‑__‑n cï‑m‑w Ø‑m\‑w t‑\S‑n. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ns‑e h‑n. F‑w. A`‑nP‑nX‑v‑, t‑I‑mXa‑wKe‑w a‑mÀ _t‑ke‑nt‑b‑mk‑ns‑e s‑^a‑n t‑]‑mÄ F¶‑nhÀ a‑q¶‑m‑w Ø‑m\‑w ]¦‑n«‑p. {‑] k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑n t‑Zi‑ob a‑m[‑ya Z‑n\‑mNcW¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑n \S¶ NS§‑n A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³. ]‑n. c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ tPXm¡Ä¡v Iymjv Ah‑mÀU‑pw kÀ«n^n¡äpIfpw k½‑m\‑n¨‑p.

(49)

temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

km]ntdm s‑\Âk¬ at‑ïeb‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nX¯‑ns‑e \‑nÀ®‑mbI kµÀ`§Ä hcª‑n«‑ps‑I‑mï‑v At‑±l¯‑n\‑v BZc‑mR‑vPe‑nIfÀ¸‑n¡‑p¶ C‑u I‑mÀ«‑q¬ hc¨‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v A´Àt‑Zi‑ob {‑]ik‑vX\‑mb Z£‑nW‑m{‑^‑n¡³ I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑v k‑m]‑nt‑d‑mb‑mW‑v. at‑ïes‑b Gs‑d BZc‑n¡‑p¶ k‑m]‑nt‑d‑m At‑±ls‑¯ t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n¨‑v \‑qd‑p IW¡‑n\‑v I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIÄ cN‑n¨‑n«‑pï‑v.

1958 Z£‑nW‑m{‑^‑n¡b‑ns‑e t‑I]‑vS‑uW‑n P\‑n¨ k‑m]‑nt‑d‑m I‑mÀ«‑q¬ cK¯‑v X\‑ns‑¡‑mc‑p `‑mh‑nb‑pï‑mI‑ps‑a¶‑v Ic‑pX‑ms‑X BÀ¡‑ns‑SI‑vNÀ ]T‑n¨‑p. B c‑wK¯‑p‑w `‑mh‑nb‑pï‑mI‑ps‑a¶‑v N‑n´‑n¡‑m\‑mh‑ms‑X {‑K‑m^‑nI‑v U‑ns‑s‑k\‑nt‑e¡‑p X‑nc‑nª‑p. 1987 k‑u¯‑v F¶ ]{‑X‑w Bc‑w`‑n¨ t‑¸‑mÄ AX‑ns‑â FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑mb‑n. X‑pSÀ¶‑v ^‑pÄs‑s‑{‑_ä‑v k‑vt‑I‑mfÀj‑nt‑¸‑ms‑S \‑y‑qt‑b‑mÀ¡‑ns‑e k‑vI‑qÄ H‑m^‑v h‑nj‑z BÀS‑vk‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w a‑oU‑nb BÀ«‑v ]T‑n¨‑p. l‑mk‑yN‑n{‑X‑o IcW c‑wKs‑¯ I‑pe]X‑nIÄ¡‑p I‑og‑ne‑pÅ B ]T\‑w k‑m]‑nt‑d‑mb‑ps‑S P‑oh‑nX¯‑ns‑â KX‑n \‑nÀ®b‑n¡‑p¶ H¶‑mb‑n. 1991 Z£‑nW‑m{‑^‑n¡b‑n X‑nc‑ns‑¨¯‑n I‑pd¨‑pI‑me‑w k‑ma‑ql‑nI {‑]kà‑n b‑pÅ h‑nt‑\‑mZN‑n{‑X§Ä hc¨‑p. 1994 s‑ab‑vÂ‑, K‑mÀU‑nb³ ]{‑X§f‑n FU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb I‑mÀ«‑qW‑nÌ‑mb‑n t‑NÀ¶‑p. 2009 s‑s‑S‑wk‑ns‑e¯‑n. CX‑n\‑nSb‑n B{‑^‑n¡b‑ns‑e ]e {‑]a‑pJ ]{‑X §f‑ne‑p‑w {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨‑p. \‑nch[‑n A´Àt‑Zi‑ob ]‑pck‑vI‑mc§Ä t‑\S‑nb‑n«‑pÅ Ct‑±l¯‑ns‑â I‑mÀ«‑qW‑pIf‑ps‑S {‑]ZÀi\§f‑p‑w t‑e‑mIs‑a¼‑mS‑p‑w \S¶‑n«‑pï‑v. iàa‑mb c‑m{‑ã‑ob \‑ne]‑mS‑pIf‑me‑p‑w {‑it‑²b\‑mW‑v k‑m]‑nt‑d‑m. 1980If‑ps‑S X‑pS¡¯‑n \‑nÀºÔ‑nX s‑s‑k\‑nI t‑kh\¯‑n Bb‑p[t‑a´‑m³ h‑nk½X‑n¨‑mW‑v k‑m]‑nt‑d‑mb‑ns‑e {‑]t‑£‑m` I‑mc‑n c‑wKs‑¯¯‑p¶X‑v. c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑]hÀ¯\¯‑ns‑â `‑mKa‑mb‑mW‑v Ct‑±l‑w I‑mÀ«‑q¬ cN\b‑ne‑p‑w kP‑oha‑mI‑p¶X‑v. s‑s‑k\‑y¯‑nt‑âb‑p‑w t‑]‑me‑ok‑nt‑âb‑p‑w t‑\‑m«¸‑pÅ‑nb‑mb‑nc‑p¶ Ct‑±l‑w cï‑ph«‑w AdÌ‑p s‑N¿s‑¸«‑n«‑pa‑pï‑v. Z£‑nW‑m{‑^‑n¡b‑ns‑e s‑I‑mt‑f‑mW‑nb kÀ¡‑mc‑nt‑âb‑p‑w Ct‑¸‑mgs‑¯ t‑Zi‑ob kÀ¡‑mc‑nt‑âb‑p‑w s‑Xä‑mb \b§s‑f \‑ni‑nXa‑mb‑n FX‑nÀ¡‑p¶ k‑m]‑nt‑d‑mb‑vs‑¡X‑ns‑c {‑]k‑nUâ‑v k‑pa \ÂI‑nb a‑m\\ãt‑¡k‑pIÄ Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w h‑nN‑mcWb‑ne‑m-W‑v. tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, P\phcn 2014 Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

(50) s‑s‑Zh-¯‑ns‑â k‑z´‑w \‑mS‑v "\‑oc‑'b‑v¡‑mb‑n t‑Ig‑p¶‑p BÀ. t‑l-e‑n a‑p³ I‑rj‑n-h-I‑p¸‑v Ub-d-I‑vSÀ‑, t‑]Äl‑nÂ‑, Bä‑n-§Â‑, X‑nc‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c‑w-

\‑o-c-b‑ps‑S AÛ‑p-X-I-c-a‑m-b‑n-«‑pÅ h‑y‑m]‑m-c-þ-h‑m-W‑n-P‑y-þ-h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑nI k‑m²‑y-X-IÄ Iï-d‑n-ª-t‑X‑ms‑S Bt‑K‑mf t‑Ic-I‑rj‑n c‑wK¯‑v \t‑h‑m-°‑m-\¯‑ns‑â Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb ià‑n c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. "Ic‑n-¡‑n³ s‑hÅh‑p‑w s‑hÀP‑n³ t‑I‑m¡-\«‑v H‑mb‑ne‑p‑w' k‑rj‑vS‑n¨ {‑]X‑o-£-b‑ps‑S ]‑n¶‑ms‑eb‑mW‑v "\‑oc' \ÂI‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶ h¼‑n¨ {‑]X‑o-£-If‑p‑w h‑n]‑p-e-a‑mb Ah-k-c-§f‑p‑w DZ‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.

"B¡-t‑l‑mÄ' CÃ‑m-s‑X‑, ]‑pf‑n-¡‑m³ A\‑p-hZn¡ms‑X‑, a‑q¶‑p-a‑p-X Bd‑p-a‑mk‑w hs‑c t‑IS‑p-I‑q-S‑ms‑X k‑q£‑n-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p-s‑a¶ i‑mk‑v{‑X‑ob I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n¯‑w a‑m{‑X-aà AX‑p-hg‑n t‑Ic-]-©-k‑m-cb‑p‑w iÀ¡-cb‑p‑w X‑pS§‑n B[‑p-\‑nI t‑e‑mI-¯‑n\‑v {‑]‑nb-¦-c-a‑mb \‑qU‑nÂk‑v t‑]‑me‑pÅ h‑n`-h§f‑p‑w Dï‑m-¡‑m-s‑a-¶-Dd-¸‑p-If‑mW‑v ]‑pX‑nb \‑oc {‑]X‑o-£-I-f‑ps‑S kP‑oh b‑mY‑mÀ°‑y-§Ä.

Ct‑´‑m-t‑\-j‑y-b‑mW‑v \‑oc DX‑v]‑m-Z-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w D]-t‑`‑m-K-¯‑ne‑p‑w Ib-ä‑p-a-X‑nb‑ne‑p‑w a‑p³]‑n \‑n¡‑p¶ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑w. {‑]X‑n-a‑mk‑w Ac-e£‑w S¬ t‑Ic-]©-k‑mc AhÀ DX‑v]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. hÀj-¯‑n 6 e£‑w S¬‑! Hc‑p hÀj‑w H¶c _‑nÃ‑y¬ t‑U‑mf-d‑ns‑â _‑nk‑n-\-Ê‑mW‑v AhÀ¡‑v CX‑p-hg‑n I‑n«‑p-¶-X‑v. ]©-k‑m-c-b‑ps‑S Bd‑v Cc«‑n k‑nd¸‑p‑w DX‑v]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n¨‑v AhÀ h‑n¡‑p-¶‑p.

Z£‑nW ]‑qÀt‑Æ-j‑y³ c‑mP‑y-§-f‑n a‑m{‑X-aà C´‑y-b‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w CX‑v hc‑mh‑p¶X‑mW‑v. X‑nc‑p-h-\-´-]‑pc‑w ]«-W-¯‑n Ct‑¸‑mÄ X‑mb‑veâ‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w S‑n¶‑n ]‑mb‑v¡‑v s‑Nb‑vX "Cf-\‑oÀ' ka‑r-²-a‑mb‑n h‑n¡‑p-¶X‑v t‑]‑ms‑e h‑nt‑Zi \‑nÀ½‑nX \‑ocb‑p‑w \‑oc DÂ]-¶-§f‑p‑w C´‑y-b‑n-e‑p‑w t‑Ic-f-¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑n¡‑p¶X‑v t‑hK‑w I‑mW‑m³ \a‑p¡‑v Ig‑n-s‑ª-¶‑p-hc‑m‑w‑!

I‑mcW‑w \‑oc-b‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w AX‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ DÂ]-¶-§-f‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w K‑pW§Ä Ct‑´‑m-t‑\-j‑y-b‑n-t‑eb‑p‑w ^‑ne‑n-¸‑o³k‑n-t‑eb‑p‑w Kt‑h-j-Ic‑p‑w C´‑y-b‑ns‑e i‑mk‑v{‑X-Úc‑p‑w ]db‑p¶X‑v t‑IÄ¡‑p-I * CX‑n B¡t‑l‑mÄ Cà * \‑ocb‑n s‑I‑mg‑p¸‑p‑w s‑I‑mfk‑vt‑{‑S‑mf‑p‑w Cà * s‑]‑m«‑mk‑yh‑p‑w t‑k‑mU‑nbh‑p‑w ka‑r-²‑w * t‑Ic ]©k‑mcb‑p‑w iÀ¡cb‑p‑w {‑]t‑al k‑ul‑r-Z-§-f‑mb h‑n`-h-§-f‑m-W‑v. * FÃ‑m {‑]‑mb¡‑mÀ¡‑p‑w CX‑v Ig‑n-b‑v¡‑m-at‑{‑X‑! * Cs‑X‑mc‑p {‑]I‑rX‑nZ¯ Bt‑c‑m-K‑y-]‑m-\‑o-b-a‑mW‑v. aZ‑y-a‑mb‑n CX‑ns‑\ N‑n{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã.

Ct‑´‑m-t‑\j‑y CX‑ns‑â h‑y‑m]‑mc‑w h³ h‑yh-k‑m-b-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. Xt‑±-i‑o-bc‑p‑w h‑nt‑Z-i‑nIf‑p‑w h‑yh-k‑mb c‑wK-¯‑p-ï‑v. h¼³ _l‑p-c‑mj‑v{‑S I¼-\‑n-b‑mb "b‑qW‑n-e‑n-hÀ' {‑]X‑n-hÀj‑w 30000 S¬ t‑Ic ]©-k‑mc h‑m§‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a[‑p-c-a‑pÅ "t‑k‑mb‑m t‑k‑mk‑v‑' Dï‑m-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑n-X‑v. AX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e "Ct‑´‑m-^‑pU‑v‑' F¶-t‑]-c‑n Hc‑p Xc‑w \‑qU‑nÂk‑v Dï‑m-¡‑m³ 30000 S¬ t‑Ic-]-©-k‑mc D]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ït‑{‑X‑! Ct‑¸‑mÄ Cs‑XÃ‑m‑w \S-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶ kX‑y§-f‑m-W‑v.

CX‑ns‑â N‑phS‑v ]‑nS‑n¨‑v C´‑y-b‑ne‑p‑w C‑u h‑yh-k‑mb‑w {‑It‑aW c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mÅ‑p¶ h‑nhc‑w \‑m‑w ad-¡-c‑p-X‑v. C´‑y-b‑n t‑Ic-I‑rj‑n Xa‑n-g-I-¯‑ne‑p‑w IÀ®‑m-S-I-¯‑ne‑p‑w B{‑Ô-b‑ne‑p‑w Hd‑o-Ê-b‑ne‑p‑w a‑m{‑X-aà hS¡‑v I‑ng-¡³ k‑wØ‑m-\-§-f‑ne‑p‑w s‑]c‑p-I‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. hfs‑c i‑mk‑v{‑X‑o-b-a‑m-b‑n-«‑mW‑v ]‑p¯³ t‑Ic-I‑rj‑n.

IÀ®‑m-SI kÀ¡‑mÀ \‑mf‑n-t‑Ic h‑nI-k\ -t‑_‑mÀU‑ns‑â k‑mt‑¦-X‑nI k‑m¼-¯‑nI kl‑m-b-t‑¯‑ms‑S \‑oc X¿‑m-d‑m¡‑n h‑n¸\ X‑pS-§‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑n¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h¶ h‑mÀ¯ h¶‑p Ig‑nª‑p‑! I‑qS‑p-X b‑qW‑n-ä‑p-IÄ X‑pS-§‑pt‑¼‑mÄ AX‑v t‑Ic-f-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v {‑]h-l‑n-¡‑p‑w. Ct‑¸‑mÄ IÀ®‑m-SI Cf-\‑oÀ t‑Ic-f‑o-b-c‑ps‑S Z‑ml‑w ia‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v kÀÆ-b‑n-S¯‑p‑w I‑mW‑m‑w. Ic‑n-¡‑n³ t‑I‑mÀWÀ t‑]‑ms‑e \‑ms‑f "\‑oct‑I‑mÀWÀ' \S-¯‑m³ AhÀ Bk‑q-{‑XW ]²-X‑n-IÄ hg‑n IÀj-Is‑c t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑mb‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑p-ï‑v.

Hc‑p s‑X§‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w Z‑n\‑w{‑]X‑n cï‑pe‑näÀ \‑oc k‑m[‑mcW KX‑nb‑n Xs‑¶ e`‑n¡‑p‑w.175 s‑X§‑pIf‑pÅ Hc‑p s‑lI‑vSÀ s‑X§‑n³ t‑X‑m¸‑ns‑e 80 s‑X§‑pIf‑ps‑S a‑q¶‑v ]‑q¦‑peIÄ h‑oX‑w s‑N¯‑nb‑m h‑mÀj‑nI BZ‑mb‑w 7 e£‑w c‑q]-b‑n-e-[‑nI‑w hc‑p-s‑a¶‑v IW-¡‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. \‑oc-b‑n \‑n¶‑v a‑qe‑yhÀ²‑nX - DÂ]-¶§ - Ä I‑qS‑n ]‑pd¯‑v hc‑pt- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä BZ‑mb - h‑pw‑ s‑Xm‑ g‑n k‑m²‑yXb‑pw‑ h‑yh-km‑ b‑nI DbÀ¨b‑pw‑ aä‑p ]eX‑pw‑ CX‑n\‑v ]‑pdt‑a k‑rj‑vSn‑ ¡ - s- ¸ ‑ S- p‑ w‑ .

P\phcn 2014

Ch‑ns‑S Ct‑¸‑mÄ DbÀ¶‑v ht‑cï Hc‑p ià‑n-b‑mW‑v IÀjI X‑mÂ]c‑y‑w. "\‑oc IÀj-IÀ‑' F¶ Hc‑p h‑n`‑mK‑w Xs‑¶ C‑u c‑wK¯‑v t‑hK‑w c‑q]‑w s‑I‑mÅ‑p‑w. t‑Ic-IÀj-I-c‑ps‑S "^‑mÀaÀ I-¼\‑n‑'¡‑mc‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w ]‑pX‑nb {‑] Ø‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â k‑wL‑m-S-Ic‑p‑w \S-¯‑n-¸‑p-I‑mc‑p‑w. As‑Ã-¦‑n I‑rj‑n-¡‑m-c‑ps‑S X‑mÂ]c‑y‑w CÃ‑m-X‑m-b‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑p‑w. \‑ne-h‑n IÅ‑p-h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n I‑rj‑n-¡‑mÀ ]‑ms‑S ià‑n-l‑o-\-c‑m-W‑v. ià-c‑mb h‑yh-k‑m-b‑n-If‑p‑w k‑wL-S‑n-X-c‑mb s‑X‑mg‑ne‑m-f‑n-If‑p‑w AX‑n-i-à-a‑mb kÀ¡‑mÀ hI‑p-¸‑p‑w -I‑q-S‑n-t‑¨-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ IÀjIÀ¡‑v AX‑n X‑mÂ]-c‑y-a‑n-Ã‑m-X‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p I‑mcW‑w s‑X§‑ns‑â DS-ab‑v¡‑v X‑pÑ-a‑mb hc‑p-a‑m\‑w a‑m{‑X‑w e`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑qea‑m-W‑v.

"IÀjI c£‑' Dï‑m-b‑m a‑m{‑Xt‑a "t‑Ic-c£' Dï‑m-I‑q. AX‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n t‑Ic-I‑r-j‑nb‑p‑w A\‑p-_-Ô-h‑y-h-k‑m-b-§f‑p‑w hcï‑v \i‑n-¡‑p‑w. C´‑y-b‑ns‑e aä‑v {‑]a‑pJ t‑Ic-I‑rj‑n k‑wØ‑m-\-§-f‑mb IÀ®‑m-S-Ih‑p‑w Xa‑n-g-Ih‑p‑w B{‑Ôb‑p‑w al‑m-c‑m-j‑v{‑Sb‑p‑w HU‑o-j-b‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ h‑n]‑p-e-a‑mb‑n \‑oc DX‑v]‑m-Z-\-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v {‑]t‑h-i‑n-¨‑p- I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. AX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e ]‑pX‑nb d‑oP‑n-b-W Ic‑m-d‑pI-f‑ps‑S ]g‑p-X‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑Sb‑p‑w AÃ‑m-s‑Xb‑p‑w {‑i‑oe-¦b‑p‑w Ct‑´‑m-t‑\-j‑yb‑p‑w ^‑ne‑n-¸‑o³k‑p‑w \‑ocb‑p‑w \‑oc h‑n`-h-§f‑p‑w C´‑y-b‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w A§s‑\ t‑Ic-f¯‑n-t‑e¡‑p‑w F¯‑n¡‑p‑w F¶X‑v Dd-¸‑m-W‑v.

C‑u I‑mg‑vN-¸‑m-S‑n t‑I-cf‑w hfs‑c t‑hK‑w \‑oc DX‑v]‑m-Z-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w a‑qe‑yhÀ²‑nX DÂ]¶§f‑ne‑p‑w {‑i²‑n-¡-W‑w. CX‑n\‑v k‑mt‑¦-X‑nI h‑nZ-K‑v²-c‑p-t‑S b‑p‑w Kt‑h-j-I-c‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w IÀj-I-c‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w s‑X‑mg‑n-e‑m-f‑n-I-f‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w h³I‑q«‑mb‑va kÀ¡‑mÀ t‑\X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n Xs‑¶ c‑q]-s‑a-S‑p-¡-W‑w. At‑¸‑mg‑p‑w Hc‑p I‑mc‑y‑w ad-¡-c‑pX;‑v I‑rj‑n-¡‑m-c‑ps‑S s‑X§‑p-I‑r-j‑n-b‑n \‑n¶‑pÅ BZ‑m-b-a‑mIW‑w a‑pJ‑y-e-£‑y‑w. I‑mcW‑w 60 e£‑w s‑Nd‑p-I‑nS I‑rj‑n-b‑n-S-§-f‑n h‑y‑m]‑n¨‑p I‑nS-¡‑p¶ s‑X§‑p-I‑rj‑n Ct‑¸‑mÄ \i‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.

CX‑v Ct‑´‑m-t‑\-j‑y-b‑n F§s‑\ \S-¡‑p¶‑p F¶X‑v ]T‑n-¡‑m³ Ht‑¶‑m ct‑ï‑m ]T\ k‑wL-§s‑f At‑§‑m«‑v t‑Icf‑w Ab-b‑v¡-W‑w. a{‑´‑n-a‑mc‑p‑w a‑pJ‑y-D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Øc‑p‑w IÀj-Ic‑p‑w Kt‑h-j-Ic‑p‑w t‑{‑SU‑v b‑qW‑n-b³ t‑\X‑m-¡-f‑ps‑a‑ms‑¡ AX‑n A‑wK-§-f‑m-b‑n s‑I‑mÅ-s‑«. I‑mc‑y§Ä t‑hKXt‑b‑ms‑S \S-¯W‑w. aä‑v k‑wØ‑m-\-§Ä h‑yh-k‑m-b‑n-I-f‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w IÀj-I-c‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w k‑wLs‑¯ Ab-bv¡ ‑ m‑ \ - p‑ Å X¿‑ms- d‑ S- p‑ ¸ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v.‑ C\‑nb - p‑ s- a‑ t‑´ t‑Icf‑w aS‑n¨‑p \‑n¡‑p¶ - p‑ ? s‑X§‑p‑w \‑ocb‑p‑w Hs‑¡ {‑]‑mY-a‑n-I-a‑mb‑n IÀjI _Ô‑p-¡-f‑m-W‑v. s‑X§‑v ]¯‑p-hÀj‑w Bä‑p-t‑\‑mä‑p hfÀ¯‑n-b‑m a‑m{‑Xt‑a AX‑p \‑oc-t‑i-J-cW-¯‑n\‑v t‑b‑mK‑y-a‑m-I‑q F¶ {‑]i‑v\‑w‑! \‑oc FS‑p¯‑p X‑pS-§‑n-b‑m AX‑n\‑p Å kÀÆ ]c‑n-N-c-Wh‑p‑w IÀjI N‑pa-X-e-b-t‑{‑X. At‑¸‑mÄ IÀjI X‑mÂ]c‑y-a‑mW‑v CX‑n a‑pJ‑y‑w. At‑X-kab‑w t‑X§b‑p‑w s‑I‑m{‑]-b‑p-s‑a‑ms‑¡ Bh-i‑y¯‑n\‑v I‑n«‑p¶ h‑n[-¯‑ne‑p‑w Ib-d‑n\‑v s‑X‑mï‑v e`‑y-a‑mI‑p¶ h‑n[-¯‑ne‑p‑w D-X‑v]‑mZ\‑w {‑Ia‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w IÀj-IÀ Xs‑¶‑! At‑¸m‑ Ä C‑u c‑wKs‑¯ kP‑oh X‑mÂ]-cy‑ k - w‑ c- £ - I - À I‑rj‑n¡ - m‑ À Xs‑¶b - m‑ W - v‑. CX‑v h‑yh-km‑ b - n‑ I - a- m‑ b‑n a‑md‑pt‑¼m‑ Ä \‑m«‑ns‑e \‑nb-a§ - f‑pw‑ \b-§f‑pw‑ IÀj-Ik - l - m‑ b‑n Bb‑nc- n‑ ¡ - W‑w F¶ I‑mc‑y¯ - n‑  BÀ¡‑pw‑ k‑wi-ba- p‑ ï - m‑ I - m‑ \ - n‑ S- b - n‑ à - . \‑oc-b‑ps‑S c‑wK¯‑v t‑Icf kÀ¡‑m-c‑ns‑â ]‑pX‑nb _Pä‑v {‑]J‑y‑m]\‑w hfs‑c X‑mÂ]c‑y‑w P\‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. aZ‑y-h‑y-h-k‑m-b-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v ]T‑n¨ {‑]k‑n²-a‑mb "DZ-b-`‑m\‑p I½‑o-j\‑p‑w‑' t‑e‑mI-h‑y‑m-]mc-¡c‑m-d‑ns‑\¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑pÅ k‑z‑ma‑n\‑m-Y³ I½‑o-j\‑p‑w \‑oc DX‑v]‑m-Z\‑w t‑{‑]‑mÕ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m\‑p‑w IÀj-Is‑c kl‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-h‑m\‑p‑w ià-a‑mb i‑p]‑mÀi-IÄ \ÂI‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v F¶-I‑mc‑y‑w Ch‑ns‑S {‑]t‑X‑yI‑w H‑mÀt‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. \‑ocb‑ps‑S h‑y‑mh-k‑m-b‑nI h‑mW‑nP‑y k‑m²‑y-X-If‑p‑w I‑mÀj‑nI þ h‑mW‑n-P‑y‑, h‑yh-k‑m-b‑, s‑X‑mg‑n k‑uIc‑y hÀ²\h‑p‑w F{‑X-a‑m{‑X‑w A\‑p-I‑qea‑m-s‑W¶ I‑mc‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v k‑mÀÆ-{‑X‑n-I-a‑mb A`‑n-{‑]‑mb s‑FI‑yh‑p‑w {‑]X‑o-£b‑p‑w k‑rj‑vS‑n¨‑v a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑v t‑]‑mt‑Iï ka-b-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. As‑Ã-¦‑n aä‑p-Å-hÀ Cd-¡‑paX‑n s‑Nb‑vX‑p- X-c‑p-¶X‑p‑w aä‑v k‑wØ‑m-\-§Ä DX‑v]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n¨‑v h‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑mb‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w "t‑Ic-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z´‑w \‑m«‑n-s‑e' P\-§Ä Bk‑z-Z‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑mI‑p-¶X‑v. {‑]X‑n-hÀj‑w ]X‑n-\‑m-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n\‑v t‑I‑mS‑n c‑q] ad‑n-b‑p¶ Hc‑p h‑yh-k‑m-ba‑mb‑n \‑oc‑ a‑md‑p¶ Z‑nhk‑w I‑mW‑m³ A[‑n-I-hÀj-§Ä I‑m¯‑n-c‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑n-Ã.

B "[\-¯‑ns‑â' Hc‑p he‑nb ]¦‑v t‑Ic-f‑o-bÀ¡‑v k‑z´-a‑m-¡‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p‑w. ]t‑£; AX‑n\‑v \‑m‑w {‑ia‑nt‑¨ aX‑n-b‑m-I‑q. AX‑p‑w Hc‑p-a-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑, I‑q«‑m-b‑va-IÄ k‑rj‑vS‑n-¨‑v...

[ADVT]

Media Monthly | January 2014 | ` 10/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676