Kerala vikasanam

Malayalam Title Kerala Vikasanam: Edathupakshavum Madhyamangalum by

M. Surendran Š Kerala Press Academy. Some rights reserved.

The e-book edition of this work is licensed by Kerala Press Academy under CC BY 4.0. The work is to be attributed to M. Surendran.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, on paper or any non-electronic form, without the prior written permission of the copyright-owner.

M. Surendran asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work.

Published by Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanadu, Ernakulam Cover and design : Shameesh Kavungal Published in April 2014 E-book edition not for sale.

tIcfhn-Ik\w-:

CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Fw- kptc{μ≥-

tIcf {]kv- A°m-ZanIm-°\m-Sv-,- FdWm-Ipfw3

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Fw- kp-tc{μ≥1964 sabv- Bdn-\p- Be∏p-g Pn-√bn-se Im-bw-Ip-fØp- P\n-®p.A—≥-: sI am[h≥.AΩ: sI sN√Ω.Im-bw-Ip-fw- Kh.- t_m-bv-kv- sslkv-Iqƒ,Im-bw-Ip-fw- Fw-FkvF - w- tIm-tfPv,- sIm-√w- {io-\m-cm-bW tIm-tfPv,- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw- Kh.- tem- tIm-tfPvF∂n-hn-Sßfn¬- hn-Zy-m` - ym-kw.

1993 am¿-®n¬- tZim-`n-am-\n-bn¬- tN¿-∂p.FdWm-Ip-fw,- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw,- tIm-´bw,- sIm-√w,Be∏p-g F∂n-hn-Sßfn¬- tPm-en- t\m-°n.Ct∏mƒ- tZim-`n-am-\n- sIm-√w- _yq-tdm- No-^v.`m-cy-: Fkv- Kn-cn-P.a°ƒ-: A`n-Pn-Xv,- e£v-an.hn-em-kw: ]p-fn-aq-´n¬- lu-kv,Nn-d°Shw,Im-bw-Ip-fw.- ]n.-H.Be∏p-g Pn-√.sam-ss_¬- t-^m-¨-: 9446283656.

2

{]-km-[-I Ip-dn-∏v tI-

c-f {]-kv A-°m-Z-an kw-ÿm-\-k¿-°m-dn-s‚ [-\-k-lm-b-tØm-sS \-S-∏m-°n-b -K-th-j-W ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS ^-e-am-Wv Cu {]-_-‘w. 2008˛09 h¿j-sØ kw-ÿm-\-_-P-‰n-em-Wv k¿-°m¿ K-th-j-W ]-≤-Xn-°v Xp-I h-I-bncp-Øn-b-Xv. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cn¬ \n-∂v A-t]-£ kzo-I-cn-°m-\pw A¿-l-cmb-h-sc Xn-c-s™-Sp-°m-\pw k-a¿-∏n-® ]T-\-\n-K-a-\-߃ Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-°m-\pw k-a-b-sa-Sp-Øp. 2012 ¬ ]T-\w ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n {]-_-‘w k-a¿-∏n-®-h-cn¬ Hcm-fm-Wv {io Fw. kp-tc-{μ≥. 2013 P-\-h-cn-bn¬ £-Wn-°-s∏-´ k-Z- n-\v apºm-sI A-h-X-cn-∏n-®v Aw-Ko-I-m-cw t\-Sn-. tI-c-f-hn-I-k-\w-˛ C-S-Xp-]-£-hpw am-[y-a-ß-fpw F-∂-Xm-Wv {io kp-tc-{μ-s‚ ]T-\-hn-j-bw.

K-th-j-W \n-K-a-\-ß-fn-te-°v I-S-°p-∂n-√. Xo¿-®-bm-bpw A-h-tbm-Sv tbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-cpw hn-tbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-cpw Im-Wpw. A-sX-¥p-X-s∂- B--bmepw Cu K-th-j-W-h-Øn-s‚ \n-K-a-\-߃ tI-c-f-Øn-se ]-{X-am-[y-a-cw-KØpw cm-jv -{So-b-˛ _u-≤n-I cw-K-ß-fn-epw {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h¿ Ku-c-h-]q¿hw Nn-¥m-hn-j-b-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. K-th-j-W \n-K-a-\-߃ A-e-am-d-I-fn]q-´n-sh-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ hy¿-∞-X-sb Ip-dn-®v R-߃-°v ]q¿-W-t_m-[y-ap-≠v.

A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmv-Wv ]-c-am-h-[n B-fp-I-ƒ F-Øp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ Cu {]_-‘-߃ C _p-°p-I-fm-bn {]-kv A-°m-Z-an {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. A-®Sn-® ]p-kv-X-I-ß-tf-°m-tf-sd C-∂v C _p-°p-I-fm-Wv tkm-jy¬-ao-Un-b-bneq-sS-bpw a-‰pw A-Xn-th-Kw A-[n-I-a-[n-Iw hm-b-\-°m-cn-te-s°-Øp-∂-Xv. A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS C _p-°v {]-km-[-\ kw-cw-`-Øn-se B-Zy-]p-kv-X-I-ßfn-sem-∂m-Wv C-Xv. hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS ]-cn-K-W-\-bv-°pw hn-Nn-¥-\-Øn-\pw Rm≥ C-Xv k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p.

F≥.]n.cm-tP-{μ≥ sN-b¿-am≥, tI-c-f {]-kv A-°m-Z-an sIm-®n 15 G-{]n¬ 2014

ka¿-∏WwFs∂,- Rm-\m-°n-b Fs‚ A—\Ωam¿-°pwKp-cp-hcy∑m¿-°pw.--

5

BapJw ""G‰hpw-

alØm-b Iem-{]h¿-Ø\w- F∂m¬- cm-{„ob{]h¿Ø\a√m-sX as‰m-∂p-a√...''˛ {Ko-°v- Nn-¥I≥-,- alm-\m-b tπt‰mbp-sS hm-°p-Iƒ.- Hm-tcm- Im-eØpw- \n-ehn-ep-≈ kaq-lsØ am‰Øo¿-°p-I,- -cm-{„]p-\¿-\n¿-Ωm-WØn-\p- bXv-\n-°p-I,- AXn-\p- \nbXhpw- ss\Xn-Ihp-am-b N´°q-Sp-Iƒ-°p≈n¬- \n-∂psIm-≠v- Np°m≥- ]n-Sn-°p-I˛ CXs{X cm-{„o-b{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ B[p-\n-Iamb s]mXp-kz-cq-]w.- Cu-b¿-YØn¬-,- cm-{„o-bhp-ambn- At`Zy-amw-hn[hpw- \n-c¥chp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p- In-S°p-∂p- B[p-\n-I am-[ya{]h¿-Ø\hp-w.Chn-sS ]t£,- {i≤n-t°≠ Hcp- {][m-\Im-cy-ap-≠v-.- am-[yaßfpsS DSaÿ\m-tcm,- At±lØn-s‚ hm-Wn-Py--]chpw- cm-{„obhp-amb Xm¬-]cy-߃-Iq-Sn- At±lØn-\p- Io-gn¬- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ am[ya{]h¿-ØI¿-°p- {]Xn-^en-∏n-t°≠n- hcp-∂p F∂Xm-Wv- hkvXp-X.- am-[y-a{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ B[p-\n-I s]m-cp-ƒ- At\z-jn-°p∂ Gh¿-°pw C°m-cy-w- t_m-[y-s∏Spw.- AYhm,- AØcw- Imcy߃-°p-Iq--Sn- kzm¿-Y`cn-Xam-b Xm¬-]cy-ßfp-≈ am-[y-aap-X-em-fnXs‚ Io-gn¬- ]Wn-sbSp-°p-∂hsc D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.F¥m-Wv- CXn-\¿-Yw?- G‰hpw- alØm-b Ie F∂p- cm-{„o-bsØ \n-co-£n-® As√¶n¬- Aßs\ \n¿-hNn-® tπt‰m-bp-sS hm-°pIƒ-°p- Im-tXm¿-°m-sX cm-{„o-bsØ Xßfp-sS k¶p-Nn-Xam-b Xm¬-]cy-߃-°pth≠n- am-[y-aap-Xem-fn-am¿- C∂p- hy-m-]Iam-bnZp-cp]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p F∂m-Wv- CXn-\¿-Yw.am- [ y- a ߃- , - ap- X em- f n- Ø ho- £ WtIm- W n¬- , - "D¬- ] ∂w'Xs∂bm-Wv.- D¬-]∂w- F∂m¬- em-`w- D≠m-°m-\p-≈ D¬-]∂w.am-[yaßfp-sS cm-{„o-bXm¬-]cyw- F∂Xn-\p- c≠p- `n-∂ap-Jßfp≠v.- H∂v-: D¬-]∂w- F∂\n-ebn-ep-≈ km-ºØn-I em-t`—bn¬A[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b ap-Jw.- c≠v-: cm-{„o-bXm¬-]cyw- h®p-]p-e¿-Øp∂Xn-\m¬- `cWh¿-KØn-s‚ Bib˛cm-{„o-b {]Xy-bim-kv{Xßtfm-Sp- tN¿-∂p-\n-∂v- t\´ßƒ- D≠m-°p-∂ hn-Ir-Xap-Jw.- apXem-fn-Ø N´°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ GsXm-cp- "_n-kn-\kv'ÿm-]\sØbpw-t]m-se,- am-[y-aßfn¬- Hcp-hn-`m-Kw- ÿm-]\h¬Icn-°s∏´n-cp-°p-∂p F∂¿-Yw.7

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpwCXns\m-cp- adp-hiw- Iq--Sn-bp-≠v.- ap-Xem-fn-Ø km-aq-ly-hyhÿbn¬- em-t`—tbm-sS {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ am-[y-aßfn¬- GdnbIqdpw- CSXp-]£hn-cp≤Pz-cw- ]S¿-Øm≥- {ian-°p-∂p F∂XmWv- AXv.- CXp- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-Wv.- CØcsam-cp- Zim-k‘n--bntIcfØn-se Np-h∂ cm-{„ob`q-an-Ibnse am-[ya{]h¿-Ø\sØ hn-ebn-cp-Øp-∂Xm-Wv- "tIcf hn-Ik\w-: CSXp-]£hpw- am[yaßfpw'- F∂ Cu- ]pkv-XIw. am-[yatIkcn-Ifm-b kz-tZim-`nam-\n- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈bp-sSbpw- tIkcn- _m-eIr-jv-W]n-≈bpsSbpw- \m-´n¬-Xs∂bm-Wv- CSXp-]£Øn-s\Xn-sc Cu- am-[y-a B{IaWw- \S°p-∂Xv.- CXp- Ncn-{XØn-s‚ Ip-Xq-lew-Xs∂.tIcfw- C∂sØ\n-ebn-¬- ]p-tcm-KXn-bp-sS ]Shp-Iƒ- Xm-≠nsbØn-bXv- Iayq-Wnkv-‰v- {]ÿm-\ßfp-sSbpw- Ah t\Xr-Xzw- \¬Ip-∂ CSXp-]£Øn-s‚bpw- A[zm-\-^ew- sIm-≠m-Wv.- kz-m-`m-hnIam-bpw- -Cu- ]cn-{iaØn¬- FXn¿-∏p-Ifpw- ASn-®a¿-Øep-Ifpwt\cntS≠n-h∂n-´p-≠v- Cu- {]ÿm-\߃-°v.- sFIy-tIcf∏n-dhn-°ptijap-≈ tIcfØn-se CSXp-]£ {]ÿm-\ßfp-sS Ncn-{Xhpwhn-Ik\]cn-t{]£y-hpw- Hs´m-s° `mw-Kn-bm-bn- Cu- ]pkvX - IØn¬hn-iZo-Icn-°p-hm≥- {ian-®n-´p-≠v.CXn-s\m-∏w,- Cu- Ncn-{Xk‘n-bn¬- heXp-]£ am-[y-a߃CSXp-]£tØm-Spw- AhbpsS hn-Ik\Im-gv-N∏mSp-Iƒ,- \bkao]\߃- F∂n-htbm-Sp-w- FSp-Ø,- FSp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn--°p-∂ \n-e]mSp-Ifpw- hn-iZo-Icn-°p-∂p-≠v.- 1957˛59 Im-esØ H∂mw- Iayq-Wn-kv‰v- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Im-ew-ap-Xep-≈ GXm-\pw- kw-`h߃- Bkv-]Zam°n-bm-Wv- Cu- Zu-Xyw- \n¿-hln-°m≥- {ian-®n-´p-≈Xv.- AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ t]m-cm-bv-aIƒ- \n-gen-t®°mw.- AXp- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-Wv.FdWm-Ip-fw- Pn-√bn-se Im-°\m-Sv- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ tIcf {]kvA°m-Zan- \¬In-b am-[ya kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏n-s‚ klm-btØm-sSbmWv- Cu- kw-cw-`w- ]q¿-Øn-bm°n-bXv.- A°m-Zan- ap≥- sNb¿-am≥{io.- Fkv- B¿- i‡n-[c≥-,- Ct∏m-gsØ sNb¿-am≥- {io.- F≥]n- cm-tP{µ≥,- A°m-Zan- sk{I´dn- {io--aXn.- tcWp-I,- a‰v- kv-‰m-^vAw-K߃- F∂nh¿-°v- Fs‚ kv-t\lkm-{µam-b \µn- {]Im-in∏n-°p-∂p.]p-kX v- Iw- Cu- \n-ebn¬- ]q¿-Øn-bm°m≥ \n-ch-[n- t]cp-sS klmbw- e`n-®p.- ssIsøgp-Øp-{]Xn- t\m-°n- th≠ Xn-cp-Øep-Iƒ- \n¿tZin-® kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ,- F\n-°p- hgn-Im-´n-b "tZim-`n-am-\n'- Atkmkn-tb‰v- FUn-‰¿ {io.- ]n- Fw- at\m-Pv,- ssS∏v- sk‰n-Mn-\p- klm-bn® hn- Sn- Po-hcm-Pv,- ]n- tPym-Xn-kv,- Fkv- {]ho¨,- kn- B¿- em¬,{]q^v- t\m-°n-b sI Fkv- em-en-®≥- Xp-Sßn-bhtcm-Spw- F\n-°p≈ kv-t\lhpw- \µn-bpw- hm-°p-Iƒ-°Xo-Xw.kv-t\l]q¿-hw-

Im-bw-Ip-fw-,20˛07˛2012.-

Fw- kp-tc{µ≥ 8

D≈S°whm¿-Ø ]hn-{Xam-Wv-; A`n-{]m-bw- kz-X{¥hpw ...........................11 am-[y-a߃- C¥y-bn¬- ......................................................................... 15 am-[y-a߃ tIcfØn¬- ..................................................................... 19 am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- kzm-[o-\w- ................................................................... 23 sF-Iy-tI-cf - ∏ - n-dh - n- ............................................................................... 27 B-Zy-\n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- ........................................................ 31 B-Zy-k¿-°m-cn-s‚- `-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- .............................................. 38 ]p-Xp-bp-K∏ - n-dh - n- ..................................................................................... 43 hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- tI-fn-sIm-´v- ................................................. 47 hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-te-°v- .................................................................... 54 P\Io-bm-kq-{XWhpw- am-[y-aßfpw- .............................................. 59 sXcs™Sp-∏pw- am-[y-aßfpw- ......................................................... 64 tIcfhn-Ik\hpw- am-[y-aß-fpw- ..................................................... 77

9

A[ymbw-˛1

"hm¿-Ø ]hn-{Xam-Wv-; A`n-{]m-bw- kz-X{¥hpw-'B[p-\n-I tIcfw- kr-„n-°p-∂Xn¬- sNdp-X√m-Ø ]¶p-hln-® ÿm]\ßfm-Wv- \Ωp-sS \m-´n-se am-[ya߃.- ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ- Gsdbp-s≠∂v- Adn-bm-sXb√ "am-[y-a߃'-- F∂p- {]tbm-Kn-®Xv.- Im-cWw,- kz-m-X{¥y ]q¿-h C¥y-bn-¬- ]q-¿-Wam-bpw- kzm-X{¥y-m-\¥c C¥y-bn-¬- BZy- aq-∂c]Xn-‰m-t≠m-fhpw- P\Po-hnXhp-am-bn- \n-c¥cw- kw-hZn-®n-cp-∂Xv- Zn-\]{XßfpwHcp-]cn-[n-hsc tdUnt-bm-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sm-WvsSen-hn-js‚ IS∂p-hchv.- Cu- Ncn-{XkXyw- Adn-bmsXb√ B[p-\n-I tIcf kr-„n-bn¬- "am-[y-a-ßfp-sS ]¶n'--s\∏‰n- ]d™Xv.B[p-\n-I Im-eL´Øn-¬- am-[y-aßsf∂p- s]mXp-sh hn-h£n-°p-∂Xv- Zn-\]{X߃,- tdUn-tbm-,- kn\n-a,- -sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Iƒ- F∂n-hsbm-s°- tN¿Øm-Wv.- C∂n-t∏mƒ- Cu- \n¿-hN\Øn-\pw- s]m-fns®gp--Øv- th≠n-h∂n-cn-°p-∂p.- C‚¿-s\‰v,- C˛sabn¬,Hm¿-°q-´v,- tªm-Kp-Iƒ,- Szn-‰¿,- s^bv-kv-_p-°v,- samss_¬-t^m¨,- Fkv-Fw-Fkv- F∂n-hsbm-s° B[p\n-I am-[y-aßfp-sS hn-hn-[ ap-Jßfm-bn- \Ωp-sS Po-hn-X]cn-kcßfn¬- hen-btXm-Xn¬- kzm-[o-\w- sNepØn- t ∏m- c p- ∂ p.- Chbn¬- GsX¶n- e pw- Ht∂m,- NneL´ßfn¬- H∂n-e[n-Itam- am-[y-aßsf B{ibn-°msX \ap-°p- Zn-\cm-{X߃- X≈n-\o°m≥- Ign-bn-√ F∂ph∂n-cn-°p-∂p.11

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Chn-sS {]k‡am-b Hcp- tNm-Zyw- Dbcp-∂p--: F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv- Zn-\]{Xßfpw- sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Ifpw\Ωp-sS Pohn-XØn¬- C{Xtbsd kzm-[o-\w- sNeØp-∂Xv?DØcw- efn-Xw.am-[y-a߃- Ahbp-sS hn-]W\X{¥Øn¬- hen-b hn-PbwssIh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- a\p-jy-s\ Xn-I®pw- {`am-flIam-sbm-cp- temItØ°p- \bn-°m-\pw- Ahs\ Hcp-Xcw- acW°p-cp-°n¬- Xfbv°m-\pw- \n-c¥cw- \SØn-hcp--∂ {]Nm-cWtIm-em-le߃-hgn- am[y-a߃°p- Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.CXp-]t£,- {]iv-\Øn-s‚ Hcp-hiw- am-{Xw-.- hn-]W\X{¥wF∂Xp- ap-Xem-fn-ØØn-s‚ ASbm-fam-W.v - Nc°p-Ifp-sS D¬-]m-Z\w,hn-XcWw,- hn-‰gn-°¬- F∂n-hbn¬- ap-Xem-fn-Øw- acym-Zbp-sSbpw- kzm`m-hn-I\o--Xn-bp-sSbpw- IWn-I Im-´n-√. ap-Xem-fn-Øtem-IsØ am-[yaßfpw Cu- hgn-bn-eq-sSXs∂ k©cn-°p-∂p.- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpwam-[y-aßfp-sS hn-]W\X{¥Øn¬- A¤p-Xw- tXm-t∂≠ Im-cyhp-an-√.C°m-cy-߃- 19˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ a[y-ZiIßfn¬-Xs∂ Imd¬- am¿-Iv-kpw- s{^Udn-Iv- Gw-K’pw- im-k{v-Xo-b-am-bn- ]cn-tim[n-®n-cp-∂p.- 1845˛46¬- Ccp-hcpw- tN¿-s∂gp-Xn-b "P¿-Ω≥- {]Xyb im-kv-{Xw'- F∂ {KŸØn¬- Cu- {]iv-\w- N¿-®sNøp-∂p.- Ah¿]dbp-∂p: ""`cWh¿-K Bib߃- Xs∂bm-Wv- AXXp- Im-eL´Ønse- ta[m-hn-Øw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂ Bib߃.- F∂p-h®m¬,- GXph¿-Kw- kaq-lØn¬- ta[m-hn-Øw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂ i‡n-bm-bn- {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-thm-,- B i‡n-Iƒ -Xs∂bm-bn-cn-°pw A°m-esØ ta[m-hn-Øw- ÿm-]n-°p-∂ _u-≤n-Ii‡n-bpw...''Iay-q-Wn-kv-‰v- am-\n-s^kv-t‰m-bn-epw- C°m-cyw- am¿-Iv-kpw- GwK’pw- \n-co-£n-°p-∂p-≠v.am-\n-s^kv-t‰m- ]dbp-∂p-: ""`uXn-tIm-¬] -- m-Z\w- am-dp-∂Xn-\p-kcn-®v _p-≤n-]cam-b D¬-]mZ\hpw- am-dp-∂p≠t√m.- Hm-tcm- Im-eL´Øn-sebpw- `cn-°p-∂ Bib߃- F√m-bv-t]m-gp-w- A∂sØ `cWm-[n-Im-cn-h¿-KØn-s‚ Bibßfm-bn-cp-∂p.-''CXn¬-\n-∂p- Hcp- Im-cyw- hy-‡am-Ip-∂p.- -Hm-tcm- Im-eL´Ønsebpw- `cWh¿-Kßfpw- Ahbp-sS Io-gn-ep≈ _u-≤n-Ii‡nIfpw- kaq-lØn¬- ta[m-i‡n-Ifm-bn- am-dp-∂p. Ah XØz-Ønepw- {]tbm-KØn-epw- kaq-lØn-se- _lp-`q-cn-]£w- hcp-∂ ASn12

"hm¿-Ø ]hn-{Xam-Wv-; A`n-{]m-bw- kz-X{¥hpw'-

®a¿-Øs∏Sp-∂h¿-°pw- km-[m-cW°m¿-°pw- Xn-I®pw- FXn-cp-ambn-cn--°pw.- At∏mƒ- AXXp- kaq--lØn¬- AXn-\n¿-Wm- bI kzm[o-\w- sNep-Øp-∂ am-[y-aßfp-sS ÿnXn-sb∏‰n- {]tXy-Iw- FSpØp-]dtb≠Xn-√.- `cWh¿K {]Xy-bim-kv-{Xhpw- \bßfpw{]Xn-^en-∏n-°p-∂ IÆm-Sn-Ifm-bn- h≥-In-S am-[y-a߃- am-dp-∂pF∂Xm-Wv- h¿-Øam-\Im-e bm-Ym¿-Yy-hpw- A\p-`hhpw.e≠\nse {]kn-≤n-bm¿-Pn-® ao-Un-b kv-‰m≥-tU¿-Uv- {Skv-‰vF∂ kz-Im-cy- am-[y-aw- ASp-ØIm-eØv- im-kv-{Xobam-b Nn-e ]T\߃- \SØp-Ibp-≠m-bn.- am-[y-aßfp-sS {]h¿-Ø\co-Xn,- hm¿Øm-hn-\ym-kw,- km-am-\y- P\ßfp-sS \n-Xy-Pohn-Xw- t\cn-Sp-∂ {]iv\ßfn¬- Ah kzo-Icn-°p-∂ \n-e]m-Sv- F∂n-hsbm-s° {Skv-‰v\SØn-b ]T\ßfp-sS KthjW]cn-kcßfm-bn-cp-∂p.- sR´n-∏n°p-∂ ]e hkv-Xp-XIfpw- Cu- ]T\w- ]p-dØp-sIm-≠p-h∂p.- Ah bn¬- ]eXpw- \Ωp-sS h¿-Øam-\Im-eØv- am-[y-a߃- kzo-Icn°p-∂ P\hn-cp-≤Xbv-°pw- Ahsb {Kkn-®n-cn-°p-∂ Po¿-WXbv°pw- ASn-hcbn-Sp-∂Xm-bn.am-[y-aßfn-se aq-ey-Nyp-Xn-,- Xßfp-sS Xm¬]cy-߃- kwc£n-°p-∂Xn-\p kw-`hßsf sX‰m-bpw- hfs®m-Sn-®pw- h{Io-Icn®pw- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sNøp-I,- hy-‡n-hn-tcm-[w- Xo¿-°m≥- am-[yaßsf Zp-cp-]tbm-Kn-°p-I,- hm-b\°m-sc {`an-∏n-°p-∂ XcØn¬- kw`hßsf Atßb‰w- sk≥- t kjWem- b n- AhXcn- ∏ n- ° p- I ,P\ßfp-sS kz-Im-cy-Xbv-°p-ta¬- IS∂p-Ibdp-I Xp-Sßn-b IpX{¥ßfnte°v- - _lp-`q-cn-]£w- am-[y-aßfpw- FSp-sØdn-bs∏´ncn--°p-∂p- F∂m-Wv- {Skv-‰n-s‚ ]T\ßfn¬- shfn-s∏´Xv-.- h¿-Øam\Im-esØ am-[y-aßfp-sS co-Xn-im-kv-{Xw- C∆n-[w- A[:]Xn-®XvGhscbpw- Bi¶bn-emgv-Øpw- F∂p-d∏m-Wt√m.am-[y-aßfp-sS C∂sØ ÿn-Xn-sb∏‰n- Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒh¿-Øam\Im-esØ km¿-htZio-b ]cn-kcßfpw- tem-IkmºØn-I{Iahpw- ]cn-KWn-t®Xo-cq-.- 1990Ifp-sS Xp-S°Øn¬- tkmhn-b‰v- bq-Wnbs‚ XI¿-® AXphsc \n-e\n-∂ tem-I{IaØn¬hºn-® A´n-adn-bm-Wv- kr-„n-®Xv.- Ggp-]Xn-‰m-t≠m-fw- \n-e\n-∂ tkm-hn-b‰v- bq-Wn-bs\- XI¿-°m≥- Atacn-°≥- km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬- temIap-Xem-fn-Øw- \n-c¥cw- A´n-adn-{ia߃\SØn-.- CXn-s\m-Sp-hn-em-Wv tkm-hn-b‰v- bq-Wn-b≥- tKm¿-_t®mhn-s‚ Im-eØv- XI¿-∂Xv.- CtXm-sS tem-I{Iaw- Io-gvta¬- adn™p.- BtKm-fh¬-IcWØn-s‚ Xp-S°w- Chn-sS\n-∂m-Wv.- BtKm13

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

fh¬-IcWw- F∂m¬- Atacn-°≥- km-{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s‚ BtKmfhym- ] \hpw- AXn- \ p- t h≠n- b p- ≈ A[n- \ n- t hißfp- a √m- s X as‰¥m-Wv?- "kΩXn-Ifp-sS \n¿-Ωn-Xn: _lp-P\am-[y-aßfp-sS A¿Yim-kv-{Xw' (Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of The Mass Media) F∂ hn-Jym-Xam-b {KŸØn¬- t\mw- tNm-w-kvInbpw- FtUz¿-Uv- sl¿-Ω\pw- C°m-cyw- ka{Kam-bn- {]Xn-]m-Zn°p-∂p-≠v.-

14

A[ym-bw˛2-

am-[y-a߃- C¥y-bn¬C¥y-bn-se A®Sn- am-[y-aßfp-sS Ncn-{XØn-\p- 230 h¿-jsØ ]g°tabp-≈p.- {_n-´ojv- `cWØn≥-Iogn¬- 1780 P\p-hcn-bn-em-Wv- cm-Py-sØ BZy-sØ ]{Xw"_w-Km-ƒ- Kk‰v'- {]kn-≤o-IcWw- Xp-Sßn-bXv.- CXn\p- "I¬-°Ø P\d¬- AUz-¿-ssSk¿' F∂pw- t]cp≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- _w-Km-fn-se skdw-]p-¿- an-j≥- {]kn-¬A®Sn-® CXn-s‚ BZy-]Xn-∏v- 1780 P\p-hcn- 29\m-Wv]p-dØn-dßn-bXv.- Cw-•o-jn-en--dßn-b CXn-s‚ Np-cp°t∏cm-bn-cp-∂p- _w-Kmƒ- Kk‰v- F∂Xv.- _w-KmƒKk‰n-s‚ ÿm-]I≥- Cw-•≠p-Im-c\m-b Pbnw-kvBKkv-‰v-kv- ln-°n-sb "C¥y≥- hrØm-¥]{XßfpsS ]n-Xm-hv-'- F∂p- hn-tijn-®n-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.1785¬- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p- Xp-Sßn-b Zn- a{Zm-kv- sImdn-b¿- BWv sXt°bn-¥y-bn-se BZy-]{Xw.-- 1789emWv- t_m-w-s_bn¬- \n-∂p-≈ BZy- ]{Xw- shfn-®wI≠Xv-˛ t_mw-s_ sldmƒ-Uv.- ASp-Øh¿-jw- t_mws_ sIm-dn-b¿- F∂ ]{Xw- ]p-dØn-dßn.- t_mw-s_ sIm-dn-b¿- BWv- ]n¬-°m-eØv- ssSw-kv- Hm-^v- C¥yF∂t]cn¬- {]kn-≤am-bXv.- BZy-sØ C¥y≥- `mjm-]{Xhpw- _w-Km-fn¬ \n-∂p-Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p.- 1818 sabv- 23\p- BZy-]Xn-∏p- ]p-dØn-d°n-b "kam-Nm¿- Z¿∏¨-'- BWn-Xv.Xp-S¿-∂v,- 1822 Pq-sse H∂n-\p- t-_m-w-s_bn¬- \n∂p-Xs∂ BZy- Kp-Pdm-Øn-]{Xw- "t-_mw--s_ kam-Nm¿'15

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

shfn®w- I≠p.- BZy- ln-µn- ]{Xam-b "Du-X‚ v- am¿-Øm-fiv'- 1826¬Xp-Sßn.- 1878 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 20\p- sNss∂bn¬-\n-∂p- Pn- kp{_“Wy- Aø¿- "Zv- ln-µp-'- ]{Xw- Xp-Sßn.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]{Xßfp-sS h≥-\n-cXs∂ cm-Py-Øv- {]kn-≤o-IcWw- Bcw-`n-®p.- Chbn¬- C•ojpw- C¥y-≥- `m-jIfm-b adm-Øn,- Kp-Pdm-Øn,- I∂S,-- sXe¶v,Xan-gv,- Hdn-b,- Bkm-ao-kv-,- aebm-fw- Xp-Sßn-b `m-jm-]{XßfpwDƒ-s∏Spw.- -45 Cw-•o-jv- ]{X߃- Dƒ-s∏sS 225 Hm-fw- ]{X߃C¥y-bn¬- C∂p- {]Nm-cØn-ep-≠v.- Chbv-s°√mw- Iq-Sn- 99 Zie£wtIm-∏n-Ifp-ap-≠v.1923 Pq--Wn-em-Wv- BZy- tdUn-tbm- kv-t‰j≥- cm-Py-Øv- ÿm-]n®Xv.- t_m-w-s_bn-se tdUn-tbm- ¢∫v- Bbn-cp-∂p- AXv.- 1926¬"C¥y≥- t{_m- U v - I m- k v - ‰ n- M v - Iº\n'- F∂t]cn¬- kz- I m- c ytaJebn¬ tdUn-tbm- {]t£]Ww- Xp-Sßm≥- A∂sØ {_n-´ojv C¥y- k¿-°m¿- A\p-aXn- \¬-In.- Cu- kz-Im-cy-Iº\n- t_mws_bn¬- 1927 Pq-sse 23\pw- I¬-°´bn¬- B h¿-jw- Hm-Kkv-‰v26\pw- tdUntbm- kv-t‰j\p-Iƒ- ÿm-]n-®p.- F∂m¬- 1930 am¿-®vH∂n-\p- Cu- Iº\n- en-Izn-tU‰p- sNbv-Xp.- Bkv-Xn-˛_m-[y-XIƒk¿-°m¿- Gs‰Sp-ØSpØ--Xn-s\Xp-S¿-∂v "C¥y≥- kv-t‰‰v- t{_m-UvIm-kv-‰n-Mv- k¿-ho-kv-'- (sFFkv-_n-Fkv)- F∂ t]cn¬- ]co-£WmSn-ÿm-\Øn¬- 1932 sabv-hscbp-≈ c≠p-h¿-jw- {]t£]Ww\SØn.- 1932 Pq¨- F´n-\p- CXv- "Hmƒ- C-¥y- tdUn-tbm-'- F∂ t]cp kzo-Icn-®p.- 1937¬- Hmƒ- C¥y- tdUn-tbm- "BIm-ihm-Wn-'F∂p- t]cp- kzo-Icn-®p. -alm-Ihn- cho-{µ\m-Y Sm-tKm-dm-Wv- Cut]cp- \n-¿-tZin-®Xv.- cm-Py-w- kzm-X{¥yw- t\Sp-∂L´Øn¬- C¥ybn¬- Bdp- tdUn-tbm- kv-t‰j\p-Iƒ- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- U¬-ln,- t_mw-s_,- I¬-°´,- a{Zm-kv,- eIv-t\m,- Xn-cp-®n F∂n-hn-S-ßfn-em-bn-cp∂p- Ah.kzm-X{¥y\m-¥cw- 1959¬- sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t{]jWw- sU¬ln-bn¬-\n-∂v- Bcw-`n-®p.- sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t{]jWØn-s‚ Ip-ØI BZy-L´Øn¬- tI{µk¿-°m-cn¬- \n-£n-]v-Xam-bn-cp-∂p.- CXn-\mbn- Zq-cZ¿-i≥- F∂ Iº\n-bpw- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.- BIm-ihm-Wnbp-sSbpw- Zq-cZ¿-is‚bpw- {]h¿-Ø\߃- \n-b¥n-°m≥- tI{µk¿°m-cn-\p- Io-gn¬- C≥-^¿-taj≥- B‚ v- t{_m-Uv-Im-kv-‰n-Mv- a{¥mebhpw- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.- Cu- hIp-∏m-Wv- cm-Py-sØ kz-Im-cy- sSenhn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Ifp-sSbpw- {]h¿-Ø\w- \nb{-¥n-°p-∂Xv.16

am-[y-a߃- C¥y-bn¬-

Chn- s S {i≤n- t °≠ Hcp- kw- K Xn- b p- ≠ v . - tZio- b kzmX{¥y{]ÿm-\Øn-s‚ Dt]m¬-]∂am-Wv- C¥y-bn--se am-[ya߃.kzm-X{¥y-]q¿-h L´Øn¬- Ahbv-°p- s]m-Xp-hm-sbm-cp- e£y-ap≠m-bn-cp∂p˛ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ kz-m-X{¥yw- F∂ e£yw.- Cu-b¿YØn¬- ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ- C¥y-bn-se am-[y-a߃-°p- as‰mcp- khn-tijXIq-Sn- Is≠Øm-\m-Ipw. C¥y≥-- am-[y-a߃- A°meØv- Db¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-® km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-≤Xbm-Wv B khn-tijX.CXp-]t£- kzm-X{¥y-{]m]v-Xn-tbm-sS ssItam-iw- h∂p- F∂Xvas‰m-cp- Im-cyw!

F∂n-cp-∂m-epw-,- s]m-Xp-sh C¥y-bn-se am-[y-a߃-˛ BZyL´Øn¬- A®Sn- am-[y-a߃-˛ \m-Sn-s‚ kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\pw- P\m[n-]Xym-hIm-i߃-°pw- ]u-ckzm-X¥y-Øn-\pw- th≠n- \n-esIm≠p- F∂p- Im-Wm≥- hn-jaan-√.- CXn-\p- Hcp- ]cn-[n-hsc klm-bn®Xv-,- P\m-[n-]Xy-kaq-lØn¬- am-[y-aßfp-sS ]¶v- hy-‡hpwi‡hp-am-bn- Xn-cn-®dn-™ alm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS khn-tijam-b CSs]Sem-bn-cp-∂p.- bMv- C¥y,- \hPo-h≥,- lcn-P≥- Xp-Sßn-b {]kn-≤o-IcWßfn-eq-sS Km-‘n-Pn- \SØn-b tZikv-t\l{]tNmZn- X am--b {]Nm- c Ww- , - kzm- X {¥yw- t\tS≠Xn- s ‚ BhiyIXsbbpw- AXn-\p- kzo-Icnt°≠ am¿-Kßsfbpw- Ip-dn-®v- \nc¥cw- P\ßsf t_m-[h¬-Icn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.as‰m--c¿YØn¬,- tZio-b kzm--X{¥y-{]ÿm-\Øn-s‚ Nq-Spw-Nqcpw- G‰p-hm-ßn-bm-Wv- C¥y-bn¬ ]{X߃- hf¿-∂ph∂Xv.- kzmX{¥y-]q¿-hIm-eØv- C¥y≥- ]{X߃-°p- P\ßfp-sS hn-izm-kyX Gsd B¿-Pn-°m≥- Ign™Xv- C°m-cWØm-em-Wv.- {_n-´o-jpIm-cp-sS Im-eØv- C¥y-bn-se hn-hn-[ \m-´p-cm-Py-ßfn-¬- Db¿-∂ph∂ \thm-∞m-\{]ÿm-\ßfm-Wv- bYm¿-YØn¬- cm-Py-Øv- kzmX{¥ym-`n-em-jw hf¿-Øp-∂Xn-\p-≈ hn-Øp-Iƒ-- ]m-In-bXv.- Cuss]Xr-Iw- G‰p-hm-ßn- hn-hn-[ tZißfn¬- hy-Xy-kv-Xcq-]Øn¬\m-Sn-s‚ tam-N\w- e£y-am-bn- {]Jy-m-]n-®v- Ht´sd kw-LS\Iƒcq-]w-sIm≈p-Ibpw- hn-hn-[ {]h¿-Ø\ßfn¬- G¿-s∏Sp-IbpwsNbv-Xp.tZio-bkzm-X{¥yw- F∂- e£yw- km-£m-Xv-Icn-°m-\m-Wv- cq]w-sIm-≠ \mƒ-ap-X¬- ]{Xßfpw- {ian-®p-t]m-∂Xv.- Ahbn¬- `mjm- ] {Xßsft∂m- tZio- b ]{Xßsft∂m- D≈ hy- X ym- k ta 17

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

{]ISa√m-bn-cp-∂p.- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\p th≠n-bp-≈ A`n\n-thiwcm-Py-Øv- hf¿-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- AXn-s\ C¥y-°m-cp-sS lr-Zbhn-Imcam-bn- \n-e\n¿-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- \Ωp-sS ]{X߃- hln-®n-´p-≈ ]¶vtZio-bkzm-X{¥y- {]ÿm-\Øn-s‚ Ncn-{Xhp-am-bn- At`Zy-amwhn[w- CgtN¿-∂n-cn-°p-∂p F∂¿-Yw.

18

A[ym-bw-˛3

am-[y-a߃ tIcfØn¬P¿-a≥-Im-c\pw- `m-jm-]fin-X\p-am-b tUm.- sl¿-a≥Kp-≠¿-´v- (1814˛1898)- Xp-Sßn-b "cm-Py-kam-Nm-cw'- BWvBZy- aebm-f ]{Xw.- ]p-tcm-ln-X\m-bn-cp-∂ At±lwan-jWdn- {]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ `m-Kam-bn- Xeticn-bn-se C√n-°p-∂n¬- Xm-a-kn-®phcsh, 1847 PqWn-em-Wv- cmPy-kam-Nm-cw- Bcw-`n-®Xv.- C√n-°p-∂n-se _m-k¬]≈n-tbm-Sp- tN¿-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ I√®n-em--bn-cp-∂paebm-fØn-s‚ BZy-]{XØn-s‚ "]n-dhn.'sl¿-a≥- Kp-≠¿-´n-s‚ in-jy≥- F^v- ap-≈dp-sS ]{Xm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- ]p-dØn-dßn-b "]iv-Nntam-Zbw'BWv- ae-bm-fØn-se c≠m-aØ ]{Xw-.- cm-Py-kamNm-cw- ss{Ikv-Xhn-izm-kw {]Ncn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\p- Du∂¬- \¬-In-bt∏mƒ- ]iv-Nntam-Zbw- Ip-td°q--Sn- hy-Xykv-XX ]p-e¿-Øp-Ibpw- s]m-Xp-Im-cy-{]k‡n-b≈ D≈S-°Øm¬- {i≤n-°s∏Sp-Ibpw- D≠m-bn.- ss{IkvX]p-tcm-ln-X¿- ap-≥-ssIsbSpØp-- {]kn-≤o-Icn-® ⁄m-\\n-t£]w,- hn-Zym-kw-{Klw- Xp-Sßn-b am-knIIfpw- ]n-∂o-Sp- shfn-®wI≠p.

F∂m-¬,- aebm-fØn-se BZy- hm¿-Øm-]{XwAYhm,- hr-Øm-¥]{Xw- 1866¬- sIm-®n-bn¬-\n-∂p- ]pdØp-h∂ "shkv-t‰¨-kv-‰m¿'- F∂ Cw-•ojv- ]{XamWv.- sXm-´p-]n-∂m-se BZy- aebm-f Zn-\]{Xw- "]iv-NnaXm-cI'-bpw- AtXXp-S¿-∂v- tIcf]Xm-I,- kµn-„hmZn,- kXy-\m-ZIm-lfw-,- \{km-Wn- Zo-]n-I (C∂sØ 19

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Zo-]n-I ]{Xw-) Xp-Sßnbhbpw- {]Ncn-®p-Xp-Sßn. 1887 G{]n¬- 15\pC∂sØ ]Ø\w-Xn-´ Pn-√bn-se am-∂m-\Øp- \n∂m-Wv- \{kmWn- Zo-]n-I ]p-dØn-dßn-bXv.- ]n-∂o-Sv- tIcfan-{Xw,- aebmf at\m-ca,- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n,tIkcn,- am-Xr-`q-an,- {]`m-Xw-,- tZim-`n-am-\n,- P\bp-Kw,- Iu-ap-Zn,tIcfIu-ap-Zn,- N{µn-I,- aw-Kfw,- am-[yaw,- kn-dm-Pv,- tXPkv- Xp-Sßnb ]{Xßfpw- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p- Xp-Sßn.cm-Py-Øn-s‚ at‰Xp- {]tZisØ At]£n-®v km-£cXbn¬Gsd ap-∂n-em-sWt√m- tIcfw.- A®Sn- am-[y-a߃- {]Np-c{]Nmcw- t\Sn-b-Xn-\p- tIcfØn-s‚ khn-tijam-b Cu-sbm-cp- ]iv-NmØew- Hs´m-∂p-a√ klm-bn-®Xv.- CXn-s\m-cp- adp-hiw- Iq-Sn-bp-≠v.kzm-X{¥y-]q¿-hL´Øn¬-,- hn-tijn-®v- 20˛mw-\q-‰m-≠n-s‚ BZy-]IpXn-bn¬- tIcfØn-se am-[ya߃-°p- c≠p- [m-cIfp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.{_n-´o-jv- ta¬-t°m-bv-asb Aw-Ko--Icn-°p-∂hbpw- AXn-s\ \JinJm-¥w- FXn¿-Øv- cm-Pyw- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b ]p-ecn-bn-te°p\o-ßWw- F∂m-{Kln-®hbpw.{]Xy-£Øn¬- \m-Sn-t\m-Sp- Iq-dv- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p- F∂p- \Sn-°pIbpw- D≈S°Øn¬- {_n-´o-jv- tIm-f\n-hm-gv-Nbv-°p- hn-Sp-]WnsNøp-Ibp-am-bn-cp-∂p- BZy-KWØn-se ]{X߃.- aebm-fat\mca,- Zo-]n-I F∂n-h Cu- t{iWn-bn¬- hcpw.- Zo-]n-Ibv-°p- hØn°m-t\m-Sm-bn-cp-∂p- {]Xn-]Øn- Iq-Sp-X¬.- AØcsam-cp- ]{Xw- {_n´o-jv- tIm-f\n-hm-gv-Nsb ]n-¥m-ßn-bn-s√¶n-te A¤p-XØn-\pAhIm-iap-≈q.- aebm-fat\m-cbpw- Cu- Zn-ibn¬-Xs∂ \o-ßn.a-dp-hiØv-,- Hcp-]‰w- ]{X߃- tZio-b kzm-X{¥y-{]ÿm\Øn-s‚ ap-t∂‰Øn¬- Bthiw- sIm-≈p-Ibpw- \m-Sn-s‚ tam-N\wkm-£m-Xv-Icn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ {]h¿-Ø\߃-°p- Du-¿-Pw- ]IcpIbpw- sNbv-Xp.- sI ]n- tIihtat\m≥- Xp-Sßn-b am-Xr-`q-an- CuKWØn¬- A∂p- F¥p-sIm-≠pw- khn-tijam-b ÿm-\w- t\SpIXs∂ sNbv-Xp.- tIkcn- _m-eIr-jv-W]n-≈ Xp-Sßn-b tIkcn-,CFw-Fkv- ap--≥-ssIsbSp-Øp- sjm¿-Wq-cn¬\n-∂p- Xp-Sßn-b {]`mXw,- tIm-gn-t°m-Sp-\n-∂p- B-cw`n-® tZim-`n-am-\n F∂n-hbpw- Ahn`‡ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-´n- sIm-√Øp-\n-∂p- Bcw-`n-® P\bp-Khpwc≠m-asØ KWØnepƒ-s∏Sp-w.- AXn-{][m-\hpw- Ncn-{X]chpam-b ÿm-\w- Ch Ae¶cn-®p.

Chbv-s°√mw- ]p-dsa Xn-cp-hn-Xm-w-Iq-¿,- sIm-®n,- ae_m¿{]tZißfn¬- Ht´sd- {]kn-≤o-IcWßfpw- kzm-X{¥y-{]t£m20

am-[y-a߃- tIcfØn¬-

`Øn-\p- Bthiw- ]I¿-∂p- {]Ncn-®n-cp-∂p.20˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ ap-∏Xp-Ifn-te°v- cm-Pyw- ISs∂Øn-bXvkzm-X{¥y-tam-ln-Ifp-sS BthiIchpw- D-Pz-ehp-am-b {]t£m`Øn-s‚ Xo-®q-fbn-te°m--bn-cp-∂p-.- \n- lIcW{]ÿm-\w,- Zfinbm-{X,- D∏p-kXy-{Klw- Xp-Sßn- FÆa‰ kac߃- A°m-eØvtZihym-]Iam-bn- kzm-X{¥y-kacsØ Pz-en-∏n-®p.- kq-cy-\kv-Xan°mØ km-{am-Py-am-b {_n-´s‚ C¥y≥- ta¬-t°m-bv-a Ahkm-\n∏n-°m≥- \n-ch[n-bm-b P\Io--b{]t£m-`߃-°p- cm-Pyw- km-£ywhln-® \m-fp-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.cm-Py-am-sI kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b {]`m-XØn-te°p- \oßm≥- shº¬-sIm-≠ B L´Øn-epw- {_n-´-s\ ]n-¥p-W®v- ChnsS aebm-fat\m-ca,- Zo-]n-I Dƒ-s∏sS Nn-e ]{X߃- \n-esIm≠p- F∂Xv- \n-km-cam-bn- Im-tW≠Xn-√.- ]n¬-°m-eØp- Im-´m-\ncp-∂ Atßb‰w- A]ISIcam-b cm-{„o-bsshIr-Xßfp-sS {Ukvdn-tlgv-kem-bn-cp-∂p- AsX∂p-am-{Xta Ct∏m-ƒ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈p. kzm-X¥y-e_v-[n-tbm-sS ]{Xßfp-sS cm-{„o-bIm-gv-N∏m-Sv- {Iam\p-KXam-bn- am-dn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.- `m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬- sFIy-tIcfwcp-]o-Icn-°s∏´Xv- Chn-Sp-sØ cm-{„o-bm-¥co-£Øn-epw- hen-b am‰ap-≠m-°n.- kw-ÿm-\cq-]o-Ic-WØn-\p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ i‡n-bm¿Pn-®n-cp-∂ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n tIcfØn¬- _lp-P\]n-¥p-Wbp≈ I£n- b m- b n- hf¿- ∂ p- s Im- ≠ n- c p∂p.- sFIy- t Icf cq- ] oIcWØn-\p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ Iayp-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-sb- `cWIq-ShpwP∑n-˛`q-{]`p- h¿-Khpw- Ahcp-sS Kp-≠m-∏Sbpw- \n-c¥cw- th´bmSn-.- CXn-s‚ ^eam-bn- ]m¿-´n-°p- \n-ch[n- {]h¿-ØIsc _en-sImSpt°≠n-h∂p.Cu- B{IaWØn-s‚ Db¿-∂cq-]am-bn-cp-∂p- 1957¬- _m-e‰vbp-≤Øn-eq-sS tIcfØn-¬- A[n-Im-cØn¬-h∂ CFw-Fkv- k¿°m-cn-s‚ Xm-sgbn-d°m≥- \S∂ Ip-{]kn-≤am-b hn-tam-N\kacw.tIhesam-cp- k¿-°m-cn-s\ Xm-sgbn-d°m≥- \S∂ {]t£m-`am-bncp-∂n-√ CXv.- adn-®v,- tIcfsØ ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- cm-{„o-b˛km-ºØnI Nm-en-eq-sS \bn-°m-\p-≈ cm-{„o-b{ia߃-°pw- AXn-\p- ]qcIam-b- ]ptcm-Ka\- hn-Ik\\b߃-°pw- FXn-sc \S∂ A´nadn- {iaam-bn-cp-∂p- AsX∂p- Im-Wp-∂Xn¬- sX‰n-√.B[p-\n-I tIcfw- ]n-dhn-sIm≠Xv- \q-‰m-≠p-Ifm-bn- {Iam-\pKX-am-bn- hf¿-∂p-h∂ km-aq-ly- ]cn-h¿Ø\Øn-s‚ ^eam-bn-´mWv.- CXn-s‚ Db¿-∂cq-]ßfm-bn-cp-∂p- 19˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm21

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

\tØm-sS cq-]w-sIm-≠ \thm-∞m-\{]ÿm-\߃.- tIcfw- ]n∂o-Sv- km-£yw-hln-® km-aq-ly-˛cm-{„o--b {]ÿm-\߃-°p- _o-Phm-]w- sNbv-XXv- \thm-∞m-\{]ÿm-\ßfm-Wv.- \thm-∞m\{]ÿm-\ßfp-sSbpw- ]n¬-°m-eØv- cq-]w-sIm-≠ km-aq-ly-˛cm{„o-b kw-LS\I-fp-sSbpw- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-Øn-s‚ s]m-Xp-cq]w- CXmbn-cp-∂p: Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿,- sIm-®n,- ae_m¿- F∂n-ßs\ hn-LSn-®p- InS∂,- aebmf`m-j kw-km-cn-°p-∂ P\X A[n-hkn-°p-∂ {]tZi ߃- Iq-´n-t®¿-Øv- sFIy-tIcfw- cq-]o-Icn-°p-I.Cu- e£y-tØm-sS P\-߃-°n-Sbn¬- {]h¿-Øn-®Xn-s‚ KpW^eam-bn-cp-∂p- "57se BZy- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- tIcfØn¬- IayqWn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- t\Sn-b hn-Pbw.- P\m-`n-em-jØn-s\m-Øhn-[w`cWw- \bn-® A∂sØ k¿-°m-cn-s\ Xm-sgbn-d°m≥- Pm-Xn-˛aX kw-LS\Iƒ- H∂n-®p- \SØnb hn-tam-N\kacØn¬- Hcp-]‰w- am[y-a߃- hln-® ]¶v- ]ecpw- ]n¬-°m-eØv- ]T\hn-t[bam-°n-.tIcfØn-s‚ am-[ya-Ncn-{Xw- tXSp-∂ GsXm-cmƒ-°pw- A{X s]s´∂p- Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\m-hp-∂X√ hn-tam-N\ kac\m-fp-Ifn-se ]{Xßfp-sS s]m-bv-ap-Jw.- A{Xta¬- Pp-Kp-]v-km-hlambn-cp-∂pAhbp-sS hm¿-Øm-hn-\ym-kco-Xn. tIcfØn- s ‚ ]p- t cm- K Xn- b n¬- CSXp- ] £w- hln- ® ]¶v Fs¥∂p- hn-ebn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ- C°m-cyw-Iq-Sn- ]cn-KWn-t°≠n- hcnI kzm-`mhn-Iw-.-

22

A[ym-bw-˛4

am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- kzm-[o-\wC-cp-]-Øn-sb-´p- kw-ÿm-\-߃- Iq-Sn-t®-cp-∂- C-¥ybn¬- a-s‰m-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øpw- sN-ep-Øm-Ø- kzm-[o\-am-Wv- am-[y-a-߃-°p- tI-c-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- C-Xn¬- A®-Sn-am-[y-sa-t∂m- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-sa-t∂m- {im-hy-am-[y-asa-t∂m- hy-Xym-k-an-√.- am-[y-a-߃- h-≥tXm-Xn¬- kzm[o-\w-sN-ep-Øp-∂- `q-an-I-bm-Wv- tI-c-fw- F-∂¿-Yw.- cPn-kv-{Sm¿- t^m¿- \yq-kv- t]-t∏-gv-kv- t^m¿- C-¥y-bpsS- G-‰-hpw- H-Sp-hn-e-sØ- I-W-°p-{]-Im-cw- C-¥y-bn¬H-cp-e-£w-t]¿-°p- i-cm-i-cn- 1300 tIm-∏n- ]-{Xw- A-®Sn-°p-∂p.- tI-c-f-Ønem-Is´,- c-≠-c-U-k-t\m-fw- ]-{Xß-fp-sS- 42 e-£w- tIm-∏n-Iƒ- hn-X-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂p.- k-aq-l-Øn-se- Xm-tg-X-´n-ep-≈- G-Xp- km-[m-c-W°m-c-\pw- ]-{X-߃- A-{]m-]y-a-√- F-∂¿-Yw. ]-s≠m-s°- td-Un-tbm-bv-°p- k-aq-l-Øn¬- h-enb- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øm-≥ I-gn-™n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- C∂v- B- ÿm-\w- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-߃- F-∂p- s]m-Xp-shhn-h-£n-°p-∂- Sn-hn- Nm-\-ep-Iƒ- ssI-ø-S-°n.- tI-c-fØn¬- C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-®- I-W-°p-Iƒ- B-cp-sS-bpw- s\‰n-Np-fn-°pw.-- HºXv- kz-Im-cyI-º-\n-I-fp-sS- \n-b-{¥-WØn-ep-≈- 15 Nm-\-ep-Iƒ- tI-c-f-Øn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°p∂p.- Bdv- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\-ep-I-fpw- C-hn-sS-bp-≠v.- ssIc-fn- ]o-∏nƒ-kv,- a-t\m-c-a- \yq-kv,- G-jym-s\-‰v- \yq-kv,C-¥ym-hn-j≥ - ,- dn-t∏m¿-´¿,- Pbvl - n-µv- F-∂n-hb - m-Wv- hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ.- C-h-bv-°p-]p-d-sa- Uk≥-I-W-°n-\p23

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

{]m-tZ-in-I-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ-- tI-c-f-Øn¬- D-S-\o-fw- {]-h¿-Ø-\-irw-J-eÿm-]n-®n-´p-≠v.Zn-\-]-{Xw,- a-[ym-”-˛-km-bm-”- ]-{X-߃- F-∂n-h- hm-ßm-≥ tIc-fo-b¿- H-cp-h¿-jw- i-cm-i-cn- 440 tIm-Sn- cq-]- sN-e-hn-Sp-∂p.- tI_nƒ- Sn-hn- h-cn-kw-Jy-bm-bn- 490 tIm-Sn-bpw.- 71.-5 e-£w- Ip-Spw-_ß-fp-≈- tI-c-f-Øn¬- 54 e-£w- ho-Sp-I-fn-epw- Sn-hn- D-≠v.- C-h-bn¬36 e-£w- ho-Sp-Iƒ-°v- tI-_nƒ- I-W-Iv-j-\p-ap-≠v.- sam-ss-_¬- t^m¨- tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-°-fp-sS- I-W-°p-{]-Im-cw- 1800˛-2000 tIm-Sn-cq-]-hsc- {]-Xn-h¿-jw- a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ- sam-ss_¬-t^m-Wn-\p- sN-e-hn-Sp-∂p.a-s‰m-c¿-Y-Øn¬- ]-{X-Øn-\p- H-‰-Zn-h-kw- H-cp-tIm-Sn- 20 e-£w-cq-]bpw- sam-ss_¬-t^m-Wn-\v- H-cp-Zn-h-kw- 5.-35 tIm-Sn- cq-]-bpw- a-e-bmfn-Iƒ- sN-e-hm-°p-∂p.C-Xp- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- am-{Xw- B-[p-\n-I- am-[y-am-\p-`-hw.- aq-∂mwtem-I-cm-Py-ß-fn¬- ap-∂n¬-\n¬-°p-∂- C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-w-am-{X-amb- H-cp-sIm-®p- kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv- tI-c-fw.- aq-∂ct°m-Sn- P\߃- D≈ tIcfØn¬- Hcp tIm- S n- b n- t esdt∏¿- Kƒ- ^ v - cm- P y- ß ƒ- Dƒs∏sSbp≈ hn-tZicm-Py-ßfn-epw- C¥ybpsS a‰v- kw-ÿm-\ßfnepam-bn- tPm-en-sbSp°p∂p.- c≠ct°m-Sn-tbm-fw- t]cm-Wv- Ct∏mƒtIcfØn¬- A[n-hkn-°p∂Xv.- hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚- G-X-f-hp-tIm¬h-®p- t\m-°p-tºm-gpw- C-X-c- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p- A-Snÿm-\-]-c-am-bn- th-dn-´p-\n¬-°p-∂p- tI-c-fw.- km-º-Øn-I-h-f¿-®,- cmjv-{So-bm-ht_m-[w-,- `-c-W-ÿn-c-X,- hn-Zym-`ym-k-˛-B-tcm-Ky- ta-J-eI-fn-se- A-kq-bm-h-l-am-b- h-f¿-®,- kv-{Xo-im-‡o-I-c-W-Øn-epw- A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-Øn-epw- t\-Sn-b- D-Pz-e-am-b- ap-t∂-‰w,- C-Xns\-√mw- A-Sn-Ø-d-]m-In-b- D-b¿-∂- km-£-c-X-˛- C-sXm-s°- tI-c-fØn-s‚- am-{Xw- k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bn- ]-cn-e-kn-°p-∂p.C-Xn-s\m-∏-am-Wv,- am-[y-a-߃-˛-A-®-Sn,- Zr-iy,- {im-hy- am-[y-a߃- sN-ep-Øp-∂- kzm-[o-\w-.- F¥m-Wn-Xn-\¿-Yw-?- tI-c-fw- am-[y-a߃-°p- A-Xn-th-Kw- Io-gv-s∏-Sp-∂p- F-∂-t√-?- hm¿-Øm-hn-kv-t^m-S\w- F-s∂m-s°- ]-d-bm-hp-∂-X-c-Øn¬,- tI-c-f-Øn¬- \n-c-¥-cw- am[y-a-ß-fp-sS- C-S-s]-S-en-eq-sS- hm¿-Ø-Iƒ- "kw-`-hn-®p'--sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p.-- km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬- A-\p-\n-an-jw- D-≠m-Ip-∂- Ip-Xn-®p-I-b‰w- G-‰-hpam-Zyw- ]-co-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- am-[y-a-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv.- CØ-cw- km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS- A-I-º-Sn-tbm-sS,- I-Æ-©n-∏n-°p-∂hm¿-Øm-hn-\ym-k-co-Xn-bm-Wv,- A-Y-hm- hm¿-Øm-kw-t{]-£-W- coXn-bm-Wv- A-®-Sn-˛-Zr-iy-am-[y-a-߃- \-Ωp-sS- \m-´n¬- s]m-Xp-hn¬- kzo24

am-[y-aßfpsS kzm-[o-\w-

I-cn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv.im-kv-{X-˛-km-t¶-Xn-I-im-kv-{X- cw-K-ß-fn¬- A-`q-X-]q¿-h-am-bIp-Xn-®p-I-b-‰-Øn-s‚- Im-e-am-W-t√m- C-Xv.- Iw-]yq-´-dpw- C-‚¿-s\‰pw- sam-ss_¬-t^m-Wpw- {]-Np-c-{]-Nm-cw- t\-Sn-b- c-≠p- ]-Xn-‰m-≠pI-fm-Wv- I-S-∂p-t]m-b-Xv.- A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-߃-s°m-∏w- C-h-Iq-Sn- I-S∂p-h-∂-tXm-sS- tem-Iw- am-[y-a-߃-°p- ]q¿-W-am-bn- A-Sn-s∏-´p- F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xn¬- sX-‰n-√.- km-£-c-X-bn-epw- km-º-Øn-I-h-f¿-®-bnepw- sXm-gn¬-e-`y-X-bn-epw- h-cp-am-\-Øn-epw- ap-∂n¬-\n¬-°p-∂- tIc-fw- - am-[y-aß - f - p-sS- ]n-Sn-bn¬- A-a¿-∂Xn-\p- Cu-sbm-cp- ]ivN - m-ØewHs´m-∂p-a-√ Im-cWam-bXv.- kzm-X{-¥y-]q¿-h-L-´-Øn¬- Xp-S-ßn-bam-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- "-C-S-s]-S¬- {]-{In-b-',- km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS- Ip-Xn®p-I-b-‰w- kw-`-hn-°p-∂- C-∂-sØ- Im-e-Øv- tI-c-f-Øn-epw- AXni-‡-am-bn- Xp-Scp-∂p--.am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- C-∂-sØ- "-co-Xn-im-kv-{Xw-'- ]-e-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬\n-∂v- hn-a¿-i-\-_p-≤ym- ]-T-\-hn-t[-am-bn-´p-≠v.- A-Ø-cw- ]-T-\-߃C-t∏m-gpw- \-S∂ - p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- am-[y-aß - ƒ- s]m-Xp-afi e - Ø - n¬C-S-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-t\m s]m-Xp-t_m-[w- kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m A-Xn-\m-bns]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-{]m-bw- kzmw-io-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m- B-cpw- F-Xn-cp-\n¬°p-I-bn-√.- a-dn-®v,- A-Ø-cw- {]-hr-Øn-I-sf- «m-Ln-°p-I-bpw- sNøpw.- F-∂m¬- \-Ωp-sS- ap-∂n-ep-≈- {]-[m-\-{]-iv-\w- C-Xm-Wv-:tI-c-f-Øn-se- am-[y-a-߃,- s]m-Xp-hn¬,- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂- \n-e]m-Spw- hm¿-Øm-hn-\ym-k-co-Xn-bpw- \n-jv-]-£-hpw- \o-Xn-]q¿-h-I-hpam-tWm-?- A-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- D-d-∏n-®p-]-d-bm-\m-Ipw-˛- am[y-a-ß-fp-sS- co-Xn-im-kv-{Xw- k¿-Km-fl-I-tam- {In-bm-fl-I-tam- A-√.a-dn-®v,- A-Xv- A-tß-b-‰w- A-]-I-S-I-c-hpw- ]-£-]m-Xn-Xzw- \n-d-™Xpw- Nn-e-L-´-ß-fn¬- Zp-cq-l-hpw- a-‰p-Nn-e-t∏mƒ- Pp-Kp-]v-km-h-l-hpam-Wv.F-¥p-sIm-≠v- C-ß-s\-?- D-Ø-cw- H-t∂-bp-≈p-:- am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ap-Jy-]-¶n-s‚-bpw- D-S-a-ÿ-X-bpw- \n-b-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-hpw- Ip-Ø-Iap-X-em-fn-am¿-t°m- tIm¿-∏-td-‰v- aq-e-[-\-i-‡n-Iƒ-t°m- B-Wv.- kzm`m-hn-I-am-bpw- C-°q-´¿-°v- `-c-W-h¿-K-\-b-ß-fpw- \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpw- Db¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- A-Xm-b-Xv,- B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-t‚-Xmb- C-∂-sØ-Im-e-Øv- `-c-W-h¿-K-\-b-ß-fp-sS- h-‡m-°-fpw- kw-c£-I-cp-am-Wv- am-[y-a-ß-fn¬- `q-cn-]-£-Øn-t‚-bpw- D-S-a-ÿ¿.- c-≠pIq-´-cp-sS-bpw- \-b-߃- As√¶n¬- Xm¬-]cy-߃- H-∂m-Wv- F-∂Xn-\m¬,- am-[y-a-ap-X-em-fn-am¿-°v- ]-Yyw- `-c-W-h¿-Km-\p-Iq-e- \n-e25

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

]m-Sv- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I- F-∂-Xp-am-{X-am-Wv.C-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn,- tI-c-f-Øn¬- "-hm-¿-Øm-hn-hm-Z -hy-h-km-bw'F-∂-\n-e-bn¬- am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- C-S-s]-S¬- ]£]m-X]cam-bn am-dns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- `-c-W-h¿-K-߃- h-e-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-{So-bw- ssIIm-cyw- sN-øp-∂p- F-∂-Xn-\m¬,- A-h-sc- ]n-¥p-W-bv-°p-∂ ap-Jy[m-cm-am-[y-a-߃- X-ß-fp-sS- B-{I-a-W-Øn-s‚- Ip-¥-ap-\- Xn-cn-®ph-bv-°p-∂-Xv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- {]-ÿm-\-߃-°p-t\-sc-bpw- A-h¿- \bn-°p-∂- C-S-Xp-]-£-˛-P-\m-[n-]-Xy- \n-c-bv-°p-t\-sc-bp-am-Wv.a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- {]-kn-≤-am-b- H-cp- D-≤-c-Wn- C-hn-sS- {]k-‡-am-Wv."-Hm-tcm- Np-h-Sp-h-bv-]n-epw- i-cn-bm-bn- tXm-∂n-b-Xp- kzo-I-cn-°pI-bpw- a-dn-®p-≈-Xp- X-≈n-°-f-bp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- Rm-≥ {]-h¿-Øn-®p-t]m-∂n-´p-≈-Xv.- F-s‚- {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ- _p-≤n-°pw- lr-Zb-Øn-\pw- Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-bn-cn-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw- Im-ew- A-h-bv-°m-[mc-am-b- B-Zy-sØ- \n-K-a-\-ß-fn¬- Rm-≥ A-Sn-bp-d-®p-\n¬-°-Ww.-'(a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-:- F-s‚- k-Xym-t\z-j-W-I-Y- B-ap-Jw-).Km-‘n-Pn--bp-sS- hm-°p-Iƒ- Hm¿-an-®p-sIm-≠v- \-ap-°p- tNm-Zn-°m\m-Ipw-:tI-c-f-Øn-se- am-[y-a-߃- C-∂p- sN-øp-∂-Xv- B-Z¿-i-\n-jv-T-hpwk{In-bhp-am-b- k-Zv-{]-hr-Øn-bm-tWm-?- A-√- F-∂m-cpw- a-dp-]-Sn- ]d-bpw.- Im-c-Ww- A-{X-ta¬- `o-I-c-am-Wv- am-[y-a-߃- C-∂n-hn-sS- kr„n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- A-\p-`-h]cn-kcw.-

26

A[ym-bw-˛5

sF-Iy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hntem-I-Øn-se- G-Xp- P-\-k-aq-l-Øn-epw- F-∂-t]mse,- tI-c-fo-b- k-aq-l-Øn-epw- {]m-cw-`-L-´w-ap-X¬- ]cn-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°p- t{]-c-I-am-bn- Nn-e- A-Sn-ÿm-\-LS-I-߃- cm-k-Xz-c-I-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®p-t]m-∂p.- "-tI-cf- \-thm-∞m-\w-:- H-cp- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£-Ww-'- F-∂Ir-Xn-bn¬- ]n- tKm-hn-µ-]n-≈- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:"-G-Xp- ssP-h-{]-Xn-`m-k-Øn-s‚-bpw- F-∂-t]m-sea-\p-jy-k-aq-l-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\pw- A-Sn-ÿm\-t{]-c-Iw- B-¥-cn-I-L-S-I-߃- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- B-¥cn-I-L-S-I-߃- X-Ωn-ep-≈- kw-L¿-j-hpw- kw-L-´-\hpw- B-Wv- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°p- {]-tNm-Z-\w- \¬-Ip∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬-,- Cu- B-¥-cn-I-L-S-Iß-fp-sS- N-e-\ß-sf- a-µo-`-hn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw- F√mw- sN-øp-∂-Xn¬- _m-ly-L-S-I-߃-°pw- ]-¶p-≠v...-'(A-[ym-bw- \m-ev-˛-sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬- hm-gv-N-bpw- km-aq-lyam-‰-hpw-).Cu- am-‰-ß-fn¬- Nn-e-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v- C- Fw- F-kvhn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-:"-{_n-´o-jv- `-c-Ww- h-cp-∂-Xp-h-sc- C-hn-sS- C-√m-Xncp-∂- ]-e- ]p-Xn-b- P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂n-´p≠v.- ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cp-sS-X-s∂- {]-hr-Øn-kz-`m-h-hpwA-h¿-°p- \m-´p-Im-tcm-Sp-≈- _-‘-hpw- am-dn-bn-´p-≠v.- hmkv-X-hw- ]-d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬,- \-Ωp-sS- km-aq-ly-L-S\-bm-sI- am-dn-a-dn-™v- B-fp-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬-Ø-Ωn-ep-≈27

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

_-‘w- ap-gp-h-≥ I-S-]p-g-In-bn-´p-≠v...-'- (C- Fw- F-kv- k-ºq¿-W-IrXn-Iƒ,- k-©n-I- 9 t]-Pv- 214).c-≠v- D-≤-c-Wn-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw-- hy-‡-am-Ip-∂- H-cp- Im-cy-ap-≠v.- kzmX-{¥y-]q¿-hL-´-Øn¬- A-Xm-b-Xv,- {_n-´o-jv- sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬- hm-gvN-°m-e-Øv-,- cm-Py-sØ- a-s‰-√m-bn-S-sØ-bpw- F-∂-t]m-se-,- tI-c-fØn-epw- {Iam-\p-KXam-b km-aq-ly-]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w- D-≠m-bn.- A-Xn\v- t{]-c-I-am-bn- Nn-e-L-S-I-ß-fpw- C-hn-sS- {]-h¿-Øn-®p-h-∂p.- Cuam-‰-߃- kzm-X-{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-ti-j-hpw- sF-Iy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn-°pap-ºpw- i-‡-am-b- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-epw- kw-L¿-j-ß-fn-epw- I-em-in®p.- sF-Iy-tI-c-f- cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v- Cu- L-S-I-߃- F-√m- A-`n{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fpw- am-‰n-h-®p- tbm-Pn-®n-cp-∂p- F-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bpwhn-kv-a-cn-°m-h-X-√.- B e£yw- km-[n-®tXm-sS,- A-Xn-\m-bn- th≠n-am-{Xw- H-∂n-®- Cu- t{]-c-I-L-S-I-߃- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h-cp-sS- h-gn°p- ]n-cn-bp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Cu- t{]-c-I-L-S-I-ß-fn¬- hm-kv-X-hØn¬- Nn-e- _m-ly-L-S-I-ß-fpw- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂p-Im-Wmw.- Ch-bn¬- {]-[m-\w- A-∂-sØ- {]-ap-J- A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-߃- A-Y-h,- h¿Ø-am-\-]-{X-߃- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.h¿-Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- D-b¿-∂p-h-cp-∂- hn-hn-[- hnj-b-ß-fn-epw- {]-iv-\-ß-fn-epw- ap-Jy-[m-cm- am-[y-a-ß-f-sS- "-C-S-s]-Sen-s‚- co-Xn-im-kv-{Xw-'- \mw- I-≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m.- s]mXp-a-fi-e-Øn-se- am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- C-S-s]-S¬- kw-_-‘n-®v- kw-hm-Zß-fpw- hn-hm-Z-ß-fpw- D-b¿-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.- C-Xv- C-∂-sØ- Im-e-L-´Øn-s‚- k-hn-ti-j-X.- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- tI-´p-tIƒ-hn- C√m-Xn-cp-∂,- sF-Iy-tI-c-f∏n-d-hn-bp-sS- L-´-Øn-epw- A-Xn-\p-ti-jhp-ap-≈- ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®v- B-tem-Nn-®m-tem-?- km-am-\y-bp-‡n-°pw_p-≤n-°pw- \n-c-°m-Ø-\n-e-bn¬- A-∂-sØ- Nn-e- ]-{X-߃- s]mXp-a-fi-e-Øn¬- C-S-s]-´p-t]m-∂-Xn-s‚- F-{X-tbm- D-Z-l-c-W-߃\-ap-°p-ap-∂n-ep-≠v.- A-Ø-cw- C-S-s]-S-ep-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-T-\-߃- F{X-tbm- \-S-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.tem-I-{]-i-kv-X-\m-b- A-ta-cn-°-≥ Nn-¥-I-≥ t\mw- tNm-w-kv-InF-gp-Xp-∂p-:"-20˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- ap-Jy-hn-jb-ß-fn¬- H-∂v- tIm¿-]-td-‰v- {]-Nm-c-Ww- B-sW-∂-Xn¬- kw-i-bØn-\-h-Im-i-an-√.- A-sXm-cp- h-º-≥ hy-h-km-b-am-Wv...- Xp-S-°w- apX¬-X-s∂- A-Xn-s‚- e-£yw,- Ir-Xy-am-bpw- ]-c-ky-am-bpw- t_m-[]q¿-h-hp-am-b- e-£yw,-- "-s]m-Xp-a-\-kn-s\- \n-b-{¥n-°p-I-'- F-∂-Xm28

sFIy-tIcf∏n-dhn-

bn-cp-∂p...- Cu- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚- (A-Xm-b-Xv- C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚-˛{K-Ÿ-I¿-Øm-hv-)- Xp-S-°w- ap-X¬-X-s∂- tIm¿-]-td-‰p-Iƒ- s]m-Xp-a\-kn-s\- (Public mind) G‰-hpw- h-en-b- `o-j-Wn-bm-bm-Wp- I-≠Xv...-- (t\mw- tNmw--kv-In-˛-{]-Nm-c-W-hpw- s]m-Xp-a-\-kn-s\- h-cp-Xn-bnem-°-epw-˛-te-J-\w-).kzm-X-{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-tbm-sS-,- AXm-b-Xv- sF-Iy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn-°pap-ºp-X-s∂,- C-¥y-bn¬- ap-X-em-fn-Øw- i-‡n-s∏-´p- Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p.- C-Xn-s‚-^-e-am-bn- ]p-Xn-b- Nn-e- hn-`m-K-߃,- \mw- t\-c-sØI-≠-Xp-t]m-se,- D-b¿-∂p-h-cm-≥ Xp-S-ßn.- C-h¿-°p- a-X-]-c-hpw- PmXo-b-hp-am-b- kzm-[o-\-˛-k-Ω¿-±-߃-°p- A-Sn-s∏-tS-≠n-bpw -h-∂p.a-X-hpw- Pm-Xo-b-hp-am-b- kzm-[o-\-߃-°p- A-Sn-s∏-Sp-I-bpw,- A-tXk-a-bw-X-s∂- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚- am¿-K-Øn¬- k-º-Øp¬-]m-Z-\hpw- hn-X-c-W-hpw- hn-]-W-\-hpw- ssI-ø-S-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-h-cm-bnCu- ]p-Xn-b-hn-`m-Kw- {I-ta-W- am-dn.- C-h-cp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-߃-s°mØ-hn-[w- Nn-e- _m-ly-i-‡n-I-fpw- k-lm-bt-- a-In- \n-e-sIm-≠p.- Ch-cn¬- {]-[m-\n-Iƒ- A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn¬-X-s∂- {][m-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- h¿-Ø-am-\-]-{X-߃.Cu- km-l-N-cyw- kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn¬- kzm-X-{¥y-]q-¿-h-L-´-Øn¬tI-c-f-Øn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂- `q-hp-S-am-k-{º-Zm-bw- sN-dp-X-√m-Ø- ]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-≠v.- A-tX-∏-‰n- C- Fw- F-kv- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ßs\-bm-Wv."-Cw-•o-jv- I-º-\n-°m¿- `-c-Ww- ssI-øm-fn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂- {]-tZi-ß-fn-epw- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-epw- A-h¿- h-cp-Øn-b- H-cp -{]-[m-\-am‰w- `q-hp-S-am-_-‘-ß-sf- kw-_-‘n-®m-Wv.- ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-b- km-aqly-_-‘-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- cq-]-s∏-´n-cp-∂- h¿-W- (Pm-Xn-)hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-tX-h-sc- `q-hp-S-am-_-‘w...- C-Xn¬A-Sn-ap-Sn- am-‰w-h-cp-Øn-b-Xv- Cw-•o-jv- I-®-h-S-°m-cp-sS- `-c-W-\-b-amWv.- (C- Fw- F-kv-˛-th-Z-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv,- t]-Pv- 36).C-∏-d-™- L-S-I-ß-fp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-co-Xn- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- Hcp-Im-cyw- hy-‡-am-Ipw.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- Nn-e- ]p-Xn-b- h¿-K-߃- ]pXp-Xm-bn- D-b¿-∂p-h-∂p.- C-h¿-°p- {_n-´o-jv- tIm-f-\n-hm-gv-N-tbm-SpB-`n-ap-Jy-hpw- A-h-cp-sS- hn-I-k-\-˛-I-®-h-S-X-{¥-ß-tfm-Spw- \-b-ßtfm-Spw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-X-s∂- tbm-Pn-∏p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- `-c-Wh¿-K-\-b-ß-fp-sS- kw-c-£-I-cm-bpw- \-S-Øn-∏p-Np-a-X-e-°m-cm-bpw- Cu]p-Xn-b-h¿-Kw- A-∂p- {]-Xo-£-tbm-sS- I-≠-Xv- {]-[m-\- h¿-Ø-am-\]-{X-ß-sf-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- X-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-߃- kw-c-£n-°m-≥ 29

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Cu- ]-{X-ß-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-se- i-‡n-bpw- Hm-P-kp-ap-≈- a-s‰m-cp- _mly-L-S-I-sØ-bpw- A-∂-p-b¿-∂p- h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ ]p-Xn-b-h¿-KwI-≠n-cp-∂p-an-√.Cu- ]p-Xn-b-h¿-K-Øn-s‚-bpw- A-h¿- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂- `c-W-h¿-K- Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fp-sS-bpw- t\-sc- F-Xn¿-Zn-i-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p- tIc-f-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-bpw- a-‰n-S-Xp-]-£- hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- k©-cn-®-Xv.- km-aq-ly-am-‰w-˛-k-a-{K-am-b- km-aq-ly-]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w.- CXm-bn-cp-∂p- tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®- hn-I-k\-]-cn-t{]-£y-Øn-s‚- Im-X¬.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°p- A-∂p- c-≠v- {]-[m-\-ap-J-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.H-∂v-:- \n-e-hn-se- `q-hp-S-am-_-‘-߃- Dƒ-s∏-sS- C-g-tN¿-∂p- kr„n-®- km-aq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-sb- ]m-tS- am-‰n-a-dn-°p-I.c-≠v-:- {_n-´o-jp-Im-cp-sS- `-c-W-Øn-≥Io-gn¬,- `q-hp-S-am-_-‘-߃X-I¿-∂v- ]p-d-Øp-h-cn-I-bpw- ap-X-em-fn-Ø-\-b-߃- ap-dp-sI- ]n-Sn-°pI-bpw- sN-bv-X- ]p-Xn-b- `-c-W-h¿-K-ß-fp-sS- \-b-ß-tfm-Sv- k-‘n-bn√m-sX- G-‰p-ap-´p-I.Cu- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬- Du-∂p-∂- cm-jv-{So-b-˛-km-º-Øn-I-˛-km-aq-ly\-b-߃-°p- sF-Iy-tI-c-f- cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-X-s∂- I-ayq-Wnkv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- cq-]w- \¬-In.- Cu- \-b-߃- P-\-ß-fn¬- h-en-b- a-Xn-∏pf-hm-°n.- X-߃- t\-cn-Sp-∂- km-aq-ly- D-®-\o-N-Xz-߃- A-h-km-\n∏n-°m-\pw- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- km-aq-ly-{I-aw- kr-„n-°m-\pw- I-ayq-Wn-kv‰v-]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- \-b-߃- k-lm-bn-°p-sa-∂v- hn-hn-[- A-Sn-ÿm-\- P-\hn-`m-K-߃- D-d-®p-hn-iz-kn-®p-;- A-h¿- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bn¬- hen-b- {]-Xo-£- A¿-∏n-®p.- P-\-ß-fn¬-h-∂- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-b- Cuam-‰w- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bn-epw- h-en-b- B-th-iw- P-\n-∏n-®p.- Xn-cphn-Xmw-Iq¿,- sIm-®n,- a-e-_m¿- {]-tZ-i-߃- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®v- a-e-bmf`m-j- kw-km-cn-°p-∂- P-\-hn-`m-K-߃-°m-bn- sF-Iy-tI-c-fw- cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww- F-∂p- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- B-h-iy-s∏-´-Xpw- A-Xn\p-≈- {]-Nm-c-th-e-I-fn¬- G¿-s∏-´-Xpw- P-\-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xo-£- h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-°n.- C-Xn-s\m-Sp-hn-em-Wv- 1956 \-hw-_¿- H-∂n\v- sF-Iy-tI-c-fw- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv.-

30

A[ym-bw-˛6

B-Zy-\n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏vI-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-bpw- ap-Jy- A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fpw- XΩn-ep-≈- t\-cn-´p-≈- G-‰p-ap-´-en-s‚- B-Zy-th-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂p- {]-kn-≤-am-b- 1957se BZy- tIcf \n-bk`msXcs™Sp-∏v.- '-57 G-{]n¬- A-©n-\v- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-ambn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-seØn.- _m-e-‰v- bp-≤-Øn¬- t\-Sn-b- D-Pz-e-hn-P-bw.- `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬- kw-ÿm-\ß - ƒ- cq-]o-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´t- ijw- tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- \-S-∂- \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-cs™-Sp-∏v- F-¥p-sIm-≠pw- k-hn-ti-j-X- \n-d-™-Xmbncp-∂p-.`-c-W-h¿-K-Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fp-sS- h-‡m-°-fpw- A-Øcw- \-b-߃- sN-dp-Øv- P-\-]-£- cm-jv-{So-bw- D-b¿-Øn∏n-Sn-°p-sa-∂p- {]-Xn-⁄-sN-bv-X- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Snbpw- X-Ωn-em-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- BZy-- \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-cs™-Sp-∏n¬- G-‰p-ap-´n-b-Xv.- tIm-¨-{K-km-bn-cp-∂p- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- ap-Jy-i-{Xp.- F-∂m¬,- tZ-iob- kzm-X-{¥y-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ss]-Xr-Iw- ]n-¥p-S-cp∂-Xn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]-cm-P-b-am-sW-∂v- kzm-X-{¥y-eœn-°p-ti-j-ap-≈- ]-Øp-h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬- P-\-߃Xn-cn-®-dn-™p.- 1947 B-K-kv-Xv- 15\v- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sptºmƒ,- AXn-\p-ap-ºv- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ- \o-≠p-\n-∂- kzmX-{¥y-{]-t£m-`-L-´-Øn¬- cm-Pyw- s\-t©-‰n-b- kz-]v\-߃- km-£m-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-Spw- F-∂p- P-\-tIm-Sn-IƒD-d-®p-hn-iz-kn-®p.31

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

F-∂m¬,- 1947\p- ti-j-hpw- 1957\p-ap-ºp-ap-≈- ]-Øp-h¿-jw- Cukz-]v-\-km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\m-bn- {]-Xo-£-tbm-sS- Im-Øn-cp-∂- P-\߃- \n-cm-i-cm-bn.- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-L-´-Øn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- hnhn-[- k-tΩ-f-\-߃- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- {]-ta-b-߃- (D-Zm.-:- A-[n-Im-c-hntI-{µo-I-c-Ww,- `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww,- {Km-a-kz-cm-Pv,- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- kv{Xo-]-¶m-fn-Øw,- F-√m-h¿-°pw- ku-P-\y-hpw- \n¿-_-‘n-X-hp-am-bhn-Zym-`ym-kw-)- \-S-∏n¬- h-cp-Ø-≥ tI-{µ-Øn-tem- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fntem- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- B- ]-Øph¿-j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬- {i-an-®n-√.Cu- A-\p-`-hw- A-∂-sØ- tI-c-fo-b- s]m-Xp-a-fi-e-hpw- ]-¶psh®p-.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- tI-c-f-L-S-Iw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn- cq-]o-Icn-®v- c-≠p-Z-im-–-߃-°p-≈n¬-X-s∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- kw-ÿm\-Øv- B-Zy-sØ- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-Xv.- BsI-bp-≈- 126 ko-‰n¬- 65 ko-‰v- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- A-Xn-s‚kz-X-{¥-∑m-cpw- t\-Sn.- C-Xv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-Jn-te-¥ym-t\-Xr-Xz-sØbpw- A-h¿- \-bn-°p-∂- tI-{µ-k¿-°m-cn-s\-bpw- sX-s√m-∂p-a-√- Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.- ]-fin-‰v- P-h-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp- {]-[m-\-a{¥n.- a-Iƒ- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-[y-£.- A-∂-sØ- tZio-b- cm-jv-{So-b-km-l-N-cyw- tI-c-fw-t]m-sem-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øv- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-Xn-s‚- t]-cn¬- C-f-In-adn-tb-≠-X-√.- ]t£,- kw-`-hn-®-Xv- a-dn-®m-Wv. tIm-¨-{K-kv- tZ-io-bt\-Xr-Xz-hpw- tI-{µ-k¿-°m-cpw- A-£-cm¿-Y-Øn¬- A-kz-ÿ-cm-bn.Cu- km-l-N-cy-sØ-°p-dn-®v- C- Fw- F-kv- C-ß-s\- F-gp-Xn-:"-I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- A-h-tcm-Sv- Iq--´p-tN¿-∂- kz-X-{¥-∑mcpw-Iq-Sn- tI-h-e-`q-cn-]-£w- t\-Sn-b-Xv- tI-{µ- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s\-bpw- tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚- A-Jn-te-¥ym- t\-Xr-Xz-sØ-bpw- C-Xn-I¿-Ø-hy-Xm-aqV-X-bp-sS- s]m-dp-Xn-tI-Sn-em-°n...- A-Ø-cw- H-cp- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- cq-]oI-c-Ww-aq-ew- cm-Py-Øm-I-am-\-ap-f-hm-Ip-∂- I-\-Ø- Xn-cn-®-Sn-;- sh√p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-w- -sh-√p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sm-\m-Im-Ø-Xp-am-b- C-¥ybn-se- `-c-W-I-£n- F-∂-\n-e-bn-ep-≈- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- {]-Xn-Omb- X-I¿-°pw.- C-Xp- a-lm-am-cn-t]m-se- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-{So-b- ico-c-Øn¬- k-aq-ew- hym-]n-s®-∂pw- h-cmw...-'- (C- Fw- F-kv- ˛ tI-c-fN-cn-{Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£-W-Øn¬.- t]-Pv- 330).tIcfØn¬- Cu- km-l-N-cyw- D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂-Xn¬- I-ayqWn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- P-\-߃-°p-ap-∂n¬-h-®- _-Z¬- cm-jv-{So-b-˛-km-º32

BZy-\n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp∏v-

Øn-I-˛-km-aq-ly-\-b-߃- h-en-sbm-c-f-hn¬- k-lm-bn-®p.- Cu- \-bß-fn¬- sX-fn-™p-\n-∂- P-\-]-£-cm-jv-{So-b-hpw- A-Xn-\-Sn-ÿm-\am-b- am-\-hn-I-X-bpw- a-d-®p-h-®v,- t\-c-sØ- \mw- I-≠- `-c-W-h¿-Kcm-jv-{So-b- Xm¬-]-cy-°m-cpw- A-h-cp-sS- ]n-¥p-W-°m-cm-b- tI-c-f-Ønse- Nn-e- ]-{X-ß-fpw- A∂p kzo-I-cn-®- \n-e-]m-Sv- ]-t£,- Xn-I-®pw\n¿-`m-Ky-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.- `-c-W-h¿-K- Xm¬-]-cy-߃-°pw- \b߃°pw- _Zem-bn- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n- ap-t∂m-´p-h® -\-b-߃- F-s¥ms°- F-∂p- a-\- n-em-°p-tºmƒ- am-{Xta A∂sØ Nn-e- ]-{X-߃B-Zy- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- kzo-I-cn-®- \n-e-]m-Sn-se- P\-hn-cp-≤-X- a-\- n-em-°m-\m-Iq.F-s¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p- B-Zy- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- 19-57sesX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-L-´-Øn¬- tI-c-f-Øn-se- P-\-߃-°p-ap-∂n¬- A-hX-cn-∏n-®- \-b-ß-fpw- ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw-?- A-h-sb- C-ß-s\- Np-cp-°n-∏-dbmw.H-∂v-:- `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-\p- Du-∂¬- \¬-Ip-∂- k-a-{K-am-b- Im¿jn-I-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww.- Ir-jn-`q-an- I¿-j-I-\pw- Ip-Sn-bm-\v- Ip-Sn-In-S-∏pwF-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- \-b-Øn-s‚- Im-X¬.c-≠v-:- I-®-h-S-°-tÆm-sS- k-aq-l-Øn-se- ta-em-f-∑m¿- A-S-°nhm-Wn-cp-∂- hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn-se- k-a-{K-hpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-t\m-∑pJ-hp-am-b- A-gn-®p-]-Wn.aq-∂v-:- ]-c-º-cm-K-X- hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS- B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-Whpw- ]p-\x-kw-L-S-\-bpw.\m-ev-:- s]m-Xp-ta-J-em- hy-h-km-b-hn-I-k-\w.A-©v-:- kz-Im-cy- \n-t£-]-I-sc- B-I¿-jn-°p-∂- B-[p-\n-I- hyh-km-b-\-bw.Bdv-: sXm-gn¬-kacßfn¬- P∑n-am-cp-sSbpw- hy-hkm-bn-IfpsSbpw- K≠m-∏St]m-se- {]h¿-Øn-®p-h∂ s]m-eo-kn-s\ P\Iobh¬-Icn-°m-\p-≈ \bw.Xn-I-®pw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- B-[p-\n-I- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ap-t∂m´p-≈- Ip-Xn-∏n-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-]m-Ip-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- \b-ßsf∂p- hy-‡w.- C-h- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®-Xv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bmWv- F-∂-Xn-\m¬- G-Xp-hn-t[-\-sb-bpw- A-Xn-s\- F-Xn¿-°p-I- F∂- \n-e-]m-Sv- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿- kzo-I-cn-®p.- Im-c-Ww- X-߃]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fm-tbm- Nn-e-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \q-‰m-≠p-I-fmt-bm- (D-Zm-lc-Ww- `q-an-bp-sS- ta-ep-≈- ssI-h-im-h-Im-iw-)-A-\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂- A33

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

h-Im-im-[n-Im-c-߃- \-„-s∏-Sp-I- F-∂-Xv- Cu- hn-`m-K-°m¿-°p- ANn-¥y-am-bn-cp-∂p.C-tX-°p-dn-®v- C- Fw- F-kv- F-gp-Xn-:- "-Cu- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- (I-ayqWn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v-˛-{K-Ÿ-I¿-Øm-hv-)- \-S-]-Sn-sb- ]-√pw- \J-hpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- F-Xn¿-°m-≥ `q-{]-`p-h¿-Kw- X-øm-dm-bn.- A-Xn\p- tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- {]-Xn-]-£w- ]q¿-W-]n-¥p-W\¬-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- {]-Xn-]-£-Øn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xzw- tIm-¨-{K-kn\m-I-bm¬- B- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- A-Jn-te-¥ym- t\-Xr-Xz-hpw- C-Xn¬- C-Ss]-´p...-'- (C- Fw- F-kv- ˛ C-¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- {]-ÿm-\w-˛-1920˛1998.- t]-Pv-˛-120).a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈- Xn-cn-®p-h-c-thm-sS- BW-t√m- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- i-‡n-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- Xp-S¿-∂ntßm-´v- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- hn-hn-[- k-tΩ-f-\-߃- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- {]-tab-ß-fp-≠v.- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- kzm-X-{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-°p- kzo-I-cn-t°-≠am¿-K-߃,- kzm-X-¥yw- e-`n-®m¬- tZ-io-b- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- \-S-∏n¬-hcp-tØ-≠- ap-≥K-W-\m- hn-j-b-߃- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- Cu- {]-ta-bß-fp-sS- A-¥x-k-Ø-bv-°p-- ]p-Ø-≥am-\-߃- \¬-In.- A-h-bp-sS- D≈-S-°-Øn-s‚- c-Xv-\-®p-cp-°w- C-Xm-Wv: cm-Pyw- cm-jv-{So-b-kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-°-gn-™m¬- P-\-ß-fp-sS- kmaq-ly-hpw- cm-jv-{So-b-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b- A-`yp-∂-Xn-°p- \m-\mhn-[- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃- \-S-∏m-°pw.- `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww,- hy-h-km-b-hnI-k-\w,- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS- km-aq-ly-]-Z-hn- D-b¿-ج,- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI{µo-I-c-Ww,- Pm-Xym-[n-jv-Tn-X-hpw- a-X-]-c-hp-am-b- A-‘-hn-izm-k-߃s°-Xn-cm-b- t]m-cm-´w,- Pm-Xym-[n-jv-Tn-X- D-®-\o-N-Xz-߃- A-h-km\n-∏n-°¬.

Cu- ap-≥K-W-\m-hn-j-b-߃- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬- 1947 B-K-kv-Xv15\v- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b-Xp-ap-X¬- ]-Øp-h¿-jw- tI-{µ-Øn-se- tIm¨-{K-kv- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ-°p- I-gn-™n-√.- Im-¿-j-n-I- k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bpsS- h-f¿-®-bv-°pw- B-[p-\n-I- hy-h-km-b-߃- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ F-SpØ- Nn-e- \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw- s\-lv-dp- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s‚- ]-Øp-h¿-j-sØ{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- P-\-ß-fn¬- {]-Xo-£- D-f-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p.- Cuk-Xyw- Im-Wm-sX-b-√- ta¬-∏-d-™- hn-a¿-i-\w.- ]-t£,- tZ-io-bkzm-X-{¥y-{]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚- \m-fp-I-fn¬- D-b¿-Øn-b- tZ-i-kv-t\-l{]-tNm-Zn-X-am-b- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-߃- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬-\n-∂v,- kzm-X-{¥ywe-`n-®v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dn-b-tXm-sS,- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]n-t∂m-°w -t]m-bn.34

BZy-\n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp∏v-

Cu- km-l-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- '-57se- B-Zy-\n-b-a-k`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-- _-Z¬-\-b-߃- P-\-߃°p- ap-∂n¬-h-®-Xv.- Cu- {]-I-S-\-]-{Xn-I-bp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b-{]m-[m-\ywtUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv- C-ß-s\- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p."-sF-Iy-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- hn-I-k-\- A-P-≠- cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂- Imcyw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- F-{X- Ku-c-h-am-bn-´m-Wv- F-Sp-Ø-sX-∂-Xns‚- sX-fn-hm-Wv- C-Xp- N¿-®- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v- 1956¬- Xr-iq-cn¬- tN¿∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- hn-ti-jm¬- k-tΩ-f-\w.- tI-c-f-Øns‚- hn-I-k-\w- kw-_-‘n-®- H-cp- tc-J- Cu- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- Aw-KoI-cn-°-s∏-´p.- Cu- tc-J-bp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv- '-57se- sX-cs™-Sp-∏v- am-\n-s^-kv-t‰m- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-°pam-{X-am-Wv- A-∂v- H-cp- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- am-\n-s^-kv-t‰m- D-≠m-bn-cp∂-Xv.- tIm-¨-{K-kv- Dƒ-s∏-sS- H-cp-]m¿-Sn-bpw- H-cp -]-cn-]m-Sn-tbm- {]kv-Xm-h-\-t]m-ep-tam- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-√.- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p- am-\n-s^-kvt‰m-bp-sS- tIm-∏n-Iƒ- P-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m-≥ I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn°p- I-gn-™p.- (hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Im-Wm-∏p-d-߃-˛-t]-Pv- 28,30.- aq-∂mw-]-Xn-∏v-).Cu- {]-I-S-\-]-{Xn-I-bn-te-°p- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- F-Øp-∂-Xn\p-≈- aq¿-Ø-am-b- Nn-e- km-aq-ly-km-l-N-cy-߃- tI-c-f-Øn-epwC-¥y-bn-epw- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-X-s∂- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂n-cp-∂p.- A-tX-°p-dn®v- C- Fw- F-kv- F-gp-Xn-:"-`q-an-b-S-°-ap-≈- `u-Xn-I-kz-Øp-°-fn-t∑¬- A-h-Im-i-hpw- \nb-{¥-W-hp-ap-≈-h-cp-sS- kz-Øp-°-fpw- h-cp-am-\-ß-fpw- A-h-cp-sS- kz¥w- Po-hn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b-Xn-s\-°mƒ- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- h-cp-∂-Xn\m¬- an-®w-h-cp-∂-Xv- a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v- hn-‰v- A-Xn-\p-hn-e-bm-bn- In-´p-∂k-º-Øv,- A-s√-¶n¬- \m-Wyw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- X-߃-°m-h-iy-ap-≈Xpw- a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS- ssI-øn¬- an-®-am-bn- h-cp-∂-Xp-am-b- N-c-°p-Iƒhm-ßp-I-sb-∂- A¿-Y-Øn¬- hym-]m-cw- h-f¿-∂p-h-cm-≥ Xp-S-ßn.A-ß-s\- Ir-jn,- ssI-sØm-gn¬,- I-®-h-Sw- F-∂- aq-∂p- ap-Jy-hn-`mK-ß-fp-≈- km-º-Øn-I-Po-hn-Xw,- A-Xn-s‚- \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pw- c-£-bv°p-am-h-iy-am-b- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\w-˛- C-Xp-c-≠pw- tN¿-∂-Xm-WvC-¥y-≥ k-aq-l-sa-∂p-h-∂p-'.- (C- Fw- F-kv- th-Z-ß-f-sS- \m-Sv.t]-Pv- 26).C-∏-d-™- aq-∂p-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- k-Po-h-km-∂n-[yw- tI-c-fk-aq-l-Øn-epw- k-Po-h-am-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xn-\p-]p-d-sa,- a-s‰m-cp- k-hn35

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

ti-j-am-b _m-ly-L-S-I-hpw- tI-c-f-Øn¬- k-Po-h-am-bn- C-S-s]-´p.a-‰n-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- A-{X- k-Po-h-a-√m-Ø aXk\yq-\-]£-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS- hn-in-jym,- ItØm-en-°m- k`bp-sS C-S-s]-S-embn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- C- Fw- F-kv- Nq-≠n-°m-´n-b- aq-∂p-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬- c≠n-epw- A-Xm-b-Xv,- Ir-jn,- I-®-h-Sw- F-∂n-h-bn¬- ss{I-kv-X-h-P-\hn-`m-Kw- tI-c-f-Øn¬- A-Xn-\-Iw- k-Po-h-am-bn-cp-∂p.- H-∏w,- a-‰v- hn`m-K-߃- A-{X-I-≠v- {i-≤-]-Xn-∏n-°m-Xn-cp-∂- hn-Zym-`ym-kw,- B-tcmKy-kw-c-£-Ww- F-∂o- ta-J-e-I-fn¬-Iq-Sn- Cu- \yq-\-]-£-hn-`m-KwtI-c-f-Øn¬- k-Po-h-am-bn- C-S-s]-´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xn-s‚- ^-eam-bn- C- Fw- F-kv- hn-h-£n-®- aq-∂p-hn-`m-K-߃-s°m-∏w- ss{I-kvX-h- hn-`m-Khp-w- sF-Iy-tI-c-f- c-]o-I-c-W-L-´-Øn¬-X-s∂- C-hn-sSh-f-sc- k-Po-h-am-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂p-Im-Wmw.Np-cp-°-Øn¬-,- B-[p-\n-I- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- k-a-{K-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw- tI-c-f-sØ- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\pwe-£y-an-´m-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- '-57se- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- {]-I-S\-]-{Xn-I- X-øm-dm-°n- P-\-߃-°p-ap-∂n¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.- Cu- {]I-S-\-]-{Xn-I-bv-°p-≈- Aw-Ko-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-^-ew.B-sI-bp-≈- 126 ko-‰n¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- a-’-cn-®-Xv- 100 ko-‰nem-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xn¬- 60 ko-‰n¬- ]m¿-Sn- P-bn-®p.- ]n-¥p-W-®- A-©vkz-X-{¥-∑m-cpw- P-bn-®p-h-∂p.- A-ß-s\- 65 ko-t‰m-sS- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v]m¿-Sn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-˛- c-≠p-t]-cp-sS- `q-cn-]-£-Øn¬.- 124 ko-‰n¬- a-’-cn-®- tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Sn-b-Xv- 43 ko-‰p-am-{Xw.- 62 ko‰n¬- a-’-cn-®- ]n-F-kv-]n-°p- H-º-Xpw.- 28 ko-‰n¬- a-’-cn-®- B¿-Fkv-]n-°v- H-cp-ko-‰p-t]m-epw- In-´n-bn-√.- ap-…nw-eo-Kv- F-´v- ko-‰n¬- hnP-bn-®p.- at©iz-cw- ko-‰n¬- I¿-Wm-SIkan-Xn- am-{Xta a’cn-®p≈p-.- Ahcp-sS ÿm-\m¿-Yn- Fw- Dtajv- dm-hp- kz-X{¥\m-bn- Pbn®p-h∂p.c-≠p-t]-cp-sS- `q-cn-]-£w- am-{X-ap-≈- k¿-°m-cm-Wv- A-[n-Im-cta-‰-bp-S-≥ Im¿-jn-I-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-\pw- Ip-Sn-In-S-∏-h-Im-i-Øn-\pw\n-b-aw- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv.- hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-Kw- k-aq-e-am-bn- ]-cn-jv-I-cn°m- \ p- ≈ - ]p- t cm- K - a - \ - \- S - ] - S n- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p- hn- Z ym- ` ym- k - _ n- √ v - . sXm-gn¬-k-a-c-ß-fn¬- s]m-eo-kv- C-S-s]-Sn-s√-∂p- {]-Jym-]n-®v- s]meo-kv- tk-\-sb- P-\-ß-fp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- kw-c-£-I-cm-bn- ]p-\x-kwL-Sn-∏n-®p.- hy-h-km-b- A-¥-co-£w- B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-cn-®p.- kz-Imcy- hy-h-km-bn-I-sf- Dƒ-s∏-sS- tI-c-f-Øn-te-°p- sIm-≠p-h-∂p.36

[¿-am-ip-]-{XnIƒ- F-∂p-hn-ti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂- k¿-°m¿- B-ip-]-{XnIƒ- B-[p-\n-I-h¬-Ic-- n-®v- ]p-Iƒ-s]-‰- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-tcm-Kykp-c-£m- tam-U-en-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-]m-In.- C-ß-s\- {]-Xo-£-bp-sS]-®-Øp-cp-Øn-te°p- a-e-bm-fn- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- bm-{X-bv-°p- Xp-S-°-an´p- F-∂-Xm-Wv- 1957 G-{]n¬- A-©n-\v- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- {]-Y-a- C- FwF-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Jym-Xn- tem-I-sa-ßpw- F-Øn-®-Xv.- {]-Xo-£bp-sSbpw- {]Xym-ibp-sSbpw-- ]p-Xp-∏-p-e-cn-°p- tI-c-f-Øn¬- Xp-S-°am-bn- F-∂¿-Yw.-

37

tIcfhnBZyIk\wk¿-°: CSXp]£hpwm-cn-s‚ `cW\S]Snam-[I y-aƒ-ßfpw-

A-[ym-bw-˛7

B-Zy-k¿-°m-cn-s‚- `-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-IƒI-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- Fw-F¬-F-am-cp-sS-bpw- ]m¿-Sn- ]n¥p-W-tbm-sS- P-bn-®- kz-X-{¥mw-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- \n-b-ak-`m-I-£n-tbm-Kw- tN¿-∂m-Wv- \n-b-a-k-`m-I-£n- t\Xm-hm-bn- C- Fw- F-kv- \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s\- sX-c-s™Sp-Ø-Xv.F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- J-Zo-Pm- _n¬-Un-Mv-kn¬- B-Zyw- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰p-]m¿-Sn- s]m-fn-‰v- _yq-tdmbpw- kw-ÿm-\- IΩn-‰n-bpw- tbm-Kw- tN¿-∂p.- 1957 am¿-®v- 22\m-bn-cp-∂pCu- tbm-Kw.- K-h¿-W¿- £-Wn-®m¬- ]m¿-Sn- a-{¥n-k-`cq-]o-I-cn-°p-sa-∂pw- sXm-´-Sp-Ø- cm-{Xn- ]m¿-Sn- P-\-d¬sk-{I-´-dn- A-P-b-tLm-jv- {]-Jym-]n-®p.- am¿-®v- 25\mbn-cp-∂p- \n-b-a-k-`m-I-£n-tbm-Kw.- A-\m-tcm-Ky-aq-ew- ]nhn- Ip-™p-Æn-\m-b¿- tbm-K-Øn-s\-Øn-bn-√.- ti-jn-®64 t]-cpw- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- \n-b-a-k-`m-I-£n- t\-Xm-hm-bnsX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-ti-jw- \n-bp-‡- ap-Jy-a-{¥n- C- FwF-kn-s‚- B-Zy-]-{X-k-tΩ-f-\w-.- kp-{]-[m-\-am-b- Nn-e{]-Jym-]-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw- ]-{X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬\-S-Øn-b-Xv.`q-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww,- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n¬,- `-c-W-]-cn-jvIm-cw- F-∂n-hs - bm-s°- X-s‚- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-cØ - n¬h-∂m-ep-S-≥ \-S-∏m-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- \n-bp-‡- ap-Jya-{¥n-bp-sS- BZy-{]-Jym-]-\w.- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-bD-S-≥ H-s∂m-∂m-bn- C-h- \-S-∏m-°m-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn-IƒXz-cn-X-K-Xn-bn-em-bn.- tI-c-fw- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- bp-K-∏n-d-hn38

BZy-k¿-°m-cn-s‚ `cW\S]Sn-Iƒ-

I-≠p-W-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- B- Im-gv-N.1957 G-{]n¬- A-©n-\v- {]-Y-a- tI-c-f- k¿-°m¿,- C- Fw- F-kv\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰p.- 11 Aw-Kßfm-bncp-∂p- a{¥n-k`bn¬.- Sn- hn- tXm-akv- ({Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-´v-,- sXm-gn¬),kn- ANyp-Xtat\m≥- ([\w),- sI kn- tPm¿-Pv- (`£yw,- h\w),- sI B¿- Ku-cn- (dh\yq),- tUm.- F B¿- tat\m≥- (Btcm-Kyw),- hnB¿- Ir-jv-Wø¿- (\n-baw)-,- Sn- F aPo-Zv- (s]m-Xp-acm-aØv),- ]n- sI Nm-Ø≥- (Xt±ikz-bw-`cWw),- sI ]n- tKm-]m-e≥- (hy-hkm-bw),tPm-k^v- ap-≠ticn- (hn-Zym-`ym-kw-)- F∂n-hcm-bn-cp-∂p- a‰p- a{¥nam¿.a{¥n-am-cp-sS cm-{„o--b]ivNm-Øehpw- km-aq-ly-ho-£WhpwA\p-`hhpw- BZy- C Fw- Fkv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Jy-m-Xn- \m-sSßpw]cØn.- B[p-\n-I tIcfØn-s‚ kr-„n-°p-th≠ I¿-Ω]≤XnIƒ- kw-_‘n-® Dƒ-°m-gv-Nbpw- Ah kab_‘n-Xam-bn- \S∏m°m-\p-≈ [n-jWbpw- B¿-Phhpw- ap-Jy-a{¥n-bn-epw- a‰p- a{¥n-amcn-epw- H∂n-s\m-∂p- sa®s∏´ \n-ebn¬ -{]ISam-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xp-sIm≠m-Wv,- "-B-Zy- C- Fw- F-kv- a-{¥n-k-`-t]m-se- C-{X-b-[n-Iw- {]-K¤-a-Xn-Iƒ- H-cp-an-®v- A-Wn-\n-c-∂- a-s‰m-cp- a-{¥n-k-`- A-Xn-\p-ap-tºm]n-tºm- tI-c-f-Øn-se-∂-√,- a-s‰m-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-epw- D-≠m-bn´n-√-'- F-∂-v ]n- tKm-hn-µ-∏n-≈- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.t\-c-sØ- \mw- I-≠-Xp-t]m-se-,- kzm-X-{¥y-{]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚L-´-Øn¬- tZ-i-hym-]-I-am-bn- D-b¿-∂- P-\-Io-b-{]-t£m-`-ß-fp-sSIm-X¬- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-߃-˛-`q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-hpw- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-Ic-W-hpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS-˛-tI-c-f- km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- "-Np-h-∂- `q- -anI-bn¬-'- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-Wv- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- Xo-cp-am-\n-®Xv.- Cu- cm-jv-{So-b- A-P-≠-- {]-I-S-\-]-{Xn-I-bn¬- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂Im-cyw- ap-ºp- kq-Nn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.G-{]n¬- A-©n-\v- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- a-{¥n-k-`,- \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS{]-Y-a-tbm-Kw- hn-fn-®p-tN¿-°m-≥ K-h¿-W-tdm-Sp- ip-]m¿-i- sN-bv-Xp.Aw-K-ß-fp-sS- k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- Im-cy-߃- ]q¿-Øn-bm-t°-≠-Xn-\m¬- \n-b-a-k-`m-k-tΩ-f-\w- ssh-Ipw- F-∂- ÿn-Xnbp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\m¬- {]-[m-\-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- Hm¿-Un-\-≥kvsIm-≠p-h-cn-I- F-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- k¿-°m¿- e-£yw.- C-Xn-\m-bnNn-e- _n-√p-Iƒ-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰v- Zn-h-k-߃-°p-≈n-¬- k¿-°m¿cq-]w- \¬-In.A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰v- B-dmw-Zn-h-kw- G-{]n¬- 11\v- F-√m-hn-[- Ip-Sn-sbm39

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

gn-∏n-°-ep-I-fpw- \n-tcm-[n-®v- k¿-°m¿- C-d-°n-b- Hm¿-Un-\-≥km-bncp-∂p- C-Xn¬- B-Zy-tØ-Xv.- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- k¿-°m¿- A-\m-h-iy-amb- [r-Xn-Im-´n-sb-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- tIm-¨-{K-kv- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- {]-Xn-]£-Øn-s‚- B-tcm-]-Ww.- {]-Y-a- \n-b-a-k-`m- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- Ip-Snsbm-gn-∏n-°¬- \n-tcm-[-\-_n-√v- sk-e-Œv- I-Ωn-‰n-°v- A-b-bv-°m-≥ Ah¿- ]n-Sn-hm-in-Im-´n.- k¿-°m¿- h-g-ßn-bn-√.- ]n-∂o-Sv- sa-bv- A-©n-\v{]-Xn-]-£-Øn-s‚- C-d-ßn-t∏m-°n-\n-S-bn¬- k-`- _n-√v- ]m-km-°n.tI-c-f- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- cq-]o-I-cn-°m-≥,- A-∂v- \n-e-hn-en-cp-∂Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- \n-b-a-Øn-\p-≈- t`-Z-K-Xn- _n-√pwXp-S¿-∂v- hn-Jym-X-am-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n-√pw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´p.- kzIm-cy- h-\-kw-c-£-W-_n-√pw- k¿-°m¿- C-Xn-\n-sS- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.F-∂m¬,- Cu- Zn-i-bn¬- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- th-K-ta-dn-b- \-S-]-Sn-sIm-≠vG-‰-hpw- {i-t≤-b-am-b-Xv- k¿-°m¿- sIm-≠p-h-∂- Im¿-jn-I-_-‘_n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- 1957 Un-kw-_¿- 21\v- d-h-\yp-a-{¥n- sI- B¿- Ku-cnb-Ω- Im¿-jn-I-_-‘-_n-√v- k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se-X-s∂- G-‰-hpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-b- \n-ba-\-S-]-Sn-bpw- Im¿-jn-I-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- \n-b-aw- F¥m-bn-cp-∂p- 1957se- Im¿-jn-I-_-‘-_n-√n-s‚- N-cn-{X-{]m-[m-\yw-?P-∑n-am-cn¬-\n-∂pw- `q-hp-S-a-I-fn¬-\n-∂p- `q-an- ]m-´-Øn-s\-Sp-Ø- F√m-Ø-cw- I¿-j-I-sc-bpw- "-Ip-Sn-bm-≥'- F-∂- \n¿-h-N-\-Øn-s‚- ]-cn[n-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂p- F-∂-Xm-Wv- Cu- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- N-cn-{X-]-c-amb- k-hn-ti-j-X.- \n-b-a-Øn-s‚- ]n-≥_-e-Øn¬- 20 e-£-tØm-fwIp-Sn-bm-≥am¿-°v- A-h-cp-sS- Ip-Sn-In-S-∏p-`q-an-bn¬- ÿn-cm-h-Im-i-hpwssI-h-im-h-Im-i-hpw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p- k¿-°m-cn-\p- I-gn-™p.C-tX-°p-dn-®v- tUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- "-F√m- Ip-Sn-bm-≥am¿-°pw- Ip-Sn-In-S-∏p-`q-an-bn¬- ÿn-cm-h-Im-iw- \¬In.- A-\ym-b-am-bn- Ip-Sn-sbm-gn-∏n-°-s∏-´- Nn-e-bn-\w- Ip-Sn-bm-≥am¿°v- `q-an- ho-s≠-Sp-°m-\p-≈- hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]m-´w- K-Wyam-bn- Ip-d-®p.- a-cym-Z-∏m-´w- \n-iv-N-bn-®p.- K-Wy-am-bn- sh-´n-°p-d-®]p-Xn-b- ]m-´-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- I-W-°m-°p-∂- Xm-c-X-tay\- Ip-d-™- hn-e-bv-°v- D-S-am-h-Im-iw- hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v- Ip-Sn-bm-≥am¿°v- A-h-Im-iw- \¬-In-'- (tUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv,- hn-tam-N\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Im-Wm-∏p-d-߃- aq-∂mw-]-Xn-∏v-˛-t]-Pv- 33).C- Fw- F-kv- C-tX-°p-dn-®v- C-ß-s\- F-gp-Xn-:- "-tI-c-f-Øn-setbm- C-¥y-bp-sS- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- `m-K-sØ-tbm- tIm-¨-{K-kv- K-h-¨sa-‚p-Iƒ- A-Xn-\p-ap-sºm-cn-°-epw- \¬-In-bn-´n-√m-Ø- X-c-Øn-ep-≈40

BZy-k¿-°m-cn-s‚ `cW\S]Sn-Iƒ-

]-cn-c-£-Iƒ- Ip-Sn-bm-≥am¿-°pw- (]m-´-ÿn-c-X,- Ip-d-™-]m-´w,- D-Sam-h-Im-iw- hn-e-bv-°p-hm-ßm-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw-)- `q-c-ln-X-cm-b- sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ-°pw- _n-√n¬- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®n-cp-∂p.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- K-h¨-sa-‚ v- Cu- \n-b-aw- \-S-∏m-°n-bm¬- A-Xv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wnkv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-sb- i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂p-am-{X-a-√,- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb- `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-߃-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈- B-h-iy-sØ- sN-dp-Øp-\n¬°m-≥ a-‰v- kw-ÿm-\- K-h-¨-sa-‚p-Iƒ-°v- _p-≤n-ap-´m-Ip-I-bpw- sNøpw-'.- (C- Fw- F-kv- tI-c-f- N-cn-{Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£-W-Øn¬˛-t]-Pv- 338).Np-cp-°-Øn¬- tI-c-f-Øn-se,- 1947\p-ap-ºv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿,- sIm®n,- a-e-_m¿- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se-,- \-thm-∞m-\- {]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS- Bi-b-`n-em-j-߃-s°m-Øhn-[w- k-aq¿-Ø-am-b- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\pK-Xn-th-Kw- ]-I¿-∂m-Wv- B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\-k¿-°m¿- C- Fw- F-kns‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂p- hy-‡w.- B-[p-\n-ItI-c-f-Øn-s‚- `-{Z-am-b- `m-hn-°p- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-Sp-I- am-{X-a-√- Bk¿-°m¿- sN-bv-X-Xv.- `m-j-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- sF-Iy-tI-c-fw- cq-]o-I-cn®-ti-jw,- B-Zy-]-Yn-I-cp-sS- ]m-X- ]n-¥p-S-cm-\pw- am-Xr-I-bm-°m-\pa-n-√m-sX- kz-bw- am-Xr-I- kr-„n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- C- Fw- F-kv- K-h¨-sa-‚ v.- "Will not force is the basis of state" (B-bp-[-_-e-a-√,- a-dn®v,- C-Om-i-‡n-bm-Wv- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\w-)- F-∂- hn-JymX- Cw-•o-jv- Nn-¥-I-≥ Sn- F-®v- {Ko-\n-s‚- hm-°p-Iƒ- A-£-cm¿-YØn¬- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- ap-Jy-ap-Jap-{Z-bm-bn.k¿-°m¿- kzo-I-cn-®- ssh-hn-[y-]q¿-W-am-b- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-cß-fp-sS- B-sI-Øp-I,- ]p-tcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-hpw- B-Z¿-im-[n-jv-Tn-X -am-b- H-cp- \-h-tI-c-f-sØ- hm¿-sØ-Sp-°m-≥ A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´p- F-∂Xm-Wv.Xn-I-®pw- t£m-`-P-\-hpw- {]-tIm-]-\-]-c-hp-am-b- H-cp- km-aq-lykm-l-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv- {]-Y-a- tI-c-f- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰-Xv.P-∑n-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn-Ø-˛-ap-X-em-fn-Ø km-aq-ly-{I-a-Øn¬,- A-Xn-s‚\n-b-a-]-c-hpw- cm-jv-{So-b-hp-am-b- N-´-°q-Sn-s\-Xn-sc- _-Z¬-\-b-߃D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I- Xn-I-®pw- {i-a-I-c-am-Wv.- A-tß-b-‰w- t_m-[-]q¿h-am-b- Cu- {i-a-߃- k-{In-b-am-Ip-I-bpw- th-Ww.- A-tX-k-a-bw,\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- km-aq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bp-am-bn- C-gp-In-t®¿-∂- P-\-kaq-l-sØ- i-‡-am-b- cm-jv-{So-b-t_m-[-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-eq-sS- th-dn-´Nn-¥m-[m-c-bn-te-°p- \-bn-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.- A-tß-b-‰w- {i-a-I-c41

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

hpw- cm-{„o-bhpw- _p-≤n-]-chp-am-b- A-[zm-\w- B-h-iy-am-bn-cn-°pI-bpw- sN-bv-X- Cu- {]-{In-b- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- I-e¿-∏n-√m-Økm-aq-ly-{]-Xn-_-≤-X-tbm-sS- hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n.C-Xn-s‚- Kp-W-^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p- '-57se- B-Zy-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬]m¿-Sn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- t\-Sn-b- hn-P-bw.- Sn- F-®v- {Ko-≥ ]-d-™- hm-°pI-fp-sS- i-cn-bm-b- {]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu-- t\-´-Øn-\p- \n-Zm-\w.- 19˛mw\q-‰m-≠n-s‚- A-h-km-\- c-≠p--Zi-I-ß-fn¬- Xp-S-ßn- 20˛mw- \q-‰m-≠ns‚- ]-Ip-Xn-h-sc- \o-≠- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-Z-i-bp-sS- Np-°m-≥ I-ayq-Wnkv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- i-‡-am-bn- G-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xn-s‚- ]-cn-W-X-^-e-am-bn-cp-∂pCu- t\-´w.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øp- C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-®p- \-S-∂- ]-T-\-߃- \nc-h-[n.- F-√m-Øp-d-bn-se-bpw- \n-c-h-[n-t]¿- Cu- ]-T-\-ß-fn¬- `m-K`m-°m-bn.- A-h-sc-√mw- F-Øn-t®¿-∂- \n-K-a-\-ß-fp-sS- B-sI- Xp-IC-Xm-Wv-:- {]-Y-a- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- B-Wv- B-[p-\n-I-tI-c-fØn-\p- cm-jv-{So-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-In-b-Xv.- c-k-c-am-b- kw-K-Xn,- I-ayqWn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-sb- cq-]o-I-c-W-L-´w-ap-X¬- F-Xn¿-Øp-t]m-cp-∂- tIm¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-°-fpw- sshIn-bm-sW¶nepw- Cu- \n-K-a-\-Øn¬- FØn- F-∂-Xm-Wv.- '-57¬- `-c-W-ta-‰- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- JymXn-°p- C-Xn¬-∏-cw- sX-fn-sh-¥n-\v-?-

42

A-[ym-bw-˛8

]p-Xp-bp-K-∏n-d-hnhm-kv-X-h-Øn¬,-- c-≠-c-h¿-j-Øn-\-Iw- C-{X-tb-sd- ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- {In-bm-fl-I-hp-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- ]p-XpXm-bn- cq-]o-I- cn-®- H-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Ø k¿-°m¿- kzoIcn- ® p- F∂Xv - Ahn- i z- k \o- b am- b n- tXm- ∂ mw.F∂m¬- A-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- bm-Ym¿-Yyw.- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn \nehn¬-h∂ kw-ÿm-\Øn--s‚- ap-t∂m-´p-≈- {]-bm-Whpw- A- X n- s ‚- `m- h n- b pw- F- s ¥- ∂ p- Xo- c p- a m- \ n- ° m- ≥ tI-c-f-Øn-se-∂-√- a-s‰m-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øpw- AXn-\nsS Hcp- k¿-°m-cn-\pw- I-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√.- "-1957se- k¿°m-cn-s‚- t\-´-ß-fn¬- a‰p- Nn-e-Xp-Iq-Sn- a-\- n-em-°nbm-te- Cu- Nn-{Xw- ]q¿-W-am-Iq.- A-h-bn¬- G-Xm-\pwD-Zm-l-c-W-߃- C-Xm.H-∂v-:- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c- I-Ωn-‰ntI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-k¿-°m-cn-\v-,- H-c¿-Y-Øn¬,-- ssI-amdn-In-´n-b-Xv- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Øn-s‚- Nq-Spw-Nq-cpw- G-‰phm-ßn-b- D-tZym-K-ÿ- kw-hn-[m-\-sØ-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- `-c-W-X-e-Øn-epw- cm-jv-{So-b-X-e-Ønepw- A-{]-am-Zn-Øw- Im-´p-∂- H-cp-hn-`m-K-am-bn- A-∂-sØD-tZym-K-ÿ- kw-hn-[m-\w- am-dn-.- kzm-X-{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-°pti-jw- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- kw-ÿm-\-Øpw- a-e-_m-dn-epw- CXn-s‚- Xn-c-t\m-´w- A-\p-`-h-s∏-´p.- C-Xp-Iq-Sn- I-W-°nse-Sp-Øv,- {]-I-S-\-]-{Xn-I-bn¬- D-tZym-K-ÿ- kw-hn-[m\w- A-gn-®p-]-Wn-bp-sa-∂pw- A-Xn-\m-bn- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im43

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

c- I-Ωn-‰n- cq-]o-I-cn-°p-sa-∂pw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- hm-Kv-Zm-\w- sNbv-Xp.- Cu- D-d-∏p-]m-en-°m-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰-bp-S-≥ k¿°m¿- kzo-I-cn-®p.- C-tX-°p-dn-®v- C- Fw- F-kv- C-ß-s\- F-gp-Xn."-"-tZ-io-b- kzm-X-{¥yw,- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- kw-tbm-P-\w,- sFIy-tI-c-f- cq-]o-I-c-Ww,- c-≠mw- ]-©-h¬-’-c]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- Xp-S-°wXp-S-ßn-b- km-l-N-cy-߃- D-tZym-K-ÿ- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬- A-gn-®p]-Wn- A-\n-hm-cy-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hpw- {I-a-k-am-[m-\-]me-\-hpw- am-{X-a-√- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- e-£y-sa-∂p-h-∂p.- a-dn-®v,- F-√mhn-`m-K-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- P-\-ß-fp-sS- hn-in-jym- ]m-h-s∏-´-h-cp-sS- t£a-hpw- D-∂-Xn-bp-am-Wv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- e-£y-ß-sf-∂pw- B-I-bm¬- `c-Ww- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-I-W-sa-∂pw- F-∂- Nn-¥- h-f¿-∂p.- kzm-X{¥yw- e-`n-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc- D-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-sS- Iq-dv- A-¥n-a-hn-i-I-e-\Øn¬,- hn-tZ-i-i-‡n-tbm-Sm-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m-en-\n-ap-X¬,- D-tZym-K-ÿhr-µ-Øn-s‚- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw- P-\-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-tfm-Sm-bn-cn°-W-sa-∂- \n-e-h-∂p.- Cu- am-‰w- D-tZym-K-ÿ-hn-`m-K-Øn-\p- ]p-Xnb- I-S-a-I-fpw- Np-a-X-e-bpw- kr-„n-®p.- Cu- km-l-N-cy-am-I-s´,- A-hcp-sS- I-m-gv-N-∏m-Sn-epw- a-t\m-`m-h-Øn-epw- `-c-W-ssh-Z-Kv-≤y-Øn-epw]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-epw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-hpw- k-aq-ehp-am-b- A-gn-®p-]-WnA-\n-hm-cy-am-°n-Øo¿-Øp...-'- (C-Fw-F-kv-˛-tI-c-fw -{]-iv-\-ß-fpw- km[y-X-I-fpw-˛ teJ\w-).Cu- e-£y-tØm-sSbm-Wv- ap-Jy-a-{¥n- C- Fw- F-kv- A-[y-£\m-bn- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-I-Ωn-‰n- cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xv.- kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬tI-{µ-k¿-°m-cn-t\m- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- kw-ÿm-\-k¿-°m-cn-t\m- CuZn-i-bn¬- Nn-¥n-°m-≥t]m-epw- I-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√- F-∂p- a-\- n-em-°ptºm-tg,- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Cu- \-S-]-Sn-bp-sS- N-cn-{X-]-cam-b- {]m-[m-\yw- Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\m-Iq.- hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-{¥n- s{]m-^.- tPmk-^v- ap-≠-ti-cn,- No-^v- sk-{I-´-dn- F-≥ C- F-kv- cm-L-hm-Nm-cn,]n- F-kv- \-S-cm-P-]n-≈,- "-C-°-tWm-an-Iv- dn-hyq-'- F-Un-‰m-bn-cp-∂- F®v- Un- am-f-hy,- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- No-^v- sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Pn- ]-cta-iz-c-≥]n-≈,- sI- F-kv- ta-t\m-≥,- ]-ªn-Iv- A-Uv-an-\n-kv-t{S-j-≥ C-≥kv-‰n-‰yq-´v- {]-Xn-\n-[n- hn- sI- \-µ-≥ta-t\m-≥ F-∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c -I-Ωn-‰n-bn-se- a‰v- Aw-K-߃.-

c-≠v-:- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-Ww- ap-Jy-a-{¥n- A-[y-£-\m-b- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- {]-h¿Ø-\w- am-Xr-Im-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.- ap-Jy-a-{¥n- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- F-´w-K44

]pXpbpK∏n-dhn-

ß-fpw- {]-K-¤-a-Xn-I-fpw- [n--j-W-im-en-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂n-cn-s°,X-ß-fp-sS- A-{]-am-Zn-Ø-sam-∂pw- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ÿm-]n-°m-≥ A-h¿- X-øm-dm-bn-√.- a-dn-®v- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-I-Ωn-‰nbp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- G-‰-hpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn- \-S-Øm-\m-Wv- Ah¿- Xp-\n-™-Xv.C-Xn-s‚- `m-K-am-bn- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-Øn-\p- kzo-I-cn-t°-≠- \S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏-‰n- hn-i-Z-am-sbm-cp- tNm-Zym-h-en- I-Ωn-‰n- X-øm-dm-°n.- CXn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- k-a-{K-am-b- N¿-®-bpw- A-`n-{]m-b-ti-J-cW-hpw- \-S-∂p.- Np-cp-ßn-b- \m-fp-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬- G-‰-hpw- {][m-\s∏´ {]-{In-b-bv-°v- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c- I-Ωn-‰n- Xp-S-°-an-´p.- sX-c-s™-Sp∏p- {]-I-S-\-]-{Xn-I-bn¬- D-d-∏p-\¬-In-b- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-WwF-∂- Zo¿-L-hpw- k-¶o¿-W-hp-am-b- {]-{In-b-bv-°m-Wv- I-Ωn-‰n- Xp-S°-an-´-Xv.`-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- Cu- ip-]m¿-i-bp-sS- A-\-¥-c^-ew- F-¥m-bn-cp-∂p-?- C-¥y-bn¬- kzm-X-{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-ti-jw- AXn-\-Iw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂- tI-{µ-k¿-°m-cn-t\m- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epwkw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ-t°m- kz-]v-\w- Im-Wm-\m-Im-Ø,- hn-kv-abm-h-l-am-b- am-‰-Øn-\m-Wv- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-I-Ωn-‰n- A-[n-Im-c-hntI-{µo-I-c-W- {]-{In-b-h-gn- Xp-S-°-an-´-Xv.- A-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn- ]-©mb-Øp-cm-Pv,- \-K-c-k-`-Iƒ- kw-_-‘n-®p-≈- c-≠p- kp-{]-[m-\- _n√p-Iƒ- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´p.- tZ-io-b- kzm-X-{¥y-{]t£m-`-L-´-Øn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kpw- kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw- `-c-W-L-S-\bpw- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®- A-[n-Im-c-hn--tI-{µo-I-c-W-am-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ^e-h-Øm-Im-≥ t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- X-t±-i-ÿm-]-\-߃- F∂p-am-{Xw- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- ÿm-]-\-ß-sf- Cu- _n-√p-I-fn¬- X-t±i- kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-߃-- (Local-Self Government) F-∂v- ]p\¿-\n¿-h-Nn-®p.`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 73,- 74 t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-h-gn- \-S-∏m-°n-b- ]-©mb-Øo-cm-Pv,- \-K-c-]m-en-Im- \n-b-a-߃- {]m-_-ey-Øn-em-Ip-∂-Xn-\v40 h¿-j-߃-°p-ap-ºm-Wv- tI-c-fw- X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-ßsf- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-Ww-h-gn- "-`-c-W-Iq-S-߃-'- B-°n- am-‰nsb-Sp-Ø-Xv- F-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ- N-cn-{X-Ip-Xp-In-Iƒ- B-iv-N-cy-s∏-´pt]m-Ipw.- t]-cp-sIm-≠p-am-{Xw-- `-c-W-Iq-S-߃- F-∂p- hn-h-£n-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂n-√,- a-dn-®v- hn-]p-e-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-߃- ssI-am-dn- A-hsb- b-Ym¿-Y- `-c-W-kn-cm-tI-{µ-ß-fm-°m-\m-Wv- c-≠p-_n-√p-I-fpw- hn`m-h-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv.- A-Xn-\m-bn- km-º-Øn-I,- km-aq-ln-I-˛-Im¿-jn45

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

I- cw-K-ß-fp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- F-√m- tk-h-\-ß-fpw- `q-\n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn°-epw- d-h-\yp-tc-J-I-fp-sS- kq-£n-∏pw- A-S-°-ap-≈- hn-]p-e-am-b- A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-߃- A-h-bv-°p- ssI-am-dm-\pw- _n-√n¬- hy-h-ÿsN-bv-Xp.- Xm-tg-Ø-´n¬- ]-©m-b-Øpw- \-K-c-k-`-bpw- A-h-bv-°p-ap-Ifn¬- Pn-√m-X-e-Øn¬- Pn-√m- Iu-¨-kn-epw-˛- C-ß-s\- c-≠p-X-´p-≈(Two tier system) X-t±-i- kz-bw-`-c-W- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv- _n-√p-Iƒh-gn- k¿-°m¿- e-£y-an-´-Xv.- cm-Py-Øv- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W- {]{In-b-bv-°v,- a-‰v- Nn-e- {]-[m-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬- F-∂-t]m-se,- tI-c-fw-Xs∂- h-gn-Im-´n-bm-bn- F-∂p-w- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- tc-J-s∏-SpØ-s∏-´p.-

46

A-[ym-bw-˛-9

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- tI-fn-sIm-´v1957 G-{]n¬- A-©n-\v- C- Fw- F-kn-s‚- t\-Xr-XzØn¬- {]-Y-a- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m¿- sF-Iy-tI-c-fØn¬- A-[n-Im-c-ta¬-°p-tºmƒ- C-hn-sS- {]-Nm-c-W-Ønep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- 19 a-e-bm-f-]-{X-߃-.- A-h-bv-s°-√mwIq-Sn- A-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- k¿-°p-te-j-≥ {]-Xn-Zn-\w- c≠-c-e-£w- tIm-∏n.- 1959 Pq-sse- 31\v- C- Fw- F-kvk¿-°m-cn-s\- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 356˛mw- h-Ip-∏p-{]-Imcw- tI-{µw- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-tºmƒ- tI-c-f-Øn¬- a-e-bm-f]-{X-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw- 30!- {]-Xn-Zn-\- k¿-°p-te-j-≥ Bdp-e-£-hpw-!-! c-≠-c-h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬- Cu-- Ip-Xn-®p-I-b-‰-Øn-\pIm-c-W-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p-?- H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬,- k¿-°m-cn-s‚{]-Nm-c-I-cm-bn- ]-{X-߃- am-dn-sb-∂m-Ipw- \-ap-°p- tXm∂p-I.- Im-c-Ww,- c-≠-c-h¿-jw-sIm-≠v- A-{X-ta¬- P-\Io-b-hpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- `m-hn-h-f¿®-bv-°v- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-Ip-∂-Xp-am-b- F-Æ-a-‰- `-c-W-]-cnjv-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- \-S∏m-°n-b-Xv.F-∂m¬,- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m-cp-sS-bpw- ap-X-emfn-Ø-˛-P-∑n-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn- `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚-bpw- Xm¬-]cy-ß-fpw- h¿-K-]-c-am-b- D-≈-S-°-hpw- \n-e-\n¬-°-W-sa∂v- C-∂m-´n-se- {]-am-Wn-h¿-Kw- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p-d-∏n-®p.- AXn-≥^-e-am-bn,- F-s¥-√mw- \-√- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn®n-´pw- A-∂-sØ- ]-{X-߃- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn47

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

s\-Xn-sc- A-Wn-\n-c-∂p-˛- A-h¿-°n-S-bn-se- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-߃X¬-°m-ew- a-d-∂p-sIm-≠v.C-Xp- a-\- n-em-I-W-sa-¶n¬,- a-s‰m-cp- I-W-°n-te-°p- I-tÆmSn-°-Ww.- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- F-Øp-tºmƒ- A-Xn-s\- ]q¿W-am-bn- ]n-¥p-W-®-Xv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- ]-{X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂- "-tZim-`n-am-\n-'- (tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-),- "-P-\-bp-Kw-'- (sIm-√w-)- F-∂n-h-am-{Xw.A-∂v- tIm-gn-t°m-´p-\n-∂p- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂- "-am-Xr-`q-an-'- H-c-fhp-h-sc- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- \-b-߃-°p- ]-¥p-W-tb-In-bn-cp-∂p.- e-Øo≥ I-tØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-sS- "-tI-c-f- ssSw-kpw-'- B-Zy-L-´-Øn¬- H-cf-hp-h-sc- \n-jv-]-£-X- ]m-en-®p.k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-cm-bn- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿- "-hn-tam-N-\-ka-cw-'- {]-Jym-]n-®-tXm-sS- ]-{X-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw- s]-cp-In.- A-h-bp-sSk¿-°p-te-j-\pw- h-≥tXm-Xn¬- h¿-[n-®p.- A-t∏m-gpw- k¿-°m-cn-s\]n-¥p-W-bv-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- ]-{X-ß-fm-bncp-∂p-˛- tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpw- P-\-bp-K-hpw.tem-I-sØ-√m-bn-S-Øpw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- sXm-gn-em-fnh¿-K- {]-ÿm-\-ß-fpw- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xpw- i-‡n-{]m-]n-®-Xpw- `-c-WIq-S-Øn-s‚-bpw- a¿-Z-I-≥am-cp-sS-bpw- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-∏-cy-°m-cp-sSbpw- In-cm-X-am-b- a¿-Z-\-ap-d-Iƒ- t\-cn-´p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-bpwtI-c-f-hpw- C-Xn¬-\n-∂p- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-√.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-bpsS- tI-c-f-L-S-Iw- cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xp-ap-X¬- A-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-b- B-{I-a-W߃- H-fn-™pw- sX-fn-™pw- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- \-S-∂p-h-∂p.- C-Xn-s\sbm-s°- t\-cn-´pw- A-Xn-Po-hn-®p-am-Wv- tI-c-fw- 1957¬- Np-h-∂-Xv.kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-s°-Xn-cm-b- B-{I-a-W-Øn¬ap-∂n¬-\n-∂-Xv- ]-{X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- 1959se- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- C-Xns‚- D-b¿-∂- cq-]w-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.hm- k v - X - h w- ] - d - ™ m¬,- {]- Y - a - t I- c - f - k¿- ° m- c n- s \- X n- c m- b _-lp-P-\-{]-t£m-`-tam- P-\-Io-b-ap-t∂-‰-tam- H-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw.- X-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-߃- \n-e-\n¬-°-W-sa-∂pwA-h-bv-°p- kw-c-£-Ww- th-W-sa-∂pw- A-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-b- H-∂n-s\-bpwh-®p-s]m-dp-∏n-°n-s√-∂p-ap-≈- H-cp-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚-˛- A-h-cn¬- F-√mk-ap-Zm-b-{]-am-Wn-am-cpw- Ah¿-°p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In- tIm-¨-{K-kpwD≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p- ˛ Kq- V - \ o- ° - a m- W v - hn- t am- N - \ - k - a - c - Ø n- \ p- Xn- c nsIm- f p- Ø n- b - X v . - A- h ¿- ° p- {]- N m- c - W - a m- b - ]n- ≥ _- e - t a- I n- b - X v ]-{X-ß-fpw-.B-kq-{Xn-X-hpw- t_m-[-]q¿-h-hp-am-b- \p-W-{]-Nm-c-Ww-˛- A-Xm48

hn-tam-N\kacØn-s‚ tIfn-sIm-´v-

bn-cp-∂p- ]-{X-߃- A-h-ew-_n-®- am¿-Kw.- "-hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-\p]n-∂n¬- C-{X-b-[n-Iw- P-\-߃- A-Wn-\n-c-∂-Xv- F-¥p-sIm-≠v-?- apJy-{¥n-]-Z-sam-gn-™- C- Fw- F-kn-t\m-Sv- ]-{X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- Db¿-∂- tNm-Zy-am-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv.- C- Fw- F-kn-s‚- a-dp-]-Sn- "-\p-W-]-d™n-´v-'- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- adp-]Sn- A-∂p-\-S-∂- A-cp-Xm-Ø- F√m- Im-cy-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s°m-≠p.

I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰-bp-S-≥ tI-c-f-Øn¬- H-cp-{]Nm-c-Ww- sIm-Sp-ºn-cn-sIm-≠p.- tIm-¨-{K-km-Wv- A-Xn-\p- Xn-cn-sImfp-Øn-b-Xv.- {]-Nm-c-Ww- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-:- tI-c-f-Øn¬- {I-a-k-am-[m\w- X-I¿-∂p-!- (1987¬- c-≠mw- \m-b-\m¿- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰-Xns‚- sXm-´-Sp-Ø-Zn-h-kw,- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv- sI- I-cp-Wm-I-c-s‚- {]Jym-]-\-hpw- C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- tI-c-f-Øn¬- {I-a-k-am-[m-\w]m-tS- X-I¿-∂p- F-∂v-!-).- {I-a-k-am-[m-\-X-I¿-®-bv-°p-]n-∂m-se- '-57¬a-s‰m-cp- B-tcm-]-W-hpw- D-b¿-∂p-h-∂p-˛- s]m-eo-kv- kv-t‰-j-\p-IƒI-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- sk-√p-I-fm-bn.- sk¬-`-c-W-am-Wv- ]m¿-Sn- tI-cf-Øn¬- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv.N-cn-{Xw- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂- G-sXm-cmƒ-°pw- {]-Y-a- C- Fw- Fkv- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- {]-Xn-]-£-tam- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw- kw-L-S-\-tbmk-ap-Zm-b-ß-tfm- {]-Xy-£-k-a-cw- kw-ÿm-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- \-S-Ønbn-s√-∂p- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.- H-‰-s∏-´tXm- {]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn- \S-∂-tXmB-b- Nn-e- kw-`-h-߃- s]m-Sn-∏pw- sXm-ß-epw-h-®p- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xn-s\m-s°- s\-Sp-\m-b-I-Xzw- h-ln-®-Xv- ]-{X-߃-Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- {]-Nm-c-Ww- sIm-Sp-ºn-cn-sIm-≠- L-´-Øn-emWv- I-≈p-jm-∏p-Iƒ- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-߃-°phn-´p-\¬-Im-≥ k¿-°m¿- Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv.- b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬- C-Xn-s\-Xncm-b- k-a-c-am-Wv- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- B-Zy-am-bn- D-b¿∂- k-a-cw.- Xr-iq¿- ko-Xm-dmw- an¬-kn-se- k-a-cw.- (Cu- k-a-c-tØmsS-bm-Wv- sI- I-cp-Wm-I-c-≥ sF-F-≥Sn-bp-kn-bp-sS-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚-bpw- t\-Xm-hm-bn- D-Z-bw-sIm-≠-Xv-).- ae_m-dn-se Nn-dbv°¬- Aw-iØv- ]p-gm-Xn-tZisØ Im-´m-º-≈n-bn¬- 7.-5 G-°¿-- ]pd-tºm-°p- `q-an- ssI-tb-dn-b- k-a-cw- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- {]m-tZ-in-IX-e-Øn¬- \-S-∂- k-a-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.\p-W-bpw- I-≈-hpw- k-am-k-aw- tN¿-∂v- kw-ÿm-\-X-e- {]-Nm-cWw- \-S-Øn- C-h-bv-s°m-s°- h-en-b- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-Im-≥ ]-{X߃- a-’-cn-®p.- In-fn-sIm-√q¿,- N-µ-\-tØm-∏v- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se- Iip-h-≠n-^m-Œ-dn-Iƒ-°p-ap-∂n¬- \-S-∂- sh-Sn-h-bv-∏pw- C-Xn-s‚- A-Sp49

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Ø-L-´-am-bn- ]-{X-߃- G-s‰-Sp-Øp.F-∂m¬,- \-S-°m-Ø-tXm,- k¿-°m¿- Xo-cp-am-\w- F-Sp-Øn-´n-√mØ-tXm- B-b- a-s‰m-cp- {]-iv-\w- ]-{X-߃- Du-Xn-s∏-cp-∏n-®-Xv- \m´n¬- A- ¤ p- X - X - c w- K w- X - s ∂- kr- „ n- ® p.- k- X y- Ø n- s ‚- I- W n- I ehteian-√m-Ø k-a-c-am-bn-cp-∂p- "-H-c-W-k-a-cw-'- F-∂-t]-cn¬- ]n¬°m-e-Øv- N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-b-Xv.Ip-´-\m-´n-se- H-cp- t_m-´p-I-S-hn-em-Wv- Cu- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- ]n-dhn.- tI-c-f- kv-‰p-U-‚ v-kv- bq-Wn-b-≥ F-∂- sI-F-kv-bp- Cu- k-a-cØn-s‚- k-¥-Xn-bm-Wv.- F- sI- B-‚-Wn,- h-b-em¿- c-hn,- D-Ω-≥Nm≠n Xp-S-ßn-b-h-scm-s°- t\-Xm-°fm-bn- am-dn-b-Xpw- H-c-W-k-a-cw-hgn-bm-Wv.- h¿-j-ß-fm-bn- Ip-´-\m-´n¬- hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°v- H-c-W-bm-bncp-∂p- I-S-Øp-Iq-en.- C-Xv- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m¿- ]-Øp-ss]-k-bm°n- h¿-[n-∏n-®p- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- {]-Nm-c-Ww.- hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬- A-ßs\-sbm-cp- Xo-cp-am-\w- k¿-°m¿- F-Sp-Øn-cp-∂n-√.- B- Zn-i-bn¬- Btem-N-\-t]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- F-∂n-´pw- k-a-cw- i-‡n-s∏-´p.- \m´n-em-sI- k-a-c-k-tµ-iw- F-Øn-°m-≥ ]-{X-߃- ]-c-kv-]-cw- a-’-cn®p.- am-t\-Pv-sa-‚ v- kv-Iqƒ- D-S-a-Iƒ- X-ß-fp-sS- kv-Iq-fp-Iƒ- Zn-h-kß-tfm-fw- A-S-®n-´v- hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-sf- sX-cp-hn-en-d-ßn- k-a-cw-sN-øm-≥ t{]-cn-∏n-®-Xpw- H-c-W-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-bn- tI-c-fw- I-≠p.C-Xn-s‚- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn-cp-∂p- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n-√n-s‚- A-h-X-c-Ww.1957 Pq-sse- G-gn-\v- k¿-°m¿- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n√v- Pq-sse- 13\p- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- _n-√n-se- hy-h-ÿIƒ- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn- hn-Zym-`ym-k- I-®-h-Sw\-S-Øn-h-∂- Nn-e- am-t\-Pv-sa-‚p-Iƒ-°v- Z-ln-°m-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p.F-∂m¬,- _n-√n-se- \n¿-tZ-i-ß-tfm-Sv- {]-Xn-]-£-Øn-\v- i-‡-am-bnF-Xn¿-∏p-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- L-´-Øn-em-Wv- k¿-°m-cn-s\- A-´n-a-dn°m-\p-≈- \-s√m-cp- h-Sn-bm-bn- I-tØm-en-°m-k-`- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n√n-s\-Xn-sc- cw-K-sØ-Øn-b-Xv.- A-tXm-sS- {]-Xn-]-j-sØ- A-`n-{]mb-hy-Xym-k-߃- A-{]-Xy-£-am-bn.- A-h-cpw- _n-√n-s\-Xn-sc- H-∂n®-Wn-\n-c-∂p. k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-cm-b- {]-Nm-c-th-e- sIm-Sp-ºn-cn-sIm-≠- a-s‰m-cpL-´-am-bn-cp-∂p- sF-Iy-tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-\n-b-a-k-`m- D-]-sX-c-s™Sp-∏v.- tZ-hn-Ip--fw- a-fi-e-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Snbn-se- tdm-k-Ω- ]p-∂q-kpw- tIm-¨-{K-kn-se- _n- sI- \m-b-cpw- apJy-F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ.- tXm-‰m¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- `-c-Ww- Xp-em-kn-em-Ipw.50

hn-tam-N\kacØn-s‚ tIfn-sIm-´v-

Im-c-Ww- 64 Aw-K- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- tªm-°n¬- H-cmƒ- kv-]o-°¿.- {]Xn-]-£-Øn-\v- 62 Fw-F¬-F-am¿.- _n- sI- \m-b¿- P-bn-®m¬- {]-Xn]-£w- 63se-Øpw.- `-c-W-]-£w- 63.- F-¥n-\p-ta-Xn-\pw- kv-]o-°-dpsS- Im-kv-‰n-Mv-thm-´m-Ipw- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- `m-hn- \n-iv-N-bn-°p-I.- ]-t£,tZ-hn-Ip-fw- ssI-hn-´n-√.- 1958 sa-bv- 16\v- thm-s´-Sp-∏p- \-S-∂p.- A-∂vC-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \n-b-a-k-`m-a-fi-e-am-bn-cp-∂- tZ-hn-Ipf-Øv- D-]-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- 1,-58,-768 thm-´¿-am-cn¬- 84 i-X-am-\w-t]cpw- thm-´p-sN-bv-Xp.- sa-bv- 19\v- thm-s´-Æn- ^-ew--{]-Jym-]n-®p-˛- tdmk-Ω- ]p--∂q-kv- P-bn-®p-;- `q-cn-]-£w- 7089.C-\n-bm-Wp- c-kw.- ]n-t‰-Zn-h-kw- ]p-d-Øn-d-ßn-b- ]-{X-ß-fn¬a-lm-`q-cn-]-£-hpw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- Cu- hn-P-b-Øn-s‚Xn-f-°w- Ip-d-bv-°m-≥ X-ß-fm-em-Ip-∂-Xp- ap-gp-h-≥ sN-bv-Xp.- Nn-ekm-ºn-fp-Iƒ- C-Xm.B¿-F-kv-]n-bp-sS- ap-J-]-{Xw- Iu-ap-Zn- F-gp-Xn-:- "-tZ-hn-Ip-f-sØA-£-cm-`ym-k-an-√m-Ø- ]m-h-s∏-´- X-an-g¿-°p- tI-c-f-hp-am-bn- sshIm-cn-I-_-‘-sam-∂p-an-√.- C-Xv- H-cp- k-∂-≤-ssk-\y-Øn-s‚- hn-P-bam-Wv-'.F≥-F-kv-F-kn-s‚- ap-J-]-{Xw- a-e-bm-f-cm-Pyw-:- "-Cu- sX-c-s™Sp-∏n-s‚- {]m-[m-\yw- C-{X-I-≠v- A-\m-h-iy-am-bn- h¿-[n-∏n-®v- tIm-¨{K-km-Wv-'.tI-c-f-`q-j-Ww- F-gp-Xn- "-H-cp- D-]-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- P-bn-s®-∂pI-cp-Xn- kw-ÿm-\-`-c-Ww- P-\-߃- A-∏-Sn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-sa-∂p- hymtam-ln-°-cp-Xv'-.C-∂-sØ-t]m-se-X-s∂- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- A-∂pw- F-gp-Xn-: "-Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- P-\-kzm-[o-\w- K-Wy-am-bn- Ip-d-™p-sh-∂mWv- D-]-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-^-ew- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- 1957se- `q-cn-]-£w9686 thm-´n¬-\n-∂v- C-t∏mƒ- 7089 thm-´m-bn- C-Sn-™p-!-'.F-∂m-en-h-bp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬- I-tØm-en-°-k-`-bp-sS- ]-{X-am-b"-Zo-]n-I-'- F-¥p-sIm-≠pw- ap-ºn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- tZ-hn-Ip-fw- D-]-sX-c-s™Sp-∏n¬- A-h-cp-sS- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- te-J-I-≥ sI- kn- sk-_m-kv‰y-≥ sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-cw-Kw- t\-cn-´v- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv- F-ß-s\sb-∂p- t\m-°p-∂-Xp- \-∂m-bn-cn-°pw.- C-Xm,- H-cp-Zm-l-c-Ww-!"-tIm-¨-{K-kv- tI-{µ-ß-fn¬- ]-W-Øn-\p- \-t∂- _p-≤n-ap-´v- A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- tI-{µ-ß-fn¬- C-t∏m-gpw- ]-Ww- hm-cnsb-dn-bp-∂p...- ]m-º\m-dn-em-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- ap-Jy-sX51

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

c-s™-Sp-∏v- Hm-^o-kv.- B-d-c-a-Wn-°v- R-ß-sf-Øp-tºmƒ- 10 h-≠nIƒ- A-hn-sS- In-S-∏p-≠v.- ]mº-\m-dn¬- Im-dpw- ]-W-hpw- C-´Sn-®n-´pwh-en-b- B-im-h-l-am-b- \n-e-]m-Sv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im¿-°n-√.- A-hn-sS\n-∂pw- A-[n-Iw- A-I-se-b-√m-sX-bm-Wv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- Hm-^o-kv.- Imdp-Iƒ- H-∂p-t]m-epw- A-hn-sS-bn-√.- F-¶n-epw- D-’m-l-ap-≈- tIm-¨{K-kv- {]-h¿-Ø-I¿- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im-cp-sS- Im-dn-t\m-Spw- ]-W-tØmSpw- a-√-Sn-®p- {]-h¿Øn-°p-∂p...-'tZ-hn-Ip-fw- D-]-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p- ^-e-tØm-sS- tI-c-f-cm-jv-{So-bw\n¿-Wm-b-I-am-b- h-gn-Øn-cn-hn-se-Øn.- F-√m- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-I-fpw- hnZym-`ym-k-_n-√v- A-h-X-c-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw- `q-cn-]-£w- k-ap-Zm-b-kwL-S-\-I-fpw- _-lp-`q-cn-]-£w- ]-{X-ß-fpw- H-∂n-®-Wn-\n-c-∂n-´pw- tZhn-Ip-f-Øv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn-sb- tXm¬-∏n-°m-\m-bn-√.- A-Xn-s‚Pm-fyw- H-cp-h-i-Øv.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- Cu- \n-e- Xp-S¿-∂m¬- Xß-fp-sS- Im¬-®p-h-´n-se- a-Æv- H-en-®p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂- Xn-cn-®-dn-hv- a-dph-i-Øv.- C-ß-s\- h-√m-sØm-cp- A-¥-cm-f-L-´-Øn-em-bn- I-ayq-Wnkv-‰v- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-Iƒ.A-h¿-°p- kw-L-Sn-°m-\pw- tbm-Pn-∏p- hn-]p-es∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-≈km-l-N-cyw- Ip-sd-°q-Sn- i-‡-am-bn- ]-I¿-∂p-\¬-Ip-∂-Xm-bn- aq-hm‰p-]p-g- ap-\n-kn-∏¬- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-se- hn-P-bw.- B-sI-bp-≈- 16¬H-º-Xp-ko-‰pw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- t\-Sn.- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- i-‡nZp¿-K-ß-fn-sem-∂m-b- C-hn-sS- A-Sn-sX-‰p-sa-∂v- A-h¿- kz-]v-t\]n- hnNm-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√.- sXm-´p-ap-ºp -\-S-∂- ]-©m-b-Øv- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬aq-hm-‰p-]p-g- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- sI- Fw- tPm¿-Pns‚- a-fi-e-Øn¬- c-≠v- kz-X-{¥-ÿm-\m¿-Yn-Iƒ- am-{X-am-Wv- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- _m-\-dn¬- P-bn-®p-h-∂-Xv.- A-hn-sS-bm-Wnt∏mƒ- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im¿- sh-∂n-s°m-Sn- \m-´n-b-Xv.- F-ß-s\- k-ln°pw- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-Iƒ-!- B- hn-P-b-Øn¬- k-ln-°-h-øm-sX- IuapZn- F-gp-Xn-:"-I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s\- A-k-`yw-sIm-≠v- A-`n-tj-IwsN-øp-∂- {]-kw-K-ß-fpw- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fpw -am-{Xw- P-\-ß-fp-sS- IÆn¬- s]m-Sn-bn-Sm-≥ t]m-Ip-∂-h-bm-sW-∂p-≈- hym-tam-lw- ]-cn-XyPn-°m-\m-Wv- aq-hm-‰p-]p-g- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-^-ew- {]-Xn-]-£-ß-tfm-SvB-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv...-'AWn-bdbn¬- A-c-sßm-cp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂¿-Yw.- F-{Xsbm-s°- {]-tIm-]-\w- kr-„n-®n-´pw,- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-Iƒtbm-Pn-t∏m-sS- \n-∂n-´pw- \n-£n-]v-X- Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿-°p- P-bn-°m-\m52

hn-tam-N\kacØn-s‚ tIfn-sIm-´v-

Ip-∂n-√.- a-dn-®v- A-Sn-°-Sn- ]-cm-P-b-Øn-s‚- ]-c-º-c-I-fpw-!- C-sXm∂pw- ]-t£,- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-I-sf- X-f¿-Øn-bn-√.- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øns‚- Im-l-fw-ap-g-°n-bp-≈- Nn-e- {U-kv- dn-tl-gv-k¬- A-Xn-\-Iw- \-SØn-sb-¶n-epw- ]-cm-P-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m- ^-ew.- ]-t£,- B- X-I¿®-bv-°n-S-bn-epw,- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-hn-cp-≤- i-‡n-Iƒ°p-- B-fl-hn-izm-khpw- {]-tNm-Z-\-hpw- Du¿-P-hpw- \¬-Ip-∂- Nn-e -i-‡n-Iƒ- C-hn-sS- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- ]-{X-߃-!- h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂- \m-fp-Iƒ- ]-{X-߃- \-SØm-≥t]m-Ip-∂- s\-dn-sI-´- {]-Nm-c-W-ß-ß-fp-tS-Xm-sW-∂v- B¿-°pwDu-ln-°m-≥t]m-ep-am-bn-√.-

53

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

A-[ym-bw-˛-10

hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-te-°v{]-i-kv-X- Nn-¥-I-≥ tUm.- sI- F-≥ ]-Wn-°¿- F-gpXn-:- "-kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw- am-[y-a-tem-I-Øpw- kw-`-hn-®H-cp-am-‰w- a-tX-X-c-Xz-hpw- h¿-Ko-b-X-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- Bi-b-k-a-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.- H-cp- a-tX-X-c-cm-jv-{Sw- sI-´n-∏-Sp°m-\p-≈- {i-a-Øn¬- am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- H-cp-h-en-b-hn-`mKw- I-£n-tN¿-∂p.- ap-≥Xq-°w- a-tX-X-c-Xz-Øn-t‚-Xmbn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv- am-‰w- kw-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.- h¿Ko-b-X- cm-jv-{So-b-am-bn- B-{I-a-tWm-’p-I-am-Ip-∂-tXmSp-Iq-Sn- am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- k-ao-]-\-Øn-epw- am-‰w- kw-`-hn°m-≥ Xp-S-ßn.- a-tX-X-c-Xz-sØ-bpw- h¿-Ko-b-X-sb-bpwk-am-\-am-bn- Im-Wp-∂-Xm-Wv- Xp-S-°w.- ]n-∂o-Sv- a-tX-Xc-Xz-Øn-\v- kn-≤n-®n-cp-∂- C-Sw- Np-cp-ßn-®p-cp-ßn-t∏m-bn.Cu- C-Sw- h¿-Ko-b-X- ssI-ø-S-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- H-cpL-´w-h-∂-t∏mƒ- a-tX-X-c-Xz-Øn-\v- C-S-an-√m-Ø- h¿-Kob-X- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂- A-h-ÿ-bm-bn...--'- (tUm.- sIF-≥ ]-Wn-°¿.- s]m-Xp-a-fi-e-hpw- am-[y-a-ß-fpw-˛-teJ-\w-).F-¥m-Wn-X-n-\¿-Yw-?- a-tX-X-c-k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬-\n-∂pam-[y-a-߃- h¿-Ko-b-X-bn-te-°p- Xn-cn-™p- F-∂-t√.1959¬- tI-c-f-Øn¬- A-c-tß-dn-b- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn¬am-[y-a-߃-˛-A-∂-sØ- ]-{X-߃-˛-h-ln-®- ]-¶n-s\- Xpd-∂p-Im-´p-∂-Xm-Wv- sI- F-≥ ]-Wn-°-cp-sS- ta-ep-≤-cn®- \n-co-£-Ww.kzm-X-{¥y-{]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚- L-´-Øn¬- cm-Py-Øp54

hn-tam-N\kacØn-te°v-

b¿-∂- t{i-jv-T-am-b- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-ß-fp-sS- km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\p- {ian-®- ]m-c-º-cyw-t]-dn-b- Nn-e- ]-{X-ß-fpw- tI-c-f-Øn-ep-≠v.- H-∂mwC- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m-cpw- cm-jv{So-b- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fpw- A-gn-®p-hn-´- {]-Nfi-am-b- Ip-{]-Nm-c-W-߃G-s‰-Sp-°m-≥ B- ]-{X-ß-fpw- sIm-≠p-]n-Sn-®p -{i-an-®p.- C-Xn-s‚- ^e-am-bm-Wv- I-tØm-en-°m- ]-≈n-I-fpw- F-≥F-kv-F-kpw- ap-…nw-kwL-S\ - I - f - pw- tIm-¨{- K-kv- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- cm-jv{- So-b] - m¿-Sn-If - pw- t_m[-]q¿-hw- B-kq-{X-Ww- sN-bv-X- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- F-∂- cm-jv-{Sobm-`m-kw- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- "-Np-h-∂-a-fi-e-Øn¬-'- A-c-tß-dn-b-Xv.hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬,- {]-Y-a-k¿-°m-cn-s‚- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-b- \-S]-Sn-Iƒ-t°m- \-b-߃-t°m- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃-t°m- F-Xn-cm-bncp-∂n-√- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw.- a-dn-®v,- A-Øcw- P-\-Io-b-ap-J-ap-≈- t£a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-h-gn- tI-c-fw- sF-iz-cy-]q¿-W-am-sbm-cp- ]p-Xn-b- tem-ItØ-°p- I-S-°p-sa-∂- \n-e-h-∂p.- A-Xn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- P-\-ß-fp-sS- ]n-¥p-W- t]¿-Øpw-t]¿Øpw- t\-Sp-sa-∂pw- A-Xp-h-gn- ]m¿-Sn- B¿-°pw- tNm-Zyw- sN-øm-\mIm-Ø- cm-jv-{So-b-i-‡n-bm-bn- am-dp-sa-∂pw- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°mcpw- Kq-V-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cpw- `-b-s∏-´p.A-h¿- `-b-s∏-´-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv- \-S-∂-Xpw.- tZ-hn-Ip-fw- D-]-sX-cs™-Sp-∏pw- aq-hm-‰p-]p-g- \-K-c-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏pw- A-Xn-\n-S-bn¬\-S-∂- G-Xm-\pw- X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se- D-]-sX-c-s™Sp-∏p-sam-s°- A-h-cp-sS- `-b-Øn-\v- i-‡n-h¿-[n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- CXn-s‚- c-Xv-\-®p-cp-°w- C-Xm-Wv-:- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- tI-c-f-Øn¬A-\n-tj-[y-i-‡n-bm-Ip-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- ]m¿-Sn-sb- F-ß-s\-bpwX-I¿-°-Ww.- A-Xn-\p- kzo-I-cn-®- Ip-’n-X-am¿-K-am-bn-cp-∂p- hn-tamN-\-k-a-cw.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-{So-b-N-cn-{Xw- A-t\z-jn-°p-∂- B¿°pw- aq-°-Øp- hn-c¬-h-®p-sIm-≠p-am-{Xta A-∂-sØ- cm-jv-{So-b\m-S-I-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw- A-h-bv-°v- D-fp-t∏-Xp-an-√m-sX- ]-{X-߃- \¬In-b- I-Æp-a-S-®p-≈- ]n-¥p-W-bn-eq-sS-bpw- k-©-cn-°m-\m-Iq-!hn-Jym-X- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- Zm¿-i-\n-I-\pw- C-‰m-en-b-≥ I-ayq-Wnkv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- P-\-d¬- sk-{I-´-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂- A-t‚m-Wn-tbm- {Kmw-jn(1891˛-1937)- bp-sS- {]-kn-≤-am-b- kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv- "-ta¬-∏p-c- kn-≤m¥w-'- A-Y-hm- sl-Pn-a-Wn.- ta¬-∏p-c- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚- c-Xv-\-®p-cp°w- C-ß-s\-:"-\n-£n-]v-X- Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fp-sS- tI-Zm-c-am-b- `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\v- P\-ß-fp-sS-ta¬- \n-b-{¥-Ww- sN-ep-Øm-≥ B-bp-[-_-ew- am-{X-a-√55

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

B-{i-bw.- \n-c-h-[n- a-‰p-am¿-K-ß-fpw- A-h¿-°p-ap-∂n¬- Xp-d-∂p-In-S°p-∂p.- C-Xn¬- _u-≤n-I-am¿-K-߃- k-hn-ti-j-am-b- ÿm-\w- Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- _-e-{]-tbm-Kw-Iq-Sm-sX- Zm¿-i-\n-I- am¿-K-ß-fpw`-c-W-Iq-Sw- B-{i-bn-°pw.- cm-jv-{So-b-I-£n-Iƒ,- k-∂-≤-kw-L-S-\Iƒ,- ]-≈n-Iƒ,- hn-Zym-e-b-߃- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- Cu- _u-≤n-Iam¿-K-ß-fmWv.- Cu- Zm¿-i-\n-I-{]-tbm-Kw- h-gn-bm-Wv- A-h¿- P-\-ßsf- \n-b-{¥n-°p-I.- C-h-bp-sS- k-a¿-Y-am-b- {]-tbm-K-km-[y-X-bn-eqsS- kr-„n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- "-cm-jv-{So-b-k-Ω-Xn-'- B-Wv- P-\-ß-fn¬- \n-b{¥-Ww- D-≠m-°m-≥ `-c-W-Iq-Sw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv,- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿- A-∂-sØ]-{X-ß-sf- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- \-S-Øn-b- {]-Nm-c-W-am-b- B-i-b-tIm-eml-ew- {Kmw-jn--bp-sS- \n-co-£-Ww- ]m-tS- i-cn-h-bv-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-h-gnkr-„n-°-s∏-´- cm-jv-{So-b-k-Ω-Xn-bm-Wv- C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s\]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂- 1959 Pq-sse- 31s‚- \-S-]-Sn-bn-te-°p- \-bn-®-Xv.sI- F-≥ ]-Wn-°-cp-sS--bpw- {Kmw-jn-bp-sSbpw-- \n-co-£-W-w-- tN¿Øp-hm-bn-®m¬,- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-L-´-Øn¬- \n-£n]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m¿- X-ß-fp-sS- "-cm-jv-{So-b-Z¿-i-\w-'- \-S-∏m-°m-≥ ]{X-ß-sf- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-sX-∂p- Im-Wmw.- I-tØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-sS- ]{X-am-b- "-Zo-]n-I-'- A-°m-e-Øp- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®- G-Xm-\pw- hm¿-ØI-fp-sS- X-e-s°-´p-Iƒ- am-{Xw- \-ap-°p- ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.H-∂v-:- B-e-∏p-g-bn¬- A-cn-hmƒ-∏-S-bp-sS- B-{I-a-Ww.c-≠v-:- I-Æn¬-°-≠-h-sc-sb-√mw- sIm-√p-∂p.aq-∂v-:- In-g-t°- I-√-S-bn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-cm-Pv.\m-ev-:- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]-´m-fw- C-d-ßm-≥t]m-Ip-∂p.A-©v-:- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im¿- sN-øp-∂- sIm-Spw-{Iq-c-X-bp-sS- I-YIƒ- tI-´v- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- I-c-™p.hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- k-a-b-hpw- Xo-b-Xn-bpw-h-®p-≈- ]-cn-tim[-\- C-hn-sS A-{]-k-‡-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- A-∂-sØ- kw-`-h-ß-fpam-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- a-‰p- Nn-e- ]-{X-߃-Iq-Sn- F-ß-s\- s]-cp-am-dn,- hm¿Ø-Iƒ- Fßs\ ssI-Im-cyw- sN-bv-Xp- F-∂-dn-b-Ww.- k-a-cw- i‡-am-bn- \-S-°-sh,- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- P-h-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp-hn-s‚- tIc-f-k-µ¿-i-\w.- 1959 Pq-¨- 22\v- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fØn-se-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- cm-Pv-`-h-\nem-Wp- X-ßn-b-Xv.- F-Øn-b-Xns‚- c-≠mw-Zn-h-kw,- Pq-¨- 24\v- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- F-∂- a-e-bm-f-]{Xw- H-cp- ap-J{]-kw-Kw- F-g-Xn-˛- Cw-•o-jn¬-!- a-e-bm-f- hm-b\°m¿°v- Cw-•o-jv- ap-J{]kw-Kw-!! s\-lv-dp-hn-\v- B-cp-sS-bpw- k-lm-bw56

hn-tam-N\kacØn-te°v-

C-√m-sX- Im-cyw- a-\- n-em-I-W-a-t√m.- ap-J-{]-kw-K-Øn-s‚- X-e-s°´v- C-ß-s\-:- `Kerala Agitation and constitution (tI-c-f-Øn-se- Iem-]-hpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpw-).- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- tI-c-f-k¿-°m-cn-s\- ]ncn-®p-hn-S-Ww- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- ap-J-{]-kw-K-Øn-s‚ D-≈-S-°w.- A-Xn\v- ap-J-{]-kw-K-Øn-¬- B-dp-Im-c-W-߃- A-°-an-´p \n-c-Øn-.Pq-¨- 25\v- as‰m-cp- aebm-f]{Xw- tI-c-f-`q-j-W-hpw- Cw-•o-jvap-J-{]-kw-K-hp-am-bn- a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ-°p-ap-∂n¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´p.- a-ebm-fw-am-{Xw- A-dn-bp-∂-h¿- A-∂-sØ- ap-J-{]-kw-Kw- hm-bn-t°-s≠∂p- ]-{X-ap-S-a-Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p-I-f-™p-!- X-e-s°-´v- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p:- `We appeal to Pandit Nehru (]-fin-‰v- s\-lv-dp-hn-t\m-Sp- R-ß-fpsS- A-`y¿-Y-\-).Pq-¨- 25\v- s\-lv-dp-hn-s‚- a-S-°-bm-{X-.- hn-am-\-Øn¬- I-b-dpwap-ºv- ]-{X-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sS- tNm-Zy-߃-°p- A-t±-lw- a-dp-]-Sn- \¬In.- A-Xn¬-\n-∂p-≈- c-≠p-tNm-Zy-ß-fpw- A-h-bv-°p- \¬-In-b- D-Øc-ß-fpw- C-hn-sS- tN¿-°mw.tNm-Zyw-:- tI-c-f- k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc- tI-{µ- C-S-s]-S¬- C-t∏mƒD-≠m-Ip-tam.s\-lv-dp-:- C-t∏mƒ- tI-c-f-Øn-¬- C-S-s]-Sp-I-b-√- D-t±-iw.- G-Xpkw-ÿm-\-Øpw- tI-{µ- C-S-s]-S¬- ]-c-am-h-[n- Ip-d-bv-°pw.- ]-t£,tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]n-∂o-sS-¥p- \-S-°pw- F-∂p- C-t∏mƒ- ]-d-bp-I- h-ø. tNm-Zyw-:- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- F-∂-t]-cn¬- \-S-°p-∂- e-l-f-I-sf∏-‰n- \n-c-h-[n- B-t£-]w- D-≠v.- Xm-¶ƒ- F-¥p-]-d-bp-∂p.s\-lv-dp-:- ]n-°-‰n-ßn-t\m-Sv- F-\n-°v- tbm-Pn-∏n-√.- kv-Iq-fp-I-fpw_-kp-I-fpw- ]n-°-‰v- sN-øp-∂-Xn-t\m-Sp- tbm-Pn-°p-∂n-√.- hn-Zym¿-Yn-˛hn-Zym¿-Yn-\n-I-sf- k-a-c-Øn-\n-d-°p-∂-Xpw- k-a-c-°m¿- _-kp-Iƒ- XS-bp-∂-Xpw- i-cn-bm-b- Im-cy-a-√.tNm-Zy-߃- \n-c-h-[n- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h-bv-s°-√mw- A-t±-lwku-ay-am-bn- a-dp-]-Sn- \¬-In.- G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬- B-cpw- tNm-Zn-°msX-X-s∂- A-t±-lw- a-‰p- Nn-e-Xp-Iq-Sn- ]-d-™p.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- [oj-W-sb- \-an-°p-I-tb- \-ap-°p- am¿-K-ap-≈p.- tNm-Zn-°m-sX-X-s∂s\-lv-dp- ]-d-™-Xv- C-Xm-Wv: "-tI-c-f-Øn-se- a-e-bm-f-]-{X-ß-sf-∏-‰n- H-cp-Im-cyw- ]-d-bm-≥ Rm\m-{K-ln-°p-∂p.- a-e-bm-f-]-{X-߃- A-h-bp-sS- i-‡n-°pw- Hm-P-kn\pw- A-∏p-d-ap-≈- `m-j-bm-Wv- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p- F-\n-°p- tXm∂p-∂p.- G-Xm-\pw- ]-{X-hm¿-Ø-I-fp-sS- X¿-P-a-I-fpw- Rm-≥ hm-bn®p.- Ip-sd-°q-Sn- ku-ay-am-b- `m-j-bn¬- X-ß-fp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bw- {]-I57

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Sn-∏n-°m-≥ Cu- ]-{X-ß-tfm-Sv- Rm-≥ A-`y¿-Yn-°p-∂p...-'a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bpw- tI-c-f-`q-j-W-hpw- Cu- Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬- Fgp-Xn-b- Cw-•o-jv- ap-J-{]-kw-Kw- A-t±-lw- hm-bn-®p-sh-∂p- D-d-∏v! hntam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv- tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]-{X-߃- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv- G-I]-£o-b-hpw- {`m-¥-hp-am-b- \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv- F-∂-Xn-\v- C-Xn¬-∏-cw- sXfn-sh-¥n-\v-?

A-t∏mƒ- {]-iv-\w- C-Xm-Wv: C- Fw- F-kv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- ]-e- \S-]-Sn-I-fpw- P-\-t£-a-X¬-]-c-X-bpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-X-bpw- {]-Xn^-en-∏n-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-\m¬- A-Ø-cw- \-b-ß-sf-bpw- A-h-sb- B-[mc-am-°n- k¿-°m¿- ssI-s°m-≠- `-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-sf-bpw- A-{X-bv-°ßp- I-Æ-S-®p- F-Xn¿-°m-≥ ta-em.- A-tX-k-a-bw,- k¿-°m-cn-s\-bpwA-Xn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw -\¬-Ip-∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-sb-bpw- \-J-inJm-¥w- F-Xn¿-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.- A-Xn-s\-¥p- h-gn-?A-Xn-\p-≈- h-gn,- H-cp-sh-Sn-°p- c-≠p-]-£n-sb- ho-gv-Ø-em-Wv.A-Xn-\v,- I-≈w,- ]-®-°-≈w- ]-d-bp-I.- A-Xm-h¿-Øn-°p-I.- I-≈-Øn\v- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- t\-Xr-Øn-ep-≈- k¿-°m-cpwF-∂p- ap-{Z-Nm¿-Øp-I-˛- Cu- Ko-_’n-b≥- X{¥am-bn-cp-∂p- Ah¿]b‰n-bXv.- Cu- e-£yw- t\-Sm-≥ a-X-sa-¶n¬- a-Xw,- Pm-Xn-sb-¶n¬Pm-Xn,- k-ap-Zm-b-sa-¶n¬- k-ap-Zm-bw-˛- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- hn-cp-≤-i-‡n-Ifp-sS- ssI-øn-se- B-bp-[w.- _-en-jv-T-hpw- G-Xp-k-a-b-Øpw- ÿ-eØpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\pw- I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂- Cu- B-bp-[-°q-ºm-c-߃°p- k-ao-]w- F-¥n-\p-ta-Xn-\pw- X-øm-dm-bn- \n-e-sIm-≠- sh-Sn-s°´m-im-≥am-cm-bn- H-cp-]-‰w- ]-{X-ß-fpw.hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-\p- {]-iv-\-k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b- cm-jv-{So-b-]-cn-kcw- kr-„n-®-Xv- Cu- ]-{X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂p- N-cn-{Xw- tc-J-s∏-SpØn.- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-ew- C-h-bv-°v- Nm-I-c-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]-t£,A-hn-Sw-sIm-≠v- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-≥ Cu- ]-{X-߃- H-cp-°-am-bn-cp∂n-√.- tI-c-f-hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚- \n¿-Wm-b-L-´-ß-fn-sem-s°- ]-g-bB-bp-[-߃-°p- aq-¿-®-tb-In- A-h- Im-Øn-cp-∂p-;- k-µ¿-`w- In-´n-bt∏m-sgm-s°- k-a¿-Y-am-bn- Cu- B-bp-[-߃- {]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpwsN-bv-Xp-!-

58

A[y-m-bw-˛11

P\Io-bm-kq-{XWhpw- am-[y-aßfpw1996˛-2001

Im-eØv- tIc-f-Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Ønen-cp-∂- aq-∂mw- \m-b-\m¿- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Im-e-Øv- \-S∏m-°n-b- P-\-]-£- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-sf-bm-Wv- "-P-\Io-bm-kq-{X-Ww-'- (People's Planning-)- F-∂p- s]m-Xpsh- hn-h-£n-®p-t-]m-cp-∂-Xv.- BtKm-f{]ikv-X - n-bm-¿-Pn® "tIcf tam-U¬'- ]≤Xn-Ifp-sS AeIpw-]n-Sn-bpw]p-Xp-°n- AXn-s‚ ]n-¥p-S¿-® F∂\n-ebn¬- Ip-td°qSn- P\Io-bam-b _Z¬- hn-Ik\]≤Xn- F∂ \n-ebnem-Wv- P\Io-bm-kq-{XWw- hn-`m-h\ sNøs∏´Xv.C-¥y-≥ B-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚- hn-Pb]cm-Pb-ß-fpsS- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-e-hpw- A-\p-`-h-hpw- hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I,- AXn-s‚- tIm-´-߃- a-\- n-em-°p-I,- A-h- F-ß-s\- Xncp-Ømw,- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- cm-Py-sØ- km{ºZm-bnI- B-kq-{X-Wco-Xn-imkv-{XØn¬- -\n-∂p-am-dnP-\-ß-fp-sS- B-h-iy-hpw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-{]-iv-\-ß-fpw- a\- n-em-°p-I-,- A-ß-s\- Hm-tcm- {]-tZ-i-sØ-bpw- k-hnti-j-am-b- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-X-Ip-∂- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- cq]w- \¬-Ip-I,- A-h-bp-sS- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\v- X-t±-io-bam-bn- e-`n-°p-∂- A-kw-kv-Ir-X- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ- e-`y-am°p-I,- A-Ø-cw- ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS- ^-e-{]-Z-am-b- ta¬t\m-´-Øn-\pw- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\pw- A-X-Xv- {]-tZ-i-sØX-t±-i- kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v- A-[n-Im-cw- \¬Ip-I,- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- km-º-Øn-I- k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\vXt±iÿm-]\ß-fp-sS- k-l-I-c-Ww- D-d-∏m-°p-I,- ]59

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

≤-Xn- \n¿-hl-W-Øn-\v- kw-ÿm-\- _-P-‰n¬-\n-∂v- km-º-Øn-I-klm-bw- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I...--P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-WØn-s‚ {]m-tZ-in-I-am-b- B-kq-{X-W,- \n¿h-l-W- {]-{In-b-bp-sS- Zo¿-L-ta-dn-b- Nm-ep-Iƒ- C-ß-s\- t]m-Ip∂p.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-b¬- e£y-an-´m-Wv- 1996˛-2001se- F¬-Un-F-^v- k¿-°m¿- P-\-Io-bm-kp-{XW- ]-≤-Xn-°v- cq-]w-\¬-In- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.1995¬- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-- \-S-∂- tI-c-f- ]-T-\-tIm-¨-{K-kv- CuZn-i-bn¬- {i-t≤-b-am-b- Im¬-sh-∏v- \-S-Øn.- Xp-S¿-∂m-Wv- C- Fw- Fkv- A-[y-£-\m-b- k-an-Xn- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-]≤Xn-°p- Np-°m-≥]nSn-®-Xv.- Im¿-jn-I-_-‘ -_n¬,- A-[n-Im-chn-tI-{µo-I-c-Ww,- hn-Zym`ym-k- ]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww,- km-£-c-Xm-{]-ÿm-\w-.- kv-{Xo-im-‡o-IcWwXp-S-ßn-b-h-sbm-s°- hn-hn-[Im-e-Øv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-˛-C-S-Xp-]-£- k¿°m-cp-I-fp-sS- an-I-®- P-\-]-£-hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚- am-Xr-I-I-fm-bn-cp∂p-h-t√m.- Cu- t{i-Wn-bn-se- a-s‰m-cp- N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- Np-h-Sp-sh-∏mbn-cp-∂p- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Ww. H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬- CXp- h-f-sc- Bbm-kcln-Xam-b hn-I-k-\-{]{In-b- F-∂p-tXm-∂mw.- ^-e-Øn¬- A-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√.- P-\-Iobm-kq-{X-W- {]-{In-b- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-bncp-∂p.- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ-°pw- \-K-c-k-`-Iƒ-°pwIq-Sp-X¬- A-[n-Im-cw- ssI-am-d-Ww.- C-Xn-\v- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv,- \-K-c]m-en-I- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- t`-Z-K-Xn- th-≠n-h-∂p.- A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- DtZym-K-ÿ- ]p-\¿-hn-\ym-kw- \-S-Øn.- Ah¿-°p- an-I® ]cn-io-e\w\¬-In.- k¿-°m¿- ^-≠v- _-P-‰p-h-gn- Xm-tg-Ø-´n-te-°v- ssI-am-dn.k-¶o¿-W-am-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- k-¶-e-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- P-\-Io-bmkq-{X-Ww F∂p- Np-cp-°w.]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- Xp-S-°-Øn¬-X-s∂- F-Xn¿-∏pw- D-b¿-∂p-h-∂p.- AXv- kzm-`m-hn-Ihp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- Im-c-Ww,- A-Sn-ÿm-\-hn-I-k-\-{]-iv-\߃-s°m-s°- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]-cn-lm-cw- Im-Wm-≥ {i-aw- \-S-Øn-bXvI-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-˛-C-S-Xp-]-£- k¿-°m-cp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p--h-t√m.- AØcw\b߃-s°Xnsc \n-£n-]v-XXm¬-]cy-°m¿- ap-ºpw- cw-KØp-h∂Xv,- t\scsØ- \mw- I≠p.- B \bßfp-sS Np-hSp-]n-Sn-®v- aq-∂mw- \mb-\m¿- k¿-°m¿- \-S-∏m-°n-Øp-S-ßn-b- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W- ]-≤-Xns°Xn-sc Xp-S-°w-ap-X¬- hn-hn-[ \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-]-cy-°m-cpw- cw-KØp-h-∂p.- A-h¿-°v- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-In-b-Xm-I-s´,- a-s‰-√m- {]-iv-\-ßfn-epw- F-∂-t]m-se,-- am-[y-a-߃- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬60

P\Io-bm-kq-{XWhpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

]-cy-°m-cn¬- C-S-Xp-]-£-hn-cp-≤- cm-{„o-b-°m-cpw- D-≠m-Ip-I- kzm`m-hn-Iw.- P\Io-bm-kq-{XWØn¬- A-h-cp-sS- Ip-g-eq-Øp-Im-cm-bnH-cp-hn-`m-Kw- am-[y-a-߃- am-dn-b-Xv- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- hn-I-k-\-N-cn-{XØn-se- k-am-\-X-I-fn-√m-Ø- G-Sm-Wv. P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚- ap-Jy-e-£yw- tI-c-fo-b-{Km-a-ß-fn¬"-{Km-a-kz-cm-Pv-'- ÿm-]n-°p-I F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- {Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- F-∂Xv- tZ-io-b- kzm-X-{¥y-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ap-Jy-e-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.- kzm-X-{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-ti-jw- 1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26\v\n-e-hn¬-h-∂- C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- \n¿-tZ-i-I-X-Xz-ß-fn¬(Directive Principles of State Policy-)- {Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- e-£y-am-bn- {]Jym-]n-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂n-tßm-´v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂- tI-{µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- A-Xv- \-S-∏m-°m-≥ Xp-\n-™n-√ F∂Xp- Ncn-{XØn‚ as‰m-cp- Iu-Xp-Iw.Cu-sbm-cp- A-\p-`-hw-Iq-Sn- ]-cn-K-Wn-®-ti-j-am-Wv- P-\-Io-bm-kq{X-W -{]-{In-b-bv-°v- tI-c-fw- Xp-S-°w-Ip-dn-®Xv.- F-Xn¿-∏p-Iƒ- D-b¿∂-L-´-Øn¬- C- Fw- F-kv- X-s∂- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚- \n¿h-l-W-Øn¬- I-S-∂p-Iq-Sp-∂- B-im-ky-a-√m-Ø- {]-h-W-X-Iƒ- Nq≠n-°m-´n.- A-tX-k-a-bw,- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- s]m-Xp- D-≈-S-°-sØ-bpw- Ah- k-^-eo-I-cn-°p-∂- km-aq-ly-am-b- D-t±-i-e-£y-ß-sf-bpw- A-t±lw- A-S-n-h-c-bn-´p- \ym-bo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W- L-´-Øn-epw- ti-j-hpw- ap-Jy-[m-cm-am-[y-aß-fp-sS- k-ao-]-\w- F-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- \m-Sn-s‚- hn-I-k-\-{]-iv-\-ß-tfm-Sp-≈- {In-bm-fl-I- {]-Xn-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p--thm- am-[y-a-߃- C-°mcy-Øn-epw- ]p-e¿-Øn-b-Xv-?- k-{In-b-am-b- am-[y-aC-S-s]-S¬- F-∂- \ne-bn¬- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W- {]-{In-b-tbm-Sp-≈- am-[y-a-k-ao-]\-sØhn-e-bn-cp-Øm-tam-?{]-iv-\w- C-Xm-Wv-: tZ-io-b- kzm-X-{¥y-{]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚- Im-ewap-X-te- D-b¿-∂p-h-∂- ap-Jy-ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-Ic-Ww.- C-Xn-s‚- Np-h-Sp-]n-Sn-®m-Wv- tI-c-f-hpw- B- Zn-i-bn-te-°v- \oßn-b-Xv.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- F-gp-Xn-h-®- {Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- k¶¬-∏w- bmYm¿-Yy-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp-∂p-- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Ww.- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI{µo-I-c-W-{]-{In-b-bpw- {Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- k-¶¬-∏-hpw- C-Xn-s‚- c-≠v- hi-ß-fm-bn- am-dn.- kw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- ^-≠n¬-\n-∂v- 35˛-40 iX-am-\w-h-sc- _-P-‰p-h-gn- {Xn-X-e- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- ssI-am-dn.- ]-Xn-\mbn-c-°-W-°n-\v- D-tZym-K-ÿm-\p-tZym-K-ÿ¿-°v- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-Øn-∏n-\v]-cn-io-e-\w- \¬-In.- tI-c-f-im-kv-{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øv,-- Xn-cp-h-\61

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

¥-]p-c-sØ- sk-‚¿- t^m¿- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- kv-‰-Uo-kv- (kn-Un-Fkv-)- F-∂n-h-sbm-s°- Cu- N-cn-{X-Zu-Xy-Øn-¬- `m-K-`m-°m-bn.- tI-cf-sØ- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-bm-\p-≈- N-cn-{X-Zu-Xyw- G-s‰-Sp-°m-≥,- A-Xn¬I-Æn-I-fm-Im-≥ G-h-cpw- a-’-c-_p-≤n-tbm-sS- ]-cn-{i-an-®p.]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- {]m-[m-\yw- hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xn-s‚kw-Lm-S-I-k-an-Xn.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- ap-Jy-a-{¥n- C- Fw- F-kvB-bn-cp-∂p- k-an-Xn- A-[y-£-≥.- ap-≥ap-Jy-a-{¥n-am¿,- ap-≥ {-]-Xn-]£-t\-Xm-°ƒ,- F-√m- cm-{„o-b]m¿-Sn-I-fp-sS-bpw- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ,- hnhn-[- P-\-Io-bkw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-scm-s°- kwLm-S-I-k-an-Xn-bn¬- Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-X-e- k-anXn.- Iogv-Ø-´p-I-fn¬- cq-]o-I-cn-®- hn-hn-[- k-an-Xn-I-fn-em-bn- kw-ÿm\-sØ- ap-gp-h-≥ P\-ß-fpw- ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-bn.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- hn-I-k\-ap-t∂-‰-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- ]p-Ø-\-[ym-bw- F-gp-Xn-t®¿-Øp- P-\-Io-bmkq-{X-Ww- F-∂-Xm-Wv- k-Xyw.F∂m¬,- ]n-∂o-sS-¥p-≠m-bn-?- tI-c-f-im-kv-{X-km-ln-Xy- ]-cnj-Øpw- kn-Un-F-kp-sam-s°- km-{am-Py-Xz- In-¶-c-∑mbXv- F{XthK-am-Wv- tI-c-fo-b¿- I-≠-Xv! C-t∏mƒ- Xn-cn-™p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ,- AY-h- N-cn-{Xw- Nn-I-bp-tºmƒ- C-sXm-s°- A-Xn-i-tbm-‡n- At-√- F∂m-tem-Nn-®v- Nn-e-sc-¶n-epw- s\-‰n-Np-fn-°pw.- F-∂m¬,- k-Xyw- AXm-bn-cp-∂p.- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Ww- ap-≥\n¿-Øn-bp-≈- am-[y-a-hn-a¿i-\-ß-sf- "-{^-≠v- sse-≥"- ssZz-hm-cn-I- "-am-[y-a-`o-I-c-X-'- F-∂m-Wvhn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.- -{^-≠v- sse-≥ F-gp-Xn-:"-"-C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈- am-[y-a-`o-I-c-X- a-e-bm-fw- ]-{X-߃,-- sF-Fkv-B¿-H- Nm-c-t°-kn-se-∂-t]m-se,-- {Sm-°v- hn-t´m-Sp-∂- k-µ¿-`-ß-fnte- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bq.- Cu- Im--sº-bv-\n¬- cm-{„o-b-°m-cpw- A-°m-Zan-Iv- ]-fin-X-∑m-cpw- ]-T-\-tI-{µ-ß-fpw- kw-ÿm-\- Xm¬-]-cy-߃X-I¿-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ssI-tIm¿-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- P-\-hn-Im-cw- kr-„n°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- H-cp- {i-a-am-bn-cp-∂p CXv-....''-- ({^-≠v-sse-≥ ssZz-hmcn-I.- B-K-kv-Xv- 15,- 2003).F-¥m-Wv- C-Xn-\¿-Yw-?- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Ww- ]m-tS- s]m-fn-™psh-∂v- ÿm-]n-°-m-\m-bn-cp-∂p-- ap-Jy-[m-c-am-[y-a-߃- \n-c-¥-cw- {ian-®-Xv F∂t√ CXp- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.- Cu- hn-hm-Z-߃-°v- a-s‰mcp-h-iw- Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- '--90I-tfm-sS- B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-\-b߃- tI-c-f-Øn¬- \-S-∏m-°n-Øp-S-ßn--bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.- A-∂v- tI-{µØn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xv- ]n- hn- \-c-knw-l-dm-hp-hn-s‚- t\-XrXz-Øn-ep-≈- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k¿-°m¿.- Cu- a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se- [-\-a-{¥n62

P\Io-bm-kq-{XWhpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

bm-bn-cp-∂p- tUm.- a-≥tam-l-≥kn-Mv.- C-cp-h-cp-sS-bpw- `-c-W-Im-e-ØmWv- B-tKm-f- am-[y-a`o-Ic∑m¿-°v- C¥y-bn¬- {]h¿-Ø\m-\p-aXn\¬-In-bXv.- AtXm-sS sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\¬-hn-πhØn-\v- C¥y-bnepwXp-S°an-´p.- CXn-s‚ Aesbm-en- tIcfØn-epw- D≠m-bn.- Hcp-]t£,Sn-hn- Nm-\ep-Ifp-sSbpw- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\ep-Ifp-sSbpw- hchn-\p-tijwtIcfØn-se ap-Jy[m-cm-am-[y-a߃-°v- ho-Wp-In-´n-b "hn-hm-Zku`m-Ky-w'- Bbn-cp-∂p- P\Io-bm-kq-{XW hn-hm-Zw.At\z- j Wm- fl I ]{X{]h¿- Ø \w- ]≠pw- C∂p- am- [ y- a cw- K sØ khn- t ijap- { Zbm- W v . - F∂m¬,- At\z- j Wm- fl I am-[y-a{]h¿-Ø\w- F∂Xn-s‚ t]cn-tem- adhn-tem,- P\Io-bm-kq{XWw- ap≥-\n¿-Øn- tIcfØn¬- \S∂,- Ct∏m-gpw- \S∂p-sIm-≠ncp-°p-∂ am-[y-aCSs]S¬- k{In-btam- {In-bm-flItam- Bbn-cp-∂ns√∂v- Dd∏m-°m-\m-Ipw.- hn-hm-Zßfp-sS Fgps-∂≈n-∏m-bn-cp-∂p- CXns‚ adhn¬- \S∂Xv.- CXn-\v- DZm-lcW߃- C\n-bpw- F{XtbmD≠v.-

63

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

A[ym-bw-˛12

sXcs™Sp-∏pw- am-[y-aßfpw\mw- t\csØ I≠Xp-t]m-se,- 1957 ap-Xen-tßm-´vtIcfsØ ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- th-Zn-I-fm-bmWv- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-I-sf- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- C-SXp-]-£-{-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpw- k-ao-]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.- P-\-ß-fpsS- {]-iv-\-߃- k-a-{K-am-bn- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw_-lp-`q-cn-]-£w-h-cp-∂- A-[zm-\n-°p-∂- P-\-hn-`m-K-ßfp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-{]-iv-\-߃- N¿-®- sN-øm-\p-am-Wv- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- CS-Xp-]-£-hpw- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p- {]Nm-cWß-fn-eq-sS {ian-°p-∂-Xv.- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p L-´-ß-fn¬- C-°m-c-WØm¬-X-s∂- hy-‡-am-b- {]-I-S-\-]-{Xn-I- X-øm-dm-°nk-a-{K-am-b- N¿-®-bv-°v- P-\-k-a-£w- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-I-fp-sS- kzm-`m-hn-I-{]-h¿-Ø\-co-Xn-bm-Wv.kn-]n-sF- Fw- ]m¿-Sn- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- ]-d-bp-∂p-:"P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bpw- X-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-]cy-߃- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bpw- \-S-Øn-s°m≠n-cn-°p-∂- k-a-c-ß-fn¬- km¿-h-{Xn-I- thm-´-h-Im-iw,]m¿-e-sa-‚ v,- kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-sb- Bbp-[-ß-fm-°m-≥ P-\-߃-°v- I-gn-bpw.- C-¥y-bn-se- C∂-sØ- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- hy-h-ÿ,- _q¿-jzm-kn-bp-sS- h¿K-`-c-W-Øn-s‚- H-cp -cq-]-am-sW-¶n¬-X-s∂-bpw- P-\-ßsf- kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw- ap-t∂-‰-Øn-s‚- H-cp-am¿-KwA-Xv- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.- P-\-ß-fp-sS- Xm¬-]-cy-߃64

sXcs™Sp∏pw-- am-[y-aßfpw-

Im-Øp-c-£n-°m-\pw- H-c-f-hp-h-sc- `-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- C-S-s]-Sp-∂Xn-\pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\pw- km-aq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°pw- th-≠n-bp-≈k-a-c-ß-sf- ap-t∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn- P-\-ß-sf- A-Wn\n-c-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- A-Xv- Nn-e- A-h-k-c-߃- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂p-≠v...'-- (kn-]n-sF- Fw- ]m¿-Sn- ]-cn-]m-Sn.- A-[ym-bw- 5 J-fin-I- 22).Cu- e-£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- 1957¬,- sF-Iy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn-°p-tijw- \-S-∂- B-Zy-\n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- ap-X-en-tßm-´v- I-ayq-Wnkv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bpw- C-S-Xp-]-£-hpw- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- cm-{„o-bw- ssI-Imcyw- sN-bv-Xp-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.- tI-c-f-Øn-se- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- 1957¬{]-Y-a-\n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- Xn-I-™- hn-P-b-{]-Xo-£- ]pe¿-Øn.- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fn-eq-∂n- \n-∂p-sIm-≠p-≈- k-a-{K-am-b- ]-cntim-[-\-bp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- tIc-f-L-S-Iw- C-hn-sS- hn-P-b-{]-Xo-£- ]p-e¿-Øn-b-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- I-ayqWn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- B-Zyw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øp-I- B-{‘m-{]--tZ-in-emIpw- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- B-{‘-bn-se- ]m¿-Sn-L-S-Ihp-w- tI-{µ-t\-Xr-Xzhpw- hn-iz-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- H-‰-bv-°v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- hcm-≥ I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-°v- sI¬-∏n-s√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- A-∂-sØ- tI{µ-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚- hn-e-bn-cp-ج.A-hn-`-‡- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xzw- A-∂v- CØc sam-cp- \n-K-a-\-Øn¬- F-Øn-b-Xn-\v- H-cp- cm-{„o-b-]-iv-Nm-Ø-ew- D≠mbn-cp-∂p.- 1952¬- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n-bn-epw- a-{Zm-kv- {]-hn-iy-bp-sS- `mK-am-bn-cp-∂- a-e-_m¿- Pn-√-bn-epw- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂p.- tIm-¨-{Kkn-s\-Xn-sc- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- ap-∂-Wn- D-≠m-°n-bm-Wv- A-∂pa-’-cn-®-Xv.- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n-bn¬- B¿-F-kv-]n,- sI-F-kv-]n- F-∂n-hbm-bn-cp-∂p- I-ayqWn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- k-Jy-I-£n-Iƒ.- a-e-_m-dn¬sI- tI-f-∏-≥ t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b- sI-Fw-]n-bp-am-bm-Wv- I-ayq-Wnkv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- k-Jy-ap-≠m-°nb-Xv.- B kJy-߃- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬t\´hp-ap-≠m-°n.- 1957se BZy- \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-°v- k-Jy-I-£n-Iƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A°mcWØm¬ sXcs™Sp-∏p- kJy-hp-ap-≠m-bn-√.

I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- H-‰-bv-°v- a-’-cn-°p-∂- km-l-N-cyw,-- B{‘-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw- A-hn-`-‡- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- B-Zyw- A-[nIm-c-Øn¬- h-cn-I- F-∂- hn-e-bn-cp-ج-˛- Cu- ]ivNm-Øe-am-Wv- H‰-bv-°v- a-’-cn-°p-∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-°v- tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-I-I£n- `-c-Ww- ÿm-]n-°m-\m-In-√- F-∂- \n-K-a-\-Øn-te-°v- A-hn-`‡- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- tI-{µ-t\-Xr-Xz-sØ- F-Øn-®-Xv.- ]m¿-Sn- P65

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

\-d¬- sk-{I-´-dn- A-P-b-tLm-jv- C-°m-cyw- a-d-®p-sh-®n-√.- sX-c-s™Sp-∏n-s‚- H-cp-L-´-Øn¬- ]-{X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-P-b-tLm-jv- C-ßs\- ]-d-™p-:- "-tIm-¨-{K-kn-s\-Xn-cm-bn- C-S-Xp-]-£- sF-Iyw- cq-]s∏-´n-´n-√m-ØXn-\m¬- tIcfØn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\m-Wv- hn-P-b-km[y-X-'.C-Xv- sX-‰m-sW-∂pw- H-‰-bv-°m-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- a-’-cn°p-∂-sX-¶n-epw- ]m¿-Sn- P-bn-®p-Iq-sS-∂n-s√-∂pw- C- Fw- F-kv- AtX-Xp-S¿-∂v- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn-d-°n.- am-{X-a-√,- A-hn-`-‡- ]m¿-Sn- tZiob ap-J-]-{Xw- "-\yq- G-Pn-'¬- C- Fw- F-kv- C-tX-°p-dn-®v- km-am-\ywZo¿-L-am-sbm-cp- te-J-\w- F-gp-Xn.- A-Xn¬- C- Fw- F-kv- ]d™p--:"- sN-dn-b- B-fl-hn-izm-k-tØm-sS- Zo¿-L-Z¿-i-\w- sN-ømw.- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn,- ]n-F-k-] v- n,- B¿-F-kv-]n,- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-co-Xn-bn¬Nn-¥n-°p-∂- hy-‡n-Iƒ- F-∂n-h¿- tN¿-∂- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- {]-Xn-]-£Øn-\v- (tIm-¨-{K-kn-s\-Xn-sc- Cu- i-‡n-Iƒ- H-‰-bv-s°m-‰-bv-°m-Wva-’-cn-®-sX-¶n-epw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tI{µ-Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-em-Wv.B- \n-e-bn-em-Wv- C- Fw-F-kv- Cu- I-£n-I-sf- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- {]-Xn]-£w- F-∂v- hn-fn-®-Xv.- A-√m-sX- k-Jy-am-bn- a-’-cn-°p-∂p-- F-∂hn-h-£-bn-√-˛- {KŸI¿-Øm-hv-)- A-Sp-Ø- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- \-√- {]mXn-\n-[yw- D-≠m-Ipw.- Cu- Iq-´p-sI-´n-\v- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- `q-cn-]-£w e-`n-°p-I- F-∂-Xpw- A-kw-`-hy-a-√-'- ( C- Fw- F-k- v te-J-\w-.- \yqG-Pv,- s^-{_p-h-cn- e-°w,- 1957).Cu- {]-h-N-\w- k-Xy-am-bn.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- kz-X-{¥-cp-sS]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS-bm-sW-¶n-epw- B-Zy- \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬sF-Iy-tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- H-‰-I-£n-bm-bn-˛- c-≠v- Aw-Kß-fp-sS- `q-cn-]-£-tØm-sS- 1957 G-{]n¬- A-©n-\v- {]-Y-a- I-ayq-Wnkv-‰v- k¿-°m¿- tI-c-f-Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn.- C- Fw- F-kv- \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- {]-Y-a- tI-c-f- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn.- Cu- k¿-°m-cm-Wv- B[p-\n-I- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- kr-„n-°v- N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´-sX∂pw- B k¿-°m-cn-s\bm-Wv- Ip-{]-kn-≤- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-eq-sS1959 Pq-sse- 31\v- A-´n-a-dn-®-sX-∂pw- \mw- t\-c-sØ- I-≠p.

1957˛-59 Im-e-sØ- B-Zy- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m-cn-s\- t\-cn-´- coXn-bn¬-X-s∂-bm--Wv- ]n-∂o-Sn-tßm-´v- hn-hn-[-L-´-ß-fnse sXcs™Sp∏p-Ifn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-˛-C-S-Xp-]-£-k¿-°m-cp-I-sf- h-e-Xp-]-£- ]{X-ß-fpw- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- ]-{X-ß-fpw- Nm-\-ep-I-fpw- tN¿-∂- "-am-[y-a߃-'- F-∂v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-h-bpw- t\-cn-´-Xv.-

66

sXcs™Sp∏pw-- am-[y-aßfpw-

C-°q-´-Øn¬- k-hn-ti-j-{i-≤-bm¿-jn-®- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fm-Wv1987,- 1991 \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fpw- 2009se- tem-Iv-k-`m- sXc-s™-Sp-∏pw.-

1987 tI-c-f-Øn-se- ap-∂-Wn- cm-{„o-bw,- 1967\p-ti-jw- ]p-Xp-bp-KØn-te-°v- Im-ep-h-®p-I-b-dn-b- cm-{„o-b-am-‰-Øn-\p-- Xp-S-°-an-´-Xv- 1987 am¿-®p-am-kØn¬- \S∂ \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-t∏m-sS-bm-Wv."67\p-ti-jw- h¿-Ko-b-cm-{„o-b-I-£n-Iƒ- C-√m-Ø- C-S-Xp-]-£- P\m-[n-]-Xy- ap-∂-Wn- kn-]n-sF- Fw- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- tI-c-f-Øn¬A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- h-∂-Xv- Cu- sX-c-s™-Sp-t∏m-sS-bmbn-cp∂p.- 1967¬C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-≥ ap-…nw-eo-Kv- CSXp]£Øn-s‚bpw-- A-Xn-\p-tijw- A-Jn-te-¥ym- ap-…nw-eo-Kv- C-S-Xp-]-£- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-∂-Wn-bpsS-bpw- `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p.F-∂m¬,- 1987 B-Ip-tºm-tg-°pw- kn-]n-sF- Fw- A-Jn-te-¥ymap-…nw-eo-Kp-am-bp-≈- _-‘w- ]m-tS- D-t]-£n-®p.- Xo¿-∂n-√,- Fw- hncm-L-h-≥ F-∂- {]-ap-J- t\-Xm-hn-s\- ]p-d-Øm-°n-b-ti-jw- kn-]nsF- Fw- cm-{„o-b-am-bn- £o-Wn-®p-sh-∂pw- F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ- hn-e-bncp-Øn-b- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- '-87te-Xv.- A-Jn-te-¥ym- ap…nw-eo-Kv- C-√-;- Fw- hn- cm-L-h-s\- kn-]n-sF- Fw- ]p-d-Øm-°n.- CtXm-sS- F¬-Un-F-^v- Xo¿-∂p.- A-[n-Im-cw- A-h¿-°v- kz-]v-\w- am-{Xam-Ipw-˛- C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- cm-{„o-b- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fpw- A-h¿-°v- ]n-¥pW-tb-In-\n-∂- ]{X-ß-fpw- s]m-Xp-th- {]-N-cn-∏n-®p-t]m-∂-Xv.Hc¿-YØn¬- Xn-I®pw- aX\n-ct]£am-b ap-Jap-{Ztbm-sSbmbn-cp-∂p- '-87se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- kn-]n-sF Fw- t\XrXzw- \¬-In-b CSXp-]£ P\m-[n-]Xy-ap-∂Wn- a’cn-®Xv.- AJnte¥ym- eo-Kv- hn-´p-t]m-bXn-\m-epw- Fw- hn- cm-Lhs\t∏m-se IcpØ\m-b t\Xm-hn-s\ ]p-dØm°n-bXn-\m-epw- kn-]n-sF Fw- \bn°p-∂ F¬-Un-F^n-\v hn-Pbkm-[y-X I¬-∏n-°m≥- ]{X߃- Hcp°am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- F∂p-am-{Xa√,- sI Icp-Wm-Ic≥- \bn-°p-∂ bpUn-F^v- A[n-Im-cw- \n-e\n¿-Øp-sa∂p-Xs∂ A∂sØ ap-Jy[mcm- ]{Xßfm-b aebm-f at\mc-abpw- am-Xr-`q-an-bp-sam-s° \n-c¥cw{]Ncn-∏n-®pt]m-∂p.1982˛'-87 Im-esØ F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cns‚ Nn-e hn-Ie \bßfpw- AXn-s\Xn-sc tIcfØn¬- \S∂ DPz-eap-t∂‰ßfpw^eØn¬- F¬-Un-F^n-\v- A\p-Iq-eam-b cm-{„o-bm¥co-£w- kr67

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

„n-®n-cp-∂p.- tIm-tfPp-Ifn¬-\n-∂v- {]o-Un-{Kn- th¿-s]Sp-Øn- {]tXyI t_m¿-Un-\v- Io-gn-em-°m-\p-≈ A∂sØ bp-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cns‚ Xo-cp-am-\w- hn-Zym-`ym-ktaJesb Atßb‰w- Iep-jn-Xam-°nbn-cp-∂p.- CXn-\p-]p-dsa kw-ÿm-\Øv- \n-ch[n- kz-Im-cy- t]m-fnsSIv-\n-Iv- Bcw-`n-°m-\p-≈ \o-°hpw- hn-Zym¿-Yn-kw-LS\Ifp-sS FXn¿-∏v- hn-fn-®p-hcp-Øn.- A[ym-]I \n-ba\ßfn¬- ISp-Ø AgnaXn-bpw- tIm-gbpw- \n-d™n-cp-∂p.- Cu-sbm-cp- ]iv-Nm-Øew- hn-Zym`ym-kcw-KØv- FÆa‰ {]t£m-`߃-°v- Xn-cn-sIm-fp-Øn.CXn-\p-]p-dsabm-Wv- \n-ba\\n-tcm-[\w- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn- A`ykv-Xhn-Zy-cm-b bp-hP\ßfp-sS sXm-gn¬- F∂ kz-]v-\w- A∂v- XI¿°s∏´Xv.- sXm-gn¬-\n-tj[Øn-s\Xn-sc a{¥n-am-sc sXcp-hn¬XSbp-∂ {]t£m-`ßfS°w- tIcfØn¬- Actßdn.- Cu-sbm-cpkac`cn-Xam-b cm-{„o-b]iv-Nm-Øew- Hcp-hiØv-; Hcp-hn-[ h¿-Kob_‘hp-an-√m-sX Xn-I™ aX\n-ct]£ap-JtØm-sS F¬-UnF^v- \n-esIm-≈p-∂ cm-{„o-bm-¥co-£w- adp-`m-KØv. CXp -c≠pwIq-Sn- tN¿-∂t∏mƒ- tIcfw-- '-57,- '-67,- '-80 Im-esØt]m-se ho-≠pwNp-h∂p.- A©p-h¿-jsØ A[n-Im-cw-hn-´v- bp-Un-F^v- {]Xn-]£\ncbn¬- FØn.- {]Xn-]£Øp-\n-∂v- F¬-Un-F-^v- `cW]£ØpwFØn.Chn-sSbpw- ]{X߃- Atßb‰w- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v-,- CSXp-]£ hn-cp-≤Xbm-Wv- {]ISn-∏n-®Xv.- cm-{„o-bbm-Ym¿-Yy-ßsf hkv-Xp-\njv-Tam-bn- hn-ebn-cp-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- AXn-\\p-kcn-®p-≈ \n-e]m-SvssIs°m-≈p-∂Xn-\pw- ]{X߃- Xøm-dm-bn-√ F∂Xn-s‚ as‰m-cpan-I® DZm-lcWam-Wv- 1987se tIcf \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v.-

1991se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v]{Xßfp-sS cm-{„o-b[m¿-an-IX Agn-™pho-W as‰m-cpL´am-bn-cp-∂p- 1991se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v.- 1987 am-¿-®n¬A[n-Im-cØn-¬-h∂ c≠mw- \m-b\m¿- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ `cWIm-ewtIcfØn-s‚ cm-{„o-bap-t∂‰Øn¬- \q-X\am-b A[y-m-bw- FgpXn-t®¿-Øp.- "kºq¿-W km-£cXm- {]ÿm-\'-Øn-\v- tIcfw- cq]w-\¬-In-bXv- C°m-eØm-Wv.- cm-Py-Øm-Zy-am-bn- kºq¿-W km£cXbn-te°v- tIcfw- Np-hSp-h®p.- Cu- an-Ihv- ssIhcn-°p-∂ BZykw-ÿm-\am-bn- am-dn- tIcfw.- CXn-\p-]p-dsa A[n-Im-chn-tI{µoIcWw- Im-cy-£aam-°m-\p-≈ {iaØn-s‚ `m-Kam-bn- Pn-√m- Iu¨kn- e p- I ƒ- bm- Y m¿- Y y- a m- ° n- b Xpw- 1987˛'- 9 1 Im- e sØ C sI 68

sXcs™Sp∏pw-- am-[y-aßfpw-

\mb\m¿- k¿-°m-cm-Wv.- an-I® km-aq-ly-t£a ]≤Xn-Iƒ-°pw- kmaq-ly- kp-c£m- ]≤Xn-Iƒ-°pw- B k¿-°m¿- cq-]w-\¬-In.- ]cºcmKX hy-hkm-bßfp-sSbpw- s]m-Xp-taJem- hy-hkm-bßfp-sSbpwkw-c£WØn-\pw- B k¿-°m¿- ^e{]Zam-b \S]Sn- kzo-Icn-®p.kºq¿-W km-£cX,- A[n-Im-chn-tI{µo-IcWØn-\m-bp-≈ Np-hSp-hbv-]n-s‚ `m-Kam-bn- Pn-√m- Iu¨kn-ep-Ifp-sS cq-]o-IcWw,hy-hkm-b kw-c£Ww- Xp-Sßn-b t\´ßƒ- B¿-Pn-®Xn-s‚ JymXn-tbm-sS c≠mw- \m-b\m¿- k¿-°m¿- 1991 sabv-am-kØn¬- \S∂ \n-bak`m- D]sXcs™Sp-∏n-s\ t\cn-´p.- F∂m¬,- ]{X߃- F¥v\n-e]m-Sm-Wv- B sXcs™Sp-∏n-¬- kzo-Icn-®Xv-?- Ncn-{Xhn-Zym¿-YnIƒ-°v- G-sd KthjWw- \SØm-hp-∂ hn-jbw-Xs∂bm-Wn-Xv.ssh°w- kXy- { KlØn- s ‚ hm¿- j n- I w- BtLm- j n- ° p- ∂ thfbn¬- C Fw- Fkv- Hcp-teJ\w- Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.- 1991se \nbak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n-\v- hfsc \m-fp-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.ssh°w- kXy-{KlL´Øn¬- hn-hn-[ kap-Zm-bt\Xr-Xzw- cmP`cWtØm-Sp- kzo-Icn-®n-cp-∂ ar-Zp-kao-]\sØ C Fw- Fkv- \nin-Xhn-a¿-i\Øn-\v- hn-t[bam-°n,- B -- teJ\Øn¬.- Cu- ar-Zp-kao]\sØ FXn-¿-Øp-tXm¬-∏n-°m≥- kap-Zm-bw-K߃,- Ncn-{XØns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X F∂t]m-se,- cw-KØp-h∂p-sh∂pw- Ahbp-sS kΩ¿- Z am- W v - ]n- ∂ o- S v - ssh°w- kXy- { Klw- t]m- e p- ≈ Ncn{Xkac߃-°v- _o-Phm-]w- sNbv-XsX∂pw- C Fw- Fkv- \n-co£n-®p.- F∂n-´v- At±lw- Hcp-Im-cyw- ASn-bhcbn-´p-]d™p˛- FkvF≥-Un-]n-bp-sS BZy-Im-e t\Xm-°fn¬- Nn-e¿- cm-P`cWØn-s‚ ]m-ZtkhIcm-bn-cp-∂p.- CXm-Is´,- Bcpw- AwKo-Icn-°p-∂ Ncn{XkXy-hp-am-Wv.F∂m¬,- 1991se sXcs™Sp-∏n\p--- hfscap-ºv- C Fw- FkvFgp-Xn-b Cu- teJ\Øn¬- cm-Phm-gv-NIm-esØ Fkv-F≥-Un-]nt\Xm-°fn¬- Hcp-hn-`m-Kw- t\Xm-°fpsS kao-]\w- Xp-d∂p-Im-Wn®Xn-s\ aebm-fat\m-ca ]{Xw- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\w- sNbv-Xp.- "FkvF≥-Un-]n- t\Xm-°ƒ- cm-Pm-hn-s‚ ]m-ZtkhI¿-: C Fw- Fkv'F∂ Xes°´n¬- H∂mw-t]Pn¬-Xs∂ at\m-ca sXcs™Sp-∏p-{]Nm-cWØn-s‚ Hcp-L´Øn¬- hm¿-ØNa®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- AtX∏‰nFkv-F≥-Un-]n- t\Xm-°fp-sSbpw- km-[m-cW{]h¿-ØIcp-sSbpwhsc A`n-{]m-bßfpw- A`n-ap-Jßfpw- Xp-S¿-®bm-bn- {]kn-≤o-Icn®p.- CXn-s‚ ^-eam-bn- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- thm-´¿-am¿- N¿-® sNtø≠ P\Io-b{]iv-\߃- CØcw- hn-hm-Z߃-°v- hgn-am-dn.- kºq¿-W 69

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

km-£cXm- {]ÿm-\w,- A[n-Im-chn-tI{µo-IcWhpw- AXn-s‚ `mKam-bn- \S∏m-b Pn-√m- Iu¨-kn-ep-Ifpw-hsc Cßs\ sXcs™Sp∏v- Nn-{XØn¬\n-∂p-- Hcp-]cn-[n-hsc t_m-[]q¿-hw- adbv-°s∏´p-; AØcw- Im-cy-߃- thm-´¿-am¿- N¿-®sNøcpXv- F∂ Hcp-Xcw- hmin-Xs∂ aebm-f at\m-ca Im-´n.- Cu- am-Xr-I am-Xr-`q-an- Dƒs∏sSbp-≈ a‰p- ]{Xßfpw- ]n-¥p-S¿-∂p.- c≠mw- \m-b\m¿- k¿°m-cn-s‚ `cWt\´ßƒ- Gsd°p-sd thm-´¿-am-cp-sS a\kn¬-\n∂pw- t]m-bv-ad™p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-bp-sS c‡km-£n-XzwIq-Sn- h∂W™tXm-sS bp-Un-F^n-\m-bn- hn-Pbhpw- kw-ÿm\`cWhpw.A[n-Im-chn-tI{µo-IcWtam- kºq¿-W km-£cXm-t\´tamH∂p-a√ \m-Sn-\m-hiy-sa∂pw- AØcw- t\´ßƒ- B¿-Pn-°m≥tIcfsØ {]m-]v-Xm-°n-b Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- {]ÿm-\sØbpw- AXvt\Xr-Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂ CSXp-]£sØbpw- \m-´n¬-\n-∂v- sI´p-sI´n°p-Ibm-Wv- th≠sX∂p-ap-≈ A]ISIcam-b ktµiw-˛1991se tIcf \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- Db¿-∂Xv- CXm-Wv.- aebmfat\m-cabpw- "tZio-b Zn-\]{Xw'- F∂ Jym-Xn- AhIm-is∏Sp-∂ amXr-`q-an-bpw- A∂v- {ian-®Xv- Cu- hgn-]n-g® t]m-°n-\v- Du¿-Pw]Icm-\m-Wv.- AXphgn- km-ap-Zm-bn-Iam-b GIo-IcWØn-\pw- Cu]{X߃- hgn-hn-´v- {ian-®p.bYm¿-YØn¬- A[n-Im-chn-tI{µo-IcWhpw- km-£cXm- {]h¿Ø\hpw- G‰hp-a[n-Iw- klm-bIcam-bXv- Cu-ghmZn- ]n-t∂m-° kap- Z m- b ߃- ° mWv . - AXv - ad®p- h ®m- W v - , - C Fw- Fkn- s ‚ teJ\Øn-se Nn-e ]cm-a¿-ißsf hfs®m-Sn-®pw- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\wsNbv-Xpw- A∂v- ]{X߃- kn-]n-sF FΩn-\pw- F¬-Un-F^n-\psaXn-sc P\hn-Im-chpw- km-ap-Zm-bn-Ihn-Im-chpw- Cf°n-hn-Sm≥- {ian®Xv.- Ncn-{XØn-s‚ \n-tj[hpw- hkv-Xp-XIfp-sS im-kv-{Xo-bm]{KY\-an-√m-bv-abpw- CØcw- hm¿-ØIfp-sS s]m-≈Øcw- Xp-d∂pIm-´p-∂Xm-Wv.- F∂m¬,- tIcfo-bkaq-lØn¬- ]{X߃-,- hn-injym-- heXp-]-£ Xm¬-]cy-°m-cm-b ]{X߃,-- B¿-Pn-® Zpx-kz-m[o-\Øn-s‚ sR´n-∏n-°p-∂,- Ghscbpw- Nn-¥n-∏n-°p-∂ sXfn-hmWv- 1991se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v-.- 1987˛91se bp-Un-F^v- k¿°m-cn-s‚ hn-Ik\t\´ßfp-sS bYm¿-Y Kp-Wt`m-‡m-°fm-b kam\y-P\ßsf k¶p-Nn-Xam-b km-ap-Zm-bn-Ihn-Im-cw- Ip-Øn-h®v- F¬Un-F^-n-s\Xn-cm-°m≥- \S∂ {iaw- Ncn-{XØn-s‚ as‰m-cp- IpXq-lew-Xs∂.70

sXcs™Sp∏pw-- am-[y-aßfpw-

2009se tem-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp-∏vt\csØ \mw- I≠Xp-t]m-se CSXp-]£Øn-\pw- hn-in-jymIayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-°pw- FXn-cm-bn- ap-Jy[m-cm- am-[y-a߃-˛ AXn¬- Zn-\]{Xßfpw- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\ep-Ifpw- Dƒ-s∏Sp-w-˛ cm-{„ob sshc\n- c ym- X \_p- ≤ n- t bm- s S \n- e ]m- s SSp- Ø as‰m- c psXcs™Sp-∏m-bn-cp-∂p 2009 G{]nen-¬- \S∂ 15˛mw- tem-Iv-k`msXcs™Sp-∏v.tem-Iv-k`bn-te°m-Wv- sXcs™Sp-∏v- F∂Xn-\m¬- kz-m-`m-hnIam-bpw- thm-´¿-am¿- N¿-®sNøp-I tZio-bhpw- km¿-htZio-bhpam-b hn-jbßfm-Ip-at√m.- A°q-´Øn¬- tIcfcm-{„o-bhpw- N¿® sNøs∏Spw.- CXp- kz-`m-hn-Iam-sbm-cp- cm-{„o-b{]{In-bbm-Wv.km¿-htZio-b cw-Khp-am-bn- _‘s∏´v- C¥y-bp-sS hn-tZi\bw,A¥m-cm-{„ {]iv-\ßfn-¬- ssIs°m-≈p-∂ \b\ne]m-Sp-Iƒ-,- hntZicm-Py-ßfp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ \bX{¥Xe _‘ßfn-se ho-gvNIƒ˛t\´ßƒ,- hn-tZicm-Py-ßfn¬- tPm-en-t\m-°p-∂ {]hm-knIfp-sS {]iv-\ßtfm-Sp-≈ kao-]\w,- BtKm-fh¬-°cWØn-t‚Xmb C∂sØ°m-eØv- Atacn-°≥- km-{am-Py-Xzw- Dƒ-s∏sSbp-≈ ap-Xem-fn-Øcm-Py-ßtfm-Sp-≈ kao-]\hpw- Ahcp-am-bn- _‘s∏´vChn-sS ssIs°m-≈p-∂ \bßfpw- X{¥]cam-b \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw,-AXn¿-Øn- cm-Py-ßfp-am-bp-≈ {]iv-\߃- ]cn-lcn-°p-∂Xn-\v- FSpØ \S]Sn-Ifpw- {]iv-\ßfpw- ho-gv-NIfpw-˛ Chsb AXo-hKuchtØm-sS thm-´¿-am¿- tem-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp-∏p-thfbn¬- N¿®bv-°v- hn-t[bam-°pw.- CØcw- N¿-®Iƒ- Db¿-Øn-s°m-≠p-hcp∂Xn¬- tZio- b cm- { „o- b ]m¿- S n- I fpw- {]m- t Zin- I I£n- I fpwAtßb‰w- {i≤ sNep-Øm-dp-ap-≠v.CXn-\p-- ]q-cIam-bn-Xs∂ cm-Py-Øv- tI{µk¿-°m-¿- kzo-Icn°p-∂ km-ºØnI˛cm-{„o-b\bßfpw- hn-hn-[ taJeIfn¬- kzoIcn-°p-∂ \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw- AXXv- Im-esØ a‰v- \n-¿-Wm-bI{]iv\ßfpw- kPo-ham-bn- thm-´¿-am¿-°p-ap-∂n¬- Db¿-∂p-hcm-dp-ap-≠v.Db¿-∂ cm-{„o-bkm-£cXbpw- cm-{„o-bm-ht_m-[hpw- ssIhcn-® tIcfw-t]m-semcp- \m-´n¬- Cu- {]iv-\߃- AXn-kq-£v-am-b ]cntim-[\bv-°v- hn-t[bamIm-dp-s≠∂Xpw- kp-hn-Zn-Xw.2009se tem-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp-∏v- Cu-b¿-YØn¬- cm-Py-sØ khn- t ij{]m- [ m- \ yap- ≈ sXcs™Sp- ∏ p- I fn¬- H∂m- b n- c p- ∂ p.km¿- h tZio- b hpw- tZio- b hpw- tIcfo- b hp- a m- b \n- c h[n- au- e nI{]iv-\߃- N¿-® sNbv-X sXcs™Sp-∏v- F∂Xn-\m-em-Wv- CXv71

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

{i≤n-°s∏´Xv.km¿-htZio-b{]iv-\߃- F∂ \n-ebn¬- Fs¥m-s°bm-bncp-∂p- B sXcs™Sp-∏v- N¿-® sNbv-XXv?- Ahsb Fßs\ kw{Kln-°mw.H∂v-: 1991¬- cm-Py-Øp- Xp-Sßn-bXpw- \n-ehn¬- AXn-i‡hpam-bn- Xp-Scp-∂Xp-am-b Atacn-°≥- km-{am-Py-Xzhn-t[bam-b BtKmfh¬-°cW\bw- \S∏m-°p-∂Xn-s‚ Zp-c¥w.c≠v-: 2008 Pq¨˛Pq-sse am-kßfn¬- ]m¿-esa‚ v- N¿-® sNbvX Ct¥m-˛Atacn-°≥- BWhIcm¿.aq-∂v-: aq-∂mw- tem-Icm-Py-߃- Dƒ-s∏´n-cp-∂ tNcn-tNcm-{]ÿm\w- Xm-ßpw-XWepw- \¬-In-t∏m-∂ ]ekv-Xo≥- P\Xsb XI¿°m≥- Ah¿-s°Xn-sc hn-cam-an-√m-Ø bp-≤߃- \SØn-hcp-∂C{ktb¬- F∂ `o-Iccm-Py-hp-am-bn- C¥y- ÿm-]n-® X{¥]camb ssk\n-Ihpw- cm-{„o-bhpw- \bX{¥]chp-am-b _‘߃. \m-ev-: Iiv-ao¿- {]iv-\w- Dƒ-s∏sS \n-ehn¬- ]mIn-ÿm-\p-am-bn\n-e\n¬-°p-∂ {]iv-\߃- ]cn-lcn-°p-∂Xp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p-≈ hn-jb߃.A©v-: A¬ -sJz-bv-Zm- F∂ `o-Ic{]ÿm\sØ XI¿-°ms\∂ t]cn¬- A^v-Km-\n-ÿm-\n¬- \SØp-∂ bp-≤ßfpw- Cdm-Jns\Xn-sc \SØn-b A[n-\n-thihpw- k±mw- lp-ssks‚ Zm-cp-W sIm-e]m-XIhpw.Bdv-: kz-¥am-bn- BWh]≤Xn-Iƒ- hn-Ikn-∏n-®p- F∂Xn-s‚ t]cn¬- Cdm-s\Xn-sc Atacn-°bpw- kJy-I£n-Ifm-b bq-tdm-]y≥ap-Xem-fn-Øcm-Py-ßfpw- \SØp-∂ lo-\am-b \o-°ßƒ.Ggv-: Cu- {]iv-\ßfn-sem-s° tI{µØn¬- \n-ehn-en-cn-°p-∂ tUm.- a≥-tam-l≥-kn-Mv- k¿-°m¿- Atacn-°≥- km-{am-Py-Xzi‡nIƒ-°pw- BtKm-f aq-e[\i‡n-Iƒ-°pw- A\p-Iq-eam-bn- \n-c¥cwkzo-Icn-°p-∂ \bßfpw- \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw- AXn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬cq-]w-\¬-In-b ]p-Ø≥- km-{am-Py-Xz-m-\p-Iq-e hn-tZi\bhp-w.

C\n- tZio-b {]iv\ - ßfn-te°v- Xn-cn-™m-tem?- Ah C\n- ]dbp∂hbm-Wv.H∂v-: tIm¿-]td‰v- i‡n-Iƒ-°v- A\p-Iq-eam-bn- \S∏m-°p-∂,BtKm-fh¬-°cW A\p-Iq-e km-ºØn-I˛DZm-ch¬-°cW \b ߃-.c≠v-: CXn-\\p-cq-]am-bn- hy-hkm-btaJebn-epw- Im¿-jn-IcwKØpw- \S∏m-°p-∂ XeXn-cn-™ heXp-]£ \b߃.72

sXcs™Sp∏pw-- am-[y-aßfpw-

aq-∂v-: Ct¥m-˛Atacn-°≥- BWhIcm¿ km-[y-am-°m≥- kzoIcn-® hgn-hn-´ am¿-Kßfpw- AXn-\p-th≠n- ]m¿-esa‚n¬- `q-cn-]£wDd∏m-°m≥- Hgp-°n-b tIm-Sn-°W°n-\v- cq-]bp-sS Agn-aXnbpw-.\m-ev-: I¿-jn-Icw-KsØ ap-cSn-∏pw- \n-c¥cw- Xp-Scp-∂ I¿-jI BfllXy-bpw.CXn-\p-]p-dsa,- 2006 sabv- am-kw- ap-X¬- tIcfØn¬- A[n-ImcØn-en-cp-∂ F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m¿- \S∏m-°n-b t£a]≤XnIfpwhn-Ik\\bßfpw-- AXp-hgn tIcfw- B¿-Pn-® t\´ßfpw- B sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- kPo-ham-b N¿-®bv-°v- ]m-{Xo-`hn-°p-sa∂pw]cs° {]Xo-£n-®p.F∂m¬,- bYm¿-YØn¬- kw-`hn-®Xv- F¥m-Wv? 2009¬- \S∂ tem-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- Cu- hn-jbßsfm-∂pw- tIcfØnse ap-Jy-[m-cm-∏{X߃-°pw- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\ep-Iƒ-°pw- hn-jbta A√m-bn-cp-∂p-! AØcw- hn-jb߃- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- kPo-h N¿®bm-Ip-sa∂v- Icp-Xn-b ]m-hw- thm-´¿-am¿- \n-klm-bcm-bn.- ta¬∏d™ hn-jbßsfm-∂pw- tIcfØn-se am-[y-a߃- N¿-® sNbvXn- √ .- F∂p- a m- { Xa√,- Bhp- ∂ hn- [ Øn- s em- s ° AØcw- hnjbßfn-¬-\n-∂p- am-dn-\n¬-°m-\pw- P\߃°p- Xm¬-]cy-an-√m-Ø a‰p- Im-cy-ßfn-te°p- Ahcp-sS cm-{„ob{i≤ Xf®n-Sm-\pam-Wv- am[y-a߃- B sXcs™Sp-∏n-¬- {ian-®Xv.- AXn-sem-∂m-Wv- A–pƒ\m-k¿- av-AZ\n-bp-sS ]n-Un-]n- F∂ cm-{„o--b]m¿-Sn-bp-am-bn- kn-]nsF Fw- Ft¥m- sXcs™Sp-∏p- kJy-ap-≠m-°n- F∂ XcØn-¬am-[ya߃- hen-b hm-in-tbm-sS {]Ncn-∏n-®Xv. hm-kv-XhØn¬-,- Ct¥m-˛Atacn-°≥- BWhIcm¿- {]iv-\wDƒ-s∏sS tI{µØn-se H∂mw- bp-]n-F k¿-°m¿- kzo--Icn-® \b\ne]m- S p- I fm- b n- c p- ∂ p- t- I cfw- B sXcs™Sp- ∏ n¬- Gsd N¿®sNtø≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv.- \hen_d¬- \bßfpw- AXn-s‚ ^eambn- cm-Pyw- t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ sISp-Xn-Ifpw- P\Po-hn-Xw- Zp- lam°p- ∂ Xm- b n- c p- ∂ p.- C°m- c WØm¬- tI{µk¿- ° mcn- s \Xn- s c i‡am-b P\hn-Im-cw- Bfn-°Øp-∂ tZio-bcm-{„o-bkm-lNcyw.AØcsam-cp- ]iv-Nm-ØeØn-em-Wv- 15˛mw- t-em-Iv-k`m- sXcs™Sp∏p- \S∂Xv.- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- Ah N¿-®sNøm-\pw- thm-´¿-am-sc B \n-ebn¬- t_m-[h¬-Icn-°m-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p- tIcfØn¬- kn-]nsF Fw- t\Xr-Xzw- \¬In-b CSXp-]£˛P\m-[n-]Xy-ap-∂Wn- {ian®Xv.F∂m¬-,- ]n-Un-]n- _‘w- Btcm-]n-®v- kn-]n-sF FΩn-s\ H‰Xn73

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

cn-™v- B{Ian-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p- am-[y-aßfp-sS Xm¬-]cyw-.- AXmIs´ km-am-\y-acym-ZIfp-sS F√m-ko-aIfpw- ew-Ln-°p-Ibpw- sNbvXp.- Pm-Xn-˛aX˛h¿-Kob {]ÿm-\ßtfm-Spw- A°q--´¿- t\XrXz-w- \¬Ip-∂ cm-{„o-b]m¿-Sn-Itfm-Spw- kn-]n-sF Fw- kzo-Icn-°p-∂ XXzm[n-jv-Tn-X \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ P\ßfn-¬- hen-b aXn-∏p-≠m°n-bXp1987se \n-bak`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- \mw- I≠Xm-Wt√m.- B ]mc-ºcyw--Xs∂ \n-e\n-¿-Øp-∂ kn-]n-sF Fw- \m-ep-thm-´n-\m-bn- avAZ\n-bp-sS ]m¿-´n-°p-]n-∂m-se t]m-bn- F∂p- hy-m-Jym-\n-°m-\mbn-cp-∂p- ap-Jy-[m-cm- am-[yaßfp-sS {iaw.- A®Sn,- Zr-iy-am-[y-a߃C°m-cy-Øn¬- kn-]n-sF FΩn-s\Xn-sc H‰s°´m-bn- \n-e-sIm-≠p.

AXn≥^- e am- b n- H∂mw- bp- ] n- F k¿- ° m- c n- s ‚ `cWsshIrXßfpw- `cW]cm-Pbhpw- thm-´¿-amcn¬-\n-∂p- ad®p-hbv-°s∏´p.cm-Py-hpw- P\ßfpw- D‰p-t\m-°n-b AXn-\n-¿-Wm-bIam-b HcpsXcs™Sp-∏n¬ bYm¿-Y{]iv-\߃- thm-´¿-am-cn¬-\n-∂p- ad®p-h® as‰m-cp- sXcs™Sp-∏pw- B[p-\n-I tIcfØn-s‚ Ncn-{XØn¬shsdbn-√Xs∂.AXp-am-{Xtam?- tIcfØn¬- A[n-Im-cØn-en-cp--∂ F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ `cWt\´ßfpw- t£a{]h¿-Ø\ßfpw- B sXcs™ Sp-∏n¬- am-[y-a߃- t_m-[]q-¿-hw- ad®p-h®p.- ]Icwk¿-°m-cn-s‚ hn-hn-[ cw-KsØ \S]Sn-Isf∏‰n-bp-≈ A\m-hiyhn-hm-Z߃- Ip-Øn-s∏m-°m-\pw- AXn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬- k¿°m-cn-s\Xn-sc P\hn-Im-cw- DW¿-Øm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p- am-[y-aßfpsS {i≤.- CXm-Is´ am-[y-a߃-s°Xn-sc hfsc k-hn-tijam-b Hcp- Btcm-]Ww- Db¿-∂p-h∂ L´Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p- F∂Xpw- {i≤n°Ww.- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- DØct¥y-bn¬- tIm-¨-{Kkn-s‚ Dƒs∏sSbp-≈ ÿm-\m¿-Yn-Iƒ- X߃-°n-„ap-≈ am-[y-aßfn¬- h≥tXm-Xn¬- tIm-g sIm-Sp-Øv- hm¿-Øhcp-Øm≥- (Paid News) Xp-\n™ sXcs™Sp-∏p- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- 2009se sXcs™Sp-∏v-.CXpIq-Sn- tN¿-Øp- hm-bn-°p-tºm-tg tIcfØn¬- am-[y-a߃- han∏n- ® CSXp- ] £hn- c p- ≤ hn- j Øn- s ‚bpw--{ ]Nm- c WØn- s ‚bpwA]ISw- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\m-Iq.F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ AXn-\Iap-≈ `cWt\´ßƒFs¥m-s°?H∂v-: I¿-jIcp-sS BfllXy- C√m-Xm-°n- Ahcp-sS t£aØn\p- Im¿-jn-I ISm-iz-m-kIao-j\pw- XZ\p-kcWam-b ]≤Xn-Ifpw\S∏m-°n- tZio-XXeØn¬-Xs∂ {i≤ ]n-Sn-®p-]‰n.74

sXcs™Sp∏pw-- am-[y-aßfpw-

c≠v-: cm-Py-Øv- BZy-am-bn- I¿-jI¿-°p- s]≥-j≥- \S∏m-°n.aq-∂v-: hn-Z¿-` tam-U¬- ]m-t°Pn-s‚ am-Xr-Ibn¬- Ip-´\m-Sv,CSp-°n,- hb\m-Sv- ]m-t°Pp-Iƒ- t\Sn-sbSp-Øp.\m-ev-: \„Øn-em-b s]m-Xp-taJem- hy-hkm-bßsfbpw- {]Xnk‘n- {Kkn-® ]c-ºcm-KX hy-hkm-bßsfbpw- kw-c£n°m-\pw]p-tcm-KXn-bn-te°p- \bn-°m-\pw- DXIp-∂p- hy-hkm-b\bw- \S ∏m-°n.A©v - : sFSn- taJebp- s S ka{Khn- I k\w- e£y- a n- ´ v tIcfØn-s‚ kz-]v-\]≤Xn-bm-b sIm-®n-- kv-am¿-´v-kn-‰n- ]≤Xn-°pXd°√n-´p.Bdv-: kv-{Xo-im-‡o-IcWw- e£y-an-´v- Xt±ikz-bw-`cW ÿm]\ßfn-se sXcs™Sp-∏n-¬- 50 iXam-\w- ko-‰p-Iƒ- h\n-XIƒ°p- kwh-cWw- sNbv-Xp-.Ggv-: hym-]Iam-bn- \S°p∂ s\¬-hb¬-˛\o¿-ØS \n-IجXSbm-\p≈ ka{Kam-b \n-ba\n¿-am-Ww.2006 sabv-am-kØn¬- A[n-Im-cØn¬- h∂ F¬-Un-F^v- k¿°m¿- 2009 G{]n-en¬- \S∂ tem-Iv-k` sXcs™Sp-∏p- L´w-hsc \S∏m-°n-b GXm-\pw- `cW\S]Sn-Iƒ- am-{XaWn-Xv.- Chbv-°p-]pdsa,- FÆa‰ a‰p- \S]Sn-Ifpw- B- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ kw-`m-h\bm-bnthm-´¿-am¿-°p- ap-∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- CsXm-s° ad®p-h®m-Wv- am[y-a߃- Xßfp-sS kzm¿-Yem-`w am-{Xw- ap≥-\n¿-Øn- F¬-Un-F^ns\bpw- AXn-\p- t\Xr-Xzw-\¬-Ip-∂ kn-]n-sF FΩn-s\bpw- H‰Xncn-®v- P\a[y-Øn¬- Icn-hm-cn-tØ°m≥- {ian-®Xv.- CXm-Is´ tIm¨{Kkv- Dƒ-s∏sSbp-≈ heXp-]£i‡n-Isf hgn-hn-´p- klm-bn-°pI F∂ ln-U≥- AP≠bp-sS `m-Khp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Chn-sS {i≤n-t°≠ as‰m-cp- hkv-Xp-XIq--Sn-bp-≠v.- km-[mcW°m-cm-b km-am-\y-P\X- t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- Po-hnX{]bmk߃-°p- ]cn-lm-cw- Im-Wm-\p-≈ _Z¬\-bßfp-sS ]co-£Wimebm-bn- tIcfsØ am-‰m-\p-≈ cm-{„o--b CSs]Sem-Wv- F¬-UnF^-pw- kn-]n-sF FΩpw- \SØn-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv.- B \b߃ \S∏m-bm¬- Xßfp-sS Im-en-\Sn-bn-se aÆv- h≥-tXm-Xn¬- Hen-®pt]m-Ipw- F∂p- heXp-]£cm-{„o-bi‡n-Iƒ- h√m-sX `bs∏´p.AØcw- \b߃- \S∏m-°p-Ihgn- F¬-Un-F^v- tIcfØn¬i‡am-b- P\Io-bi‡n-bm-bn- am-dp-sa∂pw- Ah¿- i¶n-®p.- AhcpsS DXv-IWv-T icn-hbv-°pw-hn-[am-bn-cp-∂p- F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cns‚ {]IS\w- F∂Xpw- {i≤n-°s∏´ hkv-Xp-Xbm-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu75

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

`bm- i ¶Ifm- W v - heXp- ] £i‡n- I ƒ- ° p- th≠n- h√m- Ø \nebn¬,- \ym-bo-IcWtaXp-an-√m-Øhn-[w- am-[ya߃- \n-esIm≈m≥- CSbm-°n-bXv.c≠p- Im-cy-ßfm-Wv- CXn-ep-sS am-[y-a߃- km-[n-®Xv.H∂v-: BWhIcm¿- {]iv-\aS°w- tI{µØn-se H∂mw- bp]nF k¿-°m-cn-s‚ tZit{Zm-lIchpw- P\hn-cp-≤hp-am-b \bßfpw B k¿-°m-cn-s‚ `cWsshIr-Xßfpw- thm-´¿-am-cn¬-\n-∂p- ad®phbv-°p-I.c≠v-: _Z¬-\b߃- \S∏m-°n- tIcfsØ ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- Zn-ibnte°p- \bn-°p-∂ F¬-Un-F^v- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ P\]£hn-Ik\ kao-]\w- ad®h®v- ]Icw- C√mØ {]iv-\-߃- Ds≠∂p-hcp-Ønhn-hm-Zw- kr-„n-®v- thm-´¿-am-cp-sS {i≤ Xn-cn-°p-I.Cu- e£y-߃- km-[n-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p- 2009se 15˛mw- tem-Ivk`m- sXcs™Sp-∏n¬- tIcfØn-se am-[yaßfn¬- alm-`q-cn]£hpw- t_m-[]q-¿-hw- {ian-®Xpw- Hcp-]cn-[n-hsc hn-Pbn-®Xpw.CXm-Is´,- ]Ww- \¬-In- hm¿-Øhcp-Øm≥- {ian-® hSt°bn-¥y≥am-Xr-Itb°mƒ- Xcw-Xm-W \S]Sn-bm-bn- Nn-{Xo-Icn-°s∏´p.- hntamN\kacL´Øn-se ]{Xßfp-sS \n-e]m-Sn-t\°mƒ- I„XcwFt∂ Cu- \n-e]m-Sn-s\ hn-tijn-∏n-°m-\m-Iq.-

76

A[ym-bw-˛ 13

tIcfhn-Ik\hpw- am-[y-aß-fpw"-]m-iv-Nm-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- C-¥y-bn¬-sIm-≠p-h∂p- \-´p-]n-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≈- sN-Sn-I-fn¬- H-∂m-Wv- hr-Øm¥- ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w.- tZ-ikm-fly-Im-c-W-Øm¬,- Cua-dp-\m-S-≥ sN-Sn,- C-¥y-≥ a-Æn¬- \-√-h-Æw- ]n-Sn-®pX-g-®p-h-f-cp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- D-Æp-I,- D-Sp-°pI,- D-d-ßp-I- F-∂- D-Im-c-{X-bw- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- Po-hn-X-c£-bv-°v- F-{X-tb-sd- B-h-iy-sa-∂p- hn-Nm-cn-°-s∏-´ncn-°p-∂p-thm-;- Cu- sN-Sn-bp-sS- P-∑-`q-an-bn-se- P-\-߃]-{X-hm-b-\-sb-bpw- A-{]-Im-cw-X-s∂- K-Wn-®n-cn-°p∂p...- Cu- ÿn-Xn-°v,- tem-I-Øn¬,- hr-Øm-¥- ]-{X߃-°p- \mƒ-°p-\mƒ- {]-Nm-c-hpw- ]p-„n-bpw- A-`n-hr≤n-bpw- I-b-dn-h-cp-∂-Xn¬- hn-kv-a-b-s∏-Sp-hm-\n-√...-'a-e-bm-f- ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚- -]n-Xm-a-l≥-- F∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p--∂-p- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- sI- cm-a-Ir-jvW-]n-≈sb.- At±lØn-s‚ "-hr-Øm-¥- ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø\w-'- F-∂- hn-Jym-X-am-b- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚- H-∂m-w- A[ym-bam-b "-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØm-gn¬-'- B-cw-`n-°p-∂Xp- ta-ep-≤-cn-®- h-cn-I-tfm--sS-bm-Wv.- 1912¬, a-e-bm-f]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w- ]n-®-h-®p- Xp-S-ßn-b- Im-e-Øm-Wv- kztZ-im-`n-am-\n- Cu- \n-co-£-Ww- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.- ]-{X-{]h¿-Ø-\w- A-Y-hm- A-Xp-h-gn- kr-„n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- hm¿Øm-]-{X-߃- k-aq-l-Øn¬-˛- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy-sa-t∂m- ]uc-kv-Xy-sa-t∂m- hy-Xym-k-an-√m-sX-˛- sN-ep-Øp-∂- kzm[o-\w- F-s¥-∂-Xn-\v- C-Xn¬-]-cw- sX-fn-hp-th-≠.77

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

"-P-\-߃- ]-{X-°m-c-s\- X-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- I-cp-Xn- hniz-kn-°p-∂p.- ]-{X-°m-c-≥ A-h-cp-sS- hn-izm-k-sØ- .....- \-S-t°-≠Xn-\p- I-S-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-'- F-∂pw- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- Hm¿-an-∏n-°p-∂p.F-¥m-Wn-X-n-\¿-Yw-?- Zn-\-]-{X-߃-°v- P-\-ß-fn-epw- k-aq-l-Ønepw- sN-ep-Øm-hp-∂- au-en-I-am-b- kzm-[o-\-a-t√- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\nbp-sS- Cu- hm-°p-I-fn¬- sX-fn-bp-∂-Xv-?AtXkabw-,- km-aq-ly-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-hpw- hn-π-h-I-c-am-b- ]-cnh¿-Ø-\-hpw- e-£y-am-°n- C-∂-sØ- am-[y-a-߃- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ns√-∂m-Wv- C-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈- \n-co-£-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p- \-ap-°p- a-\ n-em-hp-∂-Xv.- B-[p-\n-I-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- kr-„n-°p-th-≠n- 1957se{]-Y-a- \n-b-a-k-`m- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-L-´-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-]m¿-Sn- apt∂m-´p-h-®- am-\n-s^-kv-t‰m- F-{X-am-{Xw- {]-k-Iv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw\mw- I-≠p.- tI-c-f-sØ- B-[p-\n-I-co-Xn-bn¬- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂Xn¬- \n¿-Wm-b-I-hpw- N-cn-{X-]-c-hp-am-b- kw-`m-h-\-bm-Wv- B- am-\ns^-kv-t‰m- \n¿-h-ln-®-Xv.- C-Xp- a-\-kn-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬- \-thm-∞m\- I-hn-sb-∂- \n-e-bn¬- B-[p-\n-I-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ]p-\x-kw-Lm-S-\Øn¬- kp-{]-[m-\-am-b- ]-¶p-h-ln-®- a-lm-I-hn- Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚- \nco-£-Ww- {i-≤n-°-Ww.- A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xn-:"-sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h¿- Xo-≠n-°q-Sm-Ø-h¿Zr-„n-bn¬-s∏-´m-epw- tZm-j-ap-t≈m¿sI-´n-√m-tØm¿,- X-Ωn-ep-Æm-tØm-cn-ß-s\sbm-´√tlm-- Pm-Xn-t°m-a-c-߃!B-im-s‚- Cu- hm-°p-Iƒ- C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠n-s‚- B-Zy-]m-ZØnse BZy-L´Øn¬- A-Xm-b-Xv,- tZ-io-b- kzm-X-{¥y-{]-t£m-`wi-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p sXm-´p-ap-ºv tI-c-fo-b- km-aq-ly-Po-hn-Xw- F-ßs\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p- A-\m-h-c-Ww- sN-øp--∂p.- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\-thf-bn¬- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ tI-c-f-sam-cp- {`m-¥m-e-bw- F-∂p- hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- sh-dp-X-b-√.- 19˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- Xp-S-ßn,- 20˛mw- \q-‰m≠n-s‚- D-Ø-cm¿[w-h-sc- \o-fp-∂- tI-c-f-Øn-se- \-thm-∞m-\-{]-ÿm\-Øn-\v- A-£-cm¿-Y-Øn¬- _o--P-hm-]w- sN-bv-X-Xv- I-ep-jn-X-am-bCu- km-aq-ly-m-¥co-£-am-Wv.- AXn-\p- \n¿-Wm-bIam-b kw-`mh\Iƒ- \¬-In- Bim≥- Ir-Xn-Iƒ.Ip-am-c\m-im-s‚ Ir-Xn-Ifp-sS au-en-I kw-`m-h\sb∏‰n-bpwNcn-{X]cam-b {]m-[m-\y-sØ∏‰n-bpw- CFw-Fkv- FgpXn-: "A∂p- \n-ehn-en-cp-∂ Pm-Xn-˛P∑n-˛\m-Sp-hm-gn- kaq-lØn-\pwkw-kv-Im-cØn-\p-saXn-cm-b Hcp- Iem-]ambn-cp-∂p- Bim≥- Ir-Xn78

tIcfhn-Ik\hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

Iƒ.- ho-W]q-hv- ap-X¬- Nfim-e`n-£p-In-bpw- Zp-chÿbpw- IcpWbpw- hscbp-≈ F√m- Ihn-XIfn-epw- CXp- Im-Wm-w...'- (CFwFkv-.- Bim-\pw aebm-f km-ln-Xy-hpw.- Nn-¥m- ]ªn-tjgv-k- v- c≠mw]Xn-∏v- t]Pv- 24). kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-\pw- Ip-am-c-\m-im-\pw- \n-co-£n-®- Zp¿-L-Sw]n-Sn-®- Cu- I-dp-Ø-Zn-\-߃-°v- A-dp-Xn-h-cp-Øm-\m-Wv- '-57se- sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- P-\-Io-b- _-Z¬-\-b-߃-h-gn{i-an-®-Xv.- Cu- \-b-߃-s°-Xn-sc-bm-Wv- A-∂-sØ- a-e-bm-f- ]-{X߃,- Pm-Xn-˛-k-ap-Zm-bnI-˛-a-X-i-‡n-I-fp-sS-bpw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- Dƒ-s∏sS-bp-≈- cm-jv-{So-b-I-£n-I-fp-sS-bpw- `-c-W-Iq-Sm-\p-Iq-e- h-e-Xp-]£- i-‡n-I-fp-sS-bpw- Cw-Kn-X-Øn-\p- h-g-ßn-b-Xpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- hn-tamN-\-k-a-cw- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- _p-≤n-]-c-am-b- Du¿-Pw- ]-I¿-∂Xpw.- C-tX-°p-dn-®v- tUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:"-k-Xy-Øn-s‚- I-Wn-I-t]m-ep-an-√m-Ø- Nn-e- hm¿-Ø-I-fpw- {Inkv-Xy-≥k-ap-Zm-b-sØ- e-£yw-h-®v- Cu- Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬- {]-N-cn-∏n-°s∏-´p.- hn-izm-kn-I-sf- C-f-°-em-bn-cp-∂p- D-∂w.- G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-s°]-≈n-Iƒ- ]-cn-tim-[n-s®-∂p- ]-d-bp-I,- ]-≈n-°-I-Øp- s]m-eo-kv- Ib-dn-sb-s∂-gp-Xp-I,- tXm-°p-Xn-c-™- s]m-eo-kn-\p- D-≠-In-´n- F-∂p]-cn-l-kn-°p-I,- C-\n- Aƒ-Øm-c-bn-epw- I-b-dp-tam- F-∂p- th-h-emXn-s∏-Sp-I- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p- C-Ø-cw- hm¿-Ø-I-fp-sS- s]m-Xpkz-`m-hw.- ]-{X-ß-fp-sS- hym-P-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn-s\m-∏w- k-a-c-k-an-Xn-bpsS- t_m-[-h¬-°-c-W-hpw- ap-d-bv-°p-\-S-∂p.- "-]-≈n- e-£y-am-°n- s]meo-tkm- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- Kp-≠-I-tfm- h-cp-∂p-t≠m-sb-∂p- kw-i-bwtXm-∂n-bm-ep-S-≥ a-Wn-b-Sn-°pw.- F-√m-h-cpw- ssI-øn¬- In-´n-b-sX√m-sa-Sp-Øv- Hm-Sn- h-t∂-°-Ww-!-'- Cu- t_m-[-h¬-°-c-W-am-Wv- ]n∂o-Sv- k-a-c-Øn-\v- Du¿-Pw-]-I¿-∂- tNm-c-°-f-߃- kr-„n-®-Xv...-'(tUm.- tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv-˛-hn-tam-N-\- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Im-Wm-∏p-d-߃.A-[ym-bw- aq-∂v-:- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Xp-S-°w.- aq-∂mw-]-Xn-∏v.t]-Pv-˛-86).tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- k¿-°m-cn-s\- \-bn-®- ap-Jy-a{¥n- C- Fw- F-kn-s‚- hm-°p-Iƒ-Iq-Sn- D-≤-cn-®m-te- A-∂-sØ- ÿnXn-bp-sS- ]q¿-W-Nn-{Xw- In-´q.

"-tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- (A-Xm-b-Xv- P-h-l¿-em¬- s\lv-dp-˛-{K-Ÿ-I¿-Øm-hv-)- Cu- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- h¿-Ko-b-Iq-´p-sI-´n-s‚k-Ω¿-±-Øn-\p- h-g-ßn- tI-c-f- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s\- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-I-bm-sW¶n¬- A-Xn¬-\n-∂p-f-hm-Ip-∂- ÿn-Xn-hn-ti-jw- t\-cn-Sm-≥ I-ayq-Wn79

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

kv-‰v- a-{¥n-k-`- X-øm-dm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xm-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- tI-{µ- K-h¨-sa-‚ n-s‚- C-S-s]-S-en¬- sN-s∂-Øn-b-Xv.- (C- Fw- F-kv- C-¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- {]-ÿm-\w- 1920˛-1998.- t]-Pv- 136)."C¥y-sb Is≠ج-'- F∂ tem-I{]ikv-Xam-b {KŸØn¬s\lvlp,-- \Ωp-sS cm-Py-Øn-s‚ Ncn-{X]chpw- LS\m-]chp-w- (`qan- i m- k v - { X]cam- b )- - s sPh]chp- a m- b ]cn- W m- a ßfp- s S hn- h n[L´ßƒ- A\m-hcWw- sNøp-∂p-≠v.- kl{km-–ßfn-eq-sS IS∂p-h∂ ]cn-Wm-aN{IØn-s‚ sshhn-[y-hpw- khn-tijhp-amb hn-hcWw- s\lv-dp-hn-s‚ ]p-kv-XIØn-\p- Afh‰ kzo--Im-cy-X e`n-°m-\pw- CSbm-°n.- B {KŸØn¬- Nm-Xp-¿-h¿-Wy-hpw- AXns‚ ^-eam-bn- ]n-∂o-Sv- hf¿-∂p-h∂ Pm-Xo--bam-b D®\o-NXz-ßfpw`m-cXØn-s‚ alØm-b Cu- `q-an-Ibn¬- kr-„n-® hn-`P\hpw- kaqlKm-{XØn¬- AtX¬∏n-® DWßm-Ø ap-dn-hpw- At±lw- hn-hcn°p-∂p.- Cu- ap-dn-hp- tIcfØn-epw- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- AXm-Wv- Ip-amc\m-im-\pw- hn-thIm-\µ\pw- Nq-≠n-°m-´n-bXv.Cu- ÿn-Xnbn¬-\n-∂p- tIcfw- Ftßm-´p- t]m-IWw?- -Cu- tNmZy-Øn-\p-≈ DØcam-Wv- tIcf∏n-dhn-°p- ap-ºpw-]n-ºpw- Iayq-Wnkv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn- P\߃-°n-Sbn¬- \SØn-b sshhn-[y-am¿-∂ {]h¿Ø\ßfneq-sS,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A[n-Im-cØn-seØn-b L´ßfn-se P\t£a\S]Sn-Ifneq-sS ap-t∂m-´p-h®Xvv.- CXp- a\kn-em-°m-sX Iayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im-cm-tWm- Ah¿- FXn-¿-°s∏tS≠h¿- F∂p- ap-≥hn- [ n- t bm- s Sbm- W v - Hcp- ] ‰w- am- [ y- a ߃- tIcfØn¬- C°mea{Xbpw- {]h¿-Øn-®p-h∂Xv.1787¬- {_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-es‚n-s‚ At[m-k`bm-b lu-kv- Hm-^vtIm-a¨-kn¬- FUv-a≥-Uv- _¿-°v- F∂ Aw-Kam-Wv- BZy-am-bn]{Xßsf P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ \m-emw-Xq-Wv- F∂p- hn-tijn-∏n-®Xv.k`bn¬- AwKam-bn-cp-∂ sa°m-sf {]`p- Hcp- N¿-®bn¬- ]s¶Sp°sh,- P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ aq-∂p- {][m-\hn-`m-Kßfmb- \nba\n-¿-am-Wk`,- Im-cy-\n¿-hlWk`,- \o-Xn-\ym-bk` F∂nhbp-sS {]m-[m-\yw- hn-iZo-Icn-®p.- F∂n-´v- At±lw- tNm-Zn-®p-: P\m[n-]Xyw- kw-c£n-°p-∂Xv- Cu- aq-∂p- Xq-Wp-Iƒ- tN¿-∂m-Wv.- \ap°p- Cu- e£y-km£m-Xv-Im-cØn-\p- Hcp- \m-emw-Xq-Wp- tht≠?B L´Øn-¬- FUv-a≥-Uv- _¿-°v- CSs∏´p.- F∂n-´v- k`m\S]Sn-Iƒ- dn-t∏m¿-´p- sNøm-s\Øn- {]kv- Kym-edn-Ifn¬- CSw-]n-Sn® ]{Xdn-t∏m¿-´¿-am-sc t\m-°n- ]d™p: 80

tIcfhn-Ik\hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

"AXm,- P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn-s‚ \m-emw-Xq-Wv.- ]{Xßfm-Wv- B\m-em-wXq-Wv.-..'sa°m-sf {]`p- AS°w- B k`bn¬- D≠m-bn-cp-∂ ap-gp-h≥Aw-Kßfpw- _¿-°n-s‚ A`n-{]m-bØn¬- BÀm-Zw- {]ISn-∏n-®p.Chn-sS Xp-Sßp-∂p- "\m-emw-Xq-Wv-'- F∂\n-ebn-ep-≈ hr-Øm¥∏{Xßfp-sS B[p-\n-INcn-{Xw.- P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn-s‚ Im-h¬-`S≥,]u-cm-hIm-ißfp-sS kw-c£I≥,- km-aq-ly-am-‰Øn-s‚ hgn-Im´n,- Xeap-dIsf _‘∏n-°p-∂ IÆn F∂o-\n-eIfn¬- H-s° am[y-a߃- C∂v- kaq-lØn¬- khn-tijÿm-\w- Ae¶cn-°p-∂p.AtXkabw,- ap-Jy-[¿-Ωam-b hm¿-ØIƒ- ssIIm-cyw- sNøp∂Xn¬- Atßb‰w- ]£]m-Xn-Xzhpw- GI]£o-bhp-am-b \n-e]mSp-Iƒ- ]{X߃- Dƒ-s∏sSbp-≈ am-[y-a߃- ssIsIm-≈p-IbpwsNøp-∂p.- CXm-Is´,- am-[y-aap-Xem-fn-bp-sS "hy-m-hkm-bn-Ihpw- hmWn-Py-]chp-am-b'- Xm¬-]cy߃-°p- am-{Xw- hgßn-b√,- adn®v,- apXem-fn-bp-sS cm-{„o-bXm¬-]cyw-Iq-Sn IW°n-seSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-≈ dn-t∏m¿-´n-Mv- co-Xn-bp-sS `m-Kam-Wv.alm-flm-Km-‘n--bp-sS {]-kn-≤am-sbm-cp- A`n{]m-b{]IS\wChn-sS {]k‡am-Wv.- At±lw- ]d™p-: ""Hcp- ]{X{]h¿-ØIs‚ {]tXy-Iam-b I¿-Øhyw- cm-{„a\ vhm- b n- s ®Sp- ° p- I bpw- kp- h y- ‡ hpw- \n- ¿ - ` bhp- a m- b co- X n- b nAhXcn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-I F∂Xm-Wv...-''- (tP¿-Wen-kw- C≥C¥y.- cw-Kkzm-an- ]m¿-Ykm-cYn.- t]Pv- 141).ln-µp- ]{XØn-s‚ ]{Xm-[n-]cm-bn-cp-∂ Fkv- Ikv-Xq-cn-cwK Aø¶m-cp-sS Nn-{Xw- A\m-Om-Z\w- sNbv-Xp-sIm-≠v- 1925¬- Km-‘nPn- ]d™Xm-Wn-Xv.- -C∂sØ \Ωp-sS A\p-`hØn¬-\n-∂v-,- h¿Øam-\]{Xßfpw- hm¿-Øm-Nm-\epIfpw- ]n-¥p-Scp-∂ \n-e]m-Sp-IƒKm-‘n-Pn-bp-sS ho-£WtIm-Wn-s‚ t\tchn-]co-XZn-ibn¬- \n-∂psIm-≠p-≈XmsW∂p- hy-‡am-Wt√m.

CXn-s\ Ip-td°q-Sn- hn-iZo-Icn-®v- Fw- hn- tXm-a-kv- Fgp--Xp-∂p: ""kzm-X{¥y-eœn-°p-tijw- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\w- Hcp- h≥-_n-kn\km-bn- am-dn-bXn-\m¬- Cu- cw-KØp- em-t`m-∑p-Jam-b ]p-Xn-b kao]\ßfpw- ]p-Xn-b kahm-Iy-ßfpw- cq-]s∏´p.- CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- am[ya-ßfp-sS sh√p-hn-fn-Isf AXn-Po-hn-®p-sIm-≠v- ap-t∂dn-bt∏mƒan-° ]{X߃-°pw- \„am-bXvv- aq-ey-ßfpw- kap-∂Xm-Z¿-ißfpam-Wv.- kzm-X{¥y-m-\-¥c C¥y-bn¬- ]{XkzmX{¥y-Øn-s‚ KpW^e߃- Iq-Sp-Xem-bn- e`n-®Xv- t]\bv-°√; t]gv-k - n-\m-Wv.- ASn81

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

b¥cm-hÿ°m-eØv- ssItam-iwh∂ kmaq-ln-Im-`n-ap-Jyw- hos≠Sp-°p-hm≥- \Ωp-sS ]{X߃-°p- ]n-∂o-sSm-cn-°epw- Ign-™n´n-s√∂p- s]m-Xp-sh ]dbm-hp-∂Xm-Wv....''- (`m-cXo-b ]{XNcn-{Xw.A[ymbw- F´v˛`m-cXo-b ]{X{]h¿-Ø\w- kzm-X¥y-eœn-°ptijw.- Fw hn-- tXm-akv.- tIcf `m-jm- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v.- H∂mw -]Xn-∏v-.- t]Pv- 83).sI Fw- tXm-akv- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂ "em-t`m-∑p-Jam-b ]p-Xn-b kao]\ßfpw- ]p-Xn-b kahm-Iy-ßfpw'- am-[y-aßsf \n-jv-]£Xbn¬\n-∂p- kzm-¿-Y`cn-Xhpw- k¶p-Nn-Xhp-am-b Xm¬-]cy-ßfn-te°p- \bn°p-∂p- F∂m-Wv- h¿-Øam-\Im-e tIcfØn-s‚ am-[y-am-\p-`hw.CXp- sXfn-bn-°m≥- F{Xtbm- DZm-lcW߃- C\n-bp-ap-≠v.tem-I am-[ya\n-cq-]WØn-\p- {it≤bam-b kw-`m-h\Iƒ- \¬In-b {^©v- Nn-¥I≥ gm-Mv- t_m-{Zn-em¿-Uv- (1923˛2007)- \n-co-£n-® "Hdn-P¬- C√m-Ø ]I¿-∏v-'- (Copy without Original)- F∂Xn-s‚ X\n-bm-h¿-Ø\w- BWv- tIcfØn-¬- s]m-Xp-sh am-[ya߃- CSXp]£tØm-Spw- AXn-s\ \bn-°p-∂ IayqWn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-tbmSpw- kzoIcn-°p-∂Xv.- C√m-Ø hm¿-ØIƒ- Ds≠∂p- hcp-Øp-I,- Ahbv°p- \n-c¥cw- {]Nm-cw- \¬-Ip-I,- D≠m-Ip-∂ kw-`hßsf,- XßfpsS _n-kn-\kv-˛cm-{„o-b Xm¬]cy-߃ ap≥-\n¿-Øn-- h{Io-Icn-°pItbm- hfs®m-Sn-°p-Itbm- sNøp-I,- ap-Jy-[m-cbn¬-\n-∂p- \n-c¥cwhy-Xn-Nen-®v- H‰s∏´ kw-`hßsf ]¿-hXo-Icn-°p-I,- GXp-Im-cyØn-epw- GXp- kw-`hØn-epw- B{IaWØn-s‚ Ip-¥ap\ CSXp]£Øn-\p-t\sc Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sp-I˛ CXm-bn-cn--°p-∂p- tIcfØn-se ap-Jy-[m-cm- am-[yaßfp-sS ssZ\w-Zn-\ {]h¿-Ø\co-Xn.tIcfsØ C∂sØ\n-ebn¬- sI´n-∏Sp-°p-∂Xn-\p- \n-ivNbZm¿-Vy-tØm-sS \n-esIm-≈p-Ibpw- {]h¿-Øn-°pIbpw- sNbvXp-t]m-cp-∂ Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n- Hm-^v- C¥y- (am¿-Iv-kn-‰v)- s°Xnsc \n-c¥cw- IS∂m{IaWw- \SØp-∂- am-[y-aco-Xn-sb-Ip-dn-®vCt∏mƒ-Xs∂ i‡am-b hn-a¿-i\߃- Dbcp-∂p-≠v.- Cu- hn-a¿i\߃- Xp- S cp- t ºmƒ- X s∂ ]p- X n- s bm- c p- am- [ yam- h t_m- [ wAYhm,- am-[y-akm-£cX kz-bw- B¿-Pn-°p-I,- t_m-[]q¿-hw- AXpi‡n-s∏Sp-Øn- \n-e\n¿-Øp-I˛ Cu- k¶o¿-Wm-flIhpw- Bbmk]q¿-Whp-am-b am-\kn-Im-hÿbn-te°m-Wv- am-[y-a߃- C∂paebm-fn-sb \bn-°p-∂Xv.- ]p-Xn-b am-[ya-km-£cX˛ AXp- am-{XamWv- C∂sØ Im-eL´w- Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xv- F∂p- Np-cp-°w. 82

{KŸkq-NnBim-\pw aebm-f km-ln-Xy-hpw,CFwFkv- 79 C- Fw- F-kv- k-ºq¿-W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 28 C¥y-sb Is≠ج,Phl¿-em¬- s\lv-dp 80 C¥y≥- IΩyq-Wn-kv-‰v- {]ÿm-\w 1920˛1998CFw-Fkv- 34 F-s‚- k-Xym-t\z-j-W-I-Y,Fw- sI Km-‘n- 26 Iay-q-Wn-kv-‰v- am-\n-s^kv-t‰m,Im-d¬-- am¿-Iv-kv,- s{^Udn-Iv- Gw-K¬-k- v- 12 tIcf Ncn-{Xw- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£WØn¬CFw-Fkv- 32 tI-c-f- \-thm-∞m-\w-:- H-cp- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£Ww--,]n- tKm-hn-µ]n-≈ 27 tI-c-fw -{]-iv-\-ß-fpw- km-[y-X-I-fpw,- teJ\w,CFw-Fkv- 44 P¿-Ω≥- {]Xybim-kv-{Xw,Im-dƒ- am¿-Iv-kv,- s{^Udn-Iv- Gw-K¬-k- v- 12 tP¿-Wen-kw- C≥- C¥y,cw-Kkzman- ]m¿-Ykm-cYn- 81 \yq- G-Pv,- teJ\w,- 1957 CFw-Fkv- - 66 s]m-Xp-a-fi-e-hpw- am-[y-a-ß-fpw,- teJ\w,tUm.- sI F≥-- ]Wn-°¿- 54 {]-Nm-c-W-hpw- s]m-Xp-a-\-kn-s\ hcpXn-bn-em-°epw--,- teJ\w,t\mw- tNmw-kv-In,- 29 {^-≠v- sse-≥,- dn-t∏m¿-´v- 62 `m-cXo-b ]{XNcn-{Xw,Fw hn-- tXm-akv- 82 83

tIcfhn-Ik\w-: CSXp]£hpw- am-[y-aßfpw-

ta¬-∏p-c- kn-≤m-¥w,At‚m-Wn-tbm- {Kmw-jn- 55 th-Z-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv,CFw-Fkv- 29 hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-s‚- Im-Wm-∏p-d-߃,tUm.- Sn- Fw- tXm-akv- sFkIv- 35 hr-Øm-¥- ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w,kz-tZim-`n-am-\n- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈- 77 kΩXn-Ifp-sS \n¿-Ωn-Xn: _lp-P\am-[y-aßfp-sS A¿-Yimkv-{Xw,t\mw- tNmw-kv-In-,- FUv-th¿-Uv- sl¿-a≥-- 14 kn-]n-sF- Fw- ]m¿-Sn- ]-cn-]m-Sn- 64

84