Transition spaces: Metro stations in Milan

report_2002 WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH ULTXDOL多FDWLRQ RI PHWUR VWDWLRQV LQ WKH PLODQ XQGHJURXQG V\VWHP

lab 3_02 laboratorio di interni 3_postiglione facoltĂ del design politecnico di milano

editors alessia mosci gennaro postiglione

WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH ULTXDOL多FDWLRQ RI PHWUR VWDWLRQV LQ WKH PLODQ XQGHJURXQG V\VWHP

LQGH[

BLQWURGXFWLRQ BWR DFW XSRQ WKH H[LVWLQJ WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH E\ JHQQDUR SRVWLJOLRQH BWKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ BWUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH BULTXDOL¿FDWLRQ RI XQGHUJURXQG VWDWLRQV BDUFKLWHFWXUH DV D WRRO IRU UH ZULWLQJ VSDFH WKH SRHWLF RI KRVSLWDOLW\ BWKH FDVH VWXGLHV BZRUOG PHWUR BORQGRQ BPLODQ BPRQDFR BWKH H[SHULHQFH RI WUDYHOOLQJ DQG QRQSODFHV WH[W E\ DOHVVLD PRVFL BWKH XQGHUJURXQG VWDWLRQV BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV SLROD BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV OLPD BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV S WD YHQH]LD BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV SDOHVWUR BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV GXRPR BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV V DPEURJLR BWKH VWXGHQWV ZRUN BDQDO\]LQJ WKH VWUXFWXUHV BDQDO\]LQJ WKH VWUXFWXUHV BDEDFXV BPDQLIHVWRV BGUDZLQJV BYLVLRQV BGHWDLOV BPHWUR DV FXOWXUDO PHGLD PHWURSROLWDQD PH]]R GL FXOWXUD OHWWHUD GL SLHUR ERWWRQL BD PHWURSROLWDQ SRHP D SRHP E\ VDUD PDUWLQHOOL DSSHQGL[ VWXGHQWV ELEOLRJUDSK\

BLQWURGXFWLRQ

&DSLUH UHDOPHQWH O¶DUFKLWHWWXUD GL XQD FLWWj FDSLUH TXDQWR L PDQXIDWWL DUFKLWHWWRQLFL FRUULVSRQGDQR DOOH HVLJHQ]H H DOOD FUHVFLWD FXOWXUDOH GL XQD VRFLHWj LPSOLFD XQ¶REEOLJDWRULD GLJUHVVLRQH GDL OXRJKL GHSXWDWL D UDSSUHVHQWDUQH O¶LPPDJLQH XI¿FLDOH HGL¿FL SXEEOLFL PXVHL PRQXPHQWL H SLD]]H H FDODUVL WUD L PXWHYROL H FRQWUDGGLWWRUL YROWL GHJOL VSD]L SL YLFLQL DOOD YLWD GHOO¶XRPR HQWUDUH QHOOH FDVH FRPSUDUH QHL QHJR]L PD VRSUDWWXWWR PXRYHUVL SHU OH VWUDGH GHOOD FLWWj 4XHVWH LQIDWWL UDSSUHVHQWDQR L IUDPPHQWL GHOOD FLWWj LQ FXL OH SHUVRQH WUDQVLWDQR DOWHUQDQGR O¶XWLOL]]R GL PH]]L GL WUDVSRUWR SULYDWR D TXHOOL SXEEOLFL GL FXL LO SL XVDWR q VHQ]D GXEELR OD PHWURSROLWDQD FKH FRQVHQWH GL ³VSRVWDUVL´ GD XQ OXRJR DOO¶DOWUR VHQ]D ³DWWUDYHUVDUH´ DOFXQR VSD]LR VH QRQ TXHOOR QXOOR GHO WXQQHO H TXHOOR ¿OWUR GHOOD VWD]LRQH ,Q SDUWLFRODUH WDOL OXRJKL SXEEOLFL UDSSUHVHQWDQR XQ¶LQWHUHVVDQWH ³VFDOD LQWHUPHGLD´ GHO SURJHWWR GL LQWHUQL OHJDWL GD XQ ODWR DOOH SUREOHPDWLFKH WLSLFKH GHJOL LQWHUYHQWL SL YLFLQL DOOH HVLJHQ]H ¿VLFKH H SVLFRORJLFKH GHOO¶XRPR FRQGL]LRQDWL GDOO¶DOWUR GDOO¶HVVHUH GHVWLQDWL DG XQ DPSLR QXPHUR GL SHUVRQH GL FXL GLYHQJRQR WDOYROWD LQFRQVDSHYROPHQWH OD UDSSUHVHQWD]LRQH GHO ORUR LPPDJLQDULR 6SD]L IUDPPHQWDWL LQ FXL LQ SULPD LVWDQ]D q ULPRVVD OD QR]LRQH GL OXRJR H FRQ HVVD OD SURVVLPLWj LQ WDO PRGR YLHQH DG HVVHUH ULPRVVD DQFKH OD SUHVHQ]D GHO FRUSR O¶LQFRQWUR FRQ LO SURVVLPR H LQ XOWLPD LVWDQ]D OD GLJQLWj ³1RQOXRJKL´ GD ULVFDWWDUH DWWUDYHUVR LO SURJHWWR GL LQWHUQL DOOD FXOWXUD XUEDQD DOOH VXH HVSUHVVLRQL H DL VXRL WRSRL VYLOXSSDQGR WUDQVL]LRQL UDIIRU]DQGR OD WHOD GHOOH VXH UHOD]LRQL H DWWXDQGR XQD SRHWLFD GHOO¶RVSLWDOLWj FDSDFH GL DFFRJOLHUH LO JHVWR H GXQTXH OD YLWD ,O SURJUDPPD IXQ]LRQDOH GL WUDVIRUPD]LRQH H ULDVVHWWR GHOOH VWD]LRQL q HODERUDWR VXOOD

BWR DFW XSRQ WKH H[LVWLQJ WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH E\ JHQQDUR SRVWLJOLRQH

LQVHULUH XQ WHVWR JHQHULFR GL JHQQDUR UHODWLYR D ³LQWHUYHQLUH VXOO¶HVLVWHQWH´

³6H XQ OXRJR SXz GH¿QLUVL FRPH LGHQWLWDULR UHOD]LRQDOH VWRULFR XQR VSD]LR FKH QRQ SXz GH¿QLUVL Qp UHOD]LRQDOH Qp VWRULFR GH¿QLUj XQ QRQOXRJR ´ 0 $XJq

BSUHVHQWLQJ WKH ZRUN

BWUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH

³6H XQ OXRJR SXz GH¿QLUVL FRPH LGHQWLWDULR UHOD]LRQDOH VWRULFR XQR VSD]LR FKH QRQ SXz GH¿QLUVL Qp UHOD]LRQDOH Qp VWRULFR GH¿QLUj XQ QRQOXRJR ± FRVu DIIHUPD 0DUF $XJp QHO VXR ³1RQOXRJKL´ H FRQWLQXD >«@ 8Q PRQGR LQ FXL VL QDVFH LQ FOLQLFD H VL PXRUH LQ RVSHGDOH LQ FXL VL PROWLSOLFDQR FRQ PRGDOLWj OXVVXRVH R LQXPDQH L SXQWL GL WUDQVLWR H OH RFFXSD]LRQL SURYYLVRULH LQ FXL VL VYLOXSSD XQD ¿WWD UHWH GL PH]]L GL WUDVSRUWR FKH VRQR DQFKH VSD]L DELWDWL LQ FXL JUDQGL PDJD]]LQL GLVWULEXWRUL DXWRPDWLFL H FDUWH GL FUHGLWR ULDQQRGDQR L JHVWL GL XQ FRPPHUFLR µPXWR¶ XQ PRQGR SURPHVVR DOO¶LQGLYLGXDOLWj VROLWDULD DO SDVVDJJLR DO SURYYLVRULR H DOO¶HI¿PHUR SURSRQH DOO¶DQWURSRORJR PD DQFKH D WXWWL JOL DOWUL XQ RJJHWWR QXRYR GHO TXDOH FRQYLHQH PLVXUDUH OH GLPHQVLRQL LQHGLWH >«@ ´ 6SD]L FDUDWWHUL]]DWL SULQFLSDOPHQWH GDOO¶DWWUDYHUVDPHQWR H GDO WUDQVLWR R D OLPLWH GDOOD VRVWD EUHYH VWD]LRQL H FHQWUL FRPPHUFLDOL WUHQL H FOXE GL YDFDQ]H L QRQOXRJKL VRQR LO IUXWWR GL FLz FKH VHPSUH $XJLp GH¿QLVFH VXUPRGHUQLWj ± XQD PRGHUQLWj VRYUDEERQGDQWH GL DYYHQLPHQWL GL VSD]L H FDUDWWHUL]]DWD GDOO¶LQGLYLGXDOL]]D]LRQH GHL ULIHULPHQWL GH¿QLWL GDOOD VROLWXGLQH FRQGLYLVD GHL IUHTXHQWDWRUL H GDO UXROR HJHPRQLFR H JHVWLRQDOH DVVXQWR GDOOH µFRPXQLFD]LRQL¶ 3UHVFULWWLYR SURLELWLYR R LQIRUPDWLYR FKH VLD LO FRQWHQXWR GHO PHVVDJJLR OD FRPXQLFD]LRQH µVLOHQ]LRVD¶ GH¿QLVFH OH PRGDOLWj H OH UHJROH G¶XVR GHOOR VSD]LR FKH UHQGRQR XQLIRUPH H RPRJHQHD OD PROWHSOLFLWj GHL IUXLWRUL DFFUHGLWDQGR DWWULEXHQGR ORUR XQD WHPSRUDQHD LGHQWLWj FRQGLYLVD H FROOHWWLYD TXHOOD GL µXWHQWL¶ DSSXQWR ,Q WDO VHQVR OH IHUPDWH GHOOH PHWURSROLWDQH FRQ LO ORUR ÀXVVR GL SDVVHJJHUL FKH VHQ]D VRVWD VL VSRVWDQR GD XQ SXQWR DOO¶DOWUR GHOOD µUHWH¶ LO UXROR GLVSRWLFR GHO WHPSR ± FKH VRYULQWHQGH HJHPRQH DO ORUR WUDQVLWR OD VRWWRVFUL]LRQH GL XQ µFRQWUDWWR¶ GL DSSDUWHQHQ]D ± LO ELJOLHWWR R O¶DEERQDPHQWR FKH QH FRQVHQWRQR O¶XVR O¶LPSHUR GHL VHJQL FKH QH JHVWLVFH L FRPSRUWDPHQWL H QRQ XOWLPR OD PDQFDQ]D GL TXDOVLDVL FRQWDWWR FRQ O¶HVWHUQR ± FKH FRQIHULVFH D TXHVWL VSD]L XQD YLWD FRPSOHWDPHQWH DXWRQRPD H LQGLSHQGHQWH ± UDSSUHVHQWDQR XQ WLSLFR HVHPSLR GL QRQOXRJR GHOOD VXUPRGHUQLWj FKH RJQL JLRUQR YLYLDPR H FRQ OD TXDOH VLDPR FKLDPDWL FRQWLQXDPHQWH D FRQIURQWDUFL

BULTXDOL¿FDWLRQ RI XQGHUJURXQG VWDWLRQV 1RGL GHOO¶LQWHQVD H FRQYXOVD UHWH GL WUDQVLWL L FDUDWWHUL GHOOH QXRYH µPRGDOLWj G¶XVR¶ FKH VL VRQR YHQXWH LPSRQHQGR FRQ XUEDQL FKH VL VYLOXSSD WDQWR LQ VXSHU¿FLH FKH VHPSUH PDJJLRU XUJHQ]D H GLIIXVLRQH QHJOL XOWLPL DQQL $OOH QHFHVVLWj GL GDUH VRWWRWHUUD WDQWR FRQ PH]]L SXEEOLFL FKH SULYDWL LPPDJLQH H VSD]LR D QXRYH IRUPH GHO WUDQVLWR GHO WHPSR OLEHUR GHO FRPPHUFLR OH IHUPDWH GHOOH PHWURSROLWDQH UDSSUHVHQWDQR HFF FKH KD FDUDWWHUL]]DWR H FDUDWWHUL]]D OD FRQWHPSRUDQHLWj ± R VXUPRGHUQLWj SUREDELOPHQWH LO QRQOXRJR SL XVDWR IUHTXHQWDWR SHU XVDUH OH SDUROH GL $XJp QRQ KD IDWWR ULVFRQWUR Qp VpJXLWR XQ¶DOWUHWWDQWR H FRQGLYLVR QHOOD YLWD GL XQ DELWDQWH GL XQD LQWHQVD DWWLYLWj SURJHWWXDOH PROWR VSHVVR HVDXULWDVL HVFOXVLYDPHQWH QHO TXDOVLDVL µPHWURSROL¶ ± YDOH D GLUH GL XQ FLWWDGLQR VRGGLVIDFLPHQWR GHO SURJUDPPD IXQ]LRQDOH H QHOO¶RWWLPL]]DUH OH ULVRUVH µPHWURSROLWDQR¶ H LO IDWWR FKH OD SDUROD XVDWD VHFRQGR XQ DEXVDWR H IUDLQWHVR SULQFLSLR GL HFRQRPLD VLD OD VWHVVD VSLQJH D FRQVLGHUDUH LGHQWLFL L 2JJL TXHVWD IDVH LQL]LDOH VL q RUPDL FRQFOXVD H OD QHFHVVLWj GL ULQQRYR LPSRVWD GXH WHUPLQL /¶DELWXGLQH D IDUH ODUJR XVR GHO GL UHFHQWH D PROWH VWUXWWXUH IUXWWR GL XQ¶XVXUD GHWWDWD GDOO¶HFFHVVLYR VXFFHVVR WUDVSRUWR SXEEOLFR VROOHFLWDWD SUREDELOPHQWH H GD XQD VRWWRVWLPD GHJOL XVL KD SRVWR LO SUREOHPD GL XQD SURJHWWD]LRQH DWWHQWD GD XQD FHUWD FRVFLHQ]D HFRORJLVWD RUPDL DOOD TXDOLWj DQFKH SHU VSD]L FKH VL FDUDWWHUL]]DQR SHU PRGDOLWj G¶XVR H GL GLYHQXWD SDWULPRQLR FRPXQH H GD XQD YHUL¿FDWD IUXL]LRQH RSSRVWH D TXHOOH VROLWDPHQWH DWWULEXLWH DL OXRJKL GHOO¶DELWDUH LPSRVVLELOLWj GL PXRYHUVL FRQ PH]]L DXWRQRPL $YHQGR DFFHWWDWR OD V¿GD GL PLVXUDUH OH FDSDFLWj GL SURJHWWLVWL FRQ L QRQOXRJKL WXWWL LQVLHPH LQ WHPSL H PRGL SUHVWDELOLWL FL VL SRQH O¶LQWHUURJDWLYR GL GH¿QLUH JOL RELHWWLYL H OH VWUDWHJLH GL XQ TXDOVLDVL LQWURGXFH TXRWLGLDQDPHQWH D IDUH HVSHULHQ]D GL SRVVLELOH LQWHUYHQWR WHVR D PRGL¿FDUQH O¶DVVHWWR WUDGL]LRQDOH H FRQVROLGDWR QRQOXRJKL VHQ]D VWUDYROJHUQH L FDUDWWHUL 6L WUDWWD FRPH VL q YLVWR GL VSD]L FKH UDGLFDQR 9HWWXUD GHO WUHQR EDQFKLQD PH]]DQLQR H LO SURSULR IXQ]LRQDPHQWR QHOOD ³LQGLVSHQVDELOH´ PDQFDQ]D GL UHOD]LRQL FRQ LO SHUVLQR OH VFDOH GL XVFLWD YHUVR O¶HVWHUQR ± GRSR OXRJR ± ¿VLFR H VWRULFR QHO QRQ DSSDUWHQHUH D QHVVXQR H SHU TXHVWR HVVHUH DYHU OLEHUDWRULDPHQWH YDUFDWR FRQ XQ VHQVR GL FRQGLYLVLELOL GD XQD PROWHSOLFLWj DQRQLPD H GLVRPRJHQHD QHOO¶LPSHGLUH DSSDJDPHQWR SHU µDYHU IDWWR LO SURSULR GRYHUH¶ ± DWWUDYHUVR OD SURSULD DUFKLWHWWXUD OD UHDOL]]D]LRQH GL VFDPEL UHOD]LRQDOL WUD GL EXRQ SDVVHJJHUR OD EDUULHUD FRQWD SHUVRQH JOL LQGLYLGXL FKH OL DWWUDYHUVDQR QHOO¶DI¿GDUH D XQD ¿WWD UHWH GL VRUYHJOLDQ]D ± UDSSUHVHQWDQR DOWUHWWDQWL IUDPPHQWL GL H FRQWUROOR ± FRQ OR VSHWWUR GHOOD SXQL]LRQH ± LO ULVSHWWR GHO µFRQWUDWWR¶ FKH QH TXHOO¶XQLFR JUDQGH QRQOXRJR FKH q OD VWD]LRQH UHQGH IUXLELOH L VHUYL]L 6X TXHVWL VSD]L H LQ TXHVWL VSD]L FDUDWWHUL]]DWL ,O SURJHWWR SDUWHQGR GDOOD FRQVDSHYROH]]D GHOOH VSHFL¿FLWj GHO WHPD H GHO OXRJR GDO WUDQVLWR GDO SDVVDJJLR GDO WHPSR VFDQGLWR ± LQWHVR FRPH QRQOXRJR ± GHYH LQWHUYHQLUH QHOOD RUJDQL]]D]LRQH GHJOL VSD]L H H GD WXWWL JOL DOWUL FDUDWWHUL FRQGLYLVL GD VLPLOL QHOOD ORUR GH¿QL]LRQH IRUPDOH H PDWHULFD SHU LQFUHPHQWDUQH OH TXDOLWj SHUFHWWLYH µFDYLWj SUDWLFDWH¶ LO /DERUDWRULR GL DUFKLWHWWXUD H G¶XVR ULVFDWWDQGROL DOOD FXOWXUD XUEDQD DOOH VXH HVSUHVVLRQL H DL VXRL WRSRL GHJOL LQWHUQL LQWHQGH WHQWDUH XQD VSHULPHQWD]LRQH &RQVDSHYROL FKH QRQ VL q LQ JUDGR Qp LQ FRQGL]LRQH GL VRYYHUWLUQH OH OHJJL SURJHWWXDOH GL ULTXDOL¿FD]LRQH 5L¿XWDQGR ± IHUUHH ± FKH QH UHJRODQR OR VWDWXWR H VRSUDWWXWWR FKH QRQ ULVLHGH LQ FLz LO OD EDQDOH H IUDLQWHVD RSSRVL]LRQH GL OXRJR D FRPSLWR GHO SURJHWWLVWD FKLDPDWR XQLFDPHQWH D PLJOLRUDUH OD TXDOLWj GHOOD YLWD QRQOXRJR FKH DWWULEXLVFH D TXHVW¶XOWLPR OD FKH LQ HVVL VL VYROJH DQFKH VH VROR µLQ WUDQVLWR¶

BDUFKLWHFWXUH DV D WRRO IRU UH ZULWLQJ VSDFH

³7XWWH OH SUDWLFKH VLJQL¿FDQWL SRVVRQR JHQHUDUH WHVWR OD SUDWLFD SLWWRULFD TXHOOD PXVLFDOH ¿OPLFD HFF >«@ 6H OD WHRULD GHO WHVWR WHQGH DG DEROLUH OD VHSDUD]LRQH GHL JHQHUL H GHOOH DUWL q SHUFKp QRQ FRQVLGHUD SL OH RSHUH FRPH VHPSOLFL µPHVVDJJL¶ >«@ PD FRPH SURGX]LRQL SHUSHWXH HQXQFLD]LRQL DWWUDYHUVR OH TXDOL LO VRJJHWWR FRQWLQXD GLEDWWHUVL TXHVWR VRJJHWWR q FHUWR TXHOOR GHOO¶DXWRUH PD DQFKH TXHOOR GHO OHWWRUH /D WHRULD GHO WHVWR SURYRFD GXQTXH OD YDORUL]]D]LRQH GL XQ QXRYR RJJHWWR HSLVWHPRORJLFR OD OHWWXUD >«@ 1RQ VROWDQWR OD WHRULD DOODUJD DOO¶LQ¿QLWR OH OLEHUWj GHOOD OHWWXUD PD DQFRUD LQVLVWH PROWR VXOO¶HTXLYDOHQ]D SURGXWWLYD WUD OD VFULWWXUD H OD OHWWXUD >«@ GRYH OD SLHQD OHWWXUD q TXHOOD LQ FXL LO OHWWRUH QRQ q QLHQW¶DOWUR FKH FROXL FKH YXROH VFULYHUH ´ $YHQGR DFFHWWDWR FRPH VXJJHVWLRQH PHWDIRULFD H FRPH LSRWHVL GL XQD SUDVVL RSHUDWLYD D XQD VRUWD GL WUDVSRVL]LRQH GHOOD WHRULD HQXQFLDWD GD 5RODQG %DUWKHV GDO FDPSR OHWWHUDOH D TXHOOR

F¶q OD QHFHVVLWj GL VWDELOLUH FRPH H LQ FKH PRGR FLz DYYHQJD R SRVVD DYYHQLUH 6H O¶DGR]LRQH GHOOD LGHQWLWj WUD OHWWXUD GHO WHVWR H VXD ³ULVFULWWXUD´ DSSDUH FKLDUD FRPH VL q YLVWR TXDQGR VL q LQ FDPSR OHWWHUDULR ULVXOWD SL FRPSOHVVR WUDVIHULUH WDOH SURFHGLPHQWR GL GHFRGL¿FD]LRQH FUHD]LRQH DO PRQGR GHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUD FKH SRUWD FRQ Vp WXWWD OD SHVDQWH]]D GHOO¶HVVHUH XQD PDQLIHVWD]LRQH WULGLPHQVLRQDOH GRWDWD GL XQD SURSULD LGHQWLWj ¿VLFD DXWRQRPD H FDYD 8Q WHVWR SHU TXDQWR GRWDWR DQFK¶HVVR GL XQD VXD GLPHQVLRQH ¿VLFD TXHOOD GHOOH SDJLQH GL FXL VL FRVWLWXLVFH HQWUD LQ XQD UHOD]LRQH GLYHUVD FRQ LO VXR IUXLWRUH FRQ XQD YLVLRQH DO OLPLWH ± q LO OLEUR FKH HQWUD DELWD QHO OHWWRUH QHO VHQVR FKH FRQ OD OHWWXUD LO WHVWR VL WUDVIHULVFH WHPSRUDQHDPHQWH H SHU IUDPPHQWL µGHQWUR¶ FKL OHJJH $O FRQWUDULR RJQL RSHUD]LRQH GL FRPSUHQVLRQH GL µOHWWXUD¶ GL XQ PDQXIDWWR DUFKLWHWWRQLFR FRPSRUWD XQ HQWUDUH GHQWUR DELWDUH OR VSD]LR &LRQRQRVWDQWH FRQ OH GRYXWH GLIIHUHQ]H H VRSUDWWXWWR FRQ O¶LQGLVSHQVDELOH EDJDJOLR GL FRQRVFHQ]D GHOOH VSHFL¿FLWj DWWUDYHUVR FXL VL FRPSRQH LO GLVFRUVR DUFKLWHWWRQLFR DQFKH SHU O¶DUFKLWHWWXUD OD FRPSUHQVLRQH GL XQD GHWHUPLQDWD RSHUD SDVVD LQHOXGLELOPHQWH SHU XQD VXD VFRPSRVL]LRQH ULFRPSRVL]LRQH /HJJHUH XQ PDQXIDWWR LQIDWWL LPSOLFD OD VXD µGHFRVWUX]LRQH¶ WHVD DOO¶LQGLYLGXD]LRQH GHJOL HOHPHQWL FDUDWWHUL]]DQWL H GHOOH ORUR ORJLFKH FRPSRVLWLYH FKH QH FRQVHQWH DOOD ¿QH XQD ULFRPSRVL]LRQH YLUWXDOH &Lz QH FRVWLWXLVFH GL IDWWR DQFKH OD VXD FRPSUHQVLRQH &RPH QHO WHVWR QRQ HVLVWH XQ ULVFRQWUR RJJHWWLYR VXOOD LGHQWLWj R PHQR WUD LO SHQVLHUR GHOO¶DXWRUH H TXHOOR GHO IUXLWRUH D JDUDQ]LD GHOOD OLFHLWj GHOO¶RSHUD]LRQH GL OHWWXUD ULVFULWWXUD VWD LO IDWWR GL DYHU DGRSHUDWR LQ PDQLHUD ULJRURVD XQ PHGHVLPR VLVWHPD VHPDQWLFR H OH VXH UHJROH ,O OLQJXDJJLR QHO FDVR GL %DUWKHV O¶DUFKLWHWWXUD QHO SURJHWWR GL LQWHUQL 4XHVWR PRGR GL FRQRVFHUH L PDQXIDWWL QHO FDVR GHO SURJHWWR GL LQWHUQL SURGXFH XQ EHQH¿FLR LQGLUHWWR FKH VXSHUD SHU GLPHQVLRQH H ULFDGXWH GL JUDQ OXQJD TXHOOR GHOOD VHPSOLFH FRPSUHQVLRQH 2JQL LQWHUYHQWR VXO FRVWUXLWR LQIDWWL VL PLVXUD FRQ O¶HVLVWHQWH FRQ LO TXDOH GHYH HQWUDUH LQ UDSSRUWR SHU OH QHFHVVLWj GL WUDVIRUPD]LRQH FKH QH KDQQR GHWHUPLQDWR LO ULXVR UHFXSHUR HFF $YHU VRWWRSRVWR OR VWDWR GL IDWWR DG XQD DWWHQWR ODYRUR GL DQDOLVL OHWWXUD RIIUH DO SURJHWWLVWD O¶RSSRUWXQLWj GL LQGLYLGXDUH H PHWWHUH LQ HYLGHQ]D JOL HOHPHQWL SRUWDQWL OD IRUPD GHOOR VSD]LR FRQ L TXDOL OH QXRYH VWUXWWXUH GRYUDQQR GLDORJDUH )HUPR UHVWDQGR LO JUDGR GL VRJJHWWLYLWj GL RJQL RSHUD]LRQH GL TXHVWR WLSR ± OLPLWDWD FRPH VL q JLj DIIHUPDWR GDO ULJRUH FRQ FXL VL SURFHGH DOO¶DQDOLVL SHU FXL QRQ µWXWWR¶ q µVHPSUH¶ OHJLWWLPR H DOOH FRQRVFHQ]H GL FKL RSHUD OD µGHFRVWUX]LRQH¶ ± QHO ULVFULYHUH OR VSD]LR HVLVWHQWH LO SURJHWWLVWD OR LQWHUSUHWD UHVWLWXHQGRQH XQD YHUVLRQH QXRYD FKH VHSSXUH VL VRYUDSSRQH D TXHOOD RULJLQDULD QRQ QH FDQFHOOD PDL OH WUDFFH $Q]L q SURSULR GDJOL HOHPHQWL ULFRQRVFLXWL

BWKH SRHWLF RI KRVSLWDOLW\

6H VL FRQVLGHUD SHU XQ PRPHQWR OD TXDQWLWj GL WUDVIRUPD]LRQL FKH KD VXELWR OD FURVWD WHUUHVWUH ± H QRQ VROR ± D VHJXLWR GHOO¶LQWHQVD DWWLYLWj HGL¿FDWRULD R DQFRU SL VSHFL¿FDPHQWH GHOOD FRQWLQXD H LQFHVVDQWH ULFHUFD GL µXQ OXRJR SHU DELWDUH¶ FKH KD DFFRPSDJQDWR O¶XRPR GDOOD VXD DSSDUL]LRQH QRQ FUHGR YL VLDQR GXEEL VXO IDWWR FKH µDELWDUH¶ VLD TXDOFRVD LQWLPDPHQWH FRQQHVVR DOO¶RVSLWDOLWj 6HQ]D RVSLWDOLWj QRQ VL Gj O¶DELWDUH FKH UDSSUHVHQWD ± FRPH DIIHUPD 1RUEHUJ 6FKXO] XQ IHQRPHQR HVLVWHQ]LDOH DQFRU SULPD FKH XQD QHFHVVLWj ¿VLFD 1RQ F¶q JHVWR VHQ]D XQ OXRJR ± R XQ QRQOXRJR QHO VHQVR GL $XJp GLVSRVWR H GLVSRQLELOH DG DFFRJOLHUOR H FRVu FRPH FRQIHUPD OD VWRULD GHJOL HVVHUL XPDQL LO OXRJR q VHPSUH VWDWR RVSLWDOH KD VHPSUH DFFROWR LO JHVWR OD YLWD DQFKH TXDQGR QRQ q VWDWR ULFDPELDWR FRQ OD VWHVVD µFRUWHVLD¶

&L VRQR OXRJKL GLVWUXWWL GDOO¶LQFXULD GDOOR VIUXWWDPHQWR LQFRQGL]LRQDWR GDOO¶HJRLVPR GL SRFKL GDOO¶LQFDSDFLWj GL VDSHU DELWDUH FL VRQR OXRJKL ± LQWHVL WDQWR FRPH OXRJKL QDWXUDOL FKH DUWL¿FLDOL µFRORQL]]DWL¶ GDOOD YLROHQ]D SUHYDULFDWULFH GHO JHVWR LQ FXL FKL KD FRVWUXLWR QRQ KD WDQWR LQGDJDWR L FDUDWWHUL GHO SRVWR LQWHUSUHWDQGRQH OH VSHFL¿FLWj R DQDOL]]DWR JOL HOHPHQWL SRUWDQWL OD VXD IRUPD ¿VLFD TXDQWR SLXWWRVWR VRYUDSSRVWR OD SURSULD VROX]LRQH FRQIH]LRQDWD DOWURYH $QFKH LQ TXHVWR FDVR q LPSRUWDQWH VRWWROLQHDUOR LO OXRJR q RVSLWDOH 6ROR OD OLQJXD ± ULFRUGD -DEpV ± q FDSDFH GL XQD RVSLWDOLWj DOWUHWWDQWR LQ¿QLWD DFFRJOLHQGR VHPSUH OR VWUDQLHUR H ODVFLDQGRJOL FRVWUXLUH FDVD SURSULD LQ FDVD DOWUXL /DYRUDUH VXO FRVWUXLWR VX VSD]LDOLWj JLj GDWH LPSOLFD H REEOLJD DG XQD ULÀHVVLRQH VXOOH FDSDFLWj GL RVSLWDOLWj SURSULH GHO OXRJR 2JQL SURJHWWR FKH µWURYD FDVD¶ GHQWUR XQD UHDOWj HVLVWHQWH PLVXUD H PHWWH DOOD SURYD OH FDSDFLWj FKH OR VSD]LR SRVVLHGH GL VDSHU DFFRJOLHUH LO JHVWR H OH VWUXWWXUH GL FXL QHFHVVLWj SHU HVVHUH QXRYDPHQWH XWLOL]]DWR ,QGDJDUH LO JUDGR GL DFFRJOLHQ]D GL FXL q FDSDFH XQ OXRJR UDSSUHVHQWD VHQ]D GXEELR XQ DVSHWWR GHWHUPLQDQWH SHU XQD SUDWLFD GHO SURJHWWR GL LQWHUQL FKH QRQ LQWHQGD HVVHUH µFRORQL]]DWULFH¶ GL VSD]L PD RVSLWH 8Q SURJHWWR FKH ± FRPH VLWXD]LRQH OLPLWH ± VL SXz HVSOHWDUH DQFKH VROR DWWUDYHUVR OD VHPSOLFH LQWURGX]LRQH R ULRUJDQL]]D]LRQH GL RJJHWWL G¶DUUHGR H G¶XVR DOO¶LQWHUQR GHOOR VSD]LR GD DELWDUH RSHUD]LRQH FKH SL GL DOWUH HVSULPH OH DELOLWj GHO SURJHWWLVWD GL VDSHU LQGDJDUH O¶RVSLWDOLWj GHOOD IRUPD FRVWUXLWD FRQ FXL VL FLPHQWD /¶RSHUD FRPH WHVWR OR VSD]LR FRPH OXRJR GHO JHVWR LO SURJHWWR GL LQWHUQL FRPH µULVFULWWXUD¶ H FRPH ULFHUFD GL RVSLWDOLWj FRVWLWXLVFRQR JOL HOHPHQWL GHWHUPLQDQWL GL XQD SUDVVL FKH VL HVSULPH DWWUDYHUVR OD PDQLSROD]LRQH FRVFLHQWH GHOO¶HVLVWHQWH FKH FRQWLQXDPHQWH WUDVIRUPD

QRWH 5 %DUWKHV ³7HRULD GHO WHVWR´ LQ ³6FULWWL´ (LQDXGL 7RULQR SS 1RUEHUJ 6FKXO] &

BFDVH VWXGLHV

BZRUOG PHWUR

BORQGRQ

BPLODQR

BPRQDFR

BWKH H[SHULHQFH RI WUDYHOOLQJ DQG WKH H[SHULHQFH RI QRQSODFHV

9LDJJLDUH LQ DHUHR YLDJJLDUH LQ QDYH YLDJJLDUH LQ WUHQR YLDJJLDUH LQ PDFFKLQD YLDJJLDUH LQ DXWREXV H LQ WUDP YLDJJLDUH FRQ OD PHQWH R YLDJJLDUH LQ LQWHUQHW YLDJJLDUH LQ ELFLFOHWWD H YLDJJLDUH D YROWH DQFKH D SLHGL« LQ¿QLWL VRQR L PH]]L SHU VSRVWDUVL GD XQ OXRJR DOO¶DOWUR VLD HVVR UHDOH R YLUWXDOH $WWUDYHUVR LO YLDJJLR q SRVVLELOH UDJJLXQJHUH OXRJKL SL R PHQR ORQWDQL DGGLULWWXUD QDYLJDQGR LQ LQWHUQHW q SRVVLELOH HVSORUDUOL SXU QRQ HVVHQGRFL ¿VLFDPHQWH ,O FRQFHWWR GHO YLDJJLR VL q HYROXWR FRQ OR VYLOXSSR GHOOD WHFQRORJLD PRGHUQD D FDXVD GHOOD TXDOH VL q YHUL¿FDWR XQ SURJUHVVLYR ULGLPHQVLRQDPHQWR GHJOL VSD]L SXEEOLFL H SULYDWL XQ VHPSOLFH FOLFN GHO PRXVH FL FRQVHQWH GL WUDVIRUPDUH OR VSD]LR SULYDWR LQ VSD]LR SXEEOLFR YLUWXDOH GL XQ PXVHR GL XQ XI¿FLR SLXWWRVWR FKH GL XQD ELEOLRWHFD

(PEOHPD GL TXHVWD WUDVIRUPD]LRQH q OD YHORFLWj FKH KD ULYROX]LRQDWR OD TXRWLGLDQLWj VLD QHO ODYRUR VLD QHO WHPSR OLEHUR KD SHUPHVVR GL ULGXUUH VHPSUH SL L WHPSL GL SHUFRUUHQ]D ³DXWR WUHQL H ID[ KDQQR SULPD ULYROX]LRQDWR LO PRGR GL YLYHUH H SRL VRQR GLYHQXWH OH LFRQH GHO SUHVHQWH ´ /D PHQWDOLWj PRGHUQD q FDUDWWHUL]]DWD GD TXHVWD VPDQLD GL YHORFLWj WDQWR GD HVLJHUH OD UHDOL]]D]LRQH GL DHUHL VHPSUH SL SRWHQWL GL WUHQL VHPSUH SL YHORFL SHUVLQR L FROOHJDPHQWL WHOHPDWLFL GHYRQR SRWHU SHUPHWWHUH FRQQHVVLRQL LPPHGLDWH H GRZQORDGV HI¿FLHQWL /H FRQVHJXHQ]H GL TXHVWR VYLOXSSR SRUWDQR FRQ Vp L SUREOHPL GHOO¶LQTXLQDPHQWR GHOO¶HVDXULPHQWR GHOOH ULVRUVH GHOOR VWUHVV SUREOHPL GL FXL TXRWLGLDQDPHQWH FL LQIRUPDQR L PDVV PHGLD WUDGXFH VHPSUH H VROR LQ XQ JXDGDJQR GL WHPSR PD WDOYROWD LQ XQD SHUGLWD 3DUDGRVVDOPHQWH O¶DYHUH VHPSUH SL IUHWWD SRUWD DG DYHUH VHPSUH PLQRU WHPSR D GLVSRVL]LRQH LQ TXDQWR LO WHPSR JXDGDJQDWR JUD]LH DOOD YHORFLWj QRQ q UHLQYHVWLWR LQ WHPSR OLEHUR PD SLXWWRVWR SHU DFTXLVLUH QXRYL EHQL FDXVD GL DOWUR VWUHVV 9HORFLWj H VSD]LR VRQR VWUHWWDPHQWH FRUUHODWL WDQWR FKH OD YHORFLWj SXz SHUPHWWHUH GL DWWUDYHUVDUH OR VSD]LR VHQ]D UHQGHUOR SHUFHSLELOH ,Q TXHVWR PRGR OR VSD]LR SHUGH OD VXD GLPHQVLRQH *OL VSD]L WDJOLDWL GDL SHUFRUVL IHUUDWL R VWUDGDOL KDQQR SHUVR OD ORUR LGHQWLWj H VRQR GLYHQXWL GHL OXRJKL DQRQLPL VH QRQ DGGLULWWXUD ³VFRPRGL´ ,O GHVLGHULR GL DWWUDYHUVDUH LO SL YHORFHPHQWH SRVVLELOH OR VSD]LR FKH GLYLGH GXH OXRJKL KD SRUWDWR DOO¶DOLHQD]LRQH GD TXHVWR VSD]LR HYLWDQGR

/¶HWQRORJR IUDQFHVH 0DUF $XJq KD SXEEOLFDWR XQ WHVWR LQWLWRODWR ³1RQOXRJKL´ LQ FXL VL VRIIHUPD SURSULR VXO WHPD GHOOR VSD]LR GHO WHPSR H GHO YLDJJLR LQGLYLGXDQGR LQ TXHVW¶XOWLPR LO PH]]R GL FRQJLXQ]LRQH GHL SULPL GXH $XJq GH¿QLVFH L QRQOXRJKL FRPH VSD]L FRQWHPSRUDQHL D EDVVD GHQVLWj TXDOL DHURSRUWL DXWRVWUDGH VWD]LRQL FKH QRQ KDQQR UHOD]LRQL FRQ OD VWRULD H FRO FRQWHVWR ³,O OXRJR H LO QRQOXRJR VRQR SLXWWRVWR GHOOH SRODULWj VIXJJHQWL LO SULPR QRQ q PDL FRPSOHWDPHQWH FDQFHOODWR H LO VHFRQGR QRQ VL FRPSLH PDL WRWDOPHQWH SDOLQVHVWL LQ FXL VL UHLVFULYH LQFHVVDQWHPHQWH LO JLRFR PLVWD GHOOD LGHQWLWj H GHOOD UHOD]LRQH

$ TXHVWR SURSRVLWR q LQWHUHVVDQWH ULSRUWDUH DOFXQH FRQVLGHUD]LRQL GL 7L]LDQR 7HU]DQL FRUULVSRQGHQWH GHOOD ULYLVWD ³'HU 6SLHJHO´ GDOO¶$VLD VXO VHQVR GHO YLDJJLDUH /R VFULWWRUH KD VFHOWR GL ULQXQFLDUH DJOL VSRVWDPHQWL DHUHL SUHIHUHQGR TXHOOL SHU WHUUD WURYDQGRVL D SHUFRUUHUH JUDQGL GLVWDQ]H FRPH TXHOOH FKH GLYLGRQR O¶(XURSD GDOO¶$VLD LQ WUHQR QDYH H PDFFKLQD SHU FXL JOL VSRVWDPHQWL QRQ HUDQR ³«SL TXHVWLRQL GL RUH PD GL JLRUQL GL VHWWLPDQH ´ ,Q TXHVWR FDVR LO WHPSR q VWDWR LPSLHJDWR SHU YLYHUH L OXRJKL FKH OR VHSDUDYDQR GDOOD PHWD GHO YLDJJLR SHU FXL ³OH GLVWDQ]H KDQQR ULSUHVR LO ORUR YDORUH´ H O¶DXWRUH KD ULWURYDWR QHO YLDJJLDUH ³LO YHFFKLR JXVWR GL VFRSHUWD H GL DYYHQWXUD ´ &RQVDSHYROH GHOOD VXD VFHOWD q DUULYDWR D FRPSUHQGHUH LQ PDQLHUD SL DSSURIRQGLWD OH UHOD]LRQL FKH OHJDQR JOL XRPLQL DL ³SRUWL´ GHO YLDJJLDUH DQDOL]]DQGROL D SDUWLUH GDJOL DHUHL GDOOH QDYL H GDL WUHQL ³$SSHQD VL GHFLGH GL IDUQH D PHQR FL VL DFFRUJH GL FRPH JOL DHUHL FL LPSRQJRQR OD ORUR OLPLWDWD SHUFH]LRQH GHOO¶HVLVWHQ]D GL FRPH HVVHQGR XQD VFRPRGD VFRUFLDWRLD GL GLVWDQ]H ¿QLVFRQR SHU VFRUFLDUH WXWWR DQFKH OD FRPSUHQVLRQH GHO PRQGR« 5DJJLXQWL LQ DHUHR VHQ]D XQ PLQLPR VIRU]R QHOO¶DYYLFLQDUOL WXWWL L SRVWL GLYHQWDQR VLPLOL VHPSOLFL PHWH VHSDUDWH IUD GL ORUR VROR GD TXDOFKH RUD GL YROR /H IURQWLHUH LQ UHDOWj VHJQDWH GDOOD QDWXUD H GDOOD VWRULD H UDGLFDWH QHOOD FRVFLHQ]D GHL SRSROL FKH FL YLYRQR GHQWUR SHUGRQR YDORUH GLYHQWDQR LQHVLVWHQWL SHU FKL DUULYD H SDUWH« /H QDYL VL DYYLFLQDQR DL SDHVL HQWUDQGR FRQ OHQWR SXGRUH QHOOH ERFFKH GHL ¿XPL L SRUWL ORQWDQL WRUQDQR DG HVVHUH GHOOH DJRJQDWH GHVWLQD]LRQL RJQXQD FRQ OD VXD IDFFLD RJQXQD FRQ LO VXR RGRUH« /H VWD]LRQL LQYHFH VRQR YHUH VRQR VSHFFKL GHOOD FLWWj QHO FXL FXRUH VRQR SLDQWDWH /H VWD]LRQL VWDQQR YLFLQR DOOH FDWWHGUDOL DOOH PRVFKHH DOOH SDJRGH R DL PDXVROHL 8QD YROWD DUULYDWL OL VL q DUULYDWL GDYYHUR ´ &RQ TXHVWR SDUROH DEELDPR YROXWR VRWWROLQHDUH FRPH GRYUHEEH HVVHUH OD SHUFH]LRQH GHO YLDJJLDWRUH VSHVVR FL VL WURYD DG DWWUDYHUVDUH OR VSD]LR VHQ]D FRJOLHUQH SLHQDPHQWH O¶LGHQWLWj R O¶HVVHQ]D 3RWUHPPR DOORUD LGHQWL¿FDUH LQ TXHVWL GXH VRVWDQWLYL L FDUDWWHUL IRQGDPHQWDOL GL XQ OXRJR H TXDQGR TXHVWL YHQJRQR D PDQFDUH VL SXz SDUODUH FRPH DEELDPR JLj VRWWROLQHDWR SL

$EELDPR RVVHUYDWR FRPH LO FRQFHWWR GL OXRJR q VWUHWWDPHQWH OHJDWR D TXHOOR GL VSD]LR H DQGUHEEH IDWWD XQD VHFRQGD SUHFLVD]LRQH D TXHVWR SURSRVLWR FKH FRQVLVWH QHO VXGGLYLGHUH OR VSD]LR FRVLGGHWWR JHRPHWULFR GD XQR VSD]LR HVLVWHQ]LDOH XQR VSD]LR UHOD]LRQDOH LQ FXL JOL XRPLQL VL UDSSRUWDQR DOO¶DPELHQWH 5LFROOHJDQGRFL DOO¶LGHD GHO YLDJJLR HVSUHVVD DOO¶LQL]LR GHO FDSLWROR H DOOH RVVHUYD]LRQL IDWWH D SURSRVLWR GHL QRQOXRJKL FL VHPEUD LQWHUHVVDQWH UHVWULQJHUH LO FDPSR GHOOD QRVWUD DQDOLVL DO YLDJJLR LQ PHWURSROLWDQD H DO PH]]R GL WUDVSRUWR ³PHWURSROLWDQD´ LQ TXDQWR FL VHPEUD UDSSUHVHQWDUH EHQ VLD LO FRQFHWWR GL ³YLDJJLR´ FKH TXHOOR GL ³QRQOXRJR´ /D PHWURSROLWDQD SHUPHWWH GL PXRYHUVL DOO¶LQWHUQR GHL OXRJKL H GHL QRQOXRJKL GHOOD FLWWj FKH VHUYH , VXRL VSD]L KDQQR FRPH FRPSRQHQWH SULPDULD LO WUDVSRUWR DQFKH VH LO SDUWLFRODUH UDSSRUWR FKH XQD VWD]LRQH LQWUDWWLHQH FRQ OD FLWWj PHWWH LQ HYLGHQ]D DOWUL HOHPHQWL FKH OD FDUDWWHUL]]DQR FRPH O¶HVVHUH XQR VSD]LR GL VHJQL GL LQIRUPD]LRQL GL FRPXQLFD]LRQL H GL FXOWXUD XUEDQD 8Q UXROR IRQGDPHQWDOH LQ TXHVWR JLRFR GL UHOD]LRQL q GDWR GDO YLDJJLDWRUH OD FXL SUHVHQ]D ³ULGLPHQVLRQD´ OH FDUDWWHULVWLFKH GHOOD VWD]LRQH 6H SULPD FRQVLGHUDYDPR OD VWD]LRQH XQ OXRJR ¿VLFR H JHRPHWULFR RUD DWWUDYHUVR LO YLDJJLDWRUH QRQ q SL VRODPHQWH XQR VSD]LR GL VHUYL]LR H XQR VSD]LR SXEEOLFR PD q DQFKH XQR VSD]LR VRQRUR XQR VSD]LR GL OXFL H GL RPEUH XQR VSD]LR LQ FXL DQFKH OH TXDOLWj WHUPLFKH H ROIDWWLYH YDQQR WHQXWH LQ FRQVLGHUD]LRQH 8QR VSD]LR LQ FXL HQWUD LQ JLRFR OD SHUFH]LRQH (¶ FDSLWDWR D WXWWL GL FRPSLHUH XQ YLDJJLR LQ PHWURSROLWDQD H GL DVVLVWHUH FRQ DWWHJJLDPHQWR SL R PHQR SDVVLYR DO SDHVDJJLR FLUFRVWDQWH 1HOO¶DSSDUHQWH GLVRUGLQH OXQJR OH EDQFKLQH VL SXz GLVWLQJXHUH IDFLOPHQWH ³O¶KDELWXp GL XQD OLQHD«GDOO¶HOHJDQWH H QDWXUDOH HFRQRPLD GHO VXR LQFHGHUH ´ &RVu FRPH FL VL SXz LPEDWWHUH QHO IUHTXHQWDWRUH LQHVSHUWR H GLVWUDWWR (QWUDPEL DQLPDQR OD VWD]LRQH H VROLWDPHQWH LQ DWWHVD GHOO¶DUULYR GHO PHWUz KDQQR OR VJXDUGR ULYROWR VXO PDUFLDSLHGH RSSRVWR FRPH GHJOL VSHWWDWRUL GL XQD VFHQD LQDFFHVVLELOH FKH RVVHUYDQR VHQ]D ODVFLDUVL FRLQYROJHUH /¶DWWHVD LPPRELOH H VLOHQ]LRVD VL DQLPD FRQ O¶DUULYR GHO PHWUz TXDQGR L SHUFRUVL LQGLYLGXDOL GL RJQL VLQJROD SHUVRQD VRQR FRVWUHWWL D LQFURFLDUVL $FFRPSDJQDWL GDO URQ]LR GHOOD PHWURSROLWDQD L YLDJJLDWRUL ULPDQJRQR VHGXWL D RVVHUYDUH GLVWUDWWDPHQWH OD VFHQD GL XQ YDJRQH DIIROODWR OD PDWWLQD SUHVWR SLXWWRVWR FKH TXHOOR VHPLGHVHUWR GHL PRPHQWL GL PLQRU DIÀXHQ]D /¶DWWHQ]LRQH SXz HVVHUH DWWLUDWD GDOOD FXULRVLWj YHUVR DOWUL SDVVHJJHUL SLXWWRVWR FKH GDOOH ORFDQGLQH SXEEOLFLWDULH RSSXUH FL VL ULWURYD LSQRWL]]DWL GDO VXVVHJXLUVL DULWPLFR GHJOL HOHPHQWL VWUXWWXUDOL FKH FRPSRQJRQR L WXQQHO 1HO VXR HVVHUH XQ OXRJR ³QRQOXRJR´ q LPSRUWDQWH VRWWROLQHDUH LO UXROR FKH OD PHWURSROLWDQD VYROJH SULPD GL WXWWR FRPH PH]]R GL FROOHJDPHQWR WUD SDUWL GL FLWWj PD DQFKH FRPH SRVVLELOH OXRJR XUEDQR GRWDWR GL XQD SURSULD LGHQWLWj HG HVSUHVVLYLWj

BWKH XQGHUJURXQG VWDWLRQV

BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV SLROD

BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV OLPD

BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV S WD YHQH]LD

BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV SDOHVWUR

BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV GXRPR

BVWDWLRQ OD\RXWV V DPEURJLR

BWKH VWXGHQWV ZRUN

BDQDO\]LQJ WKH VWUXFWXUHV

BDQDO\]LQJ WKH YROXPHV

BDEDFXV

BPDQLIHVWRV

BGUDZLQJV

BYLVLRQV

BGHWDLOV

B´VXRQDPL OH WXH SDUROH´ D SRHP E\ VDUD PDUWLQHOOL

'RSR TXHOO¶LQFRQWUR FDSu FKH QRQ DYUHEEH PDL SL DVFROWDWR PXVLFD )LQR DG DOORUD VLQIRQLH LQLQWHUURWWH FLUFRODYDQR QHOOD VXD WHVWD WRJOLHQGR LO VRQRUR D WXWWH OH YRFL GHO PRQGR (SSXUH HUD VWDWR FRVu IXOPLQHR O¶LVWDQWH SUHFLVR LQ FXL OR VFRQWUR FRQ OD IROOD VXOOD SLDWWDIRUPD OH DYHYD VSRVWDWR OH FXI¿H GDOOH RUHFFKLH $SSHQD GXH SDUROH ³XQ PRPHQWR XQ PRPHQWR´ LQ XQD YRFH VRWWLOH LPSLJOLDWH WUD OH SRUWH GHOOD PHWUR FKH VL FKLXGHYDQR GLHWUR LO VXR DIIDQQR O¶DYHYDQR UDJJLXQWD FRPH XQD ¿WWD GHQWUR OH RUHFFKLH VFRSHUWH DSSLFFLFDWH DOOH SRUWH GHO WUHQR (UD VWDWR LO SULPR VXRQR GDO PRQGR $ ODYRUR VDSHYDQR GHOOD VXD VWRULD H VL HUDQR DELWXDWL DOOH VXH FXI¿H D TXHOOD FRPXQLFD]LRQH IDWWD GL JHVWL GL SDUROH VSDUVH VXL SRVW LW DWWDFFDWL DOOH SDUHWL 3L FKH XQD PDODWWLD SHQVDYDQR IRVVH XQ FDSULFFLR GHO VXR FHUYHOOR DFXWR H EL]]DUUR , YLFLQL GL FDVD LQYHFH DYHYDQR FRQYRFDWR XQD ULXQLRQH VWUDRUGLQDULD GL FRQGRPLQLR LQ FXL OH IX LQ¿QH FRQFHVVR GL DVFROWDUH PXVLFD DG DOWR YROXPH GDOOH DOOH QHL JLRUQL IHULDOL H GDOOH DOOH QHO ZHHNHQG 0D TXHOOD VHUD L YLFLQL JRGHWWHUR GL XQ LQVROLWR VLOHQ]LR 4XHOOD VHUD VWUDSSDQGRVL OH FXI¿H QRQ HEEH LO FRUDJJLR GL PHWWHUH VX DOFXQ GLVFR FKH SRWHVVH YLRODUH OD PHPRULD GL TXHOOD YRFH 4XHOOD VHUD

$Q]L VH OL ODVFLDYD SDVVDUH VRWWR JOL RFFKL ULFRQRVFHQGR LQ FLDVFXQR O¶RUGLQH GHL EUDQL H OD VHTXHQ]D GL SDUROH H SHQVLHUL FKH DYHYDQR VDSXWR SURGXUUH QHOOD VXD PHQWH $YHYD VHPSUH GHVLGHUDWR FKH SULPD R SRL VXFFHGHVVH FRVu VHQ]D GRORUH Qp ULPSLDQWR PD PDL DYUHEEH VRVSHWWDWR FKH VDUHEEH DFFDGXWR VRWWR OD JXLGD GHO VXRQR SL XPDQR FKH FL VLD 4XHOOH GXH VROH SDUROH GHO PDWWLQR HUDQR GLYHQWDWH XQ PLOLDUGR GHQWUR OD VXD WHVWD IUDPPHQWL GL FRQYHUVD]LRQL LPPDJLQDULH ,O JLRUQR GRSR FRPH WXWWH OH PDWWLQH VHJXHQWL SUHVH OD PHWUR GHOOH WHU]R YDJRQH GL FRGD SULPR ¿QHVWULQR D GHVWUD 6HFRQGR L VXRL FDOFROL QHOO¶DUFR GL VHL PHVL OHL VDUHEEH ULSDVVDWD GL Oj 0D WXWWH OH VHUH WRUQDQGR D FDVD QRQ HUD WULVWH SHU O¶LQFRQWUR PDQFDWR )DFHYD VHPSUH OD VWUDGD GDYDQWL DOOD IRQRWHFD SHU DQGDUH D VDOXWDUH L UDJD]]L FKH DQFRUD GRSR GXH DQQL FRQWLQXDYDQR D ULQJUD]LDUOD SHU TXHOO¶LQDVSHWWDWR GRQR

BPHWUR DV FXOWXUDO PHGLD PHWURSROLWDQD PH]]R GL FXOWXUD OHWWHUD GL SLHUR ERWWRQL

OHWWHUD GL SLHUR ERWWRQL DO VLQGDFR GL PLODQR

GLVFXVVLRQH VXJOL VSD]L VRWWHUDQHL

6RWWR FRPH FRQWLQXXP GHO VRSUD ³1HVVXQ OXRJR QHVVXQ DPELHQWH QHVVXQD ULYHQGLWD GL FXOWXUD´ «OD JHQWH GHYH HVVHUH GLVWUDWWD SHU VDOYDUVL GDO ULWPR GHOOD FLWWj PRGHUQD«

GDUH DJOL VSD]L D GLVSRVL]LRQH GHOOD 0HWURSROLWDQD XQ GHVWLQR PLJOLRUH GL TXHOOR FRQFRUUHQ]LDOH HG HYXOVLYR FKH XQD GHVWLQD]LRQH FRPPHUFLDOH ORUR GDUHEEH ULVSHWWR DOOD FDOPD FKH LO VRWWRVXROR Gj PLOLRQL GL SDVVHJJHUL DQQR FKH SDVVDQR DWWUDYHUVR JOL VSD]L REEOLJDWL GHOOH VFDOH ¿VVH H PRELOL GHL PH]]DQLQL H GHOOH EDQFKLQH 3RUWDUH OD FXOWXUD DO SRSROR 0RVWUH GL DUWH PRVWUH GL GRFXPHQWL VWRULFL PRVWUH GL RJJHWWL GHL QRVWUL PXVHL PRVWUH GHL ULVXOWDWL GLGDWWLFL GHOOH QRVWUH VFXROH 0HWURSROLWDQD OR VWUXPHQWR SL YDVWR SRSRODUH LQWHJUDOH FKH LQYHVWH H DEEUDFFLD WXWWL L FHWL VRFLDOL H LQGLYLGXL GL WXWWH OH HWj *OL VSD]L JLj HVLVWRQR VL WUDWWD GL WUDVIHULUH XQ WLSR GL FXOWXUD DWWLYD SHU PLOLRQL GL SHUVRQH LQ XQ DPELHQWH SL YDVWR

$0,21( 0$77(2 %$&,*$/83, (*,',2 %$- 6,021( %$//$5',1 ',(*2 %$662 0$5&2 %(//,1, /$85$ %(51$%(, 9$/(17,1$ %,$1&+,1, 67()$1,$ %,$9$ $/(66,2 %,(//$ $/(66$1'52 %,5$*+, )8/9,2 %256(772 $1'5($ %5$1&$ $/(66$1'52 %58&,$)(55, 3$2/2 %58*1(77, *,25*,2 %821$112 ,9$1 %8212&25( $1'5($ &$*12/, ,9$1 &$/=21, '$9,'( &$03,*2772 $11$ &$67(//$5,1 &+,$5$ &$9$//(5, 0$77(2 &(6&+, 7200$62 &2/20%2 1,&2/$ &256, /8&,$ &5(021$ )$%,2 ', 52&&2 (5,.$ )$**,21, 6(5(1$ 0$57$ )$66, &/$8',$ )$9$5$ 021,&$ )(55$5, /8&$ )/$%25($ 0$5&2 )5(7, $/(66$1'52 *$1'2/), $/(66,2 *(<(5 -$11( *,$1,*+,$1 6,021( *8,'2 8*2 *8,*/,$ *,$1 /8&$ *8//277, (15,&2 ,19(51,==, 6$5$ /25, 0,&+(/(

VWXGHQWV

0$- 0$77(2 0$5$==, (0,/,$12 0$5&+(*,$1, *,25'$12 0$5.29,& 1,.2/$ 0$77,8==, )5$1&(6&2 0(1(*+(//2 6$1'52 0,1,$7, )5$1&(6&2 02/7(1, 0$''$/(1$ 0217$12 *$%5,(/( 2572/$1, 1$',$ 2772/,1, 3$2/2 3$*$1, $/(66$1'5$ 3$/0,(52 *,86(33( 3$1=(5$ '$1,(/( 3$2/(//, 0$5&2 3$2/,1, &/$8',2 3$7721 (0$18(/( $1'5($ 3$921( 0$66,02 3(75(//$ )5$1&(6&$ 3,&$12 6$5$ 3,621, 5211,( 32/(772 $11$ 3257,1$5, :,//,$0 32==$7, 5266$1$ 352/2 6(%$67,$12 5$1=$1, )5$1&(6&2 5,&&, '21$72 52//, /8&$ 5266,1, 0,&+(/( 6$**,$ $/%(572 6$11,&2/$ *,29$11, 6%52==(5, $/(66$1'52 6&+,(33$7, '$1,/2 6(//$ 0,&+(/( 6200(//$ 0$5&2 6200(//$ 9$/(5,2 62==2 '$9,' 720$621, $1*(/$ 75$9$*/,1, '$1,(/( 9$/7257$ '$1,(/( 9$5'$1(*$ /8&,$12 9(&&+, 9,2/$ &+,$5$ 9(5=(//$ $1'5($ 9,//$17, 0$5&2 9,6&+, $/(66$1'52 =$1,(5 )$%5,=,2 =$121 67()$12 =(&&+,1 /25(1=2 =2&&2 0,5.2 =8&&+(//, $/%(572

%LEOLRJUD¿D GHO FRUVR

0 $XJp 1RQOXRJKL (OpXWKHUD 0LODQR

0 $XJp 8Q HWQRORJR QHO PHWUz (OpX WKHUD 0LODQR 5 %DUWKHV 7HRULD GHO WHVWR LQ 6FULWWL (LQDXGL 7RULQR ( -DEpV LO OLEUR GHOO¶RVSLWDOLWj 5DIIDHOOR &RUWLQD 0LODQR - 'HUULGD $ 'XIRXUPDQWHOOH 6XOO¶RVSLWDOLWj %DOGLQL &DVWROGL 0LODQR

, &KDPEHUV 3DHVDJJL PLJUDWRUL &RVWD 1RODQ *HQRYD - &OLIIRUG 5RXWHV 7UDYHO DQG WUDQVOD WLRQ LQ WKH ODWH 7ZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ +DU YDUG 8QLY 3UHVV 86$ 3 %RWWRQL /D PHWURSROLWDQD PLODQHVH FHQWUR GL FXOWXUD 0LODQR

ELEOLRJUDSK\

0DJD]LQHV

JRPRUUD WHUULWRUL H FXOWXUH GHOOD PHWURSROL GRPXV SJ VWUDGD YHUWLFDOH GRPXV SJ GRRUV RI SHUFHSWLRQ GRPXV SJ DUWH GHOOD FRPXQLFD]LRQH GRPXV SJ OD VWUDGD GRPXV SJ O¶DQRQLPR LQWHUQL SJ OXRJKL H µQRQOXRJKL¶ PHWURSROLWDQL EXHQRV DLUHV

%LEOLRJUD¿D *HQHUDOH

:HEVLWHV

KWWS ZZZ UHHG HGX aUH\Q WUDQVSRUW KWPO KWWS ZZZ DWP PL LW KWWS ZZZ Q\FVXEZD\V RUJ KWWS ZZZ GRRUVRISHUFHSWLRQ FRP KWWS ZRUOG Q\FVXEZD\ RUJ KWWS ZZZ XUEDQUDLO QHW

3 'HVLGHUL /D FLWWj GL ODWWD &RVWD 1RODQ - 5RWK )XJD VHQ]D ¿QH $GHOSKL $PHVWHUGDP - 3 6DUWUH /¶XOWLPR WXULVWD ,O 6DJJLDWR UH 0LODQR ( /HHG /D PHQWH GHO YLDJJLDWRUH ,O 0XOLQR %RORJQD * 6HYHUL 5 9DVLQL 0HWURSROLWDQD D 0LODQR $70 0LODQR 0HWURSROLWDQD 0LODQHVH 00 0HWURSROLWDQD 0LODQHVH 6 S D ) %RPEL ) 6RPHGD 0HWURSROLWDQD GL 0LODQR /LQHD 0DUVLOLR 9HQH]LD 0 6WURHP - 'DPHVH 0HWUR DUW GDQV OHV PHWUR SROHV 3DULV 9 9HUFHOORQL $WODQWH VWRULFR GHOOH PHWURSROLWDQH QHO PRQGR 2I¿FLQD G¶DU WH JUD¿FD /XFLQL 0LODQR /DE\ULQWKV RI LURQ D KLVWRU\ RI WKH ZRUOG¶V VXEZD\ 1HZVZHHN ERRN 1HZ <RUN 0 &RRSHU + &KDOIDQW 6XEZD\ $UW 7KDPHV DQG +XGVRQ /WG /RQGRQ

+ & 3 +DYHUV 8QGHUJURXQG UDLOZD\V RI WKH ZRUOG 7HPSOH SUHVV /RQGRQ

$HVWKHWLFV LQ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ 8 6 'HSDUWPHQW RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ :DVKLQJWRQ ' & 5 + :LFNHU 7KH DUFKLWHFWXUDO GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH VXEZD\ VWDWLRQ 0F *LOO XQLY 0RQWUHDO 3 7DFFKHR 6SRVWDPHQWL QHOOH FLWWj OH IHUURYLH XUEDQH FRPH HOHPHQWR SULPD ULR QHOOD PRELOLWj PHWURSROLWDQD 5RPD 2I¿FLQD