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Malayalam Title: Madhyamakaazhakalil Mayangunnavar

By K.V. Sudhakaran Š Kerala Press Academy. Some rights reserved.

The e-book edition of this work is licensed by Kerala Press Academy under CC BY 4.0. The work is to be attributed to K.V Sudhakaran No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, on paper or any non-electronic form, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.

K.V Sudhakaran asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work.

Published by

Kerala Press Academy Kakkanadu, Kochi-30 Cover design : Saji Clarion

Published in May 2014 E-book edition not for sale.

{]km-[I - ¡ - p-dn-¸v tI-c-f {]-kv A-°mZ-an kwÿm-\ k¿-°m-dn-s‚ k-lm-b-tØmsS ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°p-th-≠n G-s‰-Sp-Ø am-[y-a-K-th-j-W ]-≤Xn-bp-sS ^-e-am-Wv, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\mb {io sI.hn.kp-[m-I-c-s‚ am-[y-a-°m-gv-N-bn¬ a-b-ßp-∂-h¿ F∂ Cu IrXn. I√-®n¬ \n-∂p-Xp-Sßn-b am-[y-aw \-Ωp-sS Po-hn-X-Im-e-Øv A¤p-X-I-cam-b km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-π-h-ß-fn-eq-sS I-S-∂p-t]m-bn-s°m-≠ncn-°p-I-bmWv. B am-‰-ßfpw A-Xv a-\p-jy-a-\- n-epw km-aq-ly-Po-hnX-Ønepw D-≠m-°p-∂ {]-Xn-^-e-\-ßfpw BWv ]T-\-hn-jbw. am[y-a-N-cn-{Xw, km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-se hn-Im-kw F-∂n-h kw-_-‘n® B-[n-Im-cn-Iam-b hn-h-c-߃ ti-J-cn-®v A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ {io kp-[m-Ic-\v I-gn-™n-´p-≠v. sS-en-hn-j\pw C‚¿-s\-‰pw ]pXn-b X-eap-d-bp-sS a-\- n-s\ F-{X-tØmfw a-b-°n-bn-´p-≠v F-∂-dn-bm≥ \SØn-b k-a-{Kam-b k¿-sh-bp-sS I-s≠-Ø-epIƒ, ]T-\-Øn-s‚ \nK-a-\-߃, ]pXn-b am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS \-∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ ]p-Xp-X-e-apd-sb t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n¿-t±-i-߃ F-∂n-hbpw Dƒ-s°m≈p-∂-XmWv Cu Ir-Xn. `m-hn-bn¬ am-[y-a-N-cn{Xw ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿-°v h-gn-Im-´p∂ H-t´-sd h-kv-Xp-X-I-Ifpw \n-co-£-W-ßfpw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈ Cu IrXn, am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sSbpw am-[y-a-hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-fp-sSbpw d-^-d≥kn-\m-bn C _p-°v B-bn {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ k-¥m-j-ap-≠v.

C-\n-bp-ta-sd N¿-®-Iƒ-°v C-Xv hn-j-b-amIpw F-∂v B-in-°p∂p.

sIm-®n 1 Pqsse 2014

F³.]n.cm-tP-{μ³ sN-b¿-am≥, tI-c-f {]-kv A-°mZan

DÅS¡w 1. I√-®n¬\n-∂v C‚¿-s\-‰n-te°v

7

2.- aebm-fØn-s‚ am-[y-aap-t∂‰w-

13

3.- am-[y-a°m-gv-NIfp-sS ]cn-kcw-

27

4.- sSen-hn-j≥-: Ncn-{Xhpw- h¿-Øam-\hpw-

36

5.- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifn¬- A`n-can-°p-∂ Iu-am-cw-

40

6.- A\y-am-hp-∂ Iq-´m-bv-aIƒ-

50

7. hgn-sX‰p-∂ hm-b\

52

8. sSen-hn-j≥- Izn-kv- F∂ Akw-_‘ \m-SIw-

57

9. C‚¿-s\‰pw- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbpw-

60

10. am-[y-a°m-gv-NIfn¬- abßp-∂h¿-

69

1. IÃ-¨nÂ\n-¶v CâÀ-s\-än-te¡v am-[y-aßfp-sS aesh≈∏m-®n-en¬- ap-ßn-bpw- s]m-ßn-bp-am-WvC∂v- a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xw- ap-t∂dp-∂Xv.- tem-Ihym-]Iam-bn-Øs∂ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚ AJn-em-fiafießfpw- \n-b{¥n-°s∏Sp-∂Xvam-[y-aco-Xn-Ifp-sS BSnØnan¿-°ep-Ifn-em-Wv.- Kp-´≥-_¿-Kn-s‚ A®Sbn¬- Xp-Sßp-∂ am-[y-aNcn-{Xw- C∂v- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ A\¥km[y-XIƒ- hsc FØn- \n¬-°p-∂p.- Kp-´≥-_¿-Kn-¬- Xp-Sßn- C‚¿s\‰n¬- FØn- \n¬-°p-∂ A©c\q ‰m-≠n-s‚ Ncn-{Xw- am-[y-a߃km-aq-ly-Po-hn-Xw- Nn-´s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw- ]p-Xp-°n-∏Wn-bp-Ibpw- sNbvXXn-s‚ Nn-{Xam-Wv- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xv.- tIhew- kw-`hhn-hcW߃Hcp- hen-b hn-`m-Kw- P\ßfn-te°v- ssIam-dm≥- e£y-an-´v- Bcw-`n® BZy-Im-e am-[y-a{]h¿-Ø\w- C∂v- AXy-¤p-XIcam-b cq-]hpw`m-hhpw- ssIhcn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.A®Sn- hn-Zy- Xs∂ G‰hpw- {]m-Ir-Xam-b Im-eL´Øn¬- (15,- 16,17 \q-‰m-≠p-Ifn¬-)- e£Wsam-Ø Hcp- ]{XsØ∏‰n- k¶¬-∏n-°m≥Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A®Sn- I≠p-]n-Sn-® sPm-lm-\kv- Kp-´≥-_¿-KvXs∂ BZyw- A®Sn-®Xv- ss__nfm-bn-cp-∂t√m.- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpwaXNn-¥Ifpw- aX{]t_m-[\ßfpw- Acßp-hm-Wn-cp-∂ B Im-eØvAhbp-sS {]Nm-cWØn-\v- Iq-Sp-X¬- km-[y-XIƒ- Is≠Øm-\m-bncp-∂p- A®Sn- D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv.- sNdn-b eLp-teJIfpwsNdn-b ]p-kv-XIßfpsam-s° A®Sn-hn-Zy-bp-sS km-t¶Xn-IXzw{]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øn- {]Ncn-®p- Xp-Sßp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- F¶n¬-t∏mepw- C∂p- \mw- Im-Wp-∂ cq-]Øn-ep-≈ am-[y-aco-Xn- Bhn-jv-Icn°s∏´n-cp-∂n-√.- P¿-a\n-bn¬- Bcw-`n-®v- Cw-•≠n-te°pw- Ahn-sS \n-∂v- {^-m≥-kn-te°pw- kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚n-te°pw- ]n-∂oSv- ]m-›m-Xy˛]u-ckv-Xy- tZißfn-te°pw- hym-]n-® A®Sn-hn-Zy- tIheam-b Bibhn-\n-abØn-\p-w- {]t_m-[\Øn-\pw- am-{Xam-Wv- D]tbm-Kn°s∏´Xv.- A®Sn- hn-Zy-bp-sS an-Ihv- {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øn- h¿-Øam-

8

\∏{X߃- Bhn¿-`hn-®tXm-sS hm¿-ØIfneq-sS Bibhn-\nabØn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b km-[y-XIfn-te°v- kaq-lw- FØs∏´p.- CuBibhn-\n-abw- ]et∏m-gpw- A[n-Im-cn-h¿-KØn-s‚ im-k\߃s°Xn-cm-b Iem-]Øn-s‚ Aw-i߃- {]ISn-∏n-°m≥- D]tbm-Kn°s∏´Xv- ]{Xßfp-sS BZy-Im-e Ncn-{Xw- Xs∂ tcJs∏Sp-Øp∂p-≠v.- X߃-s°Xn-cm-bn- Dbcp-∂ i–ßsf ASn-®a¿-Øm-\p≈ {ia߃- A[n-Im-cn-Ifp-sS `m-KØp-\n-∂p-≠m-hp-I kzm-`m-hnIhp-am-Wv.1644¬- {_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-esa‚ v- h¿-Øam-\]{Xßfp-sS hym-]\hpwAXp-hgn- t\cn-tS≠n-hcp-∂ hn-a¿-i\ßfpw- \n-b{¥n-°p-I F∂ e£y-tØm-sS ]{X߃-°v- ssek≥-kn-Mv- \n-baw- sIm-≠p-h∂p.]{Xßsf \n-b{¥n-°m-\p-≈ Cu- {iaØn-s\Xn-sc A∂v- tPm¨an¬-´s‚ AZay-am-b A`nem-jßfn¬- \n-∂pw- t]m-cm-´ho-dn¬- \n∂pw- ]n-dhn-sbSp-ØXm-Wv- At±lØn-s‚ {]ikv-X Ir-Xn- Acntbm∏Pn-‰n-° - Give me the liberty to know, to utter and argue freely according to conscience, above all other liberties F∂m-Wv- an¬-´≥]d™Xv-.- an¬-´≥- ]{Xkzm-X{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n- Cßs\ hm-Nm-eambn- hm-Zn-s®¶n-epw- ]n-s∂bpw- Ac\q-‰m-≠p- Ign-™v- 1695em-Wv- Cw•≠n¬- ]{X߃-°p-≈ ssek≥-kn-Mv- k{ºZm-bw- Ahkm-\n-∏n®Xv.18mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-\tØm-sS {_n-´o-jp-Im-cm-Wv- C¥ybn¬- h¿-Øam-\ ]{X߃-°v- Xp-S°w- Ip-dn®sX¶n-epw- (1780¬sPbnw-kv- AKÃkv- ln-°n- Bcw-`n-® _w-Kmƒ- Kk‰v)- CXn-s‚ NphSp-]n-Sn-®v- Bcw-`n-® C¥y≥- ]{X߃- s]m-Xp-hn¬- hn-tZim-[n]Xy-Øn-s\Xn-cm-bn- P\ßsf AWn-\n-cØm-\p-≈ Ncn-{X Zu-Xyam-Wv- Gs‰Sp-ØXv.- Atacn-°bn-sebpw- bq-tdm-∏n-sebpw- P\kaqlßfn¬- \n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-Xam-bn- aX˛Pm-Xn-˛`m-jm- sshhn-[y-߃sIm-≠p-w- BNm-cm-\p-jv-Tm-\ hn-izm-kßfn-se hn-kv-abIcam-b hyXn-cn-‡X sIm-≠pw- AXy-¥w- k¶o¿-Wam-b km-aq-ly-kw-hn-[m\am-Wv- C¥y-bn-teXv.- CØcØn¬- sshPmXy-ßfp-sS AXn-k¶o¿-WXbn¬- hn-LSn-®p-\n-∂n-cp-∂ C¥y≥- P\Xsb hn-tZim-[n-]XyØns\Xn-cm-bn- Htc NcSn¬- tIm¿-Øn-W°p-Isb∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p20mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ BZy-ZiIßfn-se tZio-b {]ÿm-\Øn-\pw- kzmX{¥y-{]ÿm-\Øn-\pw- sNøm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.- ap≥\n-c ]Xm-Im-

9 hm-lIcm-b Km-‘n-Pn- AS°ap-≈h¿- Cu-sbm-cp- Zu-Xy-am-Wv- Gs‰SpØXv.- A°m-eØv- ]{X\SØn-∏p-Im-cpw- ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cp-sam-s°bmbn- cw-KØp-hcp∂hsc√mw- tZio-b kz-m-X{¥y-kacØn-s‚ ap≥-\nc t]m-cm-fn-Ifp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- cm-{„o-bs]m-Xp-cwKßfn¬- Ah¿- ap-dp-sI ]n-Sn-® Bibßfpw- ap-t∂m-´p-h® ap-{Zmhm-Iy-ßfpw- Ah¿- {]kn≤o-Icn-®p-h∂ ]{Xßfn-epw ÿm-\w- ]nSn-®p.- alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpw- _m-eKw-Km-[c Xn-eI\pw- tKm-]m-eIr-jvW tKm-Jsebpw- AS°ap≈ tZio-b t\Xm-°ƒ- CØcØn¬- cm{„o-bZu-Xy-sØ am-[y-a Zu-Xyhp-am-bn- hn-f°n-t®¿Øhcm-bn-cp-∂p.1905se _w-Kmƒ- hn-`P\Im-eØv- Xn-eI≥- tIkcn-bn-epw- adm-Øbnepw- Fgp-Xn-b teJ\ßfn-eq-sS {_n-´o-jv- `cWØn-s\Xn-cm-b hnIm-cw- P\ßfn¬- Bfn-°Øn-°m≥- {ian-®Xv- Ncn-{XØn-s‚ `mKam-Wv.- CXn-s‚ t]cn¬- Xn-eI≥- Ip-‰hn-Nm-cW°v- hn-t[b\m-hpIbpw- sNbvX - p.- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-eq-sS {_n-´o-jv- `cWØn-s\Xncmb hn-Im-cw- Bfn-°Øn-°m≥- {ian-®p-sh∂Xn-s‚ t]cn¬- hn-NmcW sNøs∏´ ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cm-Wv- Achn-μv- tLm-jv-(htμam-Xcw),_n- _n- D]m-[ym-b(ku-Zy),- _n- F≥- ZØv (Pp-Km-¥¿),- em-em- emPv-]Xv-dm-bv- Xp-Sßn-bh¿.- ]{Xßfn-eq-sSbp-≈ hn-a¿-i\Øn¬- \n∂v- c£s∏Sm≥- {_n-´o-jv- Kh¨-sa‚ v- 1907¬- s]m-Xp-tbm-K߃- \nb{¥n-°p-∂Xn\pw- 1908¬- ]{X߃- \n-b{¥n-°p-∂Xn-\pw- \n-ba߃sIm-≠p-h∂p.- A{Iatam- sIm-e]m-XItam- Hs° t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂ XcØn¬- hm¿-ØIƒ- sIm-Sp-°p-∂ ]{X߃- ]n-Sn-s®Sp-°m≥- aPnkv-t{S‰n-\v- A[n-Im-cw- \¬-Ip∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- {_n-´o-jv- Kh¨-sa‚ns‚ 1908se ]{Xam-cW \n-baw.- CXn-\p-ap-tº 1878¬- kam-\e£ytØm-sS sIm-≠p-h∂ sh¿-Wm-°p-e¿- {]kv- BŒn- -\v- Im-cy-am-b Bbp- v- D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- _w-Km-fn- ]{Xßfp-sS hf¿-®bm-bn-cp-∂pA∂v- {_n-´ojv- Kh¿-sa‚n-s\ sNm-Sn-∏n-®Xv.- {_n-´ojv- `cWØns\Xn-cm-b hn-Im-cw- ]S¿-Øm≥- Ign-bp-∂ Bw-Kteba√m-Ø `mjbn¬- {]kn-≤o-Icn-°p-∂ ]{Xßsf \n-ebv-°p- \n¿-Øp-Ibm-bncp-∂p e£yw.- 1870Ifn¬- CØcØn-ep-≈ ]{X߃- Hcp- e£Øne[n-Iw- t]¿- hm-bn-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw- AXn-e[n-Iw- Bfp-Iƒ-°n-Sbn¬kzm-[o-\w- Ds≠∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p- {_n-´o-jv- Kh¿-sa‚n-s‚ IW°v.- CuA]ISw- Hgn-hm-°m-\m-Wv- `m-jm- ]{X߃-°v- t_m-≠v- Bhiys∏Sm≥- sh¿-Wm-°p-e¿- {]kv- BŒv- \n-_‘\ sIm-≠p-h∂Xv.F∂m¬- Cu- BIv-Sv- sIm-≠v- Imcyam-b ^ean-s√∂v- a\ n-em-°n-

10

bt∏m-gm-Wv- te_¿- ]m¿-Sn- A[n-Im-cØn-seØn-bt∏mƒ- 1881¬BŒv- d±m-°n-bXv.CØcØn-ep-≈ ]{X߃-°v- Xp-S¿-∂v- cPn-kv-t{Sj≥- \¬-ImXn-cn-°m-\p-≈ \n-_‘\Ifpw- Cu- \n-baØn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Ønbn-cp∂p.- CXn-s‚ ^-eam-bn- ]e ]{Xßfpw- {]km-[\w- \n¿-Øn-shbvt°≠ ÿn-Xn- h∂p.Cu- c≠p-\n-baßfp-sS Xp-S¿-®sb∂hÆam-Wv- 1910¬- C¥y≥{]kv- BŒv- sIm-≠p-h∂Xv.- Cu- \n-baa\p-kcn-®v- ]{X߃- A®Sn°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ {]kv- ÿm]n-°Wsa¶n¬- \n-›n-X Xp-I sI´nsh°Ww.- Aßs\ Bcw-`n-°p-∂ ]{X߃- k¿-°m-cn-\v- lnXIca√m-Ø co-Xn-bn¬- {]h¿-Øn-®m¬- sI´n-h® Xp-I \„s∏Spw.]n-∂o-Sv- ho-≠pw- ]{Xw- Bcw-`n-°Wsa¶n¬- BZyw- sI´n-h®Xns\°mƒ- hen-b Xp-I sI´n-sh°Ww.- CXn-\p-tijhpw- k¿-°m-cns‚ Xm¬-]cy-߃-°v- hn-cp-≤am-bn- {]h¿-Øn-°p-Ibm-sW¶n¬- sI´nh® Xp-I am-{Xa√,- {] pw- a‰v- A®Sn- km-a{Kn-Ifp-sam-s° k¿°m¿- I≠p-sI´pw.CØcw- ]{Xam-cW \n-ba߃-°v- Ip-d®p-Iq-Sn- Icp-Øp-]I¿-∂psIm-≠v- 1913¬- {In-an-\¬- \n-ba t`ZKXn-bpw- 1914¬- Un-^≥-kv- Hm ^v- C¥y- dKp-tej\pw-(Un-sFB¿)- sIm-≠p-h∂p.- CXn-s‚ Xp-S¿®bm-bn-cp-∂p- du-e‰v- \n-baw.- F∂m¬- CØcw- -\n-b{¥Wßsfbpw\n-tcm-[\ßsfbpw- sh√p-hn-fn-®p-sIm-≠v- ]{Xßfn-eq-sSbp-≈ hna¿-i\ßfpw- t]m-cm-´ßfpw- Xp-Scp-I Xs∂ sNbvX - p.- Cu- km-lNcyØn-em-Wv- 1921¬- tXPv- _lm-Zq¿- k{]p-hn-s‚ A[y-£Xbn¬- {]kvtem-kv- IΩn-‰n- cq-]o-Icn-®Xv.- t\csØbp-≈ \n-ba߃- s]m-fns®gp-XWsa∂ k{]p- IΩn-‰n-bp-sS ip-]m¿-i {]Im-cw- 1922¬- {]kvtem- Asa‚ v-sa‚ v- BŒv- ]m-km-°n.Cu- L´Øn-em-Wv- alm-flm-Km-‘n- tZio-b kzm-X{¥y- kacØns‚ ap≥-\n-c t]m-cm-fn-bm-bn- cw-K{]thiw- sNøp-∂Xv.- tZio-b kzmX{¥y- k acØn- s ‚ t]m- c m- ´ hgn- I fn¬- Km- ‘ n- P n- Db¿- Ø n- b ktμißfpw- Bibßfpw- ]{X߃ hym-]Iam-bn- {]Ncn-∏n-®pXp-Sßn.- _w-Km-fn-se Aar-X _km¿- ]{Xn-I Cu- L´Øn¬-Xs∂ {_n-´o-jv- `cWØn-s\Xn-cm-b Bib{]Nm-cWØn-s‚ ap≥-]¥nbn¬- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- B\μ_km¿- ]{Xn-Is°m-∏w- _w-Km-fn,- Z

11 \m-bIv,- \hi‡n,- _kp-aXn- Xp-Sßn-b ]{Xßfpw- tZio-b kzmX{¥y-kacØn-s‚ Du¿-Phpw- Dt∑jhpw- P\a\ p-Ifnte°v- kw{Ian-∏n-°m≥- cw-KØp-h∂p.- Z sk¿-®v- sse‰v-(]m-‰v-\),- Z eo-U¿(Aelm-_m-Zv),- Z ln-μp-(a{Zm-kv)- F∂o- ]{Xßfpw- tZio-b Zn\]{X߃- F∂ \n-ebn¬- kPo-ham-bn.- c≠mw- tem-I alm-bp≤ws]m-´n-∏p-ds∏´tXm-sS Km-‘n-Pn- kXy-{Kl kacØn-\p- Xp-S°an´t∏mƒ- Un-sFBdn-se 41mw- N´w- {]Im-cw- k¿-°m-cn-s\Xn-cm-b tbm-K߃- kw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\pw- A`n-{]m-b߃- {]ISn-∏n-°p∂Xn-\pw- \n-tcm-[\w- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn.- F∂m¬- Ip-d™ Im-eØn-\p≈n¬- ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cp-am-bn- k¿-°m¿- FØn-t®¿-∂ [m-cW{]Imcw-,- \n-tcm-[\w- F¿-s∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-≈ hn-⁄m-]\w- ]n≥-hen®p.- k¿-°m-cp-am-bn- [m-cWbp-≠m-°n-b ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cp-sS Iq-´m-bva ]n-∂o-Sv- Hmƒ- C¥y \yq-kv- t]∏¿- FUn-t‰gv-kv- tIm¨-{^≥-kv(FsFF≥-Ckn)- F∂ t]cn¬- Adn-bs∏´p- Xp-Sßn.- CXv- ]n-¬°m-eØv- tI{μ˛kw-ÿm-\ Xeßfn¬- ]{X D]tZiI kw-hn-[m\w-({]kv- AssUz-kdn- kn-kv-‰w)- cq-]o-Icn-°p-∂Xn¬- FØn-t®¿∂p. F∂m¬- Cu- kw-hn-[m-\w- ^e{]Zam-bn- {]h¿-Øn®n-cp-∂n-√.CXn-\n-Sbn¬- 1942 BKkv-Xn¬- Izn-‰v- C¥ym- kacw- Bcw-`n-®tXmsS kachp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ hm¿-ØIsfm-∂pw- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p-IqSm- F∂p- ]d™v- k¿-°m¿- ]p-Xn-b DØchn-d°n.- CXn-\n-Sbn¬Hmƒ- C¥y- \yq-kv- t]∏¿- FUn-t‰gv-kv- tIm¨-{^d≥-kv-,- ]{X߃kz-bw- \n-b{¥Ww- G¿-s∏Sp-Øm≥- Xømdm-sW∂v- k¿-°m-cp-am-bn[m-cWbp-≠m-°n.- F∂m¬- A`n-am-\t_m-[ap-≈ ]e ]{XßfpwCXw-Ko-Icn-°m≥- Xøm-dm-bn-√.- ]{Xßsf izm-kw- ap-´n-°p-∂ k¿°m-cn-s‚ kao-]\Øn¬- {]Xn-tj[n-®v- ]e ]{Xßfpw- {]km-[\w\n¿-Øn-sh®p.- CXn-\n-Sbn¬- tZio-b t_m-[ap-≈ ]{Xm-[n-]∑mcpw- ]{X{]h¿-ØIcpw- tZio-b {]t£m-`Øn-\v- Du¿-Pw- {]Icp-∂ hm¿-ØIfpw- ktμißfpw- sskt¢m-ssì- sNbv-Xp- {]Ncn-∏n®p- h∂p.c≠mw-tem-I bp-≤w- Ahkm-\n-®v- 1947 BZy-tØm-sS cm-Py-Øn\v- kzm-X{¥yw \¬-Im-\p-≈ Xo-cp-am-\w- D≠m-hIp-bpw- CS°m-e Kh¨- s a‚ v - cq- ] o- I cn- ° p- I bpw- sNbv - X tXm- s S ]{X{]kn- ≤ oIcW߃-°v- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂ \n-tcm[\ßsf√mw- AS™ A[ym-bßfm-bn.- F∂m¬- kzm-X{¥y{]m-]v-Xn-tbm-sS cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hn-`P\w- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-bXv- h¿-Ko-b elfIƒ-°pw- AtX Xp-S¿-∂p-

12

≈ kw-L¿-j߃-°pw- Akz-ÿXIƒ-°pw- CS\¬-In.- CXp- t\cnSm≥- ]e {]hn-iym- Kh¨-sa‚p-Ifpw- ASn-b¥cm-hÿ°v- kam\am-b \n-ba˛\n-b{¥W߃- sIm-≠p-h∂p.- kzm-X{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn°p-tijw- tIm¨-Ãn-‰yp-h‚ v- Akw-ªn- `cWLS\bp-sS IcSv- Xømdm-°n-bt∏mƒ- Kh¨-sa‚ v- Hcp- {]kv- tem-kv- F≥-Iz-bdn- IΩn-‰n-°vcq-]w- \¬-In.- Cu- IΩn-‰n-bp-sS \n¿-tZiw- A\p-kcn-®v- \n-ehn-ep≠m-bn-cp-∂ hn-hn-[ ]{X \n-ba߃- ]p\x-kw-hn-[m-\w- sNøp-IbpwHSp-hn-¬- 1951se {]kv- BŒv- \n-ehn¬- hcn-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.-

2.- aebm-f¯n-sâ am-[y-aap-t¶äwtIcfØn-se ]{X{]km-[\ Ncn-{Xw- 1847¬- Xp-Sßp-∂p.- Cu\m-gn-I°√n-\v- ap-{ZNm-¿-Øn-bXv- P¿a≥- ]fin-X\pw- aebm-fn-Iƒ°v- Hcn-°epw- ad°m\m-hmØ t]cn-\p-Sabp-am-b tUm.- sl¿-a≥- Kp≠¿-´m-Wv.- Xeticn-bn-se C√n-°p-∂v- F∂ {]tZiØp-\n-∂v- Bcw`n-® cm-Py-kam-Nm-c -am-Wv- Cu- Ncn-{XØn-\p- Xp-S°w- Ip-dn-®Xv.1847 Pq-Wn¬- I√®n¬- {]kn-≤o-Icn-® cm-Py-kam-Nm-cw - {][m-\ambpw- aX{]Nm-cWw- e£yw- sh®p-≈Xm-bn-cp-∂p- F∂v- Ncn-{Xw- ]dbp∂p.- aX{]Nm-cWsa∂ km-aq-ly- tkh\]cam-b e£y-ap-≠m-bncp-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-hWw- ]{XØn-\v- hn-e tcJs∏Sp-Ønbn-cp-∂n-√.AXp-sIm-≠v- ku-P\y-am-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p- ]{Xw- hn-XcWw- sNbv-Xn-cp∂Xv- F∂p-thWw- A\p-am-\n-°m≥.- Kp-≠¿-´n-s‚ in-jy≥- F^-v ap≈dp-sS ]{Xm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- 1847 HtŒm-_dn¬- Bcw-`n-® ]›ntam-Zbw - BWv-vaebm-fØn-se c≠m-asØ ]{Xam-bn- KWn-°s∏Sp∂Xv.- aX{]Nm-cWØn-s\m-∏w- B[p-\n-I hn-⁄m-\w- ]I¿-∂p- \¬Ip-Isb∂ ]pXp-abm¿-∂ e£yw- Iq-Sn- ]›n-tam-ZbØn-\p-≠m-bncp-∂p.1848¬- tIm-´bØp-\n-∂m-cw-`n-® ⁄m-\\n-t£] -am-Wv- Cut{iWn-bn-se ASp-Ø Im¬-shbv-∏v,- I√®n¬- \n-∂v- A®Iq-SØnte°v- aebm-f ]{X߃- ]n-®h®p- Xp-Sßp-∂Xn-s‚ kq-N\ I≠pXp-Sßn-bXv- ⁄m-\\n-t£]Øn-s‚ {]kn-≤o-IcWtØm-sSbm-Wv.- imkv-{Xo-b hn-⁄m-\Øn-s‚ A\pcW\߃- Im-Ws∏´p- XpSßn F∂ \n-ebn-epw- ⁄m-\\n-t£] -Øn-\p {]k‡n-bp-≠v.CXn-\p tijw- 16 h¿-jØn-s‚ \o-≠ CSthf Ign-™m-Wv- as‰mcp- aebm- f ]{Xw- ˛ hn- Z ym- k w- { Klw- ˛ ]p- d Øn- d ßp- ∂ Xv . - 1864 Pqssebn¬- dh.- tPm¿-Pv- am-Øs‚ ]{Xm-[n-]Xy-Ønem-Wv- CXv{]kn-≤o-Ir-Xam-bXv.- BZy- aq-∂v- {]kn-≤o-IcWßfn¬- \n-∂v- hy-

14

Xy-kv-Xam-bn- km-ln-Xy- t]m-jW e£yw- Iq-Sn- hn-Zym-kw-{KlØn\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F∂ khn-tijXbp-≠v.]{X{]kn-≤o-IcWØn-s‚ Ncn-{XtØm-Sp- _‘s∏Sp-Øn- ]dbp∂p-s≠¶n-epw- \m-ep- {]kn-≤o-IcWßfpw- C∂p- Im-Wp-∂ XcØnep-≈ ]{Xßfp-sS BZy-kq-N\Iƒ t]m-epw- \¬-In-bn-cp-∂n-√ F∂Xm-Wv- hkv-Xp-X.- Ahsb√mw- Xs∂ am-kn-IIfm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®n-cp-∂Xv.- ss{Ikv-Xh an-jWdn-am-cp-sS {]h¿Ø\hpw- {]t_m-[\ßfpw- km-aq-ly-Po-hn-XsØ Nn-´s∏Sp-Øm≥{ian-®n-cp-∂ A°m-eØv- Cu- {]kn-≤o-IcWßsfm-s° ss{IkvXh aX{]Nm-cWØn-s‚ `m-Kam-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®n-cp∂sX∂pw- Hm¿t-°≠Xm-Wv.- bYm¿-YØn¬- tIcfØn-se BZysØ h¿-Øam\]{Xw- F∂p- ]dbm-hp-∂Xv- 1860¬- Kp-Pdm-Øv- kztZin-bm-b tZhv-Pn- `ow-Pn- Cw-•o-jn¬- ]p-dØn-d°n-b shtèÃm-¿ - Bbn-cp-∂p.- CXn-s‚ A\p-IcWam-bn- 1864 BKkv-Xn¬- C´q∏v- ssd‰dp-sSbpw- ]n- sP ss]en-bp-sSbpw- ]{Xm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- Bcw`n-®Xm-bn-cp-∂p- ]›n-aXm-cI .- {KŸ\n-cq-]W]w-‡n- aebmfØn¬- BZyw- Bcw-`n-®Xv- ]›n-aXm-cIbn-em-bn-cp-∂p- F∂v- Ncn{Xw- ]dbp-∂p.]n-∂o-Sp-≠m-b {][m-\]{Xw- 1867¬- Bcw`n-® kμn-„hm-Zn bm-Wv.- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n-°pw- ap-tºXs∂ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se cmP`cWsØ hn-a¿-in-°m≥- Xøm-dm-b ]{Xw- F∂ \n-ebn¬- kμn„hm-Zn-°v- {]tXy-I ÿm-\ap-≠v.- cm-P`cWØn-s‚ IÆn-se IcSmbn- am-dn-bXn-s\Xp-S¿-∂v- k¿-°m¿- \n-tcm-[n-® aebm-fØn-se BZy]{Xsa∂ _lp-aXn-bpw- kμn-„hm-Zn-°v- kz-¥w.1867¬- sIm-®n-bn¬- (Iq-\Ωm-hv) \n-∂m-cw-`n-® kXy-\m-ZIm-lf hpw- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\ Ncn-{XØn¬- {]tXy-Iÿm-\w- Ae¶cn-°p∂p.km-ln-Xy-kw-_‘n-bm-b teJ\߃-Iq-Sn- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®p-sIm-≠mbn-cp-∂p- kXy-\m-ZIm-lfw- Xp-S°w- ap-X¬- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®Xv.- AXpsIm-≠v- Htc kabw- CXv- hr-Øm-¥]{XØn-s‚bpw- am-kn-Ibp-sSbpwkz-`m-hw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- am-[y-aNcn-{XIm-c∑m¿- Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p-≠v.- kXy-\m-ZIm-lfw- kXy-\m-Zw F∂ t]cn¬tIcf ssSw-kv- ]{XØn-s‚ Rm-bdm-gv-N ]Xn-∏m-bn- Ct∏m-gpw- {]kn≤o-IcWw- Xp-Scp-∂p-s≠∂ khn-tijXbp-≠v.-

15 Kp-Pdm-Øn¬- \n-∂v- hym-]m-cn-bp-sS tae¶n-bWn-™v- sIm-®n-bnseØn-b tZhv-Pn- `ow-Pn-bp-sS Po-hn-Xhp-am-bn- _‘s∏´m-Wv- ]n-∂oSv- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\ Ncn-{Xw- ap-t∂dp-∂Xv.- ]p-tcm-Ka\ Po-hn-X ho£Wap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ At±lw- Bcw-`n-® ]{Xam-bn-cp-∂p- tIcfan{Xw .- CXn-\m-bn- BZy-w-Xs∂ tIcfan-{Xw- A®p-Iq-Sw- F∂ t]cn¬I√®p-Iq-Sw- At±lw- ÿm-]n-®p.- km-ln-Xyw,- kw-kv-Im-cw- Xp-Sßnb hn-jbßfn-epw- AXo-hX¬-∏c\m-bn-cp-∂ At±lw- {io-cm-aI¿Wm-ar-Xw- t]m-ep-≈ ]p-kv-XIßfpw- cm-am-bWw,- `m-cXw- Xp-Sßn-b Ir-Xn-Ifpw- tIcfan-{Xw- A®p-Iq-SØn¬- \n-∂v- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p.tIcfØn-se ]p-kv-XI hym-]m-cn-Ifn¬- {]YaKW\o-b≥- - F∂valm-Ihn- D≈q-cpw- aebm-fØn-se ]p-kv-XI {]km-[\Øn-s‚ {]m-cw-`I≥ - F∂v- s]cp-∂ sI F≥- \m-bcpw- tZhv-Pn- `ow-Pn-sb hntijn-∏n-®Xv- CXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- km-ln-Xy-tØm-Sp-≈ Cu- AZay-amb A`n-\n-thiw- tIcfan-{Xw- ]{XØn-s‚ {]km-[\Øn-epw- tZhvPn- `ow-Pn- {]ISn-∏n-®p.- AXp-sIm-≠v- tIcfan-{XØn-s‚ Xp-S°w- apXep-≈ e°ßƒ- hm¿-ØIƒ-s°m-∏w- km-ln-Xy- kw-_‘n-bm-b Im-cy-߃-°p- Iq-Sn- {]m-[m-\y-w- \¬-In-bn-cp-∂Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- Ignbpw.- Cu- ]{XØn-s‚ {]Ya ]{Xm-[n-]¿- ]n-∂o-Sv- aebm-f at\mca ÿm-]n-® I≠Øn¬- hdp-Ko-kv- am-∏n-fbm-bn-cp-∂psh∂Xpw{it≤bam-Wv.- i\n-bm-gv-NIfn¬- am-{Xw- ]p-dØn-dßp-∂\ tIcfan{Xw- aebm-fØn-se BZy- hm-cn-Im- {]kn-≤o-IcWw- F∂ \n-ebnepwhn-tijn-°s∏Sp-∂p-≠v.- sIm-®n- cm-Py-Øv- hn-hn-[ k¿-°m¿- hIp-∏pIfn¬- \Sam-Sn-b Agn-aXn-bn-te°pw- AXp-aq-ew- P\߃- A\p-`hn® Zp-cn-Xßfn-te°pw- P\{i≤ Xn-cn-°p-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- tIcfan-{XØnse Hm-tcm- e°hpw.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]{Xw- A[n-Im-cn-Ifp-sS IÆn-se IcSm-bn- am-dn.- CXaq-ew- ]ehn-[ t¢ißfpw- At±lØn\v- A\p-`hn-t°≠n-h∂p.- HSp-hn¬- 1894 HtŒm-_¿- 27\v- tZhv-Pn- `owPn-bp-sS \n-cym-WtØm-sS ]{XØn-s‚ {]km-[\hpw- \n-e®p.acWtijw- At±lØn-s‚ ZØp-]p-{X≥- _n- Fkv- KW]Xn- knMv- ]{XØn-s‚ Np-aXetbs‰Sp-sضn-epw- Gsd \mƒ- ap-t∂m-´psIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥- Ign-™n-√.tIcfan-{Xw- Bcw-`n-® h¿-jw- Xs∂ Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØv- tIcf hn-em-kw- {]kn¬- A®Sn-® hn-Zym-hn-em-kn-\n - km-ln-Xy- am-kn-I F∂ \n-ebn-em-Wv- Ncn-{XØn¬- tcJs∏Sp-Øs∏´n-´p-≈Xv.- henb tIm-bn-غp-cm-s‚ im-Ip-¥fw- ]cn-`m-j BZy-am-bn- Jfi»x-

16

{]kn-≤o-Icn-®Xv- hnZym-hn-em-kn-\n-bn¬- Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- Ncn-{XImc∑m¿- ]dbp-∂p.- ae_m¿- `m-KØv- 1874¬- _m-k¬- an-j≥- {]kn¬\n-∂v- A®Sn-®n-d°n-b tIctfm-]Im-cn -bpw- km-ln-Xy- kw-_‘amb,- {]tXy-In-®pw- ss{Ikv-Xh km-ln-Xy hn-jb߃- ssIIm-cywsNbv-X {]kn-≤o-IcWam-Wv.1884 HtŒm-_¿- 19\v- sN¶p-fØv- Ip-™n-cm-a tat\m≥- tIm-gn-t°m´p- \n-∂m-cw-`n-® tIcf]{Xn-I - aebm-f ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ ap-t∂‰ Ncn-{XØn-se {][m-\s∏´ HtcSm-Wv.- aebm-fØn-se BZysØ e£Wsam-Ø ]{Xw- tIcf]{Xn-I - bm-sW∂v- ]{Xm-[n]¿- sN¶p-fØv- Ip-™n-cm-a tat\m≥ AhIm-is∏´n-cp∂p. C°mcyw hr-Øm-¥ ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-¬- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n- sI cm-aIrjv-W]n-≈ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v.- P\Po-hn-Xhp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ hnhn-[ taJeIfn-se kw-`hhn-Im-k߃- hm-b\°m-cp-sS ap-∂nseØn-°p-∂Xn-s\m-∏w- Ahsb hn-iIe\w- sNbv-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈ Ip-dn-∏p-Ifpw- tIcf]{Xn-I -bn¬- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®n-cp-∂p.- tIheamb hn-hcßfpw- h¿-Øam-\ßfpw- Adn-bn-°p-∂Xn-\∏p-dw- cm-{„obhpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihp-w-,- km-ln-Xy-]chp-am-b hn-jbßfn¬- ]pØ≥- Aht_m-[w- kr-„n-°p-∂Xn-\p-Iq-Sn- ]cym-]v-Xam-b co-Xn-bnem-bn-cp-∂p- tIcf]{Xn-I -bp-sS {]kn-≤o-IcWw.- \m-Sn-s‚ ]p-tcmKXn-°v- sNtø≠n-bn-cp-∂ Im-cy-ßsf∏‰n- hy-‡am-b Zn-im-t_m[tØm-sS teJ\߃- \¬-Ip-∂Xn-epw- tIcf]{Xn-I {]tXy-I {i≤ ]p- e ¿- Ø n- b n- c p- ∂ p.- tIkcn- F∂ Xq- e n- I m- \ m- a Øn¬thßbn¬- Ip- ™ ncm- a ≥- \m- b \m¿- Fgp- X n- b teJ\ßfpwtIcf]{Xn-Ibp-sS ap-X¬-°q-´m-bn-cp-∂p.- Ip-μeX -bp-sS I¿-Ømhm-b A∏p- s\Sp-ßm-Sn-bpsS teJ\ßfpw- tIcf]{Xn-I -bpsS Cu- Sp-hbv-∏ m-bn-cp-∂psh∂v- alm-Ihn- D≈q- cn- s\t∏m- e p- ≈h¿tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.GItZiw- 27 h¿-jw- {]kn-≤o-Icn-® tIcf]{Xn-I -bp-sS _m°n-]{Xw- Hcp- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-tijw- ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ-,- F{X Zo¿Lho-£WtØmSpw- `m-h\tbm-Spw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- sN¶p-fØv- Ip-™ncm-ata\m≥- F∂ ]{Xm-[n-]¿- {]h¿-Ø\Øn®n-cp-∂sX∂v- a\ nem-°m≥- Ign-bpw.- kXy-k‘X,- am-\y-X,- BZ¿-iØn-e[n-jv-Tn-Xamb \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ, Idb‰ km-aq-ly-{]Xn-_≤X Xp-Sßn-bhbm-bn-cp∂p- At±lØn-s‚ ap-Jap-{ZIƒ.- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ A\yw-\n-

17 ∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ BZ¿-im-[n-jv-Tn-X \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw- aq-ey-t_m-[hpsams° N¿-® sNøs∏Sp-∂ h¿-Øam-\Im-eØv- sN¶p-fØn-s‚ ]{Xm[n-]s∏cp-a \ap-°v- ]m-Tam-tI≠Xm-Wv.Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-¿- k¿-°m¿- k¿-ho-kn¬- Ibdn-∏‰n- B[n-]Xywÿm-]n-® A\y-tZi°m-cbhcn¬-\n-∂v- G¬-t°≠n-h∂ A]am\߃-°pw- ]o-U\߃-°pw- FXn-sc aebm-fn-bp-sS A`n-am-\hpwAhIm-it_m-[hpw- Db¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I F∂ e£y-tØm-sS Xncp-h\¥]p-cØp- \n-∂v- 1886¬- Bcw-`n-® ]{Xam-Wv- aebm-fn -.t]´bn¬- cm-a≥-]n-≈ Bim-s‚ ]{Xm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- Bcw-`n-® aebmfn-bp-sS ]{Xm-[n-]ÿm-\w- ]n-∂oSv- km-£m¬- kn- hn- cm-a≥-]n-≈ Xs∂ Gs‰Sp-Øp.- kn hn- cm-a≥-]n-≈ aebm-fn -bn¬- Fgp-Xn-b ap-J{]kw-K߃- aebm-fP\Xbp-sS A`n-am-\t_m-[Øn-s‚ {]Xnkv ^p-cWßfm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- D≈qcn-s\t∏m-ep-≈h¿- tcJs∏SpØn-bn-´p-≠v.19mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-\tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- aebm-f ]{X{]h¿Ø\Øn-s‚ ]p-jv-Ie Im-ew- Xp-Sßp-∂Xv.- Cu- Im-eL´Øn¬Bcw-`n-® ]{Xßfm-Wv- aebm-f ]{Xßfp-sS t{iWn-bn¬- C∂pwkPo-ham-bn- Xebp-b¿-Øn- \n¬-°p-∂Xpw.- CXn-s‚ Xp-S°w- 1887 G{]n¬- 15\v- tIm-´bw- Pn-√bn-se am-∂m-\Øp-\n-∂v- {]kn-≤o-IcWamcw- ` n- ® \{km- W n- Z o- ] n- I - b n¬- \n- ∂ m- W v . - am- k Øn¬- c≠pXhWsb∂ \n-ebn¬- {]kn-≤o-IcWw- Bcw-`n-® \{km-Wn-Zo-]nI ]Sn-]Sn-bm-bn- {]kn-≤o-IcWØn-\n-Sbn-se Im-ebfhv- Ip-d®psIm-≠p-h∂v- 1938 BbtXm-sS Zn-\]{Xam-bn- {]kn-≤s∏Sp-Øn- XpSßn.- Zn-\]{Xam-btXm-sS \{km-Wn-Zo-]n-I Zo-]n-I -bm-bn- t]cpam-‰p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- aebm-fØn-se G‰hpw- ]g°ap-≈ ]{Xsa∂ \n-ebn¬- Zo-]n-I C∂pw- kPo-ham-Wv.- tIcfh¿-a hen-b tIm-bnغp-cm-\pw- F B¿- cm-Pcm-Ph¿-abpw- AS°ap-≈ km-ln-Xy- a\ojn-Ifp-sS km-∂n-[yw- Zo-]n-Ibp-sS Xm-fp-Isf [\y-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.GXm-≠v- CtX Im-eL´Øn¬- Xs∂ ae_m-dn¬- \n-∂m-cw-`n-® ]{Xam-bn-cp-∂p- tIcf k©m-cn .- - 1888 HtŒm-_¿- aq-∂n-\v- thßbn¬Ip-™n-cm-a≥- \m-b\m¿- hm-cn-Ibm-bn- Bcw-`n-® Cu- ]{Xw- ae_mdn-se tZio-b {]ÿm-\Øns‚ {]h¿-Ø\߃- {]Xn-^en-∏n-°p∂Xn¬- ap-Jy-]¶p-hln-®n-´p-≠v.- tIcf k©m-cn-bn-se tI,- k,- cn F∂o- A£c߃- Iq-´n-t®¿-Øm-Wv- thßbn¬- Ip-™n-cm-a≥- \m-

18

b\m¿- tIkcn- F∂ Xq-en-Im-\m-aw- kzo-Icn-®sX∂v- ]dbp-∂p-≠v.19mw- \q-‰m-≠ns‚ Ahkm-\am-Ip-∂tXm-sS aebm-f ]{X{]h¿Ø\Øn-s‚ co-Xn-im-kv-{XØn¬-Xs∂ au-en-Iam-b am-‰w- hcp-Øns°m-≠v- 1890 am¿-®v- 22\v- aebm-f at\m-ca - ]n-dhn-sbSp-°p-∂Xv.]{X{]kn-≤o-IcWØn-\m-bn- Hcp- tPm-bn‚ v- tÃm-°v- Iº\n- XpSßp-Isb∂ ]p-Xn-b co-Xn- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-°n-s°m-≠m-Wv- I≠Øn¬hdp-Ko-kv- am-∏n-f aebm-f at\m-ca -°v- P∑w- \¬-Ip-∂Xv.- 1888¬Iº\n- Bcw-`n-® hdp-Ko-kv- am-∏n-f 1890 am¿-®v- 22 ap-X¬- hm-cn-Ibmbn-´m-bn-cp-∂p- at\m-ca - {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p- Xp-Sßn-bXv.- 1901 BKkvXv- Ggp- ap-X¬- Bgv-Nbn¬- c≠p-XhWbpw- 1918 Pq-sse 20 ap-X¬Bgv-Nbn¬- aq-∂p-XhWbpw- ho-Xw- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p- h∂ at\m-ca 1928 P\p-hcn- 26 ap-Xem-Wv- Zn-\]{Xam-bn- am-dp-∂Xv.- 1924¬- almIhn- Ip-am-c\m-im≥- ]√\bm-‰n-ep-≠m-b sdUo-a¿- t_m-´]ISØn¬acn-®hn-hcw -C∂p- Im-Wp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬- Zn\]{X߃- C√m-Xn-cp∂Xp- aq-ew- ]p-dw-tem-Iw- Adn-bp-∂Xv- aq-∂p-Zn-hkw- Ign-™m-Wv.CXn\n-Sbn¬- Zn-hm-s‚ hn-{]Xn-]Øn-°v- ]m-{Xam-tI≠n-h∂Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v- HºXp-h¿-jtØm-fw- at\m-ca°v- A®Sn- \n¿-Øn-sht°≠nh∂p.kz-tZim-`n-am-\n- sI cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈bpw- tIkcn- F _m-eIrjv-W]n-≈bp-am-Wv- 20mw- \q-‰m-≠n-se BZy-ZiIßfn¬- aebm-f ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ [o-cXsIm-≠p- {]Im-in-®h¿.- A[n-Im-cn- h¿KØn-s‚ ASn-®a¿-Øep-Iƒ-°pw- F√m-hn-[ \r-iw-kXIƒ-°psaXnsc [o-tcm-Zm-Øam-b sNdp-Øp-\n¬-∏p-Ifpw- t]m-cm-´ßfpw- \SØnb kzm-X{¥y-]q¿-hIm-esØ C¥y≥- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ AtX kcWn-bn¬- {]h¿-Øn-® ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p kz-tZim-`n-am-\nbpw- tIkcn-bpw.- cm-Pm-[n-Im-cØn-s‚bpw- Zn-hm≥-`cWØn-s‚bpwZp-¿-\o-Xn-Iƒ-s°Xn-sc Xq-en-I sIm-≠v- \n-c¥cw- Ieln-®hcm-bncp-∂p- Ccp-hcpw.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ahcp-sS hy-‡nPo-hn-XØnepw- Ip-Spw-_Po-hn-XØn-epw- Akz-ÿXIfpw- Bi¶Ifpw- hn-s´mgn-™n-cp-∂n-√.- Hcp- ]p-Xn-b km-aq-ly-kr-„n-sb°p-dn-®p-≈ kz-]v\ßfpw- Nn-¥Ifpw- I¿-a]Yßfn¬- Xn-c-bn-f°w- kr-„n-®t∏mƒkz- I o- b am- b Xm¬- ] cy- ß tfm- kp- J ku- I cy- ß tfm- Ah¿ths≠∂p- hbv-°p-Ibm-bncp-∂p.cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈,- ]{Xm-[n-]cm-Ip-∂Xn-\p- ap-tº Xs∂ P∑kn-

19 ≤am-b hm-k\bm-se∂ hÆw- km-aq-ly- Po-hn-Xn-Øn-se A\o-XnIƒ-°pw- A[m¿-an-IXIƒ-°p-saXn-sc Nn-¥n-°p-Ibpw- Fgp-Xp-IbpwsNbv-Xn-cp-∂p.- 1892¬- 14m-w- hb n¬- cmaIr-jv-W]n-≈,- s\øm-‰n≥Ic ap-≥k - n-^v- ssI°q-en-°m-c\m-sW∂pw- AXp-sIm-≠v- km-[p-°fmb I£n-Iƒ- hfsc t¢in-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw- Im-Wn-®v- Hcp- h¿-Øam\°p-dn-∏v- ]{XØn¬- Fgp-Xn-b Im-cyw- cm-P-t{Zm-ln-bm-b cm-Py-kvt\ln - F∂ {KŸØn¬- Sn- thWp-tKm-]m-e≥- A\p-kv-acn-°p-∂p≠v.- ]n-∂o-Sv- 21mw- hb n¬- tIcfZ¿-∏W -Øn-s‚ ]{Xm-[n-]ÿm\w- Gs‰Sp-ØXn-s‚ t]cn¬- AΩm-hs‚ A{]o-Xn-°v- ]m-{Xam-bnkz-¥w- ho-Sp-hn-´n-dßn-b cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈bp-sS Nn-{Xw- _n- IeymWn- AΩbp-sS hym-gh´kv-acWIfn -eS°w- {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.]{X{]h¿-ØI\m-Im≥- P∑saSpØbm-fm-bn-cp-∂p- cm-aIr-jv-W]n≈ F∂m-Wv- At±lØn-s‚ ]e Po-hNcn-{XIm-c∑m-cpw- \o-co-£n°p-∂Xv.Pn-⁄m-kbpw- ssÿcy-hpw- [m¿-an-IXbpw- km-aq-ly-{]Xn_≤Xbpsam-s° th≠p-thm-fw- {]ISam-°n-bn-cp-∂ cm-aIr-jv-W]n≈ Hc¿-YØn-¬- B Im-eL´Øn-s‚ kr-„n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- F∂p]dbmw.- tIm-f\n- hm-gv-Nbv-°pw- km-{am-Py-Xz-Øn-\pw- FXn-cm-bn- a\pjy-s‚ kzm-X{¥y-hm-Rv-Obpw- P\m-[n-]Xy-t_m-[hpw- AebSn-®pb¿-∂ Im-eam-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- Bibßsf∏‰n-bp-≈ N¿-®Iƒ- sIm-≠p- kPo-ham-bn-cp-∂p- A∂sØ km-aq-lym-¥co-£w.Imƒ- am¿Iv-kn-s‚ PohNcn-{Xw- aebm-fØn-te°v- BZy-am-bn- ]cn`m-js∏Sp-Øn-b cm-aIr-jvW - ]n-≈bp-sS tkm-jy-en-Ãv- BibßtfmSp-≈ B`n-ap-Jy-sØ∏‰n- Gsd ]dtb≠Xn-√t√m.- ASn-®a¿-ØepIƒ-°pw- sISp-Xn-Iƒ-°p-saXn-sc tem-Ihym-]Iam-bn- Db¿-∂ {]t£m-`ßfp-sS A\p-cW\߃- C¥y-bn-epw- Ne\w- kr-„n-® Im-eam-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.- sXm-gn-em-fn- kacßfpw- I¿-jI{]t£m`ßfpw- i‡n-s∏´p-hcp-∂ Im-ew.- {]£p-œam-b Cu- km-aq-lym¥co-£Øn-epw- cm-Pm-[n-Im-cØn-s‚ GXp- sI´ \o-Xn-sbbpw- hgßnbpw- hm-gv-Øn-bpw- Ign-™ P\kaq-lam-bn-cp-∂p- s]m-Xp-hn¬- Xn-cphn-Xmw-Iq-dnteXv.- cm-Pm-°∑m-cm-hs´ sIm-´m-c tkhIcp-sS hm-gvØn-∏m-Sep-Ifn¬- A`n-can-®p- Ign-™ Im-ew.- Cu- km-lNcy-w- apXseSp-Øv- cm-Pm-[n-Im-ctØm-Sv- H´n-\n∂ DtZym-Kÿ{]am-Wn-am¿P\ßsf Nq-jWw- sNbv-Xpw- ASn-®a¿-Øn-bpw- kz-¥w- Io-i ho¿∏n-®n-cp-∂ ÿn-Xn.- Bi¶m-Ip-eam-b Cu- kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚

20

kw-L¿-j߃-°n-Sbn-em-Wv- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈ ]{X{]h¿-ØI\mbn- cw-K{]thiw- sNøp-∂Xv.- ]u-cm-hIm-ißsf∏‰n- P\ßsf t_m[hm-∑m-cm-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p- At±lØn-s‚ Xp-S°w- ap-Xtebp-≈ {iaw.- tIcfZ¿-∏W -Øneq-sSbpw- tIcf]©n-I -bn-eq-sSbpwAt±lw- \n¿-hln-®p-t]m-∂Xv- {][m-\am-bpw- Cu- Zu-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂p.]n-∂o-Sv- aebm-fn -bn-eq-sSbpw- tIcf≥- - am-kn-Ibn-eq-sSbpw- HSphn¬- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n- -bn-eq-sSbpw- AXv- Xp-Scp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.1906¬- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n -bp-sS ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw- Gs‰Sp-ØtXmsSbm-Wv- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈bn-se ]{X{]h¿-ØIs‚ \o-Xn-t_m[hpw- km-aq-ly-t_m-[hpsam-s° AXn-s‚ ]m-cay-Øn-seØp-∂Xv.Zn-hm≥- ]n- cm-PtKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-sS Zp-jvs - NbvX - n-Isf ]√pw- \JhpwD]tbm- K n- ® v - hn- N m- c W sNbv - X p- s Im≠m- W v - kz- t Zim- ` n- a m- \ n]{X{]h¿-Ø\cw-KsØ Ip-e]Xn-sb∂ ÿm-\w- kz-¥am-°p-∂Xv.C°m-cy-Øn¬- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n- ]{XØn-s‚ DSabm-bn-cp-∂ h°wA–pƒ-Jm-Z¿- au-ehn-sb∂ kzm-X{¥y-kac`Ss‚ F√m- A\p{Klm-in p-Ifpw- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈°v- e`n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw- Hm-¿°Ww.- P\ßfp-sS AhIm-i߃-°p-th≠n- t]m-cm-Sp-∂Xn-s\m∏w- atXXc Nn-¥,- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Bibw- Xp-Sßn-bh P\a\ pIfn¬- FØn-°p-∂Xn-epw- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n- Pm-Kcq-I\m-bn-cp-∂p.- Znhm≥- cm-PtKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-tbm-Sp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hn-tZz-jØn-s‚ ]cn-anXn-bn-¬- - kz-tZim-`n-am-\n- _‘\ÿ\m-bn-cp-∂n-t√ F∂p- Nn-¥n°p∂ Ncn-{XIm-c∑m-cp-≠v.- Zn-hm-s‚ t]cv- ]cm-a¿-in-°p-∂Xn-\n-Sbn¬{]Xy-£Øn¬- tIheam-b Hc®Sn-∏n-isI∂v- tXm-∂pw-hn-[w- cmPtKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-sS t]cv- Pm-ctKm-]m-em-Nm-cn- - F∂v- ]{XØneSn-®Xv- hy-‡n-hn-tZz-jw- Xo¿-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ Iu-ie∏Wn-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂m-Wv- hna¿-i\ap-∂bn-°p-∂h¿- Icp-Xp-∂Xv.- GXm-bm-epwCØcw- cq- £ am- b hn- a ¿- i \ßfn¬- \ n- ∂ v - c£s∏Sm≥- HcpL´Øn¬- {]Pm-k`bn-te°p-≈ At±lØn-s‚ sXcs™Sp-∏v- Znhm≥- t\cn-´n-Ss]´v- d±v- sNbv-Xp.- F∂n-´pw- ASßn-bn-cn-°m≥- Iq-´m°m-Ø cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈sb \n-»–\m-°m≥- At±lØn-s‚ ]{XwI≠p-sI´n.- HSp-hn¬- 1910 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 26\v- At±lsØ IÆq-cnte°v- \m-Sp-ISØp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.kz-tZim`n-am-\sbt∏m-se Xs∂ [o-cam-b CSs]Sep-Iƒ-sIm≠v- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ BNm-cy-ÿm-\w- kz-¥am-°n-b BfmWv- tIkcn- F _m-eIr-jv-W]n-≈.- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈sbt∏m-se

21 Xs∂ ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s\m-∏w- km-ln-Xy-˛KthjWcw-Kßfnepw- tIkcn- hy-‡n-ap-{Z]Xn-∏n-®p.- kaq-lØn-se A\o-Xn-Iƒ-s°Xnsc s]m-cp-Xm-\p-≈ ISp-Ø A`n-hm-Rv-Obm-bn-cp-∂p- _m-eIr-jvW]n-≈sb Iq-Sp-X¬- hcp-am-\ap-≠m-°m≥- Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂ h°o¬∏Wn-bn¬- A`n-can-°m-sX ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-te°v- hgn-Xn-cn-®phn-´Xv.- kaZ¿-in -bn¬- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\w- Xp-Sßn-b _m-eIr-jvW]n-≈ 1930¬- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØv- kz-¥am-bn- Hcp- {]kv- (im-cZm{]kv)- ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw- 1930 Pq¨- 4\v- {]t_m-[I≥ - F∂ t]cn¬Hcp- hm-cn-I Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- F∂m¬- Cu- {]kn-≤oIcWØn-\v- Im-cy-am-b Bbp- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A∂sØ Xn-cp-hnXmw-Iq-¿- Kh¨ sa‚ v- sIm-≠p-h∂ ]{Xam-cW \n-baØn-s‚ _enbm-Sm-bn- am-k߃-°p-≈n¬- (1930 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 10)- {]t_m-[I≥\n¿-Øem-t°≠n-h∂p.F∂m¬- Hcm-gv-N°p-≈n¬-Xs∂ sIm-√sØ \m-cm-bW]n-≈ F∂bm-fp-sS t]cn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ tIkcn - F∂ ]{XØn-s‚ ssek≥-kv-,- _m-eIr-jv-W]n-≈ Xs‚ t]cn¬- hm-ßn- sk]v-Xw_¿- 18\v- tIkcn-bp-sS BZy-e°w- ]p-dØn-d°n.- sI´n-epw- a´n-epwD≈S°Øn-epw- {]t_m-[I≥- Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p- tIkcn.- tIkcnbpw- GItZiw- \m-ep-sIm-√ta {]h¿-Øn®p-≈q-.- kz-¥w- t]cn¬ssek≥-kv- C√m-ØXp-sIm-≠v- ]{Xw- {]kn-≤o-Icn-°m≥-Bbn-cwcq-] sI´n-hbv-°Wsa∂v- Kh¨-sa‚ v- \n¿-tZin-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.tIkcn- b n- e q- s S G¬- t °≠n- h ∂ hn- a ¿- i \icßfn¬- \n- ∂ pc£s∏Sm-\m-bn-cp-∂p- Kh¨-sa‚ v- Cu- h{I_p-≤n- {]tbm-Kn-®Xv.A∂sØ°m-eØv- hfsc hen-b Xp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂ Bbn-cw- cq-] sI´n-shbv-°m≥- tIkcn-°v- Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ]ecpw- klm-b hm-Kv-Zm-\hp-am-bn- ap-t∂m-´p-hs∂¶n-epw- `cWm-[nIm-cn-Ifp-sS Zp-„_p-≤n-bn¬- Xp-S¿-∂pw- im-k\Iƒ- ]eXpw- hcm\n-Sbp-s≠∂dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂ tIkcn- HSp-hn-¬- ]{Xw- \n¿-Øp-Ibmbn-cp-∂p.- tIheam-b km-aq-ly-hn-a¿-i\hpw- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\hpwF∂Xn-\∏p-dw- ]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy- Pm-eIØn-te°v- aebm-fn-sb Iq-´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-hp-Isb∂ Zu-Xyw- \n¿-hln-°m≥- tIkcn-°v- Ign™n-´p-≠v.kz-tZim`nam-\n-°pw- tIkcn-°pw- tijap-≈ aebm-f ]{X{]h¿Ø\Øn-s‚ Ncn-{Xw- hen-b ap-t∂‰ßfp-sS IYbm-Wv- ]dbp-∂Xv.kz-m-X{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-ap-ºp- Xs∂ Bcw-`n-® tIcfIu-ap-Zn-(1911),-

22

am-Xr-`q-an- (1923),- tZim-`n-am-\n- (1942)- F∂o- ]{Xßsf√mw- Ip-sd°qSn- kw-LSn-Xam-b aX˛km-ap-Zm-bn-I ]n≥-_etam- cm-{„o-b ]n≥_etam- D≈hbm-bn-cp-∂p.- AXp-sIm-≠v- tZio-b kz-mX - {¥y-kacImesØ√mw- hfsc [o-cam-b \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ- kzo-Icn-®Xn-s‚ t]cn¬]n-gsbm-Sp-°en-s‚bpw- \n-tcm-[\Øn-s‚bpw- hmƒ-ap-\Iƒ- G¬t°≠n-hs∂¶n-epw- tZim-`n-am-\n-°pw- a‰pw- P\ßfp-sS AIagn™ ]n-¥p-Wtbm-Spw- klm-btØmSpw- Iq-Sn- ]{X{]kn-≤o-IcWwap-t∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥- Ign-™p.- Chsbm-s°bpw- C∂pw- kPoham- b n- cw- K Øp- ≠ v . - kzm- X {¥y- { ]m- ] v - X n- ° p- t ijw- Bcw- ` n- ® ]{Xßfn-¬- {it≤bam-bn- C∂pw- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂ ]{X߃- am-[ya-(1987)-hpw aw-Kf(1989)-hp-am-Wv.GXp-L´Ønse IWs°Sp-Øm-epw- am-[y-akm-£cXbn¬tIcfw- ap-t∂m-´p-Xs∂ Ip-Xn-°p-∂ Im-gv-Nbm-Wv- Im-Wp-∂Xv.- C¥ybn¬- e£w- t]¿-°v- icm-icn- 1300 tIm-∏n- ]{Xam-Wv- A®Sn-°p∂Xv.- F∂m¬- tIcfØn¬- Ccp-]tXm-fw- ]{Xßfp-tSXm-bn- 40 e£Øn-tesd tIm-∏n-Ifm-Wv- {]Xn-Zn-\w- A®Sn-°p-∂Xv.- AXmbXv- tIcfØn¬- e£w- t]¿-°v- icm-icn- 13000 tIm-∏n-bm-Wv- {]Ncn°p-∂Xv.- F∂p- ]d™m¬- tIcfØn-se ]{X{]Nm-cWØn-s‚ tXmXv- C¥y≥- icm-icn-bp-sS ]Øv- aSßm-sW∂¿-Yw.- c≠p- aq-∂pZiIw- ap-ºp-hsc tdUn-tbm-bpw- am-[y-asa∂ \n-ebn¬- KWy-am-b kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øn-bn-cp-s∂¶n-¬- C∂v- B ÿm-\w- sSen-hn-j≥ssIøS°n-bn-cn-°bm-Wv.- cm-Py-Øv- 300tesd sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\epIƒ- (Ahbn¬- Xs∂ hm-¿-ØIƒ-°p-am-{Xam-bn- 60Hm-fw- Nm-\epIƒ-)- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂Xm-bm-Wv- IW°v.- tIcfØn-em-hs´ ]ØvIº\n-Ifp-sS DSaÿXbn-em-bn- 16 Nm-\ep-Iƒ- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.Chbn¬- As©Æam-hs´ 24x7 hm¿-Øm- Nm-\epIfm-Wv.- aq-∂p- Nm\ep-Isf¶n-epw- Cu- h¿-jw- Xs∂ ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- {]h¿-Øn-®p- XpSßm-\p-≈ Xøm-sdSp-∏n-ep-am-Wv.]{Xw- hm-ßp-∂Xn-\v- aebm-fn- h¿-jw- GItZiw- 585 tIm-Sn- cq-] ap-S°p-∂p-s≠∂m-Wv- IW°v.- F∂m¬- tI_nƒ- Sn- hn- hcn-kw-Jy°m-bn- sNehn-Sp-∂Xv- 600 tIm-Sn-bn-tesd.- tIcfØn-se 70 e£wIp-Spw-_ßfn-¬- 50 e£w- ho-Sp-Ifn-epw- Sn- hn-bp-≠v.- CXn¬-Øs∂ 32 e£Øn-tesd ho-Sp-Ifn¬- tI_nƒ- Sn- hn- IWIv-j\p-≠v.- CXnt\°m-sf√mw- A¤p-XIcam-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv- aebm-fn-bp-sS sam-

23 ss_¬- t^m¨- D]tbm-KØn-s‚ IW°v.- sam-ss_¬- t^m-¨kz-¥am-bn- D]tbm-Kn-°m-Øh¿- Bcpw- Cs√∂p am-{Xa√,- D]tbmKn-°p-∂hcn¬- 50 iXam-\Øn-tesdt∏cpw- H∂n-e[n-Iw- t^m¨D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂hcp-am-Wv.- Htc kabw- aq-∂p- sam-ss_¬- t^m¨D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂hcp-sS FÆhpw- sNdp-X√.- ]p-kv-XIw- hm-ßm≥Hcp h¿-jw- 80 tIm-Sn-bn¬- Xm-sg am-{Xw- sNehn-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv- CsX∂pIq-Sn- Hm-¿-°Ww.sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wp-Iƒ {]Ncn-®p- Xp-Sßn-b sXm-Æq-dp-Ifn-se ÿn-Xn-b√ Ct∏m-gp-≈Xv-.- t^m¨- sNøp-Itbm- t^m¨- tIm-fpIƒ- kzo-Icn-°p-Itbm- sNøp-Isb∂ tIheam-b D]tbm-KØn\∏p-dw- sam-ss_¬- t-^m-Wn-s‚ km-[y-XIƒ- A\¥am-bn- hn-Ikn°p-Ibm-Wv.- Iym-adbp-sSbpw- C‚¿-s\‰v- kw-hn-[m-\tØm-sSbp-ap-≈ Iw]yq-´dn-s‚bp-sam-s° [¿-a߃- C∂v- sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wn-eq-sS \n¿-hln-°m-\m-hp-w.- Iw-]yq-´¿-˛C‚¿-s\‰v- A[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b t^kv_p-°v,- tªm-Kv,- Szn-‰¿- t]m-ep-≈ \ham-[y-aßfp-sS km-[y-XIfnte°p- Iq-Sn- sam-ss_¬- t^m¨- hn-Ikn-®tXm-sS CXp-]tbm-Kn°p-∂ Bfp-Ifn-te°v- hn-hc˛hn-⁄m-\ hn-t\m-Zßfp-sS FÆnbm-sem-Sp-ßm-Ø km[y-XIfm-Wv- an-gn- Xp-d°p-∂Xv.- sslkv-Iq-fnepw- lb¿- sk°‚dn- kv-Iq-fn-epw- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epw- ]Tn-°p-∂ Ip´n-Ifn¬- sam-ss_¬- t^m¨- D]tbm-Kn-°m-Øhcp-sS FÆw- Xptemw- ]cn-an-Xam-Wv.- Iw-]yq-´¿-˛C‚¿-s\‰v- kw-hn-[m-\w- ]p-Xn-b ]mTy-]≤Xn-bn¬- A\n-hm-cy-am-btXm-sS Iw-]yq-´¿- km-£cXbp-sS Imcy-Øn-epw- \Ωp-sS ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d hn-Ikn-X ap-Xem-fn-Ø cm-Pyßfn-se Ip-´n-Itfm-Sv- In-S]n-Sn-°Ø° \n-ebn-em-bn-´p-≠v.- Np-cp°Øn¬- AXy-¤p-XIchpw- thWsa¶n-¬- A]IS߃- D≠m-°m\n-Sbp-≈Xp-am-b hen-sbm-cp- tem-IØn-s‚ hn-kv-ab°m-gv-NIfn-eqsSbm-Wv- C∂sØ ]p-Xp-Xeap-d k©cn-°p-∂Xv.Ccp-]Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-\w- hscbpw- an-°hm-dpw- km-aqly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚ GXp- afieØn-epw- Bib kzo-IcWØn-\pwAXp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ sIm-Sp-°¬- hm-ßep-Iƒ-°pw- D]tbm-Ks∏SpØn-bn-cp-∂Xv- A®Sn- am-[y-aßsfbm-Wv-.- hm-bn-®p- {Kln-®v- Bib cq-]o-IcWw- \SØp-Isb∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- A°m-ew- hscbp-≈ ioew.- tem-IØp- \S°p-∂ ]e kw-`hßfpw- Adn-™n-cp-∂Xv- ]n-t‰ Zn-hktam- Nn-et∏mƒ- Zn-hk߃- Ign-t™m- am-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p.- tdUn-

24

tbm- {]t£]WØn-eq-sSbpw- a‰pw- A∂∂p- Xs∂ Adn-bm≥- Ign™n-cp-∂Xv- hfsc Npcp-°w- Im-cy-߃- am-{Xam-Wv.- acWtam- acWhpam-bn- _‘s∏´ \S]Sn-Itfm- A]ISßtfm- {]t£m-`ßtfm- kwL¿-jßtfm- bp-≤ßtfm- {]kw-Kßtfm- Hs° aWn-°q-dp-IfpwZn-hkßfpw- Ign-™v- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sNøp-∂Xn-\n-Sbn¬- kw-`hn-°p-∂ A]{`w-ißfpw- hn-´p-t]m-Iep-Ifpw- Hgn-hm-°s∏Sep-sam-s° ]n-∂oSv- hm-b\°m-cn-te°v- hn-hc߃- FØp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p- ]Xn-hv.- kw`h߃- \S°p-∂Xn-\pw- A®Sn- am-[y-aßfn-eq-sS Ah {Kln-°p∂Xn-\pw- CSbn-se ta¬-∏d™ XcØn-ep-≈ Acn-∏Iƒ- ]n-∂n-Sptºmƒ- bYm¿∞ kw-`hØn-s‚ 50 iXam-\w- t]m-epw- Hcp- ]t£ e`n- s ®∂p- hcn- √ .- Zr- i y- a m- [ y- a ßfp- s S hym- ] \tØm- s S CuAhÿ°v- am-‰w- h∂p.- kw-`hw- \S°p-∂ kabw- Xs∂ X’ab dn-t∏m¿-´n-ßn-eq-sS t{]£I\v- Im-cy-߃- a\ n-em-°m≥- km-[n°p-∂ ÿn-Xn- kw-Pm-Xam-bn.- Nn-{Xßfp-sS AIºSn-tbm-sSbp-≈ hn-hcW߃- IqSnbm-hp-tºmƒ- Hcp- Ne®n-{XØn-se∂ hÆw- Imcy-߃- Im-Wp-Ibpw- a\ n-em-°pIbpw- sNøp-∂ \n-ebn-em-bn.- hmbn-®p- ap-jn-bp-I F∂ Ahÿbn¬- \n-∂v- F√mw- I≠v- Bkz-Zn-°pI F∂ Iq- S p- X ¬- BÀm- Z Icam- b A¥co- £ ap- ≠ m- b n.A]ISßtfm- kw-L¿-jßtfm- t]m-epw- Nm-\ep-Ifn-eq-sS AhXcn∏n-°p-tºmƒ- A¤p-Xhpw- B\μhpw- Ie¿-∂ Ahÿbn-em-Wvt{]£I¿- AXn-s\ t\m-°n-°m-Wp-∂Xv.- Kƒ-^v- bp-≤Øn-s‚ Im-gvNIƒ- Zr-iyhn-kv-ab(spectacle) ßfm-bn- AhXcn-∏n-®Xp- kw-_‘n®v- sSen-hn-j≥- dn-t∏m¿-´n-ßn-s\∏‰n- ]n¬-°m-eØp-≠m-b ]e ]T\ßfpw- \n-co-£n-°p-∂p-≠v.- Zr-iy-hn-kv-ab߃- Hcp-°m-\p-≈ sSen-hn-js‚ Cu- Ign-hv- t{]£Is\,- hn-tijn-®v- ]p-Xn-b Xeapdbn¬-s∏´hsc,- Gsd BI¿-jn-°p-∂Xp- kzm-`m-hn-Iw.C∂sØ Iu-am-c°m¿- ]T\w- Ign-™p-≈ kabw- sSen-hnjs\tbm- Iw-]yq-´dn-s\tbm- Hs° D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øm≥- aWn-°qdp-Iƒ- sNehgn-°p-∂p- F∂p- ]dbp-tºmƒ- AXp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ tIcfØn-se khn-tijam-b km-aq-ly- kw-hn-[m-\w- Iq-Sn- Hm¿t°≠Xp-≠v.- 1970Iƒ-°p-tijw- tIcfØn-s‚ km-aq-ly- LS\bnep- ≠ m- b am- ‰ w- CXp- a m- b n- tN¿- Ø p- ]cn- t im- [ n- t °≠Xm- W v . tIcfØn-s‚ km-aq-ly-Ncn-{XØn-¬- Iq-´m-bva - bp-sSbpw- kvt- \lakrWam-b sIm-Sp-°¬-hm-ßep-Ifp-sSbpw- Kr-lm-Xp-cXzw- DW¿-Øp-∂ A¥co-£w- GXm-≠v- Cu- Im-etØm-sSbm-Wv- A\yw- \n-∂p- Xp-

25 Sßp-∂Xv.- Chn-sS \n-∂v- AWp-Ip-Spw-_ßfn-te°p-≈ aebm-fn-bpsS Iq-Sp-am-‰w- Ahs‚ km-aq-ly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚ kakvX - afießfnepw- ]ehn-[ ]cn-h¿-Ø\߃- kr-„n-®p.- ap-Ø»n-am-cp-sS IYIfpw]m-´p-Ifpw- hm-’eyßfpw- tI´pw- A\p-`hn-®pw- hf¿-∂ _meywCtXm-sS ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbv-°v- A\y-am-bn.- Xm-cXtay-\ DtZym-KÿcpwtPm- e n- ° m- c p- a m- b a[y- h ¿- K sØbm- W v - CXv - Gsdbpw- _m- [ n®sX¶nepw- Xm-sg X´n-ep-≈hcpw- Cu- {]hWXbn¬- \n-∂v- Hgn-hm°s∏´n-´n-√.- AWp-Ip-Spw-_w- F∂Xv- Gsd°p-sd tIcfo-b Po-hnXØn-s‚ s]m-Xp-ÿn-Xn-bm-sW∂p- h∂tXm-sS ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d sam-ØØn¬- CXn-s‚ {]iv-\߃- A\p-`hn-®p- Xp-Sßn.- c≠p- Ip´n-Iƒ- aXn-sb∂ k¶¬-∏Øn¬- \n-∂v- G‰hpw- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbnse am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- ({]tXy-In-®v- DtZym-Kÿ¿)- Hcp- Ip-´n- am-{XwaXn-sb∂ ]m-X kzo-Icn-®p- Xp-Sßn.- CXpaq-ew- A—\pw- AΩbv°pw- H∏w- Hcp- aIt\m-/ aItfm- am-{Xw- F∂ ÿn-Xn-bm-bn.- A—\pwAΩbpw- Zq-scÿeßfn¬- t]m-bn- tPm-en- sNøp-∂hcm-sW¶n¬]T\w- Ign-™v- ho-´n-seØp-∂ Ip-´n-sb kzo-Icn-°p-∂Xv- ]et∏mgpw- iq-\y-am-b ho-Sm-bn-cn-°pw.- Nn-et∏m-ƒ- the°m-cn-Iƒ- Ds≠¶nem-bn.- tPm-en- Ign-™v- sshIn- ho-´n¬- Xn-cn-s®Øp-∂ A—\Ωamcm-Is´ £o-Wn-Xcpw- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ip-´n-bp-sS Im-cy-w- Ah[m\Xtbm-sS {i≤n-°m-t\m- Ahbn¬- CSs]Sm-t\m- Ign-bm-Ø ÿnXn-bn-ep-am-Ipw.- Np-cp-°Øn¬- Ip-´n- ]q¿-Wam-bpw- H‰s∏´ \n-ebnem-bn-cn-°pw.- A—\pw- AΩbpw- \¬-tI≠ km-ao-]y-hpw,- Ah¿]d™p-sIm-Sp-t°≠ Im-cy-ßfpw- ]et∏m-gpw- Ip-´n- Is≠Øp-∂XvAhs‚ ]T\ ap-dn-bn-se Iw-]yq-´¿- kv-{Io-\n-¬- \n-t∂m- kzo-IcWapdn-bn-se sSen-hn-j≥- sk‰n¬- \n-t∂m- Hs°bm-Wv.- sSen-hn-js\ Ip-´n-Ifp-sS c≠mw- c£n-Xm-hv - F∂v- sdbv-a≠v- hn-eyw-kv- hn-fn®Xv- Cu- kμ¿-`Øn¬- {]tXy-I ]cm-a¿-iw- A¿-ln-°p-∂p-≠v.aWn-°q-dp-Itfm-fw- sSen-hn-j≥- sk‰p-Iƒ-°pw- Iw-]yq-´dp-Iƒ-°pw-ap-∂n-¬ sNehgn-°p-∂ Iu-am-c°m-c≥- Sn-hn-bn¬- Im-Wp-∂ ]cn]m-Sn-Iƒ- Fs¥t∂m- Iw]yq-´dn¬- sk¿-®v- sNøp-∂ Nm-\ep-IƒFs¥t∂m- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-°v- Ir-Xy-am-b hn-hcap-≠m-IWsa∂n√.- A—\Ωam-cp-sS Nq-Sp-]‰n-bpw- em-f\Itf‰pw- Ddßn- io-en-°p-∂ Ip-´n- (BWm-bm-epw- s]Æm-bm-epw)- Iu-am-cØn-te°v- IS°p-∂tXmsS kz-¥am-b as‰m-cp- ap-dn-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw- Ddßp-I.- Cßs\ X\n®v- cm-{Xn-bn¬- Ign-bp-∂ Ip-´n- Iw-]yq-´dn¬- ]cXp-∂ ssk‰p-Iƒ-

26

GsX∂v- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- ]et∏m-gpw- Adn-bm-dp-an-√.- GXp-XcØnep-≈ hn-{`m-aIam-b Nn-¥Ifn-te°pw- kz-]v-\ßfn-te°pw- hgp-Xnho-Wp-t]m-Ip-∂ Im-eam-Wv- Iu-am-cw- F∂Xp-sIm-≠v- ssk_¿- temIsØ GXp-Xcw- Im-gv-NIfn-em-bn-cn-°p-w- Ah≥-/Ahƒ- A`n-can°p-∂sX∂pw- ap-Xn¿-∂h¿- Adn-bWsa∂n-√.- A«o-e ssk‰p-Iƒÿn-cam-bn- kμ¿-in-®v- A]ISIcam-b am-\kn-I \n-ebn-seØn-b Iu-am-c°m-cp-sS \n-ch[n- IYIƒ- \mw- am-[y-aßfn¬- hm-bn-®dn™n-´p-≈Xm-Wv.- ÿn-cam-bn- A«o-e ssk‰p-Iƒ- Im-Wp-∂ Iu-amc°m-sc \n-co-£n-®v- tIskSp-°m≥- C‚¿-t]mƒ- _‘s∏´ s]meo-kv- A[n-Ir-X¿-°v- \n¿-tZiw- \¬-Ip-Ibpw- AXn-s‚ ASn-ÿm\Øn¬- aebm-fn-Ifm-b 25 Iu-am-c°m¿-s°Xn-sc tIkv- FSp-°pIbpw- sNbv-X hm¿-Ø Cu-bn-sSbm-Wv- ]{Xßfn¬- h∂Xv.- CXpam-bn- _‘s∏´v- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]T\ßfpw- At\z-jWßfpw- Bhiyam-bn- h∂n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.-

3.- am-[y-a¡m-gvN - Ifp-sS ]cn-kcw]p-Xn-b am-[y-a{]hWXIsf ]p-Ø≥- Xeap-d Fßs\ Im-WpIbpw- kzo-Icn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p- F∂ At\z-jWØn-s‚ `m-K-ambn- \SØn-b k¿-shbp-sS ^ew- Iu-Xp-IIcam-Wv.- Xn-cp-h\¥]pcw,- Be∏p-g,- sIm-®n,- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- F∂n-hn-Sßfn-se lb¿sk°‚dn- kv-Iq-fp-Ifn¬- πkv- h¨-,- πkv- Sp- ¢m-kp-Ifn¬- ]Tn-°p∂ 200 Ip-´n-Ifm-Wv- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-ØXv.- Chcn¬- 40 t]¿s]¨-Ip-´n-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Ø hn-Zym¿-Yn-Ifp-sS c£n-Xm-°fn¬- 75iXam-\hpw- Db¿-∂ hcp-am-\ap-≈hcpw- D∂X hn-Zym-`ym-kw- e`n-®hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬10iXam-\Øn¬- Xm-sg t]¿-°p- am-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p- IpSpw-_Øn-s‚ {]Xn-am-k hcp-am-\w- 10000 cq-]bn¬- Ip-dhv.- _m-°n- 75 iXam-\Øn\pw25,-000 cq-]bn-e[n-Iam-Wv am-khcp-am-\w.- 50000Øn-\pw- e£Øn-\pwCSbn¬- {]Xn-am-khcp-am-\ap-≈hcp-sS FÆhpw- 10iXam-\Øn-\SpØp-hcpw.k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcp-sS am-Xm-]n-Xm-°fp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-kØns‚ Im-cy-saSp-Øm-epw- GXm-≠v- CtX ]m-t‰¨ Xs∂ Im-Wmw.Fkv-Fkv-F¬-kn-bn¬- Xm-sg hn-Zym-`ym-k tbm-Ky-Xbp-≈ am-Xm]n-Xm-°fp-sS FÆw- 10iXam-\Øn¬- Xm-sg.- AXp-t]m-se 10 iXam\w- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-°v- s{]m-^jW¬- _n-cp-Zßfpw- ]n-F®v-Un- t]mep-≈ D∂X _n-cp-Zßfpw- D≈h¿.- 50 iXam-\w- t]¿-°v- _n-cpZhpw- 25iXam-\w- t]¿-°v- _n-cp-Zm-\¥c_n-cp-Zhp-ap-≠v.X߃- ]dbp-∂ Im-cy߃- Xßfp-tSXm-bn- ]p-dØdn-bp-∂Xn¬k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Ø B¿-°pw- Xs∂ Xm¬∏cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.- AXp-sIm-≠v- tNm-Zym-hen-°v- DØcw- \¬-In-b Ip-´n-Ifp-sS t]tcmkv-Iq-fn-s‚ t]tcm- Ir-Xy-am-bn- tcJs∏Sp-Øm≥- Bcpw- Xøm-dm-bn´n-

28

√.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øh¿- Bcpw-Xs∂ Sn- hn- Im-Wm-Øhcmbn- D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- 20iXam-\w- t]¿-°p- am-{Xam-Wv- kz-¥am-bnIw-]yq-´¿- C√m-ØXv.- F∂m¬- Ahcpw- GsX¶n-epw- hn-[Øn¬Iw-]yq-´¿- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂h¿- Xs∂.Zn-hkhpw- F{Xt\cw- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-Wp-∂p- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn\v- 72 iXam-\w- t]cpw- Hcp- aWn-°q-dn-tesdbpw- c≠p- aWn-°q-dn¬Ip-dhpw- t\cw- Sn- hn- Im-Wp-∂p-sh∂m-Wv- DØcw- \¬-In-bXv.- 20 iXam-\w- t]¿- Hcp- aWn-°q-tdm- AXn-¬- Ip-dthm- kabw- am-{Xw- Snhn-°p-ap-∂n¬- sNehgn-°p-∂hcm-Wv.- F´p- iXam-\w- t]¿- Sn- hnIm-Wp-∂Xn¬- Ir-Xy-am-b kab\n-jv-T ]p-e¿-Øm-Øhcm-Wv.72iXam-\hpw- c≠p- aWn-°q-dn¬- Xm-sg kabw- am-{Xam-Wv- sSenhn-j≥- Im-Wm≥- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- F∂Xv- A{X A]ISIcambn- Im-Wm-≥- Ign-bn-s√¶n-epw- \n- m-cam-bn- Im-tW≠X√.- ]gb {]o-Un-{Kn-°m-ct‚Xn-s\°mƒ- BgØn-epw- ]c∏n-epap-≈ ]p-kvXIßfpw- ]m-T`m-Kßfpw- ]Tn-°m≥- _m-[y-ÿ\m-Wv C∂sØ lb¿-sk°‚dn- hn-Zym-¿-∞n.- s{]m-PŒv,- skan-\m¿ Xp-Sßn-b A\p_‘ ]T\ taJeIƒ- CXn-\p- ]p-dsabp-≠v.- AXm-bXv- A©paWn-°q-¿- kv-Iq-fn¬- sNehn-Sp-∂ hn-Zym¿-∞n- A{XtØm-ftamNnet∏m-sg¶n-epw- AXn-tesd t\ctam- ho-´n-en-cp-∂p- ]Tn-t°≠nhcp-tºm-gm-Wv- c≠p- aWn-°q-tdm-fw- kabw- Sn- hn-°p- ap-∂n¬sNehgn-°p-∂sXt∂m¿-°Ww.Sn-hn-bn¬- `q-cn-]£w- t]cpw- Im-Wm\m-{Kln-°p-∂ ]cn-]m-SnGsXm-s°sb∂dn-bp-tºm-gm-Wv- CXn-s‚ Ku-chw- \ap-°v- t_m-[yam-Ip-∂Xv.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬- 80 iXam-\w- t]sc¶nepw- ÿn-cam-bn- Im-Wp-∂Xv- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm,- tIm-aUn- ]cn-]m-SnIƒ,- kn-\n-a,- ko-cn-bep-Iƒ- Xp-Sßn-b hn-t\m-Z{][m-\ ]cn-]m-SnIfm-Wv.- hm¿-ØIfpw- hm¿Øm-[n-jv-Tn-X ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw- Im-Wp-∂h¿10 iXam-\Øn¬- Xm-sgbm-Wv.- hn-Zym-`ym-k ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- Im-Wp∂h¿- A©p-iXam-\Øn¬- Xm-sgbm-sW∂Xm-Wv- Gsd ckIcw.hn-t\m-Z]cn-]m-Sn-sb∂ t]cn¬- Sn-hn-bn¬- hcp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬Gsdbpw- \n-ehm-cw- Ip-d™ Xam-iIfpw- Akw-_‘w- \n-d™ Po-hn-X ap-lq¿-Øßfpw- Ip-Øn-\n-dbv-°p-∂hbm-Wv.- hf¿-∂p- hcp∂ Ip-´n-Ifp-sS `m-h\tbtbm- Nn-¥tbtbm- km¿-∞Iam-b kz-]v\ßtftbm- DtØPn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\v- Hcp- XcØn-epw- klm-bIa√

29 Cu- hn-t\m-Z]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ.- Po-hn-XsØ°p-dn-t®m- am-\hn-IXsb∏‰ntbm- Fs¥¶n-epw- Dƒ-°m-gv-N \¬-Im≥- Ign-bp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-IfpwCu- KWØn¬- Im-Wm-dn-√.- Xm¬-°m-en-Ihpw- tIhehp-am-b XdXamiIfn¬- kabw- t]m-°m≥- am-{Xw- e£y-an-´p- ]S®p-hn-Sp-∂ tIm-amfn- ]cn-]m-Sn- Im-Wm≥- Sn- hn- Im-Wp-∂ kabØn-s‚ knw-l`m-KhpwIp-´n-Iƒ- sNehgn-°p-∂p- F∂Xm-Wv- tJZIcw.ho-´n-en-cp-∂v- ]T\Øn-\pw- tlmw-h¿-°n-\p-am-bn- F{X kabwsNehgn-°p-∂p- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- c≠p- ap-X¬- aq-∂p- aWn-°q¿hsc F∂m-Wv- 78 iXam-\Øn-s‚bpw- DØcw.- 10 iXam-\w- am{Xam-Wv- aq-∂p-aWn-°q-dn-tesd kabw- ]T\Øn-\p- \o-°n-shbv-°p∂Xm-bn- ]d™n-´p-≈Xv.- c≠p- aWn-°qdn¬- Xm-sg sNehgn-°p∂hcm-Wv- _m-°n-bp-≈h¿.Sn- hn- Im-Wp-∂Xv- ]T\sØ _m[n-°p-∂p-t≠m- F∂ tNm-ZyØn-\v- 95 iXam-\hpw- C√ F∂m-Wv- DØcw- \¬-In-bXv.- A©piXam-\w- t]¿- am-{Xta Nn-et∏m-sgm-s° _m-[n-°p-∂Xm-bn- ]d™n´p-≈q.- _lp-`q-cn-]£hpw- ]T\sØ _m-[n-°p-∂n-s√∂m-Wv- DØcw\¬-In-bn-´p-≈sX¶n-epw- GItZiw- ]T\Øn-\p- kam\am-b tXmXn-ep-≈ kabw- Sn- hn- ImWm≥- `q-cn-]£w- t]cpw- sNehgn-°p-∂pF∂p- ]dbp-tºmƒ- ]T\Øn-\v- D]tbm-Kn-t°≠ kabØn-s‚ Hcp`m-Ksa¶n-epw- Ir-Xy-am-bn- Hcp- Kp-Whpw- sNøm-Ø sSen-hn-j≥- ]cn]m-Sn-Iƒ-°m-bn- am-‰n-shbv-°p-∂p-s≠∂p-thWw- Icp-Xm≥.Sn- hn-bnse GXp- ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wv- Iq-Sp-X¬- C„w- F∂ tNm-ZyØn-\p-≈ DØchpw- Iu-Xp-Iw- ]Icp-∂Xm-Wv.- G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬Im-gv-®°m-cp-≈Xv- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjmIƒ-°pw- tIm-aUn- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p-am-Wv.- 65 iXam-\w- t]¿.Sn- hn-bn¬- Im-Wp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn-se GsX¶n-epw- Im-cy-߃- ( BIvj - ≥,- kw-km-cw,- thjhn-[m-\w Xp-Sßn-bh)- Po-hn-XØn¬- A\pIcn-°m-dpt≠m- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- 92 iXam-\w- t]cpw- AsX F∂mWv- DØcw- \¬-In-bXv.- sSen-hn-j≥- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- Iu-am-c°m-sc F{XtØm-fw- kz-m-[o-\n-°p-∂p- F∂m-Wv- Cu- 92 iXam-\Øn-s‚ {]Xn-IcWw- sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv.Sn- hn- AhXm-cIcp-sS kw-km-c`m-j,- kw-km-c co-Xn,- ico-c`mj,- thjhn-[m-\w- F∂n-hsbm-s° A\p-Icn-°m≥- {ian-°m-dp-t≠m-

30

F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- 60 iXam-\w- t]cpw- C√ F∂m-Wv- adp-]Sn- \¬In-bXv.- kw-km-c`m-jtbm-Sv- B`n-ap-Jy-w- tXm-∂p-∂h¿- 10 iXam\Øn¬- Xm-sg am-{Xam-Wv.- AhXm-cIcp-sS hkv-{X[m-cWco-Xn-tbmSv- Iºw- tXm-∂p-∂p-s≠∂v- DØcw- \¬In-bh¿- 13 iXam-\w- am{Xw.- Chcn¬- Gsdbpw- s]¨-Ip-´n-Ifm-sW∂Xpw- {it≤bam-Wv.Sn- hn-bn-se ]cky-߃- I≠ tijw- Ah hm-ßWsat∂m- kz¥am-°Wsat∂m- tXm-∂m-dp-t≠m- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- `q-cn-]£wt]cpsSbpw- DØcw- AsX F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- Ccp-N{Ihm-l\߃,sam-ss_¬- t^m¨sk‰p-Iƒ,- sF t]m-Up-Iƒ,- s]¿-^yq-ap-IƒXp-Sßn-bh hm-ßm-\m-Wv- Gsdt∏¿-°pw- Xm¬-]cyw.- ]pXn-b Imew- kΩm-\n-°p-∂ BUw-_c ]q¿-Wam-b Po-hn-XØn-s‚ ASn-®ps]m-fn -sb°p-dn-®m-Wv- Iu-am-c°m-cn¬- `q-cn-]£Øn-\pw- Xm¬-∏cywF∂¿-∞w.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬- Xm-cXtay-\ Xm-gv-∂ hcpam-\ap-≈ Ip-Spw-_ßfn-se Ip-´n-Ifp-sS Po-hn-XsØt∏m-epw- hymtam-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xv- ]p-Xn-b Im-eØn-s‚ hn-tem-`\o-bam-b D¬∏∂ßfm-sW∂Xm-Wv- kXyw.- CXv- Ku-chXcam-b ]cn-tim-[\ Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂p.Sn- hn- ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn-epw- Sn- hn- kn-\n-aIfn-ep-sam-s° Im-Wp-∂ aZy-]m-\w,- ]p-Ihen- Xp-Sßn-bh A\p-Icn-°Wsa∂p- tXm-∂m-dpt≠m- F∂ tNm- Z y- Ø n- \ v - 90iXam- \ tØm- f w- t]cpw- Cs√∂ DØcam-Wv- \¬-In-bXv.- CXv- Bizm-kIcam-b {]hWXbm-Wv.- sNdp\yq-\]£w- AsX F∂v- DØcw- \¬-In-bXm-hs´ kv{Io-\n¬- AXp]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ IYm-]m-{Xßtfm-Sp-≈ Bcm-[\ Xebv-°p- ]n-Sn-®n´m- W v.- F∂m¬- kv- I qƒ- ]cn- k cßfn¬- ({]tXy- I n- ® v\Kc{]tZißfn-se kv-Iq-fp-Ifp-sS Np-‰p-h´ßfn¬-)- ]m≥-akmebS°ap-≈ elcn- ]Zm¿-∞ßfp-sS hn¬-∏\ h¿-[n-®p- hcp-∂Xmbn- hym-]Iam-bn- hm¿-ØIƒ- hcp-∂Xn-s‚ ]›m-ØeØn¬- CutNm-Zy-Øn-\p-≈ DØcØn-se kXy-k‘X ]q¿-Wam-bpw- Dd∏n°m-\m-hm-Ø ÿn-Xn-bm-Wv.- CØcw- Bim-ky-a√m-Ø {]hWX h¿-[n-®p-hcp-∂p-s≠∂ Is≠Øen-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn-em-Wt√mCu-bn-sS ]m≥- akm-e ]q¿-Wambn- \n-tcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠v- k¿-°m¿DØchn-d°n-bXv.Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßsf∏‰n- Sn- hn- Nm-\ep-Ifn¬- hcp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-IƒIm-Wm-dp-t≠m- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- 70 iXam-\tØm-fw- t]¿- Im-Wm-

31 dp-s≠∂ \n-e]m-Sm-Wv- AhXcn-∏n-®Xv.- F^-v-sFB¿,- Ip-‰]{Xw Xp-Sßn-b t]cp-Ifn¬- Adn-bs∏Sp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifm-Wv- Gsdt∏cpwIm-Wp-∂Xv.- Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßsf°p-dn-®p-≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Itfm-Sv- ]p-Xp-Xeapd Iq-Sp-X¬- B`n-ap-Jyw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p-sh∂ Is≠ج- \sΩ CcpØn-®n-¥n-∏n-t°≠Xm-Wv.- ASp-Øbn-sS Be∏p-g Pn-√bn-se Ip´\m-´n¬- Hcp- kv-Iq-fn¬- hn-Zym-eb h¿-jw- Bcw-`n-® Zn-hkw- ]Ømw¢m-kp-Im-c\m-b ]Xn-\m-dp-Im-c≥- kl]m-Tn-sb Igp-Øp-ap-dn-®p- sImes∏Sp-Øn-b kw-`hw- tIcfsØbm-sI sR´n-®Xm-Wv.- sIm-e]mXIw- \StØ≠ co-Xn-sb∏‰n- a\ n-em-°n-bXv- dmw-t_m - F∂ tlm-fn-hp-Uv- Nn-{XØn¬- \n-∂m-sW∂v- {]Xn-bm-b Ip-´n- Hcp- hn-Imchn-t£m-`hp-an-√m-sX ]d™Xmbm-Wv- hm¿-Ø.- a\t m-,- Nn-¥tbmH∂pw- ]m-Is∏´n-´n-√m-Ø {]m-bØn¬- Hcp- s_©n-en-cp-∂v- ]Tn-® kl]m-Tn-sb {Iq-cam-bn- sIm-es∏Sp-Øn-b Im-cyw- kt¶m-NtaXpan-√m-sX Xp-d∂p-]dbp-Ibm-Wv Cu- Iu-am-c°m-c≥.- Hcp- ]t£ Ip‰hm-k\ kz-`m-hØn¬-Øs∂ D≈h\m-bn-cn-°mw- Ah≥.- AXn-\vAhs‚ Ip-Spw-_]chpw- km-aq-ly-hp-am-b Im-cWßfp-ap-≠m-Imw.F¶n¬-t∏m-epw- Hcp- kn-\n-a Akm-[m-cWhpw- `o-Ichp-am-b sIme]m-XIw- \SØm≥- Ah\v- {]tNm-Z\am-bn- F∂Xv- \n- m-ca√.Ip-d®p- \mƒ- ap-ºv- Atacn-°bn¬ -Hcp- kv-Iqƒ- hn-Zym¿∞n- kl]mTn-Isf shSn-sh®p- sIm-∂ hm¿-Ø h∂t∏m-gpw- {]Xn-bm-b Iu-amc°m- c \v - t{]cWbm- b Xv - Sn- hn- b n- e pw- kn- \ n- a bn- e pw- Bh¿Øn®pI≠ kam-\am-b Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßfm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- dn-t∏m¿´vsNøs∏´n-´p-≠v.- Cu- c≠p- kw-`hßfpw- Iq-´n-hm-bn-t°≠Xm-Wv.lb¿- sk°≥-Udn-bn¬- kb≥-kv- {Kq-∏n¬- ]Tn-°p-∂h¿-°v]T\{]{In-bbp-sS `m-Kw- Xs∂bm-Wv- Iw-]yq-´¿- A[n-jv-Tn-X hn⁄m-\w.- ]T\Øn-\v- A\n-hm-cy-as√¶n¬°q-Sn- Iw-]yq-´dp-Ifp-ambn- \n-Xy-_‘an-√m-Ø Iu-am-c°m¿- \s∂ Ip-dhm-Wv.- AXp-sIm≠v- Iw-]yq-´¿- D]tbm-KsØ∏‰n-bp-≈ hn-hcßfpw- k¿-shbn¬Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.- sSehnj≥- Im-gv-N°v- sNehgn-°p-∂Xn-s‚ ]IpXn-bn-tesd kabsa¶n-epw- Iw-]yq-´¿- D]tbm-Kn-°m-\m-bnsNehgn-°p-∂p-s≠∂m-bn-cp-∂p- e`n-® hn-hcw.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶SpØhcn¬- 80iXam-\hpw- ]T\Øn-s‚ `m-Kam-bn- Iw]yq-´¿- D]tbmKn-°p-∂hcm-Wv.- F∂m¬- Iw-]yq-´¿- D]tbm-Kn-°m-Øhtcm-,- Iw]yq-´¿- km-t¶XnI hn-Zy- Adn-bm-Øhtcm- Bbn- Bcpw-Xs∂ D≠mbn-cp-∂n-√.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Ø Iw-]yq-´¿- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂hcn¬-

32

168 t]cpw- Hcp- aWn-°q-dn-\pw- c≠p- aWn-°q-dn-\pw- CSbn¬- Iw-]yq´¿- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xm-bm-Wv- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv.- Cßs\ Iw]yq-´¿- sk¿-®v- sNøp-∂Xn-\v- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ kabØn-s‚ ]IpXn-bn-tesdbpw- t^kv-_p-°v-,- Hm¿-°p-´v Xp-Sßn-b tkm-jy¬s\‰v-h¿-°n-Mv- ssk‰p-Ifn¬- t]m-Im-\m-Wv- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.- Hm¨sse≥- Nm-‰n-ßn-\pw- bq-Syq-_v- kμ¿-in-°p-∂Xn-\pw- kabw- Is≠Øp∂hcpw- Gsd.AXm-bXv- ]gb {]o-Un-{Kn-°m-c\v- kv-Iq-ƒ- kabØn-\p- tijwho-´n-en-cp-∂v- ]Tn-°m≥- e`n-®n-cp-∂ kabØn¬- icm-icn- aq-∂p- aWn°q-sd¶n-epw- Ct∏mƒ- {]o-Un-{Kn-°m-cs‚ ÿm-\w- Ae¶cn-°p-∂ lb¿- sk°≥-Udn-°m-c\v- Sn- hn-/Iw]yq-´¿- Im-gv-NIƒ-°m-bn- \o°nsht°≠n- hcp-∂p- F∂¿-∞w.- ]Tn-°m-\p-≈ kabw- Ip-dbp-∂pF∂Xn-s\m-∏w- ]gb {]o-Un-{Kn-°m-cs\ At]£n-®v- Ct∏m-gsØ lb¿- sk°≥-Udn-°m-c\v- ]Tn-°m-\p-≈ Im-cy-ßfn¬- hen-b tXmXn¬- h¿-[\hp-≠m-bn-´pap-≠v.- CXv- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- Cu- L´Ønep-≈ Ip-´n-Isf h√m-Ø am-\kn-I kΩ¿±Øn-em-gv-Øp-∂p-≠v.sam-ss_¬- t^m¨- D]tbm-KsØ∏‰n-bp-≈ tNmZy-ßfn¬- \n∂v- hy-‡am-Ip-∂Xv- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬- \m-ev- iXam\Øn-\p- am-{Xam-Wv- kz-¥am-bn- sam-ss_¬- t^m-¨- C√m-ØXv.kz-¥am-bn- sam-ss_¬- t^m¨- C√m-Øh¿- ho-´n-ep-≈ ap-Xn¿-∂hcpsS t^m¨- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.- `q-cn-]£w- t]cpw- Hcp- aWn-°qdn-\Sp-Øv- sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wn¬- kw-km-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw- Im-Wp∂p.- icm-icn- A©p- ap-X¬- ]Øp-hsc t]sc Hcp- Zn-hkw- samss_¬- t-^m¨- hgn- _‘s∏Sm-dp-s≠∂pw- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂p.- 20 iXam-\w- t]¿- am-{Xam-Wv- ]T\ Im-cy-߃- N¿-® sNøp∂Xn-\pw- t{]m-PŒv- h¿-°p-Iƒ- sNøp-∂Xn-\pw- a‰p-am-bn- samss_en¬- kw-km-cn-°m-dp-≈Xv-.- `q-cn-]£w- t]cpw- Nm-‰n-ßn-\p -am{Xam-bm-Wv- samss_¬- t^m-Wp-Iƒ- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.]m-T]p-kv-XIßf√m-sX a‰p- ]p-kv-XI hm-b\sb∏‰n-bp-≈ tNmZy-Øn-\v- 66 iXam-\w- t]cpw- Im-cy-am-sbm-∂pw- hm-bn-°p-∂n-s√∂mWv- DØcw- \¬-In-bn-´p-≈Xv.- hm-bn-°p-∂ Np-cp-°w- t]cmIs´ Znhkw- AcaWn-°q-dn-\pw- Hcp- aWn-°q-dn-\pw- CSbn-ep-≈ kabw- am{Xam-Wv- CØcØn-ep-≈ hm-b\bv-°v- sNehgn-°p-∂Xv.- KuchXcam-b hm-b\tbm- ¢m-kn-Iv-{KŸ ]m-cm-bWtam- io-eam-°n-

33 bn-´p-≈hsc Bscbpw- Xs∂ k¿-shbn¬- Is≠Øm-\m-bn-√.kv-Iqƒ- kabØn-\p-tijw- Ifn-°m-≥- t]m-Ip-∂hcp-sS FÆw\s∂ Np-cp-°am-Wv.- F´p- iXam-\w- am-{Xam-Wv- ]p-dØv- a‰p- Ip-´nIfp-am-bn- Ifn-Ifn¬- G¿-s∏Sp-∂Xv.- _m-°n-bp-≈hsc√mw- kv-Iqƒhn-´p- ho-´n-seØn-bm¬- DS≥- Xs∂ ho-Un-tbm- sKbnap-Ifn-tet°mGsdt∏cpw- Syq-j≥- ]T\Øn-tet°m- ap-ßp-∂ Im-gv-Nbm-Wv.k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬- \S∂v- kvI - q-fn¬- t]m-Ip-∂h¿- I„n®v- \m-ep- iXam-\w- am-{Xw.- _m-°n-bp-≈h¿- H∂p-In¬- ssk°nfn¬- As√¶n¬- Hm-t´mdn-£bn-tem- _ n-tem- BWv- kv-Iq-fn¬t]m-Ip-∂Xv.-

\n-Ka\§ÄSn- hn-,- Iw]yq-´¿-,- sam-ss_¬- t^m¨- F∂n-hbp-sS D]tbm-Kwkw-_‘n-®v- \SØn-b k¿-shbn¬- \n-∂v- Dcp-Øn-cn-™ {][m-\ Im-cy߃- Xm-sg ]dbp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬- kw-{Kln-°mw.1.-

]p-Xn-b am-[y-aßfp-am-bn- CS]gIp-∂Xn-\v- icm-icn- aq-∂p- aWn°q-sd¶nepw- Ip´n-Iƒ- sNehgn-°p-∂p-≠v.- CXn-s‚ \m-en-sem∂p- kabw- am-{Xam-Wv- ]T\ Im-cy-߃-°v- {]tbmP\s∏SpØp-∂Xv.-

2.-

]p-Xn-b am-[y-a߃- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn-\v- sNehgn-°p-∂ kabØn-s‚ `q-cn-`m-Khpw- hn-t\m-Z]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°m-Wv- hn-\n-tbmKn-°p-∂Xv.- hn-t\m-Z߃- F∂ te_en¬- Sn-hn-bn-epw- a‰pwhcp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬- Gsdbpw- A¿-∞iq-\y-am-b Xd XamiIƒ- Ip-Øn-\n-d®Xm-bXp-sIm-≠v- Ch ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbp-sS hy-‡n-Xz- cq-]o-IcWØn-\v- Kp-W]cam-b kw-`m-h\sbm-∂pw\¬-Ip-∂n-s√∂p-thWw- A\p-am-\n-°m≥-.- adn-®v- Bim-ky-a√mØ Nn-e kzm-[o-\߃- Dfhm-°p-∂pap ≠v.-

3.-

]T\Øn-t\m- Ifn-Iƒ-t°m- im-co-cn-Ihpw- am-\kn-Ihp-am-b Dt∑jw- {]Zm-\w- sNøp-∂ a‰p-Im-cy-߃-t°m- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥Ign-bp-∂ aq-∂p- aWn-°q-dm-Wv- CØcw- am-[y-aßfp-am-bp-≈ CS]gIen-\m-bn- Zn-hkhpw- sNehn-Sp-∂Xv.- CXv- Ip-´n-Ifp-sS im-co-cn-Ihpw- am-\kn-Ihpw- _p-≤n-]chp-am-b hf¿-®°v- sNdn-b tXm-Xn-se¶n-epw- XS w- kr-„n-°pw.-

34

4.-

dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifp-sSbpw- Xam-i∏cn-]m-Sn-Ifp-sSbpw- ap-∂n¬aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ- sNehn-Sp-∂ Ip-´n-Ifn¬- bm-Ym¿-∞y-t_m-[an-√mØ {]Xo-£Ifpw- A\p-IcWßfpw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂p-≠v.- kw-KoXt_m-[tam- kz-cip-≤n-tbm- sXm-´p-Xo-≠n-bn-´n-√m-Ø Ip-´n-Iƒhen-b ]m-´p-Im-cm-Im≥- {ian-°p-∂Xpw- Xm-ft_m-[w- t]m-epwa\ n-en-√m-Ø ]ecpw- \¿-ØIcm-Im≥- {ian-°p-∂Xpw- CØcw{]Xo-£Ifn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.- Sn- hn- kv-{Io-\n-epw- a‰pw- {]IS\߃ Im-gN v- sh°p-∂Xn¬- km-bq-Pyw- Is≠Øp-∂ am-Xm-]n-Xm-°fn¬\√]¶pw- Ip-´n-Ifp-sS CØcw- bmYm¿-∞y-t_m-[an-√m-Ø {]Xo£Isf Bfn-°Øn-°m-\pw- {ian-°m-dp-≠v.-

5.-

sSen-hn-j\n-sebpw- a‰v- Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn-sebpw- ]cn-]m-Sn-IƒIp-´n-Isf h√m-sX kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.- Cu- kzm-[o-\w- ]et∏mgpw- A\p-IcW{`aam-bn- am-dm-dp-ap-≠v.- Nn-et∏m-sgm-s° Cu- A\pIcW{`aw- A]ISw- hn-fn-®p- hcp-Øp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

6.-

Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn-se ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- am-{Xa√,- ]cky-ßfpw- Ip-´nIfn¬- hn-eb tXm-Xn¬- kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øp-∂p-≠v.- BUw_c Po-hn-XØn-\v- Bhiy-am-b ]e km-[\ßfpw- hm-ßm-\pwam-Xm-]n-Xm-°sfs°m-≠v- hm-ßn-∏n-°m-\p-w- CShcp-Øp-∂Xv- CXpsIm-≠m-Wv.-

7.-

aZy-]m-\w,- ]p-Ihen,- a‰v- elcn- ]Zm¿-∞ßfp-sS D]tbm-KwF∂n-htbm-Sv- sNdn-b tXm-Xn-se¶n-epw- Bcm-[\ tXm-∂p-∂ Np-cp-°w- Ip-´n-Ifp-s≠∂Xv- hkv-Xp-Xbm-Wv.- C°m-cy-Øn¬A[ym-]Icp-sSbpw- c£n-Xm-°fp-sSbpw- I¿-i\am-b CSs]SepIfpw- t_m-[h¬-°cWhpw- A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.-

8.-

Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn-se A{Iaßfpw- sIm-e]m-XIfpw- Ahbv-°vD]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Ip-‰a‰ im-kv-{Xo-b co-Xn-Ifpw- hfsc sNdnsbmcp- hn-`m-KØn-s‚ CSbn-em-sW¶n-epw- kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øp-∂ps≠∂Xv- hkv-Xp-Xbm-Wv.- CØcw- Im-cy-߃- kv-{Io-\n¬- sNøp∂ \m-bIt\m-Spw- {]Xn-\m-bIt\m-Spw- ho-cm-cm-[\ tXm-∂pwhn-[am-Wv- Ch Nn-{Xo-Icn-°m-dp-≈Xv.- CXv- Iq-sS°q-sS Im-Wp∂,- {]tXy-In-®v- Ip-‰hm-k\bn-te°v- hgp-Xn- ho-gm-≥- km[y-Xbp≈ sNdp-\yq-\]£sØsb¶n-epw- Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßfn-te°v- \bn°m-dp-≠v.- A[ym-]Icp-sSbpw- c£n-Xm-°fp-sSbpw- am-{Xa√,- a\x-

35 im-kv-{X hn ZKv-[cp-sSbpw- im-kv-{Xo-bam-bn- Iu¨-kn-en-Mv\SØm≥- tbm-Ky-cm-bhcp-sSbpw- Ku-chXcam-b CSs]Sep-IƒBhiy-s∏Sp-∂ taJebm-Wn-Xv.9.-

]m-tTy-Xc hn-jbßfn¬- Ku-chXcam-b hm-b\ Ip-d™p-hcnIbm-sW∂m-Wv- k¿-shbn¬- sXfn-bp-∂Xv.- ]T\{]{In-bsb i‡n-s∏Sp-Øp-∂ ssKUp-Ifn-epw- d^d≥-kv- {KŸßfn-ep-ambn- ]m-tTy-Xchn-jbßfn-se hm-b\ ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Ibm-Wv.aebm-f `m-jbpw- Ncn-{Xhpw- kw-kv-Im-chp-sam-∂pw- th≠{X Adn-bm-sXbm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbn¬- Gsdt∏cpw- hfcp∂sX∂pw- Im-Wp-∂p.-

10.- Sn- hn-bpw- kn-\n-abpw- Iw]yq-´dpw- AS°ap-≈ Zr-iy-am-[y-aßsf Iq-td°q-Sn- Ku-chtØm-Spw- hna¿-i\m-flIhp-am-bn- CSs]Sm≥]p-Xp-Xeap-dsb t{]cn-∏n-°Wsa∂ ktμihpw- k¿-shbn¬sXfn-bp-∂p.-

4.- sSen-hn-j³-: Ncn-{Xhpw- hÀ-¯am-\hpwam-[y-aßfp-sS tem-IØv- {]m-tbW sNdn-b Ncn-{Xta sSen-hnj\p-≈q.- e£Wsam-Ø A®Sn-® ]{Xw- Bcw-`n-®n-´v- (1702¬e≠\n¬- \n-∂v- Bcw-`n-® sUbv-en- sIm-dm-¥v )- aq-∂p- \q-‰m-≠p]n-∂n-´p-sh¶n-epw- sSen-hn-js‚ Ncn-{XØn-\v- Hcp- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Bbp p-t]m-epw- Bbn-´n-√.- 1924¬- \yq-tbm¿-°nepw- e≠\n-ep-am-Wv- temIØv- BZy-am-bn- sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t{]jWw- Bcw-`n-®sX∂v- Ncn{Xw- ]dbp-∂p.- F∂m¬- \hXn-bn¬-t∏m-epw- FØm-Ø sSen-hnj≥- kw-t{]jWØn-s‚ Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´w- A¤p-Xm-hlam-Wv.- temIØn- s ‚ Im- g v - N Iƒ- am- { Xa√,- tem- I Øn- s ‚ A`n- { ]m- b hpwBibhpw- Nn-¥m-KXn-bpw- ap-t∂‰hp-sam-s° \n¿-Wbn-°p-∂XvsSen-hn-j\m-sW∂ \n-ebn-seØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p AXn-s‚ {]Nm-chpwhym-]\hpw.- Htckabw- B\μn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- {Xkn-∏n-°p-IbpwA¤p-Xs∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw- Iq-sSs°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibpsam-s° sNøp-∂ hn-kv-abßfp-sS `fim-Km-cam-bn- sSen-hn-j≥- am-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.Fs´m-ºXp- ]Xn-‰m-≠n-\p-a∏p-dw- Atacn-°bn-epw- Cw-•≠n-epwP∑w-sIm-≠ sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t{]jWw- C¥ybn-seØm≥- ]ns∂bpw- Im-etasd Im-Øn-cn-t°≠n-h∂psh∂m-Wv- Ncn-{Xw.- 1959 k]v-Xw-_¿- 15\m-bn-cp-∂p- C¥y-bn¬- BZy-am-bn- Zq-cZ¿-i≥- sSenhn-j≥- kw-t{]jWw- \SØn-bXv.- 1982 hsc sSen-hn-js‚ km-[yXIsf∏‰n- \ap-°v- Im-cy-am-b Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- 1982 BKkv-Xv14\v- cm-{Xn- A∂sØ {][m-\a{¥n- Cμn-cm-Km-‘n- cm-Py-Øn-\p- \¬In-b kzm-X{¥y-Zn-\ ktμiw- C¥y-bn-se BZy- If¿- sSen-hn-j≥kw-t{]jWam-bn- Ncn-{XØn¬- ÿm-\w- ]n-Sn-®p.- AtX h¿-jwAhkm-\tØm-sS U¬-ln-bn¬- \S∂ Gjy≥- cm-Py-ßfp-sS Imbn-I am-am-¶am-b Gjym-Uv- Iq-Sn- If¿- sSen-hn-j≥- kv-{Io-\n¬-

37 {]Xy-£s∏´tXm-sS sSenhn-j≥- Im-gv-NIfp-sS h¿-Wcm-Pn- C¥y°m-c\v- ap-∂n¬- Xp-d∂n-Sp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.- F¶n¬-t∏m-epw- F¨-]XpIfn¬- sSehn-j≥- s\‰v- h¿-°p-Iƒ- C¥y-bn¬- hym-]Iam-bn-cp-∂n√.- \Kc߃- tI{μo-Icn-®p- e`n-°p-∂ Zq-cZ¿-i≥- am-{Xam-bn-cp-∂pCu- Im-ebfhn¬- \Ωp-sS sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIsf Xr-]v-Xn-s∏SpØn-bXv.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ _lp-`q-cn-]£Øn-\pw- sSen-hn-j\pam-bn- CSs]Sm≥- Ahkcw- e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√.- 1992Hm-Sp- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- CXn\p- am-‰ap-≠m-bXv.- 1991˛96 Im-eØv- A[n-Im-cØn-en-cp-∂ ]n- hn\cknw-ldm-hp-hn-s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ Kh¨-sa‚ v- C¥y-bp-sS km-ºØn-I \bw- ASn-ap-Sn- s]m-fn-s®gp-Xn.- DZm-ch¬-°cWw(Liberalisation),- kzIm-cy-h¬-°cWw (Privatisation),- BtKm-fh¬°cWw- (Globalisation) F∂o- {]am-Wßfn¬- A[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b ]p-Ø≥- km-ºØn-I \b߃- Bhn-jv-Icn-®p.- CXn-s‚ Np-hSp-]n-Sn®v- hn-tZi sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Iƒ-°v- C¥y-bn¬- kw-t{]jWØn\p-≈ AhIm-iw- \¬-In.- CtXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- tI_nƒ- Sn- hn- irwJeIƒ- hym-]n-°p-∂Xpw- hn-tZi sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Iƒ- \ap-°ve`y-am-bn- Xp-Sßp-∂Xpw-.1992 ap-Xep-≈ Ign-™ c≠p- ]Xn-‰m- ≠v- sSen-hn-j≥- kwt{]jWØn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬- hn-kv-abIcam-b ap-t∂‰am-Wv- cm-PyØv- kr-„n-®Xv.- C∂n-t∏mƒ- B`y-¥chpw- hn-tZio-bhp-am-b 600Hmfw- sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Iƒ- C¥y-bn¬- e`y-am-Wv.- 1998 BbtXmsS hm¿-ØIƒ-°p- am-{Xam-bn- apgp-h≥- kab Nm-\ep-Ifpw- {]h¿Øn-°m≥- Xp-Sßn.- Cw-•o-jn-epw- hn-hn-[ {]m-tZin-I `m-jIfn-ep-ambn- C∂v- 60tesd ap-gp-kab hm¿-Øm- Nm-\ep-Iƒ- cm-Py-Øv- kPoham-Wv.- tem-Ikw-`hhn-Im-k߃- ap-gp-h≥- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gN v- IfneqsS \mw- X’abw- G‰p-hm-ßp-∂ ÿn-Xn-bn-seØn.- Adp-]Xp-Ifnse hn-bv-‰v\mw- bp-≤w- kzo-IcWap-dn-bn-se BZy-bp-≤(First Living room War) am-sW∂m-Wv- Ncn-{XIm-c∑m¿- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv.1991 P\p- h cn- 16\v - Atacn- ° Bcw- ` n- ® H∂mw- Cdm- J v B{IaWØn-s‚ cw-Kßfpw- Sn- hn- Im-gv-NIfn-eq-sS tem-Iw- Adn™Xn-s\∏‰n- ]T\߃- D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- tem-I P\X am-{Xa√,- CdmJn-s\ B{Ian-® Atacn-°≥- {]kn-U≠v- tPm¿-Pv- _p-jpw- AXn-\vCcbm-tI≠n-h∂ Cdm-Jv- {]kn-U‚ v- k±mw- lp-ssk\pw- bp-≤Zriy-߃-°pw- hm¿-ØIƒ-°pw- B{ibn-®n-cp-∂Xv- Atacn-°≥- Snhn- irw- J ebm- b kn- F ≥- F ∂n- s \ Bbn- c p- ∂ p- s h∂pw- Nn- e

38

]T\߃- ]dbp-∂p.- kam-\am-b A\p-`ham-Wv- 2008 \hw-_¿- 26s‚ apw-ss_ `o-Icm-{IaWØn¬- tem-IØn-\p-≠m-bXv-.- Xo-{hhm-Zn-IfpsS B{IaWhpw- Ahsc Io-gv-s∏Sp-Øm-\p-≈ ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpws]m-eo-kn-s‚bpw- Iam≥-tUm- Hm-∏tdj\pw- c£m-{]h¿-Ø\hp-sams° sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIfp-sS hn-kv-ab`m-hßfn-em-Wv- \mwX’abw- I≠Xv.- C¥y-°m-sc kw-_‘n-®v- thWsa¶n¬- kzoIcWap-dn-bnse BZy-bp-≤sa∂v- apw-ss_ `o-Icm-{IaWsØ hn-fn°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t{]jW km-[y-Xbp-sS ]m-cay-amWv \m-an-hn-sS Im-Wp-∂Xv.- tIcfw- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIfn-te°v- angn- Xp-d°m≥- ]n-s∂bpw- h¿-j߃- th≠n-h∂p.- 1984em-Wv- aebmfw- ZqcZ¿-i≥- kw-t{]jWw- Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv.- F∂m¬- As∂ms° hen-b tKm-]p-cm-{Kßfn¬- ÿm-]n-°p-∂ B‚n-\bp-sS klmbtØm-sS am-{Xw- e`n-®n-cp-∂ Zq-cZ¿-i≥- Nm\¬- Zr-iy-Øn-\v- Hcn°epw- C∂sØ F¬-CUn- Sn- hn-bn-se Zr-iyßfp-sS sXfn-®tamNm-cp-Xtbm- D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- 1993¬- Gjym-s\‰v- aebm-fØn-se BZyD]{Kl Nm-\em-bn- \n-ehn¬- h∂tXm-sS Nn-{Xw- am-dn.- hn-tZi Nm\ep-Iƒ-°v- cm-Py-Øv- kw-t{]jWm-hIm-iw- \n-ba]cam-bn- e`n-®tXmsS tI_nƒ- Sn- hn- irw-Jebpw- hym-]n-®p.- ªm-°v- B‚ v- ssh‰vsSen-hn-j≥- sk‰n-s‚ ÿm-\w- F¬-kn-Un-,- F¬-CUn- Sn- hn- sk‰pIƒ- ssIøS°n.- ]p-cm-W IYIfpw- Nn-{Xßfpw- ]cºcIfpw-sIm≠v- Bfp-Isf ]n-Sn-®n-cp-Øm≥- {ian-®n-cp-∂ Sn- hn-bn-te°v- dn-bm-en‰n- tjm-Ifpw- {Xkn-∏n-°p-∂ \r-Ø ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpsam-s° IS∂ph∂p.- kw-t{]jWw- Bcw-`n-°p-∂ Ac\q-‰m-≠n-\p- ap-ºv- cm-Py-ØmsI shdp-w- 41 Sn- hn- sk‰p-Iƒ- am-{Xap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ ÿm-\Øv- If¿kw-t{]jWw- Bcw`n-® F¨-]Xp-Ifp-sS Xp-S°Øn¬- AXv- 20 e£am-bn- h¿[n-®p.]n-∂o-Sp-≈ hf¿-® hn-kv-abIcam-bn-cp-∂p.- ASp-Ø ]Øp- h¿jw-sIm-≠v- 20 e£w- F∂Xv- aq-∂p- tIm-Sn-bm-bn- h¿-[n-®p.- 2011 BIp-tºm-ƒ- ]n-s∂bpw- ]e aSßv- h¿-[n-®v- AXv- 12 tIm-Sn- Ihn™p.- cm-Py-sØ ]Ip-Xn-tbm-fw- t]¿- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIsf B{ibn-®m-Wv- Xßfp-sS Po-hn-Xw- Nn-´s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xv- F∂ ÿn-Xnbm-Wn-t∏mƒ.tIcfØn-se sSen-hn-j≥- km-{μX CXn-epw- Gsdbm-Wv.- ip≤Pew- Ir-Xy-am-bn- e`n-°m-Ø tIcfØn-se Dƒ-\m-S≥- {Km-aßfnepw- aetbm-c{]tZißfn-ep-sam-s° sSen-hn-j≥- C√m-Ø ho-Sp-

39 Iƒ- Is≠Øp-I {]bm-kw.- ap-≈p-ap-cSv- aq¿-J≥- ]m-ºp -Isfm-s° \n-d™ Zp¿-LS ]m-Xbn-eq-sS aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ- sIm-≠p- am-{XwsNs∂Øm≥- Ign- b p- ∂ aXn- s I´m≥- tNm- e h\Øn- s ‚ Dƒ{]tZißfn¬-t∏m-epw- sSen-hn-j≥- sk‰p-Iƒ- Im-Wm≥- Ign-™n´p-≠v.- tIcfØn-se P\ßfn¬- 75 iXam-\hpw- sSenhn-j≥- ImWp-∂hcm-Wv.- 70 e£Øn-tesd Ip-Spw-_ßfn¬- 55 e£tØm-fwIp-Spw-_ßfn-epw- Sn- hn- sk‰p-≠v.- sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wn-s‚ Im-cyw]d™Xp-t]m-se a[y-h¿-K˛ Db¿-∂ a[y-h¿-K°m-cp-sS ho-Sp-Ifnemhs´ Hcp- ho-´n¬-Xs∂ c≠pw-aq-∂pw- Sn- hn- sk‰p-≠v.- hm¿-Ø°pwhn-t\m-ZØn-\pw- Hgn-hp- kabw- {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- Hs° C∂v- aebm-fn- B{ibn-°p-∂Xv- sSen-hn-js\bm-sW∂v- Np-cp-°w.165 h¿-jw- ]g°ap-≈ aebm-f ]{X߃-°v- D≠m-°m≥- Ign-bm-Ø kzm[o-\am-Wv- shdpw- c≠p- ]Xn-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´w- sIm-≠vsSenhn-j≥- kr-„n-®Xv.am-[y-aw- F∂ co-Xn-bn¬- A®Sn- am-[y-a߃-t°m- Zr-iy-am-[yaam-b kn-\n-abv-t°m sNep-Øm≥- Ign-bp-∂Xn-s‚ ]e aSßv- kzm[o-\am-Wv- sSen-hn-j≥- Ip-´n-Ifp-sS ta¬- sNep-Øp-∂Xv.- A®Sn- am[y-aßfn¬- hcp-∂ IYIfpw- Im¿-´q-Wp-Ifpw- AS°ap-≈ hn-t\mZ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°p-t]m-epw- Ahbp-sS cq-]]cam-b ]cn-an-Xn- t]m-se Bkzm-Z\]cam-b ]cn-an-Xn-bp-ap-≠v.- A®Sn-® Xm-fp-Ifn¬- sXfnbp∂ IYItfm- Im¿-´q-Wp-Itfm- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xn-s\°mƒ- A¤pXIcam-b hn-t\m-Z{]]©am-Wv- Nn-{X]cºcbp-sS AIºSn-tbmsS sSen-hn-j≥- kv-{Io-\n¬- sXfn-bp-∂ IYIƒ-°pw- a‰p-ap-≈Xv.AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ch Ip-´n-Isf s]s´∂v- kzm-[o-\n-°p-I kzm`mhn-Iw.- A¤p-Xm-Àm-Z߃- kr-„n-°p-∂ Nn-{X߃-s°m-∏w- IY apt∂dp-tºmƒ- AXp-fhm-°p-∂ A\p-`q-Xn- thsdbm-Wv.- Chn-sSbmWv- sSen-hn-j≥- Zr-iy-߃-°p-≈ kz-m-[o-\Øn-s‚ {]k‡n.- henb kv-{Io-\n¬- Im-Wp-∂ kn-\n-abp-sS Zr-iy-`m-jyw- CXn-s\°mƒBI¿-jIam-sW¶n-epw- kn-\n-a Xn-b‰dn¬- t]m-bn- Im-WWsa∂p≈Xp-sIm-≠v- CXn-\p-≈ Ahkcw- Xm-cXtay-\ hn-fcam-tb e`n°m-dp-≈q.- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIfp-am-bp-≈ kw-thZ\am-hs´ Iu-amc°m-cs‚ \nXy-Po-hn-X bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-Wv.-

5.- dn-bm-en-än- tjm-IfnÂ- A`n-can-¡p-¶ Iu-am-cwaebm- f n- b p- s S \n- X y- P o- h n- X hp- a m- b n- _‘ap- ≈ Iem- c q]ßsfbm-sI Xo¿-Øpw- A{]k‡am-°p-Itbm- \n-cm-Icn-°p-ItbmsNbv-Xp-sIm-≠v- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- hn-t\m-Z `m-hp-IXz-Øn-te°v- aebm-fnsb Iq-´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibm-Wv- sSen-hn-j≥- am-[y-aw-.- Po-hn-Xm-[zm\Øn-s‚bpw- Po-hn-X ap-t∂‰Øn-s‚bpw- ]cn-kcßfn¬- \n-∂v- cq]w- sIm-≠ Iem-cq-]߃-t°m- a\p-jy-s‚ hn-b¿-∏pw- K‘hpw- cpNn-°p-∂ Iemcq-]߃-t°m- C∂v- sSen-hn-j\n¬- Hcp- ÿm-\hp-an√.- tIheam-b hn-t\m-Z kw-Ko-X]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬- \n-∂v- Ct∏m-gXv- dnbm-en-‰n- tjm- F∂ ]p-Xp-cq-]Øn-seØn- \n¬-°p-∂p.- bm-Ym¿-Yyhp-am-bn- ]p-e_‘w- t]m-ep-an-√m-Ø IÆ©n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw- Nn-et∏msgm-s° Ad∏p-fhm-°p-∂Xp-am-b CØcw- ]cn-]m-Sn-°v- dn-bm-en-‰ntjm- F∂ t]cv - Fßs\ h∂p- F∂Xn- s \∏‰n- KthjWw\StØ≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- ]m-´n-\pw- B´Øn-\pw- am-{Xa√,- ]m-NIØn\pw- acw-Ib‰Øn-\pw- hsc dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm- F∂ Akw-_‘ \mSIw- Nm-\ep-Ifn¬- Acßp- XI¿-°p-Ibm-Wv.- `q-cn-]£hpw- Iu-amc°m-sc D]tbm-Kn-®p-≈hbm-sW¶n-epw- ho-´Ωamcpw- ho-´—∑m-cpwsIm-®p-Ip-´n-Ifpw- hsc BSn-Øn-an¿-°p-∂ dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm- Nm-\epIfn¬- kp-e`am-Wv.- ]cn-lm-k]m-{Xam-bn-´m-Wv- km-am-\y- P\Øn-\vtXm-∂p-∂sX¶n-epw- Nm-\ep-Ifn¬- kz-bw- {]Z¿-in-∏n-°m≥- Ign-bp∂Xv- Po-hn-X km-bq-Py-am-sW∂v- Icp-Xp-∂ icm-icn- aebm-fn- F¥ptIm- { ]m- b hpw- Im- W n- ° m≥- Xøm- d m- s W∂Xn- s ‚ sXfn- h m- W v aghn¬- at\m-ca - Nm-\en¬- {]Z¿-in-∏n-°p-∂ shdp-sX A√ `mcy - F∂ dnbm-en-‰n- tjm.- Iu-am-c°m-cp-sS Akw-_‘ hn-Nm-chnIm-c߃-°v- AXn-cp-Ifn-√m-Ø Zr-iy-`m-jyw- \¬-Ip-∂ dn-bm-en-‰ntjm-bm-Wv- Gjym-s\‰n-se kn-‰n- tKƒ-kv -.- a\t m- Nn-¥tbmF¥n-\v- Im-ep-Iƒ- t]m-epw- Ddbv-°m-Ø Ip-´n-Isfs°m-≠v- tIm-{]m-

41 b߃- am-{Xa√ Im-am-Xp-cam-b tNjv-SIƒ- hsc Im-Wn-°m-sa∂ Al¶m-cw- {]ISn-∏n-°p-∂ dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm- BWv- Aar-X Sn-hn-bnse kq-∏¿- Um≥-k¿ .dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifp-sS IÆ©n-∏n-°p-∂ tem-Iw- G‰hp-tasd BI¿-jn-°p-I Iu-am-c°m-scbm-Wv.- dn-bm-en-‰n- F∂ hm-°n-s‚ tIheam-b A¿-YØn-\∏p-dw- Ir-{Xn-aam-bn- kr-„n-°s∏´ Hcp- temIØm-Wv- F√m- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifpw- Actßdp-∂Xv.- B¿-°v- sse‰pIfpw- BSbm-`cWßfpw- B]m-ZNq-Uap-≈ Nabßfp-sam-s° tN¿∂m-Wv- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjmIƒ- AhXcn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂Xv.- Cu- tjm-Iƒ Acßp-XI¿-°p-∂ Nm-\¬- kv-‰p-Un-tbm-Iƒ- Iu-am-c°m-cs‚ \nXy-Po-hn-X bm-Ym¿-Yy-ßfp-am-bn- s]m-cp-Øs∏Sp-∂hb√.- Ah≥- hnkv-ab߃- \n-d™ as‰m-cp- tem-IØn-eq-sS k©cn-°pIbm-hpwsNøp- I .- \n- X y- P o- h n- X Øn¬- km- £ m- X v - I cn- ° m≥- Ign- b m- Ø B{Kl߃-°v- Chn-sS Ah≥- Ir-{Xn-aam-b km-^eyw- tXSp-IbmWv.- Ir-{Xn-aam-b A`n-em-j k^eo-IcWw- (wishfulfilment) F∂ t{^m-bv-Un-b≥- {]tbm-Kw- Chn-sS km¿-∞Iam-hp-Ibm-Wv.am-k߃- \o-≠p- \n¬-°p-∂ H-Uo j≥- sSkv-‰n-\p- tijam-WvCØcw- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifn-te°v- Ip-´n-Isf sXcs™Sp-°p-∂Xv.cm-Py-sØ ]e `m-Kßfn¬- am-{Xa√,- hn-tZißfn¬- h®p- t]m-epwCu- sXcs™Sp-∏v- \S°p-∂p-≠v.- ]Xn-\m-bn-c߃- Alalan-Ibm]s¶Sp-°p-∂ sSkv-‰n¬- \n-∂v- Acn-s®Sp-Øv- HSp-hn¬- Nm-\¬- kv-‰pUn-tbm-bn¬- FØn-s∏Sm≥- Ahkcw- e`n-°p-∂Xv- hn-cseÆm-hp∂h¿- am-{Xw.- F´pw- ]Øpw- L´ßfn-em-bp-≈ Fen-an-t\j\n-eqsS (Hgn-hm-°¬)- ss ^\en¬- FØp-∂Xv- \m-tem- At©m- t]cmbn-cn-°pw.- icm-in- ]Øp-am-ksa¶n-epw- \o-≠p- \n¬-°p-∂ Cu- {]{Inbbp-sS `m-Kam-hp-∂ Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v- ^eØn¬- Hcp- h¿-jsØ ¢m-kv\„s∏Sp-Ibm-Wv.- saUn-°¬-˛F©n\n-bdn-Mv- t]m-ep-≈ s{]m^jW¬- hn-Zym`ym-k taJebn¬- \n-∂p- t]m-epw- ]T\Øn-\vAh[n- sIm-Sp-Øv- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifn¬- ap-Jw- Im-Wn-°m-s\Øp∂hcpw- Ip-dh√.]m-´p- ]m-Sp-∂ Ip-´n-Ifpw- hn-[n-I¿-Øm-°fpw- XΩn¬- \SØp-∂ kw-`m-jWßfpw- sIm-®p-h¿-Øam-\ßfpw- Iu-Xp-IIcam-Wv.- ]b‰nsØfn-™ Km-bIcpw- kw-Ko-X⁄cp-sam-s° Xs∂bm-Wv- hn-[nI¿-Øm-°fm-bn- FØp-∂Xv.- ]t£ Ah¿- ]ecpw- Ip-´n-Ifp-sS Bem-

42

]\w- hn-ebn-cp-Øn-s°m-≠v- A`n-{]m-bw- ]dbp-tºmƒ- Bhiy-an√m-sX Cw-•o-jv- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- ]et∏m-gpw- Atcm-NIam-hm-dp≠v.- Cw-•o-jv- `m-jbp-sS hym-IcWhpw- D®m-cWhp-sam-s° sX‰n-®vA`n-{]m-bw- ]dbp-∂ hn-[n-I¿-Øm-°fpw- Ip-dh√.- aebm-fw- am-Xr`m-jbs√¶n-epw- aebm-fØn¬- Xs∂ A`n-{]m-bw- ]dbp-∂ hn-[nI¿-Øm-°fp-s≠∂Xpw- Im-Wm-sX t]m-Icp-Xv.- kw-Ko-X dn-bm-en-‰ntjm-Ifn-sem-∂pw- Cw-•o-jv- ]m-´p-Iƒ- ]m-Sn-t°´n-´n-√.- aebm-fw- ]m´p-Iƒ- Ign-™m¬- Np-cp-°w- ln-μn-]m-´p-Itfm- Xan-gv- ]m-´p-Itfm- BWv]m-Sm-dp-≈Xv.- F∂m¬- ln-μn-bn-tem- Xan-gn-tem- hn-[n-I¿-Øm-°fmcpw- Xs∂ (Np-cp-°w- Nn-e Xan-gv- kw-Ko-X⁄¿- Hgn-sI)- A`n-{]mbw- ]dbm-dn-√.- shdp-sX Cw-•o-jn-s\bm-Wv- hen-®n-g®v- hn-Ir-Xam°p-∂Xv.dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifp-sS AhXm-cIcm-bn- FØp-∂hcpw- kam\am-b `m-jm-{]tbm-KØn¬- sh{]m-fw- Im-´p-∂hcm-Wv.- ip-≤aebmfØn¬- ]d™m¬- t{]£I¿-°v- B¿-°pw- a\ n-em-hp-∂ Im-cywF¥n-\m-Wv- th≠{X hian-√m-Ø Cw-•o-jv- `m-jsb D]tbm-Kn-®v\n¿-hln-°p-∂sX∂v- a\ n-em-hp-∂n-√.- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-bn¬- ]s¶Sp°p-∂hsc thZn-bn-te°v- £Wn-°p-tºmƒ- AhXm-cI≥-/AhXmcI ]dbp-∂Xv- ASp-Ø contestant (a’cm¿-Yn-)- F∂m-Wv-.- a’cn®vPbn-°m-\pw- a’cn-®v- Pbn-®v- Io-gv-s∏Sp-Øm-\p-am-Wv- Gsd ISºIƒXm-≠n- X߃- thZn-bn-seØnbsX∂ tXm-∂em-Wv- tjm-bn¬]s¶Sp-°p-∂ Ip-´n°v- Xp-S°w- ap-X¬- D≠m-hp-I.- ap-sºm-s° bphPt\m-’hßfn-epw- kam-\am-b Iem-a’cßfn-ep-w- ]s¶Sp-°p∂hsc participant (]s¶Sp-°p-∂bmƒ)- F∂p- ]d™n-cp-∂ ÿm\Øm-Wv- Ct∏mƒ- contestant IS∂p-h∂n-´p-≈Xv.- X\n-°v- e`n°m≥- t]m-Ip-∂ Hcp- tIm-Sn-bp-sS ho-Sv- X´n-sbSp-°m≥- h∂n-cn-°p∂ i{Xp-kam-\\m-b Bfm-Wv- Iq-sSbp-≈sX∂ t_m-[am-WvCØcw- tjm-Iƒ- Ip-´n-Ifn¬- kr-„n-°p-∂Xv.- aebm-fØn-em-Wv- ]m´p- ]m-Sp-∂sX¶n-epw- Cw-•o-jn-¬- th≠{X ⁄m-\an-s√¶n-epw- \me©p-hm-NIw- Bw-KtebØn¬- h®p-Im-®n-bm-te kaq-lØn¬- am\y-Xbp-≠m-hq- F∂ sX‰m-b t_m-[hpw- ]s¶Sp-°p-∂ ]ecn-epwIm- W m- d p- ≠ v . - aebm- f w- Xs∂ Cw- • o- j v - t]m- s esb¶n- e pw]dbWsa∂ hm-in- ]e¿-°pw- D≈Xp-t]m-se tXm-∂pw.AhXm-cIcp-sS hkv-{X[m-cW co-Xn-bm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dsb G‰hpw- A]ISIcam-b co-Xn-bn¬- Bthin-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.- Cu-

43 BthiØn-\v- ASn-s∏Sp-∂hcn¬- B¨-/s]¨- t`Zan-√.- Hm-tcmIm-eØn-s‚bpw- co-Xn-t`Z߃-°\p-kcn-®v- hkv-{X[m-cWco-Xn-bn¬am-‰w- hcm-dp-≠v.- ]tØm- Ccp-]tXm- h¿-jØn-\n-Sbn¬- Hcn-°embn-cn-°pw- Cu- co-Xn-bn¬- au-en-Iam-b am-‰w- I≠n-´p-≈Xv.- B am-‰amIs´ hkv-{X[m-cWØn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\ [¿-aw- ap-dp-sI ]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠p-≈Xp-am-Wv.- ]cn-jv-Ir-X kaq-lØn-se a\p-jy-cp-sS hkv-{X[mcW k¶¬-∏ßfn-ep-≠m-b am-‰ßƒ- ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬- C°m-cywa\ n-em-hpw.- F∂m¬- {^m≥kv- t]m-se ^m-j≥- {`aØn-s‚ \o-cmfn-∏n-Sp-ØØn¬- AIs∏´ cm-Py-ßfn¬- Im-Wp-∂Xp-t]m-se Znhk߃-°p-≈n¬-Xs∂ hkv-{X ^m-j≥- am-dp-∂ AXy-]q¿-ham-b km-aq-ly- {]Xn-`m-kw- Hcp-]t£ tIcfØn¬- am-{Xam-bn-cn-°pw- ImWp-I.- Cu- {]hWX°v- Gsdbpw- ASn-s∏Sp-∂Xv- ]p-Xn-b Xeapdbm-Wv- Xm-\pw-.- CXn-\p- {][m-\ t{]cW Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn¬- \nds™m-gp-Ip-∂ Im-gv-NIfm-sW∂Xm-Wv- kXyw.s]¨-Ip-´n-Ifp-sS hkv{- X[m-cW co-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-b am-‰am-Wv- Gsd Iu-Xp-IIcw.- \m-Ww- adbv-°p-Isb∂ hkv-{X[m-cWØn-s‚ {]mYan-I [¿-aw- t]m-epw- ad∂pt]m-b a´n-em-Wv- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-se s]¨-Ip-´n-Ifn¬- ]ecpw- hkv-{XaWn-bp-∂Xv.- Iu-am-cØn-\pw- buh\Øn-\pw- CSbn-se A¥cm-f L´Øn¬- ]s≠m-s° s]¨-Ip-´nIƒ- [cn-® hkv-{Xam-Wv- lm-^v- km-cn; Nn-et∏m-sgm-s° ^pƒ- kmcn-bpw.- ]m-hm-Sbpw- ªu-kpw- AWn™p- \S°p-∂ s]¨-Ip-´n-Iƒkm-cn-bn-te°v- Im-b{]thiw- \SØp-tºmƒ- am-dp-adbv-°p-Isb∂ {][m-\ Zu-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂p- km-cn-Øe∏n-\v- \n¿-hln-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂Xv.- (Btdgp- ZiIw- ap-ºv- tIcfØn-se ]e kap-Zm-bßfn-epws]´ kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- am-dp-adbv-°m≥- AhIm-iap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- AXns\Xn-sc [o-cam-b t]m-cm-´ßƒ- \S∂ aÆm-Wv- tIcfØn-teXv.Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- \S∂ Nm-∂m¿- elf CXn-\p-Zm-lcWw.- Xriq¿- Pn-√bn-se aWn-ae¿-°m-hn-epw- Be∏p-g Pn-√bn-se tN¿Øebn-ep-sam-s° kam-\am-b t]m-cm-´ßƒ- \S∂Xm-bn- Ncn-{XwtcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v-)- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-se s]¨-Ip-´n-Iƒ- [cn-°p∂ Np-cn-Zm-dn-s‚ jm-fn-\p-≈Xpw- am-dp- adbv-°p-Isb∂ [¿-aam-Wv.F∂m¬- Cu- [¿-aw- \n¿-hln-°Wsa∂ Dt±-ir-tØm-sS Np-cn-Zm¿AWn-bp-∂hcp-sS FÆw- Ip-d™p-hcp-∂Xm-bm-Wv- Im-Wp-∂Xv.- IgpØn-\p- Np-‰p-tam- tXm-fn-s‚ Hcp- hiØm-tbm- Ccp-ssIIƒ-°p-an-Snbn-em-tbm- jmƒ- sIm-cp-Øp- hbv-°p-∂Xmbm-Wv- s]m-Xp-sh I≠p-

44

hcp-∂Xv.- sSen-hn-j≥- AhXm-cI¿- sXm-´v- hm-¿-Øm- hm-b\°m¿hsc ]n-¥p-Scp-∂ Cu- hkv-{X[m-cWco-Xn- Iu-am-c°m-cm-b s]¨Ip-´n-Isf `q-Xm-thiw- t]m-se _m-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p- F∂p-thWw- IcpXm≥.ku-μcy- kw-h¿-[I hkv-Xp-°fp-sS e°pw- eKm-\p-an-√m-Ø D]tbm-Khpw- CXn-\v- A\p-_‘am-bn- I≠p-hcp-∂p-≠v.- ]u-Udpwslb¿- ssUbpw- kp-K‘ te]\ßfp-aS°ap-≈ ku-μcy- kw-h¿[I hkv-Xp-°fp-sS D]tbm-Kw- hn-kv-aIcamw-hn-[w- h¿-[n-®p-hcp-∂p.Po-hn-X hn-ip-≤n-sb∂m¬- sXm-en-∏p-dsabp-≈ ip-≤n-bm-sW∂ kahm-Iy-Øn¬- FØn-bn-cn-°p-Ibm-sW∂v- tXm-∂pw.- AXp-sIm≠v- Idp-Ø ico-cw- shfp-∏n-°m-\pw- shfp-Ø ap-Sn- Idp-∏n-°m-\pap≈- aebm-fn-bp-sS sNehn\v- CtXhsc Xn-´s∏Sp-Øn-b IW°pIsfm-∂pw- e`y-a√.- F∂m-epw- h≥-Xp-I Cu-bn-\Øn¬- sNehgn°p-∂p-s≠∂Xn-\v- sXfn-hm-Wv- \m-´n≥-]p-dßfn¬-t]m-epw- A\p-Zn\w- ap-f®p-s]m-´p-∂ _yq-´n-]m¿-edp-Iƒ.- ]s≠m-s° Fkv-Sn-Un- _qØp-Iƒ- D≠m-bt]m-sebm-Wv- Ct∏mƒ- _yq-´n- ]m¿-edp-Iƒ- Db¿∂phcp-∂Xv.- s]Æv- Hcp-tß≠Xv- Ieym-W]¥en-em-sW∂ ]gb k¶¬- ∏ w- XI¿- ° s∏´n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.- am- k Øn¬- Ht∂m- ct≠mXhWsb¶n-epw- _yq-´n- ]m¿-edn¬- t]m-Im-Øhƒ- aebm-fn- a¶bmbn-cn-°m≥- A¿-lXbp-≈hf√ F∂ [m-cWt]m-epw- Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂Xp-t]m-se tXm-∂p-∂p.- aebm-fn-bp-sS Cu- BUw-_c{`aØn-s‚ t\´w- sIm-øp-∂Xm-Is´ Bw-th,- Hm-dn-^s v- fbnw,- Km¿-\n-b¿,- sa_en≥F∂n-ßs\bp-≈ _lp-cm-{„ kuμcy-kw-h¿-[I D¬-∏∂ Iº\nIfpw.- CXp-]t£ ]et∏m-gpw- \m-adn-bm-sX t]m-hp-Ibm-Wv.AWn-s™m-cp-ßp-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬- s]¨-Ip-´n-Isf am-{Xw- Ip‰s∏Sp-tØ≠Xn-√.- B¨-Ip-´n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ _yq-´n- ]m¿-edp-Ifpw\m-sSßpw- hym-]Iam-Wv.- jm-cq-Jv- Jm-s\t∏m-se Aekam-b slb¿ssÃem-tWm- AtXm- aΩq´n-sbt∏m-se sh´n-sbm-Xp-°n-b slb¿ssÃem-tWm- th≠sX∂m-Wv- _yq-´n-]m¿-edn-¬- t]m-Ip-∂bmƒ]et∏m-gpw- Xo-cp-am-\n-t°≠n-hcn-I.- tem- thbv-kv-‰v- Po≥-kpw- tjm¿Sv- j¿-´pw- ^m-j\m-°p-∂ Ip-´n-Ifp-sS cq-]w- H∂p- k¶¬-∏n-®p- t\m°p-I.- CXn-s\°m-sfm-s° {]tlfn-Ibm-bn- tXm-∂p-∂Xv- Iu-amc°m-cpw- sNdp-∏°m-cpw- ssIØ≠bn¬- sI´p-∂ NcSp-Ifp-sS Imcy-am-Wv.- hn-izm-kØn-s‚ (A‘hn-izm-kØn-s‚)- `m-Kam-bpw- A√m-

45 sXbpw- ssIIfn¬- NcSp-sI´m-Ø sNdp-∏°m¿ {]m-tbW Ip-dhmWv.- CsX∏‰n- {]ikv-X Ncn-{XIm-c≥- tUm.- cm-P≥- Kp-cp-°ƒ- ]dbp∂Xv- t\m-°pI: C∂v- saUn-°¬- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epw- F©n-\n-bdnMv- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epw- hsc ssI®cSn-√m-Ø Ip-´n-Iƒ- hn-cfw.- NcSpIƒ- sI´n-bn-s√¶n-em-Wn-∂v- am-\t°Sv.- kb≥-tkm- im-kv-{XtamBthin-°m-Ø Hcp- tem-It_m-[Øn-epw- thcp-dbv-°m-Ø bp-hXzw.kzm-X{¥y-kacw- t]m-ep≈ h≥- {]ÿm-\ßfpw- \thm-∞m-\apt∂‰ßfpw- Ah¿-°v- aßn-b Ncn-{Xw.- hn-πhw- Ahcp-sS ]Zm-henIfn¬- t]m-ep-an-√.- kacßfp-sS Xo-°\eWbm-Ø,- hn-πh{]Xo£ aßm-Ø `q-XIm-e bp-hkaq-lØn-s‚ IdIf™ bp-‡n-t_m[hpw- Pm-{KXbpw- AXy-]q¿-hw .]p-Xp-Xeap-bdbn¬-s∏´hcn¬- `q-cn-]£Øn-s‚bpw- ssIIƒhn-hn-[ \n-dßfn-ep-≈ H∂n-tesd NcSp-Iƒ- sIm-≠v- Aew-Ir-XamWv.- Ge p- sI´n-b NcSp-Ifpw- Ip-dh√.- kn-\n-abn-epw- Sn- hn- Nm\ep-Ifn-epw- Im-Wp-∂ Xßfp-sS Bcm-[\m- ]m-{Xßfm-bh¿- [cn°p-∂Xp-I≠v- NcSp-Iƒ- sI´p-∂hcpw- Gsd.- Chcn¬- \√ ]¶pwkm-aq-ly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚ Xn-f®p- adn-bep-Isf°p-dn-®v- H∂pw- Adnbm-Øhcm-sW∂Xm-Wv- kXyw.- Po-hn-XØn-s‚ Ip-gadn-®n-ep-Iƒ-°nSbn¬- shdpw- s]m-ßp-XSn-t]m-se In-S°p-∂hcm-Wn-h¿.- A\pIcWßfpw- A‘hn-izm-kßfpw- Iq-Sn-°e¿-∂p- kr-„n-°p-∂ tamlhebØn¬- Ip-Sp-ßn-°n-S°p-Ibm-Wv- CØc°m¿.- kv-Iqƒ-˛tImtfPv- Iym-ºkp-Ifn¬- \n-∂v- hn-tZim-[n-]Xy-Øn-s\Xn-sc kzm-X{¥yhm-Rv-Obp-sSbpw- P\m-[n-]Xy- t_m-[Øn-s‚bpw- t£m-`n-°p-∂ i–w- tI´ \Ωp-sS ]m-cºcy-Øn-\v- Ct∏mƒ- Fhn-sStbm- Hs° A]{`w-iw- kw-`hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- H∂pw- Adn-bm-ØXpw- Hcn-°epwDWcm-ØXp-am-b Hcp- Xeap-d cq-]s∏Sp-Ibm-tWm- F∂ kw-ibwNn-e tIm-Wp-Ifn¬- \n-s∂¶n-epw- ap-gßn-t°ƒ-°p-∂p-≠v.A‘hn-izm-kw,- A\m-Nm-c߃,- B`n-Nm-c{In-bIƒ,- Bƒ-ssZh A¤p-Xm-\p-`h {]Xy-bim-kv-{Xw- F∂n-hbn-se√mw- A`n-can-°p-∂ ko-cn-beS°ap-≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifm-Wv- sSen-hn-j≥- am-[y-aØn-eq-sS Zn-hkhpw- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-te°v- kw-{Ian-°p-∂Xv.- bp-‡n-Nn-¥ am{Xa√,- km-am-\y-t_m-[w- t]m-epw- ]Wbs∏Sp-Øn- ]S®p-hn-Sp-∂ CØcw- ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifp-sS Bcm-[Ihr-μam-bn- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d am-dptºmƒ- AXv- Ahcp-sS Po-hn-XØn¬- \n-∂p- Xs∂ Ku-chXcam-b

46

tNm-Zy-ßfpw- Nn-¥Ifpw- tNm¿-Øn-°fbp-Ibm-Wv.- Gjym-s\‰n-se hn-iz-kn-®m-epw- Cs√¶n-epw - Aar-X,- Gjym-s\‰v- Nm-\ep-Ifn-se Bƒ-ssZh {]m¿-∞\Ifp-sam-s° CXn-\v- DZm-lcW߃.- tUm.cm-P≥- Kp-cp-°ƒ- ]dbp-∂Xv- t\m-°p-I: Po-hn-X ku-`m-Ky-ßfp-sS HØp-tNcen-s\ C∂v- bmZr-—n-Iamb√,- Cu-iz-cm-\p-{Klam-bm-Wv- ]ecpw- Im-Wp-∂Xv.- Agn-aXn-bpwA{Iahpw- hgn- ]m-hßsft∏m-epw- ]n-Sn-®p- ]dn-®p-≠m-°n-bXm-Wvkz-¥w- ku-`m-Kyw- F∂dn-bm-hp-∂hcpw- Cu-iz-cm-\p-{KlØn-s‚ h‡m-°ƒ.- Ah¿- Cu-iz-ctIm-]w- `bs∏Sp ∂Xp-s-Im-≠p- Iq-Snbm-hmw- Po-hn-Xw- A‘hn-izm-kßfp-sS Iq-Sm-cam-°n- am-‰p-∂Xv ˛˛˛ H∂\ßWsa¶n¬- Pm-Xn-bpw- aXhpw- t\m-°Ww-.- hn-hm-lØn\v- Pm-Xn-bpw- aXhpw- {][m-\w.- k¿-h s]m-cp-Øßfpw- t\m-°n- H∂mwXcw- ap-lq¿-ØØn¬- sI´n-®n-´pw- am-k߃-°p-≈n¬- X√n-∏n-cn-bp∂ A\p-`hw- I¨-ap∂n¬.- F∂n-´pw- Pm-XItZm-jw- Xo¿°m≥- c£nXm-°fp-sS s\t´m-´w.- kp-aw-Ken-bm-hm≥- ]q-P sNbv-Xv- \m-´n-¬- ap°p-‰n- C√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- tZm-j]cn-lm-cØn-\v- Fs¥m-s° a{¥hmZßfm-Wv.- Hcp- {KŸØn-epw- Im-Wm-Ø X{¥ßƒ.- Iw-]yq-´dn¬hcbv-°p-∂ hn-Nn-{X b{¥ßƒ.- A`y-kv-Xhn-Zy¿- t]m-epw- CXp- hmßn- [cn-°p-∂p.- im-kv-{Xw- Adn-bm-Ø im-kv-{Xn-Ifpw- kb≥-kv- kzm[o-\n-°m-Ø kb‚n-kv-‰p-Ifpw- \ap-°v- F{Xtbm- D≠v.- C∂v- bmYmÿn-Xn-Icn¬- `q-cn-`m-Kw- t]¿-°pw- im-kv-{Xw- Adn-™p-Iq-S.- ]cnjv-Ir-Xcn¬- `q-cn-`m-Kw- t]¿-°pw- kb≥-kpw-.- Nn-e¿-°v- im-kv-{XØns‚ Hcp- Om-b aXn.-]e¿-°pw- kb≥-kn-s‚ Hcp- Np-h aXn.- F¥pwhn-iz-kn-°pw.- Cßs\ c≠pw-sI´h¿-°v- `q-cn-]£ap-≈Xm-Wv- kaqlw. kb≥-kv- ]Tn-°p-∂ Ip-´n-Ifn¬-t∏m-epw- im-kv-{Xt_m-[w- A\yam-Ip-∂Xv- shdp-sXb√t√m.- iq-\ym-Im-itØ°v- D]{Klw- hn-t£]n°p-∂Xn-\v- ap-ºv- tXß DS®v- cm-in-t\m-°p-∂ im-kv-{X⁄cpw- kq∏¿- kv-s]jym-en-‰n- Bip-]{XnIƒ ÿm-]n-®v- AXym-[p-\n-I NnIn-’m- kw-hn-[m-\߃- G¿-s∏Sp-Øp-∂h¿- Xs∂,- iz-k\ {]{Inbbp- s S {Iao- I cWØn- e q- s Sbpw- {]m¿∞\Ifn- e q- s Sbpw- kv t\lakr-Wam-b Benw-K\ßfn-eq-sSbpw- tcm-Kim-¥n- hcp-Øm≥Ign-bp-sa∂p- {]Ncn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d Cßs\sbm-s° Bbn-s√¶nte A¤p-Xap-≈q.- Bƒ-ssZh XXz-im-kv-{X (Miracle

47 Ideology) tØm-Sp- Ieln®p- ap-t∂dn-b \thm-∞m-\Øn-s‚ ]mcºcy-am-Wv- aebm-fn-bp-tSXv.- s]m-cp-Xn- ]cm-Pbs∏Sp-Øn-b ]m-cºcyam-Wv- aebm-fn-bp-tSXv.- s]m-cp-Xn- ]cm-Pbs∏Sp-Øn-b B {]Xy-bimkv-{XØn-s‚ Iq-Sm-cßfn-te°v- sNdp-∏°msc- hym-]Iam-bn- B´n∏m-bn-°p-∂ Ahÿbm-Wv- Ct∏mƒ.`q-Xt{]X]nim-Np-°fp-sSbpw- AXn-am-\p-j i‡n-bp-sSbpwAXo-{μn-b ⁄m-\Øn-s‚bp-sam-s° AXn-`m-hp-IXzw- \n-d™ IYIfm-Wv- hn-iz-kn-®m-epw- Cs√¶n-epw - F∂ ]cn-]m-Sn- t{]£I¿°p- ap-∂n-seØn-°p-∂Xv.- ÿn-cam-bn- CXp- Im-Wp-∂ Ip-´n-Ifp-sS am-\kn-I˛sshIm-cn-I `m-hßfn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ am-‰ßsf∏‰n- im-kv{Xo-bam-b ]T\ßsfm-∂pw- \S∂n-´n-s√¶n-epw- CØc°m-cn¬- A\mhiy-am-b Bi¶bpw- `o-Xn-bpw- \n-e\n¬°p-∂Xm-bp-≈ A\p`hßfp-≠v.dn-Xzn-Iv- tdm-js\t∏m-se kn-Iv-kv- ]m-°v- akn-ep-≠m-hWsa∂vB{Kln-°p-∂hcm-Wv- `q-cn-]£w- sNdp-∏°m-cpw-.- s]¨-Ip-´n-IfmsW¶n¬- hSn-shm-Ø ta\n-bgIv- thWsa∂v- hm-in- ]n-Sn-°p-∂hcpw.- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbp-sS Cu- Zu¿-_eyw- Nq-jWw- sNøm≥- t_mUn^n-‰v-\kv - tI{μßfpw- hym-]Iam-bn- Dbcp-∂p-≠v.- t_m-Un- ^n-‰v\kv- s{Sbn-\¿-am¿- F∂ ]p-Xn-b C\w- s{]m-^jWep-Ifp-sS hf¿®bpw- Ct∏mƒ- kPo-ham-Wv.- tkm-^v-‰v-shb¿- F©n-\bdp-sS BI¿jIam-b tPm-en- Dt]£n-®p-t]m-epw- ^n-‰v-\kv- s{Sbn-\¿-am-cm-bnt]m-Ip-∂hcp-sS FÆw- Iq-Sn-hcn-Ibm-Wv.- ico-c ku-μtcym¬-∏mZ\Øn-¬- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d F{Xtbsd {i≤n-°p-∂p-sh∂v- a\ nem-°m≥- CXp- [m-cm-fat√.\n-dsØ∏‰n- A]ISIcam-b Aht_m-[w- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbn¬kr-„n-°p-∂Xn-epw- Zr-iy-am-[y-a߃-°p-≈ ]¶v- sNdp-X√.- at\mlcam-b \n-dw- shfp-∏m-sW∂pw- Idp-∏v shfp-∏n-s‚ i{Xp-hm-sW∂pap-≈ [m-cWbm-Wv- ]e¿-°p-ap-≈Xv.- Idp-∏n-\v- -GggIv- F∂Xm-Wv\Ωp-sS k¶¬-∏sa¶n-epw- Idp-∏n-t\m-Sv- ]p-—am-Wv- `q-cn-]£Øn-\pw.- A[zm-\n-°p-∂hcpw- shbn-¬- sIm-≈p-∂hcpw- Po-hn-X Zp-cn-Xßfn¬\o-¥p-∂hcp-sam-s° km[m-cW IdpØhcm-Wv.- Chscm-s° ]ebnSßfn-epw- c≠mw-Xcw- ]u-c∑m-cm-bm-Wv- ]cn-KWn-°s∏Sm-dp-≈Xv.Idp-∏n-t\m-Sp- tXm-∂p-∂ ]p-—w- Idp-Ø a\p-jy-tcm-Sp-≈ shdp-∏mbpw- cq-]s∏Sm≥- Gsd t\csam-∂pw- th≠.- \Ωp-sS hn-hm-l ]w-

48

‡n-Ifn-se ]cky-ßfn¬- CtXhsc Hcp- sNdp-∏°m-c\pw- IdpØp-saen-™ s]¨-Ip-´n-sb h[p-hmbn- In-´Wsa∂v- Bhiy-s∏´Xmbn- tI´n-´n-√.- F√m-h¿-°pw- th≠Xv- saen-™p- shfp-Ø s]¨-Ip´n-sbbm-Wv.shfp-∏n-t\m-Sp-≈ A\m-hiy-am-b Cu- hn-t[bXzw- \Ωp-sS `mjbn-epw- kw-km-cØn-epw- `£WØn-epw- hkv-{X[m-cWØn-ep-sams° Zr-iy-am-Wv.- aebm-fw- am-{Xw- Bhiy-ap-≈Xpw- aebm-fa√m-sX as‰m-∂pw- D]tbm-Kn-t°≠m-ØXp-am-b CSßfn¬-t∏m-epw- Ip-´n-IƒX´n-hn-Sp-∂ Cw-•o-jv- Ip-ds®m-∂p-a√.- shfp-∏n-t\m-Sp-≈ hn-t[bXzwshfp-Øh≥- kw-km-cn-°p-∂ `m-jtbm-Spw- \mw- Im-Øp-kq-£n-°p∂p- F∂Xm-Wv- kXyw.- th≠{X hn-Zym-`ym-ktam- Cw-•o-jv- ]cn⁄m-\tam- C√m-Ø bp-hm-°ƒ- t]m-epw- hn-hm-l£W°Øv- Cw•o-jn-te ASn-°q.- CØcw- £W°Øp-Ifn¬- `q-cn-]£w- FÆØnepw- hym-IcWkw-_‘am-b ]n-ghp-Iƒ- [m-cm-fw- Is≠Øm-sa∂XvckIcam-b Im-cyw.- Cßs\ Cw-•o-jn¬- IØSn-∏n-°p-∂hcp-sS \m-e©p- Xeap-d ]n-t∂m-´p- t\m-°n-bm¬-t∏m-epw- Cw-•o-jv- kw-kmcn-®n-cp-∂htcm-,- Cw-•o-jp-am-bn- \n-Xy-_‘w- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂htcm- BcpwD≠m-bn-cp-∂Xm-bn- Is≠Øm-≥- Ign-bn-√.- IØv- ASn-∏n-®hcp-sSbpwAXv- In-´p-∂hcp-sSbpw- Im-cyhpw- GXm-≠v- CXp-Xs∂.- F¶n-epwsX‰p-Iƒ- \n-d™ Cw-•o-jn-te £W°Øv- A®Sn-°q- F∂ hmin-bn-em-Wv.- Cw-•o-jn¬- kw-km-cn-®m¬,- Cw-•o-jn¬- IØv- A®Sn®m¬- kaq-lØn¬- am-\y-X Hcp-]Sn- Dbcp-sa∂ sX‰m-b [m-cWbn¬\n-∂m-Wv- CØcw- sNbv-Xn-Iƒ- DSseSp-°p-∂Xv.- Cu- an-Yym-[m-cW Ip-Øn-shbv-°p-∂Xn¬- sSen-hn-j≥- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°pw- kn-\n-aIƒ°pw- hen-b ]¶p-≠v.aebm-fn-bp-sS s]m-Xp-hnepw Ip-´n-Ifp-sS {]tXy-In-®pw- `£W io-eØn¬- h∂ am-‰ßƒ-°v- Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn-se ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifp-ambn- hen-b _‘ap≠v.- ]m-NIIebp-sS AXym-[p-\n-I co-Xn-Iƒ]cn-Nbs∏Sp-Øp-∂ Ip-°dn- tjm - Iƒ- C∂v- GXp- Nm-\en-s‚bpwAhn-`m-Py- ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wv.- hy-Xy-kv-Xßfm-b t]cp-Ifn¬- Hm-tcmNm- \ epw- a’cn- ® m- W v - Cu- ]cn]m- S n- AhXcn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv . ]©\£{X tlm-´ep-Ifn-se ASp-°f am-lm-fly-sØ sXcp-thmcßfn-te°pw- ]p-gtbm-cßfn-te°pw- Iq-´n-s°m-≠p-h∂v- ]cn-]m-SnIƒ-°v- {Km-ao-WOm-b \¬-Im-\p-≈ {iaßfpw- Im-Wmw.- CØcw-

49 tjm-Ifn¬- ]m-NIw- sNøm-s\Øp-∂ am-k‰ v- ¿- sj^p-am-cp-sS thjhn[m-\w- Xs∂ khn-tijam-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv.- thjhn-[m-\Øn-\pXs∂ BVy-Xz-Øn-s‚ Om-bbm-Wv.- `£WØn-s‚ tNcp-hIfpwAh Iq-´p-∂ hn-[hpw- ]mNIw- sNøp-∂ co-Xn-bp-sam-s° am-kv-‰¿sj^n-s‚ hm-bn¬- \n-∂v- ho-gp-∂ Bw-Kehm-Wn-bn-em-bn-cn-°pwt{]£I≥- Adn-bp-I.- acym-Z°m-cm-b Nn-e AhXm-cI¿- CXn-s‚ aebm-fw- ]ds™¶n-em-bn.- ]©\£{X hn-`hßfp-sS A¤p-X°mgv-NIfn-te°m-Wv- Cu- tjm-Isfm-s° an-gn- Xp-d°p-∂Xv.- tNm-dpwkm-ºm-dpw- Ahn-bepw- tXm-c\pw- Im-f\pw- Hm-e\p-sam-s° km-Zm`£Wam-sW∂pw- _¿-Kdpw- tlm-´v-tUm-Kpw- Nn-°≥- I_m-_p-sams° hn-tem-`\o-bhn-`hßfp-am-sW∂ Aht_m-[am-Wv- Cu-hI tjm-Iƒ- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xv.- CØcw- ap-¥n-b C\w- `£WtØmSm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbn-se Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v- {]n-bsa∂v- \ap-°dn-bmw.Cu- `£W km-[\߃- ]eXpw- \n-›n-X CSthfIfn-e√ Ip´n-Iƒ- Ign-°p-∂sX∂Xpw- {it≤bam-Wv,- {]tXy-In-®v- sIm-dn-®p- Ign°p-∂ t_°dn- km-[\߃.- c≠pw- aq-∂pw- aWn-°q¿- Sn- hn-bpsStbm- Iw]yq-´dn-s‚tbm- ap-∂n-en-cn-°p-∂ Ip´n-Iƒ- ]cn-]m-Sn-IƒI≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xn-\n-Sbn¬-Xs∂ Fs¥¶n-ep-sam-s° sImdn-®p- sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.- `£Wio-eØn-se Cu- A®S°an-√m-bv-a aqeam-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbn-se Ip-´n-Ifn¬- `q-cn-]£w- t]¿-°pw- s]mÆØSn- Iq-Sn-hcp-∂Xm-bn- ]e ]T\ßfpw- sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv.- icocw- A\ßn-bp-≈ hym-bm-atam- A[zm-\tam- C√m-sX hcn-IbpwBhiy-Øn-tesd `£Ww- Ign-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂Xp-sIm-≠p-≠mhp-∂ {]iv-\am-Wv. 20 hb p- Xn-Ibpw-ap-tº {]jdpw- jp-Kdpw- sImfkv-t{Sm-fp-sam-s° hym-]Iam-hp-∂ ÿn-Xn-hn-tijw- Hcp-]t£ aebm-fn-Ifn¬- am-{Xam-bn-cn-°pw- Im-Wp-∂Xv.-

6.- A\y-am-hp-¶ Iq-«m-bav- IÄaebm-fn-bp-sS km-aq-ly-ap-t∂‰Øn-s‚ B[m-cin-e \Kc˛{Kmat`Zan-√m-sX D≠m-b Iq-´m-bv-aIfm-Wv.- 19mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm\tØm-sS hSt° ae_m-dn-seØn-bt∏m-gm-Wv- kzm-an- hn-thIm-\μ≥tIcfsØ {`m-¥m-ebsa∂v- hn-tijn-∏n-®Xv.- hn-hn-[ aXßfpw- PmXn-Ifpw- XΩn-epw- Hcp- Pm-Xn-bn¬-Øs∂bp-≈ D]Pm-Xn-Iƒ- XΩnepw- \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂ sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bv-abpw- Xo-≠n-°q-Sm-bv-abpw- Hs° I≠v- a\w- aSp-Øm-Wv- hn-thIm-\μ≥- tIcfØn-\v- A]am-\Icam-b Hcp- ]Z{]tbm-Kw- \SØn-bXv.- A]am-\Icam-b Cu- Ahÿbn¬\n- ∂ v - tIcfw- s]m- c p- X n- ap- t ∂dn.- Pm- X o- b am- b D®\o- N Xzßsfsb√mw- D®m-S\w- sNbv-Xp.- a\p-jy≥- F∂ \n-ebn¬- F√mh¿-°pw- Xpey-am-b AhIm-ißfpw- km-aq-ly-\o-Xn-bpw- e`y-am-bn.hn-Zym-`ym-kw- km¿-h{Xn-Ihpw- P\m-[n-]Xy-h¬-Ir-Xhp-am-bn-.- F√mh¿-°pw- kz-¥am-bn- `q-anbp-≠m-bn.- Bcm-[\m- kzm-X{¥yhpw- F√mh¿-°pw- e`n-®p.- ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ- \o-≠ t]m-cm-´ßƒ- ]e XeØn¬\S∂Xn-s‚ ^eam-bn-´m-Wv- Cu- km-aq-ly-ap-t∂‰ap-≠m-bXv.- km-aqly- ]cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°fpw- \thm-∞m-\ \m-bIcpw- ]p-tcm-Ka\ P\m[n-]Xy- {]ÿm-\ßfpw- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿´n-bp-sam-s° hn-hn-[ L´ßfn¬- Cu- ap-t∂‰Øn-\v- Nm-eIi‡n-Ifm-bn- {]h¿-Øn-®n-´p≠v.kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\pw- P\m-[n-]Xym-hIm-i߃-°pw- km-aq-lyapt∂‰Øn-\pw- th≠n-bp-≈ Cu- {iaßfp-sS ktμiw- G‰p-hm-ßnbXv- A°m-eØv- \Ωp-sS \m-´n≥-]p-dßfn¬- kPo-ham-bn-cp-∂ km[m-cWa\p-jy-cp-sS Iq-´m-bv-abm-Wv.- {Km-ao-W hm-b\im-eIfpw- kmwkv-Im-cn-I ÿm-]\ßfpw- tI{μo-Icn-®v- cq-]s∏´n-cp-∂ Cu- Iq-´m-bvaIƒ- ]p-Xn-b `q-an-sb°p-dn-®pw- ]p-Xn-b BIm-isØ°p-dn-®pw- HØn-

51 cn- kz-]v-\߃- ]¶p-h®p; HØn-cn- Bib߃- lr-ZbØn-te‰p-hmßn.- N¿-®Ifn-epw- kw-hm-Zßfn-epw- s]m-Xp-tbm-Kßfn-ep-sam-s° a\p-jy-kaq-lhpw- ]p-Xn-b Im-ehpw- Hs°bm-bn-cp-∂p \n-d™p-\n∂Xv-.Ct∏m-gm-Is´,- CØcw- Iq-´m-bv-aIƒ- \ap-°v- A\y-am-bn-s°m-≠ncn-°p-Ibm-Wv.- kv-Iq-fpw- tIm-tfPpw- Syq-j≥- sk‚dpw- Ign-™m¬Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v- e`n-°p-∂ kabw- hfsc ]cn-an-Xam-Wv-.- AXn-¬-Øs∂ \√ ]¶pw- sSen-hn-j\pw- Iw-]yq-´dpw- Iq-Sn- ]Ip-sØSp-Øp- Ign™m¬- ]n-s∂ AXy-m-hiyw- tlmw-h¿-t°m- ]m-T`m-Kßfp-sS adn®p-t\m-°tem- Xs∂ \Ss∂¶n-em-bn.- CXn-\n-Sbn¬- \m-´n≥-]p-dsØ Iq-´m-bv-aIƒ°v- Fhn-sS kabw?- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-se Ip-´n-Iƒ- s]mXp-hn¬- H‰s∏´ Xp-cp-Øp-Ifn-em-W.-v- Ahs‚ hn-Im-c hn-Nm-cßtfmBibßtfm- ]¶p-shbv-°m≥- Bcp-an-√m-Ø ÿn-Xn.- shdp-sXsbm∂v- X√p-Iq-Sm≥- t]m-epw- Iq-´p-Im-sc In-´m-\n-√m-Ø Ahÿ.- Ah≥kz-¥w- Nn-¥Ifn-te°pw- kz-¥w- kz-]v-\ßfn-te°pw- kz-¥w- temIØn-te°pw- am-{Xam-Wv- IÆpw- Im-Xpw- Xp-d°p-∂Xv.- kv-Iq-fpw- hoSpw- Hgn-sI as‰m-cp- tem-IsØ°p-dn-®v- Adn-bp-∂Xm-hs´ an-°hmdpw- sSen-hn-j≥- kv-{Io-\n¬- \n-∂m-bn-cn-°pw.- AXm-Is´,- A¿-[kXyßfp-sStbm- s]cp-∏n-®p-Im-´n-b hkv-Xp-XIfp-sStbm- \n-dw- ]n-Sn-∏n® IYIfp-am-bn-cn-°pw-.- kz-¥w- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Isf°p-dn-®pw- tem-IsØ°pdn-®pw- Hcp- aq-∂mw- I£n- \¬-Ip-∂ dn-t∏m¿´p-Ifn-eq-sSbm-bn-cn-°pwAh¿- Adn-bp-I.- Cßs\ HXp-ßn-°q-Sp-∂ Ip-´n-Iƒ- ]ehn-[ am\kn-I {]iv-\߃-°pw- ASn-aIfm-Im-dp-≠v F∂ co-Xn-bn¬- Nn-e ]T\߃- h∂n-´p-≠v.- AXp-sIm-≠v- Iu-am-c°m¿- Gsdbp-≈ lb¿sk°≥-Udn- kv-Iq-fp-Ifn¬- \n¿-_‘am-bpw- Iu-¨-kn-en-ßn-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\w- Hcp-°Wsa∂v- A[n-Ir-X¿- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°m-dp-≠v.- Nn-e kv - I q- f p- I fn¬- Iu¨- k n- e n- ß n- \ m- b n- am- { Xw- {]tXy- I A[ym]Iscbpw- \n-ban-°m-dp-≠v.-

7. hgn-sXäp-¶ hm-b\ aebm-fØn-\v- ¢m-kn-°¬- ]Zhn- e`y-am-°m \p-≈ ap-dhn-fn- ]e tIm-Wp-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- Dbcp-∂ Im-eam-Wn-Xv.- `m-bp-sS {]m-am-WnIXz-hpw- km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ kº∂Xbp-sam-s° Cu- at\m-lc ]Zhn°p-≈ \Ωp-sS A¿-lX ASn-hcbn-Sp-∂p-≠v.- aebm-fØn-s‚ ]ndhn- kw-_‘n-® Im-esØ∏‰n-bp-≈ X¿-°w- am-{Xam-Wv- ¢m-kn°¬- ]Zhn- \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p-≈ Im-cWam-bn- _‘s∏´h¿- ]dbp∂Xv.- cm-{„o-b `cW t\Xr-Xz-hpw- km-ln-Xy- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I \mbIcpw- `m-jm-kv-t\ln-Ifp-sam-s° ¢m-kn-°¬- ]Zhn-°m-bp-≈ {]t£m-`߃- Xp-Scp-sa∂v- {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.- F∂m¬- Cuap-dhn-fn- Iq-´p-∂ \ap°v- bYm¿-YØn¬- AXn-\v- A¿-lXbp-t≠mF∂v- ]p-\¿-hn-Nn-¥\w- \StØ≠ Im-ew- AXn-{Ian-®p.- Im-cWw]p-dsa Im-´p-∂ `m-jm-kvt- \lw- \Ωp-sS \n-Xy-Po-hn-X ]cn-kcßfn¬Aen-™p- tN¿-∂n-´p-t≠m- F∂Xm-Wv- {]iv-\w.- `m-j tIheam-b D¨-a (entity) A√, Po-hn-Xhpw- kw-kI v- m-chp-am-Wv- `m-jsb cq-]s∏SpØp-∂Xv.- aebm-fn-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw- A¿-∞]q¿-Wam-bn- sIm-≠p- \S°p∂bmƒ-°p- am-{Xta aebm-f `m-jbp-sS D¨-absb∏‰n- ]dbm≥AhIm-iap-≈q.- \n¿-`m-Ky-him¬- aebm-fØn-s‚ ap-{ZNm¿-tØ≠ F√m-bn-Sßfn¬-\n-∂pw- aebm¨-abp-sS km-∂n-[yw- C√m-Xm-Ip-∂ Im-gvN - bm-Wv.- AXv- kw-km-cw,- `£Ww-,- hkv{- X[m-cWw-,- {]Xn-IcWwF∂o- taJeIfn-se√mw- {]ISam-Wv.- Chn-Sßfn¬- \n-s∂√mwaebm-fn-ØØn-s‚ F√m- \∑Itfbpw- B´n-∏m-bn-°m-\m-Wv- {]tXyIn-®pw- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv.CØcsam-cp- L´Øn-em-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbp-sS hm-b\m- kwkv-Im-cw- N¿-® sNtø≠Xv.- hm-b\bp-sSbpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I kw-hmZßfp-sSbpw- kar-≤n-sIm-≠v- tIcfo-b kaq-lw- Bt-Lm-jn-® Imeam-bn-cp-∂p- 1970Ifpw- 80Ifpw.- {Km-ao-W hm-b\im-eIfpw- kmw-kvIm-cnI- kw-LS\Ifpw- tI{μo-Icn-®p- am-{Xa√,- kv-Iqƒ- tIm-tfPv-

53 Im-ºkp-Ifn-epw- N¿-®Ifp-sSbpw- kw-hm-Zßfp-sSbpw- AKv-\n-iemIIƒ- kPo-ham-bn-cp-∂p.- C∂v- ]m-Ty-]≤Xn-bp-sS `m-Kam-bn- bp-Pnkn- {Km‚pw- a‰pw- sNehgn-®p- Xo¿-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ D]m-[n- am-{Xam-b N¿-®Itfm- skan-\m-dp-Itfm- Bbn-cp-∂n-√ AXv.- hm-b\sbbpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I ap-t∂‰ kz-]v-\ßsfbpw- lr-ZbtØm-Sp- tN¿-Øp-h® Iu-am-c˛bu-h\ßfp-sS kPo-hXbn-em-bn-cp-∂p- A∂v- kw-hm-Z߃Acßp-XI¿-ØXv.- Fw- ap-Ip-μs‚ aøgn-∏p-gbp-sS Xo-cßfpw- H hnhn-Pbs‚ Jkm-°n-s‚ CXn-lm-khpw-,- B\μn-s‚ Bƒ-°q-´hpsams° Xe\m-cn-g Io-dn-bp-≈ N¿-®Iƒ-°p- hn-t[bam-°n-b F{Xtbm]Iep-Ifm-Wv- A∂v- Im-ºkp-Ifn¬- ]q-Øp-e™Xv.- s_©an≥ samtfm-bv-kn-s\bpw- ]m-tªm- s\cq-Zsbbpw- Ht´m- sds\ Im-kv-‰n-temsbbp-sam-s° ]m-Sn- \S∂ £p-`n-X bu-h\hpw- A∂sØ Im-ºkpIfp-sS t\¿-°m-gvN - bm-bn-cp-∂p.- ASn-b¥cm-hÿbp-sS A[n-Im-cimk\߃-s°Xn-sc Hfn-™pw- sXfn-™pw- t]m-cm-Sm≥- N¶p-d∏p- Im´n-b bu-h\hpw- A∂sØ Im-ºkp-Iƒ- ASbm-fs∏Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.am-[y-a°m-gv-NIfp-sS tem-Iw- Gsdsbm-∂pw- hn-Ikn-®n-´n-√mXn-cp-∂ Imeam-bn-´pw- tem-Ikw-`hßtfm-Spw- cm-{„o-b km-wk - I v- m-cn-I kakyItfm-Spw- km¿-YIam-bn- kw-hZn-°m≥- A°m-esØ ]p-Xp-Xeap-d Pm-{KX Im-´n-bn-cp-∂p.- hm-b\ ssZ\w-Zn-\ Po-hn-XØn-s‚ Ahn-`mPy-LSIam-°n-b Xeap-dbm-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.- hm-b\bp-sS hgn-Ifn¬a\ n-epw- Nn-¥bn-epw- Ibdn-Iq-Sn-b shfn-]m-Sp-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p- Ahsc ap-t∂m-´p- \bn-®Xv.- F∂m¬- am-[y-aßfp-sS s]cp-ºdap-g°ßfpwsI´p-Im-gvN - Ifpw- k¿-h k∂m-lßtfm-Spw- BSn-Øn-an-¿°p-∂ C°meØv- A¿-∞]q¿-Wam-b hm-b\ Ip-d™p-hcp-∂ Im-gv-Nbm-Wv.hm-b\bp-sS ]q-°m-ew- aebm-fn-°v- kΩm-\n-® alm-{]ÿm-\amWv- tIcfm- kv-t‰‰v- sse{_dn- Iu¨-kn¬.- sse{_dn- Iu¨-knen¬A^n-en-tb‰v- sNbv-X Ggm-bn-ctØm-fw- {KŸim-eIfm-Wv- kw-ÿm\sØ 978 ]©m-bØp-Ifn-epw- 60 ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Ifn-epw- 5 tIm¿∏tdj\n-ep-am-bp-≈Xv.- Hcp- ]©m-bØn¬- icm-icn- Ggp- hm-b\imeIƒ.- \q-dp- iXam-\w- hsc FØn-b tIcfØn-s‚ km-£cX Db¿-∂ hn-Zym-`ym-k \n-ehm-cw- Zn-\Ncy-bp-sS Ahn-`m-Py-LSIamb ]{X]m-cm-bWw- F∂n-h {KŸiem- {]ÿm-\Øn-\v- hf°q-dp≈ aÆm-°n- tIcfsØ am-‰n.- Cßs\bp-≈ {KŸim-em- {]ÿm\w- Ip-d®p-\mƒ- ap-ºv- \SØn-b hm-b\m- k¿-shbn¬- Is≠Øn-b Im-cy-߃- Iu-Xp-Iw- P\n-∏n-°p-∂Xm-Wv.- aebm-fn-bp-sS hm-b\bp-

54

sS {Km ^v- ap-Ifn-te°m-tWm- Xm-tg°m-tWm- t]m-Ip-∂sX∂ X¿°w- Xp-Scp-Ibm-sW¶n-epw- k¿-sh t_m[y-s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xv- hm-b\bpsS BIm-iw- Np-cp-ßn- hcn-Ibm-sW∂m-Wv.- sslsSIv- Po-hn-XØns‚ kº∂XIfpw- A¤p-Xkm-[y-XIfpw- kz-¥w- Po-hn-Xap-‰ßfn¬Ip-Sn-bn-cp-Øm-\p-≈ s\t´m-´Øn¬- [ym-\\n-aKv-\am-b hm-b\bp-sS kp-Jm-\p-`q-Xn-kz-¥am°m≥- `q-cn-]£w- t]¿-°pw- Ign-bp-∂n-√.CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- am-[y-aßfp-sS km-∂n-[yw- hm-b\sb _m-[n-®n´p-t≠m-,- {Km-ao-W hm-b\im-eIfn¬- ]p-kv-XI hn-XcWw- Ip-dbp∂Xn-s‚ Im-cWw- CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- am-[y-aßfm-tWm-,- AtXm- hmb\°m-cs‚ A`n-cp-Nn-°\p-kcn-®p-≈ ]p-kv-XIßfp-sS e`y-X°pdhm-tWm- F∂p- Xp-Sßn-b Im-cy-ßfm-bn-cp-∂p- k¿-shbn¬- At\zjn-®Xv.- kw-ÿm-\sØ sXcs™Sp-°s∏´ 99 {Km-a]©m-bØpIfn-epw- 19 \Kck`Ifn-epw- aq-∂p- tIm¿-∏tdj\p-Ifn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂pk¿-sh.- `q-cn-]£hpw- hm-bn-°m≥- sNehgn-°p-∂Xn-t\°mƒ- Iq-SpX¬- kabw- Sn- hn- Im-Wm≥- sNehgn-°p-∂p- F∂m-Wv- ]d™Xv.{Km-aßfn-ep-≈h¿- hm-b\°v- Zn-hkw- icm-icn- 66 an-\n-´v- sNehn-Sptºmƒ- Sn- hn- Im-Wm≥- \q-dp- an-\n-´v- sNehn-Sp-∂p.- \Kcßfn¬- hmb\°v- 78 an-\n-´v- \o-°n-shbv-°p-tºmƒ- Sn- hn- Im-Wm≥- 110 an-\n-´vsNehn-Sp-∂p.- s]m-Xp-hn¬- icm-icn- 73 an-\n-´v- hm-b\°v- hn-\n-tbmKn-°p-tºmƒ- Sn- hn- Im-Wp-∂Xn-\v- \o-°n-shbv-°p-∂Xv- 107 an-\n-‰msW∂v- k¿-sh Is≠Øn.Nm-\ep-Ifp-sS X≈n-°b‰w- C{Xtbsd hym-]Iam-Ip-∂Xn-\pwIw-]yq-´¿-˛C‚¿-s\‰v- Im-gv-NIƒ- kPo-ham-Ip-∂Xn-\pw- ap-ºm-bn-cp∂p- Cu- k¿-sh.- Nm-\¬- {]fbØn¬- ap-ßn-Øm-gp-∂ Cu- L´Øn¬kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- hm-b\bp-sS tXm-Xv- Ip-dbm-\m-Wv- km-[y-X.- Iw]yq-´dp-Iƒ- hym-]Iam-Ip-∂Xp- hgn- C˛hm-b\ km-[y-am-sW∂ hmZw-Db¿-Øn-bm¬- Xs∂ F{XtØm-fw- t]¿- C˛hm-b\ Kp-W]cambn- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-s≠∂Xv- X¿-°ap-≈ Im-cy-am-Wv.- Db¿-∂ A°mZan-I \n-ehm-cw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂ kv-Iq-fp-Ifn-epw- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epap-≈ sse{_dn-Iƒ- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂hcp-sS FÆhpw- ]cn-an-Xw.- 20 iXam\w- t]¿- t]m-epw- tIm-tfPv- sse{_dn-Iƒ- D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øp-∂ns√∂m-Wv- ]ebn-SØp-\n-∂p-ap-≈ A\p-`hw.- sse{_dn- D]tbm-Kn°p- ∂ h¿- Xs∂ ]T\hp- a m- b n- _‘s∏´ A\p- _ ‘ {]h¿Ø\߃-°m-bn- am-{Xam-Wv- Xm-\pw.- km-ln-Xy-hpw- kw-kv-Im-chpwNcn-{Xhp-sam-s°bm-bn- _‘s∏´ ]p-dw-hm-b\bp-sS tem-Iw- A\yw-

55 \n-∂p-hcn-Ibm-Wv.- Fgp-]Xp-Ifn-epw- F¨-]Xp-Ifn-epw- Cdßn-b ]pkv-XIßfpw- A°m-esØ Im-hy-`m-hp-IXz-Øn-\v- ]p-Xn-b Xe߃kΩm-\n-® Ihn-Ifp-sS (ISΩ\n-´,- k®n-Zm-\μ≥,- _m-eN{μ≥- Np≈n-°m-Sv)- Im-hy-iIeßfpw- Iym-ºkp-Ifp-sS io-epw- io-ehp-am-bncp-∂p.- kaIm-en-I aebm-f km-ln-Xy-Øn-se GsX¶n-epw- ]p-kvXItam- Ihn-Xtbm- A{Xtbsd hn-Im-chm-bv-t]m-sS ]p-Xn-b Xeapd sIm-≠p- \S°p-∂p-t≠m?- Hcp- Xeap-dbp-sS Nn-¥Isfbp-w- kz-]v\ßsfbpw- ]n-Sn-®p-ebv-°pw-hn-[w- kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øm≥- Ign-bp∂ Ihn-Ifpw- Fgp-Øp-Im-cpw- Ip-d™p-hcp-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂ \ymbhm-Zw- thWsa¶n-¬- Db¿-Øm-w.- ]t£ AXv- \ym-bam-bn-ØocWsa∂n-√.t]m-b h¿-jw- kv-Iqƒ- sse{_dnIfn¬- ]p-kv-XIw- hm-ßp-∂Xn\v- kw-ÿm-\ s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k hIp∏v- ]Øv- tIm-Sn- cq-] sNehm°n-bXm-bn- IW°p-Iƒ- ]dbp-∂p.- Cu- ]Øp-tIm-Sn-°v Un-kvIu≠v- Ign-®v-,- Np-cp-ßn-bXv- 12 tIm-Sn- ap-Jhn-ebp-≈ ]p-kv-XI߃- hmßm≥- Ign-bpw-.- F∂m¬- Cu- ]p-kv-XIMfn¬- 90 iXam-\hpw- BcpsSbpw- Ickv-]¿-ita¬-°m-sX _p-°v- sj¬-^p-Ifn¬- hn-{ian-°pIbm-Wv.- kv-Iqƒ- sse{_dn-Ifn¬- `q-cn-]£Øn-\pw- ]cnio-e\we`n-® sset{_dn-bs‚ tkh\tam- Ip-‰a‰ ]p-kv-XI hn-XcW kwhn-[m-\tam- C√m-ØXm-Wv- Hcp- {][m-\ {]iv-\w.\Ωp-sS {Km-ao-W sse{_dn-Ifn-se ]p-kv-XI hn-XcW cPn-kv‰¿- ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬- ]p-Xn-b Xeapdbn¬-s∏´hcp-sS hm-b\m-ioesØ∏‰n- GItZi cq-]w- e`n-°pw.- 18 hb n¬- Xm-sgbp-≈ Ip-´nIƒ- ]p-kv-XI߃-°m-bn- {KŸim-eIfn¬- FØp-∂Xv- Xp-temw]cn-an-Xam-Wv.hm-b\°m-cp-sS FÆw- Ip-dbp∂Xpw- ]p-kv-XI߃- Xs∂ Cet{Œm-Wn-Iv- am-[y-aßfp-sS km-t¶Xn-I Xn-Ihn¬- ]p-Xn-b cq]ßfn¬- {]Xy-£s∏Sp-∂Xpw- aq-ew- ]p-kv-XI hy-hkm-bw- hen-b {]Xn-k‘n-Ifn-eq-sSbm-Wv- t]m-Ip-∂sX∂pw- ]p-kv-XI im-eIƒ\SØp-∂h¿-°v- ]cm-Xn-bp-≠v.- 2020 BIp-∂tXm-sS BtKm-fhym]Iam-bn-Øs∂ ]p-kv-XI hy-hkm-bw- {{]Xn-k‘n-bn-em-Ip-sa∂mWv- Ip-d®p- \mƒ- ap-ºv- tem-I ]p-kv-XI hy-hkm-bsØ∏‰n- kzn-‰vk¿-e≥-Un¬- \S∂ {]Z¿-i\tØm-S\p-_‘n-® skan-\m¿- Db¿Øn-b ktμlw.-

56

tIcfØn-epw- CØcsam-cp- Bi¶ Aÿm-\Ø√.- Chn-sS G‰hpw- Ip-Sp-X¬- kzo-Im-cy-Xbp-≈ Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS Ir-Xn-Iƒ-t]mepw- ct≠m- aq-t∂m- ]Xn-∏p-Ifn¬- HXp-ßp-Ibpw- icm-icn- 5000˛8000 hsc tIm-∏n-Iƒ- am-{Xw- hn-‰gn-bp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂Xm-bm-Wv- IW°v.]Xn-\m-bn-c°W°n-\v- ]p-kv-XI߃- Cdßp-∂Xn¬- hn-cen-seÆmhp-∂h am{Xam-Wv- hn¬-∏\bn¬- A©°Øn-seØp-∂Xv.- aq-∂ptIm- S n- b n- t esdt∏cpw- km- £ ccm- h p- I bpw- c≠p- t Im- S n- t bm- f wt]sc¶n-epw- Db¿-∂ hn-Zym-`ym-ktbm-Ky-X Icÿam-°p-Ibpw- sNbvX tIcfØn-em-Wv- Hcp- ]p-kv-XIØn-s‚ ]cam-h[n- 8000 tIm-∏n- hn‰gn-bp-∂tXm¿-°Ww.- hn¬-∏\bn¬- k¿-hIem-im-e sdt°m-Uv- ÿm]n-® Nߺp-gbp-sS caWs‚ Hcp- e£w- tIm-∏n- ]n-∂n-´Xv- F{XtbmZiI߃-°p-tijam-Wv.-

8. sSen-hn-j³- Izn-kv- F¶ Akw-_Ô \m-SIwAdn-hn-s‚ A£bJ\n-Ifpw- Im-Wm-°m-gv-NIfpw- tXSn-bp-≈ bm{Xbm-Wv- Izn-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn- \ap-°v- kΩm-\n-°p-I.- _p-≤n-bn-epw- Hm¿ai‡n-bn-epw- A\n-Xckm-[m-cWam-b Ign-hv- {]ISn-∏n-°m≥- Ignbp-∂h¿-°m-Wv- Izn-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬- Xn-fßm-≥- Ign-bp-I.- Nn-´bmb hm-b\bpw- ]T\hpw- A\p-io-e\hpw- Hm¿-a ]p-Xp-°ep-sam-s° CXn-\v- Hgn-®p- Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø Im-cy-ßfm-Wv-.- F∂m¬- CsXm-∂p-ans√¶n-epw- Izn-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- ]s¶Sp-°m-sa∂pw- ]Ww- hm-cm-sa∂pw- sXfn-bn-°p-Ibm-Wv- ]e Nm-\ep-Ifpw-.- kz-¥w- Adn-hn-√m-bv-a amtem-I¿-°p- ap-∂n¬- Hcp- Dfp-∏p-an-√m-sX {]ISn-∏n-°m≥- ss[cywIm-´p-∂ aebm-fn-bp-sS Nn-{Xhpw- CØcw- Izn-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- kΩm\n-°p-∂p-≠v.Im-Ww- hn-‰pw- F¥m-Wv- sNtø≠Xv.- F¥p-s≠¶n-em-Wv- De°∏pdØpw- In-S°m-\m-hp-I F∂n-ßs\bp-≈ tNm-Zy-ßfm-Wv- tIm-So-iz\m-Im\p-≈ Xøm-sdSp-∏p-am-bn- hcp-∂htcm-Sv- AhXm-cI≥- tNm-Zn°p-∂Xv.- CØcw- tNm-Zy-߃-°p- ap-∂n¬-t∏m-epw- ]Xdp-Ibpwsh≈w-Ip-Sn-°p-Ibpw- kz-¥w- A⁄X am-tem-Isc ap-gp-h≥- Im-´pIbpw- sNøp-∂hcm-Wv- ]s¶Sp-°p-∂hcn¬- Gsdbpw-.- Gjym-s\‰vNm-\en-se \n-߃-°p-am-Imw- tIm-So-izc≥ - ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- ]s¶SpØ Ne®n-{X \S≥- kp-cm-Pv- sh™m-daq-Sv- tIcfØn-se \m-hn-I A°m-Zan- Bÿm-\w- Fhn-sSsb∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- \¬-In-b adp-]SnsIm-®n- F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- Ne®n-{X cw-KØv- ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Ifp-sS ]m-cºcyap-≈ Pbdmw-˛]m-¿-hXn- ZºXn-Itfm-Sv- kn-\n-abp-am-bn- _‘s∏´vD∂bn-® tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- icn-bp-Øcw- \¬-Im≥- Ah¿-°v- Ign-™n-√.tjIv-kv]n-bdp-sS aIv-_Xv - F∂ Zp-c¥\m-SIsØ D]Po-hn-®v- hn{ip-X Pm-∏\o-kv- Ne®n-{XIm-c≥- AIn-c Ip-dtkm-h kw-hn-[m-\wsNbv-X Nn-{Xw- Z t{Xm¨ Hm-^v- ªUv - BsW∂v- DØcw- \¬Im≥- Ah¿-°v- Ign-™n-√.- HSp-hn¬- sse^v- sse≥- kzo-Icn-®v- Ia¬lm-k\p-am-bn- t^m-Wn¬- _‘s∏´m-Wv- icn-bp-Øcw- ]d™Xv.- 3,-

58

20,-000 cq-]bp-sS kΩm-\w- Cc´n-bm-bn- 6,-40,-000 cq-] e`n-°p-∂Xn-\v\¬-In-b tNm-Zyw- ]n-Wdm-bn- hn-Pb\v- sXm-´p-ap-ºv- kn-]n-sF Fwkw-ÿm-\ sk{I´dn- Bcm-sW∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- \m-ev- DØcßfn¬sse^v- sse≥- ku-Icy-w- D]tbm-Kn-®v- cs≠Æw- Hgn-hm-°n-bXn-\ptijap-≈ cs≠ÆØn¬- \n-∂v- Id°n-°p-Øn-bm-Wv- ]s¶SpØbmƒ- NSb≥- tKm-hn-μ≥- F∂ icn-bp-Øcw- ]d™Xv.- 15 tNmZy-߃-°v icn-bm-bn- DØcw- \¬-In-bm¬- \n-߃-°p-am-Imw- tImSo-iz-c≥ - F∂m-Wv- AhXm-cI\m-b Ne®n-{X \S≥- kp-tcjv- tKm]n- ]dbp-∂Xv.kq-cy- Sn-hn-bn¬- Ne®n-{X \Sn- aav-X tam-l≥-Zm-kv- AhXcn-∏n°p∂ ssIbn¬- Hcp- tIm-Sn,- B¿- bp- sdUn - F∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-bpwkam-\kz-`m-hap-≈Xm-Wv.- Chn-sS Ggp- tNm-Zy-߃°p-≈ icnDØcØn-eq-sS {i≤n-®v- Icp-°ƒ- \o-°p-∂h¿-°v- Hcp- tIm-Sn- kz¥am-°mw.- ]t£ c≠v- ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-epw- CtXhsc Hcp- tIm-Sn- F∂ hn-tem-`\o-bam-b kΩm-\w- t\Sm≥- B¿°pw- Ign-™n-´n-√.- Ip-d®p\mƒ- ap-ºp-hsc kq-cy-Sn-hn-bn¬- \S≥- ap-tIjv- AhXcn-∏n-® ]cn]m-Sn-bm-Wv- Uo¬- Hm¿- t\m- Uo¬ -.- Chn-sSbpw- a’c(Ifn)-Øn¬]s¶Sp-°p-∂h¿-°v- tIm-Sn-bn-seØp-∂ kΩm-\Øp-Ibm-Wv- hm-KvZm-\w- sNøp-∂Xv.- CXn-epw- Hcmƒ-°p-t]m-epw- AXv- FØn-∏n-Sn-°m≥Ign-™n-√.Cu- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-s°√mw- Smw- (sSen-hn-j≥- Hm-Un-b≥-kv- saj¿sa‚ v)- td‰v- hfsc Db¿-∂Xm-sW∂m-Wv- Nm-\¬- A[n-Ir-X¿- ]dbp∂Xv . - Cu- ]cn- ] m- S n- b n¬- Dbcp- ∂ tNm- Z y- ß fpw- Ahbp- s S DØcßfpw- a\ n-em-°p-Isb∂Xn-s\°mƒ- t{]£Isc kzm-[o\n-°p-∂Xv- CXn-se ]WØn-s‚ ]¶m-fn-Øam-Wv.- H‰t®m-Zyw- \nßfp-sS `m-hn-sbØs∂ am-‰n-adn-°p-sa∂ ]cky-hm-NIw- \sΩ h√m-sX tam-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xm-Wv.- Po-hn-XØn¬- ]WØn-\p-≈ Hgn®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø kzm-[o-\am-Wv- CXn-\p- Im-cWw.- Cu- ]cn-]m-SnIƒ- ÿncam-bn- Im-Wp-∂ Ip-´n-Ifn¬- ]WtØm-Sp-≈f B¿-Ønbpw- ]WØn-s‚ kzm-[o-\hpw- Fs¥√mw- am-‰ßfm-Wp-≠m-°p-I F∂Xv- hn-iZamb ]T\w- Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂ kw-KXn-bm-Wv.- tIhewA¿-∞iq-\y-am-b Hcp- tNm-Zy-Øneq-sS e£ßtfm- Zie£ßtfmkz-¥am-°m≥- Ign-bp-Isb∂p- ]d™m¬- AXp-fhm-°p-∂ [m-cW thsdm-∂m-Wv.- Im-cy-am-bn- A[zm-\n-°m-sXbpw- Ku-chXcam-b hm-

59 b\tbm- ]T\tam- H∂p-an-√m-sXbpw- thWsa¶n-¬- \n-߃-°p]W°m-c\m-Imw.- _p-≤n-]q¿-hap-≈ Nn-e \o-°ßƒ \SØn-bm¬am-{Xw- aXn.- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v- ]WtØm-Sp-≈ hym-tam-lw- P\n-∏n-°p-IbpwA[zm-\tØm-Sv- Xm¬-]cy-°p-dhv- kr-„n-°p-Ibp-am-Wv- CØcw- ]cn]m-Sn-Iƒ- sNøp-I.- Db¿-∂ hn-Zym-`ym-k tbm-Ky-Xbp-≈ sNdp-∏°m¿t]m-epw- s]s´∂p ]W°m-cm-Im≥- th≠n- tam-jWhpw- sIm-≈bpw\SØp-∂ kw-`h߃- Gdn-hcn-Ibm-Wv.- Ip-d®p- h¿-jw- ap-ºv- sIm®n-°Sp-Øv- Hcp- _m-¶n¬- \n-∂v- ]´m-∏I¬- Po-h\°m-scbpw- _m-¶nseØn-b CS]m-Sp-Im-scbpw- shSn- DXn¿-Øv- `o-Icm-¥co-£w- kr„n-®v- e£ßfp-am-bn- IS∂p-If™- Ccp-]Xp-Im-cs‚ IY hm¿ØIfn¬- \n-d™p- \n-∂n-cp-∂p.- Hcp- tIm-tfPv- s{]m-^kdp-sS aI\mb bp-hm-hv- Xm-cXtay-\ kº∂am-b km-lNcy-Øn¬- Po-hn-°p∂bm-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- F∂m¬-t∏m-epw- kz-¥w- \n-ebn¬- Np-cp-ßn-b kabw- sIm-≠v- ]W°m-c\m-Im-\p-≈ tam-lam-Wv Abm-sf CØcwkm-aq-ly- hn-cp-≤ {]h¿-Ø\Øn-\p- t{]cn-∏n-®Xv.- HSp-hn¬- s]m-eokn-\p- Io-gSßn- \n-baØn-\p- ap-∂n¬- hn-Nm-cW sNøs∏Sp-IbpwsNbvX - p.- Xm≥- I≠ Nn-e tlm-fn-hp-Uv- Nn-{Xßfp-sS kzm-[o-\ØnemWv- _m-¶v- sIm-≈ Bkq-{XWw- sNbv-XsX∂mbn-cp-∂p- Cbmƒs]m-eo-kn-\v- sam-gn- \¬-In-bXv.sSen-hn-j\n-epw- sh≈n-Øn-cbn-epw- {]Z¿-in-∏n-°p-∂ ]e kn\n-aIfn-epw- ko-cn-bep-Ifn-epw- Im-Wp-∂ \m-bIs‚ Po-hn-Xco-XnIp-´n-Isf h√m-sX kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.- Ifhpw- sIm-e]m-XIhpwA[m¿-an-Iam-b atZym¬-∏m-Z\hpw- hn¬-∏\bp-sam-s° \SØp-∂Xv\m-bI\m-sW¶n-epw- Abm-tfm-Sv- Im-gv-N°m-¿-°p- tXm-∂p-∂XvHcpXcw- ho-cm-cm[\bm-Wv.- Cu- ho-cm-cm-[\bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- \m-bIs‚ [o-ckm-lkn-I {]hr-Øn-Iƒ- Po-hn-XØn¬- A\p-Icn-°m-\p-≈ t{]cW D≠m-Ip-∂Xv.-

9. CâÀ-s\äpw- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbpwhm¿-Øm-hn-\n-ab cw-KØv- Ahn-iz-k\o-bamw-hÆw- A¤p-X߃kr-„n-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- Iw-]yq-´dp-Ifpw- Ahbp-sS BtKm-f irwJebmb C‚¿-s\‰pw- cq-]w- sIm-≠Xv.- 1960Ifn¬- Atacn-°≥ssk\yw- D]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂ Iw-]yq-´¿- km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy-bn¬- XpSßp-∂ C‚¿-s\‰v- Ign-™ Ac \q-‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬- Io-gS°n-b taJeIƒ- FÆa‰Xm-Wv.- s]gv-kW¬- Iw-]yq-´dn-s\ tam-Uw- F∂ D]IcWw- hgn- C‚¿-s\‰v- irw-Jebp-am-bn- _‘n-∏n-®m¬- hn-⁄m\Øn-s‚ FXp- taJebn-ep-ap-≈ hn-hcßfpw- \Ωp-sS I¨-ap-∂n¬Iw-]yq-´¿- kv-{Io-\n¬- e`y-am-Ipw.- ]´Wßfpw- \Kcßfpw- cm-Pyßfpw- XΩn-ep-≈ t\cn-b _‘ßfpw- tZiw,- tZio-bX Xp-Sßn-b AXn-¿-hcºp-Ifpw- \n-b{¥Wßfp-sam-s° C√m-Xm-Ip-∂ hn-imeam-b tem-Iam-Wv- C‚¿-s\‰v- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xv.- cm-Pym-¥cam-bnP\߃- XΩn-¬- CSs]Sm-\p-≈ {]Xn-_‘߃- Chn-sS AkvXan-°p-Ibm-Wv.- shdpw- IØp-Ifpw- hn-hcßfpw- e`y-am-°p-I F∂Xn¬- \n-∂v- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ km-[y-X A¤p-XIcam-bn- hn-Ikn®p.- tPm-en- sNøp-∂Xn-\pw- I®hSØn-\pw- _m-¶n-ßn-\pw- F∂pth≠ \n-Xy-Po-hn-XØn-se GXp-{]Xn-`m-kØn-\pw- Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\mhm-ØXm-Wv- Iw]yq-´¿-˛C‚¿-s\‰v- kw-hn-[m-\w- F∂ \n-e h∂p.1990Ifp-sS Bcw-`Øn¬- CXn-s‚ _m-ey-Zibn¬- Xs∂ C‚¿-s\‰ns‚ A¤p-Xtem-Iw- hn-lcn-°m≥- CSbp-≈ km-[y-XIfn-te°v]ecpw- hn-c¬- Nq-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.- AXv- icn-sh°pw-hn-[am-Wv- Ign-™ c≠p- ZiIØn-\n-Sbn¬- Cu- taJebn-ep-≠m-b hf¿-®.- Hm¿-°p-´pwt^-kv-_p-°pw- tªm-Kpw- bq-Syq-_pw- Szn-‰dp-aS°w- Bibhn-\n-abØns‚ km-aq-ly-irw-JeIƒ- kPo-ham-bn.- Atacn-°sbbpw- bq-tdm]y≥- cm-Py-ßsfbpw- t]mse ssZ\w- Zn-\w- C‚¿-s\‰v- D]tbm-Kn°p-∂hcp-sS FÆw- A{X hep-Xs√¶n-epw- \Ωfpw- Cu- ]m-Xbn¬kPo-h km-∂n-[y-adn-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.- \ham-[y-a߃,-

61 ssk_¿- am-[y-a߃,- B[p-\n-tIm-Øc am-[y-a߃ F∂n-ßs\bp≈ t]cp-Ifn¬- Adn-bs∏Sp-∂ C‚¿-s\‰v- A\p-_‘ am-[y-a߃Gsd D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´hcm-Wv.]Øp-h¿-jw- apºv- {_n-´Wn¬- \SØn-b Hcp- k¿-shbn¬- I≠Xvhm¿-Øm-,- hn-t\m-Z am-[y-asa∂ \n-ebn¬- sSen-hn-j\pw- tdUn-tbm°pw- tijw- aq-∂mw-ÿm-\w- C‚¿-s\‰n-\m-sW∂m-Wv.- ]{Xhpw- amkn- I Ifpw- bYm{Iaw- \m- e pw- A©p- w - ÿm- \ ßfn- t e°v - ]n¥≈s∏´Xm-bn- {]kv-Xp-X k¿-sh Is≠Øn.- ]{Xhpw- sSehnj\pw- tdUn-tbm-bpw- \n¿-hln-°p-∂ Zu-Xy-߃- Hcp-an-®v- \n-¿-hln°m≥- C‚¿-s\‰n-\p- Ign-bp-∂p- F∂Xm-Wv- CXn-s‚ khn-tijXbmbn- Is≠Øn-bXv.a‰v- _lp-P\ am-[y-aßfn-¬-\n-∂v- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ km-[y-XIƒ{]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øp-∂ \h am-[y-aßfp-sS h¿-[n-® kzo-Im-cy-Xbpam-bn- _‘s∏´v- am-[y-ahna¿-iI≥- jm-Pn- tP°_v- Cßs\ \n-co£n-°p-∂p-: \h am-[y-aßfp-sS \h -Xz-sØ \n¿-hNn-°p-∂Xvs]m-Xp-hn¬- c≠p- LSIßfm-Wv.- H∂v,- B[p-\n-I am-[y-a߃- hnh£n-®n-cp-∂ A¿-∞Øn-ep-≈ _lp-P\ am-[y-akz`m-hsØ Ch am-‰n-adn-°p-∂p.- F∂p-h®m¬-,- Hcp- tI{μØn¬- \n-∂v- Hcp-]m-Sv- BfpIfn-te°v- \S°p-∂ GI]£o-bam-b hn-\n-ab {]{In-bb√ \ham[y-aßfp-tSXv.- c≠v-,- B[p-\n-I am-[y-aßsf At]£n-®v- km-t¶XnIXbn-epw- am-[y-a]cXbn-epw- Chbp-sS km-aq-ly-{]t£]Wco-XnIƒ- am-dn-hcp-∂p.- kXz-cX(immediacy),- hn-hn-[ am-[y-aßfp-sS kweb\w- (media convergence), _lp-am-[y-a]cX (multimedia) ,CSs]S¬- tijn- (interactivity),- Un-Pn-‰eo-IcWw- (digitalization), A[n-]m-T]cX (hypertextuality),- {]Xo-Xn-]cX(virtuality) F∂nßs\bp-≈ kz-`m-h߃- \ham-[y-aßfp-sS A\n-hm-cy-Xbm-Wv.Chbn- s e√mw- km- t ¶Xn- I X {]YaZr- „ ym- tXm- ∂ m- s a¶n- e pwHtckabw- Xs∂ km-aq-ln-IXbpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-IXbp-am-bn- Cg]ncn-™v- \n¬-°p-∂hbm-Wv- Chtbm-tcm-∂pw.- hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-ab cw-KsØ Ip-Xn-∏p-Iƒ-,- sshZy-im-kv-{Xw- apX¬- BWhim-kv-{Xw- hscbp-≈ cw-Kßfn-se hgn-Øn-cn-hp-Iƒ,km-ln-Xy- ]{Xm-[n-]cp-sS acWw- {]Jym-]n-® tªm-Kv- km-ln-Xyw-,A®Sn- am-[y-aØn-s‚ A¥yw-Ip-dn-®v- \n-ehn¬- h∂p- Ign-™ Cet{Œm-Wn-Iv- ]p-kv-XIw,- ]{X{]km-[\w,- ap-gp-h≥- b{¥km-t¶nXIXIfpw- Dƒ-s°m-≠ Un-Pn-‰ssetkj≥,- ]T\ KthjW

62

Xeßfn-se AXy-]q¿-ham-b Adn-h\p-`h߃-,- aXau-en-Ihm-Zwap-X¬- t]m-tWm-{K^n-hscbp-≈ tem-IsØ Io-gS°p-∂ ssk_¿At[m- a fiew- F∂n- ß s\ \ham- [ y- a ßfp- s S hy- h lmctaJeIƒ- \n-ch[n-bm-Wv.- tkm-jy-¬- s\‰v-h¿-°n-Mv- ssk‰p-IƒF∂dn-bs∏Sp-∂ kam-¥c am-[y-aafieam-Wv- as‰m-∂v.- ]¶m-fn-Øhpw- CSs]Sepw- \n-c¥cam-b ]cn-jv-IcWhpw- - sIm≠v- Iq-Sp-X¬- i‡am-b Bib{]Nm-cWØn-s‚ taJeIƒ- Xpd°p-∂Xm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b km-aq-ly-am-[y-a߃.- ]{Xßfpw- tdUn-tbmbpw- Hcp- ]cn-[n-hsc sSen-hn-j\pw- sNep-Øn-bXn-t\°mƒ- hen-b kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øm≥- Ignbp-∂ taJebm-bn- km-aq-ly-am-[y-a taJe CXn-\Iw- am-dn-°gn-™n-´p-≠v.- BtKm-f hym-]Iam-bn- G‰hpwP\{]o-Xn-bm¿-Pn-® Bibhn-\n-ab taJebm-Wv- C∂v- km-aq-ly-am[y-a߃.- 2004¬- Bcw-`n-® t^kv- _p-°n¬- 2010 BbtXm-sS AwKkw-Jy- 40 tIm-Sn-bm-bn- h¿-[n-®p.- ASp-Ø Hcp- h¿-jw- sIm-≠vCXv- 90 tIm-Sn-bm-bn- Db¿-∂p.- 2012s‚ Bcw-`Øn¬- Xs∂ t^kv_p-°v- Aw-Kßfp-sS FÆw- \q-dp- tIm-Sn- Ihn-™p.- Szn-‰¿-t]m-ep-≈ a‰v- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfn-se√m-am-bn- 200 tIm-Sn-bn-tesdt∏¿- AwKßfm-bp-s≠∂m-Wv- IW°v.A`n-{]m-bßfpw- Bibßfpw- cq]o-Icn-°p-∂Xn¬- km-aq-ly-am[y-a߃- sNep-Øp-∂ kzm-[o-\Øn-\v- G‰hpw- \√ DZm-lcWambn- ]e am-[y-a\n-cq-]Icpw- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂ kw-`ham-Wv- 2007se Atacn-°≥- {]kn-U‚ v- sXcs™Sp-∏v.- tdUn-tbm- dq-ks v- h¬-‰n-s\bpwsSenhn-j≥- sI∂Un-sbbpw- klm-bn-®Xn-\p- Xp-ey-am-Wv- km-aqly- am-[y-a߃- H_m-asb sXcs™Sp-∏p- hn-PbØn-\v- klm-bn®sX∂m-Wv- ]ecpw- \n-co-£n-®n-´p-≈Xv.- H_m-abp-sS bp-hXz- -hpwNpdp-Np-dp-°pw- {]`m-jW Nm-Xp-cn-bp-sam-s° P\ßfn-seØn-®vsXcs™Sp-∏v- cw-KØv- dn-∏ªn-°≥- ÿm-\m¿-Yn- tPm-¨- asIz-bv-\pta¬- A[o-iXzw- ÿm-]n-°m≥- H_m-asb sNdp-Xm-b√ am-[y-a߃klm-bn-®Xv.- Atacn-°≥- thm-´¿-am-cn¬- 90iXam-\hpw- km-aq-lyam-[y-aßfp-am-bn- \n-c¥cw- kw-hZn-°p-∂hcm-sW∂Xv- CXn-\v- i‡n]Icp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.Atacn-°sb ASp-ØIm-eØv- h√m-sX ]n-Sn-®p-Ip-ep-°n-b hn°n-eo-Iv-kv- shfn-s∏Sp-Øep-Iƒ- HmIyq-ss] hmƒ-kv-{So-‰v - F∂ t]cn¬- \S∂ {]t£m-`w-,- Sp-Wo-jy,- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv,- en-_n-b,- {Ko-kv XpSßn-b cm-Py-ßfn-se `cWam-‰Øn-\n-Sbm-°n-b XcØn-ep-≈

63 {]t£m-`߃- F∂n-hbn-epw- km-aq-lyam-[y-a߃- hln-® ]¶vsNdp-X√.- F¥n-t\sd,- AÆm- lkm-scbp-sS kacØn-\v- C¥y≥a\ p-Ifn¬- kzo-Im-cy-X kr-„n-°p-∂Xn-epw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfpsS ]¶v- \n¿-Wm-bIw.- 2011 sabn¬- \S∂ tIcf \n-bak`msXcs™Sp-∏n-epw- \n-ch[n- ÿm-\m-¿∞n-Iƒ- {]Nm-cWØn-\v- kmaq-ly-am-[y-aßfp-sS km-[y-X \∂m-bn- {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øp-Ibp-≠mbn.- bp-hXeap-dbn¬-s∏´ ÿm-\m¿-∞n-Ifm-Wv- Cu- km-[y-X {]tbmP\s∏Sp-Øn-bhcn¬- Gsdbpw- F∂Xv- {it≤bam-Wv.- ÿm-\m¿Yn-Iƒ-°v- thm-´v- A`y¿-∞n-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ dn-Mv- tSm-Wp-Iƒ- A°meØv- sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wp-Ifn¬- kPo-ham-bn-cp-∂p.`cWIq-Sßsf am-‰n-adn-°m≥- X°hÆw- Bibcw-KØv- {]t£m`w- kr-„n-°m≥- Ign-™ km-aq-ly-am-[y-a߃ (Ad_v- tem-IsØ Hcp- bp-hP\ `q-Iºw - (youth quake) ]n-Sn-®p-Ip-ep-°p-∂p-sh∂v\yq-kv- ho-°v- hm-cn-I Fgp-Xn-bXv- Hm¿-°p-I.)- ssZ\w-Zn-\w- ssIImcyw- sNøp-∂Xn¬- _lp-`q-cn-]£hpw- bp-hm-°fpw- ]p-Xn-b Xeapdbn¬-s∏´hcp-am-Wv.- Hcp- Zn-hksØ Im-Øn-cn-∏n-\v- tijw- am-{Xwe`n-°p-∂ ]{X߃-t°m- \n-›n-X CSthfIƒ-°p-tijap-≈ sSenhn-j≥- hm¿-Øm- _p-≈‰n-\p-Iƒ-t°m- th≠n- Im-Øn-cn-°m-sX GXpkabhpw- Bib kzo-IcWØn-\pw- Bib{]Nm-cWØn-\pw- thZnsbm-cp-°p-∂p- F∂Xv- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßsf Iq-Sp-X¬- kzo-Im-cy-am°p-∂p-≠v.- ]{Xßfp-sSbpw- sSehnjs‚bpw- ap-∂n¬- shdpw- hmb\°m-ct\m- Im-gv® - °m-ct\m- am-{Xam-hp-∂bmƒ-°v- t\cn-´v- CSs]Sm\pw- kz-bw- {]Im-in-X\m-hm-\pw- Ign-bp-∂p-sh∂ A[n-I km-[y-X km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfp-sS khn-tijXbm-Wv.- Cu- km-[y-X Xs∂bmWv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dsb CXn-te°v- Iq-Sp-Xem-bn- BI¿-jn-°p-∂Xv.A£chpw- Nn-{Xhpw- kw-km-chpw- kw-Ko-Xhpw- Hs° tN¿-∂v- kr„n-°p-∂ AXy-]q¿-ham-b A\p-`h km-Iey-hpw- CXn-s‚ BI¿jWo-bX h¿-[n∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.- Iw-]yq-´¿- hn-Zy-m-`ym-kw- ]m-Ty-]≤Xnbp-sS `m-Kw- Xs∂bm-bn- am-dn-bXpw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-a߃- D]tbmKn-°p-∂Xn¬- ]p-Xnb Xeap-dsb Gsd ap-∂n-seØn-°m≥- CSbm°n.- Cu- am-[y-aßsf GsX√mw- co-Xn-bn-em-Wv- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xns\∏‰n- hn-]p-ehpw- im-kv-{Xo-bhp-am-b ]T\߃- Im-cy-am-sbm-∂pw\S∂n- ´ n- √ .- F¶n- e pw- Chbp- s S D]tbm- K sØ∏‰n- ]ehn- [ Bi¶Ifpw- kaq-lw- ]¶p-shbv-°p-∂p-≠v.-

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{]Xn-tem-aIcam-b Bib߃- {]Ncn-∏n-°p∂Xn-\pw- `cWIqSØn-s‚ \n-e\n¬-∏v- tNmZyw- sNøp-∂Xn-\pw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßsf D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xm-bm-Wv- ASp-ØIm-eØp-≠m-b hen-b Bt£]w.tkm-Wn-bm-Km-‘n-bp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p-≠m-b Nn-e ]cm-a¿-ißfpsS t]cn¬- cm-Py-Øv- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßsf \nb{¥n-°m≥- \n-bawsIm-≠p-hcWsa∂ XcØn¬- N¿-®Iƒ- Db¿-∂Xm-Wv.- F∂m¬am-[y-aw- F∂ \n-ebn¬- km-aq-lyam-[y-aßsf \n-b{¥n-°p-∂XvA`n- { ]m- b kzm- X {¥y- Ø n- \ v - FXn- c m- h p- s a∂pw- Hcp- X cØn¬]{Xsk≥-kdn-ßn-\p- Xp-ey-am-b Ahÿbm-Wv- D≠m-°p-Isb∂pwhn-a¿-i\w- Db¿-∂Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v- \n-b{¥W \o-°w- X¬-°m-ewDt]£n-® a´m-Wv.- Bibhn-\n-abØn-s‚ Akm-[m-cW km-[yXIƒ- km-aq-ly-]cn-h¿-Ø\w- km-[y-am-°p-∂ XcØn¬- {]tbmP\w- sNøp-∂p-s≠∂v- ]dbp-tºmƒ- Xs∂ Chbp-sS Bim-kya√m-Ø D]tbm-Kw- Nn-e km-aq-ly- {]iv-\߃ kr-„n-°p-∂p-s≠∂ Im-cy-hpw- ad°m≥- ]m-Sn-√.- sX‰m-b ktμißfp-sSbpw- P\hn-cp-≤ Bibßfp-sSbpw- {]Nm-cWw-,- t_m-[]q¿-hap≈ A]hm-Z{]NmcWw-,- A«o-e {]Nm-cWw-, P\߃-°n-Sbn¬- hw-i˛h¿-K sshcwkr-„n-°p-∂p-sh∂ {]Nm-cWw- Xp-Sßn-bhs°Xn-sc I¿-i\ Pm{KX ]p-e¿-tØ≠Xm-Wv.- t^kv- _p-°n-epw- a‰pw- A]v-tem-Uv- sNøp∂ Nn-{X߃- ({]tXyIn-®v- s]¨-Ip-´n-Ifp-tSXv)- tam¿-^v- sNbv-Xvhn-Ir-Xam-°n-bpw- A«o-e Np-h tN¿-Øpw- {]Ncn-∏n-°p-∂Xp- kw_‘n-®v- Bt£]w- am-{Xa√,- tIkp-Ifpw- \n-ch[n- D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.Ip-‰m-t\z-jW {]{In-bbn¬- s]m-eo-kv- ssk_¿- sk¬- kPo-ham°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv- CXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- am-\y-am-bn- Po-hn-°p-∂ s]¨-Ip´n-Ifp-sS Nn-{X߃- CØcØn¬- tam-iam-b kq-N\Itfm-sS kmaq-ly-am-[y-aßfn¬- {]Xy-£s∏´Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v- A]am-\w- kln°m-sX BfllXy-sNbv-X kw-`hßfpw- \n-ch[n.- Xam-ibm-bpwIu-Xp-IØn-\p- th≠n-bpw- hym-P C˛sabn¬- ktμi߃- cm-{„]Xn°v- hsc Ab®v- ssk_¿- tIkn-s‚ s]m-√m-∏n¬- Ip-Sp-ßn-bhcpsS IYIfpw- \mw- tI´p.- Cu- tIkp-Ifn-sem-s° an-°hm-dpw- {]Xnÿm-\Øp-hcp-∂Xv- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´hcm-sW∂ Im-cy-hpw{i≤n- t °≠n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.- ]p- X p- X eap- d °m¿- am- { Xa√,- Chcntesdbpw- t`Zs∏´ km-aq-ly- kmºØn-I Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Ifn¬- \n-∂p≈hcm-sW∂Xpw- {it≤bam-Wv.Iw-]yq-´dpw- C‚¿-s\‰pw- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn¬- Ip-´n-Iƒ- t\Sp-∂

65 Akm-am-\y-{]m-ho-Wy-sØ°p-dn-®v- Du-‰w-sIm-≈p-∂hcm-Wv- am-Xm-]nXm-°fn-tesdbpw-.- Nn-ecm-Is´ Cu- ]p-Xn-b am-[y-a߃-°p-t\sc ap-Jw- Xn-cn-™p- \n¬-°p-∂p.- CXp-c≠pw- ]t£ AXn-cp- IS∂ kao-]\ßfm-Wv.- CXn-\p- c≠n-\p-an-Sbn-se a[y-am¿-Kam-Wv- A`nIm-ayw.- ]T\Øn-\pw- hn-hc˛Bib cq-]o-IcWØn-\pw- Iw-]yq-´dpwC‚¿-s\‰pw- \¬-Ip-∂ tkh\߃- Im-Wm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-S.- AXn-\vIp-´n-Isf {]m-]v-Xam-°pw-hn-[w- D]tbm-Kw- km-[y-am-°m-\p-≈ Pm{KXbm-Wv- c£n-Xm-°fp-sS `m-KØp-\n-∂p-≠m-tI≠Xv.- CXn\p- ]n∂n-se \n-b{¥W߃-°∏p-dØp-≈ A]IS km-[y-XIsf∏‰n-bpwam- X m- ] n- X m- ° ƒ- ° v - t_m- [ y- a p- ≠ m- h Ww.- C‚¿- s \‰n- s e hnhctiJcWw- Hcp- _r-lØm-b tlmw- sse{_dn-°v- Xp-ey-am-Wv.]T\ kw-_‘n-bm-b hn-hc tiJcWØn-\v- C{XtØm-fw- klmbIam-b as‰m-cp- am¿-Khpw- C∂n-√ Xm-\pw.- Cu- Kp-WhiØn-s‚ km-[y-XIƒ- ]cam-h[n- {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øm≥- Ip-´n-Isf klm-bn°p-Ibm-Wv- A`n-Imayw.km-aq-ly- am-[y-a߃- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbp-sS Po-hn-XØn¬- sNepØp∂- kzm-[o-\Øn-\v- Kp-Whpw- tZm-jhp-ap-s≠∂Xv- kXy-am-Wv.- CXn¬- GXn-\v- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-Ip-∂p- F∂Xn-s\ B{ibn-®m-bn-cn-°pwCXp-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn-se \∑Xn-∑Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-°s∏Sp-I.hn-Zym-`ym-khpw- km-aq-ly-Ne\ßfpw- kz-¥w- Po-hn-Xhp-am-bn- hnf°n-t®¿-°p-∂ B¿-°pw- AhKWn-°m-\m-hm-Øhn-[w- {]m-[m-\ywssIhcn-®n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv- C∂v- km-aq-ly-am-[y-a߃.- kz-¥w- kz-Imcy-Xbn¬- Ccp-∂p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kp-lr-Øp-°fp-am-bpw- ]p-dw-temIhp-am-bpw- Bib߃- ]¶p-shbv-°m-\pw- ku-lr-Zw- ]p-e¿-Øm\pw- Ign-bp-∂ taJebm-Wn-Xv.- Adn-hn-s‚bpw- A\p-`hßfp-sSbpw]p-Ø≥- tem-I߃- kz-¥am-°m≥- hy-‡n-Isf CXv- klm-bn-°p∂p.- hy-‡n-Po-hn-XØn-se GIm-¥Xbpw- t_m-dSn-bpw- Hgn-hm-°m\pw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfn-se CSs]S¬- klm-bIam-Wv-.- _n-kn-\kvkw-cw-`ßfp-sS hn-Ik\ km-[y-XIƒ- At\z-jn-°m-\pw- Adn-bm\pw- G‰hpw- ^e{]Zam-b am¿-Kam-bpw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-a߃- ]cnKWn-°s∏Sp-∂p-≠v.F∂m¬- CXn-s‚ tZm-jhißfpw- Im-Wm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-S.- C‚¿s\‰v- _m-¶n-ßpw- a‰pw- {]Np-c{]Nm-cw- t\Sn-b Cu- Im-eØv- km-aqly-am-[y-aßfn¬- \n-c¥cw- CSs]Sp-∂h¿- I_fn-°s∏Sm-\p-≈

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km[y-XIfpw- Gsd.- Hcm-fp-sS hy-‡n-]chpw- sXm-gn-¬-]chp-am-b hn-hcßfpw-(Nn-et∏m-sgm-s° clky-kz`m-hap-≈hbS°w)- tNm¿∂p-t]m-Im-\p-≈ km-[y-Xbp-≠v.- C˛sabn¬- hn-em-khpw- ]m-kvt- hUpsam-s° tNm¿-Øn-sbSp-Øv- A]ISIcamw-hn-[w- Zp-cp-]tbm-Kw- sNøp∂Xpw- I≠p-hcp-∂p≠v.- A«o-e sh_v-ssk‰p-Ifn-epw- a‰pw- IS∂v_m-¶v- A°u-≠n-s‚tbm- s{IUn-‰v- Im-¿-Un-s‚tbm- hn-hcw- \¬Inh©n-Xcm-Ip-∂hcp-sS FÆhpw- h¿-[n-®p-hcp-∂p-≠v.Iu-am-c{]m-bØn-ep-≈h¿- CØcw- km-aq-ly- am-[y-a߃- D]tbmKn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv- Iq-Sp-X¬- Pm-{KX ]p-e¿-tØ≠Xv.- C‚¿-s\‰v- ssk‰pIfn- s e A\¥am- b A¤p- X ßsf∏‰n- b pw- A]IS km- [ yXIsf∏‰n-bpw- th≠{X {Km-ly-ap-≈hc√ Iu-am-c°m¿.- im-co-cnIhpw- am-\kn-Ihpw- Nn-¥m-]chp-am-bn- Zm¿-Vyw- ssIh∂n-´n-√m-Ø CØc°m-sc GXp-XcØn-epw- kzm-[o-\n-°m-\pw- Zp-cp-]tbm-Kw- sNøm\pw- Ign-bp-∂ NXn-°p-gn-Iƒ- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ tem-IØv- Gsdbm-Wv.AXp-sIm-≠v- Cu- {]m-bØn-ep-≈h¿- CØcw- ssk‰p-Iƒ- kμ¿in-°p-∂Xv- I¿-i\am-bn- \n-b{¥n-°p-Itbm- Np-cp-ßn-b]£w- Pm{KXtbm-sS \n-co-£n-°p-Itbm- sNøm-\p-≈ DØchm-Zn-Xzw- ap-Xn¿∂h¿-°p-w- c£n-Xm-°ƒ-°p-ap-≠v.- CØcw- am-[y-aßtfm-Sv- AUn-Ivj≥- D≠m-hp-∂Xpw- Bim-ky-a√.- AUn-Iv-j\p- hn-t[bcm-hp-∂h¿aWn-°q-dp-Itfm-fw- Iw-]yq-´dp-Iƒ-°p- ap-∂n¬- sNehgn-°p-∂Xv- am\kn-Iam-bpw- im-co-cn-Iam-bpw- Ahsc Xf¿-Øpw.- CØc°m¿-°pws]m-ÆØSn- D≠m-hm-\p-≈ km-[y-X Iq-Sp-Xem-sW∂v- tUm-Œ¿-am¿]dbp-∂p.- a[y-h¿-KØn-se ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-¬s - ∏´h¿-°v- s]m-ÆØSntcm-Ksa∂ \n-ebn¬-Øs∂ hym-]n-°p-∂Xpw- C∂v- km-[m-cWamWv-.- im-kv-{Xo-b ]T\Øn-s‚ ]n≥-_ean-s√¶n-epw- aWn-°q-dp-IƒIw-]yq-´¿- kv-{Io-\n-\p- ap-∂n¬- sNehn-Sp-∂ Ip-´n-bp-sS Im-gv-N i‡naßp-∂Xm-bpw- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°s∏Sp-∂p.- A«o-e ssk‰p-Ifn-te°vBI¿-jn-°s∏Sp-∂Xpw- AXp-hgn- Iu-am-c°m¿- Zp-cp]tbm-KwsNøs∏Sp-∂Xpw- h¿-[n-®p-hcp-∂ km-lNcyw- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v.elcn-acp-∂p hn¬-∏\°v- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfp-sS km-[y-X {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xm-bn- Nn-e ]T\߃- Is≠Øn-bXv- Kuch]q¿-hw- IW°n-seSp-t°≠Xp-≠v.- elcn-acp-∂p- hn¬-∏\bpwD]tbm-Khpw- \n-co-£n-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ sFIy-cm-{„k`bp-sS C‚¿\m-jW¬- \m¿-tIm-´n-Iv- I¨-t{Smƒ- t_m-¿-Un-(sFF≥-kn-_n)-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´n-em-Wv- Cu- ap-∂dn-bn∏p-≈Xv.- A\[n-Ir-Xam-bn- {]h¿-Øn-

67 °p-∂ Nn-e -^m¿-akn-Iƒ- Xßfp-sS elcn- acp-∂n-s‚ ]ckyw- Nne km-aq-ly-am-[y-a߃- hgn- {]Ncn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠∂m-Wv- dn-t∏m¿´v]dbp-∂Xv.- bp-Syq-_v,- s^bv-kv- _p-°v Xp-Sßn-b Nn-e am-[y-a߃BZy-w- \n-ßsf Nm-‰n-ßn-\v- £Wn-°p-Ibm-bn-cn-°pw- sNøp-I.- km[m-cW kw-`m-jWØn-s‚ a´n¬- Bcw-`n-°p-∂ Nm-‰n-ßv- Ip-sd ]ptcm-Kan-°p-tºmgm-Wv- elcn- D]tbm-KØn-s‚ ta∑Ifn-te°v- \sΩ Iq-´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv.- CXn-s\Xn-sc I¿-i\am-b \S]Sn-sbSp°m≥- sFF≥-kn-_n- Kh¨-sa‚p-Itfm-Sv- Bhiy-s∏Sp-Ibp-≠m-bn.CØcw- hymPIº\n-Iƒ- X]m¬-am¿-Kw- Ab°p-∂ 12000tØm-fwelcn- ]Zm¿-Y߃- 2010¬- am-{Xw- ]n-Sn-s®Sp-ØXm-bn- sF≥-F≥kn-_n- dn-t∏m¿-´n-¬- ]dbp-∂p.- CØcw- hym-P elcn-acp-∂p-Ifp-sS hn¬-∏\bn¬- ap≥-]¥n-bn-ep-≈ cm-Pyw- C¥ybm-sW∂pw- hn-b∂ tI{μam-bn- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ sFF≥-kn-_n- ]dbp-∂p.- ]n-Sn-s®SpØ hymPelcn- acp-∂p-Ifn¬- 58 iXam-\hpw- C¥y-bn¬- \n-∂p≈hbm-bn-cp-∂p.- Np-cp-°Øn¬- C‚¿-s\‰n-\pw- AXp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p{]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ km-aq-ly-am-[y-a߃-°pw- c≠v- hißfp-≠v.- H∂vKp-W]cam-b hiw-,- as‰m-∂v- tZm-jßtfm- A]ISßtfm- kr-„n°m≥- Ign-bp-∂ hiw-.- IØn- F¥n-\p-th≠n- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂pF∂Xn-s\ B{ibn-®v- AXn-s‚ \∑Xn-∑Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂Xpt]m-se C‚¿-s\‰pw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfpw- F¥n-\p-th≠n- D]tbmKn-°s∏Sp-∂p- F∂Xn-s\ B{ibn-®m-Wv- AXn-s‚ t\´˛tIm-´ßƒhn-ebn-cp-Øs∏Sp-∂Xv.- A]IS߃- kr-„n-t®°m-\n-Sbp-s≠∂pIcp-Xn- CXn-\p- ap-∂n¬- hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ- sIm-´n-bS°m≥- ]p-tcm-KXn{]m-]n-® Hcp- kaq-lØn-\p- Ign-bn-√.- A]IS߃- sNdp-°m-\p-≈ Pm-{KX Im-´n-s°m-≠v- {]tbm-P\Icamw-hn-[w- Ahsb D]tbm-Kn°m≥- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dsb t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibm-Wv- th≠Xv.AXn-\v- BZy-am-bn- sNtø≠Xv- Iu-am-c°m¿- ]p-Xn-b km-aq-lyam-[y-aßfp-am-bn- \SØp-∂ CSs]Sen-s\∏‰n- c£n-Xm-°fpw- A[ym]Icpw- t_m-[hm-∑m-cm-hp-Ibm-Wv- th≠Xv.- Ahcp-sS am-[y-a D]tbmK co-Xn- (ao-Un-b lm-_n-‰v)- a\ n-em-°Ww.- Hcp- Im-cWhim-epwH‰s∏´ ap-dn-bn-tem- {]tXy-I ap-dn-bntem- Iw-]yq-´¿- D]tbm-Kn-°m≥Ahkcw- \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°Ww.- am-Xm-]n-Xm°ƒ-°pw- ap-Xn¿-∂h¿-°pwIq-Sn- GXp-kabØpw- D]tbm-Kn-°m≥- Ign-bp-∂ ÿeØv- Iw-]yq´¿- kw-hn-[m-\w- Hcp-°m≥- {i≤n-°Ww.- Iw-]yq-´dn-te°v- IS°m-\p≈ ]m-kv-thUv- Hcp- Im-cWhim-epw- Iu-am-c°m¿- clky-am-°n-

68

hbv-°m≥- A\p-hZn-®p-Iq-Sm.- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ km-[y-XIsfbpw- km-aqly-am-[y-a taJesbbpw- ]‰n- Ip-´n-Ifp-am-bn- Xp-d∂ N¿-®Iƒ-°vthZn-sbm-cp-°m≥- ap-Xn¿-∂h¿-°v- Ign-bWw.- hn-Zym-`ym-kaq-ey-߃°v- hn-e I¬-∏n-°m≥- Ip-´n-Isf {]m-]vX - cm-°pw-hn-[w- thWw- CØcwN¿-®Iƒ- \SØm≥.- km-aq-ly- am-[y-aßfn¬- Im-Wm-\n-Sbm-Ip-∂ Im-cy-߃- hn-iIe\w- sNøm-\pw- thWsa¶n¬- hn-a¿-in-°m-\pwIp-´n-Iƒ-°v- Ahkcw- \¬-IWw.- Im-Wp-∂ Im-gv-NIfn-se bYmXYam-b Im-cy-ßfpw- {`aI¬-∏\Ifpw- th¿-Xn-cn-®p- a\ n-em-°m≥Ip-´n-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°Ww.- skIv-kv, hbe≥-kv,- ]ckyw- F∂nhbp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ Im-cy-ßfn¬- hn-tijn-®pw.- A\¥am-bnCØcw- am-[yaßfp-am-bn- CSs]Sp-∂ io-ew- Hcp- Im-cWhim-epwt{]m-’mln-∏n-°cp-Xv.- Zn-hkw- ]cam-h[n- Ht∂m- ct≠m- aWn-°qdn¬- Xm-sgbm-°n- CXv- \n-Ps∏Sp-Øm≥- Ign-bWw.- GsXm-s° ssk‰p-Ifpw- GsXm-s° km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfpw- kμ¿-in-°p-∂pF∂Xn-\v- c£n-Xm-°ƒ- Xs∂ tdmƒ-tam-Uep-Ifm-hp-∂Xv- A`n-Imayam-Wv.- Nn-e ssk‰p-Ifpw- Ahbn-se D≈S°ßfpw- F¥p-sIm≠v- I≠p-Iq-Sm- F∂v- Ip-´n-Isf bp-‡n-klam-bn- t_m-[y-s∏Sp-Øm\p-≈ {ia߃- c£n-Xm-°fn¬- \n-∂p-≠m-hWw.- am-[y-a Aht_m[w- kr-„n-°m≥- kv-Iqƒ- XeØn¬- t_m-[h¬-°cW ¢m-kp-Iƒkw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xv- Bim-ky-am-bn-cn-°pw.- DØchm-Zs∏´ am-[y-a D]tbm-Kw- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-°p-∂Xn-\v- Bhiy-am-b \n-ba\n¿-amWsØ∏‰n- Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xpw- \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.- sSen-hn-j\n-epwa‰pw- aZy-Øn-s‚bpw- kn-Kc‰n-s‚bpw- ]ckyw- \n-tcm-[n-°p-∂Xn-\v\S]Sn-bp-≠m-hWw.- aZy-Øn-s‚ ]ckyw- Ct∏mƒ- t\cn-´v- Im-Wn°m-dn-s√¶n-epw- tkm-Ubp-sS ]ckyw- Im-Wn-®v- aZy-Øn-s‚ {]XoXn- P\n-∏n-°p-∂ A¤p-X hn-Zy-bm-Wv- am-[y-aßfn¬- ImWp-∂Xv.kn-Kc‰n-s‚ ]cky-Øn-epw- kam-\am-b X´n-∏v- {]ISam-Wv.- kn-Kc‰vhen-®m-ep-≠m-hp-∂ Dt∑jsØbpw- Du¿-PsØbpw- ]‰n- hm-Nm-eambn- hen-b A£cßfn¬- ]dbp-∂ ]ckyw- G‰hpw- Xm-sg s]s´∂vZr-„n-bn¬-s∏Sm-Ø{X sNdn-b A£cßfn-em-Wv- kn-Kc‰v- henBtcm-Ky-Øn-\v- lm-\n-Icw- - F∂ \n-ba]cam-b ap-∂dn-bn-∏v- \¬Ip-∂Xv.- Ip-´n-Ifp-sSbpw- Iu-am-c°m-cp-sSbpw- imco-cn-I˛am-\kn-I hf¿-®sb ]p-Xn-b am-[y-a߃- Fßs\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p- F∂Xns\∏‰n- Iq-Sp-X¬- KthjW]T\߃- D≠m-hWw.-

10. am-[y-a¡m-gN -v IfnÂ- ab§p-¶hÀtIcfØn-se ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´ F√m-hcpw- P\n-®p-ho-WXpwhfcp-∂Xpw- 1980Ifn-epw- AXn-\p-tijhp-am-Wv.- AXm-bXv- Zr-iy-am[y-aßfp-sS alm-hn-kv-t^m-S\Øn-\p-tijw-.- sSen-hn-j≥- km-t¶XnIhn-Zy-bn-epw- Iw-]yq-´¿- A[n-jv-Tn-X \ham-[y-a taJebn-epw- hn-kvabIcam-b hf¿-®bp-≠m-b Im-eL´Øn¬.- aebm-fn-bp-sS `m-jbpwkw-kv-Im-chpw- Po-hn-XNcy-Ifpw- {]Xo-£Ifpw- kz-]v-\ßfp-sam-s° A¤p-XIacam-bn- am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ A¥cm-fL´am-Wn-Xv.- sSenhn-j\pw- Iw-]yq-´dp-aS°ap-≈ am-[y-a k∂m-l߃- Po-hn-XsØ Nn-´s∏Sp-Øp-∂ kμ¿-`w- Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.- 165 h¿-jsØ Ncn-{Xap-≈ am-[y-a ]m-cºcy-Øn-¬- Hcn-SØpw- Im-Wm-Ø a´n¬- am-[y-a߃ssZ\w-Zn-\ Po-hn-XsØ kzm-[o-\n-°p-Ibpw- \n¿-Wbn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp∂ Im-ew.- Cu- am-[y-a°m-gv-NIfm-hs´ AXy-¥w- hn-kv-abm-hlhpw]et∏m-gpw- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ßfn¬- \n-∂v- AIsebp-am-Wv.- CØcw- Imgv-NIfn¬- A`n-can-®v- Po-hn-X{]Xo-£Iƒ- s\bv-Xp-Iq-´p-∂hcm-WvC∂sØ Xeap-d.GXp- Nm-\ep-Ifn-epw- an-∂n-adbp-∂ Im-gv-NIƒ- h¿-Wm-`am-b B´hpw- ]m-´pw- \n-d™Xm-Wv.- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ßfn¬-\n-∂v- hfsc AIsebm- W v - Cu- Im- g v - N Ifp- s S ]cn- k cw.- CØcw- ]›mØeØn¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠m-Wv- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´h¿- Po-hn-XsØ t\m-°n-°m-Wp-∂Xpw- `m-hn-sb∏‰n-bp-≈ {]Xo-£Iƒ Xm-tem-en°p-∂Xpw.- CXp- ]et∏m-gpw- Ahcp-sS Pohn-XsØ Ir-{Xn-aam-b Ahÿbn-seØn-°p-∂p-s≠∂Xm-Wv- hkv-Xp-X.- tIcfØn-t‚bpwaebm-fn-bp-tSbpw- Ncn-{Xw- tNm-cbpw- IÆo-cpw- ]p-c≠ hgn-Ifp-tSXmWv.- CXp-]t£ ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´h¿- Im-cy-am-bn- Adn-bp-∂ps≠∂v- tXm-∂p-∂n-√.- C∂sebp-sS Ncn-{Xadn-™pw- Dƒ-s°m-≠pw-

70

am-{Xta C∂n-s\ t\cn-Sm-\pw- \m-sfbp-sS kz-]v-\ßfn-te°v- [ocam-bn- k©cn-°m-\pw- Ign-bq.tIcfw- {`m-¥m-ebsa∂ hn-fn-t∏cp-sIm-≠v- Bt£]n-°s∏´ HcpsI´Im-eap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- 19mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-\Im-eØv- hSt° ae_m-dn-seØn-b kzm-an- hn-thIm-\μ≥- Pm-Xo-bam-b D®\o-NXzßfpw- A\m-Nm-cßfpw- AXym-Nm-cßfp-sam-s° I≠v- a\w-aSp-ØmWv- tIcfsØ Aßs\ hn-fn-®sX∂v- Ncn-{XIm-c∑m¿- ]dbp-∂p.CXp-am-{Xa√,- a\p-jy¿- F∂ \n-ebn-ep-≈ kzm-X{¥y-hp-w- P\m-[n]Xym-hIm-ißfp-sam-s° A\y-am-bn-cp-∂p- B Im-eØv-.- F√m-h¿°pw- Hcp-t]m-se ]Tn-°m≥- Ahkcap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- s]m-Xp-hgnbn-eq-sS F√m-h¿-°pw- \S°m-\pw- t£{Xm-cm-[\ \SØm-\pw- A∂vIgn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- Nn-e kap-Zm-bßfn¬-s∏´ ]p-cp-j∑m¿-°v- ta¬ao-i sh°m-\pw- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- am-dp-adbv-°m-\pw- AhIm-iw- \n-tj[n°s∏´n-cp-∂p.- cm-Pm-hn-\pw- cm-Pm-hn-s‚ {]Xn-]p-cp-j\m-b Zn-hm-\pwkv-Xp-Xn- ]m-Sn-s°m-≠p am-{Xta Po-hn-Xw- ap-t∂m´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.Cu- Zp-chÿtbm-Sv- ]e Xeßfn¬- Ieln-®pw- t]m-cm-Sn-bp-amWv- tIcfw- ap-t∂dn-bXv.- kzm-X{¥y-hpw- P\m-[n-]Xym-hIm-ißfpwÿm-]n-s®Sp-°p-∂Xn-\pw- am-\hn-I aq-ey-߃- Db¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xn\pw- klm-bIam-b A¥co-£w- kw-Pm-Xam-bXv- CØcw- t]m-cm´ßfneq-sSbm-Wv-.- \n-ch[n- t]cp-sS tNm-cbpw- {]m-W\pw- Cu- t]mcm-´ßfn¬- _en-b¿-∏n-°s∏´p.- AXn-s‚ Cu-Sp-hbv-∏n-em-Wv- kzmX{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw- kmaq-ly\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw- P\m-[n-]Xy- AhImißfp-sSbpw- hn-im-etem-ItØ°v- tIcfw- ]Zaq-∂n-bXv.- \thm∞m-\ Im-eØS°w- \S∂ CØcw- t]m-cm-´ßƒ-°v- Du¿-PhpwDt∑jhpw- \¬-In-s°m-≠m-Wv- A®Sn- am-[y-a߃- hn-Ikn-®Xpwap-t∂dn-bXpw.- A∂sØ ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cpw- ]{X DSaIfpw-(]{XapXem-fn-sb∂v- A°m-eØv- Bcpw- Adn-bs∏´n-cp-∂n-√)- cm-Py-Øns‚ kzm-X{¥y-hpw- P\m-[n-]Xy- AhIm-ißfpw- kw-c£n-°p-I F∂ Zu-Xyw- kz-bw- Gs‰Sp-Øhcm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]{X{]h¿-ØI¿-°v- kaqlsØ ]p-Xp-°n-∏Wn-bm≥- (Journalists can reshape the society) Ignbp-sa∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-Ibpw- AXv- ^e{]m-]v-Xn-bn¬- FØn-°p-∂Xn\p-th≠n- Po-hn-Xw- \o-°n-sh°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xhcm-bn-cp-∂p- Ah¿.tIm-∏n-Ifp-sS {]Nm-c°W°m-bn-cp-∂n-√,- adn-®v- Ah¿- ap-t∂m-´p-

71 h® Bibßfpw- Db¿-Ønb tNm-Zy-ßfp-am-bn-cp-∂p- Hcp- Xeapdbp-sSbm-sI Po-hn-XØn-\v- Zn-im-t_m-[w- \¬-In-bXv.- Np-cp°Øn¬km-aq-ln-I Po-hn-X ap-t∂‰hpw- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\hpw- ]ckv-]c]qcIßfm-bn- ap-t∂dn-b Im-eam-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ km-aq-tlym-∑p-Jhpw- Po-hn-XK‘n-bp-am-b A∂sØ ]{X{]h¿Ø\w- C∂pw- Ncn-{XØn¬- sXfn-bp-∂Xv kz¿-Wh¿-Wßtfm-sSbmWv.C∂v- AXn-\v- ASn-ap-Sn- am-‰w- h∂n-cn-°p-∂p.- em-`Nn-¥bpw- hn]Wn-h¬-°cWhpw- C∂sØ am-[y-a{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ AeIpw]n-Sn-bpw- am-‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- ]{X DSaIfp-sS ÿm-\w- ]Xp-s°∏Xps° ]{X ap-Xem-fn-bpw- Ahn-sS \n-∂v- hf¿-∂v- cm-Pym-¥c tIm¿]td‰v- i‡n-Ifpw- ssIøS°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- am-[y-a{]h¿-Ø\w- sIm≠v- em-`w- sIm-øp-I am-{Xa√,- AXv- \n-b{¥n-°p-∂ tIm-¿∏ - td‰v- i‡nIƒ- B{Kln-°p-∂ XcØn¬- P\ßfp-sS CNv-OIsfbpw- Xm¬]cy-ßsfbpw- am-‰n- adn-°m-\pw- {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.P\ßfp-sS Xs∂ kΩXn- D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- hm-b\°m-cs\bpwt{]£Is\bpw- tIm¿-]td‰v- Xm¬-]cy-߃-°v- hn-t[bcm-°p-∂p.Chn-sSbmWv- kΩXn-\n¿-an-Xn (Manufacturing Consent) F∂ tNmwkv-In-b≥- {]tbm-KØn-s‚ km-w-KXyw.]{Xßtfm- amkn-IItfm- sSen-hn-jt\m- Iw-]yq-´tdm- GXpamIs´ C∂v- Atacn-° tI{μo-Icn-®v- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ cm-Pym-¥c tIm¿]td‰v- i‡n-Ifp-sS DSaÿXbn-ep-≈Xm-Wv.- am-[y-aIp-ØIIfp-sS hf¿- ® (Monopolies) _lp- t aJem- Ip- Ø IIfp- s S (Conglomeration)hf¿- ® ,- _lp- c m- { „ Ip- Ø IIfp- s S hf¿- ® (Transnationalization), hm-Wn-Py-h¬-°cWw- (Commercialization),F∂n-h ]p-Xn-b hm-Wn-Py-h‡m-°fp-sS ASbm-fhm-Iy-ßfm-bn- amdn.- am-[y-a Ip-ØIIfp-sS hf¿-®bp-sSbpw- B[n-]Xy-Øn-s‚bpwco-Xn-im-kv-{Xw- s_≥- _m-Kv-Un-°n-b≥- am-[y-a Ip-ØI (Media Monopoly) F∂ {]kn-≤ {KŸØn¬- hn-iZo-Icn-°p-∂p-≠v.- Atacn° Hm¨-sse≥-˛ssSw- hm¿-W¿,- \yq-kv- tIm¿-]tdj≥,- Un-kv-\n-,tkm-Wn,- hn-bm-tImw,- _¿-S¬-kv-am≥,- F_n-kn,- en-_¿-´n- ao-Un-b F∂n-ßs\ hn-cen-seÆm-hp-∂ BtKm-f am-[y-a `o-a∑m-cm-Wv- C∂vam-[y-acw-Kw- \n-b{¥n-°p-∂Xv.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Chcp-sS A¿∞im-kv-{Xw- am-[y-aßfp-sS ap-Jap-{Zbm-bn- am-dp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

72

em-Lhh¬-°cWw- (Trivialisation) hm-Wn-Py-h¬-°cWw- (Commercialization) Nc°p-h¬-°cWw (Commodification)- Xp-Sßn-b tIm¿]td‰v- kw-⁄Iƒ- C∂sØ am-[y-aßfp-sS co-Xn-im-kv-{XØn\v- tNcp-∂Xm-bn- am-dn.- Po-hn-XsØ°p-dn-®v- AbYm¿-Yhpw- km-¶¬∏n-Ihpw- B¿-`mS]q¿-Whp-am-b Nn-{X߃- kΩm-\n-°p-∂ XcØn¬hm¿-ØIfpw- am-[y-aßfp-sS D≈S°ßfpw- am-dp-∂Xv- CXp-sIm-≠mWv.- kw-`h߃- hm¿-Øm-IY\߃- (News Stories) BsW∂ {]mYan-I k¶¬-∏\Øn¬- \n-∂v- Ah tIhew- IYIfpw- b£n-°YIfpsam-s°bm-bn- am-dp-∂Xn-s‚ ]›m-Øehpw- CXm-Wv.- ss]¶n-fn-h¬°cW- (Sensationalization) Øn-s‚ BSbm-`cW߃- hm¿-ØIfnepw- hcIfn-epw- Nn-{Xßfn-ep-sam-s° \n-d™p- \n¬-°p-∂Xn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\hpw- as‰m-∂√.- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dsbbpw- am-[y-aßsfbpw_‘s∏Sp-Øn-bp-≈ Nn-¥Ifn¬- Cu-hI Im-cy-ßfpw- ]cn-KWnt°≠Xp-≠v.- ]T\Øn¬- Is≠Øn-b A\p-am-\ßsf Cßs\ kw-{Kln-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.1.-

sSen-hn-j\pw- C‚¿-s\‰p-aS°ap-≈ \ham-[y-aßfp-am-bnssZ\w-Zn-\w- kw-hZn-°m-sX ap-t∂m-´p-t]m-Im≥- Ign-bm-Ø \nebn-em-Wv- C∂sØ ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d.-

2.-

Cu- am-[y-a߃- Im-gv-Nsh°p-∂ Bibßfpw- ktμißfpwAhcp-sS \n-Xy-Pohn-XsØ {]Xy-£am-bpw- ]tcm-£am-bpwkzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p.-

3.-

Kp-W]cam-bn- kzm-[o-\n-°m≥- Ign-bp-∂Xp-t]m-se Xs∂ tZmjIcam-bn- _m-[n-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßfpw- \ham-[y-aßfn-ep-≠v.-

4.-

Kp-W]cam-b kzm-[o-\sØ°mƒ- tZm-jap-fhm-°p-∂ kzm-[o\Øn-\m-Wv- ap≥-Xq-°w.-

5.-

]p-Ø≥- am-[y-aßfp-am-bp-≈ ssZ\w-Zn-\ CSs]Sep-Iƒ- ]p-Xnb Xeap-dbv-°v- bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn-\pw- A∏p-dap-≈ Hcp- tem-IamWv- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xv.-

6.-

CXp-aq-ew- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´ `q-cn]£w- t]cpw- kz-¥w- Ncn{Xhpw- ]m-cºcy-hpw- Adn-bm-sX t]m-Ip-∂p.-

7.-

bm-Ym¿-Yy-߃ Ir-Xy-am-bn- a\ n-em-°m≥- Ign-bm-sX t]mIp-∂- Ch¿- HØn-cn- hym-tam-l߃-°v- ASn-s∏Sp-Ibpw- `m-

73 h\m-]q¿Wam-b tem-IØv- A`n-can-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.8.-

Po-hn-XsØ°p-dn-®pw- kaq-lsØ°p-dn-®p-ap-≈ `m-hn- Xeap-dbpsS Im-gv-N∏m-Sp-Iƒ-°v- Ku-chan-√m-sX hcp-∂p.-

\n-À-tZi§Ä1.-

]p-Xn-b am-[y-aßfp-sS \∑Xn-∑Iƒ- icn-bmw-hn-[w- ]p-Xp-Xeapdbn-ep-≈hsc t_m-[y-s∏Sp-Øm≥- Ku-ch]q¿-Wam-b \S]Snbp-≠m-hWw.-

2.-

]p-Ø≥- am-[y-aßfp-s S km-t ¶Xn-IXsb∏‰n t_m- [ h¬°cWw- \SØp-tºmƒ- Ahbp-sS D≈S°Øn-s‚ \ym-bm-\ymbßsf∏‰n-bpw- Adn-hp- ]Icm≥- {iaap-≠m-hWw.-

3.-

GXp-Im-cy-Øn-\p-sa∂t]m-se Ct∏m-gsØ am-[y-a߃-°pwKp-Whpw- tZm-jhp-ap-s≠∂pw- Ahbn-se Kp-W]cam-b Im-cy߃-°m-Wv- ap≥-Xq-°w- \¬-tI≠sX∂p-ap-≈ [m-cW Dfhm°m≥- {ian-°Ww.-

4.-

sSen-hn-j\pw- Iw-]yq-´dpw- C‚¿-s\‰p-sam-s°bp-am-bn- BhiyØn-tesd t\cw- sNehgn-°m≥- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v- Ahkcw- \¬Im-Xn-cn-°Ww.-

5.-

Ip-´n-Iƒ- Ch D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- c£n-Xm-°fpw- A[ym-]IcpwI¿-i\am-bn- \n-co-£n-°p-∂Xv- \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.-

6.-

A{i≤tbm-sSbpw- BthitØm-sSbp-ap-≈ C‚¿-s\‰v- D]tbmKw- A]IS°p-cp-°p-Iƒ- D≠m-°p-sa∂v- Ip-´n-Isf t_m-[ys∏Sp-Øm≥- Ign-bWw.- C°m-cy-Øn¬- c£n-Xm-°ƒ-°pw- A[ym]I¿-°pw- hen-b ]¶p-≠v.-

74

{KÙkq-Nn-I 1.- ANyp-Xv- i¶¿ tUm. 2.- A\n¬-Ip-am¿- F hn3.- A\n¬-Ip-am¿- hShm-Xq¿-

4.- cho-{μ≥- sI,CIv-_m¬- _n- tUm. 5.6.7.8.-

9.10.-

11.12.-

C≥-^¿-taj≥- sSIv-t\m-fPn-,tIcf `m-jm- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v-,- 1997 Beky-Øn-s‚ Bƒ-°q-´ßƒ, Fkv-]n-kn-Fkv-,- 2001.]{XNcn- { XØn- s e Hm¿a®n{X߃-,-tIcf `m-jm- C≥-kv‰n-‰yq-´v- 2006.-

C‚¿-s\‰pw- C≥-^¿-taj≥- hnπhhpw- Un-kn- _p-Iv-kv-,- 1999 tdm-_n≥- sP{^n C¥ybn-se ]{Xhnπhw-,- tIcf `m-jm- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v,- 2004 kPn- ap-f¥p-cp-Øn]{Xw-,- Ncn-{Xw-,- ]h\≥-.-, tIcf km-ln-Xy A°m-Zan,- 2008 sk_m-kv-‰y≥- t]mƒ tUm. am-[y-a hn-Nm-cw-,- em-hWy]ªn-t°j≥-kv-,- 2008 jm-Pn- tP°_v hn-]co-X߃ (aebm-fn-bp-sS am[y- a Pohn- X w- ) - ]cn- [ n- ]ªnt°j≥-kv,- 2012 jn-_p- ap-lΩZv Ncn-{XØn-s‚ ap-{ZW߃-,tIcf `m-jm- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v-,- 2007 tXm-akv- sFkIv- Sn- FwtUm.- N{μtiJc≥- F≥- ]n- hym-PkΩXn-bp-sS \n¿-an-Xn,Nn-¥ ]ªn-tjgv-kv-,- 2009 thWp-tKm-]m¬- Sn cm-Pt{Zm-ln-bm-b cm-Py-kv-t\lntIcf {]kv- A°m-Zan,- 1996 hn-f\n-ew- sP hn am-[y-aßfpw- B\p-Im-en-I km-aqly {]iv-\ßfpw,- tIcf `m-jmC≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v-,- 2005

75 13. Amal Datta

:

Effects of Television and the Viewers, Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2007 The Media Monopoly, 5th Ed, Boston Beacon Press 1997

14. Bagdikian B H

:

15. Edward S Hermenn, Robert W McChesney

:

Global Media: The Coporate Missionaries of Capitalism, Paperback, Continnum 2004

16. Kenneth Stewart John Tebbel

:

17. Nalin Mehta

:

Makers of Modern Journalism, Dept. of Journalism, New York University, 1995 India on Television, Harper Collins, 2008.

18. Mac Luhan Marshall

:

19. Nalini Rajan

:

20. Peter. O. Orlic

:

21. Pramod K Sinha

:

Understanding Media, New York Mc Gravil, 1964 21st Century Journalism in India, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2007 Electronic Media Criticism, Focal Press, 1994 Elements of Electronic Media: Tools and Technique, Kanishka Publishers, 2007

76

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