Auktion 137 Künker

137. AUKTION THE DE WIT COLLECTION OF MEDIEVAL COINS PART III 11. März 2008 Steigenberger Hotel Remarque Osnabrück Natruper-Tor-Wall 1 Hotel-Telefon +49 (0)5 41 60 96 633 Hotel-Fax +49 (0)5 41 60 96 634 (nur während der Auktion/only during the auction/ uniquement pendant la vente/solamente durante l'asta/solamente durante la subasta/только во время аукциона)

ZEITPLAN AUKTIONEN 136 - 139 AUKTION 136 ANTIKE MÜNZEN DER INSEL KRETA DIE SAMMLUNG DR. BURKHARD TRAEGER MÜNZEN AUS DER WELT DER ANTIKE AUKTION 137 THE DE WIT COLLECTION OF MEDIEVAL COINS PART III

AUKTION 138 ITALIEN UND VATIKAN ITALIEN UND VATIKAN MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN AUS MITTELALTER UND NEUZEIT SPEZIALSAMMLUNG WIED AUKTION 139 GOLDPRÄGUNGEN RUSSISCHE MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN IN GOLD UND SILBER DEUTSCHE MÜNZEN AB 1871

Detaillierter Zeitplan siehe Seite 5 Besichtigungen siehe Seite 9 Horaire détaillé voir page 5 Exposition des monnaies voir page 9

Montag, den 10. März 2008 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 1 bis Nr. 616 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 617 bis Nr. 1652 Dienstag, den 11. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 3035 bis Nr. 3852 14.00 Uhr - 15.30 Uhr Nr. 3853 bis Nr. 4256 15.30 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 4501 bis Nr. 5102 Mittwoch, den 12. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 5103 bis Nr. 5983 14.00 Uhr - 20.00 Uhr Nr. 5984 bis Nr. 7318 Donnerstag, den 13. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 7501 bis Nr. 8294 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 8295 bis Nr. 9014 Freitag, den 14. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 9101 bis Nr. 9839 Detailed timetable view page 5 Viewing of auction good view page 9 Calendario dettagliato veda pagina 5 Esposizione veda pagina 9

Sehr geehrte Kundin, sehr geehrter Kunde und Münzfreund, ich freue mich, daß Sie bereits heute, 4 Wochen vor unserer nächsten Auktion, die neuen Kataloge erhalten haben und wünsche Ihnen viel Freude bei der Lektüre unseres Auktionsangebotes.

Wir wurden oft gebeten, den Ablauf einer Auktion etwas näher zu beschreiben, diesem Wunsch kommen wir gerne nach. Am Ende dieses Kataloges finden Sie die Rubrik: “Wie biete ich richtig“, die Ihnen als Ratgeber zur erfolgreichen Teilnahme an unseren Auktionen dienen soll.

Sollten Sie darüber hinaus Fragen zum Auktionsablauf haben, helfen wir Ihnen auch gerne persönlich weiter.

Die Mitarbeiterinnen unserer Kundenbetreuung stellen wir Ihnen auf der nächsten Seite vor.

Mit herzlichen Grüßen aus Osnabrück,

Ihr Fritz Rudolf Künker UNSERE ADRESSE OUR ADDRESS

Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG Gutenbergstr. 23 · 49076 Osnabrück Telefon/Phone: Fax: Gebührenfrei: E-Mail: Internet:

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Außerhalb unserer Geschäftszeit steht unseren Kunden ein automatischer Anrufbeantworter zur Verfügung.

Monday-Thursday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m.

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Auf unserer Internetseite haben Sie die Möglichkeit • die Abbildungen zu vergrößern • Ihre Gebote direkt abzugeben • die Ergebnisse der Auktionen abzurufen On our website you have the possibility • to zoom all images • to place your bids to view all auction results

AUKTIONSHOTEL AUCTION LOCATION

Steigenberger Hotel Remarque, Natruper-Tor-Wall 1, 49076 Osnabrück Telefon/Phone: Fax:

+49 (0)5 41-60 96 633 +49 (0)5 41-60 96 634

Mitglied im Verband der Deutschen Münzenhändler e. V. Associaton Internationale des Numismates Professionnels (AINP) 2

UNSERE KUNDENBETREUUNG STEHT IHNEN GERNE ZUR VERFÜGUNG Die Maxime unseres Teams lautet: Nur wenn Sie als Kunde zufrieden sind, sind wir es auch! Geben Sie uns Ihre Auktionsgebote zu treuen Händen, wir sorgen dafür, daß sie korrekt ausgeführt werden. Auch wenn Sie sich von Teilen oder Ihrer gesamten Sammlung trennen möchten, sind wir Ihre ersten Ansprechpartner. Beachten Sie dazu bitte auch die Hinweise für Einlieferer auf der folgenden Seite bzw. im hinteren Teil des Kataloges.

WIR FREUEN UNS AUF IHRE AUKTIONSGEBOTE UND EINLIEFERUNGEN!

Ulrich Künker Leitung Kundenbetreuung ulrich.kuenker@kuenker.de

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Marion Künker Deutsch, English marion.kuenker@kuenker.de

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WAS IST ZUR ERFOLGREICHEN AUKTIONSTEILNAHME BESONDERS WICHTIG? • • • • •

Ihr schriftlicher Auftrag sollte möglichst frühzeitig eintreffen, spätestens einen Tag vor der Auktion.

Wenn Sie telefonisch an der Auktion teilnehmen möchten, bedarf das unserer vorherigen Genehmigung. Bitte teilen Sie uns diesen Wunsch daher mindestens 48 Stunden vor der Versteigerung mit. Nähere Informationen zum telefonischen Bieten finden Sie auf den folgenden Seiten.

Beachten Sie bitte auch die Hinweise „Wie biete ich richtig“ im hinteren Teil des Kataloges.

Gerne können Sie Ihre Gebote auch online abgeben. Unter www.kuenker.de bieten wir den gesamten Auktionskatalog online an.

Bei Fragen rufen Sie uns an, unsere Kundenbetreuung freut sich auf Ihren Anruf!

3

WICHTIGE HINWEISE FÜR UNSERE EINLIEFERER 1.

Unser Expertenteam garantiert Ihnen eine fachgerechte Bearbeitung der von Ihnen eingelieferten Stücke.

2. Die Schätzpreise werden von uns aufgrund unserer hervorragenden Marktkenntnisse sorgfältig festgelegt. Die Stücke werden zu 80% der im Katalog angegebenen Schätzpreise ausgerufen. Durch diese Regelung werden Sie als Einlieferer geschützt. Für nicht verkaufte Objekte werden keine Gebühren erhoben.

3. Der Standard unserer Kataloge ist von hoher Qualität und findet internationale Anerkennung. Wir haben eine der besten Kundendateien, die es weltweit gibt.

4, Von der individuellen Betreuung unserer Kunden profitieren auch Sie als Einlieferer.

5. Als Einlieferer erhalten Sie Ihren Auktionserlös innerhalb von 45 Tagen nach der Auktion. Sonderregelungen sind nach Absprache möglich.

6. Auf Wunsch kann Ihre Einlieferung bei Ihnen zuhause abgeholt werden. Ab € 2.500,-- Einlieferungssumme übernehmen wir die Kosten, ab € 25.000,-können wir Ihre Einlieferungen unter Umständen und nach Absprache auch an einem vereinbarten Ort persönlich entgegennehmen. Selbstverständlich ist Ihr Versteigerungsgut durch uns versichert.

7. Nicht alle Münzen eignen sich, als Einzelstücke aufgenommen zu werden.

Vertrauen Sie auf die Erfahrung unserer Experten, die niedrigpreisige Münzen liebevoll zu interessanten Lots zusammenstellen.

8. Der Schätzwert Ihrer Einlieferung sollte mindestens € 1.000,-- betragen.

9. Ihre Einlieferung wird Ihnen sofort bei Übernahme durch ein Protokoll quittiert. Spätestens fünf Wochen vor der Auktion erhalten Sie eine genaue Auflistung Ihrer Objekte mit den dazugehörenden Katalognummern.

10. Innerhalb einer Woche nach der Auktion erhalten Sie bereits die Ergebnisliste und können alle erzielten Preise feststellen.

11. Profitieren Sie von der Anziehungskraft eines führenden Unternehmens.

Bitte wenden Sie sich bei Fragen an unseren Kundenservice unter 0541 – 96 20 20 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37.

12. Unsere Verträge für Einlieferungen können Sie unverbindlich anfordern.

Haben Sie noch Fragen? Wir freuen uns auf Ihren Anruf. Telefon: 0541 – 96 20 20 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 5 83 65 37.

RENSEIGNEMENTS IMPORTANTS A L'ATTENTION DES VENDEURS 1.

Notre équipe d’experts garantit une prise en charge compétente des pièces que vous nous confiez.

2. Notre excellente connaissance du marché nous permet de fixer soigneusement les prix estimés. Les pièces seront mises aux enchères à un prix représentant 80% du prix estimé indiqué dans le catalogue. Cette réglementation vous protège en tant que vendeur. Aucuns frais ne seront prélevés sur les pièces invendues.

3. Nos catalogues ont un niveau qualitatif élevé, reconnu au plan international.

Nous disposons d’un des meilleurs fichiers clients du monde.

4. En tant que vendeur, vous profiterez vous aussi du suivi personnalisé que nous offrons à nos clients.

5. Le vendeur recevra le produit de la vente dans les 45 jours qui suivront les enchères. Des dispositions spéciales pourront être prises sur accord préalable.

6. Nous prendrons en charge les frais d´expédition des pièces dont le montant sera supérieur à € 2.500,--: Si leur montant est supérieur à € 25.000,--, l´un de nos employés se poudra charger de prendre la livraison à un lieu concordée. En concertation, notre assurance couvrira tous les risques.

7. Les pièces de monnaie ne se prêtent pas toutes à une vente individuelle.

Faites confiance à l’expérience de nos spécialistes qui se chargeront avec plaisir de rassembler les pièces bon marché de manière à constituer des lots intéressants.

8. La valeur estimée des pièces fournies devrait s’élever à un minimum de € 1.000,--.

9. Au moment de la prise en charge, vous recevrez un détail des pièces fournies. Au plus tard cinq semaines avant la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez une liste exacte de vos pièces avec les numéros de catalogue correspondants.

10. Dans la semaine qui suivra la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez déjà la liste de ses résultats et pourrez prendre connaissance des prix obtenus.

11. Profitez de l’attrait du leader du marché. Pour tout renseignement, veuillez-vous adresser à notre service clientèle: +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.

12. Vous pouvez demander sans engagement de votre part nos contrats de dépôt de pièces? Vous avez d’autres questions? Nous seront heureuses de vous répondre au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.

4

IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR OUR CONSIGNERS 1.

Our team of specialists guarantees an expert treatment of the consigned items.

2. The estimates are carefully established by us due to our excellent knowledge of the market. Bidding for the items is then started at 80 % of the estimate price stated in the catalogue. This arrangement protects you as a consigner. Unsold items incur no fees.

3. The standard offered in our catalogue is of the highest quality, and is recognised internationally. We have one of the best clientele lists worldwide.

4. You as a consigner also profit from the individual consultation offered to our customers.

5. As a consigner, you receive the auction proceeds within 45 days of the close of auction. Special arrangements can be made following discussion.

6. For consignments with a value over € 2.500,-- we may bear the transportation costs. For deliveries over € 25.000,-- we may personally collect the items at an arranged place after prior consultation. Upon consultation, the shipping of your goods could be covered by our insurance.

7. Not all coins are suited to be registered as individual items. Trust in our expert´s experience as they carefully combine less-valuable coins into interesting lots.

8. The valuation price of your delivery should be at least € 1.000,--.

9. Your delivery is confirmed in writing immediately on receipt. At least five weeks before the auction, you receive an exact list of your objects with the relevant catalogue numbers.

10. Within a week of the close of auction, you receive a list with the results in order to see what prices were reached for each individual lot.

11. Profit from our position as a leading coin dealer. If you have any questions, please contact our customer service team on +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.

12. Would you like to receive copies of our contracts for consigner, without making any commitment? Do you have any other questions? Our customer service team will be pleased to help you – please call on +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.

INFORMAZIONI PER I NOSTRI DEPOSITANTI 1.

Il nostro team di esperti assicura un trattamento accurato dei pezzi che ci avete inviato.

2. Eseguiamo valutazioni finalizzate alla vendita. I prezzi di stima sono frutto della nostra eccezionale conoscenza del mercato e della nostra attenta valutazione. La base d´asta ammonta all´80% del prezzo di stima indicato sul catalogo. Non si addebitano spese per gli oggetti invenduti.

3. I nostri cataloghi sono di alta qualità e sono riconosciuti a livello internazionale. I nostri clienti sono fra i migliori al mondo.

4. Come depositanti potete beneficiare dell’assistenza riservata a ciascuno dei nostri clienti.

5. Come depositanti riceverete gli importi realizzati all’asta entro 45 giorni dal termine della stessa. Si possono concordare condizioni particolari.

6. A partire da un controvalore degli oggetti di € 2.500,--i costi del trasporto sono a nostro carico, mentre a partire da un controvalore di € 25.000 gli oggetti possono essere ritirati personalmente da un nostro incaricato ad un posto concordato. Naturalmente il trasporto dei vostri oggetti puó essere assicurato tramite la nostra assicurazione.

7. Non tutte le monete possono essere negoziate singolarmente. Fidatevi dell´esperienza dei nostri esperti, che raggruppano le monete non molto preziose in lotti di sicuro interesse.

8. Il valore stimato degli oggetti depositati deve ammontare ad almeno € 1.000,--.

9. Nel momento in cui gli oggetti sono presi in consegna, viene rilasciata una ricevuta numerata. Riceverete un elenco preciso degli oggetti che avete depositato con i relativi numeri di catalogo al massimo cinque settimane prima dell’asta.

10. Riceverete l’elenco degli oggetti aggiudicati entro una settimana dalla chiusura dell’asta. Potrete cosi verificare i prezzi realizzati.

11. Approfittate della capacità di un leader di mercato per aumentare il valore dei vostri oggetti. Se avete delle domande, rimaniamo a vostra disposizione per qualsiasi necessità. Rivolgetevi alla nostra consulenza ai clienti diretta al numero +49 (0)541-91 20 20.

12. Volete ricevere i nostri contratti senza impegno? Avete altre domande? Potete contattarci al numero +49 (0)541-96 20 20.

DETAILLIERTER ZEITPLAN AUKTIONEN 136-139 AUKTION 136 ANTIKE MÜNZEN DER INSEL KRETA DIE SAMMLUNG DR. BURKHARD TRAEGER MÜNZEN AUS DER WELT DER ANTIKE

Montag, den 10. März 2008 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 1 bis Nr. 616 Sammlung Kreta, Kelten, Griechen: Hispania - Kreta 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 617 bis Nr. 1652 Griechen: Kykladen - Lots Griechen, Römer, Völkerwanderung, Byzantinische Münzen, Kreuzfahrer, Orientalen

AUKTION 137 THE DE WIT COLLECTION OF MEDIEVAL COINS PART III

Dienstag, den 11. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 3035 bis Nr. 3852 England, Irland, Schottland - Italien 14.00 Uhr - 15.30 Uhr Nr. 3853 bis Nr. 4256 Balkan - Gewichte

AUKTION 138 ITALIEN UND VATIKAN

ITALIEN UND VATIKAN MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN AUS MITTELALTER UND NEUZEIT SPEZIALSAMMLUNG WIED

15.30 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 4501 bis Nr. 5102 Aquileia - Lucca Mittwoch, den 12. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 5103 bis Nr. 5983 Mailand - Lots Italien, Europa, Übersee 14.00 Uhr - 20.00 Uhr Nr. 5984 bis Nr. 7318 Habsburgische Erblande, Deutsche Münzen und Medaillen mit der Spezialsammlung Wied, Sammlung Sedisvakanz, Medaillen, Papiergeld, Münzgefäße, Numismatische Literatur

AUKTION 139 GOLDPRÄGUNGEN RUSSISCHE MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN IN GOLD UND SILBER DEUTSCHE MÜNZEN AB 1871

Donnerstag, den 13. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 7501 bis Nr. 8294 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 8295 bis Nr. 9014 Freitag, den 14. März 2008 9.30 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 9101 bis Nr. 9839

5

LIST OF CONTENTS AUCTION 137 No. THE DE WIT COLLECTION OF MEDIEVAL COINS PART III England, Ireland and Scotland England Mercia East Anglia Viking Invaders Kent Canterbury Wessex Kings of all England Ireland Scotland Spain Governors Emirate Caliphat Almoravides Almohades Kings of Granada Castile and Leรณn Leรณn Castile Castile and Leรณn County of Barcelona County of Empuries County of Urgell Navarra and Aragรณn Navarra Catalona-Aragonese Mallorca Arbeca Gerona Reyes Catรณlicos Portugal Italy Kingdom Italy Milano Pavia Savoia Torino Asti Monferrato (Casale) Genova Como Bergamo Brescia Piacenza 6

Page

3035

-

4256

13

-

434

3035 3035 3035 3044 3048

-

13 13 13 16 18

-

3054 3056 3060 3303 3337 3375 3375 3379 3388 3402 3409 3413 3415 3418 3420 3424

-

21 22 82 90 102 102 103 106 110 111

-

114 115

-

3479 3482

-

3486 3505

-

130

-

3510 3519 3540 3540 3542 3570 3576

-

135 137 146

-

149 165 167

-

3587 3589

-

3374 3302 3043 3047 3052 3053 3055 3059 3302 3336 3374 3518 3378 3387 3401 3408 3412 3414 3417 3419 3423 3476 3477 3478 3481 3484 3485 3504 3507 3508 3509 3518 3539 3852 3541 3569 3575 3584 3585 3586 3588 3592 3593 3594 3595 3596

101 81 16 17 19 19 20 22 81 90 101 137 103 105 109 111 112 112 113 114 115 127 127 128 128 129 130 134 134 135 135 137 144 260 146 164 166 169 170 170 171 173 174 175 175 176

No. Italy (Continuation) Cremona Parma Reggio nell’Emilia Modena Bologna Ravenna Verona Trento Mantua Ferrara Padova Venezia Aquileia Trieste Firenze Lucca Pisa Siena Volterra Arezzo Rimini Pesaro Ancona Urbino Fossombrone Gubbio Perugia Camerino Macerata Recanati Roma Gaeta Capua Napoli Aquila Sulmona Salerno Counts / Dukes of Puglia Arabs in Sicily Normans in Sicily Hohenstaufen in Sicily and South-Italy Charles I. d’Angiò in Sicily and South-Italy Kingdom Aragon in Sicily and South-Italy Villa della Chiesa (Sardegna) Balkan Slavonia Croatia Dalmatia Spalato

3601 3605 3607

-

3614 3618 3622 3655 3674 3677 3690 3694 3698

-

3705

-

3711 3713

-

3718 3720 3722

-

3760 3774

-

3778

-

3782 3787 3815 3838 3843

-

3853 3853 3858 3860

-

Page 3597 3598 3599 3600 3604 3606 3611 3612 3613 3617 3621 3654 3673 3676 3689 3693 3697 3700 3701 3702 3703 3704 3708 3709 3710 3712 3716 3717 3719 3721 3757 3758 3759 3773 3776 3777 3780 3781 3786 3814 3837 3842 3851 3852 3903 3857 3859 3870 3860

183 184 186 196

-

205 209 210 212

-

215

-

219

-

222

-

236

-

242

-

244 246 252 257 258

-

262

-

265

-

176 177 177 178 179 180 181 182 182 184 185 195 200 201 208 210 211 213 213 213 214 214 216 216 217 217 218 219 220 220 235 235 236 240 241 242 243 244 245 251 256 258 260 260 284 262 263 267 265 7

No. Balkan (Continuation) Ragusa Cattaro Ulcinj Serbia / Raska Bosnia Serbia Skutari Countries around the Black Sea Bulgaria Banat Severin Wallachia Moldavia Trebizond Georgia Tmutarakan Caffa Countries around the Aegean Sea Latin empire Nicaea Principality of Achaia Barony / Duchy Athens Possessions of Naples in Greece and on the Ionic Islands Chios Phokaea Levantine Imitations Rhodes and Cyprus Knights Hospitallers on Rhodes Cyprus Asia Minor / Cilician Armenia Rum Seljuks Middle East County of Edessa Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Kingdom of Jerusalem Lordships of the Latin Kingdom Jerusalem Acre Ottoman Empire Turkoman Coins Artuquiden Artuquids of Hisn Kayfa and Amid Artuquids of Mardin Zengiden of Mosul Mammelukken in Mosul Zengids Atabegs of Sinjar Zengids Atabegs of Al-Jazira Ayyubiden in Mayafarikin

8

3861 3866

-

3871 3892 3896

-

3904 3904

-

3920 3932 3937 3949

-

3957 3959

-

3960 3966 3978

-

3982 3984

-

3992 3992 4005 4018 4045 4060 4073 4075 4096 4103 4118 4121 4124 4126 4126 4126 4134 4172

-

4177 4179 4181

-

Page 3865 3869 3870 3891 3895 3902 3903 3958 3918 3919 3931 3936 3948 3955 3956 3958 3991 3959 3965 3977 3981 3983 3989 3990 3991 4017 4004 4017 4044 4059 4125 4074 4095 4102 4117 4120 4123 4125 4183 4171 4133 4171 4175 4176 4178 4180 4183

265 266

-

272 280 281

-

287 287

-

292 295 297 303

-

308

-

309 311 314

-

315 316

-

319 319 326 332 343 348 358 360 367 371 378 379

-

382 382 382 386 400

-

266 267 267 278 281 283 284 307 291 292 295 296 301 306 306 307 318 308 310 314 315 316 318 318 318 330 325 330 341 346 380 359 366 369 376 379 380 380 405 399 385 399 402 402 403 404 405

No. Jetons / Counting Pennies / Tokens France Germany England Burgundian Netherlands Tokens English Tokens Prototype Token Beaded border pictoral Token Pictoral Tokens: The main series Transitional Token Cross and pellet Token “Boy Bishop” Token Weights Byzantium France Burgundian Netherlands Italy

4184 4184

-

4203 4214 4215

-

4217

-

4229 4229 4235 4248 4252

-

Page 4228 4200 4201 4202 4213 4228 4228 4215 4216 4225 4226 4227 4228 4256 4234 4247 4251 4256

408 408

-

414 419 419

-

420

-

423 423 425 429 433

-

422 413 413 414 418 422 422 419 420 421 422 422 422 434 424 427 433 434

The General Index of the de Wit collection you will find at the end of this Auction catalogue.

___________________________

BESICHTIGUNG Besichtigung des Auktionsgutes in unseren Geschäftsräumen, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück, ab dem 11. Februar 2008, nach vorheriger telefonischer Vereinbarung unter +49 (0)5 41 96 20 20.

EXPOSITION Les monnaies seront visibles à partir du 11 Février 2008, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück, sur rendez-vous téléphonique +49 (0)541 96 20 20.

EXPOSICIÓN Con cita previa +49 (0)541 96 20 20 podrá ver todos los lotes el 11 de febrero de 2008 en nuestras oficinas en 49076 Osnabrück, Gutenbergstr. 23.

ON VIEW The coins are on view at our premises in 49076 Osnabrueck, Gutenbergstr. 23, from February 11th 2008, by prior appointment: +49 (0)541 96 20 20.

ESPOSIZIONE Tutti i lotti 11 Febbraio Gutenbergstr. appuntamento 20.

sono visionabili a partire dal 2008 presso la nostra sede, 23, 49076 Osnabrück previo telefonico +49 (0)541 96 20

ПРОСМОТР АУКЦИОННЫХ ЛОТОВ Просмотр аукционных лотов проходит с 11 февраля 2008 года в нашем офисе по телефонной договоренности +49 (0)541 96 20 20 по адресу: Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück.

9

WICHTIGE HINWEISE FÜR UNSERE TELEFONBIETER

IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON TELEPHONE BIDDING

Wenn Sie telefonisch mitbieten möchten, bitten wir Sie aus organisatorischen Gründen, uns diesen Wunsch bis spätestens 48 Stunden vor der Versteigerung schriftlich mitzuteilen. Voraussetzung für ein telefonisches Mitbieten ist, daß Sie mindestens den Schätzpreis bieten.

Telefonisches Bieten ist erst ab einem Schätzpreis von ca. 500 Euro pro Los möglich.

If you wish to participate in the auction as a telephone bidder, please inform us at least 48 hours in advance as we have to approve and schedule all calls. To register for telephone bidding, we require that you submit at least the estimate as written bid in addition to being called.

Telephone bidding is accepted on lot numbers with estimates starting at 500 Euro.

Bitte beachten Sie, daß wir keinerlei Haftung übernehmen, falls die telefonische Verbindung während der Auktion nicht zustande kommt.

We do not assume liability should the telephone line be interrupted or not be achieved.

Sollten Sie Fragen zu der telefonischen Teilnahme an unseren Auktionen haben, können Sie uns vor der Auktion unter +49 (0)5 41 96 20 20 oder 0800 5836 537 (gebührenfrei) anrufen. Während der Auktion erreichen Sie uns unter der auf der ersten Seite angegebenen Telefonnummer.

INFORMATIONS POUR LA PARTICIPATION PAR TELEPHONE

Please call +49 541 96 20 20 for more information or to register for telephone bidding. During the auction you will be able to reach us at the telephone number indicated on page 1.

INFORMAZIONI PER LA PARTECIPAZIONE TELEFONICA

Si vous désirez participer par téléphone à nos ventes aux enchères, veuillez vous mettre en relation avec Alexandra Elflein au moins 48 heures avant la vente au numéro +49 541 96 20 233. Pendant la vente aux enchères nous vous prions d'appeler le numéro indiqué sur page no. 1 de ce catalogue.

Se desiderate la partecipazione telefonica in diretta durante l´asta, siete pregati di chiamare la Signorina Sonia Russo al numero diretto +49 541 96 20 245 come minimo 48 ore prima dell´asta e di inviarci la vostra offerta, la quale deve ammontare come minimo al prezzo di stima anche per iscritto.

Une participation téléphonique à la vente sera possible à la condition que vous nous fassiez parvenir aussi votre ordre par écrit. Cet ordre devra être au moins égal au minimum au prix d’estimation et concerner un lot estimé au moins 500 Euros.

Accettiamo una partecipazione telefonica in diretta durante l´asta per oggetti il cui prezzo di stima ammonta come minimo ai 500 Euro.

Non assumeremo nessuna responsabilità se la linea telefonica è occupata o se non siete raggiungibili.

Nous déclinons toute responsabilité dans le cas où la communication téléphonique serait interrompue, ou bien ne pourrait être établie.

INFORMACIONES DE COMO PARTICIPAR POR TELÉFONO Si quiere participar por teléfono en la subasta por favor se ponga en contacto anteriormente con la señora Sonia Russo +49 541 96 20 245 y envienos las pujas tambien por escrito por lo menos 48 oras antes de la subasta.

Для участия в торгах по телефону просим Вас связаться с нами не позднее 48 часов до начала аукциона. Условием проведения телефонных торгов является письменное подтверждение ставки, равной как минимум стартовой цене.

Autorizamos una participación por teléfono solamente para lotes cuyos precio de estima es por lo menos 500 Euro.

Участие в телефонных торгах возможно только для лотов со стартовой ценой свыше 500 евро.

No asumimos la responsabilidad si la conexión telefónica se interumpa sin previsión o si está comunicando.

10

ВАЖНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ДЛЯ УЧАСТИЯ ПО ТЕЛЕФОНУ

Для получения дополнительной информации и регистрации на аукционе звоните Анастасии Кепселль до аукциона по телефону +49 541 96 20 268 и во время аукциона по телефону, указанному на первой странице каталога.

PREFACE The preface of the auction catalogue 121 describes how I came to collect medieval coins. That really leaves me with one thing to explain in the catalogue of the third and last part of my collection, namely, what led me to give up collecting coins.

The main reason is obvious: age! When I started toying around with the idea of selling the collection in 2004, I soon found I wanted to add to the coins a short text elucidating their historical setting and the many short comments that had accumulated in my forty years of collecting - often during the most lively conversations and discussions with numismatists and historians. I immediately set about composing an initial text sample which I sent to the Künker company to be reviewed. It took Messrs Künker, Kirsch and myself only one meeting to decide to shape the entire catalogue along the lines of this first sample and to have it translated into English.

This was the beginning of a close cooperation with the Künker company and its employees, which led to numerous significant additions and new ideas. The result of this cooperation, which has been most constructive, now lies before you in the form of three handsome catalogues. I hope the result of our work will spur a deep interest in medieval numismatics and inspire further research into the subject. I am very grateful to the Künker company which proved willing to publish the part of my sceatta collection that had already been sold to the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge in a fourth individual volume, complete with my historical comments. This catalogue will be mailed to you upon demand.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the many people, whom I cannot name individually here, but without whose advice and support the realisation of these collection catalogues would not have been possible. Thanks to all the scientists, dealers and collectors, who have supported me with their comments and research. Thanks to Fritz Rudolf Künker, Arne Kirsch, Dr Sebastian Steinbach and the other staff for their extensive work on the collection. Thanks also to the translator of the historical commentaries, Robert Weir, and Wilfried Danner, who did an excellent job on the layout of the catalogue. Not least, I would like to thank all the readers of the catalogues, whose positive reactions on the two preceding parts spurred me on to do just as good a job on the third.

After the third and last auction, when all my coins will once again have been scattered across the world, the one thing remaining will be the memory of all those nice years of collecting and the many interesting people accompanying me along the way. I hope the new owners share my fascination with these 1,000 years of European coinage and I hope they will enjoy their objects for a long time to come.

Rotterdam, December 2007

G. W. de Wit

11

INTRODUCTION At the Synod of Clermont from 18 to 28 November 1095 Pope Urban II called for an armed pilgrimage to the Holy Land, a speech that would thunder on well into the thirteenth century, prompting thousands of crusaders to take up the cross. The only exception were the knights of the Iberian peninsula, who had their hands full (re)conquering the territory of present-day Spain on the Muslims during the seven-and-a-half-century-long Reconquista. Many a crusade army counted famous personalities among its midst, Staufer emperor Frederick I for one or English king Richard the Lionhearted for another. The consequences of the crusades would be immense for medieval Europe: the crusades eventually wore down the Byzantine Empire, they caused the Italian city states of Genoa and Venice to grow fabulously wealthy and become sea powers of significance in the Mediterranean, they saw the founding of the short-lived crusader states in Palestine and in the Christian knights’ orders that they sparked a substantially better organised and disciplined warrior elite established itself. Yet, the most important aftereffect of these armed pilgrimages without any doubt was the heightened cultural exchange between the Orient and the Occident.

Despite the enduring atrocities of these wars, mutual understanding also grew, leading the main Frankish chronicler of the First Crusade to comment: “For we, who were occidentals, have now become orientals. [...] Words of different languages have now become common property to the extent of no nationality being foreign anymore, mutual trust uniting those who do not know each other’s origins” (Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, book III, chapter XXXVII). Even if Fulcher’s judgment was too optimistic, as the future was to show, it aptly reflects the rapprochement of Christendom and Islam at the turn of the 11th century.

As did the previous parts, the third part of the De Wit collection connects the westernmost part of medieval Europe to its east, following almost the same route English crusaders took to the Holy Land. Our numismatic journey starts in 8th century England at the coinage of its kings and, via the Iberian peninsula, deeply marred by the Reconquista, we are lead to the cities and states of Italy that had grown fabulously wealthy through trade. Italy, incidentally, is also the origin of the very first coin Professor De Wit purchased: a Salut d’Or of Charles of Anjou (1266-1278) from Naples, which he bought in Amsterdam in 1965 – the beginning of the present collection and at the same time part of the last catalogue. From here, the trail continues, across the Balkan, along the Black Sea down to the Aegean and then out to Rhodes and Cyprus. The coinage of the ephemeral crusader states and the Turkmen mark our destination. In what one might call an aside to the collection, the 90 reckoning counters and the weights offer a deeper insight into medieval trading.

At the end of this journey coinages and issues of both Christian and Islamic rulers and dynasties will have been considered along with the ways in which they influenced each other.

We are once more proud to present the collector’s extensive historical commentaries on the individual items, the period of their minting and the persons behind the fabrics. All pieces are again shown enlarged by a factor 1.5, if not marked otherwise. At the end of the catalogue there is an comprehensive general index with key words from all three parts of the collection. It also contains a register of errata of the previous parts, I and II. We hope you enjoy reading the third part and its historical commentaries and wish you the best of luck with bidding!

Fritz Rudolf Künker

Arne Kirsch

Dr. Sebastian Steinbach

-•Auf Wunsch von Herrn Professor de Wit haben wir uns entschlossen, den Katalog seiner Sammlung in englischer Sprache zu verfassen. Wir verbinden damit die Hoffnung, ein internationales Publikum interessierter Sammler mittelalterlicher Münzen und Erforscher der Numismatik des Mittelalters ansprechen zu können. Für die damit verbundenen Schwierigkeiten für unsere deutschsprachigen Kunden bitten wir erneut um Verständnis. Unser Team steht Ihnen selbstverständlich mit Rat und Hilfe bei Unklarheiten oder Verständnisproblemen zur Verfügung.

12

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17

VIKING INVADERS - NORTHUMBRIA

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ʼnU EQKPCIG 6JG &CPKUJ EQKPU OKIJV DG UWDFKXKFGF KP #PINKCP CPF 0QTVJWODTKCP ;QTM

#0).+#

5CKPV 'CFOWPF /GOQTKCN %QKPCIG EC EC # +P EGPVTG # DGVYGGP FQVVGF EKTENGU 5% '#&/80& 4' TGVTQITCFG 4 5JQTV ETQUU RCVV¾G 6'401858&# TGVTQITCFG 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP 1H VJG OQPG[GTUʼn PCOGU OGPVKQPGF KP 0QTVJ PQPG TGUGODNG VJG VGZV CV JCPF

0146*7/$4+# ;14-

'DTCKEG %KXKVCU # 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ C RGNNGV KP VYQ CPINGU '$ +#+ J %' %+6 4 %086 CV VJG GPF QH VJG NKODU QH C NCTIG ETQUU RCVV¾G VJG UOCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ C RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING $GVYGGP %086 4': 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP # FCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP 6JG VGZVU UJQWNF TGCF '$4#+%' %+8+6#5 QH '$ 4#+ %'% +8 +PVGTUGEVKQP DGVYGGP 8 CPF % CPF DGVYGGP 4 CPF 6 VJTGG RGNNGVU KP C VTKCPING

18

KENT

%WPPGVVK # 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ C RGNNGV KP VYQ CPINGU %80 B 0'6 B 6+ B 4 %086 CV VJG GPF QH VJG NKODU QH C RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU YKVJ C RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING QH VJG UOCNN ETQUU $GVYGGP %086D 4 D ' D D : D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP %H VJG EQOOGPV YKVJ

%WPPGVVK # 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ C RGNNGV KP VYQ CPINGU %80 0'6 6+ 4 %086 CV VJG GPF QH VJG NKODU QH C RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU YKVJ C RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING QH VJG UOCNN ETQUU $GVYGGP %086B 4 ' : 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN %H VJG EQOOGPV YKVJ

/KTCDKNKC (GEKV # 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ RGNNGV KP VYQ CPINGU 0&#&4+#+ ('%6 4 +P VYQ NKPGU ETQUU DGVYGGP &05&5 14': 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 &QWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z %WGTFCNG 'Z 5RKPM #WEVKQP PQ PQ

. 5 /( &&14 # KK UCOG FKGU CU 5%$+ #UJOQNGCP 6JG TGXGTUG VGZV KU CP CDDTGXKCVKQP QH &QOK0W5 &GW5 1OPKRQVGPU 4': 6JG .QTF )QF #NOKIJV[ KU -KPI

-'06 1HHC YCU QXGTNQTF QXGT -GPV 2GPPKGU CTG MPQYP HTQO *GCDGTJV FCVGF 9JGP 1HHC FKGF KP C TGXQNV YCU NGF D[ CP CRQUVCVG ENGTM 'CFDGTJV 2TCGP %QGPYWNH QH /GTEKC UYKHVN[ UWDFWGF VJG TGDGNU CPF OCFG JKU DTQVJGT %WVJTGF MKPI QH -GPV 1PEG CICKP -GPV JCF DGEQOG C RTQXKPEG QH /GTEKC 0QVJKPI KU MPQYP QH $CNFTGF GZEGRV VJCV JG WUWTRGF -GPV TWNG UJQTVN[ DGHQTG YJGP #GVJGNYWNH UGPV D[ JKU HCVJGT 'EIDGTJV QH 9GUUGZ NGF C NCTIG CTO[ KPVQ -GPV CPF FTQXG $CNFTGF CETQUU VJG 6JCOGU 6JWU -GPVʼnU KPFGRGPFGPV JKUVQT[ GPFGF

%76*4'&

2GPP[ %CPVGTDWT[! 5KIGDGTJV # &KCFGOGF DWUV T %8&4'& 4': %#06 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G YKVJ YGFIGU KP CPINGU 5+)'$'4*6+ /10'6# 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG (NCP ETCEM QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

19

CANTERBURY

%#06'4$74; /GTEKC EQPVTQNNGF VJG CTEJDKUJQRU QH %CPVGTDWT[ CPF VJGTGHQTG VJG PCOG QH KVU QXGTNQTF YCU KPFKECVGF QP %CPVGTDWT[ EQKPCIG 6JWU CTEJDKUJQRU ,CGPDGTJV CPF #GVJGNJGCTF KPENWFGF VJG PCOGU QH /GTEKCP MKPIU 1HHC CPF %QGPYWNH QP VJGKT EQKPU 1P #GVJGNJGCTFʼnU FGOKUG /C[ 9WNHTGF JKU CTEJFGCEQP CUUWOGF QHHKEG 6JG PGY CTEJDKUJQR FKF CYC[ YKVJ PCOKPI VJG /GTEKCP QXGTNQTF QP JKU EQKPU CPF KPUVGCF KPVTQFWEGF VJG VQPUWTGF DWUV 2NGIOWPF YCU VJG NCUV CTEJDKUJQR VQ UVTKMG EQKP KPFGRGPFGPVN[

#'6*'.*'#4&

2GPP[ YKVJ 1HHC CU QXGTNQTF # +P VJTGG NKPGU #'&+. *'#4& #4%'2+ 4 +P VJTGG NKPGU / 1((# 4' : 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 44 'FIG DTGCMU XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP PF KUUWG YKVJ 1HHC CU 1XGTNQTF

(TQO 0% PQ 'Z & %JKEM EQNNGEVKQP $NWPV

%'1.016*

2GPP[ )TQWR +++ $KCTPYWNH # 6QPUWTGF DWUV HCEKPI %'1.016* #4%*+'2 4 /QPG[GTU PCOG QP CPF DGVYGGP VJG NKODU QH C ETQUU $+#408.( /10'6# 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG #VVTCEVKXG URGEKOGP YKVJ PKEG VQPKPI GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

'Z %CTN[QP $TKVVQP EQNNGEVKQP

'Z .QEMGVV + EQNNGEVKQP

)TQWR +++ EC

# PCOG KP VYQ RGTRGPFKEWNCT CTOU QH QPG ETQUU KU UGGP KP 9GUUGZ CU YGNN UGG PQU CPF .CVGT VJKU V[RG YQWNF CNUQ GOGTIG QP VJG EQPVKPGPV UGG WPFGT *QNNCPF PQ CPF WPFGT 7RRGT .QTTCKPG PQ

20

WESSEX

9'55': 6JG HKTUV RGPPKGU YGTG UVTWEM D[ $GQTJVTKE KP 9GUUGZ *G JCF C TKXCN YJQO 1HHC JGNRGF JKO VQ FTKXG CYC[ $GQTJVTKE YGFFGF C FCWIJVGT QH 1HHCʼnU CPF WPFGT JKU TWNG 9GUUGZ YCU FGRGPFGPV QP /GTEKC 7RQP $GQTJVTKEʼn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ʼnU UGEQPF UQP UWEEGGFGF VQ JKU HCVJGTU FKOKPKUJGF MKPIFQO CV JKU FGCVJ KP 9JGP HKTUV UQP #GVJGNDCNF FKGF KP 9GUUGZ ECOG WPFGT JKU TWNG CPF VJG 9GUV 5CZQP MKPIFQO YCU TG WPKVGF 7PFGT VJG TGKIP QH VJG VJKTF DTQVJGT #GVJGNTGF VJG 8KMKPIU KPXCFGF #GVJGNTGF URGPV OQUV QH JKU TGKIP DCVVNKPI VJG 8KMKPIU UWRRQTVGF D[ JKU DTQVJGT #NHTGF 1P JKU FGOKUG #GVJGNTGFʼnU EJKNFTGP YGTG VQQ [QWPI VQ GZGEWVG VJG RQYGTHWN TWNG VJCV YCU UQ FGURGTCVGN[ PGGFGF VQ YKVJUVCPF VJG KPEGUUCPVN[ TCKFKPI 8KMKPIU 6JWU #NHTGF CUEGPFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG +PKVKCNN[ 9GUUGZ NQUV CPF YCU HQTEGF VQ RC[ VJG 8KMKPIU QHH DWV D[ VJG VCDNGU JCF VWTPGF CPF JG FGHGCVGF VJG 8KMKPIU CV 'FKPIVQP .QPFQP YCU VCMGP KP CPF DGECOG VJG EGPVTG QH QRRQUKVKQP CICKPUV VJG GPGO[ 9JGP #NHTGF FKGF KP JKU UQP 'FYCTFʼnU UWEEGUUKQP YCU EQPVGUVGF D[ JKU EQWUKP #GVJGNYQNF 6JG NCVVGT HNGF CPF LQKPGF VJG &CPGU KP 0QTVJWODTKC KP 'FYCTF FGXCUVCVGF 'CUV #PINKC CU C TGVCNKCVKQP HQT C TCKF QP 9GUUGZ # DCVVNG GPUWGF NQUV D[ 9GUUGZ 6JG &CPGU OCTEJGF KPVQ /GTEKC DWV GXGPVWCNN[ YGTG FGHGCVGF CV 6GVVGPJCNN 'FYCTF YQWNF MGGR GPICIKPI VJG &CPGU CPF D[ VJG VKOG QH JKU FGCVJ KP CNN TGIKQPU UQWVJ QH VJG *WODGT YGTG HKTON[ KP 9GUUGZ JCPFU

#'6*'.97.(

2GPP[ 2JCUG 'VJGNPQVJ # $CTG JGCFGF DWUV T #'6*'.88.( 4': 4 /QPG[GTU PCOG QP CPF DGVYGGP VJG NKODU QH C DGCFGF ETQUU '6*'.016* /10'6# 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 5OCNN GFIG FGHGEV PKEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 2JCUG E OCLQTKV[ QT CNN %CPVGTDWT[ OKPV

#'6*'.$'4*6

2GPP[ /CPKPE # $CTG JGCFGF DWUV T #'6*'.$'#4*6 4': 4 /QPG[GTU PCOG QP CPF DGVYGGP VJG NKODU QH C DGCFGF ETQUU /#0+0% /10'6# 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 44 0KEG RQTVTCKV CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN (TQO NKUV PQ 1RGP ETQUU V[RG EC

21

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

#.(4'&

2GPP[ (QWT %QKPCIG .QPFQP #GVJGNUVCP # 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G #'. (4' &4': 4 /QPG[GTU PCOG KP VYQ NKPGU VJTGG RGNNGVU DGVYGGP CPF C RGNNGV CDQXG GPF DGPGCVJ #'6*'. 56#0 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP VJ EQKPCIG EC )WPVJTWO %CPVGTDWT[ 'FYCTF VJG 'NFGT V[RG .QPFQP EC

'&9#4& VJG '.&'4

2GPP[ 6YQ .KPG 'CFYWNH # 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G '#&88'#4& 4': 4 /QPG[GTU PCOG KP VYQ NKPGU DGVYGGP VJTGG ETQUUGU CDQXGP CPF DGPGCVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP C VTKCPING '#&8 .( /1 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

-+0)5 1( #.. '0).#0&

1P 5GRVGODGT #GVJGNUVCP YCU ETQYPGF MKPI CV -KPIUVQP *KU TWNG GZVGPFGF QXGT 9GUUGZ CPF RTGUWOCDN[ QXGT /GTEKC VJCPMU VQ VJG UWEEGUUHWN ECORCKIPKPI QH JKU HCVJGT *G FTQXG VJG 8KMKPI MKPI #PNCH QWV QH ;QTM DWV JG YCU NGUU UWEEGUUHWN KP JKU FGCNKPIU YKVJ 5EQVNCPF +V KU HCKT VQ UVCVG VJCV CV VJG VKOG QH JKU FGCVJ KP JG JCF ŋJGNF VQIGVJGT C EQORQUKVG UVCVG YJKEJ GODTCEGF OQUV QH RTGUGPV FC[ 'PINCPFŌ 0QTVJ 1H ITGCV KPVGTGUV KU VJG EQKPCIG NCY GPCEVGF CV )TCVGN[ FWTKPI #GVJGNUVCPʼnU TGKIP ŋ9G FGENCTG ő VJCV VJGTG UJCNN DG QPG EQKPCIG VJTQWIJQWV VJG MKPIʼnU FQOKPKQPU CPF VJGTG UJCNN DG PQ OKPVKPI GZEGRV KP C RQTV #PF KH C OKPKUVGT DG EQPXKEVGF QH UVTKMKPI DCF OQPG[ VJG JCPF YKVJ YJKEJ JG YCU IWKNV[ UJCNN DG EWV QHH CPF UGV WR QP VJG OKPV UOKVJ[ Ō 6JG UVCVWVG CNUQ IKXGU VJG SWQVC QH OQPG[GTU HQT GCEJ DWTJ 0QTVJ + R #GVJGNUVCP YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU DTQVJGT 'CFOWPF &WTKPI JKU TGKIP VJG &CPGU DTKGHN[ TGGUVCDNKUJGF VJGKT MKPIFQO KP ;QTM *G KP VWTP YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU DTQVJGT 'CFTGF YJQ FTQXG 'TKE ŋ$NQQFCZGŌ FKGF QWV QH 0QTVJWODTKC 1P 'CFTGFʼnU FGCVJ KP VJG VJTQPG RCUUGF VQ 'CFYKI GNFGUV UQP QH 'CFOWPF DWV VJG /GTEKCPU CPF 0QTVJWODTKCPU TGPQWPEGF VJGKT CNNGIKCPEG VQ JKO KP HCXQWT QH JKU [QWPIGT DTQVJGT 'CFICT KP 1P 'CFTGFʼnU FGCVJ KP 'CFICT TWNGF KP 9GUUGZ CNUQ 'CFICTʼnU TGKIP KU OCTMGF D[ VJG ITCPVKPI QH CWVQPQO[ VQ VJG &CPKUJ KPJCDKVCPVU QH GCUVGTP 'PINCPF 'CFICT JCF VYQ UQPU 'FYCTF D[ JKU HKTUV YKHG CPF #GVJGNTGF D[ JKU UGEQPF YKHG #GNHVJTKVJ 'FYCTF DGECOG MKPI DWV VJG EQWPVT[ YCU FKXKFGF 1P /CTEJ 'FYCTF YCU XKUKVKPI JKU DTQVJGT KP &QTUGV YJGP JG YCU CVVCEMGF D[ UQOG QH #GVJGNTGFʼnU TGVCKPGTU CPF OWTFGTGF *G YCU NCVGT TGXGTGF CU C UCKPV CPF OCTV[T #GVJGNTGFʼnU TGKIP YCU C VWTPKPI RQKPV HQT YJKNG VJG &CPKUJ KPHNWGPEG ITGY CPF DGICP VQ FQOKPCVG CV VJG UCOG VKOG VJG VKGU GUVCDNKUJGF YKVJ (TCPEG VQQM QP ITQYKPI UKIPKHKECPEG HQT VJG HWVWTG 6JG MKPI JKOUGNH NGF VJG YC[ KP VJKU VCMKPI HQT JKU YKHG 'OOC

#GNHIKHW VJG FCWIJVGT QH 4KEJCTF ++ &WMG QH 0QTOCPF[ VJG ITGCV ITCPFUQP QH VJG HKTUV &WMG QH 0QTOCPF[ 4QNH QT 4QNNG VJG 8KMKPI UGG WPFGT 0QTOCPF[

%H CNUQ VJG 'PINKUJ VQMGPU KP VJG EJCRVGT ,GVQPU PQ CPF VJG 'PINKUJ EQKPU KP QWT ECVCNQIWG PQ HH

'#&4'&

6YQ .KPG 9WNHUVCP # 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G '#&4'& 4': 4 /QPG[GTU PCOG KP VYQ NKPGU FKXKFGF D[ VJTGG ETQUUGU CDQXG CPF DGNQY C TQUGVVG 88.(5 60 /1 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

5OCNN HNCP FGHGEV XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

1XGTUVTWEM QP C EQKP QH #GVJGNUVCP

22

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND '#&)#4

7PFGT 'CFICT VJG EQKPCIG YCU TGHQTOGF +P KV YCU FGETGGF VJCV KP HWVWTG VJG EQKPU UJQWNF DGCT PQV QPN[ VJG PCOG QH VJG OQPG[GT DWV CNUQ VJG RNCEG QH OKPVKPI +P HCEV HTQO VJKU FCVG 'PINCPF YCU VQ DG NKVGTCNN[ EQXGTGF KP OKPVU PQ OQTG VJCP OKNGU CRCTV ŋ1WT ENCKO KU VJCV C PGVYQTM QH OKPVU YCU RCTV QH VJG RNCP QH VJG TGHQTO QH CPF VJCV KV YCU VJG KPVGPVKQP VJCV OGP UJQWNF PQV JCXG VQ VTCXGN CP WPTGCUQPCDNG FKUVCPEG KP QTFGT VQ TGCEJ C OKPVŌ &QNNG[ CPF /GVECNH UGG HKI +++ 9G HKPF UKOKNCT TGIWNCVKQPU KP (TKGUNCPF UGG WPFGT (TKGUNCPF

6YQ NKPG *GTKIGT # 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G '#&)#4 4': + 4 /QPG[GTU PCOG KP VYQ NKPGU FKXKFGF D[ VJTGG ETQUUGU CDQXG CPF DGNQY C VTGHQKN *'4+) '4/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN UETCVEJGU CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 2TG TGHQTO

#'6*'.4'& ++

6JG TGKIP QH #GVJGNTGF ECNNGF ŋVJG 7PTGCF[Ō YCU VTQWDNGF D[ KPEGUUCPV TCKFU HTQO 5ECPFKPCXKC YJKEJ KP VJG GPF NGF VQ VJG EQPSWGUV QH 'PINCPF D[ VJG &CPGU -GPV CPF 9GUUGZ YGTG TCKFGF KP CPF VJG &CPGU U[UVGOCVKECNN[ RNWPFGTGF 5QWVJ 'PINCPF 1P 0QXGODGT 5V $TKEGʼnU FC[ #GVJGNTGF QTFGTGF VJG OWTFGT QH CNN &CPGU CPF COQPI VJG UNCWIJVGTGF YCU )TWPPJKNF FCWIJVGT QH -KPI 5YG[P QH &GPOCTM #U C TGUWNV CNN 'PINCPF UWHHGTGF HTQO &CPKUJ TCKFU QH UVGCFKN[ KPETGCUKPI HGTQEKV[ +P VJG[ YGTG DQWIJV QHH QPN[ CHVGT C RC[OGPV QH RQWPFU QH UKNXGT 6JG PGZV [GCT 5YG[P TGVWTPGF VQ 'PINCPF CPF #GVJGNTGF NGHV HQT 0QTOCPF[ QPN[ VQ TGVWTP CHVGT 5YG[PʼnU FGCVJ QP (GDTWCT[ 5YG[PʼnU [QWPIGT UQP %PWV NGHV 'PINCPF DWV TGVWTPGF VQ 9GUUGZ VJG PGZV [GCT #GVJGNTGF FKGF #RTKN CPF YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU GNFGUV UWTXKXKPI UQP 'FOWPF +TQPUKFG *G EQPVKPWGF VJG UVTWIING CICKPUV %PWV DWV OCFG NKVVNG JGCFYC[ CPF YJKNG JG YCU TGEQIPKUGF CU MKPI UQWVJ QH VJG 6JCOGU %PWV JGNF UYC[ KP VJG PQTVJ 6JG FGCFNQEM YCU DTQMGP QPN[ D[ VJG FGCVJ QH 'FOWPF KP 0QXGODGT CPF %PWV DGECOG MKPI QH CNN 'PINCPF 6JG EQKPU RTQFWEGF FWTKPI #GVJGNTGFʼnU TGKIP CTG QH HKPG SWCNKV[ CPF HCNN KPVQ UGXGTCN FKUVKPEV V[RGU YJKEJ UGGO VQ DG EJCPIGF TQWIJN[ GXGT[ UKZ [GCTU &QNNG[ KU QH VJG QRKPKQP VJCV VJG EJCPIG QH V[RG QEEWTGF CV /KEJCGNOCU VJG HGCUV QH 5V /KEJCGN 5GRVGODGT +P VJKU RGTKQF VJG EQKPCIG DGECOG NGICN VGPFGT

(KTUV *CPF

&GTD[ .GQHYKPG # &KCFGOGF DWUV T #'&'.4'& 4': #0).1: 4 *CPF QH RTQXKFGPEG KUUWKPI HTQO ENQWFU CV UKFGU # 9 .'1(2+0' / 1 &'14#$ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM QP VJG QDXGTUG QVJGTYKUG CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG YKVJ PKEG RCVKPC

5RKPM .QPFQP /QPG[GT PQV OGPVKQPGF KP 0QTVJ

23

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND 5GEQPF *CPF

$CTPUVCRNG $KTJUKIG # &KCFGOGF DWUV T KP HTQPV UEGRVTG YKVJ VTGHQKN JGCF #'&'.4'& 4': #0).1: 4 *CPF QH RTQXKFGPEG KUUWKPI HTQO ENQWFU CV UKFGU # 9 $;4*<+)' / 1 $'#4&# 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

(NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG YKVJ OCIPKHKEGPV RQTVTCKV CPF PKEG RCVKPC )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z .CYTGPEG EQNNGEVKQP

'Z $TGVVGNN EQNNGEVKQP

%TWZ

# $CTG JGCFGF DWUV N KP HTQPV C UEGRVTG 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ %47: KP CPINGU

0QTVJ 5GCD[ $CVJ #GVJGNUKIG # #'&'.4#'& 4': #0).1: 4 #'&'.5+)' / 1 $#& IT (NCP ETCEM PKEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG *KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ *KNF

%CODTKFIG #GNHTKE # #'&'.4#'& 4': #0).1: 4 #'.(4+% / 1 )4#06 IT 8GT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

5WFDWT[ )QFYKPG # #'&'.4#'& 4': #0).1: 4 )1&2+0' / 1 58&$; IT 5OCNN FQWDNG UVTWEM CPF OKPQT HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

.CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ *KNF

;QTM 1FC # '&'.4#'& 4': #0).1: 4 1&# / 1 '1(42+% IT

2CVKPC GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ

24

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND .QPI %TQUU

# $CTG JGCFGF DWUV N 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU 0QTVJ 5GCD[

'ZGVGT 9[PUKIG # #'&'.4'& 4': #0). 4 9;0<+)' / 1 '#:' IT

5OCNN UETCVEJGU XGT[ HKPG

.GKEGUVGT #GNHUVCP # #'&'.4'& 4': #0).1 4 #'.(56#0 /1 .')% IT &CTM VQPG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

*KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ *KNF

2GWU (TCPMHWTV #WEVKQP PQ *KNF 'Z $QPJQHH EQNNGEVKQP ++ 'Z 5NI (Ã&#x2019;TUVN (Ã&#x2019;TUVGPD /Ã&#x2019;P\MCDKPGVV /QPG[GT PQV KP 0QTVJ

.QPFQP $TWPUVCP # #'&'.4'& 4': #0).1 4 $48056#0 / 1 .80& IT 5OCNN UETCVEJGU XGT[ HKPG

.QPFQP #GVJGNYGTF # #'&'.4'& 4': #0).1 4 #'&'.2'4& /1 .80& IT (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

$QWIJV &GMMGT EQNNGEVKQP 'Z 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO F F

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

.[FHQTF #GNHUVCP # #'&'.4'& 4': #0).1: 4 #'.(56#0 / 1 .;&# IT 5NKIJVN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG *KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

25

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

.[FHQTF )QFC # #'&'.4'& 4': #0). 4 )1&# /Q1 .;&# IT

#NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

9CNNKPIHQTF .GQHTKE # #'&'.4'& 4': #0).1: 4 .'1(4+% /1 2'.+) IT )QQF RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

-ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM #WEVKQP PQ

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ

;QTM 'CFTKE # #'&'.4'& 4': #0).1 4 '#&4+% / 1 '1(4 IT

&QWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

6KGVLGP *CODWTI #WEVKQP PQ

*GNOGV

# $WUV N KP CTOQWT CPF TCFKCVG JGNOGV 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU QXGT USWCTG YKVJ VTGHQKN CV GCEJ RQKPV

0QTVJ 5GCD[

;QTM &WPUVCP # #'&'.4'& 4': #0).1 4 &8056#0 /1 '1(4 IT 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP /QPG[GT PQV KP 0QTVJ

26

.KPEQNP 1UIWV # #'&'.4'& 4': #0). 4 15)86 /1 .+0% IT

0KEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z $KTF EQNNGEVKQP

/QUUQR 5[NNQIG VJKU EQKP

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND .CUV 5OCNN %TQUU

# &KCFGOGF DWUV N 4 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G 0QTVJ 5GCD[

&QXGT /CPPKPE # #'&'.4'& 4': #0).14 4 /#00+0% /10 &1( IT 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

.GKEGUVGT #GNHUVCP # #'&'.4'& 4': #0) 4 #'.(56#0 10 .'+) IT

'FIG FGHGEV HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP *KNF /QPG[GT PQV KP 0QTVJ

.GYGU #GNHYGTF # #'&'.4#'& 4': #0). 4 #'.(2'4& 10 .#';)' IT 8GT[ HKPG

.QPFQP #GNHYKPG # #'&'.4'& 4': #0). 4 #'.(2+ /1 .80&'0' IT

0KEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\CWMVKQP 'UUGP #WEVKQP PQ *KNF MPQYU QH QPN[ C UKPING URGEKOGP DGCTKPI .#';)'

*KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ *KNF +U #GNHYKPG QT #GNHYKI VJG OQPG[GT!

0QTYKEJ 1UYQNF # '&'.4'& 4': #0). 4 1521.& / 1 014&2 IT

8GT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

27

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND #0).1 &#0+5* 2'4+1& %076

6JG &CPG %PWV YCU MKPI QH &GPOCTM 0QTYC[ CPF 'PINCPF CPF VJWU ETGCVGF VJG 0QTVJ 5GC 'ORKTG

6QIGVJGT YKVJ JKU HCVJGT 5YG[P (QTMDGCTF %PWV NGF VJG KPXCUKQP QH 'PINCPF KP #HVGT 5YG[PʼnU FGCVJ %PWV YCU RTQENCKOGF MKPI QH CNN 'PINCPF D[ VJG &CPKUJ HNGGV 6JG 'PINKUJ JQYGXGT FKUUGPVGF CPF ECNNGF WRQP #GVJGNTGF VQ TGVWTP HTQO JKU GZKNG %PWV YKVJFTGY VQ &GPOCTM DWV TGVWTPGF UYKHVN[ KP VQ GPHQTEG JKU ENCKO *KU EQPSWGUVU JQYGXGT YQWNFPʼnV NCUV CPF CHVGT #GVJGNTGFʼnU FGOKUG %PWV JCF VQ FGCN YKVJ VJG HQTOGTʼnU UQP 'CFOWPF UGG WPFGT #GVJGNTGF 1P 'CFOWPFʼnU FGCVJ KP %PWV

DGECOG MKPI QH CNN 'PINCPF 6JWU DGICP VJG #PINQ &CPKUJ RGTKQF #HVGT #GVJGNTGF JCF FKGF %PWV OCTTKGF JKU YKFQY 'OOC C OCPQGWXTG KPVGPFGF VQ RTGXGPV CP[ KPVGTXGPVKQP D[ JGT DTQVJGT 4KEJCTF ++ &WMG QH 0QTOCPF[ VJG OCTTKCIG QH #GVJGNTGF CPF 'OOC JCF JCF PQ KUUWG

#NVJQWIJ %PWV TWNGF QXGT VJG 0QTVJ 5GC 'ORKTG JG ENGCTN[ TGICTFGF 'PINCPF CU VJG JGCTV QH JKU GORKTG CPF JG JCF #PINQ 5CZQP EWUVQOU RTGXCKN KP IQXGTPKPI KV 6JG QPG KPPQXCVKQP YCU VJG CRRQKPVOGPV QH GCTNU OQUVN[ QH 5ECPFKPCXKCP QTKIKP 5VKNN VJG OQUV RQYGTHWN QH CNN )QFYKP QH 9GUUGZ YCU #PINQ 5CZQP

%PWVʼnU EQKPCIG DGICP KP YKVJ C PGY V[RG ŋ5[ODQNKECNN[ JG YCU UJQYP QP VJG EQKPU YGCTKPI VJG HNGWTGF 'PINKUJ ETQYP CPF C SWCVTGHQKN KU CPQVJGT PQXGN HGCVWTG DQVJ QH VJG QDXGTUG CPF TGXGTUGŌ

&QNNG[

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ŋ+P QT CDQWV JQYGXGT VJG V[RG YCU EJCPIGF VQ QPG YJGTG VJG MKPI YCU FGRKEVGF YGCTKPI C EQPKECN JGNOGV CPF TGEGPV UVWFKGU JCXG UJQYP VJCV FGVGTOKPGF GHHQTVU YGTG PQY DGKPI OCFG VQ TGXGTV VQ C UKPING EGPVTG QH FKG RTQFWEVKQP CPF C WPKHQTO YGKIJV UVCPFCTF $QVJ YGTG XKTVWCNN[ CEJKGXGF D[ E YJGP JKU VJKTF V[RG YCU KUUWGF VJG PGY EQKPU DGKPI QH VTCFKVKQPCN FGUKIP YKVJ VJG MKPI QPEG OQTG UJQYP DCTG JGCFGF CPF YGCTKPI C UKORNG FKCFGOŌ &QNNG[

3WCVTGHQKN

# %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJKP SWCVTGHQKN 4 1P SWCVTGHQKN YKVJ RGNNGV QP CRGZ QH GCEJ EWUR NQPI ETQUU XQKFGF GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU

6JG FGEKUKXG UVWF[ QP OKPVU HQT VJG 3WCVTGHQKN V[RG KU VJCV D[ $NCEMDWTP CPF .[QP 4GIKQPCN FKG RTQFWEVKQP KP %PWVʼnU 3WCVTGHQKN KUUWG KP #PINQ UCZQP /QPGVCT[ *KUVQT[ .GKEGUVGT R G X 0QTVJ 5GCD[

$CVJ #GNHYQNF # %086 4': #0). 148 4 #. (2#.& 10 $#& IT

6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU CPF UOCNN ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

*KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ *KNF

$CVJ #GVJGNUVCP # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 '&'56# 0 10 $#& IT

#NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

28

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

$GFHQTF .GQHYKPG # %086 4': #0).1 4 .'1(2+0' $'& IT

8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 5OCNN SWCVTGHQKN CPF V[RKECN 'CUV #PINKC 5V[NG DWUV *KNF 6JKU OQPG[GT PQV KP $/ HQT VJKU V[RG 'Z $CIUJCYG EQNNGEVKQP

$TKUVQN #GNHYKPG # %086 4': #0).14 4 #'.(2+0' 10 $4+% 0QTVJ IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

*QTPWPI -QRGPJCIGP #WEVKQP PQ *KNF

$TKUVQN #GNHYKPG # %086 4': #0'. 4 #'.(2+0' 10 $4+% IT

5NKIJVN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG $CNFYKP .QPFQP

%CODTKFIG #GNHYKPG # %086 4': #0).148/ Z 4 #'.(8+ /10 )4#6 IT 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

%CODTKFIG .GQHUKIG # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 .'1(5+ ) 10 )4# IT

8GT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

%CODTKFIG 9WNHUKIG # %086 4': #0).1 4 28.(5+ 10 )4#06 IT

/CIPKHKEGPV RQTVTCKV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z &QWDNGFC[ EQNNGEVKQP + 'Z &WMG QH #TI[NN EQNNGEVKQP

29

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%CPVGTDWT[ .KQHPQVJ # %086 4': #0+ 4 6JTGG RGNNGVU CV CRGZ QH GCEJ EWUR QH SWCVTGHQKN .+1(01& %#'0 0QTVJ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

%JGUVGT .GQYKPG # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 .'12+0' 10 %') IT

&CTM 2CVKPC XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

%JGUVGT 5YGIGP # %086 4': #0).148 4 52')'0 10 .') IT

8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

'Z 0QTYGD EQNNGEVKQP +8

5%$+ #OGTKEC

5%$+ %JGUVGT HTQO VJG UCOG FKG

*KNFGDTCPF WPFGT NKUVU C UKOKNCT V[RG YKVJ 52')0 CVVTKDWVGF VQ .GKEGUVGT #EEQTFKPI VQ $NCEMDWTP CPF .[QPU C NCVG %JGUVGT V[RG KP %QRGPJCIGP

0Q $NCEMDWTP CPF .[QPU ENCUU VJG UCOG V[RG KFGPVKECN FKG! CU GCTN[ %JGUVGT

%QNEJGUVGT )QFTKE # %086 4': #0).1: 4 )1&4+% /1 %1. IT

8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

%TKEMNCFG #GVJGNYKPG # %086 4 ': #0).148/ 4 #'&'.2+0' 10 %41%. IT 44 8GT[ HKPG $CNFYKP .QPFQP

30

%QNEJGUVGT 9WNHYKPG # %086 4': #0).1 4 28.(2+0' %1. IT

'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP

6[RKECN .QPFQP UV[NG

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

&QXGT 'CFYKPG # %086 4': #0).148+ 4 '#&2+0' 10 &'(4+0 IT

#NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&QXGT .GQHYKPG # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 .'1(2+0' &1( IT

$CNFYKP .QPFQP

8GT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

'ZGVGT /CPPC # %086 4': #0).148 4 /#00# 10 ':% IT

(NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

)NQWEGUVGT .GQHUKIG # %TQUU KP HTQPV QH DWUV %086 4': #0).14 4 .'1(5+)' 10 ).' 0QTVJ XCT IT 4 0KEG RCVKPC GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z $TGVVGNN EQNNGEVKQP

5RKPM .QPFQP

+RUYKEJ .GQHTKE # %086 4': #0).148 4 .'1(4+% / )+2 IT

&QWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

+RUYKEJ .GQHTKE # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 .'1(4+% / )+2 IT

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

)NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z &QWDNGFC[ EQNNGEVKQP + 'Z 9 % 9GNNU EQNNGEVKQP *KNF QH 5%$+ %12

8GT[ HKPG

31

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

.GYGU .GQHYKPG # +086 4': #0).1&8 4 .'1(2+0' .#'' IT

5OCNN FQWDNG UVTWEM QP VJG TGXGTUG XGT[ HKPG

.KPEQNP #UNCE # 5EGRVTG KP HTQPV QH DWUV %086 4': #0).148+ 4 #5.#% /1 .+0%1 0QTVJ IT 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP FGUETKDGF CU %CODTKFIG 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP

7PWUWCN .QPFQP UV[NG DWUV RGNNGV DGJKPF UJQWNFGT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

.KPEQNP $TWPVCV # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 $4806 #6 /1 .+0 IT

8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

.KPEQNP )QFYKPG # %086 4': #0).148+ 4 )1 &2+0' /1 .+0 IT 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

8GT[ HKPG

.KPEQNP )TKOEGVGN # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 )4+/%'6'. /1 .+0 IT

5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

.KPEQNP /CPC # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 /#0# /1 .+0%1. IT *KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

32

8GT[ HKPG

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

.KPEQNP 1UHGTVJ # %086 4': #0).148 4 15('4& /1 .+0% IT

# NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

.QPFQP #GNHYKPG # %086 4': #0).14 4 '.(2+ 10 .80& IT

2NGCUKPIN[ VQPGF CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

5RKPM .QPFQP

.QPFQP $TWPKPE # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 $480+0% 0 .80 IT

8GT[ HKPG

.QPFQP 'CFYGTF # %086 4': #0).14 4 '#&2'4 & 10 .80& IT

8GT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ 1DXGTUG NGIGPF GPFU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

.QPFQP 'CFYGTF # %086 4': #0).148 4 '#&2'4& 80'& IT

/KPQT HNCP FGHGEV QP VJG TGXGTUG CPF UNKIJVN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG 6KGVLGP *CODWTI #WEVKQP PQ *KNF

.QPFQP (TGVJK # %086 4': #0).1 4 (4'&+ 10 .80& IT

+PVGTGUVKPI RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG *KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

33

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

.QPFQP .KQHYQNF # %086 4': #0).1 4 .+1(21 .& 1 .80& IT

8GT[ HKPG

.[FHQTF 5CGYKPG # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 5#'2+0' 1 .*;&# IT

4 &CTM 2CVKPC HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

6KGVLGP *CODWTI #WEVKQP PQ

$CNFYKP .QPFQP

/CNFQP #GNHYKPG # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 #'.2+0' 10 /#'.&80 IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

/CNFQP #GVJGNYKPG # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 #'&'.2+0' /#'. IT

4 &CTM 2CVKPC XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

)NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z &QWDNGFC[ EQNNGEVKQP + 'Z 4 6 %CUUCN EQNNGEVKQP 'Z /CTG *KNF 5%$+ %12 $ 7/(

/CNOGUDWT[ *WPPC # &KCFGOGF DWUV N %086 4': #0).148 4 *8 00# 10 /'#.

0QTVJ IT 44 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

0QTYKEJ #GNHTKE # %086 4': #0).14 4 #'(+% /1 1 014 IT

5NKIJVN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

34

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

0QTYKEJ #GNHTKE # %086 4': #0).14 4 #'(+% 1 014&2+'+ IT

'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

0QTYKEJ 6JWTHGTVJ # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 &84'('4& 1 01 IT

8GT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

0QTYKEJ 6JWTHKTVJ # %086 4': #0).148+ 4 &74+(+4& /1 01 IT

0KEG VQPKPI UQOG UOCNN UETCVEJGU XGT[ HKPG

1ZHQTF 5CGYKPG # %086 4': #0).148 4 5#'2+0' 10 1:50 IT

&CTM VQPG OKPQT FQWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

$CNFYKP .QPFQP

$CNFYKP .QPFQP

1ZHQTF 5KDYKPG # %086 4': #0).14+ 4 5+$2+0' / 1:# IT 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP

'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

1ZHQTF 5KDYKPG # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 5+$ 2+0' 10 1:5'0# IT 8GT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

35

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

5CNKUDWT[ 5CGOCP # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 5#'/# 0 0 5'4 IT

6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5QWVJCORVQP #GNHUKIG # %086 4': #0).148 4 #'.(5+)' 10 *#/26 IT (NCP ETCEMU XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP $WUV QH 5QOGTUGV UV[NG DWUV XGT[ TCTG HQT VJKU OKPV 'Z &TCDDNG EQNNGEVKQP

'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 9GNNU EQNNGEVKQP $CNFYKP 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN

5QWVJCORVQP #GNHYGTF # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 #'.(2'4& 10 *#/6 IT (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

5QWVJYCTM #GNHUKIG # $WUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG DGJKPF %086 4': #0).148/ 4 #'.(5+) /10 58&) 0QTVJ IT

'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP PQV KP 5[NNQIG 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP .QV

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z &TCDDNG EQNNGEVKQP

'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP

'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG XCTKGV[ YKVJ UEGRVTG KP HKGNF DGJKPF JGCF PQV KP *KNF 0QTVJ CPF $/%

36

5QWVJYCTM #GNHYKPG # %086 4': #0).1 4 #'.(2+0' 58&) IT

8GT[ HKPG

5QWVJYCTM 'CFYKPG # %086 4': #0).14 4 '#&2+0' 58&) IT

&CTM DNWG 2CVKPC ENGCPGF XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

)NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

5QWVJYCTM .GQHTKE # %086 4': #0).1 4 .+1(4+% 0 58') IT

6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU CPF UNKIJVN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG

5QWVJYCTM 9WNHTKE # %086 4': #0).1+ 4 28.(4+% 0 58&') IT

6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

5VCOHQTF )QFTKE # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 )1&4+% /1 56# IT

&CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

5VCOHQTF )QFYKPG # %086 4': #0).1+ 4 )1&2+0' / 56# IT

8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

6CWPVQP #GNHUKIG # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 '.(5+) 6#068 IT

44 &CTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG

6JGVHQTF #GNHYKI # %086 4': #0).14 4 #'.(2+' 1 &'1& IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

8GT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

37

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

6JGVHQTF #GNHYKI # %086 4': #0).1: 4 #'&2+) /1+ &'1 IT

# NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

6JGVHQTF 'CFYKPG # %086 4': #0).1 4 '&2+0' 1 &'1& IT

$CNFYKP .QPFQP

8GT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

6JGVHQTF )QFOCP # %086 4': #0).1: 4 )1&/#0 /1 &'1& IT

0KEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

6JGVHQTF .GQHYKPG # %086 4': #0).148/ 4 .'1(2+0' /1 &'1& IT

6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

6JGVHQTF .KHKPE # %086 4': #0).1 4 .+(+0% 10 &'1 IT

)QQF RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

6JGVHQTF 5RTWPV # %086 4': #0).148 4 524806 10 &'1 IT 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

38

'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

9KPEJGUVGT 5KDQFG # %086 4': #0).148 4 5+$1&# 10 2+0%5 IT

4 0KEG 2CVKPC CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

9QTEJGUVGT #GNHYQNF # %086 4': #0).14 4 #.(21.& 10 2+ IT

44 5OCNN FQWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

*QTPWPI -QRGPJCIGP #WEVKQP PQ C *KNF 5[NN %QR 9QTEJGUVGT UV[NG

;QTM %QNITKO # %086 4': #0).14 4 %1 .)4+/ /1 '1( IT

0KEG RQTVTCKV C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG QVJGTYKUG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG YKVJ PKEG RCVKPC

5RKPM .QPFQP

;QTM &CJHKP # %086 4': #0).148 4 &#*(+0 / 1 '1 IT

'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

;QTM (TKVJEQN # %086 4': #0).148 4 (4+& 1. /1 '1+ IT

8GT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

;QTM 5VKTEQN # %086 4': #0).148 4 56+4%1. /1 '1+ IT

5OCNN FQWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

39

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND 2QKPVGF *GNOGV

# $WUV N YGCTKPI RQKPVGF JGNOGV KP HTQPV UEGRVTG 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF NKODU WPKVGF CV DCUG D[ VYQ EKENGU KP EGPVTG C RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING C DTQMGP CPPWNGV GPENQUKPI C RGNNGV

0QTVJ 5GCD[

&QTEJGUVGT 5YGVC # %086 4 ': #0 4 52'6 10 & 14 % '56 IT

4 $GPV YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG DWV PKEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

6[RG +++E 4 * / &QNNG[ , +PIQNF 5QOG VJQWIJVU QP VJG GPITCXKPI QH VJG FKGU HQT VJG 'PINKUJ %QKPCIG E %QOOGPVCVKQPGU R

*KNF

.KPEQNP #GIGNOCGT # %086 4': #0) 4 #')'. /#'4 10 .+0% IT

8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

.QPFQP 9[PUVCP # %086 4+%: 4 2;056#0 10 .80 IT

5NKIJVGN[ DGPV QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

6[RG +++E 4 * / &QNNG[ , +PIQNF 5QOG VJQWIJVU QP VJG GPITCXKPI QH VJG FKGU HQT VJG 'PINKUJ %QKPCIG E %QOOGPVCVKQPGU R

*KNF

5RKPM .QPFQP

6[RG ++E 4 * / &QNNG[ , +PIQNF 5QOG VJQWIJVU QP VJG GPITCXKPI QH VJG FKGU HQT VJG 'PINKUJ %QKPCIG E %QOOGPVCVKQPGU R

*KNF MPQYU QH URGEKOGPU HTQO 2WPUVCP

.QPFQP .GQHUVCP # %086 4'':: 4 .'1(56#0 10 .70 IT

8GT[ HKPG

6JGVHQTF 'CFYKPG # %086 ': #0) 4 ' #&2+0' /1 &'1 IT

4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

6[RG + 4 * / &QNNG[ , +PIQNF 5QOG VJQWIJVU QP VJG GPITCXKPI QH VJG FKGU HQT VJG 'PINKUJ %QKPCIG E %QOOGPVCVKQPGU R

*KNF

40

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND 5JQTV %TQUU

# &KCFGOGF DWUV N UEGRVTG YKVJ NKU JGCF KP HTQPV 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF KP EGPVTG C EKTENG GPENQUKPI C RGNNGV 0QTVJ 5GCD[

&QXGT .GQHYKPG # %086 4'%: 4 .'1(2+0' 10 &1(4 IT

8GT[ HKPG

.CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

*WPVKPIFQP #GNHICT # %086 4 '%: 4 #'. ()#4 10 *806 IT

4 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

.QPFQP #GVJYGF # %086 4' 4 #'&2 '& 10 .80& IT

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

5RKPM .QPFQP /QPG[GT PQV KP 0QTVJ

8GT[ HKPG

*#41.& +

%PWV JCF KPVGPFGF JKU UQP *CTVJCEPWV D[ JKU YKHG 'OOC VQ UWEEGGF JKO KP 'PINCPF CU YGNN CU KP &GPOCTM +P &GPOCTM JG FKF DWV 'PINCPF YCU FKXKFGF # ITQWR QH UQWVJGTP PQDNGU NGF D[ )QFYKP YKUJGF *CTVJCEPWV VQ CEEGFG VQ VJG VJTQPG DWV VJG GCTNU KP VJG OKFFNG CPF PQTVJ QH VJG EQWPVT[ NGF D[ .GQHTKE RTGHGTTGF *CTQNF %PWVʼnU UQP D[ #GNHIKHW +P C EQORTQOKUG 'OOC CEVGF CU TGIGPV KP 9GUUGZ QP *CTVJCEPWVʼnU DGJCNH CPF VJG TGUV YGPV VQ *CTQNF

1PG QH VJG EQKPU QH *CTQNFʼnU TGKIP KP 'PINCPF OKPWU 9GUUGZ YCU VJG ,GYGN %TQUU V[RG #U *CTVJCEPWV FKF PQV EQOG VQ 'PINCPF JKU RQUKVKQP YGCMGPGF CPF *CTQNF DGECOG MKPI QH CNN 'PINCPF KP RTQORVKPI 'OOC VQ HNGG VQ (NCPFGTU *CTQNF EJQUG C PGY V[RG VJG ŋ(NGWT FG NKUŌ V[RG *G FKGF QP /CTEJ CPF *CTVJCEPWV YCU TGSWGUVGF VQ EQOG VQ 'PINCPF CU MKPI

,GYGNN %TQUU URTKPI CWVWOP

.QPFQP $TKJVOCGT # &KCFGOGF DWUV N *#41.& 4': 4 %TQUU EQORQUGF QH HQWT QXCNU WPKVGF CV VJGKT DCUKU D[ VYQ EKTENGU GPENQUKPI C RGNNGV $4+*6/#'4 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

41

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND (NGWT FG NKU

# &KCFGOGF DWUV N KP CTOQWT KP HTQPV C UJKGNF CPF UEGRVTG 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF NKODU WPKVGF CV VJGKT DCUGU D[ C EKTENG GPENQUKPI C RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING HNGWT FG NKU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU

0QTVJ 5GCD[

.QPFQP #GNHTKE # *#41.& 4'%: 4 #'. (4+ % 10 .80 IT

/KPQT HNCP ETCEM VTCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG 9#) &QTVOWPF #WEVKQP PQ

.CPECUVGT! 'CYKPG # *#41.& 4''&: 4 +P GCEJ CPING VTGHQKN QH RGNNGVU '#2+0' 10 .#0& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

6Q O[ OKPF VJG OKPV KPFKECVKQP ECP QPN[ DG TGCF CU .#0& YJKEJ YQWNF TGHGT VQ .CPECUVGT DWV *KNFGDTCPF MPQYU QH PQ UWEJ V[RG HQT .CPECUVGT

*QYGXGT VJKU OQPG[GT KU MPQYP HQT .GYGU D[ VJG PCOG QH 'CFYKPG YJKEJ KU UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG ECTF CEEQORCP[KPI VJKU EQKP DWV KP VJCV ECUG VJG EQKP UJQWNF JCXG TGCF .#';' *KNF

*#46*#%076

6JG 'PINKUJ KPXKVCVKQP QH *CTVJCEPWV VQ TGVWTP VQ 'PIGNCPF CU MKPI YCU C TCVJGT JCNHJGCTVGF QDUGTXKPI QH JGTGFKVCT[ EWUVQO CPF UQQP TGITGVVGF 7RQP CTTKXCN JG TCKUGF VCZGU VQ RC[ QHH JKU HNGGV

*CTVJCEPWV YCU MKPI QPN[ HQT C DTKGH RGTKQF CPF YJGP JG FKGF FWTKPI C YGFFKPI QP ,WPG JG YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ 'FYCTF VJG %QPHGUUQT VJG QPN[ TGOCKPKPI UQP QH #GVJGNTGFʼnU CPF VJG #PINQ &CPKUJ KPVGTNWFG GPFGF

#TO CPF UEGRVTG LWPG LWPG

9CTYKEM .GQHYKPG # &KCFGOGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG KP N JCPF %086 4'%: # 4 1XGT UJQTV ETQUU XQKFGF SWCFTKNCVGTCN YKVJ RGNNGV CV GCEJ CPING CPF KP EGPVTG .'12++ 10 2#'4+0 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 44 5NKIJVGN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

*KNF

6JKU EQKP KU UVTWEM YKVJ VJG PCOG QH ŋ%PWVŌ +V WUGF VQ DG EQPUKFGTGF C RQUVJWOQWU KUUWG QH %PWVʼnU DWV PQY VJG KPUETKRVKQP KU CEEGRVGF CU CP CDDTGXKCVKQP QH *CTVJCEPWV CPF VJG EQKP KU IKXGP VQ VJCV MKPI

5GG 0% R

42

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND '&9#4& VJG %10('5514

&WTKPI 'FYCTFʼnU HKTUV [GCTU QH IQXGTPOGPV )QFYKP ECWUGF JKO C ITGCV FGCN QH VTQWDNG +P 'FYCTF OCTTKGF 'FKVJ )QFYKPʼnU FCWIJVGT CPF ITCPVGF VJG NCVVGTʼnU DQVJ UQPU GCTNFQO 0GXGTVJGNGUU 'FYCTF GZKNGF )QFYKP KP

6JG RQNKVKEU QH 'FYCTF YJQ JCF URGPV JKU [GCT GZKNG YKVJ VJG 0QTOCPU CEVKXGN[ HCXQWTGF VJG 0QTOCPU QXGT VJG 5ECPFKPCXKCPU CPF ITCPVGF VJGO HKPCPEKCN RTKXKNGIGU *GPEG C NQV QH (TGPEJ PQDNGU GPVGTGF VJG EQWPVT[ QH YJKEJ 4QDGTV QH ,WOK½IGU DGECOG CTEJDKUJQR QH %CPVGTDWT[

+P )QFYKP TGVWTPGF CPF JKU HQTOGT TKIJVU YGTG HWNN[ TGKPUVCVGF CPF VJG 0QTOCPU JCF VQ HNGG VJG EQWPVT[ QPG QH VJGO 4QDGTV QH ,WOK½IGU )QFYKP FKGF KP CPF JKU UQP *CTQNF KPJGTKVGF JKU CWVJQTKV[

#U 'FYCTFʼnU OCTTKCIG YCU YKVJQWV KUUWG VJG UGCTEJ HQT C UWEEGUUQT YCU KPUVKICVGF KP WPUWEEGUUHWNN[ VJQWIJ CPF 'FYCTF GPHQTEGF JKU FGEKUKQP VJCV 9KNNKCO &WMG QH 0QTOCPF[ DG JKU UWEEGUUQT D[ UGPFKPI #TEJDKUJQR 4QDGTV VQ (TCPEG VQ PQVKH[ JKU KPVGPFGF UWEEGUUQT .CVGT *CTQNF YQWNF ENCKO VJG VJTQPG 6JG .GZKMQP FGU /KVVGNCNVGTU EQOOGPVU CU HQNNQYU ŋ6JG CVVKVWFG 'FYCTF CFQRVGF VQYCTFU 'CTN *CTQNFʼnU OKUUKQP VQ 0QTOCPF[ QT TGOCKPU WPENGCT CU FQGU YJGVJGT 'FYCTF QP JKU FGCVJDGF FGUKIPCVGF *CTQNF VQ DG JKU JGKT QT OGTGN[ GPVTWUVGF JKU MKPIFQO KP VJG GCTNʼnU JCPFU UQ VJCV JG OKIJV RTGUGTXG KV WPVKN &WMG 9KNNKCO ECOG VQ ENCKO JKU TKIJVUŌ 6JKU KU FGRKEVGF KP VJG $C[GWZ VCRGUVT[ HQN

&GURKVG 9KNNKCOʼnU ENCKO QH DGKPI VJG TKIJVHWN JGKT VQ 'FYCTFʼnU VJTQPG KV YQWNF DG *CTQNF UQP QH )QFYKP YJQ UWEEGGFGF 'FYCTF CV JKU FGCVJ QP ,CPWCT[

1P (GDTWCT[ 'FYCTF YCU ECPQPKUGF D[ 2QRG #NGZCPFGT ++ 'FYCTF YCU VJG NCUV QH VJG CPEKGPV *QWUG QH 9GUUGZ VJG NKPGCIG QH YJKEJ IQGU DCEM VQ %GTFKE

1P EQKPCIG WR VQ CRRTQZ 'FYCTF KU FGRKEVGF DGCTFNGUU CHVGT VJCV JG CRRGCTU DGCTFGF

2CEZ

9KNVQP #GNHUVCP # &KCFGOGF DWUV N UEGRVTG KP HTQPV '&2#4& 4'%: 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ EKTENG KP EGPVTG CPF GCEJ NKOD GPFKPI KP C ETGUEGPV 2#%: KP CPINGU #'.56#0 10 2+.

0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5NKIJVN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ *KNF 6JG OQPG[GT QH VJKU V[RG KU WPKFGPVKHKGF VQ FCVG

4CFKCVG UOCNN ETQUU

;QTM 5EWNC # $WUV N YGCTKPI TCFKCVG ETQYP #:&2'2 4': 4 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G TKPI KP HKGNF 5%8. # # 100 '1'(4+ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 9KPVGT &ÒUUGNFQTH #WEVKQP PQ 4KPI KP HKGNF QP QDXGTUG PQV OGPVKQPGF KP 0QTVJ 6JG VGZV QP VJG QDXGTUG UJQWNF TGCF '&9'4&

43

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND 6TGHQKN 3WCFTKNCVGTCN

.QPFQP #GNHYKI # &KCFGOGF DWUV N UEGRVTG YKVJ NKU KP HTQPV '&2#4& 4 4 1XGT UJQTV ETQUU XQKFGF SWCFTKNCVGTCN QTPCOGPV YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU CV GCEJ CPING CPF QPG KP EGPVTG #'.(2+) 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

5OCNN (NCP

.QPFQP )QNVUKIG # &KCFGOGF DWUV N '&2#4& 4': 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF )1.&5+' 10 .80 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 0KEG VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

'ZRCPFKPI %TQUU NKIJV

.GYGU 'CFYCTF # &KCFGOGF DWUV N UEGRVTG YKVJ C VTGHQKN JGCF KP HTQPV '&2# 4& 4': 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ GZRCPFKPI NKODU LQKPGF CV VJG DCUG QH VYQ EKTENGU '&2'4& 10 .#'2' 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ

'ZRCPFKPI %TQUU JGCX[

.KPEQNP 1VJITKO # &KCFGOGF DWUV N UEGRVTG YKVJ C VTGHQKN JGCF KP HTQPV '&2'4& 4': 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ GZRCPFKPI NKODU LQKPGF CV VJG DCUG QH VYQ EKTENGU 1&)4+/ 10 .+0%1.

0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &CTM RCVKPC CPF PKEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

44

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND 2QKPVGF *GNOGV

# $GCTFGF DWUV T YGCTKPI RQKPVGF JGNOGV CPF JQNFKPI KP TKIJV JCPF C UEGRVTG YKVJ C ETQUU RCVV¾G 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU KP EGPVTG CP CPPWNGV 0QTVJ 5GCD[

;QTM .GQHPQVJ # '&2'4& 4': 4 .'1(016* 10 '1('42 IT

0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

;QTM .GQHPQVJ # '&2'4& 4': 4 .'1(016* 10 '1('42 IT

0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

*CNN $TKIJVQP

5QXGTGKIP 'CINGU

*GTGHQTF #GIGNTKE # -KPI ETQYPGF CPF PQV DGCTFGF UGCVGF QP VJTQPG HCEKPI KP T JCPF C NQPI UEGRVTG CPF KP N CP QTD '#&2#4& 4': #0).1 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ C DKTF KP GCEJ CPING #' )'.4+% 10 *'4 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

44 5OCNN HNCP ETCEMU QP VJG TGXGTUG XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

6JKU V[RG YCU KPVTQFWEGF CV /KEJCGNOCU 6JG QDXGTUG KU PQV C VTWG ŋUQXGTGKIPŌ V[RG VJG CXGTUKQP QH VJG JGCF DGKPI HQTGKIP VQ C VTWG /CLGUVCU DWV VJKU KU C FGVCKN YJKEJ RGTJCRU ECP DG QXGTNQQMGF KP VJG KPVGTGUV QH KPVGNNKIKDKNKV[ 6JG DKTFU QP VJG TGXGTUG CTG GCINGU 5GG 4 * / &QNNG[ ( 'NOQTG ,QPGU # PGY UWIIGUVKQP EQPEGTPKPI VJG UQ ECNNGF ŋ/CTVNGVUŌ KP VJG ŋ#TOU QH 5V 'FYCTFŌ R KP #PINQ 5CZQP %QKPU *KUVQTKECN 5VWFKGU RTGUGPVGF 6Q 5KT (TCPM 5VGPVQP

*COOGT %TQUU

# %TQYPGF DWUV T DGCTFGF YKVJ UEGRVTG KP HTQPV 4 5JQTV XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP CP KPEWTXGF UGIOGPV QH C EKTENG +P QPG SWCTVGT C TKPI 0QTVJ 5GCD[

.GYGU 1UYQNF # #&2#4 4& 4': 4 1521.& 10 .'2' IT

/KPQT HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

;QTM 1VJDGTP # '&2#'4 &4: 4 16*$'40 10 '1(4 IT

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WMVKQP * .

0Q TKPI CU

$QWIJV &GMMGT EQNNGEVKQP 'Z 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ

8GT[ HKPG

45

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

$WUV HCEKPI 5OCNN ETQUU

.QPFQP #GNHYCTF # $GCTFGF CPF ETQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI '#&2#4& 4': #0 1DXGTUG KPKVKCN ETQUU QOKVVGF 4 5OCNN ETQUU RCVV¾G #'.(2#4& 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

#NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP

2[TCOKFU

$GFHQTF 9WNHYKI # $GCTFGF CPF ETQYPGF DWUV T UEGRVTG KP HTQPV '&2#4& 4': # 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF KP GCEJ CPING C R[TCOKF URTKPIKPI HTQO VJG KPPGT EKTENG CPF VGTOKPCVKPI KP C RGNNGV 28.(2+) 10 $'& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 44 /CIPKHKEGPV RQTVTCKV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP

'Z $CIUJCYG EQNNGEVKQP 2QUUKDN[ WPKSWG QH VJG V[RG QH VJKU OKPV

*#41.& ++

*CTQNF YCU KOOGFKCVGN[ EQPHTQPVGF D[ VJG MKPI QH 0QTYC[ YJQUG KPXCUKQP JG HQWIJV QHH #PQVJGT KPXCUKQP KP VJG UQWVJ CV 2GXGPUG[ $C[ YJGTG &WMG 9KNNKCO QH 0QTOCPF[ NCPFGF YCU UWEEGUUHWN JQYGXGT *CTQNF GXGPVWCNN[ YCU MKNNGF KP DCVVNG JG FKGF QH JKU YQWPFU CHVGT DGKPI JKV D[ CP CTTQY CV VJG $CVVNG QH *CUVKPIU QP 1EVQDGT

5QNG LCPWCT[ QEVQDGT # %TQYPGF JGCF N UEGRVTG KP HTQPV 4 #ETQUU HKGNF CPF DGVYGGP VYQ NKPGU 2#: 0QTVJ 5GCD[

.QPFQP 9WNHYCTF # *#41.& 4': #0). 4 2#: YTQPI UKFG WR 28.(2#4& 10 .80 IT 44 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z &QWDNGFC[ EQNNGEVKQP +

'Z %CTN[QP $TKVVQP EQNNGEVKQP 'Z 9JGGNGT EQNNGEVKQP 'Z &TCDDNG EQNNGEVKQP 'Z %QNNQP EQNNGEVKQP 'ZJKDKVGF KP 2CTKU KP

46

.GYGU 1UYQNF # *#41.& 4': #0) 4 1<21.& 10 .'2'' IT

44 &CTM RCVKPC FQWDNG UVTWEM QP VJG TGXGTUG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG YKVJ PKEG RQTVTCKV 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z &QWDNGFC[ EQNNGEVKQP +

'ZJKDKVGF KP 2CTKU KP

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

#0).1 014/#0 2'4+1& 9+..+#/ +

#HVGT C HGY HGGDNG CVVGORVU CV TGUKUVCPEG 'PINKUJ PQDKNKV[ ECOG QWV VQ VJG CFXCPEKPI FWMG QH 0QTOCPF[ CPF UWDOKVVGF 9KNNKCO YCU ETQYPGF QP %JTKUVOCU &C[ # HGY KPUWTTGEVKQPU VJG NCUV EQPXWNUKQPU QH QRRQUKVKQP YGTG UYKHVN[ UWDFWGF

9JGTGCU 'PINKUJ EQKPCIG YCU GZEGNNGPVN[ QTICPKUGF CPF KVU EQKPU OCPWHCEVWTGF D[ GZRGTV FKG UKPMGTU EQPVKPGPVCN EQKPCIG CPF 0QTOCPF[Å&#x2030;U KP RCTVKEWNCT YCU QH RQQT SWCNKV[ UGG PQ 2CTV +

9KNNKCO + JCF DGGP FWMG QH 0QTOCPF[ UKPEG 7PFGT JKO 'PINCPF JCF ENQUG VKGU YKVJ (TCPEG KPKVKCNN[ YKVJ 0QTOCPF[ NCVGT EJKGHN[ YKVJ #SWKVCKPG $WV CNUQ VJG UOCNNGT EQWPVKGU RNC[GF UKIPKHKECPV RCTVU CPF KP VJG GPF VJG YJQNG QH (TCPEG JCF DGEQOG VKGF VQ 'PINCPF

9KNNKCO EQPUKFGTGF JKOUGNH VJG KOOGFKCVG UWEEGUUQT QH 'FYCTF CPF 'PINCPF EQPUGSWGPVN[ WPFGTYGPV NKVVNG EJCPIG +P EWTTGPE[ VJG RQWPF YCU UVCPFCTFKUGF NC[KPI VJG DCUKU HQT VJG RQWPF UVGTNKPI

5JQTVN[ DGHQTG JG FKGF 9KNNKCO CRRQKPVGF JKU QNFGUV UQP 4QDGTV %QWTVQKUG CU FWMG QH 0QTOCPF[ CPF JKU UGEQPF UQP 9KNNKCO ++ 4WHWU UWEEGGFGF CU MKPI QH 'PINCPF 6JG VJKTF UQP *GPT[ + YCU OGTGN[ ITCPVGF CP CNNQYCPEG

2TQHKNG %TQUU (NGWT[ !

9KPEJGUVGT #PFGTDQFC # &KCFGOGF DWUV N UEGRVTG KP HTQPV 2+..'845' #0 4 %TQUU HNGWT[ YKVJ CPPWNGV KP EGPVTG #0&'4$1&' 10 2++ u 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 0QTVJ OGPVKQPU CU NGIGPF QP VJG QDXGTUG 9+..'/85 4': + QH #

$QPPGV !

9CNNKPIHQTF $TKJVOCGT # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI YKVJ VYQ HKNNGVU CV GCEJ UKFG QH JGCF 2+..'/85 4': # 4 %TQUU XQKFGF YKVJ CPPWNGV KP EGPVTG RGNNGV DGVYGGP VYQ ETGUEGPVU CV GPF QH GCEJ NKOD RKNG KP GCEJ CPING $4+*6/#'4 10 2#.. 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

#VVTCEVKXG RCVKPG CPF GZVTCQTFKPCT[ YGNN UVTWEM GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

6YQ UEGRVTGU !

.QPFQP $NCEUWP # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI VQ N C UEGRVTG RCVV¾G VQ T C UEGRVTG DQVQPP¾G 2+..'/ 4': #0 4 %TQUU HNGWT[ YKVJ CPPWNGV KP EGPVTG QXGT UCNVKTG DQVQPP¾G $.#%580 10 .8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

47

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND 6YQ 5VCTU !

.QPFQP )QFYKPG # %TQYPGF DWUV DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU 2+..'./ 4': #0 4 %TQUU DQVQPP¾G QXGT SWCFTKNCVGTCN YKVJ KPXWTXGF UKFGU CPPWNGV KP EGPVTG )1&2+0' 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z $KTF EQNNGEVKQP

2CZU !

9KPEJGUVGT #GUVCP # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI VQ T C UEGRVTG %TQYP 2+..'./ 4': 4 %TQUU RCVV¾G KP GCEJ CPING CP CPPWNGV EQPVCKPKPI QPG NGVVGT QH VJG YQTF 2#:5 +'56#0 10 2+0% 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT /CIPKHKEGPV RCVKPC GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

9+..+#/ ++

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

9KNNKCO YCU MKNNGF YJKNG JWPVKPI KP 0GY (QTGUV KP

2TQHKNG !

%CPVGTDWT[ #JIGOWPF # %TQYPGF DWUV T JQNFKPI C UYQTF 8+..'/ 4': 4 %TQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ CPPWNGV KP EGPVTG QXGT ETQUU HNGWT[ #*)'/80& 10 %06 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 44 5OCNN FQWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 2CTUQPU EQNNGEVKQP

'Z &QWDNGFC[ EQNNGEVKQP

48

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND *'04; +

7RQP 9KNNKCOʼnU FGCVJ *GPT[ VJG [QWPIGUV UQP QH 9KNNKCO + WUWTRGF VJG 'PINKUJ VJTQPG +P *GPT[ TGUKIPGF JKU ENCKOU VQ 0QTOCPF[ CICKPUV C RC[OGPV 6TGCV[ QH #NVQP +P VJG UCOG [GCT *GPT[ NCPFGF KP 0QTOCPF[ CPF VQQM JKU DTQVJGT 4QDGTV ECRVKXG KP VJG $CVVNG QH 6KPEJGDTCK *G CPPGZGF 0QTOCPF[ GXGPVWCNN[ VCMKPI VJG FWECN VKVNG

*GPT[ʼnU QPN[ UQP 9KNNKCO YJQ KP JCF DGGP CRRQKPVGF NKGIG HQT 0QTOCPF[ D[ VJG (TGPEJ ETQYP FTQYPGF VJCV UCOG [GCT *GPT[ CNUQ JCF C FCWIJVGT /CVJKNFG YKFQY QH )GTOCP 'ORGTQT *GPT[ 8 CPF UJG TGVWTPGF VQ UGEWTG VJG UWEEGUUKQP KP 0QTOCPF[ VJCV YCU JGTʼnU D[ JGTKVCIG +P UJG OCTTKGF %QWPV )GQHHTG[ QH #PLQW PCOGF 2NCPVCIGPGV C PCOG IKXGP VQ VJG NKPGCIG UVCTVGF D[ VJG HWVWTG *GPT[ ++ # HGWF QXGT VJG 'PINKUJ VJTQPG DGVYGGP VJG JQWUGU #PLQW CPF $NQKU GPUWGF

6JG EQKPU QH *GPT[ + UJQYGF GZVTGOGN[ RQQT YQTMOCPUJKR CPF VJG[ UVGCFKN[ ITGY YQTUG +P SWCNKV[ JCF FGVQTKCVGF VQ UWEJ CP GZVGPV VJCV VJG #PINQ 5CZQP %JTQPKENG UC[U ŋVJG RGPP[ YCU UQ DCF VJCV VJG OCP YJQ JCF CV C OCTMGV C RQWPF EQWNF D[ PQ OGCPU DW[ VJGTGYKVJ VYGNXG RGPP[YQTVJŌ &TCUVKE OGCUWTGU YGTG VCMGP DWV VJG UKVWCVKQP FKF PQV KORTQXG /QTGQXGT 5VGRJGPʼnU CIG YCU FCYPKPI

&QWDNG KPUETKRVKQP !

5QWVJYCTM #NHICT # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG DGHQTG DWUV C SWCVTGHQKN J'04 4 &QWDNG KPUETKRVKQP DGVYGGP VJTGG DGCFGF EKTENGU VJG QWVGT KPUETKRVKQP FKXKFGF D[ HQWT SWCVTGHQKNU KP EKTENGU KP EGPVTG ETQUU RCVV¾G # .( )# 41 0 586284 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

44 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

(TQO 0% PQ *5

'Z 2KORTG\ JQCTF PQ

5COG FKGU CU /CEM U[NN

6JG TGXGTUG VGZV UJQWNF DG TGCF KPYCTFU HTQO VJG QWVUKFG

6JKU KU VJG HKTUV KPUVCPEG QH C TGXGTUG FKURNC[KPI VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU QH VGZV C FKUVCPV RTGFGEGUUQT QH VJG (TGPEJ ITQU VQWTPQKU UVTWEM KP

2GNNGVU KP 3WCVTGHQKN !

5QWVJYCTM .GQHYKPG # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI JQNFKPI C UEGRVTG KP HKGNF T C UVCT *'04+%85 4 3WCVTGHQKN YKVJ UVCT KP EGPVTG CPF RGNNGVU QP NKODU HQWT NKU CTQWPF .'(2+0' 10 58&4' 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 &CTM RCVKPC YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

3WCFTKNCVGTCN QP %TQUU (NGWT[

%CTNKUNG 'TGDCNF # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI JGCF VJTGG SWCVGTU N UEGRVTG KP T JCPF *'04+%85 4 3WCFTKNCVGTCN YKVJ KPEWTXGF UKFGU CPF NKU CV GCEJ CPINGU QXGT ETQUU HNGWT[ '4'$#.6 10

%#4.+5.' 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 +TTGIWNCT HNCP HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

-CUVPGT /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

(QWPF CNQPI YKVJ QVJGT EQKPU $CXCTKC 5CN\DWTI #WUVTKC 4JKPGNCPF .QYGT 5CZQPKC CPF .QYGT #NUCEG KP 6JTCEK UGG ( 9KGNCPFV KP ,CJTDWEJ HÒT 0WOKUOCVKM WPF )GNFIGUEJKEJVG $F ::++

49

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND %TQUU HNGWT[ KOKVCVKQP

# %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI *'04+%85 #0). 4 %TQUU HNGWT[ YKVJ CPPWNGV KP EGPVTG (4'5# 10 54!#6# 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 44 $GPV CPF HNCP ETCEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

ŋ6JG YGKIJV CV KU NQY VJG OCLQTKV[ HCNN DGVYGGP CDQWV CPF IT DWV TGOCKPU RQUUKDNG HQT CP QHHKEKCN EQKP CV VJG GPF QH VJG FKUVTKDWVKQP EWTXG + VJKPM VJG TGXGTUG TGCFKPI KU VJG DGUV QPG ECP FQ DWV KV UVKNN OCMGU PQ UGPUG (4'5# KU PQV C TGEQTFGF OQPG[GTʼnU PCOG CPF 54!#6# FQGU PQV UWIIGUV GXGP C EQTTWRVKQP QH C MPQYP QT NKMGN[ OKPVPCOG #NN VJCV + HGGN EQPHKFGPV CDQWV KU VJCV VJKU KU C EQPVGORQTCT[ VJ EGPVWT[ KOKVCVKQP PQV CP QHHKEKCN TGICN EQKP Ō .GVVGT QH /TU #TEJKDCNF (GDTWC[

#PQVJGT RQUUKDKNKV[ KU VJCV YG JCXG JGTG CP WPMPQYP URGEKOGP HTQO VJG %CODTKFIG OKPV

56'2*'0

7RQP *GPT[ʼnU FGCVJ 5VGRJGP QH $NQKU UGK\GF VJG 'PINKUJ VJTQPG *G YCU VJG UQP QH 5VGRJGP ++ QH $NQKU OCTTKGF VQ #FGNC C FCWIJVGT QH 9KNNKCO + 5VGRJGP CNTGCF[ KP JKU QYP TKIJV EQWPV QH $QWNQIPG CPF /QTVCKP CPPGZGF 0QTOCPF[ CU YGNN CPF ITGCVN[ GPJCPEGF $NQKU KPHNWGPEG OWEJ VQ VJG FKUEQPVGPV QH VJG *QWUG QH #PLQW

+P )GQHHTG[ /CVJKNFGʼnU JWUDCPF NCPFGF KP 0QTOCPF[ 9JKNUV 5VGRJGP EQPHTQPVGF VJG KPXCFGTU KP 0QTOCPF[ 4QDGTV 'CTN QH )NQWEGUVGT KPUVKICVGF C TGDGNNKQP CICKPUV JKO KP 'PINCPF 6JKU VYQ HTQPV UVTCVGI[ YCU CKOGF CV GPHQTEKPI VJG ENCKOU QH /CVJKNFG CPF JGT [QWPI UQP *GPT[ ++

(TQO /CVJKNFG CEVKXGN[ GPICIGF KP VJG DCVVNG 5VGRJGP NQUV KP CPF YCU UJQTVN[ MGRV ECRVKXG $WV VJG VCDNGU VWTPGF YJGP 'CTN 4QDGTV FKGF KP CPF HKXG [GCTU NCVGT /CVJKNFG JGTUGNH EQWNF PQV DWV NGCXG 'PINCPF

)GQHHTG[ U[UVGOCVKECNN[ EQPSWGTGF 0QTOCPF[ KP CPF YCU UQQP CEMPQYNGFIGF FWMG D[ VJG (TGPEJ MKPI *GPT[ UQP QH )GQHHTG[ CPF /CVJKNFG UWEEGUUQT KP 0QTOCPF[ #PLQW 6QWTCKPG CPF /CKPG NCPFGF KP 'PINCPF KP *G TGCEJGF CP CITGGOGPV YKVJ 5VGRJGP VJCV JG YQWNF UWEEGGF 6TGCV[ QH 9KPEJGUVGT

6JGUG VTQWDNGF VKOGU CTG TGHNGEVGF KP EQKPCIG (QT UGXGTCN [GCTU VJGTG YCU YJCV OKIJV DG ECNNGF C FWCN OQPCTEJ[ 6JG #PIGXKP RCTV[ YKVJ /CVJKNFG CPF NCVGT JGT UQP &WMG *GPT[ YCU KP EQPVTQN QH C NCTIG RCTV QH VJG EQWPVT[ KPENWFKPI PGCTN[ VJG YJQNG QH VJG YGUVGTP JCNH 6JKU NKOKVGF VJG MKPIʼnU OKPVU VQ VJG 'CUVGTP JCNH QH VJG EQWPVT[ GZEGRV KP VJG HKTUV CPF NCUV V[RGU QH VJG TGKIP UGG VJG OCR KP 0QTVJ RCTV + R $TQQMG

9CVHQTF EC # %TQYPGF DWUV T JQNFKPI UEGRVTG KP TKIJV JCPF 4 %TQUU OQNKPG YKVJ C HNGWT KP GCEJ CPING 0QTVJ 5GCD[

.KPEQNP 4CWNH # (0' 4 4#8.( 10 .+0%1. IT

4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

ŋ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Ō

.GVVGT /TU #TEJKDCNF

.QPFQP $TKEOCT # 56+'(0' 4 $4+%/#4 10 .80 IT

&CTM RCVKPC C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG CPF UOCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z $KTF EQNNGEVKQP

50

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

*175' 2.#06#)'0'6 ŋ#0)'8+0 '/2+4'Ō *'04; ++

6JG CEEGUUKQP QH *GPT[ ++ DTQWIJV CDQWV VJG ŋ#PIGXKP 'ORKTGŌ VJCV UVTGVEJGF HTQO +TGNCPF VQ #PLQW CPF /CKPG KP (TCPEG *KU OCTTKCIG VQ 'NGCPQT JGKTGUU QH #SWKVCKPG KP JCF CNTGCF[ OCFG JKO NQTF QH VJG 9GUV (TCPMKUJ 4GCNO HTQO VJG 2[TGPGGU VQ 2QKVQW KP VJG 0QTVJ CPF #WXGTIPG KP VJG 'CUV *G EGFGF JKU VKVNGU QH FWMG QH #SWKVCKPG CPF EQWPV QH 2QKVQW VQ JKU UQP 4KEJCTF KP YJQO JG JQYGXGT HQTEGF VQ UWTTGPFGT VJG UCOG VKVNGU VQ 'NGCPQT KP +P JG CESWKTGF EQPVTQN QH $TKVVCP[ *G PGXGT WPKVGF CNN QH JKU VGTTKVQTKGU WPFGT QPG TWNG

*G KPVTQFWEGF C PGY EQKP KP VJG 6GCND[ V[RG $WV VJG TGCN EJCPIG FKFPʼnV VCMG RNCEG WPVKN YJGP C V[RG YCU KPVTQFWEGF VJCV YQWNF NCUV HQT UQOG VKOG VQ EQOG

%TQUU CPF ETQUUNGVU 6GCND[ V[RG

# %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI YGCTKPI CTOQWT CPF OCPVNG YKVJ UEGRVTG KP TKIJV JCPF 4 .CTIG ETQUU RQVGPV YKVJ UOCNN ETQUU RQVGPV KP GCEJ CPING KP EGPVTG C UOCNN ETQUU KP UCNVKTG

6JKU KUUWG KU EQOOQPN[ MPQYP CU VJG 6GCND[ V[RG CU C XCUV JQCTF QH CDQWV EQKPU YCU HQWPF CV 6GCND[ KP .KPEQNPUJKTG KP

$WUV % %CPVGTDWT[ 9KNNGO # *'04+ 4 # 4 2+..#/ 10 %#06 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG DWV PKEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

$WUV ' 0GYECUVNG 9KNNGO # *'04+ 4' 4 9 +..'./ 10 0+8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP 8GKNKPI )NGPFKPKPI

5JQTV %TQUU +P C PGY EQKPCIG YCU KPVTQFWEGF VJG UJQTV EQKPCIG V[RG VJCV YCU KP WUG HTQO VQ 'XGT[ MKPI KP VJCV RGTKQF CFQRVGF VJG VKVNG *'+04+%85 4': 6JG FGUKIPGT QH VJG PGY EQKPU YCU VJG (TGPEJ IQNFUOKVJ 2JKNKR #KOGT QH 6QWTU 6JG PGY FGUKIP YKVJ KVU KNN OQFGNNGF RQTVTCKV OCTMGF C V[RG YJKEJ YCU QPN[ UWKVCDNG HQT FKXKUKQP KPVQ JCNXGU CPF SWCTVGTU HQT UOCNN EJCPIG

6JGTG KU C UVGCF[ FGENKPG KP VJG YQTMOCPUJKR QH VJG EQKPU FQYP VQ VJG GPF QH VJG KUUWG KP $TQQMG

%NCUU D .QPFQP 1UDGT # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG *'04+%85 4': 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ SWCVTGHQKN KP GCEJ CPING 15$'4 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP %NCUU

51

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND 4+%*#4& +

#U DQVJ QNFGT UQPU QH *GPT[ ++ JCF CNTGCF[ FKGF VJG VJKTF KP NKPG 4KEJCTF + JCF PQ RTQDNGOU UWEEGGFKPI VQ VJG GPVKTG FQOKPKQP (QT #SWKVCKPG UGG WPFGT *GPT[ ++

4KEJCTF + YJQ VQQM WR VJG ETQUU KP VJG 6JKTF %TWUCFG CPF YQWNF RNC[ C XKVCN TQNG KP KV KU DGVVGT MPQYP CU 4KEJCTF VJG .KQPJGCTVGF 4KEJCTF EJCPIGF PQVJKPI KP 'PINKUJ EQKPCIG DWV JG FKF UVTKMG EQKP KP OCP[ QH JKU QVJGT NCPFU CU 2QKVQW UGG PQ CPF #SWKVCKPG UGG PQU CPF

5JQTV %TQUU

%NCUU .QPFQP 4KECTF # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG *'04+%85 4': 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ SWCVTGHQKN KP GCEJ CPING 4+%#4& 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ $ IT 0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP #&# 2CTKU %NCUU

,1*0

4KEJCTF FKGF JGKTNGUU CPF VJWU VJG NCUV UQP QH *GPTK ++ ,QJP ECOG VQ RQYGT 6JGTG YGTG PQ OQPGVCT[ KPPQXCVKQPU WPFGT ,QJP VJQWIJ JKU TGKIP KU OCTMGF D[ VYQ ETWEKCN OCVVGTU

(TGPEJ MKPI 2JKNKR ++ #WIWUV TGEQIPKUGF ,QJPʼnU ENCKOU KP RTKPEKRNG DWV UJQTVN[ CHVGT VJCV JG WUGF VJG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ FGENCTG ,QJPʼnU RQUUGUUKQPU KP 0QTVJ (TCPEG XQKF COQPI YJKEJ 0QTOCPF[ YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH VJG VJTGG %JCPPGN +UNCPFU NGCXKPI ,QJP VJG 9GUVGTP (TGPEJ VGTTKVQT[ FGUETKDGF CU #SWKVCKPG DWV IGQITCHKECNN[ WPURGEKHKGF *GPEGHQTVJ ,QJP YCU MPQYP CU ŋ,QJP .CEMNCPFŌ

6JG NQUU QH VJG 0QTVJGTP (TGPEJ VGTTKVQTKGU KP EQODKPGF YKVJ VJG HQTO QH IQXGTPOGPV CRRNKGF KP VJG ŋ#PIGXKP 'ORKTGŌ YGTG VJG KOOGFKCVG ECWUG QH VJG /CIPC %JCTVC KP # NQV QH OQPG[ YCU PGGFGF YJKEJ VJG DCTQPU YGTGPʼnV CNYC[U YKNNKPI VQ UWRRN[ 6JG[ VJGOUGNXGU VQQM OGCUWTGU CPF FTCHVGF C NKUV QH ENCWUGU VQ VCMG ECTG QH VJGUG KUUWGU VJG ŋ#TVKENGU QH VJG $CTQPUŌ YJKEJ CEVWCNN[ JGNF OWEJ VGZV QH YJCV YCU VQ DGEQOG VJG QTKIKPCN /CIPC %JCTVC $GECWUG QH KPVGTPCN FKURWVGU VJG KOOGFKCVG KPVTQFWEVKQP YCU RWV QHH CPF KV YCUPʼnV WPVKN VJCV VJG HKPCN COGPFGF FQEWOGPV YQWNF DG CEEGRVGF %QKPCIG TGOCKPGF WPEJCPIGF WPFGT ,QJP

5JQTV %TQUU

%NCUU D %CPVGTDWT[ 7NCTF # *'04+%85 4': 4 8.#4& 10 %#06+ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ % IT (KPG 6WTSWCV /QPVRGNNKGT %NCUU

52

%NCUU D %JKEGUVGT 2KGTGU # *'04+%85 4': 4 2+'4'5 10 %+%' 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ %NCUU

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU D .QPFQP 4GPGT # *'04+%85 4': 4 4'0'4 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

4*7&&.#0 /+06 5JQTV %TQUU

%NCUU ++ 5KOQPF # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG *'+04+%85 4': 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ SWCVTGHQKN KP GCEJ CPING 5+/10& 10 48.# 0QTVJ 5GCD[ XCT IT 44 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP

%NCUU ++ EC RTG

4JWFFNCP NKGU OKNGU YGUV QH %JGUVGT 6JGTG YCU C ECUVNG QP VJG 4KXGT %NY[F YJKEJ HGNN KPVQ VJG JCPFU QH 1YCKP )Y[PPGF KP CPF YCU ECRVWTGF D[ .NGYGNN[P KP

*'04; +++

*GPT[Å&#x2030;U OKPQTKV[ UCY VJG KPUVKVWVKQP QH TGIGPE[ NGF D[ 9KNNKCO VJG /CTUJCNN 'CTN QH 2GODTQMG +P *GPT[ CEEGFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG DWV JKU TGKIP YCU YGCM VQYCTFU VJG DCTQPU +P JG HKPCNN[ VQQM JGCTV CPF UGPV 5KOQP QH /QPVHQTV KPVQ GZKNG VJG NCVVGT UVTQXG VQ YKP VJG 'CTNFQO QH .GKEGUVGT DCEM CPF OCTTKGF *GPT[Å&#x2030;U UKUVGT DWV DGVTC[GF JKO NCVGT #HVGT JKU FGHGCV CV .GYGU KP $CTQPKCN OQXGOGPV 5KOQP QH /QPVHQTV JGNF FG HCEVQ RQYGT KP 'PINCPF YJKEJ YQWNF NCUV WPVKN *GPT[Å&#x2030;U UQP 'FYCTF + TGUVQTGF PQTOCNKV[ KP VJG MKPIFQO

*GPT[ JCF EGFGF #SWKVCKPG VQ JKU UQP 'FYCTF KP

5JQTV %TQUU # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ SWCVTGHQKN KP GCEJ CPING

%NCUU .QPFQP +NIGT # *'04+%85 4': 4 +.)'4 10 .80&% 0QTVJ 5GCD[ # IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG -WPUV WPF /Ã&#x2019;P\GP .WICPQ %NCUU

%NCUU %CPVGTDWT[ 6QOCU # *'04+%85 4': 4 61/#5 10 %#06 0QTVJ 5GCD[ # IT %QTTQFGF HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;P\CWMVKQP 'UUGP #WEVKQP PQ

53

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU $ ++E .QPFQP 0KEJQNG # *'04+%85 4 0+%*1.' 10 .80& 0QTVJ E 5GCD[ $ IT # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG CPF HNCP ETCEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

%NCUU

ETQUU RQOO¾G NCVG RGTKQF

6JG UJQTV ETQUU EQKPCIG JCF ENQUGF YKVJ QPN[ VYQ TQ[CN OKPVU .QPFQP CPF %CPVGTDWT[ DQVJ YGTG KP VJG JCPF QH C UKPING OQPG[GT 0KEJQNC VJG 5V #NDCPQ

+P C PGY V[RG YCU KPVTQFWEGF VJG NQPI ETQUU RGPP[ +VU V[RG YCU FGVGTOKPGF D[ VJG FGUKTG VQ RWV CP GPF VQ VJG CDWUG QH ENKRRKPI VJG ETQUU QP VJG TGXGTUG YCU GZVGPFGF VQ VJG GFIGU QH VJG EQKPU CPF

RGPPKGU YGTG FGENCTGF KNNGICN KH VJG HQWT GPFU QH VJG ETQUU YGTG PQV XKUKDNG $TQQMG 6JG YGKIJV KU IT 6JG VGZV KPKVKCNN[ YCU *'04+%85 4': #0) YJGP KV HKTUV EJCPIGF VQ *'04+%85 4': 6'4%+85 CPF VJGP VQ *'04+%85 4': +++

*'04+%85 4': +++ YCU VJGP MGRV QP CNUQ HQT VJG V[RG YKVJQWV UEGRVTG WR VQ 'FYCTF + *G KPPQXCVGF VJG OQPGVCT[ U[UVGO

.QPI %TQUU YKVJQWV UEGRVTG # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING ETGUEGPV YKVJ UVCT

%NCUU D .QPFQP # *'04+%85 4': #0) 4 .+' 6'4%+ .10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN

CPF CTG RTGUWOCDN[ HTQO VJG UCOG EQNNGEVKQP 5GG 0 , /C[JGY 6YQ RCTEGNU QH 5VGTNKPIU QP VJG $TWUUGNU /CTMGV KP 0% R

1P VJG GCTNKGUV EQKPU QH VJG PGY KUUWG JKU PCOG FQGU PQV CRRGCT CPF VJG MKPIÅ&#x2030;U VKVNGU QEEWRKGU DQVJ UKFGU QH VJG EQKP *GPTKEXU 4GZ #PINKG 6GTEK 2GTJCRU VJG VGPFGPE[ VQ EQPHWUKQP QH 0KEJNCUÅ&#x2030;U YQTM YKVJ VJCV QH VJG OQPG[GT QH 5V 'FOWPF NGF VQ VJG GCTN[ KPUGTVKQP QH VJG OWKPV PCOG JCNH QH VJG YQTF #PINKG YCU EQPUGSWGPVN[ ECTTKGF QP VQ VJG QDXGTUG CPF VJG TGXGTUG NGIGPF TGCF NKG 6GTEKG .QP $TQQMG

%NCUU

%NCUU 9KPEJGUVGT 0KEQNG # *'04+%85 4': 6'4%+ 4 0+%1.' 10 9+0% 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &QWDNG UVTWEM QP VJG TGXGTUG XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z *QCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU

54

%NCUU .QPFQP 0KEQNG # *'04+%85 4': #0) 4 0+%1.' 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 1DXGTUG 0QTVJ TGXGTUG 0QTVJ

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU 0QTVJCORVQP .WECU # *'04+%85 4': 6'4%+ 4 .8%#5 10 014* 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z *QCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU C .QPFQP 0KEQNG # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 0+%1.' 10 .70& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN

0WODGTU CPF CTG RTGUWOCDN[ HTQO VJG UCOG EQNNGEVKQP 5GG 0 , /C[JGY 6YQ RCTEGNU QH 5VGTNKPIU QP VJG $TWUUGNU /CTMGV KP 0% R

%NCUU

%NCUU C D ;QTM 6QOCU # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 61/#5 10 '8'49 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU C D .KPEQNP 4KEJCTF # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 4+%#4& 10 .+0) 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU D %CPVGTDWT[ )KNGDGTV # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 )+.$'46 10 %#0 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &CTM RCVKPC C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

*WK\KPIC $GPPGMQO

%NCUU D 9KNVQP 9KNNGO # + *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 9+..'/ 10 9+.6 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN HNCP CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

55

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU D 5JTGYUDWT[ 4KECTF # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 4+%#4& 10 5415 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU D 0QTYKEJ *WIG # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 *8)' 10 0149+< 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU D 0GYECUVNG 4QIGT # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 41)'4 10 0'9'% 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM QP VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU D $TKUVQN 'NKU # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 '.+5 10 $48561 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &QWDNG UVTWEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU D .KPEQNP 9KNNGO # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 9+..'/ 10 .+0% 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 0KEG RCVKPC KTTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

%NCUU E 9KNVQP +QP # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 +10 10 9+.6101 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (NCP FGHGEV CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

56

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU E 9KNVQP *WIG # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 *8)' 10 9+.610 0QTVJ IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU E .QPFQP 0KEQNG # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 0+%1.' 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG CPF C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG PKEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

%NCUU E %CPVGTDWT[ 0KEQNG # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 0+%1.' 10 %#06 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (NCP FGHGEV XGT[ HKPG

*WK\KPIC &GNHV

.QPI %TQUU YKVJ UEGRVTG # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG KP T JCPF 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ SWCVTGHQKN KP GCEJ CPING

%NCUU C .QPFQP 0KEQNG # *'04+%85 Q 4': +++ 4 0+%1.' 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN %NCUU

%NCUU D .QPFQP 0KEQNG # *'04+%85 Q 4': +++ 4 0+%1.' 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG YKVJ PKEG UVTWEM RQTVTCKV 'NUGP $TWUUGN 'Z JQCTF $TWUUGN

57

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU C .QPFQP 4KECTF # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 4+%# & 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT %NGCPGF XGT[ HKPG *WK\KPIC $GPPGMQO (TQO VJG JQCTF *CCTNQQ! 6[RG C UJQWNF UJQY VJG TQWPF G[G EQKP CV JCPF UJQYU QXCN G[GU 6[RG 6[RG JCU PQ KPKVKCN OCTM FQGU JCXG C NKU VKRRGF UEGRVTG

%NCUU D .QPFQP *GPTK # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 *'04+ 10 .80&' 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG *WK\KPIC $GPPGMQO (TQO VJG JQCTF *CCTNQQ!

%NCUU D %CPVGTDWT[ )KNGDGTV # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 )+.$'4 10 %#06 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &CTM VQPG UOCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

*WK\KPIC $GPPGMQO

%NCUU D $WT[ 5V 'FOWPFU 4CPFWNH # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 4#0&8.( 10 5 '& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

0Q NKU VKRRGF UEGRVTG DWV CP QTFKPCT[ QPG

%NCUU E %CPVGTDWT[ 9KNNGO # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 9+..'/ 10 %#06 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 'PF QH VJG HNCP XGT[ HKPG *WK\KPIC $GPPGMQO 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ! 5ERGVTG YKVJ NKU QP VQR

58

%NCUU D .QPFQP 4KECTF # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 4+%#4& 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &QWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP 0QTOCN UEGRVTG

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU E .QPFQP 9KNNGO # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 9+..'/ 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 0GGTNCPFKC -CORGTXGGP *CU VQ DG JQCTF *CCTNQQ *CTFN[ C NKU VQRRGF UEGRVTG

%NCUU E &WTJCO 4KECTF # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 4+%#4& 10 &84* 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

%NCUU E .QPFQP 4GPCWF # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 4'0#8& 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

%NCUU I .QPFQP 4GPCWF # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 4'+08& 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG *WK\KPIC $GPPGMQO 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ!

59

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND '&9#4& +

'FYCTF + YCU VJG UQP QH *GPT[ +++ CPF 'NGCPQT *G OCTTKGF 'NGCPQT QH %CUVKNG KP 2TQDNGOU YKVJ VJG $CTQPU DGICP GXGP DGHQTG JG CEEGFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG UGG WPFGT *GPT[ +++ DWV JG GXGPVWCNN[ OCPCIGF VQ UVCDKNKUG VJG UKVWCVKQP +P JG VQQM WR VJG ETQUU QP VJG .CUV %TWUCFG VQIGVJGT YKVJ .QWKU VJG 5CKPV QH (TCPEG CPF CU JG TGOCKPGF KP #SWKVCKPG HQT C YJKNG JKU EQTQPCVKQP FKFPʼnV VCMG RNCEG WPVKN

*KU GPVKTG TGKIP KU OCTMGF D[ YCTTKPI +P 2JKNKR +8 QH (TCPEG FGENCTGF JKU RQUUGUUKQP QH #SWKVCKPG XQKF 'FYCTF CVVGORVGF VQ HQTIG CNNKCPEGU YJGTGXGT JG EQWNF VQ TGXGTUG VJKU FGEKUKQP )WKFQ QH (NCPFGTU (NQTKU 8 QH *QNNCPF 4CKPCNF QH )WGNFGTU ,QJP ++ QH $TCDCPV -KPI #FQNH QH 0CUUCW KP )GTOCP[ 5KGIHTKGF CTEJDKUJQR QH %QNQIPG GVE *G FKFPʼnV UWEEGGF JQYGXGT CPF JCF VQ CITGG VQ RGCEG KP KP 2CTKU

'FYCTF ECTTKGF VJTQWIJ PWOGTQWU EJCPIGU DWV JKU TGKIP UWHHGTGF C NQV HTQO TKQVU KPUVKICVGF D[ COQPI QVJGTU VJG EJWTEJ .CEM QH OQPG[ YCU EJTQPKECN CPF YJGP 'FYCTF FKGF KP JG NGHV CP KPECRCDNG UQP HCEKPI CP CD[UUCN FGDV CPF CP WPHKPKUJGF YCT

+P JG KPVTQFWEGF C PGY OQPGVCT[ U[UVGO VJCV HQTOGF VJG RTGNWFG VQ VJG FGHKPKVKXG U[UVGO VJCV 'FYCTF +++ YQWNF GUVCDNKUJ

.QPI %TQUU YKVJ UEGRVTG # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG KP T JCPF 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING

%NCUU $WT[ 5V 'FOWPFU ,QJP # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 +1* 10 5 '& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

%NCUU .QPFQP 2JKNKRR # *'04+%85 4': +++ 4 2J'.+2 10 .80& 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP %NCUU

5RKPM .QPFQP

%QKPCIG KP VJG PCOG QH *GPT[ +++ ENCUU 0GY RQTVTCKV QH HKPG UV[NG YKVJ ETQYP CPF UKFG EWTNU TGUGODNKPI VJQUG VQ VJG PGZV KUUWG

%NCUU

#HVGT C NQPI WUG QH VJG UJQTV NQPI ETQUU RGPP[ VJG %QWPEKN JCF VQ HKPF OGCUWTGU HQT KORTQXKPI VJG EQKPCIG CPF GURGEKCNN[ CICKPUV VJG FCPIGT QH ENKRRKPI +P VJG [GCTU OWEJ KU JGCTF QH ENKRRKPI CPF QH RTQUGEWVKQPU QH VJG ,GYU YJQ YGTG OCFG UECRGIQCVU HQT VJG RWDNKE KPFKIPCVKQP CV VJG DCF EQPFKVKQP VJG EQKP YCU KP

+P #WIWUV C PGY EQKP YCU QTFGTGF 6JG YGKIJV YCU TGFWEGF HTQO IT VQ IT 6JG OKPVU YGTG RWV WPFGT C PGY QTICPKUCVKQP KP YJKEJ VJG OCUVGT YQTMGT NCVGT GPVKVNGF /CUVGT QH VJG /KPV WPKVGF KP JKU RGTUQP VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ HQTOGTN[ FKXKFGF COQPI VJG OCP[ OQPG[GTU 6JG OQPG[GTʼnU PCOG VJGTGHQTG FKUCRRGCTGF HTQO VJG EQKP YKVJ QPG GZEGRVKQP UGG PQ #NQPI YKVJ VJG PGY U[UVGO VJG ITQCV RGPEG CPF VJG HCTVJKPI RGPEG YGTG KPVTQFWEGF +P VJG JCNHRGPP[ YCU CFFGF

6JG VGZV WPVKN 'FYCTF ++ TGCFU '&9 4': #0). &05 *;$ 6JTQWIJQWV VJKU RGTKQF PGKVJGT #SWKVCKPG PQT CP[ QVJGT (TGPEJ RQUUGUUKQP YGTG KPENWFGF QP EQKPU

2GPP[

# %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING

%NCUU +E .QPFQP # '&9 4': #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 9GNN UVTWEM CPF XGT[ HKPG .GQRCTF Fʼn1T 2CTKU 6JG PWODGTU CPF CTG HTQO C JQCTF PGCT $QTFGCWZ %NCUU /C[ VQ &GE

60

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU +E .QPFQP # '&9 4': #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV HGDTWCT[ OCTEJ PQ

%NCUU +F .QPFQP # '&9 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT %NGCPGF CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG .GQRCTF F 1T 2CTKU 6JG PWODGTU CPF CTG HTQO C JQCTF PGCT $QTFGCWZ

%NCUU ++D %CPVGTDWT[ # '&9 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 %#0614 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ *5 'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP %NCUU LCPWCT[ OC[

%NCUU +8G .QPFQP # '&9 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT %NGCPGF HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG .GQRCTF F 1T 2CTKU 6JG PWODGTU CPF CTG HTQO C JQCTF PGCT $QTFGCWZ

*CNHRGPP[ %NCUU +++E .QPFQP # '&9 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &CTM RCVKPC CPF UNKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP %NCUU

%NCUU +++F .QPFQP # '&9 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (NCP FGHGEV CV VJG GFIG CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

61

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU +++G 0GYECUVNG QP 6[PG # '&9 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 8+..# 018 %#564+ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG %NCUU +++ NQPI PCTTQY HCEG

(CTVJKPI %NCUU +++I .QPFQP # ' 4 #0).+' 4 .10&10+'05+5 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

%NCUU +8 $WT[ 5V 'FOWPFU 4QDGTV VJG .CJCNGKG # '&94 #0). &05 *;$ 4 41$'46 6*' *#.'+'+' 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

.GQRCTF F 1T 2CTKU

%NCUU +8

6JG PWODGTU CPF CTG HTQO C JQCTF PGCT $QTFGCWZ

#U OGPVKQPGF VJG OQPG[GTÅ&#x2030;U PCOG FKUCRRGCTU HTQO VJG EQKPU DWV KU UCXGF QP QPG KUUWG VJCV QH #DDQV QH 5V 'FOWPF YJQ HQT C YJKNG UVTWEM RGPPKGU YKVJ JKU OQPG[GTÅ&#x2030;U PCOG 4QDGTV VJG *CFNGKG $TQQMG

%NCUU +8C .QPFQP # '&9 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

%NCUU +:D -KPIUVQP WRQP *WNN # '&9 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 8+.. -;0)'5610 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

62

%NCUU +:D -KPIUVQP WRQP *WNN # '&9 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 8+.. -;0)'5610 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 (KPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP %NCUU +:

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

%NCUU :D .QPFQP # '&9#4 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (NCP ETCEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG *WK\KPIC &GNHV %NCUU :

%NCUU :E .QPFQP # '&9# 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 'Z 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP 0T

%NCUU : %CPVGTDWT[ # '&9# 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 %#0614 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

%NCUU :F .QPFQP # '&9# 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

*CNHRGPP[ # '&9#4&'05+5 4': 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 5GCD[ XCT IT

4 (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

'Z *WNN &QEM *QCTF ( $CPMU 6JG JQCTF HTQO VJG #NDGTV &QEM .QEM 2WV EH $0, :::8+ R PQ 6JG #NDGTV &QEM *QCTF )WNN KU QH 5GRVGODGT CPF EQPVCKPGF URGEKOGPU QH YJKEJ CV NGCUV KP OWUGC 6JKU KU PQ GZ $CPMU 6JG $CPM U RKGEGU ECOG HTQO C RTKXCVG EQNNGEVKQP CV -GVVGTKPI 0QTVJCPVU KP XKC , 5OKVJ QH 5VQPGICVG %QKPU ;QTM

0Q KU KNNWUVTCVGF QP RN ::+

0Q KU CPCN[UGF D[ /GVECNH UGG CRRGPFKZ $ QH CTVKENG OGPVKQPGF CDQXG UKNXGT EQRRGT CPF NGCF

6JG CWVJGPVKEKV[ QH VJKU JQCTF YCU NQPI FQWDVGF [GV /GVECNHÅ&#x2030;U CPCN[UKU RTQXGU KVU IGPWKPGPGUU

63

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND '&9#4& ++

'FYCTF YCU VJG QPN[ UWTXKXKPI UQP HTQO VJG OCTTKCIG QH 'FYCTF + VQ 'NGQPQTG QH %CUVKNG *G YGFFGF +UCDGNNC FCWIJVGT QH 2JKNKRRG +8 QH (TCPEG KP 6JG OCTTKCIG RTQXGF WPJCRR[ RTQORVKPI +UCDGNNC VQ CNN[ YKVJ 'FYCTFʼnU CFXGTUCTKGU KP 2CTKU COQPI VJGO 4QIGT /QTVKOGT *KU NCPFKPI CV *CTYKEJ KP SWKEMN[ UGCNGF 'FYCTFʼnU HCVG *G YCU ECRVWTGF CPF FGRQUGF KP HCXQWT QH JKU UQP 'FYCTF +++ D[ +UCDGNNC CPF OWTFGTGF KP CV $GTMGNG[ %CUVNG QP QTFGTU QH 4QIGT /QTVKOGT CPF +UCDGNNC

%NCUU :+8 .QPFQP # '&9#4 4 #0). &05 *;$ 4 %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

'&9#4& +++

'FYCTF +++ UQP QH 'FYCTF ++ CPF +UCDGNNC YCU YGFFGF VQ 2JKNKRRC FCWIJVGT QH 9KNNKCO +++ QH *QNNCPF CPF *CKPCWV (TQO VJKU OCTTKCIG 'FYCTF VJG $NCEM 2TKPEG YCU DQTP

9JGP VJG $NCEM 2TKPEG UWEEGGFGF JKU HCVJGT KP FG HCEVQ RQYGT TGOCKPGF KP VJG JCPFU QH JKU OQVJGT +UCDGNNC CPF 4QIGT /QTVKOGT HQT CPQVJGT HQWT [GCTU #NVJQWIJ VJG (TGPEJ KPVGTXGPVKQP KP VJG 5EQVVKUJ UWEEGUUKQPCN OCVVGT YCU VJG KOOGFKCVG TGCUQP HQT VJG *WPFTGF ;GCTUʼn 9CT VJG UVTWIING HQT UWRTGOCE[ QXGT #SWKVCKPG YCU VJG WPFGTN[KPI ITQWPF HQT KV 'FYCTF CVVGORVGF VQ UQNXG VJKU RTQDNGO D[ CUUGTVKPI JKU ENCKO VQ VJG (TGPEJ VJTQPG KP #NVJQWIJ 'FYCTF EQWNF EQWPV QP OCUUKXG UWRRQTV JG FKFPʼnV CEJKGXG JKU IQCN CPF VJG GPQTOQWU COQWPVU QH OQPG[ VJCV JKU GPFGCXQWTU JCF EQUVGF DTQWIJV 'PINCPF QP VJG DTKPM QH C EQPUVKVWVKQPCN ETKUKU KP $WV 'FYCTF QXGTECOG

+P JG EQPSWGTGF VJG (TGPEJ QHH 5NWKU 1P (GDTWCT[ JG JCF JKOUGNH RTQENCKOGF ō-KPI QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEGŌ KP )JGPV CPF EJCPIGF JKU CTOU HTQO VJCV VKOG QP VJG[ YGTG JCNH 'PINKUJ CPF JCNH (TGPEJ *G EQPSWGTGF $TKVVCP[ VJQWIJ VJG FGEKUKXG DNQY YQWNFPʼnV DG FGCNV WPVKN YKVJ VJG EQPSWGUV QH 0QTOCPF[ %T¾E[ CPF %CNCKU +P VJG (TGPEJ MKPI ,QJP HGNN KPVQ 'PINKUJ ECRVKXKV[ 1P /C[ VJG 6TGCV[ QH $T¾VKIP[ YCU UKIPGF CPF KV YCU TCVKHKGF QP 1EVQDGT VJCV UCOG [GCT KP %CNCKU +P KV 'FYCTF EGFGF JKU ENCKOU VQ VJG (TGPEJ VJTQPG KP GZEJCPIG HQT (TGPEJ VGTTKVQT[ +P VJG (TGPEJ TGECRVWTGF NCTIG RCTVU QH VJG TGNKPSWKUJGF VGTTKVQT[ COQPI YJKEJ C UWDUVCPVKCN RCTV QH #SWKVCKPG

6JQWIJ 'FYCTF + KPVTQFWEGF VJG PGY OQPGVCT[ U[UVGO YKVJ KVU UGXGTCN FGPQOKPCVKQPU EQKPCIG VQQM KVU HKPCN UJCRG WPFGT 'FYCTF +++ CPF YQWNF TGOCKP WPEJCPIGF HQT C NQPI RGTKQF VQ EQOG 6JG RQNKVKEU QH 'FYCTF +++ RTQXKFGF C UQWPF DCUG HQT VJG EQWPVT[ JG ETGCVGF UGRCTCVG CUUGODNKGU VJCV QH VJG NQYGT PQDKNKV[ CPF VJG EKVKGU *QWUG QH %QOOQPU VJCV EJQUG VJGKT QYP EJCKTOCP URGCMGT KP CPF VJG CUUGODN[ QH VJG DCTQPU CPF RTGNCVGU VJG QNF OCIPC EWTKC *QWUG QH .QTFU #PF C VJKTF UGRCTCVG CUUGODN[ QH VJG NQYGT ENGTI[ YCU GUVCDNKUJGF YJKEJ YCU FKUUQNXGF KP

+PKVKCNN[ JG OCPCIGF VQ OCKPVCKP C ENQUG TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ JKU RGQRNG KP JG HQWPFGF VJG 1TFGT QH VJG )CTVGT DWV VQYCTFU VJG GPF QH JKU TGKIP JG DGECOG OQTG CPF OQTG FGVCEJGF CPF VGPUKQPU CTQUG DGVYGGP EQWTV CPF EQWPVT[ 'FYCTF ITGY UGPKNG CPF GXGPVWCNN[ CP KORGCEJOGPV RTQEGFWTG YCU UVCTVGF CICKPUV JKO

6JG HKTUV EQKPCIG CPF VJG UGEQPF EQKPCIG HQNNQY VJG QNF RCVVGTP UGV D[ 'FYCTF + CPF ++ RGPP[ JCNHRGPP[ CPF HCTVJKPI

5GEQPF EQKPCIG

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI '&9#4& #0) 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING .10 &10 %+8+ 6#5 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP

64

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI '9#4&85 4': #0). 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

(KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG /ÒNNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

6JKTF EQKPCIG

+P VJKU RGTKQF VJG HNQTKP VJG NGQRCTF VJG JGNOGV DWV CNUQ VJG PQDNG VJG JCNH PQDNG CPF VJG SWCTVGT PQDNG YGTG KPVTQFWEGF 'CEJ QH VJG NCUV VJTGG JCU KVU QYP WPEJCPIKPI DKDNKECN RJTCUG QP VJG TGXGTUG

0QDNG +JE CWVWO VTCPUKGPU RGT OGFKWO KNNQTWO KDCV $WV ,GUWU RCUUKPI VJTQWIJ VJG OKFUV QH VJGO YGPV *KU YC[ .WECU

*CNH PQDNG &QOKPG PG KP HWTQTG VWQ CTIWCU OG 1 .QTF TGDWMG OG PQV KP 6JKPG KPFKIPCVKQP

2U

3WCTVGT PQDNG 'ZCNVCDKVWT KP INQTKC *G UJCNN DG GZCNVGF KP INQT[ 2U

6JG PQDNG HKTUV YCU UVTWEM FWTKPI VJG RGTKQF CPF KV KU TGICTFGF CU EQOOGOQTCVKPI VJG XKEVQT[ CV 5NWKU KP .CVGT C NQV QH EQPVKPGPVCN EQKPU YQWNF DG OQFGNNGF QP VJG PQDNG UGG WPFGT (NCPFGTU PQU CPF CPF WPFGT $WTIWPFKCP 0GVJGTNCPFU VJG PQU CPF

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI '&9#4&85 4': 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

%QTTQFGF QVJGTYKUG HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG /ÒNNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

(QWTVJ EQKPCIG 2TG 6TGCV[ RGTKQF

+P VJG RTG VTGCV[ RGTKQF 'FYCTF CFFGF ŋ4GZ (TCPEKGŌ VQ JKU 'PINKUJ VKVNGU 6JGUG VKVNGU YGTG MGRV KP WUG WPVKN VJG IQXGTPOGPV QH )GQTIG +++ VYQ CPF C JCNH EGPVWTKGU CHVGT VJG 'PINKUJ JCF NQUV VJGKT (TGPEJ RQUUGUUKQPU

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI YKVJKP GKIJV CTEJGU '&9#4& Q & Q ) Q 4': Q #0).

Q < Q (4#0% Q & Q *;$ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 .10&10 2158+ Q &'8/ Q #&+8614'/ Q /'8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN HNCP FGHGEV XGT[ HKPG 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 5GTKG %

65

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

2GPP[ ;QTM # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI '&9#4&85 Q 4': Q #0).+ Q < 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 '$14#%+ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

0KEG RCVKPC C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ *5 'Z &QWDNGFC[ EQNNGEVKQP

'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP

0QDNG .QPFQP # %TQYPGF MKPI UVCPFKPI HCEKPI KP C UJKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG '&9#4& Z &'+ Z )4# Z 4': Z #0). Z < Z (4#0% Z < Z *;$ 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJKP C VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU ' KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQYPGU CPF HQWT NGQRCTFU KP VJG CPINGU +*% Z #86'/ Z 64#0%+'05 Z 2 Z /'&+8/ Z +..148/ Z +$#6 (D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG

(KPP -GPFCN

(TQO NKUV PQ

0QDNG 5GTKG )F

.QPFQP K O ETQUU 5CNVKTG DGHQTG 'FYCTF UCNVKTG UVQRU 5OCNN ' KP EGPVTG QH TGXGTUG # RGNNGV VQ TKIJV QH NKU CV GPF QH VQR NKOD QH TQ[CN ETQUU .#. )F 5EJ XCT

6JKU GCTN[ PQDNG KU QH C VQVCNN[ FKHHGTGPV FGUKIP VJCP VJG NCVGT PQDNGU VJG HCEG FKHHGTU VJG CTOU CTG NCTIGT CPF CV CP CPING 6JG HCEG FGXGNQRU CU HQNNQYU

6JG HCEGU DGEQOG UOCNNGT KP VJG EQCTUG QH VKOG

2GPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI CPPWNGV QP DTGCUV '&9#4&85 Q 4': Q #0)./ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG CPPWNGV KP VJG UGEQPF CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN HNCP FCTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

66

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND (QWTVJ EQKPCIG 6TGCV[ RGTKQF

6JG VTGCVKGU QH $T¾VKIP[ CPF %CNCKU FKHHGTGF ITCXGN[ QP QPG ETWEKCN RQKPV 6JG %CNCKU VTGCV[ UVKRWNCVGF VJCV 'FYCTF EQWNF PQ NQPIGT DGCT VJG VKVNG QH FWMG &WZ QH #SWKVCKPG DWV OGTGN[ VJCV QH &QOKPWU #SWKVCPKG 6JWU VJG VKVNG &05 #36 &QOKPWU #SWKVCPKG ECOG KPVQ WUG QP VJG EQKPU UVTWEM FWTKPI VJG VTGCV[ CPF VJG 4GZ (TCPEKG FKUUCRRGCTGF

0QDNG .QPFQP # %TQYPGF MKPI UVCPFKPI HCEKPI KP C UJKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG '&9#4& ” &'+ ” )4# ” 4': ” #0). ” &05 ” *;$ ” < ” #36 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJKP C VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU ' KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQYPGU CPF HQWT NGQRCTFU KP VJG CPINGU +*% ” #86'8/ ” 64#05+'05 ” 2'4 ” /'&+8 ” +..148/ ” +$#6 (D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN HNCP DWV QVJGTYKUG YGNN UVTWEM URGEKOGP XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 1P VJG GFIG QH VJG UJKR NKU CPF NGQRCTFU

*CNH 0QDNG .QPFQP # %TQYPGF MKPI UVCPFKPI HCEKPI KP C UJKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG ” '&9#4& ” &'+ ” ) ” 4': ” #0). ” & ” *;$ ” #36 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJKP C VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU ' KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQYPGU CPF HQWT NGQRCTFU KP VJG CPINGU &1/+0' ” 0' ” (8414' ” #4)8#5/' (D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5NKIJVGN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCD -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ 1P VJG GFIG QH VJG UJKR NKU CPF NGQRCTFU

*CNHITQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI YKVJKP VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU CPPWNGV QP DTGCUV '&9#4&85 „ 4': „ #0). „ &05 „ *;$ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 .10&10 2158+ ” &'8/ ” #&+8614' ” /'8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT &CTM VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 4QVJ

'Z 4 %CTN[QP $TKVVQP 'Z 9JGGNGT

67

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI '&9#4&85 4': #0 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

.KVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

(TQO 0% PQ *5

'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP

0QTVJ UJQWNF JCXG FQWDNG RGNNGV UVQRU RGNNGV CHVGT &10 +PDCTTGF # KP 6#5 *GTG PQVJKPI QH VJKU ECP DG UGGP %H 0QTVJ HTQO VJG RTG VTGCV[ RGTKQF

(QWTVJ EQKPCIG 2QUV VTGCV[ RGTKQF

#HVGT VJG 6TGCV[ QH %CNCKU JCF GZRKTGF VJG VKVNG QH 4GZ (TCPEKG TGCRRGCTGF PGZV VQ VJCV QH &QOKPWU #SWKVCPKG

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI YKVJKP VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU '&9#4& ” &+ ” )4# ” 4': ” #0). ” + ” (4#0% ” 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 .10&10 2158+ &'8/ ” #&+8614'/ ” /'8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

/ÒNNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

4+%*#4& ++

4KEJCTF ++ YCU 'FYCTF VJG $NCEM 2TKPEGʼn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

9KVJ VJG FGOKUG QH 4KEJCTF ++ VJG *QWUG 2NCPVCIGPGV DGECOG GZVKPEV

0QDNG .QPFQP # %TQYPGF MKPI UVCPFKPI HCEKPI KP C UJKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG 4+%#4& Z & ” ) ” 4': ” #0). ” < ” (4#0% ” & ” *+$ ” < Z #36 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJKP C VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU 4 KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQYPGU CPF HQWT NGQRCTFU KP VJG CPINGU +*% ” #86'/ ” 64#05+'05 ” 2'4 ” /'08 ” +..148 ” +$#6 (D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

4 /KPQT HNCP ETCEM QVJGTYKUG IQQF XGT[ HKPG

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 1P VJG GFIG QH VJG UJKR NKU CPF NGQRCTFU

68

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

2GPP[ ;QTM # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI 4+%#4&85 ” 4': ” #0)+.' 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 '$14#%+ 0QTVJ E 5GCD[ IT

4 +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ *5 'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP .QECN FKGU )T %

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI 4+%#4& ” 4': ” #0). 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ D 5GCD[ IT

4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI 4+%#4& Z 4': Z #0).+' 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ C 5GCD[ IT

4 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ *5 'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP .CVG UV[NG

'FYCTF +++ JCF EJKNFTGP D[ JKU QPN[ YKHG 6YQ QH VJGO UWTTQWPFGF VJGOUGNXGU YKVJ NQ[CN ITQWRU VJWU HQTOKPI VJG .CPECUVTKCP CPF ;QTMKUV HCEVKQPU VJCV YQWNF FKUTWRV VJG 'PINKUJ RQNKVKECN NCPFUECRG VJTQWIJQWV VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6JGKTU YCU VJG UVTWIING DGVYGGP VJG TGF TQUG QH .CPECUVGT CPF VJG YJKVG TQUG QH ;QTM VJG 9CTU QH VJG 4QUGU VJCV OCKPN[ VQQM RNCEG KP VJG UGEQPF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[

'FYCTFʼnU QNFGUV UQP YCU 'FYCTF VJG $NCEM 2TKPEG YJQ FKF PQV UWEEGGF KP 'PINCPF DWV DGECOG &WMG QH #SWKVCKPG VJG UGEQPF UQP YCU .KQPGN &WMG QH %NCTGPEG *KU ITGCV ITCPFFCWIJVGT #PPC /QTVKOGT YQWNF OCTT[ 4KEJCTF &WMG QH ;QTM

6JG VJKTF UWTXKXKPI UQP YCU ,QJP QH )CWPV &WMG QH .CPECUVGT HCDWNQWUN[ YGCNVJ[ CPF VJG OQUV RQYGTHWN OCP KP CNN 'PINCPF *G YCU VJG RCVTKCTEJ QH VJG *QWUG QH .CPECUVGT VJG 'CTNFQO .CPECUVGT YCU HQWPFGF D[ 'FOWPF PF UQP QH *GPT[ +++ 6JG OCTTKCIG QH C FGUEGPFCPV QH JKU $NCPEJG VQ ,QJP QH )CWPV ICKPGF VJG NCVVGT VJG VKVNG &WMG QH .CPECUVGT +P VJG &WMG QH #SWKVCKPG VKVNG YCU DGUVQYGF QP JKO *GPT[ +8 8 CPF 8+ YGTG CNN JKU FKTGEV FGUEGPFCPVU CPF VJG[ TWNGF WPVKN YKVJ C ;QTMKUV KPVGTXCN HTQO VQ

6JG HQWTVJ UQP YCU 'FOWPF QH .CPING[ &WMG QH ;QTM *G YCU VJG RCVTKCTEJ QH VJG *QWUG QH ;QTM *KU UQP 4KEJCTF YCU OCTTKGF VQ #PPC /QTVKOGT YJKEJ NKPMGF VJG DTCPEJGU QH VJG UGEQPF CPF VJG HQWTVJ UQP 6JG *QWUG QH ;QTM YQWNF RTQXKFG VJG MKPIU 'FYCTF +8 CPF 4KEJCTF +++ CPF KV TGKIPGF HTQO VQ CPF HTQO VQ

6JG ITCPFFCWIJVGT QH ,QJP YJQ YCU VJG UV GCTN QH 5QOGTUGV CPF VJG UQP QH ,QJP QH )CWPV YGFFGF 'FOWPF 6WFQT GCTN QH 4KEJOQPF 6JGKT UQP YQWNF DG -KPI *GPT[ 8++

#NVJQWIJ 'PINKUJ KPHNWGPEG KP #SWKVCKPG YQWNF QHHKEKCNN[ NCUV WPVKN YJGP VJG $CVVNG QH %CUVKNNQP YCU NQUV CPF $QTFGCWZ TGOCKPGF KP (TGPEJ JCPFU *GPT[ +8 YCU VJG NCUV VQ JCXG VJG VKVNG &05 #36 KPFKECVGF QP JKU EQKPU *GPT[ 8 PQ NQPIGT KPENWFGF KV QP EQKPCIG 69

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

*175' .#0%#56'4 *'04; +8 *'04; 8

5QP QH ,QJP QH )CWPV # RGTUQPCN FKURWVG YKVJ 6JQOCU /QYDTC[ NGF VQ JKU DCPKUJOGPV DWV WRQP JKU HCVJGTʼnU FGOKUG JG TGVWTPGF HTQO (TCPEG *G GZGTVGF ITGCV KPHNWGPEG QP -KPI 4KEJCTF YJQ GXGP NGV JKOUGNH DG RGTUWCFGF VQ CDFKECVG

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ CPPWNGVU *'04+%8 ã 4: ã #0&).

4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 44 #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z .QEMGVV %H 2QVVGT $0, R

*'04; 8

1NFGUV UQP QH *GPT[ +8 YGFFGF VQ %CVJCTKPG FCWIJVGT QH %JCTNGU 8+ QH (TCPEG *G YCU YGNN RTGRCTGF HQT UWEEGUUKQP *G RWPKUJGF VTCKVQTU CPF JGTGVKEU TWVJNGUUN[ DWV JKU RGQRNG CFQTGF JKO

6JG[ UVQQF DGJKPF VJGKT MKPI KP JKU DCVVNG CICKPUV (TCPEG KP YJKEJ *GPT[ HQWIJV VQ CUUGTV YJCV JG DGNKGXGF VQ DG JKU TKIJVHWN ENCKO VQ VJG (TGPEJ VJTQPG GPEQWTCIGF D[ JKU XKEVQT[ CV #IKPEQWTV %JCTNGU 8+ CRRQKPVGF JKO JGKT DWV *GPT[ FKGF DGHQTG JKU HCVJGT KP NCY FKF

3WCTVGT PQDNG # #TOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG KP VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU NKU DGVYGGP VYQ CPPWNGVU CDQXG UVCT DGVYGGP VYQ CPPWNGVU T CPF VJTGG CPPWNGVU N *'04+% Z 4': Z #0). Z <

(4#0% 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJ NKU KP EGPVTG CPF QPG NKU CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD ':%8.6#$+684 Z +0 Z ).14+# (D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 9GNN UVTWEM IQQF XGT[ HKPG URGEKOGP %QKP +PX .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5CNG 5RKPM /C[ PQV RQUUKDNG DGECWUG KP 0% HTQO OC[ PQV VJKU EQKP 'Z 9CNVGTU EQNNGEVKQP 'Z /CPP EQNNGEVKQP 'Z $NCMG EQNNGEVKQP

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI UVCT QP N UJQWNFGT *'04+% Z &+ Z )4# Z 4': Z #0).+' Z < Z (4#0% 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 .10&10 ¢ 2158+ #&+8614' ” /'8/ ” 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 0KEG RCVKPC CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ %NCUU % /WNNGV QP NGHV UJQWNFGT

70

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ CPPWNGVU *'04+%85 4': #0). 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VTGHQKN %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU *'04+% Z 4': Z #0). 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

*'04; 8+

*GPT[ 8+ UQP QH *GPT[ 8 CPF %CVJCTKPG QH 8CNQKU &WTKPI JKU GCTN[ TGKIP JKU OQVJGT CEVGF CU IWCTFKCP 1P 0QXGODGT JG YCU ETQYPGF MKPI QH 'PINCPF CPF QP &GEGODGT MKPI QH (TCPEG *G YCU C FGGRN[ TGNKIKQWU OCP JCF OCP[ CFOKTGTU CPF HQWPFGF COQPI QVJGT VJKPIU VJG EQNNGIGU QH 'VQP CPF %CODTKFIG 6JG XCEWWO NGHV D[ JKU NQPI NCUVKPI KNNPGUU #WIWUV VQ ,CPWCT[ ECWUGF VJG HGWF DGVYGGP VJG *QWUGU QH .CPECUVGT CPF ;QTM VQ HNCOG WR CICKP

#V VJG $CVVNG CV 0QTVJCORVQP JG YCU ECRVWTGF D[ VJG ;QTMKUVU *G HNGF KP DWV KP HGNN ECRVKXG CPGY VQ 'FYCTF +8 6JTQWIJ VJG KPVGTXGPVKQP QTICPKUGF HTQO (TCPEG QH JKU CFJGTGPVU JG OCPCIGF VQ EQOG DCEM DWV QPN[ UJQTVN[ KP CHVGT *GPT[ JCF TGVWTPGF VQ VJG VJTQPG 'FYCTF FGHGCVGF CPF MKNNGF JKO

0QDNG .QPFQP # %TQYPGF MKPI UVCPFKPI HCEKPI KP C UJKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG *'04+% &+ )4# 4': #0). < (4#0% &05 *;$ 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU KP VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU YKVJ * KP EGPVTG ETQYPU CPF NGQRCTFU KP VJG CPINGU QPG UOCNN NKU KP VJG UGEQPF CPING +*% #86 64#05+'05 2'4 /'&+8/ +..148/ +$#6 (D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

4 9GNN UVTWEM CPF XGT[ HKPG #TIGPQT 2CTKU #WEVKQP PQ 1P VJG GFIG QH VJG UJKR NKU CPF NGQRCTFU

71

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

Ő VJQUG VJCV ECPPQV DG GCUKN[ VQNF CRCTV HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN 1PN[ VJG YQTMOCPUJKR VJG NGVVGTKPI GVE FKHHGT HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN

Ő +OKVCVKQPU VJCV JCXG VJG GHHKI[ KP EQOOQP DWV HCKN VQ PCOG *GPT[ QT 'FYCTF KPFKECVKPI VJG NQECN UQXGTGKIP KPUVGCF 'ZCORNGU CTG VJG PQDNGU UVTWEM D[ VJG EQWPVU QH (NCPFGTU 2JKNKR VJG $QNF UGG PQ ,QJP VJG (GCTNGUU CPF 2JKNKR VJG )QQF UGG PQ

Ő +OKVCVKQPU VJCV CICKP JCXG VJG QTKIKPCN GHHKI[ CPF CNUQ KPFKECVG VJG 'PINKUJ MKPIU DWV UVCPF QWV DGECWUG QH VJGKT UK\G UGG PQU CPF YKVJ VJG CTOU QH #TMGN 6JGUG YGTG UVTWEM KP )QTKPEJGO KP VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ )TQWRU CPF HKPF CORNG FGUETKRVKQP KP PWOKUOCVKE NKVGTCVWTG 0QV UQ ITQWR

1TKIKPCNN[ VJG[ YGTG YKVJQWV GZEGRVKQP TGICTFGF CU EQWPVGTHGKVU G I 5GTTWTG KP &GUEJCORU FG 2CU PQVGU ŋKP %NCKU 9CTKP C OQPG[ EJCPIGT YCU CTTGUVGF KP /GEJNKP VQFC[ U /GEJGNGP HQT CEEGRVKPI OQPPCKGU HCWUUGU EQPVTGHCKVGU GV F¾HCPFW HCNUG EQWPVGTHGKVGF CPF RTQJKDKVGF EQKPU &GUEJCORU FG 2CU HTQO VJCV GCTN[ OQOGPV QP VJG *GPT[ 8+ CPPWNGV PQDNG JCF DGGP KOKVCVGF +P /QPVCIW 0WO %JTQP R GV UGSS TGEQTFGF EQPVKPGPVCN KOKVCVKQPU QH PQDNGU CPF T[CNU DCUGF QP (NGOKUJ 'PINKUJ VTCFG CPF HQWPF VJCV VJGUG KOKVCVKQPU OWUV JCXG DGGP UVTWEM HQT C NQPI RGTKQF QH VKOG 'PINKUJ NKVGTCVWTG EQOOQPN[ TGHGTU VQ ITQWR CU ŋ(NGOKUJ PQDNGUŌ CPF FQGU PQV YCUVG OCP[ YQTFU QP VJGO 0QTVJ QP R PQVGU ŋ/CP[ EQPVKPGPVCN EQRKGU QH .QPFQP T[CNU GZKUV CPF VJGUG YGTG OQUVN[ UVTWEM CV C NCVGT FCVG 6JG[ OC[ DG FKUVKPIWKUJGF D[ VJGKT EQCTUG YQTM CPF VJGKT NCTIGT OQFWNG Ō 0QTVJ KV UGGOU KU TGHGTTKPI VQ ITQWR KP RCTVKEWNCT JGTG

6JG PQDNGU QH *GPT[ 8+ CPF VJG T[CNU QH 'FYCTF +8 YGTG KOKVCVGF QP VJG EQPVKPGPV VJG[ VQIGVJGT URCP VJG RGTKQF HTQO VQ *CNXGU QT GXGP UOCNNGT FGPQOKPCVKQPU YGTG PQV KOKVCVGF 6JGUG V[RGU MGRV QP DGKPI KOKVCVGF WPVKN NQPI CHVGT VJG VKOG QH KUUWG QH VJG QTKIKPCNU

0QV WPVKN VJG JQCTF QH 5GTQQUMGTMG QP VJG KUNCPF QH 9CNEJGTGP KP VJG 0GVJGTNCPFU FKF VJG UKIPKHKECPEG QH VJGUG KOKVCVKQPU VTCPURKTG KP VGTOU QH VKOG HTCOG EKTEWNCVKQP CPF UEQRG UGG * 'PPQ X )GNFGT /WPVXQPFUV 5GTQQUMGTMG ,/2 R # VQVCN QH EQKPU ECOG WR KP VJKU JQCTF COQPI VJGO PQDNGU CPF T[CNU

1H VJGUG PQDNGU QPN[ HQWT YGTG QTKIKPCN VJG TGOCKPKPI YGTG KOKVCVKQPU VJG QTKIKPCNU UJQYGF UKIPU QH YGCT HTQO WUG YJGTGCU VJG KOKVCVKQPU UJQYGF JCTFN[ CP[ YGCT YJKEJ RQKPVU VQ C OWEJ NCVGT FCVG HQT VJG KOKVCVKQPU

6JG 5GTQQUMGTMG JQCTF YCU DWTKGF CTQWPF CPF VJG YGNN RTGUGTXGF UVCVG QH VJG KOKVCVKQPU KPFKECVGU VJCV VJG[ YGTG UVTWEM NQPI CHVGT VJG QTKIKPCN PQDNGU +P VJKU TGURGEV 8CP )GNFGT PQVGU VJG HQNNQYKPI R

ŋ6JKU UJGFU PGY NKIJV QP VJG SWGUVKQP QH EQPVKPGPVCN KOKVCVKQPU QH VJG 'PINKUJ EQKPU YJCV VTCPURKTGU KP RCTVKEWNCT KU VJCV VJG UEQRG QH VJKU RJGPQOGPQP YCU XGT[ OWEJ NCTIGT VJCP JCF DGGP CUUWOGF WPVKN PQY DCUGF QP VJG TGNCVKXGN[ HGY RKGEGU TGLGEVGF CU EQWPVGTHGKVU D[ 'PINKUJ EQNNGEVQTU 6JG PWODGTU KP VJKU JQCTF KPFKECVG VJCV VJG ITGCVGT RCTV KP VJG COQWPV QH PQDNGU EKTEWNCVKPI KP VJG 0GVJGTNCPFU JCF DGGP TGEGPV CFFKVKQPU 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ QNFGT JQCTF FGUETKRVKQPU JCTFN[ KH CV CNN VCMG KPVQ CEEQWPV VJGUG UWDVKNG FKHHGTGPEGU UQ VJCV VJG TGNCVKXG PWODGTU QH QTKIKPCNU CPF KOKVCVKQPU CTG DG[QPF XGTKHKECVKQP 6JGTG JQYGXGT KU PQ GXKFGPEG UWRRQTVKPI CP QEEWTTGPEG QH VJGUG KOKVCVKQPU KP GCTNKGT JQCTFU YJKEJ LWUVKHKGU VJG EQPENWUKQP VJCV VJG OCPWHCEVWTG QH EQWPVGTHGKV PQDNGU CPF TQUG PQDNGU YCU URCVKQ VGORQTCNN[ NKOKVGF VQ VJG RGTKQF DGVYGGP CPF CPF VJG PQTVJGTP 0GVJGTNCPFU CPF YCU ENQUGN[ EQPPGEVGF VQ EQPVGORQTCTKN[ OCPWHCEVWTGF KOKVCVKQPU YJKEJ YGTG FKUVKPEVN[ CPF QHHKEKCNN[ OCTMGF CU PGY 9JCV UGGOU RGEWNKCT HKPCNN[ KU HCEV VJCV VJG KOKVCVKQPU YGTG D[ PQ OGCPU KPHGTKQT VQ VJG QTKIKPCNU EQPVTCT[ VJGKT YGKIJV KU WUWUCNN[ JKIJGT VJCP VJCV QH VJG QTKIKPCNU YJKEJ UJQY ITGCVGT YGCT #V VJG VKOG QH VJGKT CEVWCN WUG PQDQF[ EQPUKFGTGF VJG KOKVCVKQPU QH NGUUGT XCNWG *QYGXGT VJG CWVJQTKVKGU VJCV UWRGTXKUGF OQPGVCT[ CHHCKTU CV VJG VKOG FKF MPQY VJCV HQTGKIP EQKPU YGTG DGKPI KOKVCVGF KP )QTKPEJGO CPF GNUGYJGTG CPF OGCUWTGU YGTG VCMGP VQ ENQUG VJG OKPV $WV VJG EKTEWNCVKQP QH UWEJ PWODGTU QH KOKVCVKQPU CRRCTGPVN[ FKF PQV CVVTCEV CP[ CVVGPVKQP DGECWUG PGKVJGT VJG IGPGTCN OKPV OCUVGTU PQT RTQHGUUKQPCN OQPG[ EJCPIGTU PQVKEGF C FTQR KP KPVTKPUKECN XCNWG YJKEJ YQWNF YKVJQWV C FQWDV JCXG NGF VQ C ENQUGT KPXGUVKICVKQP CPF RTQJKDKVKXG QTFGTU Ō

*QY VQ VGNN VJG FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP QTKIKPCN PQDNGU CPF KOKVCVKQPU!

6JG HCEGU QP KOKVCVKQPU CTG DTQCFGT

+P VJG QDXGTUG NGIGPF (4#0% KU TGRNCEGF YKVJ (4#0 CPF *;$ YKVJ *; +P VJG TGXGTUG VGZV +%* QHVGP DGEQOGU + CPF +..148/ VWTPU KPVQ +..14

6JG PQU CPF ENGCTN[ KNNWUVTCVG VJGUG FKHHGTGPEGU YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH +%*

72

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

(NGOKUJ KOKVCVKXG EQKPCIG VJ EGPVWT[ 0QDNG .QPFQP # %TQYPGF MKPI UVCPFKPI HCEKPI KP C UJKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG *'04+% รฐ &+ D )4# D 4': D #0). D < D (4#0 D &05 *; 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU KP VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU YKVJ * KP EGPVTG ETQYPU CPF NGQRCTFU KP VJG CPINGU รฐ +*% #86 Q 64#05+'05 Q 2'4 Q /'&+8/ Q +..14 +$#6 0QTVJ KOKVCVKQP 5GCD[ IT 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG

$QWIJV &GMMGT EQNNGEVKQP

$QWIJV 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO F F

6JTGG NKU CPF VYQ NGQRCTFU QP VJG UKFG QH VJG UJKR

6JKU EQKP KU CP KOKVCVKQP QH VJG PQDNG QH *GPT[ 8+ &WTKPI VJG VJ EGPVWT[ CPF NCVGT VJG PQDNG YCU QH UWEJ RQRWNCTKV[ QP VJG EQPVKPGPV VJCV KOKVCVKQPU CRRGCTGF DGHQTG NQPI 6JTGG V[RGU QH VJGUG KOKVCVKQPU ECP DG FKUVKPIWKUJGF

*CNH PQDNG .QPFQP # %TQYPGF MKPI UVCPFKPI HCEKPI KP C UJKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG *'04+% ~ &+ ~ )4# ~ 4': ~ #0). ~ < ~ (4#0% ~ 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU KP VTGUUWTG QH GKIJV CTEJGU YKVJ * KP EGPVTG ETQYPU CPF NGQRCTFU KP VJG CPINGU QPG UOCNN NKU KP VJG UGEQPF CPING NKU &1/+0' ~ 0' Q +0 Q (8414' Q 681 Q #4)8#5 Q /' (D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

8GT[ HKPG

)NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 1P VJG GFIG QH VJG UJKR NKU CPF NGQRCTFU

)TQCV %CNCKU # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ CPPWNGVU *'04+% โ &+ โ )4# โ 4': โ #0).

Z < Z (4#0% 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVVยพG YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG CPPWNGV KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG 8+..# โ %#.+5+5 โ 2158+ Q &'8/ โ #&+8614' โ /'8/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

5NKIJVGN[ KTTGIWNCT HNCP CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 6JG OKPV QH %CNCKU GZKUVGF HKTUV DGVYGGP CPF CPF YCU TGQRGPGF DGVYGGP CPF

73

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

*CNHITQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI *'04+% ” &+ ” )4# ” 4': ” #0). ” < ” (4 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VJG CPINGU VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 ” .10&10 ” 2158+ Q &'8/ ” #&+86 14' ” / ” 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ *5 'Z %CTVGT EQNNGEVKQP 'Z 4 %CTN[QP $TKVVQP EQNNGEVKQP 'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP #PPWNGV KUUWG O O ETQUU + PQPG

*CNHITQCV %CNCKU # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ CPPWNGVU *'04+% ” &+ ” )4# ” 4': ” #0). ” < ” ( 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG CPPWNGV KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG 8+..# ” %#.+5 ” 2158+ Q &'8/ ” #&+8614' Z /'8/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

2GPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI *'04+%85 ” 4': ” #0).+' 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG CPPWNGV KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU %+8+6#5 ” .10&10 ” 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ *5 'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP #PPWNGV KUUWG

2GPP[ %CNCKU # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ CPPWNGVU *'04+%85 ” 4': ” #0).+' 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG CPPWNGV KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU 8+..# ” %#.+5 ” 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z &CPICT EQNNGEVKQP )NGPFKPKPI CRTKN NQV %H 9JKVVQP C

*CNHRGPP[ %CNCKU # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ CPPWNGVU *'04+% ” 4': ” #0). 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG CPPWNGV KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU 8+..# ” %#.+5 ” 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI *'04+% 4': #0). 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (KPG &QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT

74

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

(CTVJKPI .QPFQP .GCH 2GNNGV +UUWG # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU NGCH QP DTGCUV *'04+% 4': #0). 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 44 #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI *'04+% Z &+ )4# Z 4': Z #0).+ Z < (4#0% 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 .10&10 2158+ &'8/ #&+8614' /'8/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 9KPVGT &ÒUUGNFQTH #WEVKQP PQ 7POCTMGF

*175' 1( ;14- '&9#4& +8 HKTUV TGKIP

#HVGT 4KEJCTF JCF YQP VJG $CVVNG CV 0QTVJCORVQP JG ENCKOGF MKPIUJKR 6JG RCTNKCOGPV JQYGXGT CEMPQYNGFIGF *GPT[ 8+ VQ JQNF VJG UVTQPIGUV ENCKO CRRQKPVKPI 4KEJCTF UWEEGUUQT +P VJCV UCOG [GCT 4KEJCTF RGTKUJGF CV 9CMGHKGNF

6JG ;QTMKUVU MGRV .QPFQP QEEWRKGF CPF RTQENCKOGF 4KEJCTFʼnU UQP 'FYCTF MKPI 'XGT[QPG NQ[CN VQ *GPT[ 8+ YCU FGUKIPCVGF C VTCKVQT CPF *GPT[ 8+ CPF /CTICTGV HNGF VQ 5EQVNCPF

5QOG QH *GPT[ʼnU NQ[CNU TGCUUGODNGF KP (TCPEG CPF YKVJ VJG DCEMKPI QH .QWKU :+ VJG[ NCPFGF CP KPXCUKQP HQTEG QP VJG UJQTGU QH 'PINCPF KP 6JKU NGF VQ CPQVJGT DG KV UJQTV NKXGF TGKIP QH *GPT[ 8+

'FYCTF HNGF VQ (NCPFGTU CEEQORCPKGF D[ JKU DTQVJGT 4KEJCTF YJQ CNUQ JGNRGF JKO TGVWTP VQ 'PINCPF +P 'FYCTF FGHGCVGF /CTICTGV PGCT 6YGMGUDWT[ VCMKPI EQPVTQN QPEG CICKP *GPT[ 8+ YCU OWTFGTGF CPF VJG *QWUG QH .CPECUVGT GPFGF

*GCX[ EQKPCIG

*CNHRGPP[ .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU Ã '&9#4& &+ )4# 4': 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 .10&10 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% 'Z 9JKVVQP EQNNGEVKQP KNN 2N V[RG ++ 'Z .QEMGVV

75

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

.KIJV EQKPCIG

4[CN QT 4QUG 0QDNG .QPFQP # %TQYPGF MKPI UVCPFKPI HCEKPI KP C UJKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG CPF HNCI YKVJ ' '& 9#4& &+ )4# ã 4': ã #0). ã < ã (4#0% ã ã &05 ã + ã $ ã 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJ UWP KP EGPVTG ETQYPU CPF NGQRCTFU KP VJG CPINGU ñ +*% ã #86 ã 64#05+'05 ã 2'4/'&+7/ ã +..148/ + ã $#6 ã 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

5OCNN UETCVEJGU XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

6JTGG NKU CPF VYQ NGQRCTFU QP VJG UKFG QH VJG UJKR

6JG T[CN KU VJG PQDNG YKVJ VJG CFFKVKQP QH 'FYCTFʼnU RGTUQPCN DCFIG VJG TQUG CPF VJG UWP CPF YKVJ VJG HNCI YKVJ VJG ' QH 'FYCTF KP KV 4[CN EQKPCIG EQOOGPEGF KP CPF VJG YGKIJV VJGQTGVKECNN[ KU IT

6JG T[CN VQQ YCU KOKVCVGF 6JGUG KOKVCVKQPU YGTG GZVGPUKXGN[ FKUEWUUGF D[ # 6JQORUQP %QPVKPGPVCN +OKVCVKQPU QH VJG TQUGPQDNG QH 'FYCTF +8 $0, R *G FKUVKPIWKUJGU VJG HQNNQYKPI EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU C DTQCFGT JGCF WPVKF[ NGVVGTKPI

VJGUG GZCORNGU QH KOKVCVKQPU YGTG VCMGP HTQO 6JQORUQP R ITQWR C NQPIGT UYQTF YJKEJ ETGCVGU C TGEVCPING CTQWPF VJG JGCF CPF CP QRGP DQVVQO UKFG

6JQORUQP ENCUUKHKGU KPVQ VJTGG ITQWRU IKXKPI VJG HQNNQYKPI RGTKQFU QH QTKIKP ITQWR + CPF NCVGT YKVJQWV OGPVKQPKPI C OKPV ITQWR ++ YKVJ )QTKPEJGO HQT VJG OKPV CPF ITQWR +++ YKVJ %WNGODQTI HQT VJG OKPV VJKU NCUV V[RG JCF C FKHHGTGPV NGIGPF

6JG JQCTF 5GTQQUMGTMG EQPVCKPGF T[CNU COQPI YJKEJ KOKVCVKQPU )QTKPEJGO KOKVCVKQPU YKVJ VJG CTOU QH #TMGN 6JGUG YGTG CNUQ JKIJ SWCNKV[ KOKVCVKQPU CU QRRQUGF VQ VJG QTKIKPCNU NGCFKPI VQ C EQKPCIG UVCTVKPI CV VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ CV NGCUV QPG QH VJGUG KOKVCVKQPU YCU HTQO VJG 1OOGNCPF OKPV QH #RRKPIGFCO

+P O[ QRKPKQP VJKU EQKP KU PQ KOKVCVKQP CNVQWIJ KV KU PQV ENGCT KP CNN FGVCKNU

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ SWCVTGHQKNU CPF QP DTGCUV SWCVTGHQKN ñ '&9#4& ã &+ )4# ã 4': ã #0).' ã < ã (4#0% 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 .10&10 2158+ &'8/ ã #&+8614' /'8/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT

5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

%QKPU CPF #PV .QPFQP

76

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ SWCVTGHQKNU CPF QP DTGCUV SWCVTGHQKN รฑ '&9#4& รฃ &+ )4# รฃ 4': รฃ #0).' รฃ < รฃ (4#0% 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVVยพG YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 .10&10 Z 2158+ &'8/ รฃ #&+8614' /'8/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN HNCP HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG %QKPU CPF #PV .QPFQP %QPVTCT[ VQ PQ VJG QDXGTUG VTGHQKN KU QEECUKQPCNN[ TGRNCEGF YKVJ C UOCNN ETQUU

*CNHITQCV %CPVGTDWT[ # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI QXGT MPQV RCNN '&9#4& &+ )4# 4': #0). < (4# 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVVยพG YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 %#0614 2158+ &'8/ #&+8614' /'8/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN HNCP CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

'RKUEQRCN EQKPCIG

'&9#4& +8 UGEQPF TGKIP

*CNH CPIGN # 5V /KEJCGN UNC[KPI FTCIQP YKVJ ETQUU NCPEG '&9#4& &'+ )4# 4': #0). 4 5JKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG WPFGT ETQUU CPF DGVYGGP ' CPF TQUG โ 1 โ โ %48: รณ #8' Z 52'5 รณ 80+%# Z (D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 4GXGTUG VGZV *CKN 1 %TQUU QWT QPN[ JQRG 6JG QDXGTUG KPKVKCN OCTM KPFKECVGU C RTQXKPEKCN OKPV

77

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND 4+%*#4& +++

;QWPIGUV UQP QH 4KEJCTFÅ&#x2030;U &WMG QH ;QTM *G DGECOG &WMG QH )NQWEGUVGT CHVGT JKU DTQVJGT 'FYCTF +8 YCU ETQYPGF MKPI 9JGP 'FYCTF +8 FKGF KP JG JCF C ITGCV FGCN QH VTQWDNG CUEGPFKPI VQ VJG VJTQPG 'XGPVWCNN[ JG UWEEGGFGF *G OGV JKU GPF QP VJG DCVVNGHKGNF QH $QUYQTVJ YJGTG JG NQUV VQ *GPT[ 6WFQT

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DQCT 4+%#4& &+ )4# 4': #0). < (4#0% 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 .10&10 DQCT 2158+ &'8/ # &+8614 ' /'8/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 44 (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP .QQM WR KP 0% PQ CPF KP 0% PQ DQVJ CTG QP VJG ECTF

*175' 67&14 *'04; 8++

6JG *QWUG QH 6WFQT UVGOU HTQO 9CNGU 6JKU HCOKN[ VQQM QP VJG #PINQ 5CZQP PCOG 6WFQT CHVGT VJG OCTTKCIG QH 1YGP CR /CTGFWFF CR 6WFWT VQ %CVJCTKPG FCWIJVGT QH %JCTNGU 8+ QH (TCPEG CPF YKFQY QH *GPT[ 8 QH 'PINCPF HTQO VJG *QWUG QH .CPECUVGT

*G YCU VJG RQUVJWOQWU UQP QH 'CFOWPF 'CTN QH 4KEJOQPF CPF /CTICTGV .CPECUVGT +P JG OCTTKGF 'NK\CDGVJ QH ;QTM VJG QNFGUV FCWIJVGT QH 'FYCTF +8 VJG OCTTKCIG CUUWTKPI JKO QH ;QTMKUV UWRRQTV GXGP VQ VJG GZVGPV QH DGKPI ITCPVGF VJG UWRRQTV QH VJG GZKNGF ;QTMKUVU KP 9KVJ VJG CKF QH VJG (TGPEJ JG OCPCIGF VQ FGHGCV CPF MKNN 4KEJCTF +++ PGCT $QUYQTVJ VJTGG YGGMU NCVGT +V VQQM JKO NQPI VQ UWOOQP IGPGTCN TGEQIPKVKQP HQT JKU CEEGUUKQP 6JG VQVCN FGXCUVCVKQP QH VJG CTO[ QH VJTQPG RTGVGPFGT .CODGTV 5KOPGN KU TGICTFGF CU VJG HKPCN DCVVNG KP VJG 9CTU QH VJG 4QUGU

*GPT[ OCKPVCKPGF HTKGPFN[ VKGU YKVJ (TCPEG

#PIGN # 5V /KEJCGN UNC[KPI FTCIQP YKVJ ETQUU NCPEG CTTQY *'04+% â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ð &' )4# Z 4': #0). Z < Z (4# Z 4 5JKR YKVJ VJG CTOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG WPFGT ETQUU CPF DGVYGGP * CPF TQUG CTTQY 2'4 ¢ %48%%% 68# 5#.86 Z 015 ¢ :2% Z 4'+& ¢ (D 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 6TCEGU QH C RTGUUWTG XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

(TQO 0% PQ

6JG HWNN QDXGTUG VGZV TGCFU 2GT ETWEGO VWCO UCNXC PQU %JTKUVKG 4GFGORVQT $[ 6J[ ETQUU UCXG WU 1 %JTKUV QWT 4GFGGOGT

#PIGN ENCUU 8

6JG FGUKIP QH 5V /KEJCGN UNC[KPI VJG FTCIQP QP VJG QDXGTUG CPF VJG UJKR DGCTKPI C ETQUU QP VJG TGXGTUG ECWUGF KV VQ DG WUGF D[ VJG 6WFQT CPF 5VWCTV OQPCTEJU CU C VCNKUOCP VQ DG IKXGP VQ VJG UKEM YJQO VJG[ JCF VQWEJGF HQT VJG MKPIÅ&#x2030;U GXKN 0QTVJ

78

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI รจ *'04+% Z &+ Z )4# Z 4': Z #). Z < Z (4 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 โ .10&10 2158+ &'8 Z #&+8614' Z /'8 0QTVJ E 5GCD[ IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG $QWIJV &GMMGT EQNNGEVKQP $QWIJV 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO F F %TQYP YKVJ VYQ CTEJGU WPLGYGNNGF (CEKPI %NCUU ++

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI ย *'04+% ^ &+ ^ )4# ^ 4': ^ #). ^ < ^ (4 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG รณ %+8+6#5 รณ รณ .10&10 รณ, ย 2158+ &'8/ #&+8614' /'8/ 0QTVJ C 5GCD[ C IT 4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ + O Q UECNNQR (CEKPI ENCUU +++C

*CNHITQCV %CPVGTDWT[ # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI VQP *'04+% &+ )4# 4': #0). < (4 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 %#0614 VQP 2158+ &'8/ #&+8614' /'8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 5OCNN UETCVEJGU XGT[ HKPG /ร P\ICNGTKG /ร PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ +PKVKCN OCTM VQP

79

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

*CNHITQCV ;QTM # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ MG[U OCTVNGV *'04+% &+ )4# 4': #0) < (4 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU YKVJ PCOG QH OKPV KP VJG KPPGT EKTENG %+8+6#5 '$14#%+ OCTVNGV 2158+ &'8 #&+8614 /'8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ +PKVKCN OCTM OCTVNGV 'RKUEQRCN OKPV V[RG YKVJ CTEJDKUJQR 5CXCIG !

0Q VTGUUWTG

2GPP[ UQXGTGKIP ;QTM # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD *'04+% ã &+ ã )4# ã 4': ã #0 4 #TOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG QP NQPI ETQUU CPF DGVYGGP VYQ MG[U %+8+6#5 '$14#%+ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 9KVJ VJG CTEJDKUJQR QH 4QVJGTJCO 1PG RKNCT VQ VJTQPG VTGHQKN UVQRU

5RKPM .QPFQP 9KVJ DKUJQR ,QJP 5JGTYQQF

)TQCV .QPFQP # %TQYPGF DWUV T CTTQY *'04+% Z 8++ Z &+ Z )4# Z 4': Z #). Z < Z ( 4 #TOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG QP NQPI ETQUU CTTQY 2158+ F &'8ZZ #&+8614 ' Z /'8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 5OCNN UETCVEJGU QP VJG TGXGTUG XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

(QO 0% PQ

4GIWNCT KUUWG 6TKRNG DCPF VQ ETQYP

6JKU EQKP OCTMU VJG GPF QH VJG /KFFNG #IGU CPF VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG 4GPCKUUCPEG 6JG DWUV KP RTQHKNG JCU DGGP GPITCXGF D[ #NGZCPFGT QH $TWIUCN +V EQPUVKVWVGU VJG HKTUV HKPG RQTVTCKV UKPEG 1HHC

80

2GPP[ UQXGTGKIP &WTJCO # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD *'04+% &+ )4# 4': 4 #TOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG QP NQPI ETQUU CPF DGVYGGP & CPF 5 %+8+6#5 &+4*#/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG

KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND

*CNHITQCV %CPVGTDWT[ # %TYQPGF DWUV T OCTVNGV *'04+% Z 8++ Z &+ Z )4# Z 4': Z #). Z < Z 4 #TOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG QP NQPI ETQUU OCTVNGV 2158+ &'8 Z #&+861' Z /'8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG .CP\ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ -KPI CPF #TEJDKUJQR 9CTJCO LQKPVN[!

&QWDNG DCPF VQ ETQYP

*CNHITQCV ;QTM # ETQYPGF DWUV T OCTVNGV *'04+% Z 8++ Z &+ Z )4# Z 4': Z #). Z < Z 4 #TOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG QP NQPI ETQUU CPF DGVYGGP VYQ MG[U OCTVNGV 2158+ &'8 Z #&+8614' Z /'8 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

*'04; 8+++

2GPP[ UQXGTGKIP &WTJCO # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG * Z & Z ) Z 415# Z 5+' Z 52+# 4 #TOU QH 'PINCPF CPF (TCPEG QP NQPI ETQUU CPF DGVYGGP % CPF & %+8+6#5 &84*#/ 0QTVJ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 9KVJ DKUJQR %WVJDGTV 6WPUVCNN !

5GEQPF EQKPCIG 6GZV QDXGTUG * '04+%85 & '+ ) 4#6+# 415# 5+' 52+# 4QUG YKVJQWV C VJQTP 6JKU EQKP TGRTGUGPVU C HCKVJHWN EQR[ QH VJG EQKPU QH *GPT[ 8++

81

IRELAND

+4'.#0& (QT CNN VJG KPHNWGPEG VJG 0QTYGIKCPU CPF 'PINKUJ JCF QP KV +TGNCPFʼnU JKUVQT[ KU FKUVKPEVN[ CP +TKUJ CHHCKT CP CURGEV VJCV KU VQVCNN[ WPTGHNGEVGF D[ EQKPCIG JQYGXGT

5V 2CVTKEM KU +TGNCPFʼnU RCVTQP UCKPV #DFWEVGF HTQO 'PINCPF CV C [QWPI CIG JG TGVWTPGF VQ 'PINKUJ UQKN CHVGT C NQPI RGTKQF QH ECRVKXKV[ KP +TGNCPF +P C XKUKQP JG TGEGKXGF JKU ECNNKPI VQ IQ CPF GXCPIGNKUG VJG EQWPVT[ QH JKU CDFWEVQTU +P JG YCU DKUJQR QH +TGNCPF EQPEGPVTCVKPI JKU GPFGCXQWTU QP VJG PQTVJGCUV CPF VJG YGUV QH +TGNCPF KP .GKPUVGT VJG IQURGN YCU RTGCEJGF D[ VJG )CWN 2CNNCFKWU

+P CPF CNUQ CHVGT VJKU RGTKQF HKXG MKPIFQOU OCFG WR VJG OCKP RCTV QH +TGNCPF 7NUVGT .GKPUVGT /WPUVGT %QPPCEJV CPF /KFG 6JG[ YGTG NCTIGN[ DWKNV QP NQECN TGNKIKQPU 'XGPVWCNN[ C FKXKUKQP KPVQ OQTG NQECNN[ HWPEVKQPKPI CTGCU YQWNF VCMG VJGKT RNCEG 9KVJKP VJKU FKXKUKQP F[PCUVKGU MKPIFQOU GOGTIGF VJCV YQWNF UJCRG +TKUJ JKUVQT[

+P VJG PQTVJ VJG OKIJV[ *QWUG QH 7Ã 0¾KNN TWNGF QRRQUGF D[ VJG F[PCUVKGU QH 7Ã &ÐPNCKPIG CPF 7Ã %¾PPUGNCKI VJCV JGNF UYC[ KP VJG UQWVJ #TQWPF VJG PQTVJ GOGTIGF XKEVQTKQWU HTQO VJG GPUWKPI ENCUJ CPF 7Ã 0¾KNN RTQENCKOGF JKOUGNH JKIJ MKPI HKGTEGN[ EQPVGUVGF KP RCTVKEWNCT D[ /WPUVGT

6JG DCVVNG DGVYGGP PQTVJ CPF UQWVJ ICKPGF C PGY HCEVQT KP YJGP 0QTYGIKCP XKMKPIU NCPFGF KP +TGNCPF 6JG[ GUVCDNKUJGF VJGOUGNXGU OCKPN[ KP &WDNKP .KOGTKEM 9CVGTHQTF CPF 9GZHQTF

6JG KPHNWGPEG QH VJGUG 8KMKPIU YCU EQPVTCT[ VQ DGNKGHU JGNF GCTNKGT D[ JKUVQTKCPU TGNCVKXGN[ UOCNN 1PG QH VJG UECTEG GHHGEVU YCU VJCV VJG VGTTKVQT[ QEEWRKGF D[ VJG 8KMKPIU FTQXG C YGFIG KP DGVYGGP VJG YCTTKPI PQTVJ CPF UQWVJ RCTVKGU 6JG DCVVNG PGXGT EGCUGF JQYGXGT +P VJG PKPVJ EGPVWT[ VJG KPHNWGPEG QH VJG 7Ã 0¾KNNU YCPGF 6JGKT RNCEG YCU VCMGP D[ VJG .GKPUVGT 1UTCKIG &[PCUV[ KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6JG QHHKEG QH JKIJ MKPI TGIWNCTN[ EJCPIGF JCPFU HTQO VJGP QP

&GTOQV /CE /WTTQWIJ Ŏ YCU GXGPVWCNN[ FGHGCVGF D[ VJG 7Ã %QPEJQD±KTU HTQO %QPPCEJV /CE /WTTQWIJ HNGF VQ 'PINCPF CPF UQWIJV RTQVGEVKQP YKVJ VJG 'PINKUJ MKPI *GPT[ ++ *GPT[ KPVGTXGPGF KP CPF EJCPIGF VJG EQWTUG QH +TKUJ JKUVQT[

9JGP KP VJG 8KMKPIU UGVVNGF CNQPI VJG +TKUJ GCUV EQCUV VJG[ VTKGF VQ RWUJ VJTQWIJ KPVQ VJG KPNCPF 6JQWIJ VJG +TKUJ EQPSWGTGF VJGO KP KV YQWNFPʼnV DG NQPI DGHQTG VJG 0QTYGIKCP MKPIU TGVWTPGF 6JG[ GUVCDNKUJGF VJGOUGNXGU OCKPN[ KP &WDNKP #HVGT 5KJVTKE QVJGTU HQNNQYGF QPG QH VJGO 1NCH 5KJVTKEUUQP YJQ YCU XCPSWKUJGF KP PGCT 6CTC *KU UQP 5KJVTKE +++ KU VJG HKTUV MKPI VQ CRRGCT QP EQKPU 6JG 0QTYGIKCPU YGTG EQPXGTVGF VQ %JTKUVKCPKV[ CPF RTQXGF C EQQRGTCVKXG OKPQTKV[ VQYCTFU VJG MKPIU QH +TGNCPF

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

5VCTVKPI EQKPU YGTG UVTWEM KP VJG PCOG QH VJG 'PINKUJ MKPI CU &QOKPWU VJGKT FGUKIP CHVGT 'PINKUJ GZCORNG 6JG EKTENG CTQWPF VJG GHHKI[ YCU TGRNCEGF YKVJ C VTKCPING EJCTCEVGTKUVKECN HQT +TGNCPF CPF NCVGT KOKVCVGF QP VJG EQPVKPGPV 1P VJG XQKFGF ETQUU V[RGU VJG VTKCPING UVCPFU DCUG FQYP CPF QP VJG NQPI ETQUU

RGPPKGU KV UVCPFU QP KVU RQKPV 6JG ITQCV YCU KPVTQFWEGF XGT[ NCVG CTQWPF VJG 'PINKUJ ITQCV JCF CNTGCF[ DGGP KPVTQFWEGF KP ECWUGF D[ VJG NQPI KPVGTGIPWO KP YJKEJ RTCEVKECNN[ PQ EQKPU YGTG UVTWEM

)QNF EQKPU YGTG PGXGT KUUWGF KP +TGNCPF

*+$'401 0145'

6JG HKTUV EQKP YCU HCUJKQPGF CHVGT VJG ŋ%TXZŌ QH #GVJGNTGF ++ UVTWEM KP VJG RGTKQF CP GZCEV KOKVCVKQP 6JGP UQOG QVJGT V[RGU YGTG KOKVCVGF CU YGNN .QPI ETQUU JGNOGV

CPF UOCNN ETQUU YJKNG VJG V[RG SWCVTGHQKN QH %PWV YCU CNUQ EQRKGF #NN VJGUG V[RGU YGTG GZCEV EQRKGU QH VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI 'PINKUJ EQKPU

+V UGGOU RGEWNKCT VJCV VJG NQPI ETQUU V[RG YCU HWTVJGT KOKVCVGF KVU DWUV DGEQOKPI V[RKECNN[ +TKUJ 2JCUG +

VJG NQPI ETQUU OWUV JCXG QXGTNCRRGF RJCUG ++ VJCV QH VJG JGNOGV D[ C EQPUKFGTCDNG RGTKQF QH VKOG 6JG EQKPU KP 5KJVTKEʼnU PCOG KPXCTKCDN[ TGCF 5+*64+% 4': &;(.+/1 5KJVTKE MKPI QH &WDNKP &WDNKP KU KP +TKUJ &7$* .+00 CPF KP 0QTYGIKCP &;(.+04

2GPP[ 2JCUG + &WDNKP # $CTG JGCFGF DWUV N KP HTQPV C UEGRVTG <+6+4 &;(.+/1 4 5JQTV ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ % 4 8 : KP VJG CPINGU '1.' 10 &+(.+/' H &( 5GCD[ IT 44 # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ %H CNUQ 0% PQ 5COG FKGU CU 5%$+ 7NUVGT 6JG OQPG[GT '1.'

KV OKIJV DG '1. KU WPMPQYP HQT 'PINCPF GXGP *KNFGDTCPF FQGUPʼnV MPQY QH JKO

82

IRELAND

2GPP[ 2JCUG &WDNKP # $CTG JGCFGF DWUV N 5+*64+% 4': &;(.+0 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU (;' 4'/0 0/ &;(.+ &( 5GCD[ IT 44 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

9#) &QTVOWPF #WEVKQP PQ

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6JG HKTUV EQKPU QH RJCUG ++ UJQY VJG NQPI ETQUU RQTVTCKV KP +TKUJ UV[NG DWV UVKNN ENGCTN[ KPFKECVG 5KJVTKE NCVGT KP VJG UCOG RJCUG KV FKUCRRGCTU 6JG YGKIJV KP VJKU RJCUG KU TGOCTMCDN[ NQYGT VJCP VJCV KP RJCUG +

2GPP[ 2JCUG ++ &WDNKP # +TKUJ DWUV N DGJKPF C ETQUU ++064+ 4': +(0 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU KP GCEJ CPING C UOCNN RGNNGV (;'+ 40! ++/1 +'+6 &( 5GCD[ IT 4 #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG 4 5EJWNOCP .CTGP #WEVKQP PQ

2GPP[ 2JCUG ++ &WDNKP # +TKUJ DWUV N DGJKPF C ETQUKGT +064%4': +&+(0+ 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU KP GCEJ CPING C RGNNGV 0+4+00 /1 &(0 &( 5GCD[ # IT 4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

*+$'401 0145'

2GPP[ 2JCUG +++ # +TKUJ DWUV N ++(+6+'&+1+' 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU KP VYQ CPINGU C JCPF +++ ++1+ +++ %+. &( 5GCD[ IT 4 0KEG RCVKPC GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

2GPP[ 2JCUG +++ # +TKUJ DWUV N HQWT RQKPVU KP PGEM +++6+04++&++2+' 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU KP QPG CPING C JCPF KP CPQVJGT 5 KP VYQ QVJGTU C RGNNGV +++ 2+2+ 0(0 +&++ &( 5GCD[ IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG CPF RGTHGEV RKGEG YKVJ PKEG RCVKPC

/CTUJCNN (KGNFU %JKECIQ

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ (TQO VJG UCOG FKGU CU &QNNG[ !

83

IRELAND *+$'401 0145'

2GPP[ 6[RG +8 # *GNOGVGF DWUV HCEKPI YKVJ VTKRNG UVTCPF OQWUVCEJG UETCVEJGF FKG 0+('0+ 10 &+++8( 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF YKVJ GCEJ NKOD VGTOKPCVKPI KP VJTGG ETGUEGPVU KP CPINGU ETQUU VYQ RGNNGVU JCPF CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU 00 00 00 00 &( 5GCD[ IT

44 # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

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2GPP[ 2JCUG 8 # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI YKVJ RGNNGVU GKVJGT UKFG 4 .QPI ETQUU XQKFGF &( 5GCD[ XCT IT 'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG 5OCNN HNCP FGHGEV XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

(TQO 0% PQ

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*+$'401 0145'

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84

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5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

IRELAND

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5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

,1*0 CU .QTF

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85

IRELAND *'04; +++

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(TCPEJGUEJK $TWUUGN

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86

IRELAND '&9#4& +

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5RKPM .QPFQP

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5RKPM .QPFQP

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5RKPM .QPFQP

87

IRELAND

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(TQO 0% PQ

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)TQCV *GCX[ KUUWG &WDNKP # $WUV KP VTGUUWTG RGNNGVU KP QPG QT VJTGG NQYGT URCPFTGNU QH VTGUUWTG '&9#4&85 โ &'+ )4# &05 *;$'40+ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVVยพG YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING %+8+6#5 โ &8$.+0+' โ 2158+ &'8/ โ #&+8614' โ /'8/ โ &( 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 0Q 9 QP VJG DTGCUV .GIGPF TGXGTUG 2158+ &'8/ #&+86148/ /'8/ + JCXG OCFG VJG .QTF O[ JGNRGT 2U

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88

IRELAND

2GPP[ 9CVGTHQTF # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI CPPWNGVU D[ PGEM 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF SWCVTGHQKN KP EGPVTG QH ETQUU &( 5GCD[ # IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

*'04; 8++

6JTGG %TQYPU %QKPCIG EC

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)TQCV )GTCNFKPG KUUWG #WIWUV 1EVQDGT ! # (KV\IGTCNF CTOU FKXKFKPI 4Q[CN CTOU 4': #0).+' (4# 4 6JTGG ETQYPU J DGNQY YKVJKP VTGUUWTG Q &1/ Q +08 Q 5 *+$'40+' Q &( # 5GCD[ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ )GTCNF 'CTN QH -KNFCTG

.CVG RQTVTCKV KUUWG

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89

SCOTLAND

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9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU OKPQT HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

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)NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

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6JG MKPIFQO 5EQVNCPF GOGTIGF CTQWPF YJGP VJG MKPIFQOU QH VJG 2KEVU CPF &±N 4KCVC YGTG WPKVGF 4Q[CN NKPGCIG EQOOGPEGF YKVJ -GPPGVJ + /CE #NRKP CPF FGXQNXGF QP DTQVJGTU EQWUKPU GVE WPVKN

+P VJG MKPIFQO %WODGTNCPF YCU CFFGF CHVGT VJG RTQXKPEG .QVJKCP JCF DGGP LQKPGF KP CRRTQZ 6JWU VJG JGCTV QH 5EQVNCPF YCU UJCRGF /CNEQNO ++ DGECOG KVU HKTUV UQXGTGKIP 6JG OCTTKCIG QH JKU ITCPFUQP /CNEQNO +++ VQ 5V /CTICTGV VJG FCWIJVGT QH 'FYCTF VJG %QPHGUUQTÅ&#x2030;U JCNH DTQVJGT EQKPEKFGF YKVJ VJG 0QTOCP EQPSWGUV QH 'PIGNCPF 9JGP /CNEQNO FKGF KP PQDKNKV[ FGOCPFGF VJCV VJG QTKIKPCN RTQEGFWTG QH UWEEGUUKQP DTQVJGTU EQWUKPU GVE DG TGKPUVCVGF 6JWU VJG VJTGG UQPU QH /CNEQNO +++ 'FICT #NGZCPFGT + CPF &CXKF + DGECOG UWDQTFKPCVG VQ VJG 'PINKUJ MKPIU 9KNNKCO ++ CPF *GPT[ + 9JGP KP *GPT[ + FKGF &CXKF UGK\GF VJG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ UJTWI QHH 'PINKUJ CWVJQTKV[ CPF TGENCKO %WODGTNCPF

5EQVVKUJ OKPVKPI DGICP HCKTN[ NCVG &CXKF + KP UVTWEM HKTUV EQKP FWTKPI VJG FC[U QH 'PINKUJ MKPI 5VGRJGP &CXKFÅ&#x2030;U HKTUV EQKPU VJGTG CTG UQOG EQKPU MPQYP VQ DG UVTWEM D[ /CKPCTF CTQWPF UGG 8 5OCTV 6JG EQKPU QH 5V #PFTGYU %J DGCT ITGCV TGUGODNCPEG VQ 5VGRJGPÅ&#x2030;U 9CVHQTF V[RG

&#8+& +

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2GPP[ 2GTKQF & CHVGT 'FKPDWTIJ # %TQYPGF DWUV T YKVJ UEGRVTG 4 %TQUU OQNKPG CPF HNGWT FG NKU 8#8 5GCD[ IT 44 # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ %H CNUQ (KPP NKUV PQ 2GTKQF & 5VGYCTV )TQWR +8C #HVGT FGCVJ QH &CXKF CPF 'CTN *GPT[

90

SCOTLAND 9+..+#/ + VJG .KQP

9KNNKCO QYGF JKU GRKVJGV ŋVJG .KQPŌ VQ VJG HCEV VJCV JG TGRNCEGF VJG FTCIQP KP VJG CTOU QH 5EQVNCPF YKVJ C NKQP TCORCPV 9KNNKCO VJG .KQPʼnU TGKIP KU FQOKPCVGF D[ C FKURWVG QXGT VJG CWVJQTKV[ KP 0QTVJWODTKC %WODGTNCPF CPF 9GUVOQTGNCPF +P LWUV CU 9KNNKCO YCU CDQWV VQ ITCPV 0QTVJWODTKC HWNN RQYGTU JG YCU ECRVWTGF CPF UWDLGEVGF VQ VJG JWOKNKCVKQP QH JCXKPI VQ CEMPQYNGFIG VJG UW\GTCKPV[ QH 'PINCPF CPF *GPT[ ++ CU JKU HGWFCN NQTF +P VJG UVCVG QH HGWFCN FGRGPFCPE[ YCU CPPWNNGF DTQWIJV CDQWV D[ COQPI QVJGT VJKPIU C RC[OGPV QH OGTEU VQ 4KEJCTF 6JG .KQPJGCTVGF YJQ PGGFGF VJG OQPG[ VQ HKPCPEG JKU ETWUCFG 6JG DQTFGT DGVYGGP 'PINCPF CPF 5EQVNCPF CU NCKF FQYP KP VJG 6TGCV[ QH ;QTM

TGOCKPU VQ FCVG

5GEQPF EQKPCIG

2GPP[ ENCUU 'FKPDWTIJ #FCO # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG UEGRVTGJGCF ETQUU QH HQWT RGNNGVU '4' %8 /8#1 4 %TQUU RCVV¾G ETGUEGPV GPENQUKPI RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING QH ETQUU #&#/ 10 '&'0'$8 5GCD[ IT 44 9GNN UVTWEM RQTVTCKV YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

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#.':#0&'4 +++

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(KTUV EQKPCIG

2GPP[ ENCUU + )NCUIQY 9CNVGT # (KNNGVGF JGCF T YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 4': 4 .QPI XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ UVCTU KP CPINGU 9#.6'4 10 2+%8 5GCD[ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN 2TGUWOCDN[ HTQO VJG JQCTF $TWUUGNU 4WG F #UUCWV (TQO NKUV D PQ &QGU 2+%8 QH 2+%+ OKPVGF KP )NCUIQY!

91

SCOTLAND

2GPP[ ENCUU + 2GTVJ +QP %QTKP # (KNNGVGF JGCF T YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 4': 4 .QPI XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ UVCTU KP CPINGU +10 %14+0 10 2 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z 4[CP

2GPP[ ENCUU ++ $GTYKEM 9KNNGO # %TQYPGF DWUV T YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 4': 4 .QPI XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ UVCTU KP CPINGU 9+..'/ 10 $'4 5GCD[ IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN 2TGUWOCDN[ HTQO VJG JQCTF $TWUUGNU 4WG F #UUCWV (TQO NKUV D PQ

2GPP[ ENCUU ++ 2GTVJ +QP %QTKP # %TQYPGF DWUV T YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 4': 4 .QPI XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ UVCTU KP CPINGU +10 %1 10 2'4 5GCD[ IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG

2GPP[ ENCUU +++ #DGTFGGP #NKUCPFGT # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 4': 4 .QPI XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ UVCTU KP CPINGU #.+5#0 10 # 5GCD[ IT

/KPQT HNCP ETCEM CPF C NKVVNG QH EGPVTG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

'NUGP $TWUUGN 2TGUWOCDN[ HTQO VJG JQCTF $TWUUGNU 4WG F #UUCWV (TQO D PQ

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92

SCOTLAND

2GPP[ ENCUU +++ +PXGTPGUU )GHTCK # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 4': 4 .QPI XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ UVCTU KP CPINGU )'(4#+ 08 10 + 5GCD[ IT

4 # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

2GPP[ ENCUU +++ 4QZDWTIJ #PFTGX # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 4': 4 .QPI XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ UVCTU KP CPINGU #0&4'8 10 4 5GCD[ IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ 'Z JQCTF *CCTNQQ

'NUGP $TWUUGN 2TGUWOCDN[ HTQO VJG JQCTF $TWUUGNU 4WG F #UUCWV (TQO NKUV D PQ

2GPP[ ENCUU +++ 5VKTNKPI *GPTK # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 4': 4 .QPI XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ UVCTU KP CPINGU *'04+% 10 564' 5GCD[ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN 2TGUWOCDN[ HTQO VJG JQCTF $TWUUGNU 4WG F #UUCWV (TQO NKUV D PQ

2GPP[ ENCUU +++ 'FKPDWTIJ #NGZCPFGT # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 4': 4 .QPI XQKFGF ETQUU YKVJ UVCTU KP CPINGU #.': 10 '&'0 5GCD[ IT

# NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN 2TGUWOCDN[ HTQO VJG JQCTF $TWUUGNU 4WG F #UUCWV (TQO NKUV D PQ

5GEQPF EQKPCIG EC

2GPP[ # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 &'+ )4# 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU 4': 5%1 614 8/ 5GCD[ IT &CTM RCVKPC CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG %NCUU $

93

SCOTLAND

2GPP[ # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG #.':#0&'4 &'+ )4# 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU 4': 5%1 614 8/ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

,1*0 $#..+1.

#V JKU FGOKUG KP #NGZCPFGT +++ JCF PQ OCNG JGKTU 6JWU VJTGG [GCT QNF /CTICTGV YCU ETQYPGF YKVJ VJG EQPUGPV QH PQDKNKV[ 5JG YCU VJG FCWIJVGT QH /CTICTGV UJG KP VWTP VJG FCWIJVGT QH #NGZCPFGT +++ CPF 0QTYGIKCP MKPI 'KTKM ++ 0QDKNKV[ UKIPGF C VTGCV[ YKVJ -KPI 'FYCTF + QH 'PIGNCPF KP UVCVKPI VJCV /CTICTGV /CKF QH 0QTYC[ YCU VQ YGF VJG UQP QH 'FYCTF + 'FYCTF ++ ;GV KP VJG UCOG [GCT C UJKR ECTT[KPI VJG RTQOKUGF EJKNF SWGGP JQOG HTQO 0QTYC[ YGPV FQYP KP C UVQTO QHH VJG 1TMPG[U NGCXKPI PQ UWTXKXQTU /CTICTGV YCU OGTGN[ UGXGP [GCTU QNF 'FYCTF + EJQQUKPI HTQO UGXGTCN RTGVGPFGTU DGUVQYGF VJG ETQYP WRQP ,QJP $CNNKQN

5GEQPF EQKPCIG ,QJP $CNNKQNʼnU EQTQPCVKQP TGKIPKVGF VJG YCT YKVJ VJG 'PINKUJ CPF VJG 5EQVU HQTIGF C RCEV YKVJ 2JKNKR +8 QH (TCPEG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG ŋ#WNF #NNKCPEGŌ RTQORVKPI 'FYCTF VQ KPXCFG 5EQVNCPF CPF JCXG $CNNKQN UWTTGPFGT JKU CWVJQTKV[

2GPP[ # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG +1*#00'5 &'+ )4 # 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU 4': 5%16148/ 5GCD[ IT 4 9GNN UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

#HVGT $CNNKQN YCU VQRRNGF UGXGTCN ŋ9CTU QH +PFGRGPFGPEGŌ GPUWGF 6JCV VJG 'PINKUJ FGURKVG PWOGTQWU ECORCKIPU KPVQ 5EQVVKUJ VGTTKVQT[ PGXGT OCPCIGF VQ QEEWR[ KV KU GURGEKCNN[ QYGF VQ VJG WPYCPKPI RWIPCEKV[ QH 9KNNKCO 9CNNCEG CPF 4QDGTV VJG $TWEG

41$'46 + $47%'

$QVJ ,QJP $CNNKQN CPF 4QDGTV VJG $TWEG YGTG FGUEGPFCPVU QH &CXKF + #HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH 'FYCTF + 'FYCTF ++ EQPVKPWGF DCVVNKPI VJG 5EQVU WPVKN YJGP 4QDGTV VJG $TWEG FGHGCVGF VJG 'PINKUJ PGCT $CPPQEMDWTP CPF 5EQVNCPF YCU CEMPQYNGFIGF CP KPFGRGPFGPV MKPIFQO

4QDGTV VJG $TWEG OQUV NKMGN[ FKF PQV UVTKMG EQKP DGHQTG

2GPP[ # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG 41$'4685 &'+ )4# 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU 5%16148/ 4': 5GCD[ IT 44 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

94

SCOTLAND &#8+& ++

9JGP &CXKF $TWEG KP UWEEGGFGF JKU HCVJGT CU &CXKF ++ JG YCU QPN[ HKXG [GCTU QH CIG # [GCT GCTNKGT JG JCF YGFFGF ,QCP QH VJG 6QYGT UKUVGT QH 'FYCTF +++ VJG EQWRNG YGTG TGUR CPF [GCTU QNF +P 'FYCTF +++ YGPV QP CPQVJGT ECORCKIP CICKPUV VJG 5EQVU FGHGCVKPI VJGO CV *CNKFQP *KNN &CXKF ++ HNGF VQ (TCPEG YJGTG JG TGOCKPGF VJTQWIJQWV JKU OKPQTKV[ DKFKPI JKU VKOG 1PEG QH CIG

JG KPXCFGF 'PINCPF DWV JG NQUV VJG $CVVNG CV 0GXKNNG %TQUU PGCT &WTJCO CPF YCU VCMGP ECRVKXG 'FYCTF +++ HCKNGF VQ ECRKVCNKUG QP VJKU UWEEGUU FWG VQ VJG HKGTEG TGUKUVCPEG D[ VJG 5EQVVKUJ RGQRNG CPF JCF VQ CESWKGUEG VQ VJG 6TGCV[ QH $GTYKEM KP YJKEJ GPCDNGF VJG TGVWTP QH &CXKF ++ HQT C TCPUQO QH OCTMU

&CXKF JCF PQ OCNG KUUWG CPF WRQP JKU FGCVJ VJG QNF F[PCUV[ DGECOG GZVKPEV

7PFGT &CXKF ++ VJG ITQCV YCU HKTUV KUUWGF UVCTVKPI C EQR[ QH VJG ITQCV QH 'FYCTF +++ KPVTQFWEGF UKZ [GCTU GCTNKGT

(KTUV EQKPCIG

2GPP[ # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG &#8+& &'+ )4#%+# 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU 4': 5%166148/ 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z 4 % $ UJQWNFPÅ&#x2030;V VJKU DG 4 % . !

(CTVJKPI # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG /10'6# 4')+5 & 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU #8+& 5%1614 5GCD[ IT 'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

(TQO 0% PQ

4GOCTM TGXGTUG VJGTG KU UQOGVJKPI #! DGVYGGP VJG 1 CPF VJG 6 QH 5%1614 WPOGPVKQPGF KP VJG FGUETKRVKQP

5GEQPF EQKPCIG

)TQCV ENCUU # 'FKPDWTIJ # %TQYPGF DWUV N DTGCMKPI RNCKP VTGUUWTG &#8+& Z &'+ Z )4# Z 4': Z 5%16148/ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU 8+..# '&+0$84)* &05 Z 26'%614 /5 ( .+$#614 /5 5GCD[ IT 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

(TQO 0% PQ

.GIGPF &1/+085 2416'%614 /'85 '6 .+$'4#614 /'85 6JG .QTF KU O[ RTQVGEVQT CPF O[ FGNKXGTGT 2U

6JG Z QP VJG TGXGTUG DGVYGGP &05 CPF 26'%614 KU CDQXG C ETGUEGPV

95

SCOTLAND

)TQCV ENCUU % 'FKPDWTIJ # %TQYPGF DWUV N DTGCMKPI RNCKP VTGUUWTG &#8+& &'+ ¢ )4# 4': 5%16148/ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU KP QPG CPING & 8+..# '&+0$84)* &05 26'%614 /5 ( .+$#614 /5 5GCD[ IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP QP TGXGTUG DGVYGGP &05 CPF 26'%614 KU CDQXG C ETGUEGPV 2TGUWOCDN[ HTQO VJG UCOG NQV CU ECTF DGCTU VJG UCOG JCPFYTKVKPI

)TQCV ENCUU & 'FKPDWTIJ # %TQYPGF DWUV N DTGCMKPI RNCKP VTGUUWTG &#8+& ¢ &'+ ¢ )4# ¢ 4': ¢ 5%16148/ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU 8+..# '&+0$84)* &05 26'%614 /5 ( .+$#61 /5 5GCD[ IT 'FIG HCWNVU QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP QP TGXGTUG DGVYGGP &05 CPF 26'%614 KU CDQXG C ETGUEGPV

*CNH ITQCV 'FKPDWTIJ # %TQYPGF DWUV N DTGCMKPI RNCKP VTGUUWTG &#8+& &'+ )4# 4': 5%16148/ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G UVCT KP CPINGU 8+..# '&+0$84)* &05 2416'%614 /'85 ¢ 5GCD[ IT 0KEG RQTVTCKV KTTGIWNCT HNCP CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 9KNNGU EQNNGEVKQP

6JG RUCNO VGZV KU UJQTVGPGF VQ ŋ)QF KU O[ FGHGPFGTŌ

96

SCOTLAND 41$'46 ++

#V VJG FGOKUG QH &CXKF VJG ETQYP FGXQNXGF QP VJG JGTGFKVCT[ 5VGYCTV VKVNG 6JWU 4QDGTV ++ UQP QH VJG QNFGUV FCWIJVGT QH 4QDGTV + /CTLQTKG $TWEG CPF 9CNVGT VJG VJ *KIJ 5VGYCTV CEEGFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG 6JG 5VGYCTV F[PCUV[ YQWNF TGKIP 5EQVNCPF WPVKN

#OQPI JKIJ PQDKNKV[ 4QDGTV ++ TGKIPGF CU RTKOWU KPVGT RCTGU CU FKF JKU UWEEGUUQT 4QDGTV +++ PGKVJGT GXGT JGNF TQ[CN UVCVWTG

)TQCV 2GTVJ # %TQYPGF DWUV N DTGCMKPI RNCKP VTGUUWTG 41$'4685 &'+ )4# 4': 5%16146/ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVVยพG UVCT KP CPINGU 8+..# &' 2'46* : &05 26'%614/5 ( .+$#614 /5 5GCD[ IT 9GNN UVTWEM CPF TCTG KP VJKU EQPFKVKQP XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

(TQO 0% PQ

6JG QP VJG TGXGTUG DGVYGGP &05 CPF 26'%614 KU CDQXG C ETGUEGPV

0% OGPVKQPU 1DXGTUG DWUV DCUGF QP VJG UV[NG QH VJG &CXKF ++ KPVGTOGFKCVG JGCF ITQCVU #P GZEGNNGPV URGEKOGP QH VJKU XCTKGV[ CPF TCTG KP VJKU WPENKRRGF UVCVG (TQO VJG UCOG FKGU CU 5 0 % PQ

2GPP[ 2GTVJ # %TQYPGF DWUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG 41$'4685 4': 5%1614 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVVยพG UVCT KP CPINGU 8+..# &' 2'46* Z 5GCD[ IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

41$'46 +++

6JG QNFGUV UQP QH 4QDGTV ++ YCU PCOGF ,QJP 'CTN QH %CTTKEM [GV JG CFQRVGF VJG PCOG QH 4QDGTV +++ #P CEEKFGPV JCF TGPFGTGF JKO VQVCNN[ FKUCDNGF CPF IQXGTPOGPV NC[ KP JKU DTQVJGTล U JCPFU 4QDGTV 5VGYCTV &WMG QH #NDCP[

4QDGTV +++ KPVTQFWEGF VJG HKTUV IQNF EQKPU

*GCX[ EQKPCIG

)TQCV HKTUV KUUWG 'FKPDWTIJ # %TQYPGF HCEKPI DWUV KP UGXGP CTE VTGUUWTG 41$'4685 รฐ &'+ รฐ )4# รฐ 4': รฐ 5%16148/ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVVยพG RGNNGVU KP CPINGU 8+..# รฐ '&+0$74)* รฐ &05 รฐ 26'%614 /5 ( .+$#614 /5 5GCD[ IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

97

SCOTLAND

)TQCV UGEQPF KUUWG 2GTVJ # %TQYPGF HCEKPI DWUV KP UGXGP CTE VTGUUWTG 41$'4685 &'+ )4# 4': ¢ 5%16148/ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G RGNNGVU KP CPINGU 8+.. ¢ # ¢ &' ¢ 2'46*: &05 ¢ 2 ¢ 6'%614 /5 ¢ ( ¢ .+$#614 /5 5GCD[ IT

(NCP ETCEM CPF FQWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

)TQCV UGEQPF KUUWG 2GTVJ # %TQYPGF HCEKPI DWUV KP UGXGP CTE VTGUUWTG 41$'4685 ¢ &'+ )4# ¢ 4': ¢ 5%16148/ 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G RGNNGVU KP CPINGU 8+..# ¢ &' 2'46* &05 ¢ ( ¢ 6'61$ ¢ /5 ¢ (.+&#61 5 5GCD[ IT 'FIG EJKRRGF XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 6JG FKCOGVGT KU UOCNNGT VJCP WUWCN CPF VJG 2UCNOVGZV KU C NKVVNG DKV ICTDNGF

,#/'5 +

#HVGT [GCTU QH ECRVKXKV[ ,COGU + KPUVKVWVGF C UQNKF MKPIUJKR +P JG YGFFGF ,CPGV FG $GCWHQTV CPF YCU OWTFGTGF KP

&GO[ V[RG +++ # .KQP TCORCPV N KP NQUGPIG ñ +#%1$85 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; &'+ )4#%+# â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 4':5 4 5V #PFTGYU ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ NKU KP JGZCIQP HNGWT[ SWCVTGHQKN KP CPINGU NCTIG SWCVTGHQKNU YKVJ UOCNN RGNNGVU KP EGPVTG 5#.88/ ð (#% 2128.8/ â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 688/ J (D 5GCD[ IT

4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP .GIGPF 5#.88/ (#% 2128.8/ 688/ &1/+0' 1 .QTF UCXG 6J[ RGQRNG 2U

98

SCOTLAND ,#/'5 ++

#V VJG OWTFGT QH JKU HCVJGT ,COGU + ,COGU ++ YCU QPN[ UGXGP [GCTU QNF *G YCU ETQYPGF KP CPF YGFFGF /CTKC QH )WGNFGTU FCWIJVGT QH #TPQNF &WMG QH )WGNFGTU KP #P WPHQTVWPCVG UVTQMG QH HCVG NGF VQ JKU FGCVJ KOOGFKCVGN[ CHVGT JG JCF YQP VJG $CVVNG QH 4QZDWTIJ

&GO[ V[RG +8D # .KQP TCORCPV N KP NQUGPIG ñ +#%1$85 ” &'+ ” )4#%+# ” 4': ” 5% 4 5V #PFTGYU ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ NKU KP JGZCIQP HNGWT[ SWCVTGHQKN KP CPINGU NCTIG SWCVTGHQKNU YKVJ NCTIG RGNNGVU KP EGPVTG 5#.88/ „ (#% 2128.8/ 688/ &PQ (D 5GCD[ IT

4 8GT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

5V #PFTGYU RGPP[ # 1TD VKNVGF FQYPYCTFU +#%1$85 ¢ &'+ ¢ )4# ¢ 4': 4 .CVKP ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN Q %48: Q 2'..+6 1+' '5+/ 5GCD[ IT

4 /KPQT FQWDNG UVTWEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN

(TQO NKUV D PQ

.GIGPF %48: 2'..+6 1/0' %4+/'0 6JG ETQUU FTKXGU CYC[ CNN UKP (TQO C HQWTVJ EGPVWT[ J[OP D[ 2TWFGPVKWU

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ŋ$CNEM OQPG[Ō FGOQPGVK\GF CV NCWFGT KP CU C TGUWNV QH C TGXQNV CICKPUV ,COGU +++ #U C IGPGTCN TWNG VJGUG EQKPU JCXG PQ KPFKECVKQP QH VJG EQWPVT[ QH QTKIKP KP VJG NGIGPF DWV QPG URGEKOGP QH VJG ŋRGPP[Ō KU MPQYP YJKEJ TGCFU 4': 5 6JG EWTTGPE[ XCNWG KU WPEGTVCKP 5GG &WPFGG ECVCNQIWG CPF 8 5OCTV 6JG EQKPU QH 5V #PFTGYU EJCRVGT 8+

5V #PFTGYU RGPP[ # 1TD VKNVGF FQYPYCTFU +#%1$85 ¢ &'+ ¢ 4': )4# 4 .CVKP ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN %48: Q 2'..+6 Q 1+' Q )4+/ 5GCD[ IT

4 +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF UETCVEJGU CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 0GGTNCPFKC -CORGTXGGP

99

SCOTLAND

5V #PFTGYU RGPP[ # 1TD VKNVGF FQYPYCTFU TQUGVVG KP EGPVTG QH QTD +#%1$85 ¢ &'+ ¢ )4# ¢ 4' 4 .CVKP ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN %48: 2'..6 1+ %4++ 5GCD[ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

5V #PFTGYU RGPP[ # 1TD VKNVGF FQYPYCTFU -#41.85 ¢ &'+ ¢ )4# ¢ 4' 4 .CVKP ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN %48: ¢ 2'..+6 ¢ 1' ¢ %4 5GCD[ XCT IT 4 (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

*GP\GP #OGTQPIGP

+UUWGF D[ ! $KUJQR -GPPGF[ QH 5V #PFTGYU 2TGXKQWUN[ MPQYP CU ŋ%TQUTCIWGNŌ RGPPKGU

0QTOCNN[ KV YQWNF TGCF +#%1$85 DWV VJKU URGEKOGP ENGCTN[ UJQYU -#41.85

6JKU KU C EQWPVGTHGKV HTQO C RGTKQF QH YJKEJ HGY CTG MPQYP #NN MPQYP URGEKOGPU YGTG HQWPF QP VJG EQPVKPGPV PQV QPG KP 'PINCPF 5GG CTVKENG D[ /WTT[ CPF 0GTQO KP 4$0 R

,#/'5 +++

+P QP CUEGPFKPI VQ VJG VJTQPG ,COGU +++ YCU [GCTU QNF 0KPG [GCTU NCVGT JG YQWNF YGF /CTICTGV QH &GPOCTM *G YCU C YC[YCTF OCP CPF OCFG PWOGTQWU GPGOKGU 5VKNN JG YCU VJG HKTUV VQ UVTKMG C EQKP YKVJ C ŋTGCNŌ RQTVTCKV

)TQCV ENCUU 8+ # %TQYPGF DWUV VJTGG SWCVGTU N KP UWTEQCV CPF CTOQWT CPPWNGV QP KPPGT EKTENG +#%1$85 „ &'+ „ )4#%+# „ 4': „ %1648 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G ETQYPU CPF RGNNGVU YKVJ CPPWNGVU DGVYGGP KP CNVGTPCVG CPINGU QH ETQUU 8+. „ .# ' „ Z &+0 „ $48) &+05 Q 2416'14 /'6)4#61 Q 5GCD[ IT 4 5OCNN HNCP CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

6JG RQTVCKV QH VJKU EQKP CPF VJG PGZV KU WPFQWDVN[ C VTWG NKMGPGUU QH ,COGU +++ CPF C TGOCTMCDNG GCTN[ KPUVCPEG QH 4GPCKUUCPEG EQKP RQTVTCKVWTG

100

SCOTLAND

*CNH )TQCV ENCUU 8+ # %TQYPGF DWUV VJTGG SWCVGTU N KP UWTEQCV CPF CTOQWT +#%1$85 Q &+' Q )4#%+# 4': 4 .QPI ETQUU RCVV¾G ETQYPU CPF RGNNGVU YKVJ CPPWNGVU DGVYGGP KP CNVGTPCVG CPINGU QH ETQUU 8+. Q # '& Q +0$ Q 84) &05 Q 2416 Q '%6'4 /'85 Q 5GCD[ IT 44 0KEG RQTVTCKV IQQF XGT[ HKPG

$QYGTU 4WFF[ 5RKPM #WEVKQP PQ 'Z -GTOCEM (QTF EQNNGEVKQP

'Z 4KEJCTFUQP EQNNGEVKQP 'Z /WTFQEJ EQNNGEVKQP

'Z $GCTOCP EQNNGEVKQP 'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP

'Z &WPFGG EQNNGEVKQP

,#/'5 8

,COGU +8 KP VJG YCMG QH CP KPUWTIGPE[ QH VJG PQDNGU CUEGPFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG KP CPF TGUVQTGF VJG UKIPKHKECPEG QH MKPIUJKR

6JQWIJ DGVYGGP CPF TGCN RGCEG YKVJ 'PINCPF YCU PGXGT TGCEJGF VJGTG YGTG NQPI RGTKQFU QH CTOKUVKEG #PF VJG 5EQVU EQWNF CNYC[U TGN[ QP VJG (TGPEJ

,COGU +8 YGFFGF /CTICTGV 6WFQT FCWIJVGT QH *GPT[ 8++ KP WPFGTRKPPKPI C RGCEG DGVYGGP VJG 'PINKUJ CPF VJG 5EQVU VJCV YQWNF NCUV

2NCEM # 5JKGNF KP VTGUUWTG ETQYPU CDQXG CPF CV UKFGU ñ +#%1$85 &'+ )4# 4': 5%16148/ 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU HQWTEJGG YKVJ RNCKP UCNVKTG KP EGPVTG ETQYPU CPF UCNVKTGU KP CNVGTPCVG CPINGU QH ETQUU OWNNGV KP EGPVTG 8+..# &' ] '&+0$74) 5GCD[ IT

5OCNN HNCP FGHGEV CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

101

SPAIN - GOVERNORS

52#+0 )18'40145 6JG /KFFNG #IGU YGTG GPVKTGN[ FQOKPCVGF D[ VJG YCT QH VJG %JTKUVKCP PCVKQPU CICKPUV VJG /QQTU VJG 4GEQPSWKUVC #NVJQWIJ VJG #TCDU JCF KPKVKCNN[ VCMGP VJG YJQNG QH VJG 5RCPKUJ 2GPKPUWNC CPF C ITGCV FGCN QH (TCPEG CHVGT FGHGCVKPI VJG 8KUKIQVJU VJG[ TGVTGCVGF KPVQ VJG OCKP RCTV QH 5RCKP CPF C RCTV QH 5QWVJGTP (TCPEG CHVGT KP VJG /QQTKUJ CTOKGU WPFGT GOKT #DF CT 4CJOCP YGTG EQPSWGTGF D[ %JCTNGU /CTVGN CV VJG $CVVNG QH 6QWTU

+P VJG EQWTUG QH VJG EGPVWTKGU VJGTG YCU C ITCFWCN RTQITGUU KPVQ VJG #TCD VGTTKVQTKGU QH .GQP CPF %CUVKNG CU YGNN CU KPVQ #TCIÉP 6JGKT VGTTKVQTKGU UVGCFKN[ FYKPFNGF WPVKN GXGPVWCNN[ VJGKT NCUV UVTQPIJQNF )TCPCFC HGNN KP

+P VJKU UCOG RGTKQF VJG NCPFU KP VJG 2[TGPGGU CPF %CVCNQPKC OGTIGF KPVQ VJG MKPIFQO QH #TCIÉP VJCV KP VJG GPF UVTGVEJGF VQ 5QWVJGTP (TCPEG VJG 5QWVJ QH +VCN[ CPF )TGGEG

6JKU 4GEQPSWKUVC VJG TGNGPVNGUU DCVVNKPI DGVYGGP /WUNKOU CPF %JTKUVKCPU KU TGHNGEVGF KP 5RCKPʼnU EQKPCIG

6JG DQPF DGVYGGP +UCDGNNC QH %CUVKNK± CPF (GTFKPCPF QH #TCIÉP KP NCKF VJG HQWPFCVKQPU HQT C WPKVGF 5RCKP QT TCVJGT HQT C YQTNF GORKTG

+PVTQFWEVKQP VQ VJG +PUETKRVKQPU

)QNF EQKPCIG

6JG GCTN[ FKPCTU DGCT VJG UKORNG KPUETKRVKQP ŋ/WJCOOCF KU VJG /GUUGPIGT QH #NNCJŌ CPF VJG OKPV FCVG $GVYGGP CPF # * VJG DCUOCNCJ ŋ+P VJG 0COG QH #NNCJ VJG %QORCUUKQPCVG VJG /GTEKHWNŌ EQORNGVGU VJG NGIGPF 9JGP IQNF CRRGCTU CICKP [GCTU NCVGT KP VJG EQKPCIG QH #DF CN 4CJOCP +++ QH VJG 7OC[[CFU VJG KPUETKRVKQP KU EJCPIGF VQ VJG FGENCTCVKQP QH HCKVJ ŋ6JGTG KU PQ )QF DWV #NNCJ *G KU 1PGŌ YKVJ VJG RJTCUG ŋ6JGTG KU PQ RCTVPGT YKVJ *KOŌ 1P VJG TGXGTUG VJG PCOG CPF VKVNG QH VJG %CNKRJ KU OGPVKQPGF /KPV FCVG HQTOWNC CPF OKPV CTG CNYC[U PCOGF QP VJG EQKPU

5KNXGT EQKPCIG

9KVJ OKPQT FKHHGTGPEGU VJG NGIGPFU QH VJG UKNXGT EQKPU CTG CNYC[U VJG UCOG 6JG HKTUV RCTV QH VJG FGENCTCVKQP QH HCKVJ ŋ6JGTG KU PQ )QF DWV #NNCJ *G KU 1PGŌ VJGP CNN QH 3WTʼnCP %:++ ŋ*G KU )QF CNQPG )QF VJG 'VGTPCN *G DGIGVVGVJ PQV CPF *G KU PQV DGIQVVGP CPF VJGTG KU PQPG NKMG WPVQ *KOŌ /KPV FCVG HQTOWNC OKPV CPF VJG %CNKRJʼnU PCOG CPF VKVNG CTG CNYC[U RTGUGPV QP VJG EQKPU

6JG QPN[ OKPV PCOG QP VJG EQKPCIG FQYP VQ VJG [GCT # * KU VJCV QH CN #PFCNWU OGCPKPI ŋ#PFCNWUKCŌ QT UKORN[ ŋ5RCKPŌ # EGTVCKP EKV[ ECPPQV DG UKIPKHKGF CNOQUV WPKXGTUCNN[ KV JCU DGGP CEEGRVGF VQ DG %QTFQDC EH VJG EQKPU HTQO +HTKSK[CJ Ō#HTKECŌ 3C[TCYCP CPF /CIJTKD

6JG CDQXG JCU DGGP VCMGP HTQO /KNGU ) % 6JG %QKPCIG QH 6JG 7OC[[CFU QH 5RCKP 8QN 0GY ;QTM (QT HWTVJGT GZRNCPCVKQPU UGG VJGTG WPFGT R

/QPGFCU EQP QPUETKREKQPGU TGNKIKQUCU UQNCOGPVG

)TQWR ++

#U VJG GTC QH VJG 8KUKIQVJU ECOG VQ CP GPF 0QTVJ #HTKECP #TCDU UGK\GF VJG QRRQTVWPKV[ CPF CFXCPEGF HWTVJGT VQ 5RCKP RQUKPI C VJTGCV VQ VJG TGUV QH 9GUVGTP 'WTQRG 6JG IQXGTPQT QH 6CPIKGTU 6CTKS DGP <K[CF UCKNGF CETQUU )KDTCNVCT 5VTCKV &LGDGN 6CTKM )KDTCNVCT KP #RTKN CPF FGHGCVGF VJG 8KUKIQVJ 4QFGTKE CV :GTGU FG NC (TQPVGTC KP ,WPG +V YQWNF VCMG VJG /QQTU C FGECFG VQ EQPSWGT 5RCKP GPVKTGN[

7PVKN 5RCKP HGNN FKTGEVN[ WPFGT VJG %CNKRJ QH $CIJFCF +V YCU TWNGF D[ IQXGTPQTU )QDGTPCFQTGU YJQ KUUWGF EQKPU (GNWU QP C OQFGUV UECNG

102

(GNWU $QVJ UKFGU CTCDKCP NGIGPF ( ++E IT 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

(KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

SPAIN - EMIRATE

(GNWU # 2GPVCNRJC ICOOC CPF UVTKRG QXGT GCEJQVJGT CTCDKCP NGIGPF T 4 #TCDKCP NGIGPF ( +++C IT 8GT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

(GNWU # 5VCT QXGT UVTKRG VYQ XGTVKECN NKPGU N 4 5VCT #TCDKCP NGIGPF CDQXG ( +: IT

8GT[ HKPG

(GNWU # *GCF T YKVJ JGNOGV 4 #TCDKCP NGIGPF 01 &+15 5+01 &+1 51.1 '. 01 %1/2#0'41 2#4# '. ( :+8 IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC (TQO NKUV FGEGODGT PQ /KPVKPI QH VJG HKTUV GRQEJ QH VJG CTCDKCP KPXCUKQP 5VTCPIG YKVJ VJKU HWNN[ NGIKDNG NGIGPF

'/+4#6' #$& #. 4#*/#0 + # * # & +P YKVJ VJG /WUNKO GORKTG RCTVKVKQPGF 5RCKP DGECOG CP KPFGRGPFGPV 7OOC[CF GOKTCVG 6JKU YQWNF NCUV WPVKN $[ VJGP #DF CT 4CJOCP YCU GOKT +V UKIPCNKUGF VJG DGIKPPKPI QH C RGTKQF QH ITGCV RTQURGTKV[

1OG[[CJU FG CNCPFCNWU

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU 8 IT

%NGCPGF URGEKOGP XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

*+5*#/ + # * # &

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU 8 IT

'FIG HCWNVU XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

103

SPAIN - EMIRATE #. *#-#/ + # * # &

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU IT

5OCNN HNCP VTCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU IT

0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO NKUV

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU IT

4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG VTCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

&KTJGO $QVJ UKFGU CTCDKCP NGIGPF IT $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

104

9GNN UVTWEM CPF CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG URGEKOGP

SPAIN - EMIRATE #$& #. 4#*/#0 ++ # * # &

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU IT

6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

/7*#//#& + # * # &

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU IT

6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

#$&7..#* # * # &

(GNWU $QVJ UKFGU CTCDKCP NGIGPF % % /KNGU E 8 IT 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

&GEGPVGTGF CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

105

SPAIN - CALIPHAT

%#.+2*#6 #$& #. 4#*/#0 +++ # * # & +P VJG ECNKRJCV GOGTIGU #DF CT 4CJOCP DGKPI KVU HKTUV ECNKRJ JG JCF DGGP GOKT WR VQ VJGP #DF CT 4CJOCP KU VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV UQXGTGKIP QH JKU VKOG *G CFFGF UGXGTCN PGY VGTTKVQTKGU VQ JKU TGCNO CU COQPI QVJGTU %GWVC CPF (G\ DQVJ VGTTKVQTKGU KP 0QTVJ #HTKEC

&WG VQ YCTHCTG QP VYQ HTQPVU 5RCKP CPF 0QTVJ #HTKEC YGCMGPKPI ITCFWCNN[ UGV KP 0QPGVJGNGUU GURGEKCNN[ OKPKUVGT CN /CPUWT WPFGT VJG HGGDNG TGKIP QH *KZGO +++ EQOOCPFGF ITGCV TGURGEV CU YGNN YKVJ VJG UOCNNGT EJTKUVKCP UQXGTGKIPU KP VJG PQTVJ QH 5RCKP JG VGORQTCTKN[ GXGP JGNF VJG EKVKGU QH .GÃ&#x2030;P CPF 5CPVKCIQ FG %QORQUVGNC CU YKVJ VJG FGNGICVGU QH 'ORGTQT 1VVQ + YJQ UVC[GF CV VJG EQWTV KP %Ã&#x2030;TFQDC KP

$WV VJKU EQWNFPÅ&#x2030;V RTGXGPV *KZGO +++ DGKPI TGRGNNGF HTQO %Ã&#x2030;TFQDC GXGPVWCNN[ 5OCNN MKPIFQOU GOGTIGF GXGT[YJGTG VJG UQ ECNNGF VCKHCU 6JGUG YGTG EQPUVCPVN[ CV YCT YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT YJKEJ UGXGTGN[ YGCMGPGF TGUKUVCPEG *QYGXGT EKXKNKUCVKQP CPF GEQPQO[ DNQUUQOGF WPFGT VJG VCKHCU

%CNKHCU QOG[[CJU

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU D 8 IT

8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

&KTJGO /GFKPC #\\CJTC # * # & % % /KNGU 8 IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC 6JKU EQKP YCU KP C DQQM #P KPENWFGF EJCTV DCTGN[ NGIKDNG UCKF 8 #O PQV CDUQNWVGN[ RQUKVKXG

#. *#-#/ ++ # * # &

&KTJGO /GFKPC #\\CJTC # * # & % % /KNGU 8 IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

106

SPAIN - CALIPHAT *+5*#/ ++ * # &

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU 8 IT

&QWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU 8 IT

5NKIJVN[ DGPV CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ C

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU 8 IT

8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU [ XCT IT

6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO NKUV

107

SPAIN - CALIPHAT

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU K IT

5OCNN HNCP ETCEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO NKUV

/7*#//#& ++ # * # &

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU V 8 IT

6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

57.#;/#0 # * # &

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & % % /KNGU HHH 8 IT 5NKIJVN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

#. 37#5+/ # * # &

&KTJGO #N #PFCNWU # * # & 8 IT 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

108

# NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

SPAIN - CALIPHAT ;#*;# DGP #.+ # * # & %CNKHCU JCOOWFÃGU

&KTJGO /CFKPbV 5CDVCJ # * # & 8 IT

4 8GT[ HKPG

&KTJGO /CNCIC # * # & /KNGU IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP UNKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF CPF VTCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

-KPIU QH 6CKHCU

+&4+5 ++ #.#.+ # * # &

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN /CNCIC CPF %GWVC (TQO NKUV

/1*#/'& #./16#/+& # * # &

&KPCT 5GXKNNC 8 IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

109

SPAIN - ALMORAVIDES

#./14#8+&'5 #.Â&#x203A; DKP ;7557( # * # & 6JG TGUKUVCPEG CICKPUV CFXCPEKPI MKPIFQOU HTQO VJG PQTVJ YCU UGXGTGN[ TGFWEGF D[ VJG 6CKHC U[UVGO CNNQYKPI #NHQPUQ 8+ VQ TGRGN VJG /WUNKOU DCEM VQ VJG 6CLQ CPF 6QNGFQ JG EQPUGSWGPVN[ RTQENCKOGF JKOUGNH 6QNGVCPK KORGTKK TGZ GV OCIPKHKEWU VTKWORJCVQT

6JKU RTQXQMGF C FGXCUVCVKPI TGCEVKQP HTQO VJG /WUNKOU 6JG 6CKHC OQPCTEJU ECNNGF WRQP VJG #NOQTCXKFGU C DGNNKIGTGPV RGQRNG HTQO 0QTVJGTP #HTKEC 6JG #NOQTCXKFGU HQTEGHWNN[ TG KPUVKVWVGF WPKV[ CPF #NHQPUQ UWHHGTGF WNVKOCVG FGHGCV KP CV 5CITCULC 5VKNN VJG 6CLQ DQTFGT TGOCKPGF

6JG 0QTVJ #HTKECP YCTOQPIGTU FKF UQOGYJCV CFLWUV VQ VJG TGHKPGF EWNVWTG QH VJG 5RCPKUJ /WUNKOU DWV YGTG IGPGTCNN[ EQPVGOPGF +V YCU PQ TGCN UWTRTKUG VJCV CU UQQP CU VJG HKTUV JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG[ NQUV CWVJQTKV[ CPF 5RCKP YCU QPEG CICKP UECVVGTGF KPVQ VCKHCU

+P #HTKEC CPF #N #PFCNWU

&KPCT (G\ # * # & % % *C\CTF 8 IT

5OCNN HNCP FGHGEV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG -WTRH·N\KUEJG /Ã&#x2019;P\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO #WEVKQP PQ +P VJG PCOG QH VJG RTKPEG

&KPCT (G\ # * # & % % *C\CTF IT

8GT[ HKPG

-WTRH·N\KUEJG /Ã&#x2019;P\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO #WEVKQP PQ +P VJG PCOG QH VJG RTKPEG

3WKTCVG PQ OKPV CPF PQ FCVG % % *C\CTF 8 IT

6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC (TQO NKUV FGEGODGT PQ

6#5*(+0 DKP #.Â&#x203A; # * # &

3WKTCVG PQ OKPV CPF PQ FCVG % % *C\CTF 8 IT

5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

110

SPAIN - ALMOHADES

+5*#3 DKP #.Â&#x203A; # * # &

3WKTCVG PQ OKPV CPF PQ FCVG % % *C\CTF 8 IT

8GT[ HKPG

8GT[ HKPG

3WKTCVG %QTFQDC # * *C\CTF 8 IT

44 (NCP FGHGEV XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

6CKHCU #NOQTCXKFGU

*#0&+0 DKP /1*#//'& # * # &

3WKTCVG %QTFQDC 8 IT 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

;#*;# #$'0 )#0+;#

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

%CPÅ&#x2030;V HKPF KV KP 8 8 NKUVGF WPFGT CPQPKOC UGG R

'ZRNCPCVKQP 2NKGIQ KP GOCKN

6JG #DGP )CPK[C HCOKN[ NQ[CN VQYCTFU VJG #NOQTCXKFGU HQWIJV VJG TGDGNU 6JG[ UVTWEM EQKP KP %QTFQDC )TCPCFC CPF NCVGT QP KP /CNNQTEC YJGTG VJG[ YGTG KP #NN EQKPU QH VJKU HCOKN[ UJQY VJG UCOG NGIGPF 1J &KQU 6GP RKGFCF FG NQU RTKPEKRGU FG NQU OWUWNOCPGU JKLQU FG 6CUHKP 6JGKT EQKPU FQPÅ&#x2030;V DGCT CP[ PCOG CU VJG[ RNGFIGF NQ[CNV[ VQ VJG #NOQTCXKFGU

#./1*#&'5 #$7 /1*#//'& # * # & *KUVQT[ PQY TGRGCVGF KVUGNH 5QQP VJG 6CKHCU ECNNGF WRQP CPQVJGT /QTTQECP UGEV VJCV QH VJG #NOQJCFU 6JG[ QEEWRKGF 5GXKNNG KP CPF YGTG UQQP CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ VJG QVJGTU

#HVGT #NHQPU 8+++ QH %CUVKNG UWHHGTGF TGPGYGF FGHGCV CICKPUV VJG #NOQJCFU KP VJG UKVWCVKQP JCF FCTMGPGF HQT VJG %JTKUVKCP YQTNF 6JG XKEVQTKQWU #NOQJCFU DQPFGF YKVJ 0CXCTTC CPF .GÃ&#x2030;P CICKPUV CNN TWNGU QH %JTKUVKCP UQNKFCTKV[ %CUVKNG UGGOGF NQUV 7PKV[ YCU PQY OQTG VJCP GXGT RCTCOQWPV +V YCU RTKOCTKN[ TGUVQTGF D[ 4QFTKIQ ,KOGPG\ FG 4CFC VJG CTEJDKUJQR QH 6QNGFQ *G WPKVGF %CUVKNG #TCIQP CPF 0CXCTTC CPF ECNNGF WRQP HQTGKIP CNNKGU YJKNG 2QRG +PPQEGPV +++ UWOOQPGF C ETWUCFG CICKPUV VJG #NOQJCFU # XCUV CTO[ EQPSWGTGF VJG /WUNKOU CV .CU 0CXCU FG 6QNQUC QP VJG VJ QH ,WN[ +V

RWUJGF QP VQ )WCFCNSWKXKT $[ PQY VJG #NOQJCF TWNG JCF FKUKPVGITCVGF PQV QPN[ KP 5RCKP DWV CNUQ KP #HTKEC (QT VJG VJKTF CPF NCUV VKOG PQY TGUVTKEVGF VQ VJG 5QWVJ UOCNN TGCNOU CTQUG )TCPCFC /WTEKC 5GXKNNG CPF 8CNGPEKC )TCFWCNN[ VJG[ YQWNF UWTTGPFGT VQ VJG 0QTVJ VJG 4GEQPSWKUVC DGKPI EQORNGVGF

&KPCT PQ OKPV CHVGT # * % % *C\CTF /KVEJKPGT 8 IT 8GT[ HKPG -WTRH·N\KUEJG /Ã&#x2019;P\JCPFNWPI /CPPJGKO #WEVKQP PQ

111

SPAIN - KINGS OF GRANADA #$7 *#(5 7/#4 # * # &

&QWDNG &KPCT /CFKPbV 5CDVCJ CHVGT # * $/% 8 % % *C\CTF 8 IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 6GZV HTQO )CD 0WO $CTE PQ .CU FQDNCU CNOQJCFGU UQP CPVGEGFGPVG FG NCU FQDNCU ECUVGNNCPGU

#010;/175

4GEVCPIWNCT &KTJGO 5GXKNNC % % *C\CTF 8 IT

'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

44 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

6CKHCU #NOQJCFGU

/75# KDP /#*(7< # * # &

4GEVCPIWNCT &KTJGO 8 ) IT

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ +P 8KXGU 6CKHCU #NOQJCFGP CPF #DGP /CJHQV QH VJG #NICTDG

-+0)5 QH )4#0#&# 1H /QQTKUJ 5RCKP UQNGN[ VJG 0CUTKF TGCNO KP )TCPCFC OCPCIGF VQ WRJQNF KVU TWNG HQT C UWDUVCPVKCN VKOG 6JCV VJG[ EQWNF JCXG UWTXKXGF VJCV NQPI KU QYGF VQ VJGKT UWDVNG FKRNQOCVKE OCPQGWXTKPI UQOGVKOGU EQ QRGTCVKPI YKVJ VJG 5WNVCP QH /QTQEEQ UQOGVKOGU LQKPKPI HQTEGU YKVJ %CUVKNGÅ&#x2030;U MKPI 6JWU 5RCKPÅ&#x2030;U JKIJ #TCDKE EWNVWTG YCU RTGUGTXGF

#010;/175

4GEVCPIWNCT &KTJGO )TCPCFC $QVJ UKFGU CTCDKCP NGIGPF 8 IT

(NCP ETCEM HKPG

4GEVCPIWNCT &KTJGO )TCPCFC $QVJ UKFGU CTCDKCP NGIGPF 8 IT

44 5OCNN JQNG HKPG

112

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ +P VJG ECVCNQIWG YCU VJG TGHGTGPEG /G 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEร N

%#56+.' CPF .'ยก0 +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG EQWPV[ QH %CUVKNG TCRKFN[ FGXGNQRGF KPKVKCNN[ WPFGT VJG TWNG QH .Gร P +P %QWPV (GTPยฑP )QP\ยฑNG\ QH %CUVKNG UGK\GF KPFGRGPFGPE[ HQT JKU VGTTKVQT[ 6JG UGEQPF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ UCY VJG TKUG QH %CUVKNG VQ C NGCFKPI HQTEG EWNOKPCVKPI KP VJG ECRVWTG QH .Gร P D[ (GTPCPFQ +

YJQ CFXCPEGF CU HCT KPVQ 0CXCTTC CU 5CPVCPFGT 0Q EQKPU CTG MPQYP HTQO VJKU RGTKQF

#V (GTPCPFQล U FGCVJ VJG FQOKPKQP YCU FKXKFGF COQPI JKU VJTGG UQPU 5CPEJQ TGEGKXGF %CUVKNG #NHQPUQ .Gร P CPF )CTEKC TGEGKXGF VJG VGTTKVQTKGU DGVYGGP )CNKEKC CPF 2QTVWICN OCTMKPI VJG GOGTIGPEG QH VJG UVCVG QH 2QTVWICN TGHGT VQ ล 2QTVWICNล 5QQP CHVGT VJCV EQPVGPVKQP CTQUG DGVYGGP 5CPEJQ CPF #NHQPUQ #NHQPUQ GOGTIKPI CU TWNGT QH %CUVKNG CPF .Gร P (KTUV MPQYP EQKPU CTG HTQO VJG RGTKQF CHVGT VJKU WPKQP

#NVJQWIJ C NQPI VKOG WPFGTCIG OQPCTEJ CHVGT EQOKPI QH CIG #NHQPUQ 8++ XGT[ UWEEGUUHWNN[ ECORCKIPGF CICKPUV VJG /QQTU CU YJGP JG UGK\GF #NOGTร C +P JG RTQENCKOGF JKOUGNH ล 'ORGTQT QH 5RCKPล

#.(1051 8+

&KPGTQ 6QNGFQ # %TQUU #0(85 4': 4 %JTKUVQITCO CNRJC CPF QOGIC KP VYQ CPINGU 61.'681 #$ % % IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

*KTUEJ 5VQEMJQNO

#.(1051 + QH #4#)10

&KPGTQ 6QNGFQ # *GCF N #0(85 4': 4 %TQUU YKVJ UVCT KP VJG UV CPF VJ CPINGU 61..'6# #$ % % IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

/ร P\\GPVTWO -ร NP #WEVKQP PQ

1DQNQ 6QNGFQ # *GCF N #0(85 4': 4 %TQUU YKVJ UVCT KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU 61..'6# #$ % % IT &CTM ITGGP RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

113

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEร N

.'ยก0 #NHQPUQล U FGOKUG KP NGHV VJG TGCNO VQ JKU UQPU FKXKFKPI KV DGVYGGP 5CPEJQ KP %CUVKNG CPF (GTFKPCPFQ KP .Gร P 1PEG CICKP VJG VGTTKVQTKGU YGTG UGRCTCVGF

2CTVKEWNCTN[ WPFGT #NHQPUQ +: VJGTG YCU C EQPUVCPV UVCVG QH YCT YKVJ %CUVKNG YKVJ .Gร P ITCXGN[ YGCMGPGF D[ VJG NQUU QH 2QTVWICN CPF VJG XKTVWCN KPFGRGPFGPEG QH )CNKEKC WPFGT #TEJDKUJQR &KGIQ )GNOKTG\ QH %QORQUVGNC

9JGP #NHQPUQ +: FKGF KP .Gร P YCU TGWPKVGF YKVJ %CUVKNG #NHQPUQ YCU YGFFGF VQ $GTGPIWGNC C FCWIJVGT QH 'PTKEQ + QH %CUVKNG 6JG EQODKPCVKQP %CUVKNG .Gร P YQWNF PQY VQ NCUV HQT IQQF

#.(1051 +:

&KPGTQ 5CNCOCPEC ! # .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJG NKODU GPFKPI KP RGNNGVU CPF UECNNQRU KP VJG CPINGU #.(105 4': 4 .KQP T ' KP HTQPV CPF ETQUU DGJKPF .'1 #$ XCT % % IT %QTTQFGF CPF KTTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

1DQNQ .GQP ! # %TQUU YKVJ QPG UVCT KP GCEJ CPING #0(105 4': 4 .KQP T .'1 #$ % % IT 44 'FIG DTGCMU HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

%#56+.'

5CPEJQ FKGF CHVGT QPG [GCT 6JG UWDUGSWGPV IQXGTPOGPV QH #NHQPUQ 8+++ YCU CDTWRVN[ DTQWIJV VQ CP GPF D[ JKU KPECTEGTCVKQP D[ VJG .CTC F[PCUV[ 0QV WPVKN EQWNF JG GUECRG HTQO JKU ECRVKXKV[ WUKPI QWVUKFG JGNR 0QT #NHQPUQ 8+++ PGKVJGT 'PTKEQ + JCF CVVCKPGF VJGKT IQCNU YKVJ TGURGEV VQ VJG /WUNKOU 0QPGVJGNGUU VJKPIU YGTG NQQMKPI RTQURGTQWU D[ VJG VKOG (GTPCPFQ +++ UQP QH $GTGPIWGNC CPF #NHQPUQ +: QH .Gร P ECOG VQ RQYGT KP *KU CWVJQTKV[ KPETGCUGF YKVJ VJG FGOKUG QH JKU HCVJGT YJKEJ GCTPGF JKO VJG VKVNG QH -KPI QH .Gร P

#.(1051 8+++

/QTCDGVKPQ 6QNGFQ # & # 2Tร PEKRG FG NQU ECVร NKEQU #NHQPUQ JKLQ FG 5CPEJQ C[ร FGNG &KQU [ RTQVยพLCNG 1P VJG GFIG (WG CEWPCFQ GUVG FKPCT GP 6QNGFQ GN CPQ FG NC GTC 5CHCTF 4 $GVYGGP ETQUU CPF #.( +OยฑP FG NC KINGUKC FGN /GUKCU GN 2CRC FG 4QOC NC )TCPFG 1P VJG GFIG 'P GN PQODTG FGN 2CFTG [ FGN 'URKTKVW 5CPVQ GN SWG ETG[GTC [ HWGTC DCWVK\CFQ UG UCNXCTG #$ % % (D IT 4 #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

(TCPMHWTVGT /ร P\JCPFNWPI #WEVKQP PQ

114

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÃ&#x201C;N

1DQNQ 6QNGFQ # *GCF T #0(85 4': 4 %TQYPGF JGCF T 61.'68.# #$ % % EH IT 4 &CTM RCVKPC HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

&KPGTQ %WGPEC ! # %TQUU Q #0(85 Q 4': Q 4 $WUV N QXGT ECUVNG DGVYGGP UVCT CPF % %#56'.# #$ % % EH CPF IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

#0' $CTEGNQPC #WEVKQP PQ

&KPGTQ 1ECÃ&#x2021;C ! # %TQYPGF DWUV N #0(85 4': 4 %CUVNG DGVYGGP UVCT CPF 1 %#56'.# #$ % % IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

#0' $CTEGNQPC #WEVKQP PQ

%#56+.' CPF .'¡0 6JG HKTUV MKPI QH VJG WPKVGF %CUVKNG CPF .GÃ&#x2030;P YCU (GTPCPFQ +++ *G XCUVN[ EQPVTKDWVGF VQ VJG PGCT EQORNGVKQP QH VJG 4GEQPSWKUVC +P VJG GPF QPN[ )TCPCFC TGOCKPGF /QQTKUJ CPF YQWNF UVC[ UQ WPVKN

6JWU HQWT TGIKQPU TGOCKPGF QP VJG +DGTKCP 2GPKPUWNC VJG VYQ OQUV KORQTVCPV DGKPI %CUVKNG CPF #TCIÃ&#x2030;P

VJG HKTUV D[ HCT NCTIGT #TCIQP C OWEJ TKEJGT TGIKQP CPF VJGP 0CXCTTC CPF 2QTVWICN

6JG QPIQKPI DCVVNG DGVYGGP VJG FKHHGTGPV HTCEVKQPU TGKIPKVGF YJGP 2GFTQ + YCU EQPHTQPVGF YKVJ 'PTKEQ QH 6TCUVCOCTC KNNGIKVKOCVG UQP QH #NHQPUQ :+ CPF .GQPQT FG )W\O±P 'XGPVWCNN[ 'PTKEQ OWTFGTU 2GFTQ CV /QPVKGN KP CPF UWEEGGFU JKO UVCTVKPI VJG JQWUG QH 6TCUVCOCTG

7PFGT 'PTKEQ +8 ITGCV EQPHWUKQP TGKIPGF 'PTKEQ YCU EJKNFNGUU *G YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU UKUVGT +UCDGNNC ,QCP ++ QH #TCIÃ&#x2030;P OCPCIGF VQ YGF JKU UQP (GTFKPCPF VQ +UCDGNNG KP ENGCTKPI VJG YC[ HQT QPG 5RCKP

('40#0&1 +++

&KPGTQ .GÃ&#x2030;P # %TQUU YKVJ QPG NKU KP GCEJ CPING /10'6# .')+10+5 4 1TPCOGPVGF VTKFGPV YKVJ VJG NKODU GPFKPI KP QPG ETQUU CPF VYQ TKPIU #$ % % IT 8GT[ HKPG

-Ã&#x2019;PMGT 1UPCDTÃ&#x2019;EM #WEVKQP PQ

115

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÓN #.(1051 :

&KPGTQ %WGPEC # +P UKZ NKPGU #.( 10585 4':%#5 6'..'' 6.')+1 0+5 4 6YQ NKQPU CPF VYQ ECUVNGU ETGUEGPV N CDQXG #$ % % IT 8GT[ HKPG

(TGNKP 5V 2CWN GP (GPQWKNNGV

1DQNQ PQ OKPV # +P UKZ NKPGU #.( 10585 4': %#5 6'..'' 6.')+1 0+5 4 6YQ NKQPU CPF VYQ ECUVNGU #$ % % a EH IT 4 /KPQT HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

#0' $CTEGNQPC #WEVKQP PQ

2GRKQP $WTIQU # %CUVNG QXGT $ #.( 4': H %#56'..' 4 .KQP N H '6 .')+10+5 #$ % % IT 8GT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

2GRKQP 5GXKNNC # %CUVNG QXGT 5 DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU H #.( 4': %#56'..' H 4 .KQP N H '6 H .')+10+5 H #$ % % IT (NCP ETCEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

0QXGP .GÉP # %CUVNG QXGT . /10'6# %#56'..' 4 .KQP N KP UKZHQKN '6 .')+10+5 #$ % % IT &CTM RCVKPC C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

116

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÓN

0QXGP 5GXKNNC # %CUVNG QXGT 5 /10'6# %#56'..' 4 .KQP N KP UKZHQKN H '6 .')+10+5 #$ IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

/CTCXGFK 2TKGVQ PQ OKPV # %CUVNG #.( 4': %#56'. 4 .KQP T '6 .')+10+5 #$ % % IT &CTM RCVKPC VTCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

1DQNQ PQ OKPV # %CUVNG YKVJKP USWCTG %#56'..' 4 .KQP YKVJKP USWCTG .')+10+5 #$ % % IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

+0(#06' &10 '04+37'

2GRKQP XKNC # %CUVNG QXGT # ' 4': %#56'..' 4 .KQP N '6 .')+10+5 #$ % % IT (KPG

*ÌJP .GKR\KI #WEVKQP PQ

5#0%*1 +8

%QTPCFQ $WTIQU # %TQYPGF DWUV N 5#0%++ 4': 4 %CUVNG DGVYGGP $ CPF UVCT %#56'..' .')+10+5 #$ % % IT /CIPKHKEGPV RQTVTCKV CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&GNOQPVG $TWUUGN

117

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÓN

%QTPCFQ %QTWÇC # %TQYPGF DWUV N 5#0%++ 4': 4 %CUVNG DGVYGGP UVCT CPF UECNNQR %#56'..' .')+10+5 #$ % % IT 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

%QTPCFQ %WGPEC # %TQYPGF DWUV N 5#0%++ 4': 4 %CUVNG DGVYGGP DQYN CPF UVCT %#56'..' .')+10+5 #$ % % IT 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG &KXGTUGP 'Z &GMMGT EQNNGEVKQP $QWIJV 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO F F

5GKUGP $WTIQU # %TQYPGF DWUV N 5#0 %++ 4': 4 %TQUU YKVJ UVCT KP VJG UV CPF $ KP VJG VJ CPINGU %#56'..' ' .')+10+5 #$ % % IT

6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG

5GKUGP .GÉP # %TQYPGF JGCF N 5#0%++ 4': 4 %TQUU YKVJ UVCT KP VJG UV CPF . KP VJG VJ CPINGU %#56'..' ' .')+10+5 #$ % % IT (KPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

('40#0&1 +8

2GRKQP 5GIQXKC # %CUVNG QXGT VJTGG RGNNGVU ( 4': %#56'..' 4 .KQP N '6 .')+10+5 #$ % % IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF UOCNN HNCP ETCEMU XGT[ HKPG

(TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN

#.(1051 :+

%QTPCFQ 6QNGFQ # %TQYPGF DWUV N #.(105 4': 4 %CUVNG YKVJ 6 KP RQTVCN %#56'..' '6 .')+10+5 #$ % % IT (NCP ETCEM FCTM 2CVKPC XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

118

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÓN

%QTPCFQ %QTWÇC # %TQYPGF DWUV N #.(10585 Q 4': 4 %CUVNG QXGT UECNNQR %#56'.' .')+15 #$ % % IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

2NCVV 2CTKU

0QXGP $WTIQU # %CUVNG YKVJKP USWCTG QXGT $ # 4': %#56'..' 4 .KQP TCORCPV N YKVJKP USWCTG '6 .')+10+5 $ #$ % % IT #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP 6JG $ CV VJG GPF QH VJG TGXGTUG NGIGPF KU PQV OGPVKQPGF KP #$

0QXGP 6QNGFQ # %CUVNG YKVJKP USWCTG 6 KP RQTVCN # 4': %#56'.' 4 .KQP TCORCPV N YKVJKP USWCTG '6 .')+10+5 #$ % % IT

5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF OKPQT HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG 0WO 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

2'&41 +

&QDNC OCTCX 5GXKNNC # %TQYPGF DWUV N 2'6485 &'+ )4#6+# 4': %#56'..' '.')+10+5 4 %TQUU YKVJ VYQ NKQPU CPF VYQ ECUVNGU KP VJG CPINGU 5 KP VJG VJ CPING 2'6485 &'+ )4#6+# 4': %#56'..' '.')+10+5 #$ % % (D IT

/KPQT HNCP FGHGEV QP VJG QDXGTUG PKEG RQTVTCKV CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

119

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÃ&#x201C;N

4GCN 5GXKNNC # #TOU KP SWCVTGHQKN YKVJ VJTGG TKPIU CPF QPG 5 KP VJG CPINGU 2'6485 4': %#56'..' ' .')+10+5 4 2 WPFGT ETQYP &1/+085 /+%*+ #&+8 614 '6')1 &+52+%+#/ +0+/+%15 /'15 #$ % % IT

0KEG RCVKPC YGNN UVTWEM CPF GZVTGOGN[ HKPG URGEKOGP 5RKPM .QPFQP

4GCN 5GXKNNC # %CUVNG KP SWCVTGHQKN QXGT 5 2'6485 4': %#56'..' ' 4 2 WPFGT ETQYP &1/+085 /+%*+ #&+8614 #$ % % IT 5NKIJVN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

/CTCXGFKU 5GXKNNC %CUVNG KP UKZHQKN QXGT 5 ¢ 2'6485 G &'+ G )4#%+# G 4': G %#56'..' G .')+10+ 4 .KQP TCORCPV N KP UKZHQKN ¢ 2'6485 ¢ &'+ ¢ )4#%+# ¢ 4': ¢ %#56'..' ¢ .')+10+5 #$ % % IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

120

/CTCXGFKU 5GXKNNC # %CUVNG KP UKZHQKN QXGT 5 2'6485 4': %#56'..' '.')+10+5 4 .KQP TCORCPV N KP UKZHQKN 2'6485 4': %#56'..' '.')+10+5 #$ % % IT 5NKIJVN[ DGPV XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÓN

%QTPCFQ $WTIQU # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI 2'6485 4': 4 $ WPFGT %CUVNG 2'6485 4': %#56'. #$ % % IT 5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

'04+37' ++

4GCN 6QNGFQ # #TOU KP SWCVTGHQKN YKVJ VJTGG TQUGVVGU CPF QPG 6 KP VJG CPINGU '04+%85 4': %#56'..' '.')+10+5 4 '0 WPFGT ETQYP &1/+085 /+%*+ #&+8614 '6 ')1 &+52+%+#/ +0+/+%15 /'15 #$ % % IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 'Z /ÌYGU EQNNGEVKQP

4GCN 5GXKNNC # %CUVNG QXGT 5 KP SWCVTGHQKN '04+%85 4': %#56'..' 4 '0 WPFGT ETQYP &1/+085 /+%*+ #&+8614 G #$ % % a IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ +++

%TW\CFQ $WTIQU # %TQYPGF DWUV N $ CPF TQUGVVG DGJKPF '04+%85 4': %#56'..' 4 .CVKP ETQUU YKVJ 0 4 + KP VJG CPINGU 04+%85 4': %#56'..' #$ % % IT %QTTQFGF HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ 0 4 + UJQWNF DG ' 0 4 +

%QTPCFQ 6QNGFQ # $WUV N '04+%85 4': 4 6 WPFGT %CUVNG %#56'..' '.')+10+5 #$ % % IT &CTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

121

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÓN ,7#0 +

4GCN $WTIQU # #TOU KP SWCVTGHQKN YKVJ HQWT TQUGVVGU CPF QPG $ KP VJG CPINGU +1*#0+5 &'+ ” )4'%+# ” 4': ” %#56'..' 4 +1*0 WPFGT ETQYP &1/+085 ” /+%*+ #&+8614 ” '6')1 &+52+%+#/ ” +0+/+%15 ” /'15 ” #$ % % IT

0KEG FCTM VQPG CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ +++ +P //*% WPFGT ,WCP ++

4GCN 5GXKNNC # 5 WPFGT ECUVNG +1*#0+5 4': %#56 4 +70 WPFGT ETQYP +1*#0+5 4': .')+1 #$ % % IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ +++

$NCPEC FGN #IPWU &GK 6QNGFQ # ; WPFGT ETQYP CPF DGVYGGP 6 CPF 1 %#6# G /80&+6 G /+5 G 0 4 0KODCVG NCOD YKVJ ETQUU RGNNGV KP HTQPV #)085 &'+ 38+ 61.+5 2 #$ % % IT 6TGCVGF YKVJ \CRQP XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ +++

%QTPCFQ 5GIQXKC # %TQYPGF JGCF N +1* #0'5 4 %CUVNG DGVYGGP 5 CPF ' 4': %#56'..' #$ % % IT 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

122

$NCPEC FGN #IPWU &GK 5GXKNNC # ; WPFGT ETQYP 2'%#6# /80&+ /+5'4 4 0KODCVG NCOD YKVJ ETQUU 5 KP HTQPV #)085 &'+ 38+ 61.+5 #$ % % IT

5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ +++

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÃ&#x201C;N '04+37' +++

4GCN 5GXKNNC # #TOU KP SWCVTGHQKN YKVJ VJTGG UVCTU CPF QP 5 KP VJG CPINGU '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': %#56' 4 '0 WPFGT ETQYP &1/+085 /+%*+ #&+8614 ')1 &

+52+%+#/ +0+/+%15 / #$ % % IT (NCP FGHGEV QP VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

$NCPEC $WTIQU # $ WPFGT ECUVNG KP UKZHQKN '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': 4 .KQP TCORCPV N KP UKZHQKN '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': #$ % % IT 8GT[ HKPG

0WO 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

$NCPEC %WGPEC # $QYN WPFGT ECUVNG KP UKZHQKN '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4 4 .KQP TCORCPV N KP UKZHQKN '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4 #$ % % IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

0WO 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

$NCPEC 6QNGFQ # 6 WPFGT ECUVNG KP UKZHQKN '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': 4 .KQP TCORCPV N KP UKZHQKN '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': #$ % % IT

5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG 0WO 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

123

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÓN ,7#0 ++

&QDNC FG NC $CPFC 5GXKNNC # 5JKGNF YKVJ DCPF QP KV VYQ NKQPʼnU JGCFU CV VJG GPF QH VJG DCPF +1*#0'5 &'+ )4#%+# 4': .')+10+5 4 %TQUU YKVJ VYQ ECUVNGU CPF VYQ NKQPU KP VJG CPINGU 5 QP VQR QH VJG ETQUU +1*#0'5 &'+ )4#%+# 4': %#56'..' #$ % % (D IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG URGEKOGP QP DTQCF HNCP

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

%QTPCFQ 6QNGFQ # %TQYPGF JGCF N YKVJ VYQ TQUGVVGU QXGT VJG ETQYP +1*#0'5 &'+ )4# 4 6 WPFGT ECUVNG +1*#0'5 &'+ )4#%+ #$ % % IT 8GT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

(TQO NKUV PQXGODGT FGEGODGT PQ

9CU NC[GF VQ ,WCP + 6JG TGHGTGPEG #$ KU PQV UWTG 6JG JGCF DTGCMU VJTQWIJ VJG EKTENG QH RGNNGVU 5WEJ C EQKP KU KP O[ QRKPKQP PQV RQUUKDNG WPFGT ,WCP +

'04+37' +8

4GCN 5GXKNNC # %TQYPGF DWUV N KP OWNVKNQDG '04+%85 Ã %#4685 Ã &'+ Ã )4#%+# Ã 4': Ã % 4 #TOU KP OWNVKNQDG QXGT 5 '04+%85 Ã 4': Ã %#56'..' Ã '6 .')+10+5 #$ % % IT 0KEG RQTVTCKV CPF VQPKPI CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

124

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÓN

4GCN 5GXKNNC # %TQYPGF JGCF N YKVJ HNQYGT KP HTQPV '04+%85 %#4685 &'+ )4#%+# 4': 4 #TOU KP OWNVKNQDG QXGT 5 '04+%85 4': %#56'..' '6 .')+1 #$ % % IT 4 0KEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

4GCN $WTIQU # '0 WPFGT ETQYP KP OWNVKNQDG '04+%75 4': %#56'..' '6 4 $ WPFGT ECUVNG KP OWVNKNQDG '04+%85 %#4685 4': %#56' #$ % % IT 44 8GT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

4GCN 5GXKNNC # *'0 WPFGT ETQYP :25 8+0%+6 :25 4')0#6 :2 4 #TOU KP OWNVKNQDG WPFGT 5 '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': #$ % % IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

%WCTVKNNQ %WGPEC # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI DQYN N '04+%85 ” %#4685 ” 4': ” 4 %CUVNG KP OWNVKNQDG QXGT DQYN '04+%85 ” 4': ” %#56'..' ” '. #$ % % IT (KPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ +++ 2QUUKDN[ KP //*% WPFGT DNCPEC

125

SPAIN - CASTILE and LEÃ&#x201C;N

%WCTVKNNQ ,CGP # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI '04+%85 G %#4685 G &'+ G )4#%+# G 4 4 %CUVNG QXGT +#'0 KP OWNVKNQDG '04+%85 G &'+ G )4#%+# G 4': G %#5 #$ % % IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG )CNCTKG FGU /QPPCKGU 0GY 1TNGCPU #WEVKQP PQ

%WCTVKNNQ $WTIQU # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI '04+%85 38#4685 &'+ ) 4 %CUVNG QXGT $ '04+%85 4': %#56+..' #$ % % IT

5OCNN HNCP ETCEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

$NCPEC 6QNGFQ # %CUVNG QXGT 6 KP UKZHQKN '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': 4 .KQP TCORCPV KP UKZHQKN '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': #$ % % IT

5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC .GIGPF PQV CU KP #$

$NCPEC 6QNGFQ # %CUVNG QXGT 6 KP USWCTG '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4 .KQP TCORCPV N KP USWCTG '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+ #$ % % IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

$NCPEC %WGPEC # %CUVNG KP USWCTG DGVYGGP % CPF DQYN '04+%85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': 4 .KQP TCORCPV N KP USWCTG HQWT RGNNGVU CTQWPF :25 B 8+0%+6 B :25 B 4'0#6 #$ % % IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

126

SPAIN - COUNTY OF BARCELONA

$NCPEC 5GIQXKC # %CUVNG KP USWCTG QXGT CSWGFWEV '04+%85 รณ &'+ รณ )4#%+# รณ 4 4 %TQYPGF NKQP TCORCPV N :2% Z 8+0%+6 Z :25 Z 4')0 #$ % % IT

'FIG HCWNVU CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

0WO 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

('4&+0#0&1 CPF +5#$'..#

4GCN 6QNGFQ ! # #TOU QH %CUVKNG .GQP WPFGT ETQYP CPF QXGT GCING N 6 WPFGT VJG UJKGNF ('40#0&85 '6 J'.+5#$' 4 %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH #TCIQP DGVYGGP : CPF : &1/+05 /+%0+ #/.8614 + % % % % 6 EH IT

5OCNN FQWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG YKVJ PKEG RCVKPC 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

%1706; QH $#4%'.10# $CTEGNQPC JQNFU C NQPI JKUVQT[ TQOCP 8KUKIQVJKE %CTQNKPIKCP /Q\CTCDKE 9KNHTGF ล GN 8GNNQUQล

YCU VJG NCUV MKPI VQ DG CRRQKPVGF D[ VJG 9GUVHTCPEQPKCP MKPI #HVGT VJCV KPFGRGPFGPEG YCU CVVCKPGF CPF RQYGT YCU VTCPUHGTTGF VJTQWIJ JGTKVCIG

5KPEG CDQWV VJG RQYGT QH VJG EQWPVU QH $CTEGNQPC KU XCUV 4COร P $GTGPIWGT +++ KP RCTVKEWNCT ITGCVN[ GZVGPFGF JKU FQOKPKQP RCTVU QH 5RCKP DWV CNUQ RCTVU QH (TCPEG NKMG %CTECUUQPG $G\KGTU CPF 5QWVJGTP 2TQXGPEG D[ YGFFKPI &WNEKC QH 2TQXGPEG 4COร P $GTGPIWGT +8

CFFGF #TCIร P OCTTKCIG KP YKVJ 2GVTQPKNNC SWGGP CPF JGKTGUU VQ VJG MKPIFQO #TCIร P

(TQO VJCV OQOGPV QP #TCIร P CPF $CTEGNQPC HQTOGF QPG YJQNG

4#/10 $'4'0)7'4 +8

&KPGTQ # 5V[NK\GF JGCF HCEKPI $#4%+01 TGVTQITCFG 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING EKTENG QH RGNNGVU CTQWPF % % %TW IT 8GT[ HKPG

/ร P\\GPVTWO -ร NP #WEVKQP PQ

127

SPAIN - EMPURIES and URGELL

%1706; QH '/274+'5 -PQYP CU FKQEGUG KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV YCU CPEKNNCT[ VQ VJG FKQEGUG QH )GTQPC UKPEG VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ +V DGECOG C EQWPV[ CV VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ +P VJG EQWTUG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG EQWPV[ 'ORWTKGU ICKPGF HQTOCN KPFGRGPFGPEG +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV DGECOG HGWFCNN[ UWDQTFKPCVGF VQ #TCIÃ&#x2030;P NQUKPI CNN QH KVU UGNH IQXGTPCPEG +P KV YCU CPPGZGF D[ #TCIÃ&#x2030;P

*7)1 +8 QT *7)1 8

&KPGTQ # .QPI ETQUU 21%+ 8)1 4 5YQTF H %1/'5 '/24 % % %TW IT 44 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG #0' $CTEGNQPC #WEVKQP PQ

%1706; QH 74)'..

7TIGNN QTKIKPCVGF KP CU C RCIWU #V VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV YCU EQPXGTVGF VQ EQWPV[ WPFGT 'TOGPIQN + QH VJG EQOKVCN F[PCUV[ QH $CTEGNQPC 7TIGNN YCU CNYC[U ENQUGN[ CVVCEJGF VQ $CTEGNQPC CPF JCF VQ CEMPQYNGFIG KVU UWRGTKQT KP $CTEGNQPC +P KV KU FGHKPKVKXGN[ CPPGZGF D[ VJG MKPIFQO QH #TCIÃ&#x2030;P QH YJKEJ $CTEGNQPC YCU C RCTV

/QUV KORQTVCPV EKVKGU YGTG #ITCOWPV OKPV UKPEG CPF $CNCIWGT

'4/'0)1. :

&KPGTQ #ITCOWPV # %TQUKGT DGVYGGP VYQ DTCPEJGU YKVJ RGNNGVU '4/'0)#8&85 + 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING %1/'5 84)'..+ % % %TW IT

6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ +8

6'4'5# FG '06'0<#

1DQN QPG UKFGF $CNCIWGT # %QCV QH CTOU 6'4 %1/ % % %TW IT

44 (NCP ETCEM (KPG #0' $CTEGNQPC #WEVKQP PQ

2'&41

&KPGTQ #ITCOWPV # %TQUKGT DGVYGGP VYQ DTCPEJGU YKVJ RGNNGVU 2'6485 &'+ )4#%+ 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING #%1/'5 74)'..+ % % %TW IT

4 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z )TCPVNG[ &WRN 'Z $NWPV

128

SPAIN - ARAGON

0#8#44# CPF #4#)ยก0 1TKIKPCNN[ 0CXCTTC CPF #TCIร P YGTG DQVJ KPFGRGPFGPV

0CXCTTC GOGTIGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KVU OQUV KORQTVCPV UQXGTGKIP DGKPI 5CPEJQ )CTEร C YJQ HQWIJV #DF CN 4CJOCP +++ #HVGT CN /CPUQWTล U FGCVJ VJG /QQTKUJ FCPIGT JCF UWDUKFGF CPF 0CXCTTC WPFGT 5CPEJQ )CTEร C +++ DGECOG VJG OCKP UVCVG KP 0QTVJGTP 5RCKP *KU UQP 5CPEJQ )CTEร C +8 YCU VJG NCUV CWVQPQOQWU UQXGTGKIP QH 0CXCTTC

#PQVJGT UQP QH 5CPEJQ )CTEร C +++ 4COKTQ + YCU ETQYPGF MKPI QH #TCIร P *KU UQP 5CPEJQ ++ 4COKTG\ YCU MKPI QH #TCIร P HTQO WPVKN HTQO MKPI QH 0CXCTTC CU YGNN

7PVKN #TCIร P CPF 0CXCTTC YQWNF TGOCKP QPG MKPIFQO 6JG OCKP UQXGTGKIP HTQO VJCV RGTKQF YCU #NHQPUQ + $[ OCTTKCIG YKVJ 7TTCEC SWGGP QH %CUVKNG JG CNTGCF[ YCU TWNGT QXGT %CUVKNG CPF .Gร P #NHQPUQ + XCUVN[ GZVGPFGF JKU RTQRGTVKGU KP 5RCKP D[ FGHGCVKPI VJG /QQTU CV 5CTCIQUUC KP CU YGNN CU KP 5QWVJGTP (TCPEG *G FKGF JGKTNGUU KP *G NGHV JKU NCPFU VQ VJG -PKIJVU QH VJG *QN[ 5GRWNEJTG VJG *QURKVCNNGTU CPF VJG 6GORNCTU 6JKU OGV YKVJ JGCX[ TGUKUVCPEG CPF PQDKNKV[ ENGTI[ CPF VJGKT UWRRQTVGTU EJQUG JKU DTQVJGT 4COKTQ + ล GN /QPIGล VQ DG MKPI *G OCTTKGF #IPGU QH 2QKVKGTU CPF VJGKT FCWIJVGT 2GVTQPKNNC YQWNF D[ OCTTKCIG VQ 4COร P $GTGPIWGT +8 QH $CTEGNQPC CEEQORNKUJ

WPKVKPI #TCIร P YKVJ $CTEGNQPC 9KVJ VJG FGOKUG QH /CTVKP + VJG %CVCNCP F[PCUV[ VJCV JCF TWNGF #TCIร P UKPEG VJG VJ EGPVWT[ DGECOG GZVKPEV # UGTKQWU EQPHNKEV CTQUG QP VJG OCVVGT QH UWEEGUUKQP DGKPI TGUQNXGF D[ VJG CEEQTF QH %CURG KP (GTFKPCPF QH 6TCUVCOCTG QH %CUVKNG KPJGTKVGF VJG MKPIFQO #NVJQWIJ JG DGNQPIGF VQ VJG HCOKN[ QH MKPIU QH %CUVKNG JG CU JKU UWEEGUUQTU CEVGF CU C RWTG #TCIQPKCP

5#0%*1 4#/+4'<

2GTKQFQ FG RTGGOKPGPEKC CTCIQPGUC

&KPGTQ #TCIQP # *GCF N H 5#0%+85 4': 4 %TQUU DGVYGGP VYQ DTCPEJGU #4#)10 % % a %TW IT 4 +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG /ร P\\GPVTWO -ร NP #WEVKQP PQ

&KPGTQ #TCIQP # *GCF T 5#0%+85 4': 4 %TQUU DGVYGGP VYQ DTCPEJGU #4#)10 % % %TW IT 4 'FIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG

/ร P\\GPVTWO -ร NP #WEVKQP PQ

2'&41 + FG *7'5%#

&KPGTQ #TCIQP # $WUV N H 2'6485 4': 4 %TQUU DGVYGGP VYQ DTCPEJGU #4#)10 % % a %TW IT 4 (NCP ETCEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

129

SPAIN - CATALANO-ARAGONESE

0#8#44# 5#0%*+1 GN 5#$+1

&KPGTQ 0CXCTTC # $WUV N H 5#0%+85 4': 4 %TQUU DGVYGGP VYQ DTCPEJGU CPF VYQ UVCTU 0#8#4' % % %TW IT 4 'FIG DTGCMU CPF KTTGIWNCT HNCP QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

%#6#.#01 #4#)10'5' #HVGT VJG WPKQP QH %CVCNQPKC YKVJ #TCIÉ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ÉP RTQXQMGF C TGDGNNKQP CPF EQPSWGTGF VJG $CNGCTKE VGTTKVQTKGU QP VJG OCKPNCPF 6JKU GPCDNGF 2GFTQ +8 QH #TCIÉP VQ UWDFWG VJG GPVKTG MKPIFQO KP # EQWR D[ /CNNQTECʼnU ETQYP HCKNGF VJG MKPI OGGVKPI JKU HKPCN FGHGCV CV VJG $CVVNG QH .NWEJOCLQT

#.(1051 + ++ QH #TCIQP

&KPGTQ $CTEGNQPC # %TQUU DGVYGGP VYQ TKPIU $#43+01 4 .QPI ETQUU %+ 8+ 4' : % % %TW IT &CTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

1DQNQ $CTEGNQPC # %TQUU DGVYGGP VYQ TKPIU $#43+01 4 .QPI ETQUU %+ 8+ 4' : % % %TW IT 4 'FIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

&KPGTQ #TCIQP # &KCFGOGF DWUV N #0(15 4': 4 $TCPEJ YKVJ ETQUU QP VQR #4# )10 % % %TW IT 4 (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG #0' $CTEGNQPC #WEVKQP PQ

130

SPAIN - CATALANO-ARAGONESE 2'&41 + ++ QH #TCIQP

1DQNQ $CTEGNQPC # .QPI ETQUU YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING 2'64 4' : 4 %TQUU $#43+010# % % %TW IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

,#+/' +

&KPGTQ $CTEGNQPC # %TQUU +#%1$ 4': 4 5JKGNF QH %CVCNWP[C $#43+01 % % %TW IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ &KPGT FG &QDNGPE 8

&KPGTQ $CTEGNQPC # .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VYQ TKPIU CPF VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VJG CPINGU +#%1$ 4': 4 *GCF N $#43+01 % % %TW IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG $QWTIG[ 2CTKU &KPGT FG 6GTP 8

&KPGTQ 8CNGPEKC # *GCF N +#%1$85 4': 4 .KU YKVJ ETQUU QP VQR 8#.'0%+' % % %TW IT 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

&KPGTQ 8CNGPEKC # *GCF N +#%1$85 4': 4 .KU YKVJ ETQUU QP VQR 8#.'0%+' % % %TW IT (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

&KPGTQ #TCIQP # 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU +#%1$85 4': 4 *GCF N #4#)10 % % %TW IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

131

SPAIN - CATALANO-ARAGONESE #.(1051 ++ +++ QH #TCIQP

%TQCV $CTEGNQPC # %TQYPGF DWUV N #.(1585 &'+ )4#%+# 4': 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF TKPIU KP VJG CPINGU %+8+6#5 $#%J010# % % %TW IT

8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

,#+/' ++

%TQCV $CTEGNQPC # %TQYPGF DWUV N +#%1$85 &'+ )4#%+# 4': 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF TKPIU KP VJG CPINGU %+8+6#5 $#4J010# % % %TW IT

0KEG RCVKPC HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

#.(1051 +++ +8 QH #TCIQP

%TQCV $CTEGNQPC # %TQYPGF DWUV N #.(10585 &'+ )4#%+# 4': 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF TKPIU KP VJG CPINGU %+8+6#5 $#4J010# % % %TW IT

#NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

2'&41 +++ +8 QH #TCIQP

(NQTÃ 2GTRKIPCP # 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV 5 +1*#00'5 $ 4 (NGWT FG NKU QH (NQTGPVKPG #4#) 14': 2 % % %TW a (D IT 5OCNN UETCVEJGU CPF VGUV EWV CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN NKUV PQ 'Z &TGGUOCPP EQNNGEVKQP ++ PQ )CODGTKPK

132

SPAIN - CATALANO-ARAGONESE

%TQCV $CTEGNQPC # %TQYPGF DWUV N 2'6485 ¢ &'+ ¢ )4#%+# ¢ 4': 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF TKPIU KP VJG CPINGU %+8+6#5 $#4%J010# % % %TW IT 'ZVTCQTFKPCT[ YGNN RTGUGTXGF GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 'Z /ÌYGU EQNNGEVKQP

/#46+0 +

4GCN 8CNGPEKC # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI /#46+0 &'+ )4#%+# 4': #4# 4 %TQYP QXGT CTOU 8#.'0%+' /#+14+%#48/ 5#4 % % %TW IT 8GT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

#.(1051 +8 8 QH #TCIQP

&KPCUVKC 6TCUVCOCTC

%TQCV $CTEGNQPC # %TQYPGF JGCF N 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF TKPIU KP VJG CPINGU $#4%# 010# % % a %TW IT 4 #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

&KPGTQ /GPQTEC # %TQYPGF DWUV N #.(10585 4': 4 #TOU KP SWCVTGHQKN /+014+%#48/ % % %TW IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

('40#0&1 ++ CPF +5#$'..# 8 QH 5RCKP 6TCPUKVQ

%TQCV $CTEGNQPC # %TQYPGF DWUV N ('4&+0#0&85 & )4 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF TKPIU KP VJG CPINGU %+8+ 6#5$ #4%0 010# % % %TW IT

5OCNN UETCVEJGU CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG #0' $CTEGNQPC #WEVKQP PQ

133

SPAIN - MALLORCA

&WECV 8CNGPEKC # 6YQ ETQYPGF DWUVU ETQYP DGVYGGP VJGO ('4&+0#0&85 Z '.+5#$'6 Z Z 5 5 Z KP DQVVQO HKGNF 4 %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH %CUVKNG .GQP CPF #TCIQP 8#.'0%+' Z /#+14+%# % % % % 6 EH CPPQVCVKQP %TW (D IT

4 9GNN UVTWEM CPF GZVTGOGN[ HKPG URGEKOGP

(TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN

%TWUCHQPV VJKPMU VJCV VJKU EQKP DGNQPIU VQ VJG RGTKQF QH VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QVJGTU VJKPM VJCV VJKU KU CNTGCF[ VJG RGTKQF QH VJG 4G[GU %CVQNKEQU

/#..14%# #HVGT VJG /QQTKUJ FQOKPCVKQP WPVKN /CNNQTEC YCU C RCTV QH %CVCNCPC #TCIÃ&#x2030;P WPVKN CPF YQWNF DG KPFGRGPFGPV CICKP HTQO VQ (TQO VJGP QP KV TGOCKPGF RCTV QH %CVCNCPC #TCIÃ&#x2030;P

5#0%*1

&QDNGT /CNNQTEC # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU ¢ 4': ¢ /#+14+%#4 4 .CVKP ETQUU ¢ 5#%+85 &'+ ¢ )4# % % %TW IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

-WPUV WPF /Ã&#x2019;P\GP .WICPQ

,#+/' +++

&KPGTQ /CNNQTEC # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI 4': /#+14+%#48/ 4 .CVKP ETQUU +#%1$85 &'+ )4# % % %TW IT 8GT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

134

&KPGTQ /CNNQTEC # %TQYPGF DWUV HCEKPI 4': H /#+14+%#48/ 4 .CVKP ETQUU +#%1$85 &'+ H )4# H % % %TW IT #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 0QV KP %TWUCHQPV

SPAIN - ARBECA and GERONA

#4$'%#

#010;/175

5GP[CN # $KTF N 4 6 DGVYGGP VJTGG VKOGU VJTGG RGNNGVU %TW IT

(KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

#0' $CTEGNQPC #WEVKQP PQ .C 5GNXC FGN %COR

)'410# %#4.15 +

&KPGTQ # %TQYPGF JGCF N %QWPVGTOCTM ) %#41.85 & ) 4 4 %QCV QH CTOU %+8+6#5 )'480&# % % a %TW IT %QKP (KPG %QWPVGTOCTMa 8GT[ HKPG

0WOKUOCVKUEJG -TKPI 4QVVGTFCO

4';'5 %#61.+%15 9KVJ VJG QTFKPCPEG QH /GFKPC FGN %CORQ QP VJG VJ QH ,WPG VJG PGY OQPGVCT[ U[UVGO YCU CFQRVGF +ORQTVCPV YCU VJCV VJG U[UVGOU QH %CUVKNG WR VQ VJGP OCKPN[ IQNF CPF DKNNQP CPF #TCIÉP

OCKPN[ UKNXGT JCF PQY DGGP EQODKPGF WPFGT QPG IGPGTCN U[UVGO

('4&+0#0& CPF +5#$'..'

&QDNC 'ZEGNNGPVG 5GXKNNC # 6YQ ETQYPGF DWUVU VWTPGF VQ GCEJQVJGT 5 DGVYGGP VJGO : CDQXG ('40#0&85 < '.+5#$'6 &'+ )4# 4 %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH %CUVKNG .GQP CPF #TCIQP QP GCING 58$ 8/$4# #.#48/ 6 % % 6 (D IT #VVTCEVKXG URGEKOGP GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 'Z /ÌYGU EQNNGEVKQP 834

135

SPAIN - REYES CATOLICOS

/CTCXGFK %WGPEC # %CUVNG KP UKZHQKN DQYN ('4&+0#0&85 '6 '.+5#$'6 4 %TQYPGF NKQP N KP UKZHQKN DGVYGGP RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU CPF % DQYN 4': Q '6 4')+0# Q %#6 Q .')

% % 6 IT 8GT[ HKPG

0WO 2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC

4GCNGU 5GXKNNC # %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH %CUVKNG .GQP CPF #TCIQP DGVYGGP 5 CPF Q++++ ('40#0&85 Q '6 Q '.+5#$'6 Q &'+ 4 5KZ CTTQYU DQWPFGF VQIGVJGT USWCTG KP HKGNF 4': â&#x20AC;&#x17E; '6 Q 4')+0# Q %#56 Q .')+10 Q #4#)10 Q )4# % % 6 IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

4GCN $WTIQU # %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH %CUVKNG .GQP CPF #TCIQP ('40#0&85 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; '6 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 0'.+5# 4 5KZ CTTQYU DQWPFGF VQIGVJGT $ KP HKGNF & â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ) â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 4': â&#x20AC;&#x17E; '6 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 4')+0# â&#x20AC;&#x17E; %#56 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; .')+1 GTOKPG % % 6 IT &KG FGHGEV XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

4GCN %WGPEC # %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH %CUVKNG .GQP CPF #TCIQP ('40#0&85 J'.+5#$6 & ) 4 J 4 (KXG CTTQYU DQWPFGF VQIGVJGT % YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF ã 4': ('4')+0# %#56 .')+10#4#)1 J % % 6 E IT 8GT[ HKPG 0WO -TKPI 4QVVGTFCO

136

SPAIN - REYES CATOLICOS

4GCN )TCPCFC # %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH %CUVKNG .GQP CPF #TCIQP ('40#0&85 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; '6 *'.+5#$ 4 5GXGP CTTQYU DQWPFGF VQIGVJGT ) KP HKGNF 4': â&#x20AC;&#x17E; '6 4')+0# â&#x20AC;&#x17E; %#56 Q .+) % % 6 F IT 'IFG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

4GCN 6QNGFQ # %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH %CUVKNG .GQP CPF #TCIQP HKXG RGNNGVU CPF 6 KP HKGNF ('40#0&85 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; '6 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; '.+5#$'6 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; &'+ â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ) 4 5KZ CTTQYU DQWPFGF VQIGVJGT 4': '6 4')+0# %#56 .')+1 #4#)1 5 ) % % 6 IT 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

4GCN 6QNGFQ # %TQYP QXGT / 6 CPF DGVYGGP ICTNCPFU 4': Q '6 4')+0# Q %#56 Q .' Q 4 5KZ CTTQYU DQWPFGF VQIGVJGT ('40#0&85 Q '6 Q '.+5#$'6 Q % % 6 IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

$NCPEC 5GXKNNC # %TQYPGF ( DGVYGGP 5 CPF 5 ('40#0&85 '6 *'.+5#$'6 4 %TQYPGF ; DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU 4': '6 4')+0# %#56 .') % % 6 IT 8GT[ HKPG

#0' $CTEGNQPC #WEVKQP PQ

(QT VJG RWPEJ QH *QNNCPF CPF <GGNCPF QP VJG TGCN RKGEG CU YGNN CU VJG TGCN RKGEG DQVJ 5GXKNNC UGG CV VJG GPF QH *QNNCPF WPFGT -NQR 2CTV + PQ CPF

137

PORTUGAL

21467)#.

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)CTEKCʼnU DTQVJGT #NHQPUQ 8+ YCU MKPI QH %CUVKNG .¾QP # FGEKUKQP YCU OCFG VJG PQTVJGTP RCTV QH 2QTVWICN YCU VQ EQOG WPFGT HQTGKIP UWRTGOCE[ #NHQPUQ CRRQKPVGF 4C[OWPF QH $WTIWPF[ YJQ YCU OCTTKGF VQ 7TTCEEC FCWIJVGT QH #NHQPUQ 8+ *G DGECOG EQWPV QH )CNKEKC 2QTVWICN CPF %QKODTC &GURKVG (TGPEJ UWRRQTV JG EQWNFPʼnV CUUGTV VJKU ENCKO CPF JCF VQ UGVVNG HQT )CNKEKC *KU RNCEG KP 2QTVWICN CPF %QKODTC YCU VCMGP D[ JKU EQWUKP *GPT[ QH $WTIWPF[ YJQ YCU YGFFGF VQ 6GTGUC CP KNNGIKVKOCVG FCWIJVGT QH #NHQPUQ 8+ 6JKU PGY EQWPV[ YCU PCOGF 2QTVWICN CHVGT KVU ECRKVCN 2QTVQ #V #NHQPUQʼnU FGOKUG KP KV DGECOG FG HCEVQ KPFGRGPFGPV

9JGP *GPT[ FKGF JKU UQP #HQPUQ *GPTKSWGU YCU PQV [GV QH CIG 6GTGUC DGECOG IWCTFKCP HKTUV CU KPHCPVC CPF NCVGT CU SWGGP 5JG VJGP EQORGVGF YKVJ JGT JCNH UKUVGT 7TTCEEC SWGGP QH %CUVKNG .¾QP #HQPUQ *GPTKSWGU KP EQPUQNKFCVGF KPFGRGPFGPEG D[ JKU XKEVQT[ CV 5CQ /COGFG PQV HCT HTQO )WKOCTCGU QXGT #NHQPUQ 8++ QH %CUVKNG %QKODTC VJGP DGECOG ECRKVCN QH VJG EQWPVT[

6JG TKXCNT[ DGVYGGP DQVJ EQWPVTKGU RGTUKUVGF WPVKN VJG RGCEG VTGCV[ QH 6Ð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

21467)#. 70&'4 6*' $74)70&+#05

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+P 5CPEJQ + XCPSWKUJGF VJG #NOQJCFU PGCT 5CPVCT¾O *G ECRVWTGF C /WUNKOKE UVTQPIJQNF KP VJG #NICTXG CPF TGUV[NGF JKU VKVNG &GK )TCVKC 2QTVWICNKG 5KNXKK GV #NICTDK 4GZ +P VJG #NICTXG TGCNO YCU GHHGEVKXGN[ CPPGZGF VJTQWIJ VJG 6TGCV[ QH $CFCLQ\ VJCV -KPI #NHQPUQ +++

UKIPGF YKVJ %CUVKNG 6JG DQTFGT YKVJ %CUVKNG YCU FGVGTOKPGF EQPENWUKXGN[ KP VJG 6TGCV[ QH #NECPKEGU KP D[ &KPKU + 7PFGT JKO PCXCN GZRCPUKQP EQOOGPEGF CPF JG HQWPFGF VJG WPKXGTUKV[ QH .KUDQP KP YJKEJ YCU UQQP OQXGF VQ %QKODTC

+P TQ[CN VKVNGU 2QTVWICN CPF VJG #NICTXG CTG CNYC[U OGPVKQPGF UGRCTCVGN[ QP VJG EQKPU QH #NHQPUQ +++ HQT KPUVCPEG DWV CNUQ D[ 5CPEJQ + YJQ CNTGCF[ DQTG VJGUG VKVNGU

&+0+5 +

7PFGT &KPKU GZRCPUKQP D[ UGC DGICP YKVJ VJG CKF QH )GPQGUG UGCHCTGTU 6JG CIG QH GZRNQTGTU UGV KP VJQWIJ VJG OCLQT GZRNQTKPI GZRGFKVKQPU YQWNF PQV DG GODCTMGF WRQP WPVKN VJG VJ EGPVWT[

&KPJGKTQ # (KXG UJKGNFU #. )# $4 ++ 4 %TQUU YKVJ VYQ ETGUEGPVU CPF VYQ UVCTU KP VJG CPINGU & 4': 21468). )QOGU IT (NCP ETCEMU CPF VTCEGU QH XGTFKITKU HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

138

PORTUGAL &KPKU YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ #NHQPUQ +8 CPF VJGP D[ 2GFTQ + 6JG NCVVGT YCU CUUCUUKPCVGF CPF JKU UQP (GTFKPCPFQ + CEEGFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG EQPVGUVGF D[ VJG 6TCUVยฑOCTG F[PCUV[ JQYGXGT QPG QH VJG TGCUQPU 2QTVWICN YCU CNNKGF YKVJ 'PIGNCPF CPF %CUVKNG YKVJ (TCPEG (KPCNN[ KP #RTKN C VTGCV[ YCU UKIPGF CPF ,WCP + QH %CUVKNG OCTTKGF $GCVTKEG FCWIJVGT QH (GTFKPCPFQ JGKTGUU QH 2QTVWICN (GTFKPCPFQล U FGOKUG RTQORVGF %CUVKNG VQ ENCKO VJG VJTQPG DWV VJG

WRTKUKPI QH RTGXGPVGF VJKU

('40#0&1 +

6QTPยฟU VJG DWUVQ # (KXG UJKGNFU KP SWCVTGHQKN ('4&+0#0&85 & ) 4': 21467)#. 4 %TQYPGF DWUV N DGVYGGP ETQUU CPF . 5+ &05 /+*+ #+8614 010 6+/' $ )QOGU IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

/ร P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

4GCN .KUUCDQP # (KXG UJKGNFU KP SWCVTGHQKN ( G & G ) G 4': G 21468)#.+' G #.)#4$++' 4 (4 WPFGT ETQYP CPF QXGT . รณ '%+6 รณ %'.80 รณ '6'4#/ รณ #8:+.+8/ รณ /'8/ รณ #&1/+0+ รณ 38+ รณ ( )QOGU IT 4 5OCNN FKG HCWNV CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM <ร TKEJ #WEVKQP PQ

$CTDWFC .KUUCDQP %TQUU YKVJ VJG UJKGNF QH 2QTVWICN KP EGPVTG CPF QPG ECUVNG KP GCEJ CPING ('40#0&85 4': 21468#.+ #.) 4 %TQYPGF JGNOGV . DGJKPF 5+ &05 /+%*+ #+8614 010 6+/ )QOGU IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP 7PFGT VJG . QH #.) C TKPI

139

PORTUGAL

$CTDWFC .KUUCDQP # %TQUU YKVJ VJG UJKGNF QH 2QTVWICN KP EGPVTG CPF QPG ECUVNG KP GCEJ CPING ('40#0&85 4': 21468)#.+ #.)# 4 %TQYPGF JGNOGV . DGJKPF 5+ &05 /+%*+ #+8614 010 6+/' )QOGU IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN 7PFGT VJG ) QH #.)# C TKPI

)TCXG .KUUCDQP # 5JKGNF QH 2QTVWICN DGVYGGP HQWT ECUVNGU ('40#0&85 4': 21468)# 4 ( QP ETQYPGF UJKGNF QP ETQUUGF NCPEGU QXGT . 5+ &0 5 /+ %*+ #+8614 01 )QOGU IT 4 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

2KNCTVG .KUUCDQP # (KXG UJKGNFU YKVJ RGNNGV QXGT VJG EGPVTG UJKGNF 5+ & 05 /+%*+ #& 4 %TQYP QXGT ETQUU . T CDQXG ('40#0&85 4': 21468 )QOGU IT 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

&KPJGKTQ # %TQUU YKVJ VYQ ETGUEGPVU CPF VYQ UVCTU KP VJG CPINGU ( 4': 21468)#.+ 4 5JKGNF QH 2QTVWICN #. )# $$ ++ )QOGU IT &CTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

140

PORTUGAL 21467)#. 70&'4 6*' *175' #8+<

6JG TGDGNNKQP QH JCF C PCVKQPCN EJCTCEVGT KV YCU JQYGXGT UWRRQTVGF D[ PQDKNKV[ CU C HQTVTKIJV RTQVGUV CICKPUV VJG 6TCUVยฑOCTC F[PCUV[ 5JQTVN[ CHVGT VJCV RQYGT YCU WUWTRGF D[ ,QCQ QH #XK\ ITCPFOCUVGT KP VJG 1TFGT QH #XK\ C DCUVCTF UQP QH 2GFTQ + #HVGT JG FKURQUGF QH JKU GPGOKGU VJG %QTVGU QH %QKODTC EQWPEKN QH VJG MKPIFQO GNGEVGF JKO -KPI ,QCQ + QP VJG VJ QH #RTKN *G TGCHHKTOGF JKU PGY CWVJQTKV[ D[ FGXCUVCVKPIN[ DGCVKPI VJG %CUVKNKCPU QP #WIWUV CV #NLWDCTTQVC

6Q EQPUQNKFCVG JKU RQUKVKQP CPF VJCV QH 2QTVWICN YKVJ TGURGEV VQ %CUVKNG JG UKIPGF C VTGCV[ YKVJ 'PINCPF QP /C[ CV 9KPFUQT CPF OCTTKGF 2JKNKRRC C FCWIJVGT QH VJG FWMG QH .CPECUVGTล U

6JG VWTP QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ UCY VJG GPF QH 2QTVWICNล U TGEQPSWKUVC 0QY GHHQTVU YGTG FKTGEVGF VQYCTFU QVJGT VCTIGVU VQYCTFU VJG EQPSWGUV QH %GWVC #NEยฑEGT %GIWGT CPF 6CPIKGTU CNN QH YJKEJ YGTG HQQVJQNFU KP 0QTVJ #HTKEC CPF VQYCTFU VJG GZRNQTCVKQPU K G VJG EQPSWGUV QH VJG #HTKECP EQCUV

,1#1 +

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4GCN 2QTVQ # +J05 WPFGT ETQYP CPF QXGT 2 KP OWNVKNQDG 4 KP HKGNF +*05 รณ &'+ รณ )4# 4':

214 '6 # 4 (KXG UJKGNFU QH 2QTVWICN CPF HQWT ECUVNGU #&+8614+8/ รณ 015648/ รณ 38+ )QOGU IT (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

4GCN DTCPEQ .KUUCDQP # (KXG UJKGNFU QH 2QTVWICN KP SWCVTGHQKN ('4&+0#0&85 รณ 21 รณ '6 รณ #.)#4 4 ; WPFGT %TQYP . N รณ ')%+' รณ %''.)8/ รณ '6' #&+8614+8/ รณ 0156480 รณ 38+ )QOGU IT %QTTQFGF CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

0WO -TKPI 4 FCO

6JG VGZVU CTG CNN DWV KNNGIKDNG CPF FKHHGT HTQO PQ +PVGTRWPEVKQP VJGTG VYQ UVCTU QXGT GCEJ QVJGT JGTG

141

PORTUGAL

4GCN DTCPEQ 2QTVQ # (KXG UJKGNFU QH 2QTVWICN KP SWCVTGHQKN +$05 &'+ )4# 4': 21 '6 4 ; WPFGT %TQYP 2 N ('%+6 %'.8/ '6' #&+8614+8/ 015648/ 38+ )QOGU IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV HGDT OTV PQ

$KNNQP 4GCN FG 5QNFQU .KUUCDQP # 5JKGNF QH 2QTVWICN DGVYGGP VYQ TQUGVVGU +*05 ¢ & ¢ )4# ¢ 4': ¢ 21 ¢ #. 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP CPPWNGV KP GCEJ CPING #&+8614+80 ¢ 0156480 )QOGU IT 4 &CTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #WEVKQP PQ $CVJCNFC 4GKU

4GCN .KUUCDQP # (KXG UJKGNFU QH 2QTVWICN KP SWCVTGHQKN +*05 ¢ &'+ ¢ )4# ¢ 4': ¢ 214 4 +*05 WPFGT ETQYP CPF QXGT . HQTW TKPIU KP HKGNF DTCPEJ T CDQXG #&+8614+8/ ¢ 015648 )QOGU IT 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

4GCN 'XQTC # 5JKGNF QH 2QTVWICN DGVYGGP ' CPF 8 +*05 & ) 4': 214 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ QPG TQUG KP GCEJ CPING #&+861480 )QOGU IT

5OCNN HNCP ETCEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

4GCN .KUUCDQP # (KXG UJKGNFU QH 2QTVWICN +*05 ¢ &'+ ¢ )4# ¢ 4': 4 +*05 WPFGT ETQYP CPF QXGT . 21468)#..+ ¢ #.)#4 )QOGU IT %QTTQFGF HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

142

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

PORTUGAL

4GCN # 5JKGNF QH 2QTVWICN DGVYGGP HQWT NKU +*05 รณ &'+ รณ )4# รณ 4': 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP CPPWNGV KP GCEJ CPING 2 1 รณ )6 รณ #.)#4 $++ รณ )QOGU IT

&CTM 2CVKPC XGT[ HKPG /ร P\\GPVTWO -ร NP #WEVKQP PQ

(TQO VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 2QTVWIWGUG GZRCPUKQP UVCTVGF VQ VCMG UJCRG /CFGKTC YCU TGCEJGF KP VJG #\QTGU KP 4KQ FGN 1TQ KP CNN VJGUG GZRNQTCVKQPU VJG TGUWNV QH VJG GPFGCXQWTU QH *GPT[ VJG 5GCHCTGT VJG [QWPIGUV UQP QH ,QCQ +

&7#46'

&WCTVG YCU C ล MKPI RJKNQUQRJGTล

4GCN 2TGVQ .KUUCDQP # '& WPFGT ETQYP KP OWNVKNQDG YKVJ UOCNN . DGVYGGP VJGO '&8#4&85

4': 2146 4 (KXG UJKGNFU QH 2QTVWICN CPF HQWT ECUVNGU '&8#4&85 4': 2146 )QOGU IT 4 &CTM VQPG KTTGIWNCT HNCP CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

#.(1051 8

#NHQPUQ 8 HKTUV JCF VQ HTGG JKOUGNH QH TGIGPE[ DWV JG FKF PQV UWEEGGF KP FKURQUKPI YJQNN[ QH VJG OCKP PQDNG JQWUG VJCV QH $TCICP\C

#HVGT VJG FGOKUG QH 2TKPEG *GPT[ VJG 0CXKICVQT #NHQPUQ 8 GPFGCXQWTGF VQ GZRNQTG VJG EQCUV QH #HTKEC +P #NHQPUQ 8 ICXG (GTPCQ )QOG\ QTFGTU VQ TGEQPPQKVTG OKNGU QH EQCUV RGT [GCT +P &KQIQ %CQ TGCEJGF VJG OQWVJ QH VJG %QPIQ $CTVQNQOGW &KC\ EKTEWOPCXKICVGF %CRG QH )QQF *QRG CPF NCPFGF KP %CNKEWV KP 2QTVWICNล U OQFGTP CIG QH EQNQPKUCVKQP JCF DGIWP

6QYCTFU VJG GPF QH JKU TGKIP #NHQPUQ CVVGORVGF VQ WPKVG 2QTVWICN CPF %CUVKNG GPOGUJKPI JKOUGNH KP VJG %CVCNCP UWEEGUUKQPCN YCT *G GXGP JCF VQ UGGM TGHWIG KP 0CPE[ 'XGPVWCNN[ JG NQUV VJG $CVVNG CV #NDWGTC CPF JCF VQ CITGG VQ RGCEG #NGยฑEQXCU 5GRVGODGT VJG GPUWKPI VTGCV[ ITCPVKPI 2QTVWICNVJG VGTTKVQTKGU QH )WKPGC /CFGKTC VJG #\QTGU CPF VJG %CRG 8GTFGU CPF %CUVKNG VJG %CPCT[ +UNCPFU CPF VJG EQPSWGUV QH )TCPCFC

'URCFKO 2QTVQ # *CPF YKVJ UYQTF KP SWCVTGHQKN # YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU N CPF 2 WPFGT JCPF #.(3 & #1+&5 2146)#++2 4 5JKGNF QH 2QTVWICN KP SWCVTGHQKN YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP CPPWNGV KP GCEJ CPING รฐ #+86148/ &1& 38+ )QOGU IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

/ร P\\GPVTWO -ร NP #WEVKQP PQ

6JKU V[RG FCVGU DCEM VQ #WIWUV CPF EQOOGOQTCVGU VJG HQWPFKPI QH VJG 1TFGT QH VJG 5YQTF ETGCVGF C [GCT DGHQTG KP VJG CHVGTOCVJ QH VJG UWEEGUUHWN GZRGFKVKQP CICKPUV VJG #TCDU KP #HTKEC

143

PORTUGAL ,1#1 ++

#HVGT ,QCQ ++ JCF FKURQUGF QH VJG $TCICP\CU JG TGUVQTGF EGPVTCN CWVJQTKV[ CPF ENGCTGF VJG RCVJ VQYCTFU C OQFGTP UVCVG

7PFGT JKU TGKIP VJG NCUV UVTGVEJ QH )WKPGC EQCUV YCU EJCTVGF

8KPVGO .KUUCDQP # ; WPFGT ETQYP CPF DGVYGGP . CPF Q +1*#0'5 ++ 4 2 '6 # & ) 4 %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH 2QTVWICN DGVYGGP VYQ TKPIU +1*#0'5 ++ 4 2 '6 # & ) )QOGU IT 8GT[ HKPG 9#) &QTVOWPF #WEVKQP PQ & ) &QOKPWU )WKPGG

21467)#. 70&'4 6*' *175' $4#)#0<# HTQO 6JG *QWUG $TCICP\C YCU VJG OQUV KPHNWGPVKCN PQDNG JQWUG QH 2QTVWICN +VU NKPGCIG YGPV DCEM VQ ,QCQʼnU DCUVCTF UQP #HQPUQ EQWPV QH $CTEGNQU 6JKU F[PCUV[ DGECOG KPETGCUKPIN[ RQYGTHWN FWECN FKIPKV[ YCU CVVCKPGF ,QCQ YCPVGF VQ EWTVCKN VJKU RQYGT JG JCF VJG JGCF QH VJG TF FWMG QH $CTEGNQU (GTFKPCPFQ EWV QHH CPF CNN RQYGT VCMGP HTQO VJKU JQWUG

9KVJ VJG FGCVJ QH ,QCQ ++ VJG *QWUG #XK\ DGECOG GZVKPEV /CPWGN VJG ITGCV ITCPFUQP QH %QWPV #HQPUQ QH $CTEGNQU VJG UV FWMG CUEGPFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG 6JG $TCICP\C F[PCUV[ YCU TGJCDKNKVCVGF CPF (GTFKPCPFQʼnU UQP ,CKOG DGECOG VJG VJ FWMG QH $CTEGNQU

6JG NKPG QH /CPWGN VJG *QWUG $TCICP\C TGKIPGF 2QTVWICN WPVKN VJGP VJG 5RCPKUJ MKPI CUEGPFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG DWV KP VJG VJ FWMG QH $CTEGNQU DGECOG VJG PGY MKPI QH 2QTVWICN 6JG F[PCUV[ YQWNF EQPVKPWG WPVKN YJGP 2QTVWICN DGECOG C RWDNKE

/#07'. +

8KPVGO # (KXG UJKGNFU QH 2QTVWICN /#08'. 2 4 2 '6 #&) 4 %TQUU YKVJ VJG NKODU GPFKPI KP NKU 2 /#08'. 2 4 2 '6 # & ) )QOGU XCT IT

#NOQUV XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

6JGUG CDDTGXKCVGF NGIGPFU CTG PQV OGPVKQPGF D[ )QOGU

$[ XKTVWG QH JKU OCP[ GZRNQTCVKQPU CPF TGUWNVKPI EQNQPKUCVKQPU /CPWGN DQTG VJG HQNNQYKPI VKVNGU 4 GZ 21468)#.+' #.

ICTXG % KVTC 8.

VTC +0 # HTKEC & QOKPWU ) WKPGG % 0 % '6*+12+' #4#$+' 2'45+' + PFKG

5QOG QH VJGUG VKVNGU CRRGCT QP VJG EQKPU

144

ITALY - KINGDOM ITALY

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6JG 0QTVJ

*GTGCU KP VJG NCVVGT [GCTU QH VJG %CTQNKPIKCP 'ORKTG C MKPIFQO JCF UVKNN GZKUVGF KP VJG PQTVJ VJKU RCTV HGNN VQ VJG *QN[ 4QOCP 'ORKTG KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 1VVQ + EGOGPVGF 1VVQPKCP TWNG CPF JCF JKOUGNH ETQYPGF GORGTQT KP 4QOG TGUVQTKPI %CTQNKPIKCP VTCFKVKQP *QYGXGT VJKU KPHNWGPEG YCPGF DGHQTG NQPI CPF VJG )GTOCP MKPIU JCF OQTG CPF OQTG FKHHKEWNV[ VQ UWUVCKP VJGKT CWVJQTKV[ 5QOGVKOGU VJG[ OCPCIGF VQ FQ UQ UQOGVKOGU VJG[ FKF PQV

9JGP CWVJQTKVKGU FKUCRRGCTGF KP VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ FGPK\GPU UVCTVGF VQ HQTO EQOOWPGU IQXGTPGF D[ NQECN PQDKNKV[ #U PQDKNKV[ IGPGTCNN[ JCF VTQWDNG IGVVKPI CNQPI COQPI VJGOUGNXGU HTKEVKQP CTQUG GXGT[YJGTG # NGCFGT YCU WTIGPVN[ PGGFGF CPF ETGCVGF KP VJG HQTO QH CP GZVGTPCN RQFGUV¯

6JG 5VCWHGTU KP VJG HKIWTG QH (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC CVVGORVGF QPEG CICKP VQ TGUVQTG VJG CWVJQTKV[ QH VJG )GTOCP MKPIU DWV JG UWHHGTGF C JWOKNKCVKPI FGHGCV CPF VJG 2GCEG QH %QPUVCPEG FGUVTQ[GF YJCV KNNWUKQPU YGTG NGHV .CVGT (TGFGTKEM ++ VTKGF VJG UCOG KP 'OKNKC 4QOCIPC DWV CICKP VQ PQ GHHGEV

&GPK\GPU CICKP VQQM EQPVTQN QH VJGKT VGTTKVQT[ RWVVKPI KP EJCTIG C %CRKVCPQ FGN 2QRQNQ YJQ YQWNF QHVGP DG CP KPHNWGPVKCN HKIWTG CPF FQOKPCVG IQXGTPCPEG (TQO VJKU UKVWCVKQP VJG UKIPQTKC URTQWVGF +VU JGCF VJG UKIPQTG GHHGEVKXGN[ IQXGTPGF CPF QHVGP YCU HTQO C TGURGEVGF PQDNG HCOKN[ UWEJ CU VJG 8KUEQPVKU VJG 'UVGU VJG %CTTCTCU VJG &G /GFKEKU CPF OCP[ QVJGTU

7UWCNN[ C UKIPQTG HTQO CP KPHWGPVKCN EKV[ YQWNF VT[ VQ DGEQOG UKIPQTG KP CPQVJGT EKV[ QH YJKEJ VJG 8KUEQPVKU QH /KNCP KP RCTVKEWNCT YGTG C UJKPKPI GZCORNG ECWUKPI XCUV RCTVU QH PQTVJ CPF EGPVTCN +VCN[ VQ DGEQOG EQPVTQNNGF D[ LWUV C HGY PQDNG JQWUGU *QYGXGT +VCN[ ECPPQV DG UCKF VQ DG IQXGTPGF EGPVTCNN[ KP VJKU RGTKQF

6JGTG YGTG HQWT KORQTVCPV EGPVTGU QH RQYGT KP VJG PQTVJ CPF VJG OKFFNG /KNCP C FWEJ[ WPFGT VJG 8KUEQPVKU CPF VJG 5HQT\CU FQOKPCVKPI NCTIG RCTVU QH +VCN[ 8GPKEG TWNGF D[ KVU QYP EKVK\GPU VJG FQIG QPN[ JQNFKPI C EGTGOQPKCN QHHKEG (NQTGPEG TWP D[ VJG VKVNGNGUU &G /GFKEKU CPF VJG GEENGUKCUVKECN UVCVG YJKEJ JCF VQ OCPQGWXGT VJGUG FCPIGTQWU RQNKVKECN YCVGTU CPF KP FQKPI VJKU CNUQ JCF VQ MGGR CP G[G QP VJG UQWVJ

6JG 5QWVJ

6JG $[\CPVKPGU YGTG HKTUV CVVCEMGF D[ VJG 0QTOCPU YJQ VQQM KORQTVCPV RCTVU QH 5QWVJ +VCN[ COQPI YJKEJ 5KEKN[ .CVGT ECOG VJG )GTOCP MKPIU YJQ CNYC[U UVTKXGF VQ QYP CNN QH +VCN[ (TGFGTKEM ++ RCTVKEWNCTN[ UQ YKVJQWV OWEJ UWEEGUU JQYGXGT #HVGT VJCV VJG (TGPEJ #PLQWU UVGRRGF KP GXGPVWCNN[

DTKPIKPI VJG ETQYP QH 5QWVJ +VCN[ WPFGT VJG ETQYP QH #TCIQP 9JGTGCU VJG PQTVJ VQ C EGTVCKP GZVGPV UCY KPHNWGPEG QH VJG RGQRNG KP RQNKVKEU VJG UQWVJ YCU OCTMGF D[ CP QPIQKPI DCVVNG DGVYGGP PQDNG JQWUGU CU UGGP KP QVJGT RCTVU QH 'WTQRG KP VJKU RGTKQF

%QKPCIG TGHNGEVU VJGUG FGXGNQROGPVU +P VJG PQTVJ CPF EGPVTG QH +VCN[ YG KPKVKCNN[ UGG EQKPU UVTWEM KP VJG PCOG QH C )GTOCP MKPI VJGP EQKPU UVTWEM D[ EQOWPGU QPN[ KPFKECVKPI VJG OKPVÅ&#x2030;U PCOG CPF HKPCNN[ VJG UKIPQTGU YJQ YGTG KPFKECVGF QP EQKPU YKVJ VJGKT PCOGU YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH (NQTGPEG

+P VJG UQWVJ EQKPU YGTG CNYC[U UVTWEM KP VJG PCOG QH C UQXGTGKIP

-+0)&1/ +6#.;

6JG .QODCTFUÅ&#x2030; CFXCPEG HWTVJGT KPVQ +VCN[ KP VJG y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

(QT VJG RGTKQF YJGP +VCN[ YCU RCTV QH VJG %CTQNKPIKCP 'ORKTG EQKPU UVTWEM KP +VCN[ D[ %JCTNGOCIPG CPF .QWKU VJG 2KQWU CTG ENCUUKHKGF CU %CTQNKPIKCP CPF OGPVKQPGF KP 2CTV +

145

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ʼnU UQP .CODGTV VQ VCMG CHVGT YJKEJ KP CV VJG FGOKUG QH .CODGTV MKPIUJKR FGXQNXGF VQ $GTGPICT 6JG HKTUV YCU MKPI CPF YCU ETQYPGF GORGTQT KP VJG UGEQPF YCU EQWPVGTMKPI )WKFQ VQQ DGECOG GORGTQT KP CPF YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ .CODGTV JKU UQP YJQ YQWNF DG GORGTQT HTQO VQ *KU UWEEGUUQT .QFQXKEQ +++ YQWNF DG GORGTQT HTQO VQ

*WIQ QH #TNGU VQQM QXGT CHVGT $GTGPICTKQ + FKGF KP VJG HQTOGT CNUQ C FGUEGPFCPV QH .QVJCTKWU +

YJQ JCF ITGCV RQNKVKECN KPHNWGPEG *KU UQP .QVCTKQ ++ EQ MKPI HTQO VQ YGFFGF #FGNJGKF FCWIJVGT QH 4WFQNH ++ MKPI QH $WTIWPF[ YJQ YQWNF DGEQOG VJG YKHG QH 1VVQ + 6JG UWEEGUUQT QH $GTGPICTKQ + YCU JKU ITCPFUQP $GTGPICTKQ ++ *G YQWNF DG FGVJTQPGF KP HCXQWT QH 1VVQ + VJG EQWPVT[ GODCTMKPI WRQP CP GPVKTGN[ PGY GTC

7PVKN 1VVQ + EQKPU CTG NKUVGF WPFGT -KPIFQO QH +VCN[ 6JGUG EQKPU KOKVCVG VJG HQTO QH %CTQNKPIKCP EQKPU GPVKTGN[ %QKPU HTQO CHVGT VJKU RGTKQF CTG NKUVGF WPFGT VJGKT TGURGEVKXG OKPVU UQOGVKOGU VJG GORGTQTʼnU QYP KUUWGU DWV OQTG QHVGP EQOWPGU OKPVGF ŋKP VJG PCOG QH őŌ

%#4.1 KN %#.81

&GPKGT /KNCPQ # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING * %#41.85 +/2'4 4 %CTQNKPIKCP VGORNG :2+56+#0#4%++%+1 $KCIIK XCT %0+ 8 XCT /) /'%

WPURGEKHKGF OKPV IT 44 0KEG VQPG UOCNN HNCP ETCEM QVJGTYKUG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG QP DTQCF HNCP

8KPEJQP 2CTKU

6JG VGZV KU VJG UCOG CU YKVJ /'% YJQ CVVTKDWVGU KV VQ /KNCP CFFKPI C SWGUVKQP OCTM JQYGXGT 6JG /'% EQKP JCU C UOCNNGT FKCOGVGT KPPGT EKTENG VJCP VJG EQKP KP JCPF $KCIIK JCU LWUV QPG %JCTNGU VJG $CNF EQKP WPFGT /KNCP $KCIIK DWV VJCV NCEMU VJG KPKVKCN *

$'4'0)#4+1 +

&GPCTQ /KNCPQ # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING $'4'0)#4+5 4': 4 %CTQNKPIKCP VGORNG :2+56+#0# 4'.+)+1 $KCIIK IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG $KCIIK JCU 4+ KPUVGCF QH 4': CPF :2+6+#0#4%+1 HQT VJG TGXGTUG

146

NORTH AND MIDDLE ITALY

0146* CPF /+&&.' +6#.; 9JGP 1VVQ + QEEWRKGF +VCN[ CPF YCU ETQYPGF GORGTQT D[ VJG RQRG KP +VCN[ GPVGTGF C PGY GTC %NQUG VKGU DGVYGGP +VCN[ CPF VJG )GTOCP 'ORKTG YQWNF FGVGTOKPG VJG RQNKVKECN EQWTUG HQT C XGT[ NQPI RGTKQF QH VKOG CNDGKV OQTG ITGCVN[ UQ KP VJG DGIKPPKPI VJCP NCVGT QP

# HGY EQPFKVKQPU YGTG CVVCEJGF VQ VJG EQTQPCVKQP QH 1VVQ + VQ GORGTQT JG YQWNF JGPEGHQTVJ JCXG C UC[ KP VJG EJQKEG QH VJG RQRG CPF VJG OCTITCXGU YQWNF DG UWDQTFKPCVG VQ 4QOG

#U VJG GORGTQTUʼn KPHNWGPEG YCPGF OCP[ EKVKGU YQWNF FGXGNQR EQOWPGU WUWCNN[ RTGEKRKVCVGF D[ PQDKNKV[ YJQ YQWNF VJGP IQXGTP 6JKU NGF VQ HGWFU COQPI VJG OCKP HCOKNKGU $GHQTG NQPI C PGGF HQT CWVJQTKV[ CTQUG CICKP YJKEJ YCU RTQXKFGF D[ CVVTCEVKPI CP GZVGTPCN RQFGUV¯ KPXCTKCDN[ CRRQKPVGF HQT C UJQTV VKOG

6JG PGZV UVGR YCU VJG ETGCVKQP QH C EKV[ IQXGTPOGPV QH VJG RGQRNG VJG RQRQNQ #U VJGUG DQFKGU YGTG PQV ECRCDNG QH GHHKEKGPV IQXGTPCPEG CP GZGEWVKXG YCU UQWIJV KP VJG HQTO QH C ECRKVCPQ FGN RQRQNQ 5QOGVKOGU VJGUG HWPEVKQPCTKGU YQWNF DGEQOG TWNGTU 6JGUG HQTOU QH EKV[ TWNG CTG V[RKECN HQT +VCN[

6JG FGXGNQROGPV QH OWPKEKRCN CWVQPQO[ FQOKPCVGF RQNKVKEU KP VJG *KIJ CPF .CVG /KFFNG #IGU $GVYGGP VJG VJ CPF VJ EGPVWT[ RTQURGTKV[ KPETGCUGF CPF EQOWPGU UVCTVGF GOGTIKPI KP OCP[ RNCEGU EQKPEKFKPI YKVJ VJG FGCVJ QH /CVKNFC QH %CPQUUC UGG WPFGT 6WUEKC KP # EQOWPG YCU ETGCVGF YJGP UQOGVJKPI EJCPIGF G I YJGP C ŋEQPUQNGŌ YCU KPUVCNNGF /QUV EQOWPGU UCY C UVTWIING HQT RQYGT DGVYGGP OCKP EQPVGPFGTU YJKEJ VQQM C XCTKGV[ QH HQTOU +P +VCN[ EKVK\GPT[ GPLQ[GF HTGGFQO YJGTGCU VJG RGQRNG QH C EQPVCFQ YQWNF JCXG VQ RC[ VCZGU VQ VJG NQECN UKIPQTKC 6JG EQODKPCVKQP QH DGKPI GEENGUKCUVKECNN[ JGCFGF D[ DKUJQRU CU EQPEKXKU PQV CU FQOKPWU YJKEJ GPVCKNGF C EQNNGEVKXG FGRGPFGPE[ QP VJG GORGTQT VJTQWIJ VJG DKUJQR KORGTKCN KOOGFKCE[ CPF VJG HTGGFQO QH VTCFG EKVKGU GPLQ[GF URCYPGF C UVTQPI OWPKEKRCN EQPUEKQWUPGUU KP VJGKT EKVK\GPU

2QYGT YCU VTCPUHGTTGF HTQO GRKUEQRCE[ VQ EQOOWPCN EKV[ IQXGTPOGPVU CU C OCVVGT QH EQWTUG YKVJQWV CP[ KPVGTHGTGPEG QH VJQUG KP RQYGT 0GY NGCFGTUJKR EQPUEKQWUN[ CFQRVGF VJG RQNKVKECN VGTO EKXKVCU

6JG VTCPUKVKQP HTQO C IGPGTCN CUUGODN[ CTGPIQ VQ C UOCNN EKTENG QH EQPUKINKQ FG ETGFGP\C PGEGUUKVCVGF VJG TGRNCEGOGPV QH VJG EQPUWN YKVJ C RQFGUV¯ 6JG TWNG VJCV JG JCF VQ DG CVVTCEVGF GZVGTPCNN[ YCU FGVGTOKPGF D[ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ OCP[ EKVKGU FGXGNQRGF C EKVK\GPT[ YKVJ C RQRWNKUVKE EJCTCEVGT YJKEJ GXGPVWCNN[ GXQNXGF VQ VJG RQRQNQ C RQNKVKECN KPUVKVWVKQP UGGMKPI VQ CEVKXGN[ KPXQNXG DTQCF UVTCVC QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP 6JKU KP VWTP ECWUGF C VQR NC[GT VQ GOGTIG YKVJKP VJG RQRQNQ VJG ITCPFK FK RQRQNQ

#V C EGTVCKP RQKPV UGNH IQXGTPGF EQOWPGU YGTG TGRNCEGF D[ UKIPQTKCU YJKEJ ITCFWCNN[ CFQRVGF EQOWPG VCUMU 6JWU EQOWPGU JCF GXGPVWCNN[ NGF VQ VJG VGTTKVQTKCN UWRTGOCE[ QH UQXGTGKIPU

6JG VTCPUKVKQP HTQO GRKUEQRCN TWNG VQ OWPKEKRCN IQXGTPOGPV RQUGF C HQTOKFCDNG RTQDNGO HQT VJG )GTOCP GORGTQTU +V VQQM WPVKN VJG 2GCEG QH %QPUVCPEG KP VQ DTKPI VJKU FGXGNQROGPV VQ C JCNV 6JKU VTGCV[ UVKRWNCVGF VJG EQPFKVKQPU VJCV (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC CPF VJG /KNCP NGF .QODCTF .GCIWG KP KP 8GPKEG JCF CITGGF WRQP +V YCU UVKRWNCVGF KP /CTEJ #RTKN QH KP 2KCEGP\C CPF TCVKHKGF D[ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC CPF *GPT[ 8+ YJQ YCU MKPI QH +VCN[ QP ,WPG (TKGFTKEJ $CTDCTQUUC ÒDGTNKGUU FGP -QOOWPGP FKG KP 4QPECINKC DGCPURTWEJVGP 4GICNKGP IGIGP GKPG GKPOCNKIG QFGT L·JTNKEJG )GNF\CJNWPI Y·JTGPF UKEJ FKG 5V·FVG \WT .GKUVWPI FGU (QFTWO DGK LGFGO +VCNKGP\WI XGTRNKEJVGVGP 5GKPG 5VGNNWPI CNU 1DGTJGTT YWTFG PGDGP FGO 6TGWGKF FGT -QOOWPGP FCFWTEJ HGUVIGUEJTKGDGP FCUU FKG HTGK IGY·JNVGP -QPUWNP XQO MCKUGTNKEJGP 0WPVKWU WPF CNNG HÒPH ,CJTG XQO -CKUGT UGNDUV KPXGUVKGTV YGTFGP OWUUVGP

(TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC VTCPUHGTTGF VQ VJG EQOWPGU VJG TGICNKC VJG[ JCF PGIQVKCVGF KP 4QPECINKC CICKPUV C UKPING QT C [GCTN[ RC[OGPV YJKNG VJG EKVKGU RNGFIGF VQ RC[ C HQFTWO GCEJ VKOG VJG GORGTQT ECOG VQ +VCN[ #RCTV HTQO VJG QCVJ QH NQ[CNV[ QH VJG EQOWPGU JKU RQUKVKQP CU QXGTNQTF YCU EGOGPVGF D[ VJG HCEV VJCV VJG HTGGN[ GNGEVGF EQPUWNU YGTG TGSWKTGF VQ DG KPXGUVGF D[ VJG KORGTKCN GPXQ[ CPF GXGT[ HKHVJ [GCT D[ VJG GORGTQT JKOUGNH .F/

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

5QOGVKOGU VJG KPHNWGPEG QH 4QOG YQWNF DG UKIPKHKECPV UQOGVKOGU KV YQWNF PQV #V VJG KPUVKVWVKQP QH VJG 2CVTKOQPKWO 2GVTK C ITGCV OCP[ EKVKGU HGNN WPFGT 4QOG CWVJQTKV[ 9JGP VJG KPHNWGPEG QH VJG RQRGU FGETGCUGF OCP[ EKVKGU YKVJFTGY HTQO GEENGUKCUVKECN CWVJQTKV[

(QT VJG RGTKQF KP YJKEJ EGTVCKP EKVKGU HGNN WPFGT GEENGUKCUVKECN CWVJQTKV[ VJGKT EQKPU JCXG DGGP KPENWFGF WPFGT ŋ4QOGŌ

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

,WUV DGHQTG JG FKGF JG UWEEGGFGF KP DTKPIKPI #PEQPC WPFGT 4QOG

147

ITALY - MILANO 0QTVJ +VCN[ HGNN KPVQ VJTGG RCTVU

C 6JG PQTVJ YGUV

6JG FQOKPCPV EKV[ YCU /KNCP VQIGVJGT YKVJ 2CXKC 7PFGT VJG 8KUEQPVKU CPF VJG 5HQT\CU /KNCP JCF VTGOGPFQWU KPHNWGPEG YJKEJ GZVGPFGF VQ DQVJ QVJGT RCTVU 9GUV QH /KNCP YG HKPF 5CXQKC 6QTKPQ #UVK %CUCNG /QPHGTTCVQ CPF )GPQXC VQ VJG PQTVJ GCUV VJGTG YGTG %QOQ $TGUEKC CPF $GTICOQ

D 6JG 'OKNKC TGIKQP

1TKIKPCNN[ FQOKPCVGF D[ VJG *QWUG QH %CPQUUC UGG WPFGT 6WUEKC NCVGT D[ VJG 8KUEQPVKU +P VJG NCVG /KFFNG #IGU '\\GNKPQ C DCUVCTF UQP QH (TGFGTKEM ++ RNC[GF C FGUCUVTQWU RCTV

2KCEGP\C %TGOQPC 2CTOC 4GIIKQ PGNNÅ&#x2030;'OKNKC /QFGPC CPF $QNQIPC CTG NKUVGF WPFGT 'OKNKC $GVYGGP D CPF E EQOGU 4CXGPPC

E 6JG PQTVJ GCUV

6JG VYQ OCKP RCTVKGU JGTG YGTG VJG OCTM 8GTQPC CPF 8GPKEG 9GUV QH 8GPKEG YG HKPF 8GTQPC 6TGPVQ /CPVWC (GTTCTC CPF 2CFQXC

#TQWPF 8GPKEG 8GPKEG #SWKNGKC CPF 6TKGUVG

%GPVTCN +VCN[ KU FKXKFGF KPVQ

C 6WUECP[

6JG FQOKPCVKPI EKV[ KU (NQTGPEG 6JKU TGIKQP EQORTKUGU .WEEC 2KUC 5KGPC 8QNVGTTC CPF #TG\\Q

D 6JG EKVKGU EQCNGUEGF KPVQ YJCV KU MPQYP CU VJG 2GPVCRQNKU

4KOKPK 2GUCTQ (CPQ 5GPGICNNKC CPF #PEQPC VJG PQTVJGTP RGPVCRQNKU

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150

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152

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ITALY - MILANO 1H VJG VJTGG DTQVJGTU YJQ UWEEGGFGF )KQXCPPK /CVVGQ UQQP FKGF $QVJ TGOCKPKPI DTQVJGTU )CNGC\\Q ++ CPF $GTPCDÈ UVTWEM EQKP KPFKXKFWCNN[ DWV CNUQ VQIGVJGT

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154

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155

ITALY - MILANO #U FWEC

)TQUUQ # 5PCMG DGVYGGP ) CPF < KP SWCVTGHQKN QPG HNQYGT KP GCEJ CPING )#.'# ล < ล 8+%'%1'5 ล & ล /'&+1.#0 ล <% 4 'PVJTQPGF 5V #ODTQUKWU YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF YJKR ล 5 ล #/$415+8 ล /'&+1.#0 $KCIIK %TKRRC # IT

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156

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56 #/$415+75 #U FKUEWUUGF DGHQTG VJG JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUG ECP DG UGGP VQ TGRNCEG VJG KPKVKCNU U[ODQN CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH 5HQT\C EQKPCIG

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KP VJG 2TKOC 4GRWDDNKEC RGTKQF NCUVKPI WPVKN VJG VKOG QH )KQXCPPK 8KUEQPVK GPFKPI KP VJG DNGUUKPI JCPF CPF HTQO VJG VKOG QH )CNGC\\Q CPF $GTPCDÃ&#x2C6; HTQO VQ (KNKRRQ /CTKC 8KUEQPVK VQ VJG YJKR

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6JG UV[NG XCTKGU CU FQGU EWV QH VJG FKG YJKEJ KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ JCPFUQOG QP VJG EQKP HTQO VJG 2TKOC 4GRWDDNKEC 6JG HCEKCN GZRTGUUKQPU CTG WUWCNN[ PGWVTCN GZEGRV VQYCTFU VJG GPF YJGTG #ODTQUG KP VJG QPG DWV NCUV RQTVTCKV KP VJTGG SWCTVGT NQQMU TCVJGT HQTDKFFKPI CPF KP VJG NCUV RKEVWTG UGGOU VQ JCXG EQOG VQ VGTOU YKVJ OCVVGTU

#PQVJGT TGOCTMCDNG HCEGV QH VJGUG RQTVTCKVU QH 5V #ODTQUG KU JKU CVVKTG

157

ITALY - MILANO

1P VJG QNFGUV URGEKOGPU FCVKPI HTQO VJG VKOG DGHQTG VJG 2TKOC 4GRWDDNKEC 5V #ODTQUG KU RQTVTC[GF YGCTKPI C RCNNKWO

6JG RCNNKWO JCF DGGP RTGUETKDGF CVVKTG HQT CTEJDKUJQRU UKPEG VJG VJ EGPVWT[ +V YCU QH C NKVWTIKECN EJCTCEVGT ; UJCRGF NCVGT 6 UJCRGF CPF CFQTPGF YKVJ UOCNN ETQUUGU $GHQTG VJG RCNNKWO YCU EQPXG[GF VQ VJG CTEJDKUJQR KV YCU RWV QP VJG ITCXG QH 5V 2GVGT YJKEJ YCU VQ GZRTGUU VJG UJCTG QH VJG CTEJDKUJQRU KP RCRCN CWVJQTKV[ 6JG CTEJDKUJQR VQ DG QTFCKPGF JCF VQ IQ VQ 4QOG VQ EQNNGEV VJG RCNNKWO JKOUGNH

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#HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH )KCP )CNGC\\Q JKU UQP )KQXCPPK /CTKC UWEEGGFGF WPFGT IWCTFKCPUJKR QH JKU OQVJGT %CVGTKPC JG YCU QPN[ [GCTU QNF 6JG HCVJGT JCF CNYC[U VJQWIJV JKU UQPÅ&#x2030;U EJCTCEVGT TCVJGT UKPKUVGT CPF JCF CNTGCF[ CUUKIPGF UQ OCP[ VGTTKVQTKGU VQ JKU UGEQPF UQP (KNKRRQ /CTKC VJCV VJG VGTTKVQT[ QH )KQXCPPK /CTKC YCU GPVKTGN[ JGOOGF KP YJKEJ TGSWKTGF VJG VYQ DTQVJGTU VQ EQ QRGTCVG

6JG 8KUEQPVKU FQOKPCVGF XCUV RCTVU QH 0QTVJ +VCN[ TGCUQP HQT OCP[ VQ MKPFNG HCEVKQPCN EQPVTQXGTU[ 6JWU 2QRG $QPKHCEG :+ TGVQQM $QNQIPC 2GTWIKC CPF #UUKUK 6JKU YCU VJG UKIPCN OCP[ QNF .QODCTF PQDNG HCOKNKGU JCF DGGP YCKVKPI HQT VJG[ UVCTVGF TGKPHQTEKPI VJGKT RQUKVKQPU UQOGVJKPI KP YJKEJ VJG[ QHVGP UWEEGGFGF

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(+.+221 /#4+# 8+5%106+

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158

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0QY C UGETGV CITGGOGPV YCU OCFG YKVJ 4GP¾ QH #PLQW NCVGT YKVJ #NHQPUQ QH #TCIQP VQ URNKV +VCN[ KP VYQ 0QTVJ CPF %GPVTCN +VCN[ GPFKPI UQWVJ QH $QNQIPC WPFGT VJG 8KUEQPVKU CPF 5QWVJ +VCN[ WPFGT #NHQPUQ 0CVWTCNN[ 8GPKEG UVTQPIN[ QRRQUGF VJKU EQWTUG QH GXGPVU (TCPEGUEQ 5HQT\C YCU EQPFQVVKGTG VJGTG CU FKF (NQTGPEG (KNKRRQʼnU UKVWCVKQP UVGCFKN[ FGVGTKQTCVGF DQVJ RQNKVKECN CPF YKVJ TGICTF VQ JKU JGCNVJ 9JGP /KNCP YCU VJTGCVGPGF (KNKRRQ ECNNGF (TCPEGUEQ 5HQT\C VQ EQOG VQ JKU CKF CPF UCXG VJG FWEJ[

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6JKU EQKP KU OQTG TQ[CN KP CRRGCTCPEG VJCP KVU IQNFGP RTGFGEGUUQTU 6JKU YCU VQ GZRTGUU VJG RTQURGTKV[ QH /KNCP 6JG V[RG KPKVKCNN[ JCF C EQWPVGTXCNWG QH UQNFK YJKEJ KPETGCUGF VQ UQNFK NCVGT KPFKECVKPI KPHNCVKQP

6JG FWMG KU ECNNGF #PINWU CHVGT C O[VJKECN CPEGUVQT QH VJG 8KUEQPVK GRQP[O QH #PIGTC QP .CIQ /CIIKQTG

)TQUUQ FC FWG UQNFK # %QCV QH CTOU (+.+285 „ /#4+# „ &8: „ /'&+1.#0+ „ % 4 'PVJTQPGF 5V #ODTQUKWU YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF YJKR 5 #$415+85 /'&+1.#0 $KCIIK %TKRRC % IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG

-TKEJGNFQTH 5VWVVICTV #WEVKQP PQ

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5RKPM <ÒTKEJ

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RTQENCKOGF FWMG

6Q FCVG OWEJ KU UVKNN WPENGCT CDQWV VJKU RGTKQF DWV VJCV VJG $QTTQOGQ HCOKN[ YJKEJ EQPVTQNNGF VJG GPVKTG VTCFG CPF DCPMKPI RNC[GF C EGPVTCN TQNG KU DG[QPF FQWDV

9KVJ (TCPEGUEQ 5HQT\C VJG *QWUG QH 5HQT\C GOGTIGF +VU QTKIKPCN PCOG YCU #VVGPFQNQ /W\KQ #VVGPFQNQ YCU FWDDGF 5HQT\C D[ %QPFQVVKGTK #NDGTKEQ FC $CTDKCPQ /W\KQ JKOUGNH YCU CNUQ C ITGCV EQPFQVVKGTG KP VJG UGTXKEG QH UGXGTCN TWNGTU OCKPN[ KP 0CRNGU 1PG QH JKU UQPU YCU (TCPEGUEQ

(TCPEGUEQ EJQUG C ECWVKQWU EQWTUG KP RQNKVKEU KP EQPVTCUV YKVJ JKU DGNNKIGTGPV RCUV *KU EQPPGEVKQP YKVJ VJG /GFKEKU YCU ETWEKCN VJG[ JCF GPCDNGF JKO VQ TGVWTP VQ /KNCP (TCPEGUEQ UWFFGPN[ FKGF KP

#TQWPF YJGP JG YCU CNTGCF[ UKZV[ JG JCF C IQNFGP EQKP UVTWEM HQNNQYGF NCVGT D[ C UKNXGT DGCTKPI JKU RQTVTCKV #HVGT VJG #WIWUVCNG QH (TGFGTKEM ++ HTQO CPF VJG EQKP QH %CTNÈ Fʼn#PIKQ HTQO $CTNGVVC HTQO CTQWPF VJKU YCU COQPI VJG HKTUV 0QTVJ +VCNKCP EQKPU DGCTKPI C RQTVTCKV

+P C VKOG YJGP +VCNKCP CTV TQUG VQ KVU CRQIGG KV KU PQ UWTRTKUG VJCV EQKPU UVCTVGF UJQYKPI RQTVTCKVU HKTUV KP IQNF CPF CHVGTYCTFU KP UKNXGT 2QTVTCKV EQKPU YGTG UVTWEM KP 5CXQKC /KNCP (GTTCTC 8GPKEG CPF 4QOG COQPI QVJGT RNCEGU 6JGUG RQTVTCKV EQKPU CTG UQOGVKOGU KPFKECVGF YKVJ VGUVQPG DWV CNUQ YKVJ NKTC HQT GZCORNG VJG RQTVTCKV EQKP QH (TCPEGUEQ 5HQT\C HTQO CTQWPF YJKEJ KU ECNNGF ŋNKTCŌ UGG $KCIIK

6JG NKTC YCU JQYGXGT C WPKV QH CEEQWPV CV C VKOG YJGP VJGTG YGTG PQ JGCXKGT UKNXGT EQKPU TGHGTTKPI VQ KV $QVJ VJG NKTC QH (TCPEGUEQ 5HQT\C CPF VJCV QH 0KEQNÈ 6TQP 8GPKEG YGKIJGF QT IT 6JG HKTUV EQKP VQ DG ECNNGF NKTC YCU VJG RQTVTCKV EQKP QH )CNGC\\Q /CTKC 5HQT\C HTQO YGKIJKPI IT YJKEJ YCU KPFKECVGF YKVJ ŋVGUVQPG Q NKTCŌ

#NQPI YKVJ VJG 5HQT\CU ECOG C RGTKQF QH NCTIGT EQKPU YKVJ QT YKVJQWV RQTVTCKVU YJKEJ FKURNC[GF PCOGU CPF VKVNGU KP CP CDDTGXKCVGF YC[ 6JG HQNNQYKPI CDDTGXKCVKQPU QEEWT

#0).# #0).' #0).'4+' #PIGTC HKGH QP VJG .CIQ /CIIKQTG

#0).8 #0).85 GRKVJGV QH VJG FWMGU QH /KNCP EQWPVU QH #PIGTC UVCTVKPI HTQO )KCP )CNGC\\Q 8KUEQPVK

&1/+085 UKIPQTG

#% #638' '6 3 38' CPF

'6% '6 %'6 '6 %+'6 GVEGVGTC

+# +#' +#08' )GPQXC

/.+ /KNCPQ

2#2+' 22 22+' 2CXKC

3+6 3WKPVWU HKVJ

% % < % GVEGVGTC < KP )QVJKE YTKVKPI

+P CFFKVKQP YG UGG VJG PCOGU 2CVTWWU )WDGTPCPVG QP EQKPU QH .WFQXKEQ /CTKC 5HQT\C

CHVGT %TKRRC .G OQPGVG FK /KNCPQ R

160

ITALY - MILANO )#.'#<<1 /#4+# 5(14<#

#V VJCV OQOGPV JKU QNFGUV UQP )CNGC\\Q /CTKC YCU HKIJVKPI KP (TCPEG CV VJG UKFG QH .QWKU :+ *G TGVWTPGF CPF YQWNF TGKIP HQT VYQ [GCTU VQIGVJGT YKVJ JKU OQVJGT $KCPEC /CTKC $[ JG JCF GPQWIJ QH JGT FQOKPCPV KPHNWGPEG CPF DCPKUJGF JGT CPF UJG FKGF YKVJKP C HGY OQPVJU KORTKUQPGF KP VJG ECUVNG /GNGIPCPQ +P VJCV UCOG [GCT JG YGFFGF $QPC QH 5CXQKC

)CNGC\\Q /CTKC NGF C NKHG QH NWZWT[ DWV JG OCFG UWTG JKU EKVK\GPU HCTGF YGNN VQQ CPF MGRV CP G[G QP VJG UGEWTKV[ QH VJG UVCVG *KU YCU C ECWVKQWU RQNKVKEU VJQWIJ JG JKOUGNH YCU XGT[ CWVJQTKVCTKCP 'XGT[VJKPI GZWFGF C URNGPFQWT PQV UGGP UKPEG 4QOCP FC[U 7PFGT JKO VJG TGPCKUUCPEG TQUG VQ KVU CRQIGG ;GV VJKU CNUQ UGCNGF JKU HCVG 1P &GEGODGT JG YCU OWTFGTGF KP VJG EJWTEJ QH 5V 5VGHCPQ

+UUWG )QVJKE NGVVGTKPI

6TKNNKPC # ) CPF / WPFGT ETQYP Ő )< Ő / Ő &8: Ő /'&+ Ő 8 Ő 4 *GNOGV YKVJ FTCIQP CU QTPCVG ETGUV Ő #% Ő +# 08' Ő & Ő % $KCIIK %TKRRC IT

&CTM RCVKPC GZVTGOGN[ HKPG (TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN

+UUWG 4QOCP NGVVGTKPI

6GUVQPG # $WUV T YKVJ TKPI N KP HKGNF UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU )#.'#< Ő / Ő 5( Ő 8+%' %15 Ő &8: Ő /.+ Ő 3+6 4 %QCV QH CTOU UWTOQWPVGF D[ ETQYPGF JGNOGV ETGUVGF YKVJ YKPIGF FTCIQP EQPUWOKPI OCNG HKIWTG CPF DGVYGGP ) CPF / VYQ DWEMGVU JCPIKPI HTQO DTCPEJ CTKUKPI HTQO HNCOGU QP GKVJGT UKFG QH JGNOGV )< Ő Ő / Ő & Ő 22 Ő #0).' Ő 3 Ő %1 Ő #% Ő +#08' Ő $ %TKRRC $ IT 0KEG VQPG CPF GZRTGUUKXG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&GNOQPVG $TWUUGN

6JG GZSWKUKVG RQTVTCKV HTQO URTGCF /KNCPʼnU HCOG VJTQWIJ VJG EKXKNKUGF YQTNF +V YCU VJG HKTUV OCUVGTRKGEG %TKUVQHQTQ (QRRC MPQYP CU %CTCFQUUQ JCF OCFG HQT VJG 5HQT\CU (QT %CTCFQUUQ UGG WPFGT .WFQXKEQ /CTKC 5HQT\C 6JG FWECV JCU VYQ FKHHGTGPV XCTKCPVU QH VJG RQTVTCKV UGG 2QVVGT R

161

ITALY - MILANO

/G\\Q VGUVQPG # $WUV T UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU )#.'#< Ő / Ő 5( Ő 8+%'%15 Ő &8: Ő /.+ Ő 3+6 4 %QCV QH CTOU WPFGT ETQYP CPF DGVYGGP ETQYPGF ) CPF / UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU 22 Ő #0).' Ő 3 Ő %1 Ő #% Ő +#08' Ő & Ő % $KCIIK %TKRRC IT

4 0KEG VQPKPI GZVTGOGN[ HKPG &GNOQPVG $TWUUGN

)TQUUQ FC UQNFK # 6JTGG DTCPEJGU CTKUKPI HTQO HNCOGU YKVJ VYQ DWEMGVU UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU )< X / X 5( X 8+%'%15 X &8: X /.+ X 8 X 4 &TCIQP DGVYGGP ETQYPGF ) CPF / UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU 22 X #0).' X 3 X %1 X #% X +#08' X & $KCIIK %TKRRC IT 0KEG VQPG UNKIJVGN[ KTTGIWNCT HNCP CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

(TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN

$KCIIK PCOGU VJKU RKGEG ITQUUQ FC UQNFK YJGTGCU 2QVVGT FGUKIPCVGU KV ITQUUQ FC UQNFK *G GZRNCKPU CU HQNNQYU 6JG EQKP YKVJ VJG VJTGG DTCPFU CPF DWEMGVU YGKIJU IT QH UKNXGT CPF JCU VJGTGHQTG DGGP CUUWOGF VQ DG VJG )TQUUQ FC QH VJKU KUUWG YJKEJ YQWNF QVJGTYKUG DG OKUUKPI

5QNFKPQ # %QCV QH CTOU UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU ) Ő / Ő 5( Ő 8+%'%1 Ő &8: Ő /.+ Ő 8 Ő 4 %QCV QH CTOU UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU 22 Ő #0).' Ő 3 Ő %1 #% Ő +#08' Ő & Ő $KCIIK %TKRRC $ IT 8GT[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

162

ITALY - MILANO 9JGP JKU HCVJGT YCU OWTFGTGF KP )KQXCPPK )CNGC\\Q /CTKC YCU LWUV [GCTU QNF # UVTWIING GPUWGF YKVJKP VJG HCOKN[ DGVYGGP JKU OQVJGT $QPC CPF JKU HCVJGTʼnU DTQVJGT .WFQXKEQ /CTKC 5HQT\C

#HVGT UQOG [GCTU VJG NCVVGT ICKPGF VJG WRRGT JCPF )KQXCPPK )CNGC\\Q KP YGFFGF +UCDGNNC FCWIJVGT QH #NHQPUQ QH #TCIQP 7PVKN JG FKGF KP JG UVQQF KP VJG UJCFQY QH JKU WPENG .WFQXKEQ

)+18#00+ )#.'#<<1 /#4+# CPF .7&18+%1 /#4+# 5(14<#

#HVGT .WFQXKEQ JCF VTKGF KP XCKP VQ IGV TKF QH VJG TGIGPVGUU $QPC JG YCU DCPKUJGF VQ 2KUC +P JG YCU ITCPVGF VJG FWEJ[ QH $CTK KP HKGH D[ VJG MKPI QH 0CRNGU 6JGP .WFQXKEQ TGVWTPGF VQ /KNCP IQV $QPC QWV QH JKU YC[ JCF JGT UGETGVCT[ DGJGCFGF CPF CUUWOGF IWCTFKCPUJKR QXGT )KQXCPPK )CNGC\\Q

#NN EQKPU QP VJGKT TGXGTUGU KPFKECVG 2CVTWWU )QDGTPCPVG

(KTUV KUUWG

6GUVQPG # $WUV T UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU +1)< Ő / Ő 5( Ő 8+%'%1/'5 &8: /.+ 5: 4 6YQ JGNOGVU HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT ETGUVGF YKVJ FTCIQP CPF JWOCP HCEG QP FTCIQPʼnU PGEM QXGT UJKGNF UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU Ő Ő .8 Ő 2#6481 Ő Ő )8$'0#06' $KCIIK %TKRRC IT 4 (KPG FCTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 4CVVQ /KNCPQ +P VJG TGXGTUG VGZV C $ YKVJ C NKPG VJTQWIJ KV $'

)TQUUQ FC 5QNFK # *GNOGV ETGUVGF YKVJ FTCIQP Ő +1)< Ő / Ő 5( Ő 8+%'%1 Ő &8: Ő /.+ Ő 5( Ő 4 0KODCVG JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU DGVYGGP Ő 5 Ő CPF Ő # Ő Ő .8&18+%1 Ő 2#6481 Ő )8$'40#06' $KCIIK %TKRRC IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&GNOQPVG $TWUUGN

163

ITALY - MILANO 5GEQPF KUUWG

6GUVQPG # $WUV T UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU Ő +1)< Ő / Ő 5( Ő 8+%'%1 Ő &8: Ő /.+ Ő 5: 4 $WUV T UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU Ő .8&18+%85 Ő 2#64885 Ő %8$0#05 Ő $KCIIK %TKRRC IT 4 5OCNN GFIG HCWNV PKEG VQPKPI CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&GNOQPVG $TWUUGN

.7&18+%1 /#4+# 5(14<#

.WFQXKEQʼnU RQNKVKEU YGTG DCUGF QP HCOKNKCN CPF RQNKVKECN EQPPGEVKQPU #OQPIUV QVJGTU JG JCF CNNKGF YKVJ VJG MKPI QH 0CRNGU CPF JG YGFFGF $GCVTKEG Fʼn'UVG KP

/KNCP PQY UCY C RGTKQF QH ITGCV HNQTGUEGPEG DWV KVU OKNKVCT[ CPF VJG TQ[CN JQWUGJQNF EQUV UQ OWEJ OQPG[ VJCV VCZGU JCF VQ DG KPETGCUGF EQPUKFGTCDN[

+PVGTPCVKQPCNN[ .WFQXKEQ QHVGP OKULWFIGF RQNKVKECN UKVWCVKQPU CPF JCF VQ OCMG C PWODGT QH RQNKVKECN CDQWV HCEGU *G YCU PGXGTVJGNGUU CYCTFGF C FWECN VKVNG D[ 'ORGTQT /CZKOKNKCP KP 6JG RGCEG YKVJ (TCPEG ECWUGF C TKHV YKVJ 8GPKEG +P .WFQXKEQ GXGP UQWIJV VQ CNN[ YKVJ VJG 6WTMU

+P VJG UCOG [GCT .QWKU :++ QH (TCPEG QEEWRKGF /KNCP .WFQXKEQ HNGF VQ +PPUDTWEM *G TGVWTPGF VQ /KNCP HQT C HGY YGGMU QPN[ VQ DG FGHGCVGF CICKP *G URGPV VJG NCUV GKIJV [GCTU QH JKU NKHG KP RTKUQP

&WTKPI VJKU RGTKQF CTV KP /KNCP VJTKXGF CU PGXGT DGHQTG $TCOCPVG .GQPCTFQ GVE

164

6GUVQPG # $WUV T UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU .8&18+%85 Ő / Ő 5( Ő #0).85 Ő &8: Ő /.+ 4 5JKGNF WPFGT ETQYP DGVYGGP VYQ DTCPEJGU YKVJ DWEMGVU UOCNN JGCF QH 5V #ODTQUKWU 22 Ő #0).' Ő 3< Ő %1 Ő #% Ő +#08' Ő & Ő % $KCIIK %TKRRC IT

4 0KEG VQPG CVVTCEVKXG RQTVTCKV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

ITALY - PAVIA 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

'Z 0KIIGNGT EQNNGEVKQP

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

.GIGPF JCU KV VJCV VJKU DWUV DQVJ QP VJG OGFCN CPF QP VJG EQKPU YCU FGUKIPGF D[ .GQPCTFQ FC 8KPEK CPF VJGP UVTWEM KP OGVCN D[ %CTCFQUUQ 5QNGN[ $WTEMJCTFV PQVGU VJCV +P FGT #ODTQUKCPC \W /CKNCPF FCU GPVYGFGT WPXQNNGPFGVG QFGT XGTYCUEJGPG 2QTVT·V FGU .QFQXKEQ /QTQ ő KP VJG #ODTQUKCPC QH /KNCP VJG GKVJGT WPHKPKUJGF QT HCFGF RQTVTCKV QH .WFQXKEQ /QTQ &GT %KEGTQPG RWDNKUJGF D[ -TQPGTXGTNCI R

2#8+# 2CXKC YCU HQWPFGF KP $% CU C 4QOCP OWPKEKRKWO VKEKPWO +V JCF DGGP C OKPV UKPEG NCVG KORGTKCN FC[U

#HVGT VJG HCNN QH 4CXGPPC KP 2CXKC ECOG VQ DG VJG RGTOCPGPV TGUKFGPEG QH VJG EQWTV +P 6JGQFGTKEʼnU VKOG KV YCU VJG ECRKVCN VQIGVJGT YKVJ 8GTQPC KP VJG .QODCTFU ECRVWTGF KV -KPI 4QVJCTKWU

RNCEGF 6KEKPWO CDQXG /KNCP KP URKVG QH VJG NCVVGT DGKPI VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV EKV[ CPF VJWU 6KEKPWO YCU VJG ECRKVCN 2GTEVCTKV OQXGF VJG ECRKVCN VQ /KNCP CPF &GUKFGTKWU KP VWTP VTCPUHGTTGF VJG ECRKVCN VQ VJG $TGUEKC TGIKQP

6JG HKTUV DKUJQR QH 2CXKC YCU 5V 5KTWU CRRTQZ *KU TGNKEU YGTG MGRV CV VJG DCUKNKEC QH 5V )GTXCUKQ CPF 5V 2TQVCUKQ HQT VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJGUG VYQ UCKPVU UGG WPFGT PQ $TGKUICW $CUGN UKPEG VJG VJ EGPVWT[ (TQO VJG DKUJQRU QH 2CXKC YGTG QTFCKPGF D[ VJG RQRG

6KEKPWO YCU VJG TGNKIKQWU EGPVTG QH VJG #TKCPU 6JG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH VJG 5V 5CNXCVQTG UGV VJG UGCN QP VJG VJG FKUEQPVKPWCPEG QH #TKCPKUO CU C UVCVG TGNKIKQP

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG PCOG HQT PQ CRRCTGPV TGCUQP YCU EJCPIGF VQ 2CRKC #HVGT VJG %CTQNKPIKCP CIG JCF GPFGF KP VJG TGKIPU QH .CODGTV QH 5RQNGVQ *WIQ QH #TNGU CPF $GTGPICT UCY VJG UVCVG URKTCN KPVQ FGENKPG 6JQWIJ TGUKFKPI KP 2CXKC 1VVQ + HCXQWTGF 4CXGPPC 6JG GORTGUUGU #FGNJGKF CPF 6JGQRJCPW GCEJ HQWPFGF C EQPXGPV KP 2CXKC +P VJG DKUJQR QH 2CXKC CPF VJG CTEJDKUJQR QH /KNCP ENCUJGF #HVGT VJG MKPIU PQ NQPIGT TGUKFGF KP 2CXKC

(TQO VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG NQTFU QH .QOGNNQ YGTG JGTGFKVCT[ EQWPVU RCNCVKPG CPF VJG HCEV VJCV VJG[ FKF PQV TGUKFG KP 2CXKC ECWUGF C RQYGT XCEWWO +P VJGTG YCU C EQPUWN +P VJG RQRQNQ YGTG TGRTGUGPVGF D[ VJG ŋ5QEKGV¯ FK 5 5KTQŌ # ITGCV FGCN QH UVTKHG GPUWGF 6JG YQTUV ETKUKU KP 2CXKC ECOG YJGP KP CRRTQZ VJG )JKDGNNKPGU YGTG FGHGCVGF +P VJG FGCVJ QH /CPHTGF 2CXKC YCU TWNGF D[ /CTITCXG 1DGTVQ ++ 2GNCXKEKPQ YJQ YCU UKIPQTG CPF RQFGUV¯ HQT NKHG $GVYGGP CPF RQYGT NC[ KP VJG JCPFU QH /CTITCXG )WINKGNOQ FG /QPHGTTCVQ #V VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 2CXKC YCU EQPVTQNNGF D[ (KNKRRQ FK .CPIQUEQ #HVGT XCKP CVVGORVU VQ TGVCKP KPFGRGPFGPEG 2CXKC FGHKPKVKXGN[ HGNN VQ )CNGC\\Q 8KUEQPVK QP 0QXGODGT

1661 + ++

&GPCTQ # 1 6 6 1 ETQUU UJCRGF KP HKGNF YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG +/2'4#614 4 2 # 2 + # KP HKGNF YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG 1661 2+85 4' $KCIIK IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN

'04+%1 + FK $#8+'4#

&GPCTQ # 5OCNN ETQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING *'+04+%85 +/2 4 2#2+# QP ETQUU JGCFGF UVCHH $KCIIK IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT

165

ITALY - PAVIA ('&'4+%1 ++

&GPCTQ # (' 4+% 0 KP HKGNF #8%85+85%' 4 2 # 2 + # KP HKGNF YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG +/2'4#614 $KCIIK IT (KPG 9KNNGOU $GPPGMQO 6JG TGXGTUG NGIGPF ECPPQV DG TGCF ENGCTN[ 6JG VGZV UVCVGF KU VCMGP HTQO $KCIIK

%1/70'

&QRRKQ ITQUUQ # 5V 5KTKWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF QPG UVCHH YKVJ DQYN QP VQR CV GCEJ UKFG ETQUU T KP HKGNF 5#0685 5;485 4 2 # 2 + # YKVJ VYQ UVCTU KP EGPVTG +/2'2#614 $KCIIK IT 44 8GT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

*GTG 5V 5KTWU KU UVKNN YGCTKPI VJG RCNNKWO YJKEJ JG KU PQV QP VJG EQKPU QH )CNGC\\Q ++ HQT VJKU UGG WPFGT #ODTQUG

)#.'#<<1 ++ 8+5%106+

2GIKQPG # *GNOGV ETGUVGF YKVJ FTCIQP QXGT UJKGNF CPF DGVYGGP VYQ DTCPEJGU YKVJ DWEMGVU CTKUKPI HTQO HNCOGU KP SWCVTGHQKN )#.'#< 8+%' %1/'5 ล & ล /'&+1.#0+ ล 22 ล %ล 4 'PVJTQPGF 5V 5KTKWU YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF ล 5 ล 5+485 รณ รณ 2#22+# รณ $KCIIK IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG *QNNGTUDGTIGT /ร PEJGP 1P VJKU CPF VJG PGZV EQKP 5V 5KTWU KU PQ NQPIGT YGCTKPI VJG RCNNKWO UGG WPFGT #ODTQUG

2GIKQPG # *GNOGV ETGUVGF YKVJ FTCIQP QXGT UJKGNF CPF DGVYGGP VYQ DTCPEJGU YKVJ DWEMGVU CTKUKPI HTQO HNCOGU KP SWCVTGHQKN )#.'#< 8+%' %1/'5 ล & ล /'&+1.#0+ ล 22 ล %ล 4 'PVJTQPGF 5V 5KTKWU YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF ล 5 ล 5+485 รณ รณ 2#22+# รณ $KCIIK IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG $KCIIK RTQXKFGU VJG PCOG 2#2+# KPUVGCF QH 2#22+#

166

ITALY - SAVOIA

5#81+# 6JG QNFGUV PCOG KU ŋ5CRCWFKCŌ KP 4QOCP KORGTKCN VKOGU C VGTTKVQT[ KP VJG UQWVJGTP ,WTC CPF CTQWPF )GPGXC +P VJG $WTIWPFKCPU ECOG JGTG 6JG VGTTKVQT[ GZRCPFGF VQ %JCOD¾T[ %NGTI[ JWPI QP VQ VJG PCOG ŋ5CDCWFKCŌ CPF KP %JCTNGOCIPGʼnU VKOG ŋ5CDQKCŌ YCU WUGF VJG EQWPVKGU .[QP /CWTKGPPG CPF )GPGXQKU .CVGT VJKU YQWNF DGEQOG VJG UQWVJGTP RCTV QH *CWVG $QWTIQIPG

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ C EQWPV[ GOGTIGF *WODGTV + KU EQPUKFGTGF VJG RTQIGPKVQT QH VJG *QWUG QH 5CDCWFKC *KU UQPU COQPI YJQO VJG PCOG #OCFGQ CNTGCF[ QEEWTGF EQPUQNKFCVGF VJG VGTTKVQT[ -KPI 4WFQNH +++ QH $WTIWPF[ ITCPVGF KVU TWNGTU C PWODGT QH RTKXKNGIGU YJKEJ YCU EQPVKPWGF WPFGT VJG 5CNKCPU YJKEJ CNNQYGF VJGO VQ RTGUU CJGCF KPVQ 9CNNKU CPF VJG 5WUC XCNNG[

6JG )TGIQTKCP TGHQTOCVKQP VJG +PXGUVKVWTG %QPVTQXGTU[ CPF VJG GZVGPUKQP QH VJG HGWFCN U[UVGO PGEGUUKVCVGF C TGQTKGPVCVKQP *WODGTV ++ VJWU GUVCDNKUJGF C ŋHGWFCN OQPCTEJ[Ō %QWPV #OCFGQ +++ RTQOQVGF OQPCUVKE NKHG DWV CNUQ FKF OWEJ VQ HWTVJGT VJG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH ECUVNGU 6JG 5WUC XCNNG[ HQTOGF VJG DCUG QH QRGTCVKQPU HTQO YJGTG CP CVVCEM QP 6QTKPQ YCU OQWPVGF *KU UKUVGT #FGNCKFG YCU YGFFGF VQ .QWKU 8+ QH (TCPEG CPF (TGPEJ RQUUGUUKQPU YGTG CESWKTGF EQPUGSWGPVN[ 6JGTG YCU C ENQUG EQPPGEVKQP VQ VJG RQRG YJKEJ NGF VQ EQPHNKEV YKVJ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC

+P *WODGTV +++ FKGF YKVJQWV JGKTU 6JG PQDNG HGWFCN NQTFU VJQWIJV C EJCPIG QH EQWTUG KORGTCVKXG YJKEJ YCU EQORNGVGF D[ 6JQOCU + *KU TGCNO UVTGVEJGF HTQO YGNN KPVQ (TCPEG VQ VJG QWVGT NKOKVU QH 2KGOQPVG 6JG CTV QH WPKVKPI FKHHGTGPV RQRWNCVKQP ITQWRU YCU JQPGF VQ RGTHGEVKQP D[ VJG EQWPVU 6JGTG YGTG VYQ TGUKFGPEGU QPG KP /CWTKGPPG CPF QPG KP 2KGOQPVG 5WUC +P VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG TGUKFGPEG YCU EGPVTCNKUGF KP 4KRCKNNG QP VJG .CMG )GPGXC 6JG EQWPVU HWPEVKQPGF CU ICVGMGGRGTU QH VJG #NRU

5CXQKC UCY KVU HKPCN INQT[ FC[U WPFGT #OCFGQ 8+++ +P 'ORGTQT 5KIKUOWPF GNGXCVGF JKO VQ FWMG *G DTQWIJV VJG EQWPVT[ VQ VJTKXG # TGENWUG KP 4KRCKNNG CU #PVKRQRG (GNKZ 8 CPF ECTFKPCN

DKUJQR QH )GPGXC JG YCU COQPI VJG OQUV KPHNWGPVKCN UQXGTGKIPU QH JKU VKOG #HVGT JKU FGCVJ 5CXQKC HGNN XKEVKO VQ EQWTV KPVTKIG +V CNNQYGF (TCPEG VQ UGK\G UKIPKHKECPV RCTVU QH VJG VGTTKVQT[

9##&6.#0& #HVGT 6JQOCU + VJG VGTTKVQT[ HGNN CRCTV 5CXQKC + WPFGT #OCFGQ +8 2KGOQPV + WPFGT 6JQOCU ++ CPF 5CXQKC ++ WPFGT 2KGTQ ++

#HVGT VJG FGOKUG QH 6JQOCU ++ JKU VGTTKVQT[ HGNN KPVQ 5CXQKC +++ WPFGT #OCFGQ 8 9CCFVNCPF WPFGT .QFQXKEQ + %CVGTKPC UQNF 9CCFVNCPF VQ #OCFGQ 8+ QH 5CXQKC KP

9CCFVNCPF KU KFGPVKECN YKVJ VJG 5GKIPGWTKG 8CWF .WFQXKEQ YCU ITCPVGF VJG TKIJV QH OKPV HQT 0[QP PGCT )GPGXC D[ 4WFQNH 6JG DKUJQRU QH )GPGXC CPF .CWUCPPG EQPUGSWGPVN[ QRRQUGF VJKU TKIJV

.1&18+%1 + FK 5#81+'

&GPKGT 0[QP # %TQUU YKVJ QPG VTGHQKN KP VJG UV CPF QPG RGNNGV KP VJG VJ CPINGU .1&18+%85 4 6GORNG YKVJ VTGHQKN KP EGPVTG CPF YCXGF NKPG CV DQVVQO & 5#$#8&+# $QWFGCW IT 'FIG HCWNV C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG (KPP -GPFCN 'Z , ( %JQYP EQNNGEVKQP 0QV KP $KCIIK 1DXGTUG VGZV GPFU YKVJ VJTGG FQVU QXGT GCEJ QVJGT

167

ITALY - SAVOIA 5#81+# #/#&'1 8+++ EQPVG

6JKU KU C EQPVKPWCVKQP QH 5CXQKC +++ WPFGT #OCFGQ 8 #OCFGQ 8+++ YCU C ITGCV ITGCV ITCPFUQP QH #OCFGQ 8 *G CUUWOGF QHHKEG CU EQWPV KP +P JG DGECOG FWMG CPF JG UVGRRGF FQYP KP *G YKVJFTGY VQ 4KRCKNNG YJKEJ JG NGHV YJGP KP VJG EQWPEKN QH $CUNG WPFGT VJG PCOG (GNKZ 8 GNGEVGF JKO CPVK RQRG QRRQUKPI 2QRG 'WIGPG +8

1DQNQ FK DKCPEJGVVQ 0[QP # %QCV QH CTOU KP SWCVTGHQKN #/'&'85 %1/'5 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG UOCNN ETQUU KP GCEJ CPING &' 5#$#8&+# $KCIIK %WFC\\Q H IT

8GT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

#/#&'1 8+++ FWEC

/G\\Q ITQUUQ EJKCDNGUG 0[QP # %QCV QH CTOU KP SWCVTGHQKN YKVJ ETQUUGU KP VJG CPINGU #/'&'85 ETGUEGPV &8: â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 5#$#8&+' 4 %TQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN %*#$ â&#x20AC;&#x17E; +0 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; +6#. â&#x20AC;&#x17E; /#4 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 24+0 $KCIIK %WFC\\Q D IT 8GT[ HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

3WCTVQ EJKCDNGUG %JCODGT[ # -PQV DGVYGGP ( ' 4 6 #/'&'85 ó Q &8: Q 5#$ 4 %TQUU +0 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; +6#.+# â&#x20AC;&#x17E; /#4%*+1 $KCIIK %W\\CFQ C IT

&CTM RCVKPC VTCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

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Ã&#x2019;PMGT

('46 CNUQ QEEWTU KP %CUCNG /QPHGTTCVQ PQ

3WCTVQ UCXQKCTFQ %JCODGT[ # ( ' 4 6 DGVYGGP VYQ FQWDNGF NKPGU #/'&'85 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; &8: â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 5#$ 4 %TQUU YKVJKP FQWDNGF USWCTG +0 +6#.+# â&#x20AC;&#x17E; /#4%*+1 $KCIIK %WFC\\Q C IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

168

ITALY - SAVOIA

3WCTVQ UCXQKCTFQ %JCODGT[ # ( ' 4 6 DGVYGGP VYQ FQWDNGF NKPGU #/'&'85 „ &8: „ 5#$ 4 %TQUU YKVJKP FQWDNGF USWCTG +0 +6#.+# „ /#4%*+1 $KCIIK %WFC\\Q C IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

3WCTVQ UCXQKCTFQ +XTGC # ( ' 4 6 DGVYGGP VYQ FQWDNGF NKPGU #/'&'85 „ &8: „ 5#$ Q 4 %TQUU YKVJKP FQWDNGF USWCTG +0 „ +6#.+# „ /#4 „ 240 TQUG YKVJ URKMGU $KCIIK %WFC\\Q M ! IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

#/'&'1 +:

#OCFGQ +: YCU VJG ITCPFUQP QH #OCFGQ 8+++ #OCFGQ 8+++ JKU UQP .WFQXKEQ CPF VJG NCVVGTʼnU UQP #OCFGQ +:

3WCTVQ # ( ' 4 6 DGVYGGP VYQ FQWDNGF NKPGU #/'&'85 „ &8: „ 5#$ Q 4 %TQUU YKVJKP FQWDNGF USWCTG +0 „ +6#.+# „ /#4 „ 240 JCPF $KCIIK %WFC\\Q C XCT IT

4 0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\ICNGTKG /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

%#4.1 +

#HVGT VJG FGOKUG QH #OCFGQ +: JKU UQP 2JKNKDGTV CEEGFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG CHVGT YJQO JKU DTQVJGT %CTNQ + UWEEGGFGF 6JG OGFKGXCN UQXGTGKIP NKPG QH 5CXQKC GPFGF YKVJ %CTNQʼnU UQP %CTNQ ++

(QTVG VJ V[RG # %QCV QH CTOU DGVYGGP VYQ TKPIU -#41.85 Ő &8: Ő 5#$#+&'1 4 )TGCV - DGVYGGP HQWT TKPIU 24+0%'25 Ő +0 Ő +6#.+# $KCIIK %WFC\\Q E IT

&CTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG 8KPEJQP 2CTKU $QVJ $KCIIK CPF %WFC\\Q OGPVKQP CU NGIGPF 5 $ & KPUVGCF QH 5#$#+&'1

169

ITALY - TORINO and ASTI

614+01 6QTKPQ YCU QTKIKPCNN[ C 4QOCP EQNQP[ %QNQPKC ,WNKC #WIWUVC 6CWTKPQTWO 6QYCTFU VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV DGECOG CP KPFGRGPFGPV FKQEGUG +VU HKTUV DKUJQR YCU /CZKOWU 6QTKPQ RNC[GF C OGFKCVKPI TQNG KP VJG EQPHNKEV DGVYGGP 6JGQFGTKE CPF )WPFQDCNF

#HVGT VJGTG YCU C FWEJ[ 6QTKPQ .QWKU VJG 2KQWU VWTPGF 6QTKPQ KPVQ CP KORQTVCPV EGPVTG #TQWPF 6QTKPQ YCU VJG EGPVTG QH C OCTM 9JGP KP %QPVGUUC #FGNJGKF FKGF VJG OCTM GPFGF +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG EKV[ YCU EQPVTQNNGF D[ VJG DKUJQRU VJG[ JCF DGGP QHHKEKCNN[ CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC 'RKUEQRCN RQYGT NGHV XKTVWCNN[ PQ TQQO HQT VJG EQOOWPG VQ FGXGNQR 6JG EQPUQNGU CNN ECOG HTQO VJG DKUJQRʼnU KPPGT EKTENG

# TKHV QEEWTGF YJGP 6QTKPQ KP LQKPGF VJG .QODCTF .GCIWG $KUJQR )KCEQOQ TGOCKPGF HCKVJHWN VQ (TGFGTKEM ++ +P VJGTG YCU C RQFGUV¯ YJQ UWDFWGF VJG HCOKNKGU 5VKNN VJG EQOWPG YCU PQV CDNG VQ EJGEM VJG CFXCPEG QH 5CXQKC #HVGT JCXKPI DGGP TWNGF D[ %JCTNGU Fʼn#PLQW CPF )WINKGNOQ 8++ QH /QPHGTTCVQ HTQO VQV 6QTKPQ YCU EQPSWGTGF D[ 5CXQKC KP

#HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH 6JQOCU ++ UGG CNUQ WPFGT 5CXQKC VJG VGTTKVQT[ QH 2KGOQPV ++ GOGTIGF WPFGT 6JQOCU +++ 6JG NCVVGTʼnU UQP (KNKRRQ DGECOG RTKPEG QH #EJCKC VJTQWIJ JKU YKHG +UCDGNNC 2TKPEGUU QH #EJCKC 6JGKT UQP ,CEQRQ TGEGKXGF 2KGOQPV DCEM KP CPF YQWNF DG VJG VKVWNCT RTKPEG QH #EJCKC CU YQWNF JKU UQPU #OCFGQ CPF .WFQXKEQ +UCDGNNCʼnU HCVJGT )WKNNCWOG ++ CESWKTGF VJG TKIJV QH OKPV KP (KNKRRQ +UCDGNNCʼnU VJKTF JWUDCPF YCU TGNKGXGF QH JKU HGWFCN TKIJV JQYGXGT TGEGKXGF KV DCEM NCVGT YJGP VJG FCWIJVGT YCKXGF JGT TKIJV

6JG RTKPEGU QH #EJCKC CRRQKPVGF C XKECT KWFGZ +P #OCFGQ 8+ ITCPVGF VJG EKV[ C PWODGT QH RTKXKNGIGU +P .WFQXKEQ QH 5CXQKC #EJCKC FKGF YKVJQWV KUUWG 6JG OCKP NKPG VJCV QH #OCFGQ 8+++ VJGP CPPGZGF VJG FWEJ[ QH 2KGOQPV VQ 5CXQKC

#HVGT VJG OKPV QH 6QTKPQ YCU WUGF D[ VJG FWMGU QH 5CXQKC KU VJG [GCT VJCV #OCFGQ 8+++ KPJGTKVGF 2KGOQPV

.7&18+%1 VKVWNCT RTKPEG QH #%#+#

3WCTVQ # %TQUU QP DCPF CPF YKVJKP SWCVTGHQKN .8&18+%85 & 5#$#8& 4 %TQUU 24+0%'25 #%*#+' 61 ó $KCIIK IT 4 +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG $KCIIK RTQXKFGU '% CU VJG GPF QH VJG QDXGTUG VGZV DWV JGTG KV ENGCTN[ TGCFU 61

#56+ 7PFGT VJG 4QOCPU VJKU YCU VJG EQNQP[ QH *CUVC +P #UVK YCU YCU OCFG CP GRKUEQRCN UGG DKUJQR RCUVQT +V YCU VJG HKTUV EKV[ VQ DG EQPSWGTGF D[ VJG .QODCTFU CHVGT YJKEJ KV DGECOG C FWEJ[ 7PFGT VJG (TCPMU #UVK YCU VJG EGPVTG QH C EQWPV[

#TQWPF VJG EQWPV[ EGCUGF VQ GZKUV CPF $KUJQR $TWPKPI YJQ JCF TGEGKXGF VJG ECUVNG QP VJG JKNN HTQO *WIQ CPF .QVJCTKWU KP YCU RWV KP EJCTIG CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ 1VVQ + KP

(TQO VQ VJG EKVK\GPU KPETGCUKPIN[ CESWKTGF RQYGT CPF VJG[ HWPEVKQPGF DGUKFG VJG DKUJQR 6JKU YCU CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC

$GHQTG VJGTG YCU C JCTF EQPHTQPVCVKQP YKVJ VJG OCTITCXGU QH /QPHGTTCVQ 5VKNN VJG EKV[ HCKNGF VQ KPETGCUG KVU RQYGT #VVGORVU D[ 6JQOCU QH 5CXQ[GP CPF %JCTNGU QH #PLQW VQ UWDLWICVG KV YGTG VJYCTVGF 6QYCTFU VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ C RQRQNQ GOGTIGF WPFGT C ECRKVCPQ CPF C RQFGUV¯ +P #UVK NQUV KVU KPFGRGPFGPEG CPF UWTTGPFGTGF VQ 4QDGTV QH #PLQW 6JGP VJG VGTTKVQT[ HGNN VQ VJG OCTITCXGU QH /QPHGTTCVQ CPF VQ VJG 8KUEQPVKU 6JG OCTTKCIG QH 8CNGPVKPC FCWIJVGT QH )KCP )CNGC\\Q CPF &WMG .QWKU QH 1TN¾CPU DTQWIJV #UVK WPFGT 1TN¾CPU UYC[

%1/70'

&GPCTQ # 4': KP HKGNF Ő %804#&85 ++ 4 %TQUU Ő #56'05+5 Ő $KCIIK 8CTGUK IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

170

ITALY - MONFERRATO

%#5#.' /10('44#61 /QPHGTTCVQ KU HKTUV FQEWOGPVGF KP VJG FGGF VQ KVU DGUVQYCN KP D[ $GTGPICT + VQ 5V )KQXCPPK &QOPCTWO KP 2CXKC +P 1VVQ + CEMPQYNGFIGF VJG GUVCVG QH /CTITCXG #NGTCOWU KP EQOKVCVW #SWGPUK 5CQPGPUK PGE PQP #UVGPUK GV /QPVKUHGTTCVK .CVGT /QPHGTTCVQ YCPFGTGF VQ VJG YGUV VJG ECUVNG 6WTTKU PGCT 8KNNCFGCVK +V VJGP DGECOG C HKZGF VGTTKVQT[ GCUV QH #UVK

1FFQ CPF )WINKGNOQ + ++ CPF +++ FGUEGPFGF HTQO /CTITCXG #NGTCOWU 7PVKN VJG VGTTKVQT[ TGOCKPGF QPG VJGP VJG 1FFQPG NKPG UGRCTCVGF 6JG PCOG OCTITCXGU QH /QPHGTTCVQ KU HKTUV FQEWOGPVGF WPFGT 4CKPGT )WINKGNOQ +8 D[ JKU OCTTKCIG VQ ,WFKVJ DGECOG VJG WPENG QH (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC YJKEJ GNGXCVGF JKO VQ JKIJ PQDKNKV[ *G YCU C UVCNYCTV QH (TGFGTKEMÅ&#x2030;U CPF VQQM RCTV KP VJG PF %TWUCFG 5GXGTCN QH JKU EJKNFTGP RNC[GF TQNGU KP ETWUCFGT UVCVGU RCTVN[ VJTQWIJ OCTTKCIG

7PFGT $QPKHCEKQ ++ VJG UKIJVU YGTG UGV QP +VCN[ CICKP *KU UQP )WINKGNOQ 8++

YCU CP KORQTVCPV HKIWTG KP VJG VKOG YJGP VJG EQOWPGU YGTG TGRNCEGF D[ UKIPQTKCU 6JG FGCVJ QH JKU UQP )KQXCPPK + OGCPV VJG GPF QH VJG #NGTCOKEK TGCNO

+TGPG VJG FCWIJVGT QH C UKUVGT QH )KQXCPPK + YCU OCTTKGF VQ VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT #PFTQPKMQU ++ 2CNCKQNQIQU 6JGKT UQP 6GQFQTQ + 2CNCKQNQIQU VJGP TQUG VQ RQYGT 6JGTG YCU C OQOGPVÅ&#x2030;U FTGCO QH DGEQOKPI GORGTQT QH $[\CPVKWO HQT JKO DWV KV VWTPGF QWV VQ DG CP KNNWUKQP CPF JG JCF VQ UGVVNG HQT /QPHGTTCVQ *G KU VJG HKTUV QPG VQ JCXG OKPVGF

*KU UQP )KQXCPPK ++ + URGPV OQUV QH JKU NKHG YCIKPI YCT HKTUV CPF HQTGOQUV YKVJ VJG OKIJV[ UKIPQTKCU QH VJG 5CXQ[U CPF VJG 8KUEQPVKU DWV CNUQ VJG UOCNNGT QPGU *G TWNGF #UVK 8GTEGNNK CPF 0QXCTC HQT C UJQTV RGTKQF QH VKOG # NQPI UGTKGU QH UWEEGUUQTU HQNNQYGF CNN QH VJGO QH NGUU EQPUGSWGPEG

YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH 6GQFQTQ ++

0QV WPVKN WPFGT )WINKGNOQ 8+++ + YQWNF VJG OCTITCXKCVG DG TGUVQTGF VQ KVU QNF UVCPFKPI JG YCU UWRRQTVGF D[ JKU DTQVJGT %CTFKPCN 6JGQFQTQ 7PFGT JKO %CUCNG YCU GNGXCVGF VQ FKQEGUG D[ 2QRG 5KZVWU +8 +P VJG /KFFNG #IGU %CUCNG YCU %CUCNG 5CPVÅ&#x2030; 'XCUKQ CHVGT VJG OQPCUVGT[ KV HGNN KP HKGH VQ VJG DKUJQR QH 8GTEGNNK CPF NCVGT DGECOG KPFGRGPFGPV CHVGT VJG 5VCWHGTU TWNG EJCPIGF JCPFU C HGY VKOGU +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ %CUCNG DGECOG VJG ECRKVCN QH VJG 2CNCKQNQIQUGU YJQ CNUQ GUVCDNKUJGF VJGKT EQWTV VJGTG CHVGT /KNCPGUG GZCORNG &GURKVG JKU VJTGG OCTTKCIGU )WINKGNOQ + JCF PQ EJKNFTGP CPF YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU DTQVJGT $QPKHCEKQ 6JGP ECOG VJG NCVVGTÅ&#x2030;U UQP )WINKGNOQ ++ VJG 2CNCKQNQIQU NKPG GPFKPI YKVJ VJG FGCVJU QH $QPKHCEKQ ++ CPF )KCPIKQTIKQ CHVGT YJKEJ %CUCNG /QPHGTTCVQ FGXQNXGF VQ VJG )QP\CICU

)+18#00+ + 2#.'1.1)1

)TQUUQ # %TQUU +1*'5 Z /#4%*1 /16+5 # 4 'CING N YKVJ UJKGNF QH %CUCNG QP DTGCUV 5 ¢ +1*'5 ¢ '8#0)'.+56# ¢ $KCIIK 8CTGUK IT

44 +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 6JGTG KU UQOGVJKPI DGHQTG +1*'5 KP VJG QDXGTUG VGZV 6JG NCUV RCTV KU FKHHKEWNV VQ TGCF %QWNF VJKU DG VJG OKPV! 6JGTG YCU OKPVKPI KP %JKXCUUQ #UVK CPF /QPECNXQ

)7).+'./1 ++ 2#.'1.1)1

6GUVQPG # $WUV N )8.+'./85 /#4 /106 ('46 4 %QCV QH CTOU 5#%4+ 41 +/2 24+0% 8+%# 22 $KCIIK 8CTGUK IT 4 0KEG FCTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG $QWTIG[ 2CTKU %0+

171

ITALY - GENOVA

)'018# )GPQC RTGUWOCDN[ GZKUVGF CU GCTN[ CU VJG VJ EGPVWT[ $% #EEQTFKPI VQ NGIGPF EJTKUVKCPKUCVKQP VQQM RNCEG KP 0GTQʼnU FC[U CPF YCU NGF D[ VJG UCKPVU 0C\CTKWU CPF %GNUWU HQT VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJGUG VYQ UCKPVU UGG PQ #DVGK .QTUEJ 6JG FKQEGUG KU FQEWOGPVGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV YCU C UWHHTCICP FKQEGUG VQ VJG CTEJDKUJQRTKE QH /KNCP WPVKN

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#HVGT VJG FGOKUG QH (TGFGTKEM ++ VJG EKV[ EQWPEKN DGECOG GUVCDNKUJGF CNDGKV VJG 'UVGU UVKNN TGVCKPGF VJG OCTITCXKCN VKVNG QH 6TGXKUQ FWTKPI VJG PF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ +P C ECRKVCPQ FGN RQRQNQ YCU KPUVCNNGF KP VJG HKIWTG QH /CUVKPQ + FGNNC 5ECNC +V YQWNF DG VJG UVCTV QH VJG *QWUG 5ECNKIGT YJKEJ YQWNF TGKIP WPVKN #HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH /CUVKPQ + 8GTQPC EJCPIGF KPVQ C 5KIPQTKC FG KWTG WPFGT /CUVKPQʼnU DTQVJGT #NDGTVQ + +V UCY KVU CRQIGG WPFGT %CPITCPFG + VJG DKI FQI KP VJG RGTKQF YJGP KV JGNF UYC[ QXGT 8GPKEG 'OKNKC CPF 6WUECP[ 9JGP VJG TGRWDNKEU QH 8GPKEG CPF (NQTGPEG YGTG FGHGCVGF D[ /KNCP 8GTQPC ECOG WPFGT )KCPICNGC\\Q 8KUEQPVK 6JGKT TWNG NCUVGF WPVKN YJGP (TCPEGUEQ 0QXGNNQ UKIPQTG QH 2CFQXC VQQM 8GTQPC 6JKU YQWNF NCUV QPN[ DTKGHN[ HQT KP VJG VGTTKVQT[ ECOG WPFGT VJG TGRWDNKE QH 8GPKEG 180

ITALY - RAVENNA 1661 +

&GPCTQ # %TQUU 1661 +/2'4#614 4 %TQUU 8' 41 0# $KCIIK IT

4 +TTGIWNCT RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG /ร P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN 8'410# KU YTKVVGP CV VJG VQR 8' CV VJG DQVVQO 41 KP VJG OKFFNG VQYCTFU VJG UKFG 0#

('&'4+%1 ++

&GPCTQ RKEEQNQ # .QPI ETQUU (4 +4 %* %+ 4 .QPI ETQUU 8' 41 0 # $KCIIK IT 8GT[ HKPG $GTPCTFK 6TKGUV 6GZV QP QDXGTUG FKHHKEWNV VQ TGCF 6JG CDQXG VGZV YCU CFQRVGF HTQO $KCIIK

)TQUUQ # .QPI ETQUU YKVJ EKTENG KP EGPVTG %+ 8+ %+ 8 + รณ 8' รณ 41 รณ 0# รณ 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ EKTENG KP EGPVTG 8' 41 0 # %+ 8 + %+ 8+ $KCIIK IT

0KEG VQPG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

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181

ITALY - TRENTO and MANTUA

64'061 6JG FKQEGUG 6TGPVQ EQORTKUGF VJG #FKIG 8CNNG[ HTQO #NC KP VJG UQWVJ VQ /GTCPQ KP VJG PQTVJ RNWU VJG XCNNG[U DTCPEJKPI QHH VJCV QPG (TQO 6TKFGPVWO KU FQEWOGPVGF CU FKQEGUG %JTKUVKCPKUCVKQP GPFGF

WPFGT 8KIKN VJG NCVGT RCVTQP UCKPV QH VJG EKV[ (TQO VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV YCU RCTV QH #SWKNGKC *GPT[ ++ EGFGF VJG EJWTEJ QH 6TGPVQ VQ VJG 6TGPVQ EQWPV[ KP %QPTCF ++ CFFGF VJG EQWPVKGU 8GPQUV[ CPF $QN\CPQ

+P VJG +PXGUVKVWTG %QPVTQXGTU[ VJG UKFG QH VJG GORGTQT YCU EJQUGP (TGFGTKEM ++ HQTDCFG $KUJQR #NFGTKEJ CNN UGEWNCT CEVKXKVKGU KP CPF CRRQKPVGF C IQXGTPQT

%QWPV /GKPJCTF ++ QH 6KTQN DTQMG VJG GPUWKPI FGCFNQEM YJGP JG NCTIGN[ VQQM CYC[ VJG DKUJQRUล TKIJVU CPF UQWTEGU QH KPEQOG NKOKVKPI VJGKT RQYGT VQ VJG FKQEGUG (TQO VJG *CDUDWTI *QWUG TWNGF 6KTQN CPF GZVGPFGF KVU KPHNWGPEG VQ VJG KPXGUVKVWTG QH VJG DKUJQRU QH 6TGPVQ #FFKVKQPCNN[ 6TGPVQ YCU DGUGV D[ VJG 5ECNKIGTU CPF 8GPKEG +P VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ 8GPKEG QEEWRKGF 4QXGTGVQ CPF 4KXC 7PFGT (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC C EQOWPG HQTOGF KP VJG EKV[ DWV JG ETWUJGF KV KP HCXQWT QH VJG DKUJQR YJQUG CWVJQTKV[ QXGT VJG EKV[ JCF PGXGT TGCNN[ DGGP SWGUVKQPGF

8'5%18+

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RTKXKNGIGU +P /CPVWC ECOG WPFGT VJG OCTM QH VJG *QWUG %CPQUUC 7PFGT VJKU JQWUG C EGTVCKP RTQURGTKV[ YCU CVVCKPGF 'RKUEQRCE[ GZVGPFGF KVU KPHNWGPEG

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+P VJG $QPCEQNUKU KP VWTP YGTG RWUJGF CUKFG D[ .WKIK )QP\CIC KP VJG UCOG [GCT .QWKU VJG $CXCTKCP UCPEVKQPGF )QP\CICล U QXGTNQTFUJKR 6JG )QP\CICU ECOG HTQO NQYGT PQDKNKV[ HTQO VJG VKOG QH /CVKNFC QH 6WUEKC UGG WPFGT /QFGPC CPF JCF DGIWP VJGKT TKUG KP VJG UJCFQY QH VJG $QPCEQNUKU 6JG )QP\CICU YQWNF TWNG WPVKN

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8'5%18+

182

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ITALY - FERRARA

('44#4# (GTTCTC GOGTIGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG EQWTUG QH VJG 2Q DGKPI OQTG VQ VJG UQWVJ CV VJCV VKOG (GTTCTC GOGTIGF CV VJG RNCEG YJGTG VYQ UWDUKFKCTKGU OGV VJG NCVVGTFC[ 2Q FGNVC ECOG KPVQ DGKPI KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ +VU PCOG KU HKTUV OGPVKQPGF KP YJGP .QODCTF MKPI &GUKFGTKWU RTQOKUGF 2QRG 5VGHCPQ ++ VQ TGVWTP VJG FWECVWU (GTTCTKCG

6JGTG KU PQ GXKFGPEG HQT GRKUEQRCE[ DGHQTG VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6JG (GTTCTC DKUJQRU PGXGT CVVCKPGF EQOKVCN FKIPKV[ 9JCV KU FQEWOGPVGF KU VJCV KP 6G Q FCNF QH %CPQUUC YCU ITCPVGF VJG EQWPV[ QH (GTTCTC KP HKGH $KUJQR CPF EKVK\GPU YGTG UWDLWICVGF D[ JKU UWEEGUUQT $QPKHCEG QH %CPQUUC OCTITCXG QH 6WUEKC CPF EQWPV QH (GTTCTC *KU FCWIJVGT /CVJKNFG YCU EQWPVGUU QH (GTTCTC VQQ 6JG EKVK\GPU QRRQUGF JGT DWV UJG KPIGPWQWUN[ GORNQ[GF (GTTCTCʼnU CTEJGPGOKGU 8GPKEG CPF 4CXGPPC VQ UVTKMG FQYP VJG TGUKUVCPEG

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%1/70' EC

&GPCTQ # ( & 4 % ETQUU UJCRGF KP HKGNF YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG HKXG RGNNGVU CTQWPF +/2'4#614 4 %TQUU ('4#4+# $KCIIK 8CTGUK IT 4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

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#EEQTFKPI VQ $KCIIK VJG YGKIJV UJQWNF NKG CV IT IT HQT VJG QDQNG 6JG YGKIJVU QH VJG EQKPU KP JCPF NKG DGVYGGP VJQUG XCNWGU

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0+%1.1 +++ F '56'

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44 &CTM RCVKPC UOCNN UETCVEJ QP VJG TGXGTUG XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

183

ITALY - PADOVA '4%1.' + F '56'

)TQUUGVVQ # 4KPI YKVJ FKCOQPF Ő *'4%8.85 Ő &8: Ő ('44#4+#' 4 %TQYPGF FQWDNG JGCFGF GCING ü Ő /86+0#' Ő Ő 4')++ Ő Ő % $KCIIK 8CTGUK IT

4 5NKIJVGN[ DGPV HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG *WK\KPIC &GNHV

2#&18# .GIGPF JCU 2CFWC HQWPFGF D[ VJG 6TQLCP #PVGPQT KP $%

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6JG HKTUV %JTKUVKCP EQOOWPKV[ EQKPEKFGF YKVJ 5V ,WUVKPC F[KPI C OCTV[TʼnU FGCVJ QP 1EVQDGT +VU HKTUV DKUJQR YCU %TKURKP CRRTQZ

+P UWDLWICVGF D[ 6JGQFGTKE KP VCMGP D[ VJG .QODCTFU #HVGT $GTGPICT + JCF TGUVQTGF VJG EJWTEJʼnU QNF RTKXKNGIGU 2CFWC KP DGECOG RCTV QH VJG /CTM 8GTQPC HQWPFGF D[ 1VVQ + +P VJG DKUJQRU QH *GPT[ +++ TGEGKXGF VJG TKIJV QH OKPV &WTKPI VJG KPXGUVKVWTG EQPVTQXGTU[ VJG DKUJQRU VQQM VJG UKFG QH VJG GORGTQT FWG VQ YJKEJ COQPIUV QVJGT VJKPIU $KUJQR 2GVGT YCU FGRQUGF D[ 2QRG 2CUEJCNKU ++ CPF TGRNCEGF YKVJ $KUJQR 5KPKDCNFWU

+P C EQOWPG ECOG KPVQ DGKPI CPF VJG HKTUV EQPUWNGU CUUWOGF QHHKEG +P VJG EQWTUG QH JKU +VCNKCP ECORCKIPU (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC DTQWIJV 2CFWC WPFGT FKTGEV KORGTKCN EQPVTQN +P VJG EKV[ LQKPGF VJG 8GTQPGUG .GCIWG CICKPUV (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC CPF KP CPF KV LQKPGF VJG .QODCTF .GCIWG 6JG HKTUV RQFGUV¯ YCU #NDGTVQ FK 1UC HTQO /KNCP KP 6JG RGCEG QH %QPUVCPEG KP JCF OQTG EQPUGSWGPEGU HQT 2CFWC VJCP HQT QVJGT EKVKGU 6JG QRRQUKVKQP QH VJG QVJGT EKVKGU OGCPV 2CFWC EQWNF JCTFN[ GZRCPF 9JGTGCU VJG EQOWPG FKF EWTD VJG RQYGT QH VJG OCIPCVGU VJGKT KPHNWGPEG YCU PQV FKOKPKUJGF +P VJG WPKXGTUKV[ YCU HQWPFGF

(TGFGTKEM ++ VTKGF VQ EWTD VJG RQYGT QH VJG EKVKGU 'XGP VJG .QODCTF .GCIWG EQWNF PQV RTGXGPV (TKGFTKEJʼnU DCUVCTF UQP '\\GNKPQ HTQO VCMKPI VJG OCTM DTKPIKPI 8KEGP\C 2CFWC CPF 6TGXKUQ WPFGT JKU UYC[ +P 2CFWC VJG UWRTGOCE[ QH '\\GNKPQ UKPEG YCU GPFGF KP D[ C )WGNRJ HCEVKQP NGF D[ VJG 'UVGU 9KVJ VJG CKF QH *GPT[ 8++ 8GTQPC YCU CDNG VQ DTKPI VJG OCTM WPFGT KVU EQPVTQN

#V VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG %CTTCTCU YGTG EJCORKQPU QH VJG EQOWPCN U[UVGO QRRQUKPI VJG &GNNC 5ECNCU 6JG[ OCPCIGF VQ GUVCDNKUJ C UKIPQTKC YKVJ HKTUV UKIPQTG )KCEQOQ + Ŏ CU KVU ECRKVCPQ FGN RQRQNQ 2CFWC YCU PGXGTVJGNGUU EQPSWGTGF D[ %CPITCPFG FGNNC 5ECNC KP 9JGTGCU VJG %CTTCTCU TGVCKPGF VJGKT KORQTVCPV RQUKVKQP VJG &GNNC 5ECNCU GZGTVGF TGCN RQYGT

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4'27$$.+%#

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184

ITALY - PADOVA 7.4+%1 FK 8#.5''

)TQUUQ CSWKNKPQ # 'CING T ó 2#&8# ] 4')+# ] 4 .QPI ETQUU ü %+8+6#5 $KCIIK IT 8GT[ HKPG #UVC FGN 6KVCPQ #WEVKQP PQ 7NTKEQ FK 8CNUGG RTKOQ 8KECTKQ RGT (TGFGTKEQ F #WUVTKC

+#%121 ++ FC %#44#4#

%CTTCTKPQ FC 5QNFK # 'PVJTQPGF 5V 2TQUFQEKOQ YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF EJWTEJ 2 T KP HKGNF 5 24

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/Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

(4#0%'5%1 + FC %#44#4#

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185

ITALY - VENEZIA

8'0'<+# (TQO VJG 4QOCP TGIKQP 8GPGVKC UVTGVEJKPI HTQO VJG #NRU VQ VJG #FTKCVKE 5GC VJG EKV[ CPF UWTTQWPFKPI

RTQXKPEG QH 8GPKEG ITCFWCNN[ FGXGNQRGF 2QYGT YCU JGNF D[ VJG OCIKUVGT OKNKVWO YJQ YCU UWDQTFKPCVG VQ VJG GZCTEJ QH 4CXGPPC YJQ KP VWTP ECOG FKTGEVN[ WPFGT VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT

8GPKEG YCU NQ[CN VQ $[\CPVKWO +P VJGTG YCU C &WZ HTQO YJKEJ VJG VGTO FQIG YQWNF DG FGTKXGF .Q[CNV[ VQ $[\CPVKWO RTGXCKNGF GXGP YJGP VJG .QODCTFU VQQM 4CXGPPC CPF CHVGT VJG EQPSWGUV QH VJG .QODCTF TGCNO D[ %JCTNGOCIPG 6JG 8GPGVKCPU RTGHGTTGF C HCT QHH TWNGT QXGT QPG PGCTD[

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7PFGT VJKU FQIGʼnU UQP VJG TGNKEU QH VJG GXCPIGNKUV 5V /CTE YGTG VTCPUHGTTGF HTQO #NGZCPFTKC VQ 4KCNVQ

4KXWU CNVWU XGT[ PGCT VQ VJG FQIGʼnU JQWUG 6JG FQIGʼnU RCNCEG YQWNF NCVGT DG DWKNV ENQUG VQ KV

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7PFGT &QIG 2KGVTQ +8 %CPFKCPQ YJQ YCU NKPMGF VQ JKIJ PQDKNKV[ KFGCU QP C HGWFCN UQEKGV[ YGTG DQTP # TGXQNV CICKPUV VJG %CPFKCPK HCOKN[ VJYCTVGF VJKU JCF VJG RGQRNG PQV TKUGP VJG EQP UGSWGPEGU HQT 8GPKEGʼnU HCVG YQWNF JCXG DGGP JWIG #PQVJGT VJTGCV YCU RQUGF D[ VJG PGY )GTOCP GORGTQTU VJG 1VVQPKCPU D[ 1VVQ ++ KP RCTVKEWNCT DWV JKU RTGOCVWTG FGCVJ CXGTVGF HWTVJGT FCPIGT

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+PVGTPCN VGPUKQP VQTG CV VJG HCDTKE QH 8GPGVKCP TWNG JQYGXGT 6JG UQP QH 2KGVTQ ++ 1VVQ YCU VQRRNGF CPF VJG UYQTF YCU VCMGP WR CICKPUV 2CVTKCTEJ 2QRRQ QH #SWKNGKC #TQWPF VJG OKFFNG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 8GPKEG YCU VJG FQOKPCPV PCXCN HQTEG KP VJG GCUVGTP /GFKVGTTCPGCP 6JG ITGCV RQYGT QH 8GPKEG DGECOG CRRCTGPV YJGP KP (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC CPF 2QRG #NGZCPFGT +++ UKIPGF CP CITGGOGPV KP 8GPKEG VJCV YQWNF GXGPVWCNN[ NGCF VQ VJG 2GCEG QH %QPUVCPEG

7PFGT &QIG 2KGVTQ 2QNCPK C ŋEQOWPG XGPGEKCTWOŌ GOGTIGF YJKEJ YCU PGXGTVJGNGUU NGF D[ VJG FQIG *G YCU EJQUGP HQT NKHG CPF YCU VJG U[ODQN QH CDUQNWVG RQYGT +P VJG EQWTUG QH VKOG JQYGXGT VJKU QHHKEG YQWNF DGEQOG OQTG CPF OQTG U[ODQNKE CPF VJG FQIGʼnU CEVKQPU UWDLGEV VQ RWDNKE UETWVKP[ 6JG FGHKPKVKQP QH VJG TQNG QH VJG FQIG YCU UGV KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ CP YQWNF TGOCKP UQ 6JG ŋ%QPUKINKQ FKG 5CRKGPVKŌ NCVGT ŋ/CIIKQT %QPUKINKQŌ YCU VQIGVJGT YKVJ VJG FQIG VJG GZGEWVKXG

6JG (QWTVJ %TWUCFG DTQWIJV CDQWV C OCLQT UVGR KP 8GPKEGʼnU FGXGNQROGPV #HVGT VJG %QPUVCPVKPQRNG OCUUCETG QH 8GPKEG WPFGT &QIG 'PTKEQ &CPFQNQ UGK\GF HKPCPEKCN KPKVKCVKXG CPF EQORGNNGF VJG ETWUCFGTU VQ VCMG <CFCT CPF NCVGT %QPUVCPVKPQRNG 7PFGT EQXGT QH 8GPKEG VJG .CVKP 'ORKTG ECOG KPVQ DGKPI CHHQTFKPI 8GPKEG CNN MKPFU QH HQQVJQNFU KP VJG GCUV +P VJQUG VKOGU VJG FQIG CUUWOGF VJG VKVNG QH

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6JG EKV[ YCU ITCXGN[ UVTWEM D[ VJG RNCIWG KP VQ QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP F[KPI +V YQWNF VCMG WPVKN HQT VJKPIU VQ TGVWTP VQ PQTOCN

#010;/175

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186

ITALY - VENEZIA '04+%1 +8 8

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING '04+%85 +/2 4 0KODCVG DWUV QH 5V /CTEWU HCEKPI *+4*%*5-/*# $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

#TU GV 0WOOWU /KNCPQ

14+1 /#.+2+'41

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ # %TQUU 5 /#4%85 4 %TQUU #84 Ő &8: $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

'04+%1 &#0&1.1

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

*KU UQPU CNUQ RNC[GF EGPVTCN TQNGU 4CPKGTK CEVGF CU FQIG FWTKPI JKU HCVJGTʼnU CDUGPEG 8KVCNK EQOOCPFGF VJG HNGGV CPF (CPVKPQ DGECOG .CVKP RCVTKCTEJ QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG

&GPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ # %TQUU 5 /#4%85 4 %TQUU '04+% Ő &8: $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 8GT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

187

ITALY - VENEZIA

&7%#61 CPF /#6#2#0 6JG VYQ OQUV KORQTVCPV 8GPGVKCP EQKPU VJG IQNFGP FWECVQ CPF VJG UKNXGT OCVCRCP CTG EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ VJG FGRKEVKQP QH 5V /CTM CPF VJG FQIG 1P GCEJ EQKP V[RG VJG[ CTG VQIGVJGT JQNFKPI C DCPPGT

&7%#61 6JG FWECVQ YCU KPVTQFWEGF QP 1EVQDGT WPFGT &QIG )KQXCPPK &CPFQNQ D[ VJG )TCPF %QWPEGN YKVJ VJG FGUETKRVKQP VCO DQPC GV HKPG RGT CWTWO XGN OGNKQT WV GUV HNQTGPWU 6JG YGKIJV YCU IT 6JG UEGPG YCU FGTKXGF HTQO $[\CPVKPG GZCORNGU 6JG FQIG KU MPGGNKPI DGHQTG 5V /CTM YJQ HCEGU VJG XKGYGT 5V /CTM KU QP VJG NGHV VJG FQIG KU MPGGNKPI QP VJG TKIJV YKVJ VJG DCPPGT RQKPVKPI TKIJV +P 8GPKEG KVU PCOG YCU FWECVQ KP VJG .GXCPV \GEEJKPQ

6JKU FGRKEVKQP TGOCKPGF WPEJCPIGF WPVKN #PVQPKQ 8GTPKGT #HVGT VJKU VKOG 5V /CTM UVKNN HCEGU VJG XKGYGT DWV JKU JGCF KU DQYGF 6JG UV[NG DGEQOGU ETWFGT

1P VJG TGXGTUG %JTKUV KP C OCPFQTNC YKVJ UVCTU QP VJG NGHV CPF QP VJG TKIJV 6JG KPUETKRVKQP TGCFU 5+6 6+$+ %*4+56+ &#675 37'/ 67 4')+5 +56' &7%#675 .GV VJKU FWEJ[ YJKEJ VJQW TWNGUV DG FGFKECVGF VQ VJGG 1 %JTKUV +P PWOKUOCVKE NKVGTCVWTG KV KU EWUVQOCT[ VQ CUUWOG VJG VGTO FWECV

FWECVQ FGTKXGU HTQO VJKU RTQXGTD 6JKU KU JQYGXGT PQV VJG ECUG +XGU )TKGTUQP YTKVG R VJCV VJG VGTO FWECV TGHGTU VQ VJG UKNXGT OCVCRCP 6JG EJTQPKENG QH /CTVKPQ FC %CPCNG YTKVVGP FWTKPI &QIG 'PTKEQ &CPFQNQÅ&#x2030;U TGKIP UC[U DGICP VQ OCPWHCEVWTG PQDNG UKNXGT EQKPU KP 8GPKEG ECNNGF FWECVU YJKEJ YGTG EWTTGPV VJTQWIJQWV VJG YQTNF VJCPMU VQ KVU SWCNKV[ 6JKU YCU YTKVVGP DGHQTG VJG FWECVQ YCU EQPEGKXGF 9JGP VJG FWECVQ YCU KPVTQFWEGF KV YCU ECNNGF FWECVK CWTK CU QRRQUGF VQ FWECVK CTIGPVK .CVGT VJG VGTO FWECV YCU WUGF QPN[ HQT VJG IQNFGP FWECVQ

+P 8GPKEG KV YCU ECNNGF FWECVQ KP VJG .GXCPV \GEEJKPQ

/#6#2#0

6JG OCVCRCP YCU KPVTQFWEGF KP WPFGT &QIG 'PTKEQ &CPFQNQ +V UJQYU 5V /CTM CPF VJG FQIG PGZV VQ GCEJ QVJGT HCEKPI VJG XKGYGT HTQPVCNN[ 5V /CTM KU QP VJG TKIJV VJG FQIG QP VJG NGHV CPF VJG DCPPGT YJKEJ VJG[ CTG VQIGVJGT JQNFKPI KU RQKPVKPI NGHV %QPVTCT[ VQ VJG FWECVQ VJG OCVCRCP ECP DG UCKF VQ JCXG WPFGTIQPG C EGTVCKP FGXGNQROGPV 6JG HCEGU DGEQOG UOCNNGT

6JKU KOCIG QH VJG VYQ HKIWTGU HCEKPI VJG XKGYGT YCU OCKPVCKPGF WPVKN WPFGT &QIG #PFTGC %QPVCTKPK

EJCPIGF KV CPF JCF VJG FQIG HCEG 5V /CTM

6JG OCVCRCPÅ&#x2030;U TGXGTUG KPXCTKCDN[ UJQYU %JTKUV UKVVKPI QP C VJTQPG IKTFGF D[ VJG NGVVGTU +% :% %JTKUVÅ&#x2030;U HCEG FKUVKPEVN[ TGUGODNGU VJG FQIGÅ&#x2030;U QP VJG HKTUV HGY V[RGU .CVGT VJKU YCU PQ NQPIGT VJG ECUG

(TQO &QIG /KEJGNG /QTQUKPK VJG +% :% YCU TGRNCEGF YKVJ VJG NGIGPF 6+$+ .#85 < ).14+#

VJG VTCPUKVKQP VQQM RNCEG WPFGT JKO JG UVTWEM VJG V[RG YKVJ +% :% CPF FKTGEVN[ CHVGT VJCV UVTWEM VJG V[RG YKVJ VJG VGZV

188

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)TQUUQ # 5V /CTEWU CPF VJG FQIG &8: DGVYGGP VJGO Q 5/8'0'6+ Ő +#6'8 Ő 2 Ő . 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT

(KPG RCVKPC GZVTGOGN[ HKPG CPF RGTHGEV RKGEG

.CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

4#0+'41 <'01

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/ÒP\CWMVKQP 'UUGP #WEVKQP PQ

$KCPEQ # 5V /CTEWU HCEKPI Ő 5 Ő /#4%85 Ő 8 Ő 0 Ő 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG VTKCPING KP GCEJ CPING Ő 4# Ő )'01 &8: Ő $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT

&CTM RCVKPC UOCNN UETCVEJ QP VJG TGXGTUG HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

'ZJKDKVGF CV 0CCT ,GTW\CNGO FG FWTG TGKU XCP GGP OKFFGNGGWYUG ITCCH 6Q ,GTWUCNGO VJG FGCT LQWTPG[ QH C OGFKGXCN EQWPV .GKFGP *KNXGTUWO

.14'0<1 6+'21.1

2KEEQNQ # %TQUU .#6' Ő &8: 4 %TQUU 5 /#4%85 $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

$KCPEQ # 5V /CTEWU HCEKPI 5 Ő /#4%85 Ő 8 Ő 0 Ő 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING .# 6'820 Ő &8: $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 44 8GT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG %0+

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG %0+

189

ITALY - VENEZIA +#%121 %106#4+0+

$KCPEQ # 5V /CTEWU HCEKPI 5 Ő /#4%85 Ő 8 Ő 0 Ő 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING +# 2#2' Ő &8: $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 44 8GT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG %0+

)+18#00+ &#0&1.1

)TQUUQ # 5V /CTEWU CPF VJG FQIG &8: DGVYGGP VJGO 5 Ő / Ő 8'0'6+ +1 Ő &#0&8. 4 %JTKUVWU QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT

0KEG VQPG CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

3WCTVCTQNQ # 8 0 % ' ETQUU UJCRGF KP HKGNF YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF HQWT RGNNGVU CTQWPF Ő +1 Ő &#0&8. &8: 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG NKU KP GCEJ CPING Ő 5 Ő /#4%85 $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 4 # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG CPF EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

$KCIIK KPFKECVGU VJKU CU 4 DWV VJG YGKIJV QH JKU EQKP KU IT YJGTGCU KV KU LWUV IT JGTG (QT KVU OCVGTKCN $KCIIK IKXGU /+ OKUVWTC JGTG KV KU KPFKECVGF YKVJ DT DTQP\G

2+'641 )4#&'0+)1

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'ZVTCQTFKPCT[ YGNN UVTWEM YKVJ PKEG RQTVTCKVU OKPQT HNCP ETCEM CPF HTQO UNKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF FKGU WPEKTEWNCVGF

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO .GIGPF 5+6 6 +$+ Z :2' &#6 85 3 8'/ 68 4')+5 +56' &8%#6 85

190

ITALY - VENEZIA

)TQUUQ # 5V /CTEWU CPF VJG FQIG &8: DGVYGGP VJGO 5 Ő / Ő 8'0'6+ Ő 2' )4#&10+%1 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

#TU GV 0WOOWU /KNCCP

)+18#00+ 514#0<1

)TQUUQ # 5V /CTEWU CPF VJG FQIG &8: DGVYGGP VJGO 5/ 8'0'6+ Ő +1 Ő 582#06+1 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV PQ

(4#0%'5%1 &#0&1.1

)TQUUQ # 5V /CTEWU CPF VJG FQIG &8: DGVYGGP VJGO 5 / 8'0'6+ (4# &#0&8.1 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 8GT[ HKPG

5QNFKPQ # &QIG MPGGNKPI YKVJ DCPPGT (4# Ő &#0&8.1 &8: 4 0KODCVG NKQP N YKVJ DCPPGT Ő 5 Ő /#4%85 Ő 8'0'6+ Ő $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 8GT[ HKPG

.CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

&KURNC[GF CV 0CCT ,GTW\CNGO FG FWTG TGKU XCP GGP OKFFGNGGWYUG ITCCH 6Q ,GTWUCNGO VJG FGCT LQWTPG[ QH C OGFKGXCN EQWPV .GKFGP *KNXGTUWO

(KTUV UQNFKPQ UVTWEM KP 6JG FTCYKPI YCU TGPGYGF WPFGT #PFTGC %QPVCTKPK KP UGG PQ

4 .GQPG RWPVQ UQVVQ \CORG

2KEEQNQ # %TQUU (4# &# Ő &8: 4 %TQUU 5 Ő /#4%85 $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT 4 #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

191

ITALY - VENEZIA #0&4'# &#0&1.1

6JKU FQIG YCU EJQUGP QP ,CPWCT[ CU C TGUWNV QH VJG HCEV VJCV VJG GNGEVQTU EQWNF PQV CITGG QP C DGVVGT FQIG

+P JG VTKGF VQ EJGEM VJG RNCIWG GRKFGOKE +P JG YCIGF YCT QP )GPWC CPF HQWIJV KV WPVKN VJG NKOKV UQOGVJKPI HQT YJKEJ JG YCU UGXGTGN[ TGRTQXGF D[ 2GVTCTEC COQPIUV QVJGTU 9JCV YKVJ CNVGTPCVG XKEVQT[ CPF FGHGCV TGUKUVCPEG GOGTIGF KP 8GPKEG VQQ

*G NCKF FQYP PGY TWNGU VJG RWTRQUG QH YJKEJ KU IWGUUGF CV %TCEEQ RQUGU C TGXQNV QH VJG FQIG CICKPUV VJG RCVTKEKCP UVCVG KP QTFGT VQ CVVCKP CDUQNWVG FQOKPCPEG

/G\\CPKPQ PWQXQ # 5V /CTEWU IKXGU UYQTF VQ VJG FQIG 5/ 8'0' Ő &8: #0&#&8 4 6JG TKUKPI QH %JTKUV :25 4'5 84'5+6 $KCIIK )CODGTKPK IT

0KEG VQPG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

6JKU OG\\CPKPQ PWQXQ KU COQPI VJG OQUV RGEWNKCT EQKPU KP VJG 8GPGVKCP UGTKGU

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+P RQYGT HGNN VQ &WMG .GQRQNF +++ QH #WUVTKC YJQ JQYGXGT NGHV KPVCEV VJG CWVJQTKV[ QH VJG EQOWPG +P VJG EKV[ HGNN VQ VJG *CDUDWTI *QWUG

)+8#4&1

&GPCTQ # $KUJQR UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF DQQM )+8#4&85 '2+5%12 4 )TGCV VQYGT DGVYGGP VYQ UOCNNGT VQYGTU QP YCNN YKVJ RQTVCN %+8+6#5 Ő 6'4)'568/ $GTPCTFK 6[RG ) $KCIIK IT

44 5OCNN UETCVEJGU QP VJG TGXGTUG QVJGTYKUG YGNN UVTWEM CPF GZVTGOGN[ HKPG URGEKOGP

5CPVCOCTKC 4QOG

.'10#4&1 +

&GPCTQ # $KUJQR UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF DQQM .'1#4 &85 '2 Ő 4 5V )KWUVQ UVCPFKPI YKVJ RCNO NGCH DGVYGGP VYQ VQYGTU UVCT T %+8+6#5 6'4)'5 $GTPCTFK 6[RG . $KCIIK IT 4 0KEG RCVKPC GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

6JG VJTGG FQVU CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG QDXGTUG VGZV CTG VJG UCOG CU QP VJG HKTUV HKQTKPQ F QTQ

#4.10)1 FG 8+5)10+

&GPCTQ # $KUJQR UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF DQQM #4.'0 )85 Ő '2 Ő 4 4QUGVVG YKVJ GKIJV NGCHU %+8+6#5 6'4)'568/ $GTPCTFK 6[RG #4 $KCIIK IT

4 'FIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG $GTPCTFK 6TKGUV

6JKU KU TGCNN[ C FGPCTQ UEQFGNNCVQ DWV VJG OCPPGT QH UVTKMKPI JCU CNN DWV GTCUGF CP[ VTCEGU QH VJKU +V KU PQV FCOCIGF

201

ITALY - TUSCIA

675%+# 2TKQT VQ &KQENGVKCPʼnU TGHQTO VJKU VGTTKVQT[ RTCEVKECNN[ EQTTGURQPFGF VQ HQTOGT 'VTWTKC CPF YCU ECNNGF 6WUEKC +P VJG PF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJGTG YCU C 6WUEKC CPPQPCTKC K G VJG TGIKQP 'OKNKC CPF 6WUEKC WTDKECTKC VJG TGIKQP UQWVJ QH #TPQ

(TQO VQ 6WUEKC YCU WPFGT VJG .QODCTFU CU C FWEJ[ KVU ECRKVCN .WEEC 6JG TKUG QH %JTKUVGPFQO OGCPV VJG EKVKGU DGECOG OQTG KORQTVCPV

+P (TCPMKUJ VKOGU 6WUEKC ITGY KP WPKV[ 6JG EQWPVU QH .WEEC IQXGTPKPI VJG VGTTKVQT[ YGTG ITCPVGF VJG VKVNG ŋOCTITCXGU QH 6WUEKCŌ 6JG VGTTKVQT[ YCU FKXKFGF KPVQ EQWPVKGU OQUVN[ TWNGF D[ (TCPMKUJ PQDNG HCOKNKGU #HVGT VJG [GCT 6WUEKC FGXQNXGF VQ VJG NQTFU QH %CPQUUC

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

*KU UWEEGUUQT $QPKHCEG YCU EQPPGEVGF VQ VJG MKPIU CPF GORGTQTU $QPKHCEG CEEWOWNCVGF RQUUGUUKQPU VJTQWIJ JKU OCTTKCIG VQ 4KEJKNFG +P JG CESWKTGF VJG OCTITCXKCN FKIPKV[ QH 6WUEKC RTGUWOCDN[ KP TGVWTP HQT JKU UWRRQTV QH VJG MKPIU CPF GORGTQTU $QPKHCEG YCU MKNNGF KP CPF JKU YKFQY $GCVTKEG OCTTKGF )QFHTG[ YKVJ VJG $GCTF QH 7RRGT .QTTCKPG YJQ QRRQUGF VJG GORGTQT +V YCU VJG HKTUV UVGR FQYP VJG RCVJ QH FKUNQ[CNV[ VQ VJG GORGTQT QH VJG *QWUG %CPQUUC

$GCVTKEG CPF )QFHTG[ RNC[GF EGPVTCN TQNGU FWTKPI VJG PQOKPCVKQP QH 0KEQNCU ++ CPF #NGZCPFGT ++ $GCVTKEG CPF /CVKNFC YGTG VJG QPN[ PQDNGU KPXQNXGF KP VJG +PXGUVKVWTG %QPVTQXGTU[ 'XGP CHVGT )QFHTG[ʼnU FGCVJ KP $GCVTKEG MGRV QP UWRRQTVKPI C TGHQTO QH VJG RCRCE[ +P $GCVTKEG FKGF CPF /CVKNFC JGT FCWIJVGT TWNGF D[ JGTUGNH

+P UJG ITCPVGF RTQVGEVKQP VQ )TGIQT[ 8++ YJGP JG HGNV VJTGCVGPGF D[ VJG CFXCPEKPI *GPT[ +8 6JTQWIJ VJG OGFKCVKQP QH #DDQV *WIQ QH %NWP[ CPF /CVKNFC JGT FCWIJVGT VJG DCP YCU NKHVGF YCNM VQ %CPQUUC KP +P UJG EGFGF JGT GUVCVG KP +VCN[ CPF .QTTCKPG VQ VJG EJWTEJ CPF TGEGKXGF VJGO DCEM KP HKGH 6JG OCTTKCIG QH /CVKNFC VQ 9GNH 8 CTTCPIGF D[ 7TDCP ++ KP YQWNF NCUV QPN[ GKIJV [GCTU C WPKQP VJCV RQUGF C VJTGCV VQ VJG GORGTQT +P VJG KORGTKCN DCP YCU KORQUGF QP JGT 9JGP KV YCU TGXQMGF NCVGT UJG TGPGYGF JGT DGUVQYCN VQ VJG EJWTEJ KP 9JGP KP *GPT[ +8 YCU ETQYPGF GORGTQT /CVKNFC PQOKPCVGF JKO JGKT VQ JGT GUVCVG 9KVJ JGT FQWDNG VGUVCOGPV RQRG CPF GORGTQT UJG ETGCVGF C EQPHNKEV VJCV YQWNF NCUV NQPI /CVKNFKPG NCPFU +P /CVKNFC FKGF EJKNFNGUU CPF YCU KPVGTTGF KP 2QNKTQPG PGCT /CPVWC KP 7TDCP 8+++ JCF JGT TGOCKPU VTCPUHGTTGF VQ 4QOG YJGTG UJG NKGU DWTKGF KP VJG 5V 2GVGTʼnU $CUKNKEC

/CVKNFCʼn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

/CVKNFC QH 6WUEKC YCU CP KORQTVCPV HKIWTG 1PN[ FCWIJVGT QH /CTITCXG $QPKHCEG QH 6WUEKC Ŏ *GT OQVJGT $GCVTKEG C FCWIJVGT QH (TGFGTKEM ++ QH 7RRGT .QTTCKPG TGOCTTKGF )QFHTG[ ++ QH 7RRGT .QTTCKPG HQTEKPI /CVKNFC VQ YGF VJG UQP DQTP HTQO JGT UVGRHCVJGTʼnU RTGXKQWU OCTTKCIG )QFHTG[ +++ VJG *WPEJDCEM

$QPKHCEG QH 6WUEKC ∞ $GCVTKEG ∞ )QFHTG[ ++ VJG $GCTFGF

/CVJKNFC ∞ )QFHTG[ +++ VJG *WPEJDCEM

5JG TGVWTPGF VQ +VCN[ CU GCTN[ CU 5JG YCU C XGT[ GPGTIGVKE DWV CV VJG UCOG VKOG XGT[ RKQWU 5JG CFQRVGF C OGFKCVKPI TQNG DGVYGGP *GPT[ +8 CPF 2QRG )TGIQT[ KP VJG +PXGUVKVWTG %QPVTQXGTU[ 6JG RGPKVGPEG FQPG D[ *GPT[ +8 KP ,CPWCT[ KU EQOOQPN[ MPQYP CU VJG 9CNM VQ %CPQUUC YJKEJ JG WPFGTVQQM VQ JGT JQOG ECUVNG %CPQUUC

C NKVVNG VQ VJG UQWVJ YGUV QH 4GIIKQ PGNNʼn'OKNKC

202

ITALY - FIRENZE

+P VJG NCVG VJ CPF GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ VJG EQOWPGU GOGTIGF YJKEJ OGCPV VJG ITCPF PQDNG HCOKNKGU EQWNF QPN[ GZGTV KPHNWGPEG YKVJKP VJG RGTKHGT[ QH 6WUEKC 6JGUG HCOKNKGU NCVGT YQWNF ITCFWCNN[ DGEQOG KPXQNXGF KP VJG EQOWPGU

6JGTG YGTG NCTIG EQOWPGU (NQTGPEG 2KUC .WEEC CPF 5KGPC YJKEJ GPUWTGF C EGTVCKP RQNKVKECN DCNCPEG WPVKN VJG OKFFNG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6JG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH VJG (NQTKP KP (NQTGPEG KP CPF VJG FGHGCV QH 2KUC D[ )GPQC PGCT /GNQTKC KP DCFG VJG HWVWTG UWRTGOCE[ QH (NQTGPEG .WEECʼnU CVVGORV VQ UGEWTG VJG NGCFKPI RCTV HQT KVUGNH RTQXGF KP XCKP

5NQYN[ DWV UWTGN[ (NQTGPEG CPPGZGF C PWODGT QH EKVKGU #TG\\Q /QPVGRWNEKCPQ 2TCVQ 2KUVQKC 5V )GOKIPCPQ 8QNVGTTC CPF RCTV QH 4QOCIPC 2TGUUWTG D[ /KNCP VJG 8KUEQPVKU HQTEGF (NQTGPEG VQ UVGR WR KVU EQPVTQN QXGT VJG EKVKGU

(+4'0<'

1TKIKPCNN[ C 4QOCP EQNQP[ (NQTGPVKC 6TKDWU 5ECRVKC (NQTGPEG YCU CNTGCF[ C UK\GCDNG VQYP KP VJG PF EGPVWT[ CPF %JTKUVKCPKV[ UVCTVGF VQ VCMG UJCRG KP VJG TGIKQP CV CDQWV VJG UCOG VKOG #TQWPF CP GRKUEQRCN UGG YCU KPUVKVWVGF KVU HKTUV DKUJQR (GNKZ $KUJQR <GPQDKWU YCU QTFCKPGF D[ 5 #ODTQUG

KVU HKTUV EJWTEJ YCU 5 .QTGP\Q

6JG EKV[ YCU NCKF KP TWKPU D[ 6QVKNC %JCTNGOCIPG TGDWKNV KV &WTKPI .QODCTF CPF (TCPMKUJ UWRTGOCE[ C EQOGU YCU VJG EKV[ OCIKUVTCVG

6JG EKV[ DGICP HNQWTKUJKPI KP VJG PF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6JG 1VVQPKCPU ITCPVGF KOOWPKV[ CPF VJG OCTITCXGU QH 6WUEKC HCXQWTGF VJG EKV[ (NQTGPEG JCF C XKDTCPV TGNKIKQWU NKHG OQPCUVKE QTFGTU TGHQTO OQXGOGPVU GVE 6JG UVCPEG VCMGP D[ VJG EKV[ KP HCXQWT QH /CVKNFC QH 6WUEKC CPF VJG FGPWPEKCVKQP QH *GPT[ +8 RTGUWOCDN[ FKF OWEJ VQ UNQY FQYP RTQITGUU

6JG HKTUV EQOWPG ECOG KPVQ DGKPI KP VJG [GCT QH /CVKNFCʼnU FGCVJ # PQDKNKV[ QH UQTVU GOGTIGF (NQTGPEG RWTUWGF C RQNKVKEU QH VGTTKVQTKCN GZRCPUKQP CU FKF QVJGT EKVKGU # PGWVTCN UVCPEG YCU CFQRVGF YKVJ TGICTF VQ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC +P *GPT[ 8+ CU MKPI QH +VCN[ CEMPQYNGFIGF VJG CWVQPQO[ QH (NQTGPEG 6JKU YCU VJG UKVWCVKQP CV VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG PGZV EGPVWT[ JQYGXGT YQWNF UJQY CP CNVQIGVJGT FKHHGTGPV RKEVWTG

+P EQPUWNCT TWNG YCU TGRNCEGF YKVJ C RQFGUV¯ CV C VKOG YJGP VJGTG CNTGCF[ YCU UQOG CPKOQUKV[ DGVYGGP VJG OCKP PQDNG JQWUGU +P VJKU EWNOKPCVGF KP VJG OWTFGT QP $WQPFGNOQPVG FG $WQPFGNOQPVK KP VJG CHVGTOCVJ QH YJKEJ VJG )WGNRJ CPF )JKDDGNNKPG HCEVKQPU GOGTIGF %QPHNKEVU DGVYGGP VJG 5VCWHGTU #PLQWU RQRGU GVE FGVGTOKPGF VJG JKUVQT[ QH (NQTGPEG FWTKPI VJG RGTKQF

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

&WTKPI VJG RGTKQF )JKDGNNKPG PQDKNKV[ JCF VJG WRRGT JCPF CPF (TGFGTKEM QH #PVKQEJ C DCUVCTF UQP QH (TGFGTKEM ++ TWNGF VJG EKV[ CU FKEVCVQT +P C EKV[ IQXGTPOGPV YCU GUVCDNKUJGF OCFG

WR QH 2QRQNCPK C ECRKVCPQ FGN RQRQNQ CV KVU JGCF 0QY VJGTG YGTG VJG EQOWPG OKNKVWO QH VJG /CIPCVK JGCFGF D[ C RQFGUV¯ CPF C ŋRCTCNNGN EQOOWPGŌ QH VJG 2QRQNCPK $CPMGTU CPF OGTEJCPVU YGTG TGRTGUGPVGF KP VJG RQRQNCPK EQOOWPG KVU RQYGT U[ODQNKUGF D[ VJG IQNF (NQTKP 2TKOCT[ IQCN QH VJKU IQXGTPOGPV QH 2TKOQ 2QRQNQ YCU VQ RTQOQVG VTCFG CU IQQF CU RQUUKDNG

6JKU CRRTQCEJ YCU VGORQTCTKN[ EWV UJQTV KP YJGP VJG )WGNRJKE (NQTGPVKPGU YGTG FGHGCVGF D[ VJG )WGNRJKE 5KGPGUG KP VJG $CVVNG QH /QPVCRGTVK YJQ YGTG CKFGF D[ VJG VTQQRU QH -KPI /CPHTGF 0QY C )JKDGNNKPG TWNG YCU KPUVCNNGF KP (NQTGPEG YJKEJ GXGP EQPVGORNCVGF NGXGNNKPI VJG EKV[

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ʼn#PIKÈ #OQPI VJGUG (NQTGPVKPG /CIPCVG HCOKNKGU YGTG VJG OQUV KPHNWGPVKCN DCPMGTU QH VJG EWTKC

#V VJG VWTP QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ C TKHV QEEWTGF KP VJG )JKDGNNKPG HCEVKQP VJG $KCPEK YJQ YGTG MPQYP VQ UGGM EQORTQOKUG CPF VJG 0GTK OCFG WR QH VJG KPGZQTCDNGU 6JKPIU EJCPIGF YJGP KP VJG $KCPEK

COQPI VJGO &CPVG YGTG QUVTCEKUGF VJTQWIJ KPVGTXGPVKQP QH %JCTNGU FG 8CNQKU 6JG GHHQTVU QH DNCEM )WGNRJ %QTUQ &QPCVK VQ KPUVKVWVG C UKIPQTKG HCKNGF [GV UGTXGF VQ DTKPI CDQWV CP CNNKCPEG DGVYGGP VJG 2QRQNCPK CPF VJG DNCEM )WGNRJ /CIPCVGU YJKEJ YQWNF TWNG (NQTGPEG HQT PGCTN[ VJG GPVKTG VJ EGPVWT[ )TKGXCPEGU COQPI OKPQT OGTEJCPVU CTVK OKPQTK VJGP CTQUG CNQPI YKVJ C ETKUKU KP HKPCPEG

203

ITALY - FIRENZE

2TCVQ 2KUVQKC #TG\\Q CPF %QTVQPC YGTG UWDOKVVGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ .WEEC CPF 5KGPC TGVCKPGF CWVQPQO[ #TOU JCF VQ DG VCMGP WR KP FGHGPUG CICKPUV )KCP )CNGC\\Q 8KUEQPVK KIPKVKPI VJG 4GXQNV QH VJG %KQORK

+P VJG #TVK /CIIKQTG YGTG VTCPUHQTOGF KPVQ C OWPKEKRCN QNKICTEJ[ NGF D[ #NDK\\K CPF QVJGTU 9JGP VJG EKV[ NQUV C DCVVNG VQ /KNCP KP CPF CP CVVGORV VQ EQPSWGT .WEEC HCKNGF VJG #NDK\\K YGTG QWUVGF CPF VJGKT RTKPEKRCN GPGO[ TQUG VQ RQYGT %QUKOQ FG /GFKEK KN 8GEEJKQ *CXKPI QTKIKPCNN[ DGGP DCPKUJGF VQ 8GPKEG JG TGVWTPGF VQ (NQTGPEG VQ GZGTV RGTUQPCN UWRTGOCE[ QXGT VJG EKV[ UVCVG KP *KU QHHKEKCN HWPEVKQPU YGTG HGY DWV JG GHHGEVKXGN[ EQPVTQNNGF GXGT[VJKPI %QUKOQ YGPV QP VQ QTKIKPCVG C F[PCUV[ YJKEJ YQWNF PQV RQUUGUU C UKPING UQXGTGKIP VKVNG DWV YQWNF YKGNF VTGOGPFQWU RQNKVKECN KPHNWGPEG CPF RNC[ C EGPVTCN TQNG KP RTQOQVKPI VJG CTVU *G NGHV C NCUVKPI OCTM QP JKU CIG

*KU ITCPFUQP .QTGP\Q KN /CIPKHKEQ OCKPVCKPGF RGCEG COQPI VJG OCP[ +VCNKCP RQYGTU VJTQWIJ JKU GZEGNNGPV OGFKCVQT[ RQNKVKEU 0GXGTVJGNGUU DCFN[ OCPCIGF HKPCPEKCN CHHCKTU CPF JKIJ VCZGU YQWNF ECWUG C ITGCV FGCN QH OCNEQPVGPV YKVJ VJG /GFKEKU

/CP[ JCF DGGP YCKVKPI HQT CP QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ RWV /GFKEK JGIGOQP[ VQ CP GPF QPEG CPF HQT CNN YJKEJ KP HKPCNN[ RTGUGPVGF KVUGNH YJGP .QTGP\QʼnU UQP 2KGTQ JCF VQ CESWKGUEG VQ VJG FGOCPFU QH %JCTNGU 8+++ QH (TCPEG #HVGT VJG /GFKEKU JCF DGGP FTKXGP CYC[ QNKICTEJ[ YCU TGGUVCDNKUJGF UCXG HQT C DTKGH RGTKQF HTQO VQ YJGP VJG EKV[ YCU FQOKPCVGF D[ 5CXQPCTQNC YJQUG TWNG UJQYGF FKUVKPEV FKEVCVQTKCN UKIPU .CVGT KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG /GFKEKU YQWNF TGVWTP HKTUV CU UKIPQTG NCVGT CU ITCPF FWMG

(+14+01

+P VJG YGUVGTP RCTV QH VJG /GFKVGTTCPGCP VJG FKPCT YCU VJG OQUV EWTTGPV EQKP 5RCKP 5QWVJ +VCN[ 5KEKN[ CPF 0QTVJ #HTKEC CPF DQVJ KP )GPQC CPF KP (NQTGPEG VJGUG EQKPU YGTG NGICN VGPFGT *QYGXGT YJGP KVU XCNWG UVCTVGF FGVGTKQTCVKPI C TGRNCEGOGPV YCU UQWIJV 6JG #WIWUVCNG KPVTQFWEGF KP D[ (TGFGTKEM ++ YKVJ KVU YGKIJV QH IT FKF PQV RTQXKFG VJG FGCTN[ PGGFGF TGNKGH 6JWU KV UVQQF VQ TGCUQP HQT )GPWC CPF (NQTGPEG VQ VWTP VQ VJGKT QYP IQNF EQKPU 6JG IGPQXKPQ YCU CNUQ WUGF KP VJG .GXCPV YJGTG KV OKPINGF YKVJ $[\CPVKPG EQKPCIG CPF $GUCPVGU JQYGXGT VJG VYQ NCVVGT EQKPU YGTG WUGNGUU HQT VTCFG 4GCUQP HQT 8GPKEG VQ ETGCVG KVU QYP IQNF EQKP KP VJG FWECVQ KP 6JG YGKIJVU YGTG XGT[ ENQUG VQ GCEJ QVJGT )GPQC (KTGP\G CPF 8GPKEG IT

#U KP )GPQC CPF 8GPKEG CNKMG VJG (NQTGPVKPG (KQTKPQ YCU UVTWEM KP C IQNF CPF C UKNXGT XGTUKQP $QVJ YGTG QH C XGT[ OQFGUV FGUKIP YKVJ C NKU CPF ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV

(+14+01 &ʼn141 #HVGT C IQNF EQKP JCF DGGP KPVTQFWEGF KP KP )GPQC (NQTGPEG HQNNQYGF UWKV VJG UCOG [GCT +V KU TGIKUVGTGF KP VJG ŋ(KQTKPCKQŌ /CTEJ D[ VJG EJTQPKENGT )KQXCPPK 8KNNCPK CPF KVU QHHKEKCN KP VJQUG FC[U YCU )JGTCTFQ )GPVKNG &CXKFUQJP 5VQTKC FK (KTGP\G RCTV ++ (KTGP\G R # UKORNG FGUKIP YCU EJQUGP CU JCF DGGP HQT VJG (KQTKPQ FʼnCTIGPVQ 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV CPF C NKU HQT VJG TGXGTUG 6JKU HCDTKE YQWNF DG EQPVKPWGF HQT C NQPI VKOG VQ EQOG WR VQ YJGP VJG UCOG FKGU YGTG UVTWEM

WRQP NCTIGT HNCPU +V YCU VJG RGTKQF #V VJG DGIKPPKPI QH EQKPCIG EQKPU YGTG PQV UVTWEM YKVJ C RTKX[ OCTM #HVGT VJCV GXGT[ EQKP JCF C RTKX[ OCTM 6JG QHHKEG QH OKPV OCUVGT YCU TQVCVGF GCEJ JCNH [GCT VJWU VJG RTKX[ OCTMU RTQXKFG CP GZEGNNGPV OGCPU QH FCVKPI VJGUG EQKPU 1TUKPK CNTGCF[ RTGUGPVGF CP QXGTXKGY QH U[ODQNU KP JKU ŋ5VQTKC FGNNC OQPGVC 4GRWDDNKEC (KQTGPVKPCŌ QH YKVJ VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI PCOGU QH VJG OKPVʼnU OCUVGTU *G FGTKXGF VJG FCVC HTQO VJG ŋ.KDTQ FK <GEECŌ YJKEJ UVCTVU KP 6JG 9KGPGT -CVCNQI CPF ,QUGRJ GNCDQTCVGF QP VJKU YQTM EQTTGEVKPI C PWODGT QH GTTQTU +V VJGTGHQTG YCU C DKV FKUCRRQKPVKPI VQ UGG 1TUKPKʼnU QNF UWOOCT[ TGCRRGCT KP VJG %0+ 5KPEG VJGP 1TUKPKʼnU NKUV JCU DGGP CFQRVGF QXGT CPF QXGT CICKP HQT KPUVCPEG D[ $KCIIK KP JKU ECVCNQIWG /GCPYJKNG +XGU Ŏ JCU RWV VQIGVJGT CP GPVKTGN[ PGY EQTRWU QH YJKEJ VJG OCPWUETKRV WPHQTVWPCVGN[ JCU PQV DGGP RWDNKUJGF [GV

6JG FCVC CTG UVCVGF CU HQNNQYU VJG [GCT HQNNQYGF D[ C + RGTKQF /C[ 0QXGODGT QT ++ RGTKQF 0QXGODGT /C[

(+14+01 &ʼn#4)'061 ,WUV CU KP QVJGT EKVKGU (NQTGPEGʼnU (KQTKPQ FʼnCTIGPVQ YCU KPVTQFWEGF DGHQTG VJG (KQTKPQ FʼnQTQ # PGY UKNXGT EQKP JCF CNTGCF[ DGGP KPVTQFWEGF KP )GPQC KP CV YJKEJ VKOG KV YCU C TGRWDNKE 2GTOKUUKQP HQT OKPVKPI YCU ITCPVGF KP &GEGODGT QH D[ 'ORGTQT %QPTCF ++ +V YCU C UKORNG EQKP UJQYKPI C ECUVNG CPF VJG RNCEG PCOG QP QPG UKFG CPF VJG %CTQNKPIKCP ETQUU CNQPI YKVJ %QPTCFʼnU PCOG QP VJG QVJGT

+P (NQTGPEG HQNNQYGF VJG )GPQGUG GZCORNG 6JQUG YGTG VJG FC[U QH (NQTGPVKPG CWVQPQO[ 6JG QDXGTUG VGZV UVCTVU YKVJ VJG RNCKP +1*#00'5 $ HQT TGCUQPU QH UKORNKEKV[ NCEMKPI VJG 5 QH 5CPEVWU CPF VJG RNCEG PCOG QP VJG TGXGTUG .CVGT VJG 5 YCU CFFGF #U GCTN[ CU VJG GHHKI[ QH ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV YCU TGRNCEGF YKVJ VJCV QH C UVCPFKPI UCKPV VJWU RTQXKFKPI VJG EQKP YKVJ C DGVVGT EQPPGEVKQP VQ VJG (KQTKPQ FʼnQTQ

,QJP VJG $CRVKUVʼnU GHHKI[ KU QH EQWTUG UGGP QP VJG (KQTKPQ FʼnCTIGPVQ CPF VJG (KQTKPQ FʼnQTQ 1VJGTYKUG JQYGXGT VJG EQKPU YGTG FKHHGTGPV +V KU PQV WPNKMGN[ VJCV DQVJ VTCEG DCEM VQ VJG OQUCKE QH (TC ,CEQRQ OKPQTKVC KP VJG $CRVKUVGT[ QH (NQTGPEG

204

ITALY - FIRENZE

4'27$$.+%#

(KQTKPQ F CTIGPVQ XGEEJKQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG (.14'06+# 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV +1*#00'5 Ő $ Ő $KCIIK IT 8GT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

6JKU KU VJG HKTUV (KQTKPQ F CTIGPVQ VJCV FKHHGTU HTQO VJG EQKPU RTQFWEGF NCVGT UGG PQ CPF 6JG YGKIJV KU EQPUKFGTCDN[ JKIJGT

$KCIIK MPQYU QH QPN[ C UKPING PWODGT CPF FQGU PQV FKUVKPIWKUJ DGVYGGP GCTNKGT CPF NCVGT KUUWGU PQT DGVYGGP +1*#00'5 CPF 5 Ő +1*#00'5

(KQTKPQ F CTIGPVQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH (NQTGPVKPG (.14'06+# 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV Ő 5 +1*#00' Ő $ Ő $KCIIK IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG (KQTKPQ F CTIGPVQ VJ ITQWR

(KQTKPQ F CTIGPVQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG (.14'06+# 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV +1*#00'5 Ő $ Ő $KCIIK IT 8GT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV HGDT OTV PQ

205

ITALY - FIRENZE

(KQTKPQ F QTQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG (.14'06+# 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV J 5 +1*#00'5 Ő $ Ő $GTPQEEJK $KCIIK (D IT 8GT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG 6JTGG RGNNGVU PQ OQPG[GTUKIP 6JG HKTUV HKQTKPQ F QTQ

(KQTKPQ F QTQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG (.14'06+# 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV 5 +1*#00'5 Ő $ OQPG[GTʼnU UKIP $GTPQEEJK $KCIIK (D IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG $QWIJV GZ &GMMGT EQNNGEVKQP /QPG[GT &WEEKQ FGINK #NDGTVK FGN )KWFKEG +

(TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN 8++ 5GTKG FCN ++ 5GOGUVTG CN 2TKX[ OCTM ETQUU YKVJ C USWCTG UVCPFKPI QP KVU EQTPGT QP GCEJ GZVTGOKV[ 6JKU RTKX[ OCTM FQGU PQV JCXG CP GPVT[ KP $KCIIK

206

2QRQNKPQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG (.14'06+# 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RNCPVU 5 +1*# 00'5 $ $KCIIK IT (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG (TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN 2TKX[ OCTM TCDDKVʼnU JGCF 5VTWEM DGVYGGP CPF

(KQTKPQ F QTQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG (.14'06+# 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV Ő 5 +1*#00'5 Ő $ OQPG[GTʼnU UKIP $GTPQEEJK $KCIIK (D IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

ITALY - FIRENZE

)TQUUQ IWGNHQ FC FGPCTK # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG &' Ő 6+$+ Ő (.14'4' :25 Ő (.14'06+# 8'4' 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV UGCVGF YKVJ ETQUU CPF QTD OQPG[GTʼnU UKIP N 5#0685 Ő +1*#00'5 Ő $#6+56# $KCIIK IT 8GT[ HKPG

-WPUV WPF /ÒP\GP .WICPQ

5VTWEM HTQO

/KPV OCUVGT )KQXCPPK FK $KEEK FGʼn/GFKEK +

%0+

6JG /GFKEK PCOGU FQ PQV CRRGCT QP EQKPU CU VJG[ FQ KP QVJGT UKIPQTKGU 5VKNN UQOG OGODGTU QH VJKU HCOKN[ JCXG NGHV VJGKT OCTM KP VJG HQTO QH C RTKX[ OCTM CU VJG OKPV OCUVGT QH (NQTGPEG

$QVJ VJG HQWPFGT QH VJG /GFKEK DCPM )KQXCPPK FK $KEEK FGʼn/GFKEK JG HQWPFGF VJG DCPM KP VQIGVJGT YKVJ $GPGFGVVQ FK .KRRCEEKQ QH VJG $CTFK HCOKN[ CPF )GPVKNG FK $CNFCUUCTG $QPK CPF JKU UQP %QUKOQ FGʼn/GFKEK YGTG OKPV OCUVGT QH VJG OKPV QH (NQTGPEG #RCTV HTQO VJGO HKXG QVJGT HCOKN[ OGODGTU YGTG OKPV OCUVGT

6JGUG OCTMU OCVEJ VJG /GFKEKUʼn CTOU 6JG FQVU KP VJG CTOU CPF QP VJG OCTMU ECP CNUQ DG QDUGTXGF KP VJG CTOU QH VJG #TVK FGK %CODKCVQTK

(KQTKPQ F QTQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG Ő Ő (.14 Ő Ő '06+# Ő 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV Ő 5 Ő +1*#0 0'5 Ő $ Ő $GTPQEEJK $KCIIK (D IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG (TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN 2GTKQFQ FGN UGEQPFQ (KQTKPQ .CTIQ ++ 5GOGUVTG #PVQPKQ FK .QTGP\Q FK #PFTGC /QPVGDWQPK 2TKX[ OCTM YKVJ CP # UVTWEM QXGT KV

)TQUUQ IWGNHQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG Ő Ő (.14 '06+# Ő 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV OQPG[GTʼnU UKIP N YKVJ . CDQXG Ő 5 Ő +1#0 0'5 Ő $ Ő $KCIIK IT 0KEG VQPG XGT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV PQ 5VTWEM HTQO QP /QPG[GT .QTGP\Q &CXCP\CVK ++

207

ITALY - FIRENZE

)TQUUQ IWGNHQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG Ő Ő (.14 '06+# Ő 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV OQPG[GTʼnU UKIP N YKVJ ( CDQXG Ő 5 Ő +1*#00'5 Ő $ Ő $KCIIK IT 8GT[ HKPG (TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN 5VTWEM HTQO QP 5JKGNF YKVJ VYQ DGPFNGVU (TCPEGUEQ 5CUUGVVK ++

)TQUUQ IWGNHQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG Ő Ő (.14'06+# Ő 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV OQPG[GTʼnU UKIP N YKVJ . CDQXG Ő 5 Ő +1*#00'5 Ő $ Ő $KCIIK IT &CTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 5VTWEM HTQO QP /QPG[GT .QFQXKEQ /CUK ++

5QNFKPQ # (NGWT FG NKU QH HNQTGPVKPG Ő &' Ő (.14'06+# 4 5V ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV YKVJ ETQUU OQPG[GTʼnU UKIP 5 Ő +1*# 00'5 Ő $ Ő $KCIIK IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG *ÌJP .GKR\KI #WEVKQP PQ 5VTWEM HTQO QP /QPG[GT RQUUKDN[ )KQTIKQ 7IQNKPK ++

208

ITALY - LUCCA

.7%%# +P 4QOCP VKOGU .WEEC YCU C RCTV QH 'VTWTKC .CVGT QH 6WUEKC CPPQPCTKC 'CTN[ QP %JTKUVKCPKUCVKQP YCU RTCEVKUGF CPF VJG HKTUV DKUJQRU COQPI VJGO VJG HCOQWU 5 (TGFKCPWU JGNF KORQTVCPV RQUKVKQPU KP RQNKVKEU CPF VJG OKNKVCT[ #TQWPF .WEEC YCU UGK\GF D[ VJG .QODCTFU CPF ECOG VQ DG OCKP EKV[ KP VJG VJTGG 6WUECP FWEJKGU

7PFGT VJG %CTQNKPIKCPU KV DGECOG C FWEJ[ 6JGP KV HGNN VQ VJG OCTITCXGU QH 6WUEKC #ICKP .WEEC YCU VJG EGPVTG QH C VGTTKVQT[ VJCV GZVGPFGF DG[QPF 6WUECP[

7PFGT VJG 1VVQPKCPU .WEECʼn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ʼnU CWVQPQO[

&GURKVG UGXGTG EQPHNKEVU DGVYGGP PQDKNKV[ CPF VJG RQRQNQ VJG VTCPUKVKQP HTQO EQPUWNU VQ RQFGUV¯ CPF GXGPVWCNN[ VQ C RQRQNQ YGPV TGNCVKXGN[ UOQQVJ OKFFNG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[

#HVGT VJG FGOKUG QH (TGFGTKEM ++ VJG EKV[ LQKPGF VJG )WGNRJU K G VJG UKFG QH VJG RQRG CPF #PLQW YCU EJQUGP #V VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG RQRWNCVKQP HGNN KPVQ VYQ RCTVU VJG )JKDGNNKPGU GXGPVWCNN[ ICKPKPI VJG WRRGT JCPF #U C TGUWNV .WEEC DTKGHN[ HGNN WPFGT VJG UKIPQTG QH 2KUC

+P %CUVTWEEKQ TQUG VQ RQYGT KP .WEEC JG HQWPFGF C UKIPQTKG CPF TGEGKXGF C FWECN VKVNG HTQO .QWKU VJG $CXCTKCP #HVGT JKU FGCVJ KP .WEEC UNKF KPVQ FGENKPG CPF YCU TWNGF D[ UGXGTCN UKIPQTKGU (NQTGPEG PQY YCU VJG OCKP FCPIGT GXGP OQTG UQ VJCP CTEJGPGO[ 2KUC +P .WEEC UWDLWICVGF VQ 2KUC VJG DGIKPPKPI QH C UWRTGOCE[ VJCV YCU VQ NCUV [GCTU

.WEEC YCU ITCPVGF VJG KPFGRGPFGPEG KV UQ HKGTEGN[ RWTUWGF KP VJTQWIJ VJG KPVGTXGPVKQP QH %JCTNGU +8 6JG EKV[ OCKPVCKPGF VJKU RQUKVKQP WR VQ 0CRQNGQPʼnU VKOG

16610' ++

&GPCTQ # /QPQITCO QH 1VVQ +*2'4#614 4 .8 Ő %# Ő KP HKGNF 1661 2+85 4' $KCIIK IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

'04+%1 +++ +8 8

&GPCTQ # 6 6 OQPQITCO QH 'PTKEQ +/2'4#614 4 .8 Ő %# KP HKGNF Q '04+%85 $KCIIK IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

*WK\KPIC &GNHV

209

ITALY - PISA 16610' +8 VJ EGPVWT[

)TQUUQ # 6 6 OQPQITCO QH 1VVQ +8 Ő 1661 4': 4 *GCF QH 5V 8QNVQ HCEKPI Ő 5 Ő 88.6 &' .8%# Ő $KCIIK IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG 5VTWEM KP VJG PCOG QH GORGTQT 1VVQ +8

4'27$$.+%#

2KEEQNQ # . KP HKGNF 1661 Ő +02'4#614 4 %TQYPGF JGCF QH 5V 8QNVQ N 5#0685 Ő 88.685 $KCIIK IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG 9KNNGOU $GPPGMQO

2+5#

2KUC KU QH 'VTWUMKCP QTKIKP 6JG RQTV YCU QH OCLQT KORQTVCPEG HQT VJG 2JQGPKEKCPU CPF VJG )TGGMU 6JG .QODCTF CPF (TCPMKUJ CIG OCTMGF C RGTKQF QH UNWOR HQT 2KUC 6JG EKV[ YCU FGRGPFGPV QP .WEEC CV VJG

DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ CPF VQYCTFU KVU GPF JCF ITQYP VQ DG CP KORQTVCPV EKV[ KP VJG OCTM 6WUEKC 2KUC NCWPEJGF OCP[ PCXCN GZRGFKVKQPU CICKPUV 5CTFKPKC 0QTVJ #HTKEC GVE YJKEJ ICKPGF VJGO EQPVTQN QH VJG 6J[TTGPKCP 5GC

2KUC VQQM RCTV KP VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG KP YJKEJ VJG CTEJDKUJQR QH 2KUC &CK O DGTV YCU EJQUGP RCVTKCTEJ QH ,GTWUCNGO 6JG OCP[ EQPSWGUVU OGCPV YGCNVJ YCU TCRKFN[ COCUUGF CPF OQUV QH VJG ITGCV OQPWOGPVCN DWKNFKPIU YGTG GTGEVGF KP VJKU VKOG 6JKU YGCNVJ KORGFGF DQVJ VJG EQOWPG QH .WEEC CPF VJCV QH (NQTGPEG /QTGQXGT C DKVVGT EQPHNKEV KIPKVGF QXGT UWRTGOCE[ CV UGC YKVJ )GPQC

+PVGTPCNN[ ENCUJGU UVCTVGF FQOKPCVKPI FQOGUVKE RQNKVKEU +P C RQFGUV¯ YCU KPUVCNNGF HQNNQYGF KP D[ QPG CVVTCEVGF HTQO QWVUKFG VJG RQFGUV¯ TGIKOG YCU EGOGPVGF KP +P CP GZVGTPCN RQFGUV¯ YCU DTQWIJV KP CPGY RTKOCTKN[ VQ RTGXGPV EQORNKECVKQPU DGVYGGP VJG VYQ FQOKPCPV PQDNG HCEVKQPU QH VJG 8KUEQPVKU CPF VJG EQWPVU QH )JGTCTFGUEC

9JGP VJG RQRQNQ ECOG VQ VJG HQTG VJG EKV[ʼnU IQXGTPOGPV ITGY OQTG CPF OQTG EQORNKECVGF CPF RQYGT EJCPIGF QXGT HTQO QPG ITQWR VQ VJG PGZV CV C FK\\[KPI URGGF

2KUC YCU UVTWIINKPI CPF JCF FKHHKEWNVKGU DGCTKPI WR CICKPUV )GPQC CPF 8GPKEG CPF YJCV YCU OQTG (NQTGPEGʼnU RQUKVKQP DGECOG GXGT OQTG KORQTVCPV +P 2KUC FGHKPKVKXGN[ HGNN VQ (NQTGPEG (NQTGPEG TWNGF YKVJ CP KTQP HKUV 6JG DWTFGP QH VCZ DGECOG XGT[ JKIJ #NN HWPEVKQPU YGTG EQPVTQNNGF D[ (NQTGPEG /CP[ RTQOKPGPV HCOKNKGU YGTG HQTEGF KPVQ GZKNG CPF QVJGTU YGTG GXGP FGRQTVGF VJG DGVVGT RCTV QH VJG EKVK\GPU HQNNQYKPI UWKV CU C TGUWNV

5VKNN 2KUC YQWNF UGG QPG QVJGT OCLQT GXGPV VJG EQWPEKN VJCV YCU VQ DTKPI CP GPF VQ VJG YGUVGTP UEJKUO YCU EQPXGPGF VJGTG KP

2KUC OCFG IQQF WUG QH VJG +VCNKCP GZRGFKVKQP QH %JCTNGU 8+++ KP YJKEJ YCU RTKOCTKN[ FKTGEVGF CICKPUV (NQTGPEG VQ TGICKP KVU HTGGFQO (NQTGPEG KOOGFKCVGN[ OQWPVGF CP QHHGPUKXG DTKPIKPI 2KUC VQ KVU MPGGU KP

4'27$$.+%#

)TQUUQ # ( KP HKGNF Ő +02'4#614 Ő 4 2 + 5 # ETQUU UJCRGF KP HKGNF YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG Ő %+8+6#5 Ő $KCIIK IT 4 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG +P VJG PCOG QH GORGTQT (TKGFTKEJ + $CTDCTQUUC %C

210

ITALY - PISA

)TQUUQ # ( KP HKGNF DGVYGGP HQWT TQUGVVGU +/2'4#614 Ő 4 /CTKC YKVJ EJKNF UVCT KP HKGNF 5 /#4 & 2+5+5 $KCIIK IT 4 /CIPKHKEGPV RCVKPC GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5KOQPGVVK (NQTGPEG +P VJG PCOG QH GORGTQT (TKGFTKEJ + $CTDCTQUUC

$KCPEQ # %TQYPGF GCING N Ő (4 Ő +/2#614 Ő 4 /CTKC YKVJ EJKNF QP VJTQPG 2+ 5' $QXGPKP /2 1; $KCIIK IT 8GT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV UGRV PQ +P VJG PCOG QH GORGTQT (TKGFTKEJ + $CTDCTQUUC

4'27$$.+%#

)TQUUQ OCIIKQTG # %TQYPGF GCING N Ő ('&'4+%85 Ő Ő +/2#614 Ő 4 /CTKC YKVJ EJKNF N OQPG[GTʼnU UKIP Ő 26')' Ő 8+ Ő 4 Ő )1 2+5 Ő $KCIIK IT 4 8GT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG 'OKUUKQP KP VJG PCOG QH GORGTQT (TKGFTKEJ ++ DGVYGGP %0+ + CO PQV UWTG VJCV VJKU KU $KCIIK 6JG VGZV OCVEJGU DGVVGT DWV VJCV KU C JCNH ITQUUQ

211

ITALY - SIENA

5+'0# 5KGPC YCU C 4QOCP EQNQP[ KP VJG UV EGPVWT[ $% 5GPC XGVWU YCU KVU 'VTWUMKCP PCOG CPF 5GPC ,WNKC KVU 4QOCP

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213

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214

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216

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ITALY - ROMA 5GPCVQ TQOCPQ

$4#0%#.'10' F #0&#.1

)TQUUQ # .KQP N $4#0%#.'1 Ő 5 Ő 2 Ő 3 Ő 4 Ő 4 4QOC QP VJTQPG YKVJ QTD CPF RCNO NGCH 41/# %#286 /80&+ $KCIIK IT 4 0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG .CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 8QIGN EQNNGEVKQP PQ 5 2 3 4 CRRGCTU QP VJG EQKPU 5GPCVWU 2QRWNWUSWG 4QOCPWU

PF '/+55+10 QH )4155+ #010+/+

)TQUUQ # .KQP N 5'0#685 Ő 2 Ő 3 Ő 4 4 4QOC QP VJTQPG YKVJ QTD CPF RCNO NGCH 41/# %#2 /70&+ $KCIIK IT &CTM VQPKPI HNCP ETCEM QVJGTYKUG CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

/G\\Q ITQUUQ # .KQP T 5'0#685 Ő 2 Ő 3 Ő 4 4 4QOC QP VJTQPG YKVJ QTD CPF RCNO NGCH 41/# %#286 /80&+ $KCIIK IT 4 8GT[ HKPG %TKRRC /KNCPQ +U PQ GZCEV OCVEJ $KCIIK JCU %#2 KPUVGCF QH %#286 %TKRRC CVVTKDWVGU VJKU VQ UV GOKUUKQP PQ OGPVKQP KP %0+

%#4.1 + F #0)+

)TQUUQ # .KQP N WPFGT UJKGNF QH #PLQW -#41.85 Ő 5 Ő 2 Ő 3 Ő 4 Ő 4 4QOC QP VJTQPG YKVJ QTD CPF RCNO NGCH 41/# %#2 /80&+ $KCIIK IT 44 (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

223

ITALY - ROMA 5#/2'4+0+ #010+/+

/G\\Q ITQUUQ # 5V 2CWNWU UVCPFKPI QP EQNWOP YKVJ UYQTF CPF DQQM 5'0#6 2 128.1 4 4 5V 2GVTWU UVCPFKPI QP EQNWOP YKVJ MG[U CPF DQQM 41/#0 24+%+2' $KCIIK IT

44 &CTM RCVKPC UOCNN UETCVEJGU XGT[ HKPG 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

%#5#61 #00+$#.&+ 56'(#0'5%*+ UV JCNH VJ EGPVWT[

/G\\Q ITQUUQ # .KQP N YKVJ ETQUU QP DCEM QXGT UJKGNF QH #PPKDCNFK 5VGHCPGUEJK 5'0#685 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 2128.85 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 4 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 4 4QOC QP VJTQPG YKVJ QTD CPF RCNO NGCH 41/# â&#x20AC;&#x17E; %#28& â&#x20AC;&#x17E; / â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ó â&#x20AC;&#x17E; $KCIIK IT 44 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

%#5#61 %#'6#0+ UV JCNH VJ EGPVWT[

/G\\Q ITQUUQ # .KQP N QXGT UJKGNF QH %CGVCPK 5'0#685 Q 2128.85 Q 4 Q 4 4QOC QP VJTQPG YKVJ QTD CPF RCNO NGCH 41/# Q %#28& / ó $KCIIK IT

4 0KEG VQPG XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

224

ITALY - ROMA '/+55+10' &'. &7%#61 41/#01 6JGUG IQNF EQKPU VJG HKTUV QPGU QH VJGKT MKPF 4QOG YGTG UVTWEM D[ VJG OWPKEKRCN CWVJQTKVKGU KP VJG PCOG QH VJG 4QOCP UGPCVG YKVJ RCRCN CRRTQXCN

%QKPCIG YCU CNYC[U VJQWIJV VQ JCXG DGIWP KP VJG [GCT QH VJG RCRCN ,WDKNGG *QYGXGT KP CRRTQZ (NQTGPVKPG OGTEJCPV 2GIQNQVVK TGRQTVGF C TQOCPKPG Fล QTQ C ECTCVK G ย 4QOCP IQNF EQKP QH CPF VJTGG SWCTVGTU ECTCVU CU QRRQUGF VQ VJG 5VCVWVK FK /GTECPVK FK 4QOC QH QPN[ OGPVKQPU UKNXGT CPF DKNNQP EQKPU 6JGKT QTKIKP VJGTGHQTG OWUV NKG DGVYGGP CPF

(KPCPEKCN CHHCKTU QH VJG EWTKC CPF VJG OCP[ XKUKVU OCFG C IQNF EQKP QH VJG UCOG XCNWG PGEGUUCT[ 9J[ YCU VJG 8GPGVKCP FWECVQ EQRKGF! 6JG HKQTKPQ Fล QTQ YCU PQV CP QRVKQP CU VJG 4QOCP OKPV YCU EJGEMGF CPF CFOKPKUVTCVGF D[ (NQTGPVKPG DCPMGTU CPF KOKVCVKQP YCU UVTKEVN[ RTQJKDKVGF 9KVJ VJG HKQTKPQ Fล QTQ PQV VQ DG EQRKGF VJG 8GPGVKCP FWECVQ YCU PGZV DGUV CPF VJG OQPG[GTU JCF PQ SWCNOU CDQWV GZCEVN[ EQR[KPI KV

6JG QNFGUV HKTUV V[RG KU C HCKVJHWN KOKVCVKQP QH VJG 8GPGVKCP FWECVQ

ล 6JG PCOG QH VJG FQIG YCU TGRNCEGF YKVJ 5V 2GVGT NGHV UKFG HTQO VQR VQ DQVVQO

ล &8: YCU TGRNCEGF D[ 5'0 HTQO VJG VQR VQ VJG DQVVQO

ล 5 / 8'0'6 85 YCU TGRNCEGF D[ #614 84$+5 TKIJV UKFG HTQO VQR VQ DQVVQO VJWU HQTOKPI 5GPCVQT 7TDKU

ล 6JG PF V[RG KU VJG UCOG CU VJG UV GZEGRV HQT 5'0 DGKPI XGTVKECNN[ KPXGTVGF

ล 6JG TF V[RG KU VJG UCOG CU VJG PF CRCTV HTQO 5V 2GVGT VQ VJG NGHV KU XGTVKECNN[ KPXGTVGF

# FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP VJG 4QOCP CPF VJG 8GPGVKCP FWECVQ KU VJCV VJG DCUG QH VJG RQNG VJCV VJG DCPPGT KU HN[KPI HTQO KP 4QOG GPFU KP C TQUG YJGTGCU KV FQGU PQV KP 8GPKEG

&WECVQ PF V[RG # 5V 2GVTWU CPF UGPCVQT MPGGNKPI JQNFKPI DCPPGT 5 2'6485 รณ 5'0 #614 84$+5 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC UVCTU N CPF UVCTU T ล 41/# ล %#286 ล /70&+ ล 5234 $KCIIK (D IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ร P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ 6JKU KU C EQR[ QH VJG 8GPGVKCP FWECVQ YKVJ 5V /CTEQ NGHV JKU JGCF DQYGF

&WECVQ TF V[RG # 5V 2GVTWU CPF UGPCVQT MPGGNKPI DGVYGGP 2 2 JQNFKPI DCPPGT 5 2'6485 # ล 5'0 #614 84$+5 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC UVCTU N CPF UVCTU T ล 41/# ล %#286 ล /70&+ ล 5234 $KCIIK (D IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

/ร P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

225

ITALY - ROMA

/QPGVG RCRCNG &WTKPI VJG ŋUGPCVQ TQOCPQŌ RGTKQF VJG RQRGU FKF PQV UVTKMG EQKP KP 4QOG YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH $QPKHCEG 8+++ JG YCU VJG NCUV RQRG VQ UVTKMG EQKP KP 2QPV FG 5QTIWGU YJKNG TGUKFKPI KP 4QOG

6Q YKV CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG EJWTEJGU KPETGCUKPIN[ CEVGF QP VJGKT QYP KPFGRGPFGPV QH 4QOG YJGTGCU VJG RQRGU UVCWPEJN[ JGNF QP VQ VJGKT ENCKOU VQ YQTNF FQOKPCVKQP 2QRG $QPKHCEG 8+++

QPEG CICKP QRGPN[ CVVGUVGF VQ VJGQETCE[ HQTOWNCVKPI UQ KP VJG DWNN ŋ7PCO 5CPEVCOŌ 9JQGXGT FGENCTGF UGEWNCT RQYGT KPFGRGPFGPV QH URKTKVWCN RQYGT YCU FGGOGF C /CPKEJCGCP RCRCN UQXGTGKIPV[ GNGXCVGF VQ CP CTVKENG QH DGNKGH 6JG (TGPEJ MKPI YQWNF PQV UVCPF HQT KV CPF JCF CP CTTGUV YCTTCPV KUUWGF QP $QPKHCEG 1P 5GRVGODGT VJG DCPF QH 5EKCTTC %QNQPPC RGPGVTCVGF VJG RCRCN TGUKFGPEG #PCIPK CPF VQQM $QPKHCEG RTKUQPGT *G FKGF UJQTVN[ CHVGT QP 1EVQDGT

6JG RQRG CNUQ GPXKUCIGF CPQVJGT MKPF QH YQTNF FQOKPCVKQP 6JGTG YCU C ENQUG TGNCVKQP DGVYGGP VJG EWTKC (NQTGPVKPG DCPMGTU VJG 'PINKUJ CPF (TGPEJ ETQYP CPF VJG #PLQWU 9JCV GPUWGF TGUGODNGF CP CVVGORV VQ EQPSWGT VJG YQTNF VJTQWIJ HKPCPEKCN OGCPU 6JKU NGF 2QRG $QPKHCEG 8+++ VQ FGENCTG VJG HKPCPEKCN RQYGT VJG HKHVJ GNGOGPV &QTGP +VCNKGPKUEJG 9KTVUEJCHUIGUEJKEJVG RCTV + ,GPC R

(TGPEJ MKPI 2JKNKR VJG (CKT VJGP VQQM OGCUWTGU VQ KPUVCNN VJG DKUJQR QH $QTFGCWZ CU RQRG 6JG NCVVGT %NGOGPV 8 YCU VQ YGCM VQ UVCPF WR VQ VJG MKPI *G TGXQMGF VJG DWNN ŋ7PCO 5CPEVCOŌ VJQWIJ PGXGT NGHV (TCPEG ECRKVWNCVKPI VQ VJG MKPI KP CNN RCRCN CHHCKTU #HVGT UQOG JGUKVCVKQP JG EJQUG #XKIPQP CU JKU TGUKFGPEG KP *G CPF JKU UWEEGUUQTU KP #XKIPQP YGTG TGCNN[ (TGPEJ EQWTV DKUJQRU

VJG $CD[NQPKCP %CRVKXKV[

+P #XKIPQP YJKEJ JCF DGGP DQWIJV HTQO ,QCP QH 0CRNGU KP VJG HQNNQYKPI RQRGU TGUKFGF EQPUGEWVKXGN[ %NGOGPV 8 ,QJP ::++ $GPGFKEV :++ %NGOGPV 8+ CPF +PPQEGPV 8+ 6JG RCRCN UGG KP 4QOG YCU WPQEEWRKGF FWTKPI VJGUG [GCTU +P VJG #XKIPQP RGTKQF VJG EJWTEJ YCU QTICPKUGF KP CP KPETGCUKPIN[ TKIKF OCPPGT RCTVKEWNCTN[ UQ YKVJ TGICTF VQ OQPG[ 6JGUG RQNKVKEU UVKTTGF QRRQUKVKQP HTQO CNN UKFGU

6JG ECNN VQ TGUVQTG 4QOG RCRCE[ ITGY NQWFGT 4QOG KVUGNH JCF IQPG HTQO DGKPI ECRWV OWPFK VQ DGEQOKPI CP +VCNKCP RTQXKPEKCN VQYP 2QRG 7TDCP 8 UGGOGF VQ DG YKNNKPI VQ JGGF VJKU ECNN HQT KP JG NGHV HQT 4QOG +V YCU PQV C UWEEGUU 'ORGTQT %JCTNGU +8 FKF PQV UWRRQTV JKO CPF C XKUKV QH ,QJP 8 2CNGQNQIQU VQ 4QOG FKF PQV FQ CP[ IQQF OQTGQXGT VJG YCT DGVYGGP (TCPEG CPF 'PINCPF DTQMG QWV CPGY 7TDCP VJGTGHQTG FGEKFGF VQ TGVWTP VQ #XKIPQP KP )TGIQT[ :+ YGPV

DCEM VQ 4QOG UGGOKPIN[ GPFKPI VJG $CD[NQPKCP %CRVKXKV[ 6JG UKVWCVKQP KP 4QOG JQYGXGT TGXGCNGF KVUGNH VQ DG GZVTGOGN[ XQNCVKNG YJGP )TGIQT[ FKGF KP VJG ECTFKPCNU JWTTKGFN[ GNGEVGF VJG #TEJDKUJQR QH $CTK RQRG 7TDCP 8+ DGHQTG NQPI TGITGVVKPI VJGKT JCUV[ CEVKQP CPF EJQQUKPI VJG (TGPEJOCP %NGOGPV 8++ KP JKU UVGCF YJQ TGVWTPGF VQ #XKIPQP 6JG )TGCV 5EJKUO QH 9GUVGTP %JTKUVKCPKV[ DGICP

9JQ JCF DGGP NCYHWNN[ EJQUGP! 5QOG UQXGTGKIPU UWRRQTVGF 7TDCP 8+ QVJGTU %NGOGPV 8++ 6JTQWIJQWV EJTKUVGPFQO VJG CHHCKT YCU VJQWIJV QH CU FKUITCEGHWN UQOGVJKPI VQ YJKEJ CP GPF UJQWNF DG RWV CU UQQP CU

RQUUKDNG $WV YJQ EQWNF GZGTV VJG CWVJQTKV[ PGGFGF HQT DTQCF EQPUGPUWU! 6JG (TGPEJ MKPI %JCTNGU 8+ OCFG CP CVVGORV DWV VQ PQ CXCKN 9G VJGP UGG VJG HQNNQYKPI RQRGU

+P #XKIPQP %NGOGPV 8++ $GPGFKEV :+++

+P 4QOG 7TDCP 8+ $QPKHCEG +: +PPQEGPV 8++ CPF )TGIQT[ :++

0GKVJGT UKFG ICXG KP CPF KP VJG ECTFKPCNU EQPXGPGF VJG %QWPEKN QH 2KUC 6JG )TCPF /CUVGT QH VJG QTFGT QH 5V ,QJP OGFKCVGF UGG 4JQFGU DWV C NQV QH EQWPVTKGU EJCNNGPIG VJG NCYHWNPGUU QH VJKU EQWPEKN CPF UGPV PQ TGRTGUGPVCVKXGU 6JG EQWPEKN FGRQUGF DQVJ RQRGU CPF CRRQKPVGF #NGZCPFGT 8 RQRG #HVGT JKU FGOKUG KP JG YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ ,QJP ::+++ 0GKVJGT $GPGFKEV :+++ PQT )TGIQT[ :++

RCKF CP[ JGGF VQ VJGUG GFKEVU /QTGQXGT ,QJP ::+++ FKF PQV YCPV VQ TGHQTO VJG EJWTEJ 6JG GPUWKPI EJCQU YKVJ VJTGG RQRGU YQWNF FTCI QP HQT C HGY [GCTU WPVKN VJG %QWPEKN QH %QPUVCPEG YJGP VJG UEJKUO YCU HKPCNN[ DTQWIJV VQ CP GPF VJTQWIJ OGFKCVKQP D[ 'ORGTQT 5KIKUOWPF KP RCTVKEWNCT ,QJP ::+++ YCU FGRQUGF /C[ )TGIQT[ :++ CDFKECVGF QH JKU QYP HTGG YKNN LWNK DWV VJG VGPCEKQWUN[ WPYKNNKPI $GPGFKEV :+++ TGHWUGF VQ [KGNF *G TGOCKPGF KP QHHKEG WPVKN JG VQQ YCU FGRQUGF

,WN[ /CTVKP 8 DGECOG VJG PGY RQRG 6JG KPVGTKO JCF GTQFGF RCRCN CWVJQTKV[ GPQTOQWUN[

0GGFNGUU VQ UC[ EQKPU YGTG PQV UVTWEM KP 4QOG FWTKPI #XKIPQP RCRCE[ DWV VJG[ YGTG KP QVJGT +VCNKCP RNCEGU #OQPIUV QVJGTU ,QJP ::++ OKPVGF KP /CEGTCVC 7PVKN %NGOGPV 8+ OKPVKPI YCU FQPG KP 2QPV FG 5QTIWGU CHVGT VJCV KP #XKIPQP /WEJ VJG UCOG EQKP YCU UQOGVKOGU UVTWEM KP #XKIPQP CHVGT VJG OQXG QH VJG *QN[ 5GG VQ 4QOG )TGIQT[ :+

7TDCP 8+ KP 4QOG OKPVGF KP #XKIPQP VJG QVJGTU KP 4QOG 6JG VYQ RQRGU KP #XKIPQP CNUQ EQKPGF KP #XKIPQP CPF DQVJ RQRGU VJCV JCF DGGP EJQUGP D[ VJG %QWPEKN QH 2KUC OKPVGF KP 4QOG $QNQIPC CPF 6CINKCEQ\\Q

(TQO /CTVKP 8 EQKP YCU UVTWEM KP 4QOG #PEQPC #UEQNK $QNQIPC (QNKIPQ /CEGTCVC 4GECPCVQ /CPVWC 5RQNGVQ (CPQ 8KVGTDQ (GTOQ .ʼn#SWKNC CPF KP #XKIPQP CU YGNN QPN[ D[ /CTVKP 8 CPF 'WIGPG +8

226

ITALY - ROMA 5'&' 8#%#06'

%COGTNGPIQ 2KGVTQ FK /QPVGDTWPQ

)TQUUQ RCRCTKPQ 8KVGTDQ # $GCTFGF JGCF HCEKPI 5#0%685 2'6485 4 6YQ MG[U 5#0%685 2'6485 $KCIIK IT

44 6TCEGU QH XGTKFITKU CPF GFIG DTGCM QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

)+18#00+ ::++

,CESWGU #TPCWF FÅ&#x2030;'WUG FK %CJQTU

)TQUUQ 6QTPGUG 2QPV FG 5QTIWGU # 2QRG QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF +1*'5 2#2# ::++ %1/'5 8'0#5+0+ 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU #)+/ 6+$+ )4# 1/0+216'05 &'85 $QWFGCW /WPVQPK IT 44 0KEG RCVKPC CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG .CP\ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ 2F# #XKIPQP

)4')14+75 :+

2KGTTG 4QIGT FG $GCWHQTV FK %J³VGCW /CWOQPV

$QNQIPKPQ # $WUV HCEKPI )) 22 /80& 4 7 4 $ + ETQUU UJCRGF KP HKGNF YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG &' 41/# $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

227

ITALY - ROMA

)TQUUQ #XKIPQP # 2QRG QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF ร )4')148 22 80&'% ร 4 6YQ ETQUUGF MG[U " 5#0%685 " 2'6485 " $QWFGCW /WPVQPK IT

4 5OCNN GFIG ETCEMU XGT[ HKPG 8KPEJQP 2CTKU 2F#

$10+(#%+1 +:

2KGVTQ 6QOCEGNNK FK 0CRQNK

)TQUUQ # 2QRG QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF $10+(#6 โ 22 โ 01085 โ 4 6YQ ETQUUGF MG[U รณ 5#0%685 โ " โ 2'6485 UKIP QH VJG OKPV รณ $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT

4 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

/#46+01 8

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

9JGP JG GNGXCVGF JKU EQWUKP 2TQURGTQ VQ ECTFKPCN KP JG YCU CEEWUGF QH PGRQVKUO OQUV PQVCDN[ D[ VJG 1TUKPKU

$QNQIPKPQ # $WUV HCEKPI ล /#46+085 3 4 8 ล 4 ล $ ล + ล ETQUU UJCRGF KP HKGNF YKVJ ETQYPGF EQNWOP KP EGPVTG " ล 5#0685 2'6485 ล $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT

0KEG RQTVTCKV UOCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

/ร P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN 6JG QDXGTUG UJQYU VJG NGIGPF QH $KCIIK DWV VJG NGIGPF QH VJG TGXGTUG KU HTQO $KCIIK

228

ITALY - ROMA '7)'0+1 +8

)CDTKGNG %QPFWNOGT FK 8GPG\KC %COG HTQO C 8GPGVKCP OGTEJCPV DCEMITQWPF %QPFWNOGT #HVGT JKU WPENG #PIGNQ %QTXGT YCU GNGEVGF RQRG CU )TGIQT[ :++ JG YCU GORNQ[GF CV VJG EWTKC +P JG DGECOG ECTFKPCN *G UVQQF CV JKU WPENGʼnU UKFG FWTKPI VJG 9GUVGTP 5EJKUO CPF CVVGPFGF VJG %QWPEKN QH %QPUVCPEG

7PFGT /CTVKP 8 JG YCU IQXGTPQT QH VJG OCTM #PEQPC CHVGT VJCV QH $QNQIPC DWV JKU TGNCVKQP YKVJ /CTVKP YCU RQQT *KU GNGEVKQP VQ RQRG YCU C EQORTQOKUG DGVYGGP 1TUKPK CPF %QNQPPC YJQ OQTGQXGT JCF JKO UKIP VJG ECRKVWNCVKQP QH VJG ECTFKPCNʼnU EQNNGIG

*G OCFG C NQV QH OKUVCMGU CPF QYGF OCP[ QH JKU UWEEGUUGU VQ JKU CUUKUVCPVU 6JG EQPUQNKFCVKQP QH VJG GEENGUKCUVKECN UVCVG D[ /CTVKP 8 YCU RCTVN[ TGXGTUGF +P JG ETQYPGF 5KIKUOWPF GORGTQT KP 4QOG +P VJG OCTM #PEQPC YCU NQUV VQ (TCPEGUEQ 5HQT\C CPF NCVGT VJCV [GCT JG JCF VQ HNGG VQ (NQTGPEG CPF VJGP VQ $QNQIPC CPF (GTTCTC YJGTG VJG EWTKC CNUQ TGUKFGF 0QV WPVKN EQWNF JG TGVWTP VQ 4QOG *G FKF PQV UJWP JWOCPKUO

&WECVQ # 6KCTC CPF ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF QH 'WIGPKWU Ő Ő '8)'0+85 Ő Ő 22 Ő 38#4685 Ő 4 5V 2GVTWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ MG[ CPF DQQM Ő Ő 52'6485 Ő Ő #./# Ő 41/# Ő $KCIIK (D C /WPVQPK IT 'FIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO #WMVKQPGU $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ

)TQUUQ # 2QRG QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF Ő " '8)'0+85 Ő Ő 22 Ő 37#4685 Ő 4 6YQ ETQUUGF MG[U WPFGT UJKGNF QH 'WIGPKWU 41/# Ő %#286 Ő /80&+ Ő 5 Ő 2 Ő 3 Ő 4 Ő YJKR Ő $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT

0KEG FCTM VQPG ETCEM CPF UOCNN JQNG KP VJG HNCP QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN 6JG QDXGTUG VGZV FKHHGTU HTQO YJCV $KCIIK RTQXKFGU KPUVGCF QH 22 JG JCU 2#2#

$QNQIPKPQ (GTOQ # 4 6 8 5 KP HKGNF YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG " Q '8) Q 22 Q 38# Q 4 # KP HKGNF YKVJ HQWT TKPIU CTQWPF " Q 8$ Q (+4/#0 Q $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT

6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

229

ITALY - ROMA

%CTNKPQ #XKIPQP # 2QRG QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF '7)'0+85 22 Ő %#4685 Ő 4 %TQUUGF MG[U UJKGNF CDQXG 5#0685 2'6485 '6 2#8.85 $QWFGCW /WPVQPK IT (KPG VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

2+1 ++

'PGC 5KNXKQ 2KEEQNQOKPK FK %QTUKIPCPQ QTC 2KGP\C 9CU HTQO CP QNF KORQXGTKUJGF 5GPGUG PQDNG HCOKN[ QH OGTEJCPVU *G YCU C RTQOKPGPV JWOCPKUV KP JKU FC[ *KU CPVK 4QOG UGPVKOGPVU ECWUGF JKO VQ DGEQOG UGETGVCT[ QH #PVKRQRG (GNKZ 8 UGG WPFGT 5CXQKC +P JG OGV YKVJ (TGFGTKEM +++ YJQ ETQYPGF JKO KORGTKCN RQGV NCWTGCVG CPF CRRQKPVGF JKO VQ UGETGVCT[ QH VJG KORGTKCN EJCPEGNNGT[ *G CDCPFQPGF JKU NKDGTCN NKHG HQT C FKRNQOCVKE ECTGGT RGTJCRU OQVKXCVGF D[ CODKVKQP (QNNQYKPI JKU TGEQPEKNKCVKQP YKVJ 4QOG KP JG DGECOG DKUJQR QH 6TKGUV KP QH 5KGPC KP CPF TQUG VQ ECTFKPCNUJKR KP 'NGEVGF RQRG KP

+P RQNKVKEU JG HCXQWTGF (TCPEGUEQ 5HQT\CʼnU NKPG QXGT VJCV QH %QUKOQ FG /GFKEK *G FKF PQV NQQUGP JKU TGKP QP VJG GEENGUKCUVKECN UVCVG EQPHNKEV YKVJ 5KIKUOQPFQ /CNCVGUVC *G YCU RTQ #PLQW DWV EQPVTC #TCIQP *G FGPQWPEGF )GQTIG QH 2QFKGDTCF $QJGOKC CU C JGTGVKE &WTKPI JKU GPVKTG RQPVKHKECE[ JG EQPVGORNCVGF C ETWUCFG CICKPUV VJG EQPSWGUV QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG +P XCKP

*G YCU QPG QH VJG OQTG CRRGCNKPI RQRGU QH JKU VKOG CPF VJG HCEV VJCV JG YCU RGTEGKXGF CU QTKIKPCN KPFKECVGU VJCV JG YCU QPG QH VJG HGY VJCV ECP DG UCKF VQ JCXG EQOG ENQUG VQ DGKPI CP CTEJGV[RKECN GCTN[ TGPCKUUCPEG OCP $WTEMJCTFV

&WECVQ # 6KCTC CPF ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF QH 2KQ Ő 2+85 Ő 2#2# Ő Ő 5'%80&85 Ő 4 5V 2GVTWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ MG[ CPF DQQM Ő 5 Ő 2'6485 Ő Ő #./# Ő 41/# Ő $KCIIK (D /WPVQPK IT 4 5OCNN HNCP GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO #WEVKQPGU $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ

230

ITALY - ROMA 2#1.1 ++

2KGVTQ $CTDQ FK 8GPG\KC 9CU HTQO C TKEJ 8GPGVKCP OGTEJCPV HCOKN[ 2TGFGUVKPGF D[ JKU WPENG 2QRG 'WIGPG +8 HQT CP GEENGUKCUVKECN ECTGGT DGECOG ECTFKPCN KP VJGP DKUJQR QH %GTXKC 8KEGP\C 2CFQXC 7UGF JKU YGCNVJ VQ DGEQOG C RCVTQP QH VJG CTVU CPF JCF VJG 2CNC\\Q 8GPG\KC EQPUVTWEVGF

#HVGT JKU EQTQPCVKQP JG DGECOG CNKGPCVGF HTQO VJG EQNNGIG QH ECTFKPCNU *G GZEQOOWPKECVGF )GQTIG QH 2QFKGDTCF DWV OCKPVCKPGF ENQUG VKGU YKVJ /CVVJKCU %QTXKPWU CPF (TGFGTKEM +++ *G FGETGGF VJCV GXGT[ VJ [GCT YCU VQ DG C JQN[ [GCT UVCTVKPI YKVJ

&WECVQ # 6KCTC CPF ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF QH 2CQNQ ล 2#8.85 ล 22 รณ ล ล 5'%80&85 ล 4 5V 2GVTWU CPF 5V 2CWNWU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT ล 52'6485 ล ล 5 ล ล 2#8.85 ล ล 41/# ล $KCIIK (D /WPVQPK IT 4 8GT[ HKPG /ร P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO #WMVKQPGU $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ

)TQUUQ # 6KCTC CPF ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF QH 2CQNQ Q 2#8.85 ล 22 รณ Q ล ล Q รณ 5'%80&85 J Q 4 5V 2GVTWU CPF 5V 2CWNWU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT Q ล 5 ล Q 2'6485 ล ล 41/# ล ล 5 ล 2#8.85 ล $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT 0KEG RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG -ร NPGT /ร P\MCDKPGVV -ร NP #WEVKQP PQ /QPG[GT 2KGT 2CQNQ FGNNC <GEEC

6GT\Q FK ITQUUQ #PEQPC # 6KCTC CPF VYQ ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF ล 2#8.85 ล 22 ล ล 5'%80&85 ล 4 5V 2GVTWU CPF 5V 2CWNWU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT 5 ล 2'6485 ล 5 ล 2#8.85 ล $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT 0KEG VQPG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

X F &WUUGP /CCUVTKEJV

$GVYGGP VJG HGGV QH 2GVGT CPF 2CWN KU C UOCNN EQCV QH CTOU YKVJ CP H YKVJ C ETQUU CDQXG KV

'NWEKFCVKQP KP $KCIIK 3WGUVC OQPGVC KN %0+ NC TKRQTVC RGT NC \GEEC FK 4QOC PQ EQOG )TQUUGVVQ 2CRCNG EQP UVGOOC GP FWG #RQUVQNK +P TGCNVยฏ KN UGIPQ FK \GEEC TKRQTVCVQ CN 4 ยฝ SWGNNQ FK (TCPEGUEQ 0KEQNCK \GEEJKGTG FK #PEQPC PGNNC EWK WPKEC \GEEC RQPVKHKEKC EQPVTCTKCOGPVG C 4QOC G 5RQNGVQ XGPKXC DCVVWVQ KN 6GT\Q FK )TQUUQ %0+ TGRQTVU VJKU EQKP VQ DG HTQO VJG 4QOCP OKPV PQ CU C UOCNN 2GVGTล U RGPEG YKVJ C EQCV QH CTOU UJQYKPI VYQ CRQUVNGU 6JG OKPV OCTM TGRQTVGFN[ QH VJG MKPI KU KP TGCNKV[ VJCV QH (TCPEGUEQ 0KEQNCK OKPV OCUVGT QH #PEQPC VJKU GZENWUKXGN[ RCRCN OKPV EQPVTCT[ VQ 4QOG CPF 5RQNGVQ UVTWEM VJG 6GT\Q )TQUUQ

6JG OCTM KU VJG UCOG CU QP PQ 5JQWNF VJCV CNUQ DG RNCEGF KP #PEQPC! #U [GV UVKNN WPFGT 4QOC JQYGXGT PQV VQ DG HQWPF KP $KCIIK

231

ITALY - ROMA

$QNQIPKPQ #PEQPC # 6KCTC CPF ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF QH 2CQNQ

2#8.85 22 5'%80&85

4 *GCFU QH 5V 2GVTWU CPF 5V 2CWNWU HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT 5 2#8.85

5 2'6485 $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT 44 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&QGU PQV CRRGCT KP $KCIIK VJGTG KU C TGHGTGPEG VQ %0+

(QT VJG CTOU DGCTKPI CP H UGG PQ

(TCPEGUEK $TWUUGN

#NVJQWIJ + ECPPQV HKPF VJKU EQKP KP $KCIIK + JCXG TGUQTVGF VQ RNCEKPI KV KP #PEQPC QP VJG ITQWPFU QH KVU OKPV OCTM +V EQTTGURQPFU YKVJ $KCIIKล U GNWEKFCVKQP QP R UGG PQ /WPVQPK CNUQ RNCEGU VJKU V[RG WPFGT #PEQPC

5+561 +8

(TCPEGUEQ &GNNC 4QXGTG FK %GNNG .KIWTG 9CU HTQO CP KORQXGTKUJGF HCOKN[ *G YCU UGPV VQ C /KPQTKVG OQPCUVGT[ CV CP GCTN[ CIG $[ JG JCF TKUGP VQ DGEQOG KVU /KPKUVGT )GPGTCN CPF JG DGECOG ECTFKPCN KP *G NCXKUJN[ DGUVQYGF RTKXKNGIGU WRQP JKU QYP CPF QVJGT OGPFKECPV QTFGTU

5KUVQล U YCU PQV C TGKIP OCTMGF D[ OCP[ FGGFU VJQWIJ JG FKF FQ C NQV HQT JKU HCOKN[ COQPIUV QVJGTU GNGXCVKPI )KWNKCPQ FGNNC 4QXGTG NCVGT VQ DG 2QRG ,WNKWU ++ VQ ECTFKPCN

+P VJG LWDKNGG JG IGPGTCVGF KPEQOG VJTQWIJ VJG UCNG QH KPFWNIGPEGU VJG RCRCN EQHHGTU PGGFGF VQ DG TGRNGPKUJGF +P C EQWPEKN FKTGEVGF CICKPUV JKO YCU EQPXGPGF KP $CUNG 5MKNHWNN OCPQGWXGTKPI JGNRGF JKO RTGXGPV YQTUG

+P JG CNNQYGF (GTFKPCPF CPF +UCDGNNG QH 5RCKP VQ TGKPVTQFWEG VJG KPSWKUKVKQP EQPVTQNNGF D[ VJG UQXGTGKIP +P JG CEMPQYNGFIGF 6JQOCU FG 6QTSWGOCFC VQ DG ITCPF KPSWKUKVQT *G YCU C ITGCV RCVTQP QH VJG CTVU 5KZVKPG %JCRGN &GURKVG JKU JWODNG QTKIKPU JG NQXGF URNGPFQWT CPF OCIPKHKEGPEG YJKEJ VJG OGFCN VJCV YCU OCFG HQT JKO CVVGUVU VQ

*G HWTVJGTOQTG YCU VJG QPN[ RQRG YJQ JCF C EQKP UVTWEM YKVJ JKU GHHKI[ DGHQTG

)TQUUQ # $WUV N Q 5+:685 Q ++++ Q 2106 Q /#: Q 84$' Q 4'56 Q รณ โ 4 6KCTC CPF ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF Q 28$.+%#' รณ ล ล รณ 86+.+6#6+ Q $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT

44 &CTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG .CP\ /ร PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

'Z 8QIGN EQNNGEVKQP PQ

232

ITALY - ROMA

)TQUUQ # 6KCTC CPF ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF Q ล 5+:685 ล 22 รณ ล Q Q ล รณ 38#4685 J ล Q 4 5V 2GVTWU CPF 5V 2CWNWU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT ล 5 ล 2#8.85 ล Q ล 5 ล Q ล 2'6485 ล ล 41/# ล $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT 5OCNN UETCEJVGU XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

+001%'0<1 8+++

)KQXCPPK $CVVKUVC %[DQ FK )GPQXC 9CU HTQO C )GPQGUG HCOKN[ DWV YCU DTQWIJV WR CV VJG EQWTV KP 0CRNGU *G JCF UGXGTCN EJKNFTGP QH YJQO VYQ YGTG UVKNN CNKXG CV VJG VKOG QH JKU EQTQPCVKQP +P JG DGECOG DKUJQR QH 5CXQPC KP QH /QNHGVVC KP ECTFKPCN

#HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH 5KUVQ +8 KP VJG VYQ 4QOCP HCOKNKGU 1TUKPK CPF %QNQPPC RWV WR QRRQUKPI EQPVGUVQTU # EQPENCXG YCU GNGEVGF VQ GPF VJG FGCFNQEM HTQO YJKEJ +PPQEGP\Q GOGTIGF CU VJG EQORTQOKUG ECPFKFCVG

*G YCU KNN C NQV QH VJG VKOG +P JG RTQOQVGF VJG RGTUGEWVKQP QH YKVEJGU KP C FGIGPGTCVG YC[ *G DGECOG GPOGUJGF KP C PWODGT QH RTQDNGOU CU KP UGG WPFGT .ล #SWKNC HTQO YJKEJ RCRCN RQNKVKEU UGTKQWUN[ UWHHGTGF 6Q RTQXKFG UQOG TGNKGH HQT VJG FGUCUVTQWU HKPCPEKCN UVCVG JG UQWIJV TCRRTQEJGOGPV YKVJ VJG /GFKEKU COQPIUV QVJGTU JKU UQP (TCPEGUEJGVVQ OCTTKGF C /GFKEK CPF )KQXCPPK FG /GFKEK YCU OCFG ECTFKPCN VJG NCVGT 2QRG .GQ 8

*G ECNNGF KP XCKP HQT C ETWUCFG CICKPUV VJG 6WTMU CPF KP GXGPVWCNN[ CITGGF VQ CP KPINQTKQWU RGCEG YKVJ $C[G\KF ++ 6JKU RQRG YCU FKUNKMGF HQT JKU PGRQVKUO DWV CRRTGEKCVGF HQT JKU RCVTQPCIG QH VJG CTVU 4GEGPVN[ HCEVU JCXG EQOG VQ NKIJV UJQYKPI VJCV JG TGPFGTGF KPXCNWCDNG UGTXKEGU VQ VJG WPKHKECVKQP QH VJG EJWTEJ CNUQ KP 0QTVJGTP CPF 'CUVGTP 'WTQRG

(KQTKPQ FK ECOGTC # 6KCTC CPF VYQ ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF Q +001%'06 +85 22 8+++ 4 5V 2GVTWU KP DQCV HKUJKPI Q 5#0%685 Q 2'6485 Q Q #./# Q 41/# $KCIIK (D /WPVQPK IT #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ร P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO #WMVKQPGU $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ

$QNQIPKPQ #PEQPC # 6KCTC CPF VYQ ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF Q +001%'0 6+85 ล 22 ล 8+++ 4 5V 2GVTWU KP DQCV HKUJKPI Q 5 Q 2'6485 /#4%*+8# $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT

4 #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG (TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN

233

ITALY - ROMA

3WCVVTKPQ # 6KCTC CPF VYQ ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF Ő +001%'06+85 Ő 22 Ő 8+++ 4 $WUVU QH 5V 2GVTWU CPF 5V 2CWNWU DGJKPF VCDNG 5 Q 2#7.75 #./ Q 41/ Q 5 Q 2'6485 Q $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT 4 5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG

/ÒNNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

2QRG +PPQEGPV 8+++ OKPVGF KP .ʼn#SWKNC DWV CU VJKU EQKP KU TGNCVGF VQ QPG VJCV YCU CNUQ UVTWEM KP .ʼn#SWKNC D[ (GTFKPCPF + VJKU KU NKUVGF WPFGT .ʼn#SWKNC D[ YC[ QH GZEGRVKQP

#.'55#0&41 8+

4QFTKIQ FG $QT[C [ $QT[C FK ,CVKXC 1TKIKPCNN[ HTQO 5RCKP YJGTG VJG $QTIKC HCOKN[ JCF DGGP NKXKPI KP $QTLC VQ DG RTGEKUG C UOCNN JCONGV PGCT 8CNGPEKC UKPEG VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6JG CTOU QH VJKU UOCNN VQYP YGTG DQTPG D[ DQVJ $QTIKC RQRGU %CNKZVWU +++ CPF #NGZCPFGT 8+

#RRQKPVGF ECTFKPCN D[ JKU WPENG %CNKZVWU +++ KP XKEG EJCPEGNNQT QH VJG 4QOCP %CVJQNKE %JWTEJ KP #NYC[U EJCTCEVGTKUGF CU UGPUKDNG JKIJN[ IKHVGF CPF FKRNQOCVKE $WV QP VJG QVJGT JCPF JG NGF C VQVCNN[ KOOQTCN NKHG JG JCF EJKNFTGP YKVJ CV NGCUV HQWT YQOGP YKVJ 8CPQ\\C FG %CVGPGKU JG JCF HQWT COQPI YJQO %GUCTG CPF .WETGVKC $QTIKC

5KOQPKUVKE OCEJKPCVKQPU JCF NGF VQ #NGUUCPFTQʼnU GNGEVKQP VQ RQRG 7PFGT JKO VJG GEENGUKCUVKECN UVCVG EQORNGVGF KVU EGPVTCNKUCVKQP *G YKVJUVQQF (TGPEJ CPF 5RCPKUJ KPVGTHGTGPEG NCVGT LQKPKPI VJGUG EQWPVTKGU *KU RQNKVKEU YGTG RTGFQOKPCPVN[ CKOGF CV UV[NKPI JKU VYQ EJKNFTGP %GUCTG CPF .WETGVKC +VCNKCP 4GPCKUUCPEG UQXGTGKIPU 7PFGT JKU NGCFGTUJKR VJG ŋ#RRCTVCOGPVK $QTIKCŌ YGTG ETGCVGF KP VJG 8CVKECP

)TQUUQ # 6KCTC CPF VYQ ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF Q #.':#0&'4 Q Q 8+ Q 2106 Q /#: Q 4 5V 2GVTWU CPF 5V 2CWNWU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT TQUGVVG DGVYGGP VJGO Q 5 Q Q 2'6485 Q Q 41/# Q Q 5 2#8.85 Q $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT 0KEG FCTM VQPG XGT[ HKPG *QNNCPFKC -CORGTXGGP

)TQUUQ #PEQPC # 6KCTC CPF VYQ ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF Q #.':#0&'4 Q Q 8+ Q 2106 Q /#: Q 4 2GVTWU CPF 5V 2CWNWU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT Q Ő 5 Ő Q Q 2'6485 Q Q 5 2#8.85 Q Q /#4%+ Q $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT 4 8GT[ HKPG -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

&QGU PQV OCVEJ $KCIIK GPVKTGN[ 6JCV JCU #0%1 KP VJG GZGTIWG YJGTGCU VJG EQKP KP JCPF TGCFU /#4%+ VJGTG

PQV OGPVKQPGF KP $KCIIK

234

ITALY - GAETA

&QRRKQ SWCVVTKPQ #UEQNK # 6KCTC CPF ETQUUGF MG[U QXGT UJKGNF Q #.':# Q 8+ Q 21 Q /# 4 %CUVNG YKVJ VYQ RQTVCNU CPF VYQ VQYGTU UVCT CPF TQUGVVG DGVYGGP VJGO &' Ő #5%8.1 Ő $KCIIK /WPVQPK IT 4 )TGGP RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5CPVCOCTKC 4QOG

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

)#'6#

)CGVC KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ TGUKUVGF VJG KPXCUKQPU QH VJG 5CTCEGPU 7PFGT &QEKDKNKU C JGTGFKVCT[ F[PCUV[ DGICP VJG *[RCVK EQORCTCDNG VQ VJG TWNGTU QH #OCNHK CPF 0CRNGU VJCV VQQM VJGKT TKUG KP +P VJG *[RCVK F[PCUV[ HTGGF KVUGNH HTQO VJG .QODCTF UQXGTGKIPU QH %CRWC DWV KP DGECOG C HKGH QH VJG 0QTOCP *QWUG QH %CRWC #HVGT 4QIGT ++ JCF DTQWIJV VJG FWEJ[ )CGVC WPFGT VJG MKPIFQO 5KEKN[ JG ITCPVGF )CGVC VJG UVCVWU QH TQ[CN EKV[ KP

/#4+01 ++

(QNNCTQ # $WUV QH 5V 'TCUOWU HCEKPI 4 1OGIC KP HKGNF # %10 '6 &8: TGVTQITCFG $KCIIK )TKGTUQP 6TCXCKPK IT 4 %QTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

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

5GG HWTVJGT WPFGT 0QTOCPU KP 5KEKN[ CPF 5QWVJ +VCN[ 4QIGT ++ CPF CHVGT VJCV )WINKGNOQ + ++

235

ITALY - CAPUA and NAPOLI

%#27# +P VJG EQWTUG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ C .QODCTF F[PCUV[ VQQM KVU TKUG WPFGT .CPFWNH 5VCTVKPI #VCPWNH DQTG C UQXGTGKIPÅ&#x2030;U VKVNG 6JG KPHNWGPEG QH VJKU F[PCUV[ TGCEJGF KVU ITGCVGUV JGKIJV WPFGT 2CPFWNHQ +

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

4+%%#4&1 ++

(QNNCTQ # %CUVNG YKVJ VJTGG VQYGTU %+8+6#5 %#28#0# 4 +P HQWT NKPGU 4+%*# 4&24+0 %'25 $KCIIK )TKGTUQP 6TCXCKPK IT 44 8GT[ HKPG )QTP[ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ +P 'PIGN CPF 5GTTWTG VJGUG EQKP KU UCKF VQ DG UVTWEM WPFGT 4KEECTFQ + %0+

0#21.+ 6JG JGTGFKVCT[ CTEJGRKUEQRCN &WEJ[ 0CRNGU YCU HQWPFGF D[ 5GTIKWU + 6JG 0QTOCPU EQP SWGTGF VJG NCUV FWMG 5GTIKWU 8++ KP DTKPIKPI 0CRNGU WPFGT VJG MKPIFQO 5KEKN[ 6JKU UKVWCVKQP TGOCKPGF WPEJCPIGF FWTKPI 0QTOCP VKOGU CPF VJG *QJGPUVCWHGP RGTKQF VJQWIJ 0CRNGU YCU KPVGTOKVVGPVN[ KPFGRGPFGPV HQT UGXGTCN FGECFGU FWTKPI VJG VTCPUKVKQP HTQO 0QTOCP FQOKPCPEG VQ *QJGP UVCWHGP TWNG CPF KP VJG RGTKQF CHVGT VJG FGOKUG QH (GFGTKEQ ++ KP CPF VJG UWEEGUUKQP D[ /CPHTGFK KP

56'(#01 ++

/G\\Q HQNNCTQ # $WUV QH 5V )GPPCTQ HCEKPI 5%5 +#0 4 %TQUU QP VJTGG UVGRU DGVYGGP 5 CPF 6 $KCIIK )TKGTUQP 6TCXCKPK 2CPPWVK 4KEEKQ IT 4 (NCP ETCEM HKPG -WPUV WPF /Ã&#x2019;P\GP .WICPQ (TQO NKUV PQ 5%5 +#0 5%5 +#08#4+85 5VGHCPQ ++ YCU FWMG CPF DKUJQR

236

ITALY - NAPOLI %*#4.'5 + F #0)+

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4 5OCNN GFIG HCWNV QVJGTYKUG OCIPKHKEGPV YGNN UVTWEM CPF GZVTGOGN[ HKPG VQ WPEKTEWNCVGF URGEKOGP

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5CNWVQ F CTIGPVQ # &KXKFGF UJKGNF QH ,GTWUCNGO (TCPEG -#41. Ő +'4. Ő '6 Ő 5+%+. Ő 4': 4 #PPWPEKCVKQP UEGPG YKVJ XCUG QH NKU DGVYGGP /CTKC CPF VJG CPIGN #8' Ő )4# Ő 2.'0# Ő &05 Ő 6'%8/ $KCIIK 2CPPWVK 4KEEKQ IT 8GT[ HKPG -WPUV WPF /ÒP\GP .WICPQ %CI VKRQ %

%*#4.'5 ++ F #0)+

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5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ

237

ITALY - NAPOLI

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238

ITALY - NAPOLI #.(1051 + FÅ&#x2030;#4#)10#

%CTNKPQ # 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP 0CRNGU ,GTWUCNGO *WPICT[ #.(10585 Q & Q ) Q 4 Q #4 Q 5 Q % Q 8 Q ( Q 4 -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD 5 N KP HKGNF &05 Q / Q #&+8/ Q '/ Q ')1 Q & Q + Q / Q $KCIIK 2CPPWVK 4KEEKQ G IT

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239

ITALY - NAPOLI

%QTQPCVQ # %TQYPGF DWUV T 6 N KP HKGNF ('44#0&85 „ & „ ) „ 4 „ 5+%+.+' „ *+' „ 4 5V /KEJCGN RKGTEKPI FTCIQP YKVJ NCPEG +856# Q 68'0&# $KCIIK 2CPPWVK 4KEEKQ E IT /CIPKHKEGPV VQPG CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP 'Z $GPPGVV EQNNGEVKQP PQ 'Z )TCPVNG[ EQNNGEVKQP 6 OQPG[GTʼnU UKIP

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#.(1051 ++ F #4#)10#

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240

ITALY - AQUILA

#37+.# .ʼn#SWKNC YCU HQWPFGF KP %QPTCF +8 JCF UCPEVKQPGF KVU HQWPFKPI CPF 2QRG #NGZCPFGT +8 OQXGF VJG GRKUEQRCN UGG HTQO (QTEQPC VQ Nʼn#SWKNC

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6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

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/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

241

ITALY - SULMONA and SALERNO

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%#4.1 +++ FK &74#<<1

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4 &CTM VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG #UVC FGN 6KVCPQ #WEVKQP PQ

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242

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(QNNCTQ # $WUV HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG ETGUEGPV T KP HKGNF 4 2GPVCENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG $KCIIK

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243

ITALY - PUGLIA and SICILY

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9JGP VJG #TCDU EQPSWGTGF 5KEKN[ KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG[ KPVTQFWEGF CP GZVGPUKXG IQNF EQKPCIG QH RTKOCTKN[ SWCTVGT FKPCTU YGKIJKPI CRRTQZKOCVGN[ IT ECNNGF TWDC K VCTK ŋHTGUJ SWCTVGT FKPCTUŌ 6JKU NCUV YQTF VCTK YCU CFQRVGF D[ VJG PQP #TCDKE URGCMKPI %JTKUVKCPU QH UQWVJGTP +VCN[ VQ FGUKIPCVG VJGUG EQKPU 6JG FGPQOKPCVKQP EQPVKPWGF VQ DG UVTWEM D[ VJG 0QTOCPU CPF VJGKT UWEEGUUQTU WPVKN +P VJG NCVGT VJ CPF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG YGKIJVU QH KPFKXKFWCN EQKPU DGECOG JKIJN[ GTTCVKE VJG[ EQWNF HCNN CU NQY CU IT CPF DG CU JKIJ CU IT +P FCKN[ NKHG VJKU OGCPV VJCV C RC[OGPV QH VCTKU YQWNF DG OCFG D[ YGKIJV TCVJGT VJCP D[ WUG QH EQKPU 6JG EQKPU VJGOUGNXGU HWPEVKQPGF CU C HQTO QH GCUKN[ RQTVCDNG DWNNKQP QH VJG EQPUVCPV CNNQ[ QH ECTCVU

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6JKU KU PQV OGPVKQPGF KP 5RCJT JGTG #N /CJFK KU KPFKECVGF YKVJ C K G EJG RTQDCDKNOGPVG XK JC DCVVWVQ OQPGVC KP 5KEKNKC OC UGP\C EJG KN PQOG FGNN KUQNC HKIWTK UWNNG OQPGVC

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4QD³Ã&#x201E; 2CNGTOQ # * # & $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

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245

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014/#05 +0 5+%+.; #0& 5176* +6#.;

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

41)'4 +

4QIGTÅ&#x2030;U KPVGPVKQPU VQ JGNR JKU UQPU VQ RQYGT KP XCTKQWU TGIKQPU YGTG HTWUVTCVGF D[ VJG WPVKOGN[ FGCVJU QH C PWODGT QH VJGO CPF JG OQTGQXGT YCU QDNKIGF VQ JCXG JKU GZKUVKPI RQUUGUUKQPU EQPUQNKFCVGF D[ RCRCN CEMPQYNGFIGOGPV 6TGCV[ QH /KIPCPQ 6YQ PGY RTQXKPEGU FKF GOGTIG JQYGXGT &WECVWU #RWNKCG CPF 2TKPEKRCVWU %CRWG

6CTÃ&#x201A; F QTQ /GUUKPC # 6JTGG NKPGU QH MWHKE UETKRV 4 )TGCV 6 DGVYGGP VJTGG RGNNGVU $KCIIK (D C 5RCJT IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG CPF KTTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG *KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z )CTTGVV EQNNGEVKQP ++ $CPM .GW 0WOKUOCVKE (KPG #TVU <Ã&#x2019;TKEJ PQ 'Z 2TKP\ 2JKNKRR XQP 5CEJUGP %QDWTI )QVJC EQNNGEVKQP 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP 5RCJT OGPVKQPU VJG NGIGPF QP VJG QDXGTUG CPF CTQWPF VJG 6 PQV DGKPI NGIKDNG

6TKHQNNCTQ /KNGVQ # 4QIGT QP JQTUG N 41) ' 4+85 %1/'5 4 /CTKC YKVJ EJKNF /#4+# /#6'4 $KCIIK IT 'FIG HCWNVU EQTTQFGF HKPG

$GEMGPDCWGT /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP

'OGTIGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KP VJG RGTKQF QH VJG 5CTCEGP KPXCUKQPU CU C $[\CPVKPG UGVVNGOGPV 4QIGT FG *CWVGXKNNG KP VWTPGF KV KPVQ C EQWPV[ 6JKU 0QTOCP EQWPV[ JCF C OKPV KP /KNGVQ COQPI QVJGT RNCEGU #HVGT VJG MKPIFQO 5KEKN[ JCF DGGP HQTOGF CPF 4QIGT ++ OQXGF VQ 2CNGTOQ /KNGVQ YCU CFOKPKUVTCVGF D[ C IQXGTPQT

6TKHQNNCTQ /KNGVQ # 4QIGT QP JQTUG N 5 41) 4 /CFQPPC YKVJ EJKNF /#4+# /#6'4 &0+ $KCIIK IT 0KEG FCTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG -WTRH·N\KUEJG /CPPJGKO #WEVKQP PQ

246

ITALY - SICILY 41)'4 ++

4QIGT ++ YCU WPFQWDVGFN[ VJG OQUV UKIPKHKECPV 0QTOCP UQXGTGKIP JG CNQPG YCU CDNG VQ TGUKUV RCRCN ENCKOU VJCV YGTG PGXGT YJQNN[ CDCPFQPGF

4QIGT ++ YCU ETQYPGF ŋ-KPI QH 5KEKN[Ō ŋ&WMG QH #RWNKCŌ CPF ŋ2TKPEG QH %CRWCŌ KP *KU EQTQPCVKQP VQ MKPI QH 4GIPWO 5KEKNCG KP 5GRVGODGT YCU RGTHQTOGF D[ VJG #PVKRQRG #PCENGV ++ 6JKU EQTQPCVKQP YCU PQV CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ VJG RQRG PQT D[ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC

'OKUUKQPK FK 4QIGT ++ %QPVG FK 5KEKNKC G &WEC FK 2WINKC

6CTK /GUUKPC # 6 YKVJ QTPCOGPVGF NKODU MWHKE UETKRV 4 -WHKE UETKRV $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

6TKHQNNCTQ /GUUKPC CPF 2CNGTOQ # 4QIGT QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU 4 ++ T KP HKGNF 4 %JTKUV HCEKPI DGVYGGP %' CPF 558 $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 6TCEGU QH XGTKFITKU XGT[ HKPG -WTRH·N\KUEJG /CPPJGKO #WEVKQP PQ 9GKIJV FQGU PQV HKV $KCIIK IT +VʼnU UQOGVJKPI DGVYGGP VJG FQRRKQ CPF VJG VTKHQNNCTQ

&QRRKQ HQNNCTQ /GUUKPC CPF 2CNGTOQ # $WUV QH %JTKUV HCEKPI DGVYGGP %% CPF 55 4 4QIGT QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG 9GKIJV FQGU PQV HKV $KCIIK IT

&QRRKQ HQNNCTQ /GUUKPC CPF 2CNGTOQ # 4QIGT UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ NCPEG CPF QTD 4 ++ N KP HKGNF 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 4 (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 0Q KU VJG UCOG DWV VJG YGKIJV QH DQVJ FQGU PQV HKV $KCIIK IT

&QRRKQ HQNNCTQ /GUUKPC CPF 2CNGTOQ # 4QIGT UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ NCPEG CPF QTD 4 ++ N KP HKGNF 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 4 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

247

ITALY - SICILY

(QNNCTQ /GUUKPC CPF 2CNGTOQ # 4QIGT UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ NCPEG CPF QTD 4 ++ N KP HKGNF 4 %TQUU YKVJ +% :% 0+ -# KP VJG CPINGU $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 8GT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

'OKUUKQPK FQRQ NC TKHQTOC FGN

6CTÃ&#x201A; F QTQ /GUUKPC CPF 2CNGTOQ # 6JTGG RGNNGVU YKVJKP EKTENG MWHKE UETKRV 4 %TQUU DGVYGGP +% :% CPF 0+ -# MWHKE UETKRV $KCIIK (D 5RCJT IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

$4'& 2CTKU

&WECNG 2CNGTOQ # -KPI 4QIGT CPF JKU UQP 4QIGT FWMG QH #RWNKC UVCHH YKVJ ETQUU CV GCEJ GPF DGVYGGP VJGO DGPGCVJ VJG MKPI 4 4: 5%.5 4QIGTKWU 4GZ 5KEKNKCG DGPGCVJ VJG FWMG 4 & : #2

4QIGTKWU &WZ #RWNKCG CPF #0 4 : #PPQ FGEKOQ FGN TGIPQ DGVYGGP VJGO 4 %JTKUV HCEKPI +% :% 4) +0 #' 640 ,GUWU %JTKUVWU TGIPCV KP CGVGTPWO $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

4 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT &WECNG QP VJG VJ [GCT QH TGKIP

6GT\Q FK &WECNG 2CNGTOQ # * # & # -WHKE UETKRV 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD QPG UVTKRG YKVJ RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING 6'4%+# &8%#.+5 $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 4 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM <Ã&#x2019;TKEJ

/G\\Q HQNNCTQ $CTK # * # & # $WUV QH 5V 0KEQNCWU YKVJ ITGGM UVQNC # 0+ - #1 Q # 4 %KTENG YKVJ UVCT MWHKE UETKRV /CFG KP $CTK KP VJG [GCT $KCIIK 5RCJT XCT IT 4 (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

6JG SWQVG QP 5RCJT KU PQV EQORNGVGN[ UWTG Å&#x2020; VJKU EQKP KU UVTWEM KP /GUUKPC CU VJG NGIGPF OGPVKQPU *GTG KV KU $CTK

248

ITALY - SICILY

/G\\Q HQNNCTQ /GUUKPC # * # & # 5VCT YKVJKP USWCTG YKVJ HQWT NKPGU CTCDKCP NGIGPF 5VTWEM D[ VJG QTFGT QH -KPI 4QIGT 4 5VCT YKVJ UKZ TC[U CPF MWHKE NGIGPF 5VTWEM KP /GUUKPC KP VJG [GCT $KCIIK 5RCJT IT )TGGP RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

(TC\KQPG FK HQNNCTQ 5CNGTPQ # (KUJ T DGVYGGP VYQ ETQUUGU 4 45 CPF 4: KP HKGNF $KCIIK IT &CTM ITGGP RCVKPC UOCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG %CRGNNK

)7).+'./1 +

)WINKGNOQÅ&#x2030;U TQ[CN VKVNG YCU PQV TGEQIPKUGF D[ 2QRG *CFTKCP +8 GKVJGT +P CFFKVKQP (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC CPF VJG $[\CPVKPG 'ORGTQT /CPWGN -QOPGPQU GPVGTGF KPVQ CP CNNKCPEG VQ KPXCFG VJG MKPIFQO 5KEKN[ 1P ,WPG )WINKGNOQ CITGGF VQ RGCEG YKVJ VJG RQRG YJQ TGEQIPKUGF JKU MKPIJQQF 6JG KPXCUKQP PGXGT VQQM RNCEG

(TC\KQPG FK HQNNCTQ /GUUKPC # * # & # 4': 9 KP HKGNF MWHKE UETKRV /CFG KP /GUUKPC KP VJG [GCT 4 /CFQPPC YKVJ EJKNF /2 â&#x201E;¦ ; $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG CPF VTCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

(TC\KQPG FK HQNNCTQ 5CNGTPQ # (NQYGTU 4 9 : 4 KP HKGNF $KCIIK IT

)TGGP RCVKPC UNKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG

5CPVCOCTKC 4QOG %0+

(TC\KQPG FK HQNNCTQ 5CNGTPQ # (NCI YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU 4 5VCT DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU QXGT ) CPF 4 $KCIIK IT 0KEG ITGGP RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG 5CPVCOCTKC 4QOG %0+

249

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(QNNCTQ )CGVC # %TQUU 9 &'+ )4# 4': 4 %CUVNG %+8+6#5 )#+'6# $KCIIK IT 4 &CTM RCVKPC YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG -TKEJGNFQTH (TGKDWTI (TQO -TKEJGNFQTH (TGKDWTI #WEVKQP PQ

)7).+'./1 ++

&WTKPI JKU OKPQTKV[ WPVKN 3WGGP /CTICTGV QH 0CXCTTC CEVGF CU TGIGPV

)WINKGNOQ ++ FKF PQV JCXG CP[ QHHURTKPI UQ JG CTTCPIGF C OCTTKCIG DGVYGGP %QUVCP\C FCWIJVGT QH 4QIGT ++ CPF NCUV JGKT QH VJG 0QTOCP F[PCUV[ QH *CWVGXKNNG CPF 'PTKEQ 8+ VJG UQP QH (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC 6JKU OGV YKVJ HKGTEG TGUKUVCPEG D[ VJG RQRG YJQ EQPUKFGTGF JKOUGNH VJG UWRTGOG UW\GTCKP QXGT VJGUG VGTTKVQTKGU 0QDKNKV[ VQQ QRRQUGF CPF RTQENCKOGF 6CPETGF QH .GEEG CP KNNGIKVKOCVG EQWUKP QH 4QIGT ++ MKPI 9CT GPUWGF DGVYGGP 6CPETGF CPF 'PTKEQ HTQO YJKEJ 'PTKEQ GOGTIGF XKEVQTKQWU KP

6CTK 2CNGTOQ CPF /GUUKPC # 5VCT YKVJ UKZ TC[U MWHKE UETKRV 4 %TQUU DGVYGGP +% :% CPF 0+ -# MWHKE UETKRV $KCIIK (D 5RCJT IT

5OCNN HNCP TGXGTUG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG /WP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ 6TCXCKPK 6H

6GT\Q FK #RWNKGPUG 2CNGTOQ CPF /GUUKPC # 2CNO VTGG DGVYGGP 9 CPF 4: 4 -WHKE UETKRV KP HKGNF 6'4%+ #28.+'05+5 + $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

4 # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT

(TC\KQPG FK FKTJGO 2CNGTOQ CPF /GUUKPC # -WHKE UETKRV 4 %TQUU KP HKGNF MWHKE UETKRV $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 4 8GT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

250

ITALY - SICILY

6TKHQNNCTQ 2CNGTOQ CPF /GUUKPC # .KQPʼnU JGCF 4 2CNO VTGG YKVJ FCVGU $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

%TKRRC /KNCPQ

(QNNCTQ 2CNGTOQ CPF /GUUKPC # .KQPʼnU JGCF 4 -WHKE UETKRV $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 8GT[ HKPG

/G\\Q HQNNCTQ /GUUKPC # 4': 9 5%:5 KP HKGNF 12'4#61 +0 84$' /'55#0' 4 -WHKE UETKRV $KCIIK 5RCJT IT # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

-TKEJGNFQTH 5VWVVICTV #WEVKQP PQ 5COD PQTO 4GR )GP

&QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT

(QNNCTQ 5CNGTPQ # )TGCV 9 WPFGT ETGUEGPV CPF VJTGG UVCTU VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 4:Ő++ KP HKGNF HQWT RGNNGVU CTQWPF $KCIIK IT 8GT[ HKPG

6QFGTKP (NQTGPEG %CRRGNNK

6#0%4'&+

(QNNCTQ 2CNGTOQ CPF /GUUKPC # 4': KP HKGNF DGVYGGP VYQ TKPIU 41)'4+85 4 -WHKE UETKRV $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG -WPUV WPF /ÒP\GP .WICPQ #WEVKQP PQ ŋ%QPKCVQ FQRQ N CUUWPEKQPG CN VTQPQ FK 4QIGT RTKOQIGPKVQ VJG 6CPETGFK HKPG Ō

6#0%4'&+ )7).+'./1 +++

(TC\KQPG FK HQNNCTQ 5CNGTPQ # $CUMGV YKVJ RCNO VTGG DGVYGGP 8+ CPF 61 4 %CUVNG DGVYGGP 4: CPF 4: $KCIIK IT 4 )TGGP RCVKPC KTTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG %CRGNNK

251

ITALY - SICILY

*1*'056#7('0 +0 5+%+.; #0& 5176* +6#.;

'04+%1 8+

FK 6GTEGPCTKC 2CNGTOQ # -WHKE UETKRV 'PTKEQ %GUCTG #WIWUVQ 4 < 4': 5+%+.

KP HKGNF $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

)QTP[ /QUEJ #WEVKQP PQ

ŋ0GN 'PTKEQ 8+ FK 5XGXKC HGEG DCVVGTG WP UQNQ VKRQ FK OQPGVC PGNNC \GEEC FK 2CNGTOQ FQRQ FK EJ¾ NC EJKWUG G NC VTCUHGTK C OGUUKPC G C $TKPFKUK Ō

'04+%1 8+ CPF %156#0<#

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # %TQUU ' +/2'4#614 4 'CING % +/2'4#64+: $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # %TQUU YKVJ QPG UVCT KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU *' +/2'4#614 4 # 2 WPFGT QOGIC % +/2'4#64+: $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

/KPQT GFIG ETCEMU CPF UNKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

-WPUV WPF /ÒP\GP .WICPQ

'04+%1 8+

6CTÂ F QTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # %KTENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF MWHKE UETKRV 'PTKEQ %GUCTG #WIWUVQ 4 %TQUU DGVYGGP +% :% CPF 0+ -# $KCIIK (D 5RCJT IT

5OCNN HNCP GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM <ÒTKEJ

'04+%1 8+ CPF ('&'4+%1

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # 'CING N ' +/2'4#614 4 %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI (4'&'4+% 4': $KCIIK 5RCJT IT # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

252

ITALY - SICILY ('&'4+%1 ++ CPF %156#0<#

'PTKEQ FKGF KP NGCXKPI VJG MKPIFQO VQ JKU YKHG %QUVCP\C CPF VJGKT UQP (GFGTKEQ ++ %QUVCP\C FKGF KP YJGTGWRQP 2QRG +PPQEGPV +++ CUUWOGF TGIGPE[ QXGT VJG MKPIFQO +P (GFGTKEQ ++ JCF EQOG QH CIG JG JCF JKOUGNH ETQYPGF MKPI KP KP #CEJGP 7UKPI EQPUKFGTCDNG FKRNQOCE[ JG QXGTECOG VJG RQRGʼnU TGUKUVCPEG CICKPUV VJG PGY WPKQP QH VJG MKPIFQO 5KEKN[ CPF VJG )GTOCP 'ORKTG

YJKEJ EQORNGVGN[ JGOOGF KP 4QOG

&GPCTQ # 1TD YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ TKPIU (4'&'4+% 4': 4 %TGUEGPV YKVJ UVCT % 4')+0# $KCIIK 5RCJT )TKGTUQP 6TCXCKPK IT 'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG 8GT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

'FKVGF D[ 5KEKNKC CTEJGQNQIKEC (TCPEQ F #PIGNQ

+P 8GEEJK #WEVKQP PQ 'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG 6TCXCKPK CPF )TKGTUQP 6TCXCKPK +VCN[

(TGFGTKEM ++ YKVJ %QPUVCPEG QH #TCIQP +P %CV )QTP[ #WEVKQP PQ VJKU EQKP QEEWTU VQQ CPF VJG CEEQORCP[KPI TGOCTM ŋ#WH FKG *QEJ\GKVŌ QDXKQWUN[ VCMGU VJG FGXKEG VQ DG C INQDWU ETWEKIGT

+P 5RCJT VJG PWODGTU HGCVWTG VJG[ TGHGT VQ VJG YGFFKPI QH (TGFGTKEM CPF %QPUVCPEG KP

/G\\Q FGPCTQ # 2 4 + WPFGT QOGIC (4'&'485 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG UVCT KP VJG UV CPF PF CPINGU NGIGPF DGIKPU YKVJ C % $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

44 )TGGP RCVKPC KTTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG 9KNNGOU $GPPGMQO #U KVU QDXGTUG VGZV UVCTVU YKVJ C % VJKU EQKP RTGUWOCDN[ DGNQPIU VQ VJG EQODKPCVKQP (GFGTKEQ CPF %QUVCP\C

('&'4+%1 ++

6CTÂ F QTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # 'CING N YKVJ RGNNGV KP HTQPV MWHKE UETKRV 4 .CVKP ETQUU DGVYGGP QOGIC QOGIC +% :% CPF 0+ -# $KCIIK (D 5RCJT IT

5OCNN HNCP CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT 5RKPCNNK

6CTÂ F QTQ /GUUKPC G $TKPFKUK # 4QUGVVG HKXG RGNNGVU CTQWPF RGNNGV KP EGPVTG MWHKE UETKRV 4 .CVKP ETQUU DGVYGGP QOGIC QOGIC +% :% CPF 0+ -# $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

'FIG HCWNVU XGT[ HKPG

#WMVKQPGU $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ

5RCJT ŋ# FKHHGTGP\C FGNNC OQPGVC EQP WP UQNQ INQDGVVQ KP EGPVTQ NC NGIIGPFC RUGWFQEWHKEC KP SWGUVC UGTKG ½ TKFQVVC C UGORNKEG UGIPK FGEQTCVKXK KN IKTQ OCTIKPCNG FʼnCODQ K NCVK EQPUKUVG UG XKUKDKNG KP WPC HKNC FK VTKCPIQNGVVK KPVGTTQVVC KP CNVQ FC UGIOGPVK FK EJGTEJKQ .ʼnWNVKOC GOKUUKQPG EQP UGK INQDGVVK ½ UVCVC CDDQPFCPVKUUKOC Ō

253

ITALY - SICILY

)TQUUQ F CTIGPVQ # %TQYPGF JGCF T (4+&'4+%85 ++ 4 5OCNN ETQUU YKVJ NKPG CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING 41/ +'24 #8) $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG /CIPKHKEGPV RCVKPC CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

(TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN

+P VJG CWEVKQP ECVCNQIWG 8GEEJK PQ CPF 5GRVGODGT VJKU EQKP KU NKUVGF WPFGT PQ CNQPI YKVJ VJG HQNNQYKPI FGUETKRVKQP )TQUUQ F CTIGPVQ I 6GUVC EQTQPCVQ C F KP EGTEJKQ NKPGCTG CPF NGIIGPFC GUVGTPC (4+&+4+%85 ++ %TQEG RCVGPVC EQP VTG INQDGVVK C VTKCPIQNQ PGINK URC\K VWVVQ KP EGTEJKQ G NGIGPFC GUVGTPC 41/ +'24 #8)

EH 5R RGT NQ UVKNQ FK DWUVQ %QPQUEKWVQ KP RQEJK GUGORNCTK

2GT NQ UVKNG G KN TKVTCVVQ RQVTGDDG VTCVVCTUK FK WPC OQPGVC EQPKCVC FGNNC \GEEC FK $TKPFKUK FGUVKPCVC CN OGTECVQ FGN 0QTF KPHCVVK KN RGUQ EQTTKURQPFG CNN KPEKTEC C SWGNNQ FGQ ITQUUK FGK %QOWPK FGN 0QTF +VCNKC

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC ! # %TQUU YKVJ TQUGVVG KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU J ( J +2'4#614 4 %TQYPGF JGCF N +'4. J 5+%+. J 4': $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP YGCMN[ UVTWEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

&GPCTQ $TKPFKUK # %TQUU ( +/2'4#614 4 )TGCV ( KP HKGNF 4 +'45. '6 5+%+. $KCIIK 5RCJT IT %QTTQFGF HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 9KVJ VKVNG MKPI QH ,GTWUCNGO

/Ã&#x2019;P\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # *GCF T ( 4 1/ +24Å&#x2030; 5'2 #8)Å&#x2030; 4 'CING T 4 +'45.Å&#x2030;'6 5+%Å&#x2030; $KCIIK # & 5RCJT # & IT

&CTM ITGGP CPF DTQYP RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # + 2 4 WPFGT VYQ CTEU ( 41/#0148/ 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG ETGUEGPV KP GCEJ CPING +'45. '6 5+%+. 4 $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

'FIG DTGCMU EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

/Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

254

ITALY - SICILY

/G\\Q FGPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # + 2 WPFGT QOGIC ( 41/#0148/ 4a %TQUU 4 +'4. '6 5+%. $KCIIK 5RCJT IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF GFIG HCWNVU XGT[ HKPG

$GEMGPDCWGT /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP

&GPCTQ $TKPFKUK # (4 WPFGT QOGIC 41/ +/24 5'2 #8) 4 %TQUU 4 +'45. '6 5+%+. a $KCIIK 5RCJT IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

/7*#//#& KDP #$$#&

&KTJGO # -WHKE UETKRV 4 -WHKE UETKRV $KCIIK IT

44 %QTTQFGF HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

%H F #PIGNQ 5VWFK R

%H 5EJYGK\GT /Ã&#x2019;P\DN·VVGT ,WNK 5 #DD (TCPEQ FÅ&#x2030;#PIGNQ

.QPI CHVGT VJG 5CTCEGPU JCF DGGP DGCVGP UOCNN ITQWRU UVKNN JKF QWV KP VJG OQWPVCKPU QH 5KEKN[ CUUCWNVKPI VJG EKVKGU (GFGTKEQ EQPUGSWGPVN[ UVCTVGF C YCT CICKPUV VJGUG ICPIU CDQWV YJKEJ NKVVNG KU MPQYP +P VJG UWOOGT QH VJG OCKP HQTVTGUU QH ,CVQ YCU VCMGP 6JG 'OKT +DPÅ&#x2030;#DDCF EQPUGSWGPVN[ UJGF CNN JQRG QH XKEVQT[ *G CRRGCTGF DGHQTG VQ (GFGTKEQ VQ CUM HQT OGTE[ (GFGTKEQ JQYGXGT VQQM JKU URWTU CPF UNCUJGF QRGP +DPÅ&#x2030;#DDCFÅ&#x2030; DQF[ UQ DCFN[ VJCV JG JCF VQ DG FTCIIGF CYC[ # YGGM NCVGT JG YCU JCPIGF (TQO ' -CPVQTQYKE\ -CKUGT (TKGFTKEJ FGT <YGKVG R 6JG UEGPG YKVJ +DPÅ&#x2030;#DDCF KU TGEQWPVGF D[ #DW #N (CFC[N UGG -CPVQTQYKE\ XQNWOG R

%144#&1 +

9JGP (GFGTKEQ ++ FKGF KP JG DGSWGCVJGF JKU UQP %QTTCFQ + YJQ YCU CNUQ JGKT VQ VJG )GTOCP 'ORKTG -QPTCF YKVJ VJG MKPIFQO 5KEKN[ #PKOQUKV[ CICKPUV VJG 5VCWHGTU EQPFQPGF D[ VJG RQRG FKFPÅ&#x2030;V UWDUKFG WPVKN C UWDUVCPVKCN RGTKQF QH VKOG JCF RCUUGF %QTTCFQ FKGF CHVGT C HGY [GCTU KP CPF JKU MKPIFQO 5KEKN[ FGXQNXGF QP JKU UQP %QTTCFQ ++ %QTTCFKPQ $GTVJQNF QH *QJGPDWTI YCU VJG CEVKPI TGIGPV

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC # %TQUU %104#&85 4 4: NKICVWTGF KP HKGNF +'4 Å&#x2030; '6 5+%+.Å&#x2030; $KCIIK 5RCJT IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC # % 1 4 KP HKGNF +'485#.'/ 4 %TQUU '6 5+%+. 4': $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN (TQO NKUV PQ

255

ITALY - SICILY %104#&1 ++

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC # % DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CPF WPFGT QOGIC KP HKGNF 5'%80& +'4.ʼn 4 %TQUU YKVJ HQWT RGNNGVU KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU '6 5+%+.+' 4': $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 44 # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 5RCJT OGPVKQPU VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VJG CPINGU QP VJG TGXGTUG

/#0(4'&+

6JG OKPQTKV[ QH %QTTCFKPQ GPVKEGF VJG RQRG VQ QPEG CICKP CVVGORV VQ UGK\G VJG VJTQPG %QPUGSWGPVN[ VJG KNNGIKVKOCVG UQP YJQ NCVGT YQWNF DG NGIKVKOKUGF QH (GFGTKEQ ++ /CPHTGFK QP #WIWUV KP 2CNGTOQ YCU ETQYPGF MKPI QH 5KEKN[

#NVJQWIJ VJG IQXGTPOGPV QH /CPHTGF YCU UQWPF KV EQWNF PQV RTGXGPV VJG RQRGʼnU GPFGCXQWTU VQ DTKPI VJG TGIKQP WPFGT JKU FKTGEV UYC[

&GPCTQ $TKPFKUK ! # # DGVYGGP VYQ TKPIU /#;0(4+&85 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG UVCT KP GCEJ CPING 4': 5+%+.+' $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF OKPQT GFIG DTGCM XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

5RCJT SWGUVKQPU KH VJG # QP VJG QDXGTUG EQWNF OGCP #RWNKC! $KCIIK /#0(4+&85

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC # %TQUU /#80(4'&85 4 5 DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU 4': 5+%+.+' $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN 5RCJT OGPVKQPU CPQVJGT NGIGPF QP VJG TGXGTUG

256

&GPCTQ /CPHTGFQPKC # )QVJKE / WPFGT QOGIC /#;0(4+& 4 6YQ ETQUUGU QXGT GCEJQVJGT 4': 5+%+.+' $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

4 5OCNN CPF KTTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP

ITALY - SICILY

%*#4.'5 + &Å&#x2030;#0)+Â +0 5+%+.; #0& 5176* +6#.; 5VCTVGF KP #PLQW CPF /CKPG %JCTNGU + CESWKTGF VJG 2TQXGPEG VJTQWIJ JKU OCTTKCIG YKVJ $GCVTKEG

2QRG +PPQEGPV +8 YJQ YCU NQQMKPI HQT UQOGDQF[ VQ UWEEGGF VJG 5VCWHGTU CNTGCF[ CRRTQCEJGF %JCTNGU + KP JKU OCKP CKO YCU PQV VQ DG EKTEWOXGPVGF CICKP CU YCU VJG ECUG YKVJ VJG *QJGPUVCWHGPU 0QV WPVKN YCU CP CITGGOGPV TGCEJGF WPFGT RQRG %NGOGPU +8 %JCTNGU + TGEGKXGF 5KEKN[ KP HKGH HQT C ITGCV UWO 1P VJG VJ QH ,CPWCT[ JG YCU ETQYPGF MKPI 1P (GDTWCT[ JG XCPSWKUJGF /CPHTGFK KP VJG $CVVNG QH $GPGXGPVQ

6JTQWIJ JKU CESWKUKVKQP QH VJG TKIJVU QH /CTKC QH #PVKQEJKC KP %JCTNGU + YCU GPVKVNGF VQ ECNN JKOUGNH MKPI QH ,GTWUCNGO YJKEJ YCU TGCNN[ C HQTOCNKV[

+P %JCTNGU + KPVGTXGPGF KP VJG GNGEVKQP QH VJG RQRG CPF /CTVKP +8 YCU EJQUGP 7PFGT JKO %JCTNGU EQNNCDQTCVGF YKVJ 8GPKEG VQ RTGRCTG CP CVVCEM QP VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT /KEJCGN 8+++ 2CNCGQNQIWU 6JG RNCP YCU VJYCTVGF D[ VJG 5KEKNKCP 8GURGTU /CTEJ 6JKU TGDGNNKQP QP 5KEKN[ CICKPUV %JCTNGU + UVCTVGF QP /CTEJ KP 2CNGTOQ KP KV VJG 5KEKNKCPU RTQVGUVGF CICKPUV %JCTNGUÅ&#x2030; VCZ RQNKVKEU VJG OQXG QH VJG ECRKVCN HTQO 2CNGTOQ VQ 0CRNGU CPF VJG HCEV VJCV OKNKVCT[ RQYGT YCU JGNF GZENWUKXGN[ D[ VJG 7NVTCOQPVCPK

2QRG /CTVKP +8 YJQ OCKPVCKPGF ENQUG VKGU YKVJ %JCTNGU + EQPFGOPGF VJG TGDGNNKQP DWV CV VJG UCOG VKOG VWTPGF VQ 2KGVTQ QH #TCIQP YGFFGF VQ %QUVCP\C FCWIJVGT QH VJG 5VCWHGT /CPHTGFK

2KGVTQ YCPVGF VQ EQPSWGT 5KEKN[ HTQO #HTKEC 9JGP JG JCF JKOUGNH RTQENCKOGF MKPI 2QRG /CTVKP +8 GZEQOOWPKECVGF JKO CPF FGENCTGF JKU CWVJQTKV[ XQKF *QYGXGT 2KGVTQÅ&#x2030;U CFOKTCN 4QIGT QH .CWTKC UWDUGSWGPVN[ FGHGCVGF VJG 0CRQNKVCP HNGGV QHH 0CRNGU CPF VQQM %JCTNGU ++ ECRVKXG

2KGVTQ VQQ YCU PQV CEEGRVGF KP 5KEKN[ *KU FGCVJ QP 0QXGODGT TGUQNXGF VJG UKVWCVKQP (QT VJG KPHCPV )KCEQOQ C UGRCTCVG MKPIFQO 5KEKN[ YCU GUVCDNKUJGF GPCDNKPI #TCIQP QHHKEKCNN[ UVKNN WPFGT KPVGTFKEV VQ PGIQVKCVG YKVJ 0CRNGU #HVGT #NHQPUQÅ&#x2030;U FGOKUG )KCEQOQ JGNF DQVJ MKPIFQOU CICKP +P VJG 6TGCV[ QH #PCIPK 5KEKN[ YCU EGFGF VQ VJG EJWTEJ KP GZEJCPIG HQT 5CTFKPKC CPF %QTUKEC

%*#4.'5 + F #0)+Â

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # - DGVYGGP VYQ NKU CPF VYQ UVTKRGU &'+ )4# 4': 5+%+. 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ QPG NKU KP GCEJ CPING &8% #28. 24+% %#2 $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 44 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM CPF UNKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF QVJGTYKUG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;P\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # (QWT NKU -#41. &'+ )4# 4 .QPI ETQUU 4': 5+%+.+' $KCIIK 5RCJT IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;P\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # 6JTGG NKU -#41. &'+ )4# 4 .CVKP ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU 4': 5+%+.+' $KCIIK 5RCJT IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;P\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

257

ITALY - SICILY

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC CPF $TKPFKUK # .KU QXGT ETGUEGPV - &'+ )4# 4': 5+%+.+' 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG NKU CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD &8% #28. '6 24+% %#2 $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

-TKEJGNFQTH (TGKDWTI

(TQO -TKEJGNFQTH (TGKDWTI #WEVKQP PQ

5RCJT ŋ+N IKINKQ CN FK UQRTC FGNNC NWPC HCNECVC CNNWFG CNNC XKVVQTKC FGN 4G UWINK KPHGFGNK UK TKVKGPG DCVVWVQ SWGUVQ VKRQ C /GUUKPC CN TKVQTPQ FK %JCTNGU + FGNNC URGFK\KQPG EQPVTQ 6WPKUK Ō

&GPCTQ $TKPFKUK # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD CPF QPG UOCNN ETQUU KP GCEJ CPING ETQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO - &'+ )4# 4': +'4 5+% 4 5JKGNF YKVJ VJTGG NKU &8% #2. '6 24+0% %#2 $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 4 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

-+0)&1/ #4#)10 +0 5+%+.; #0& 5176* +6#.; 2+'641 CPF %156#0<#

2KGTTGCNG /GUUKPC # %TQYPGF GCING KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING %156# J &'+ J )4# J #4#) J 5+%+. J 4')+# 4 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING J 2 J &'+ J )4# J #4#)10 J 5+%+. J 4': $KCIIK 5RCJT IT /CIPKHKEGPV VQPG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

%TKRRC /KNCPQ

)+#%1/1

2KGTTGCNG /GUUKPC # %TQYPGF GCING KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING J +# J &'+ J )4# J #4)10 J 5+%. 4': J 4 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING J #% J $#4%*+010' J %1/'5 J $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

# NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5EJYGK\GTKUEJG $CPMXGTGKP $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5QNGT %CDQV EQNNGEVKQP

258

ITALY - SICILY

2KGTTGCNG /GUUKPC # %TQYPGF GCING KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING J +# J &'+ J )4# J #4)10 J 5+%. 4': J 4 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING J #% J $#4%*+010' J %1/'5 J $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

2+'641 ++

2KGTTGCNG /GUUKPC # %TQYPGF GCING KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING G 2'6485 G 5'%80&85 4 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING ETQUU CDQXG CPF DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU G &'+ G )4# G 4': 5+%+.+' $KCIIK 5RCJT IT

4 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG 5EJYGK\GTKUEJG $CPMXGTGKP $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ

'Z 5QNGT %CDQV EQNNGEVKQP

('&'4+%1 KN 5'/2.+%'

2KGTTGCNG /GUUKPC # %TQYPGF GCING KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING (4+&'4+%85 &'+ )4# 4': 5+%+.' 4 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING ETQYP CDQXG CPF DGVYGGP ) CPF / #% J #6*'0#4 J < J 0'12#64+' J &8: J $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 5OCNN HNCP GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5EJYGK\GTKUEJG $CPMXGTGKP $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5QNGT %CDQV EQNNGEVKQP

2KGTTGCNG /GUUKPC # %TQYPGF GCING KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING (4+&+%85 „ & „ )4# „ 4': 5 4 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING CDQXG ETQYP CPF 2 N #% „ #6'0#4 „ < „ 0'12 &8: $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 5OCNN HNCP GZVTGOGN[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV PQX PQ

259

ITALY - SICILY

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC # %TQYPGF JGCF QH CP CPIGN HCEKPI (4+&'4+%85 &'+ 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ QPG / KP VJG PF CPF QPG TQUGVVG KP VJG QVJGT CPINGU ) 4# 4': $KCIIK 5RCJT HH IT 4 +TTGIWNCT HNCP YGCMN[ UVTWEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG -WPUV WPF /Ã&#x2019;P\GP .WICPQ

#.(1051 +

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC # %TQYPGF GCING #.(105 & )4 4 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP DGVYGGP 2 CPF + Ë&#x2020; 4': 5+%+.+' $KCIIK 5RCJT IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

)+18#00+ ++

&GPCTQ /GUUKPC # %TQYPGF GCING +1*#00'5 &'+ ) 4 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP WPFGT / % Ë&#x2020; 4': 5+%+.+' #+ $KCIIK 5RCJT IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

$4'& 2CTKU

8+..# &'..# %*+'5#

5#4&')0# 2+'641 +++ FÅ&#x2030;#4#)10#

4GCNG # 5JKGNF QH #TCIQP DGVYGGP HKXG TQUGVVGU CPF GKIJV RGNNGVU KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING 2'6485 #4#)108/ '6 5#4&+0+' 4': 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG TQUGVVG DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG TKPI CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD KP QEVQHQKN YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING (146+68&1 '6 .#85 /'# &1/+085 $KCIIK IT 0KEG VQPG LWUVKHKGF GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5CPVCOCTKC 4QOG

260

BALKAN - SLAVONIA

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

6JTQWIJQWV VJG $CNMCPU CPF KP 5GTDKC KP RCTVKEWNCT HCOKNKGU FQOKPCVGF RQNKVKEU

5.#810+#

6JG PCOG FGTKXGU HTQO VJG *WPICTKCP ŋUNCXG EQWPVT[Ō #HVGT VJG RGTKQF QH UNCXGT[ C RQYGT DNQE HQTOGF WPFGT .LWFGXKV 2QUCXUMK CPF $TCUNCX KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 5VCMGF ENCKOU VQ %TQCVKC YJKEJ YCU CNUQ KORQTVCPV HQT *WPICT[ YGTG DCUGF QP JGTGFKVCT[ TKIJVU +P VJG FKQEGUG <CITGD YCU HQWPFGF 4Q[CN RQYGT FYKPFNGF FWG VQ RTKXKNGIGU ITCPVGF VQ PQDKNKV[ CPF VJG ECVJGFTCN EJCRVGT +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 5NCXQPKC CPF RCTVU QH &CNOCVKC ECOG WPFGT %TQCVKC

+P VJG FC[U QH $GNC +++ 5NQXGPKC YCU CRRQKPVGF KVU QYP DCP OCTMKPI 5NQXGPKCʼnU GPJCPEGF UVCVWU YJKEJ YCU WPFGTNKPGF D[ KV TGEGKXKPI VJG TKIJV QH OKPV

+PKVKCNN[ C DCP *WPICTKCP D±P YCU C FKIPKVCT[ KP VJG %TQCVKCP U[UVGO CPF NCVGT DGECOG C FGRWV[ QH VJG *WPICTKCP MKPI KP %TQCVKC &CNOCVKC 5NQXGPKC 6JG DCP YCU C RQYGTHWN OCP YJQ UGEWTGF HTGG RCUUCIG VQ UGC HQT *WPICT[ COQPI QVJGT VJKPIU

6JG TGNCVKQP DGVYGGP 5NQXGPKC CPF %TQCVKC &CNOCVKC ITGY ENQUGT KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ YJGP C UQP QT DTQVJGT QH VJG *WPICTKCP MKPI WUWCNN[ JGNF UYC[ QXGT VJGUG VGTTKVQTKGU CU FWZ +P &WMG %QNQOCP KU OGPVKQPGF CU UWEJ 5VCTVKPI KP VJGTG YCU C DCP HQT %TQCVKC &CNOCVKC CPF QPG HQT 5NQXGPKC +P DQVJ VGTTKVQTKGU YGTG DTQWIJV WPFGT C UKPING DCP

5NQXGPKC UVTWEM EQKP KPFGRGPFGPVN[ HTQO VQ

VCMGP HTQO 4GPILGQ %QTRWU FGT OKVVGNCNVGTNKEJGP /ÒP\GP XQP -TQCVKGP 5NCXQPKGP &CNCOVKGP WPF $QUPKGP )TC\ 6JKU OCR KNNWUVTCVGU VJG UKIPKHKECPEG 5NQXGPKC %TQCVKC CPF &CNOCVKC JCF HQT *WPICT[ʼnU HTGG RCUUCIG VQ UGC

261

BALKAN - SLAVONIA $'.# +8

/CTFGTFGPCT # /CTVGP N DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU /10'6# 4')+5 2 5%.#810+# 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP UWP CPF OQQP YKVJ RGNNGV KP CPPWNGV DGVYGGP VYQ NKU CPF VYQ ETQYPGF JGCFU HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT VJTGG RGNNGVU KP CPPWNGVU KP HKGNF 4GPILGQ IT

/KPQT HNCP ETCEMU XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

/CTFGTFGPCT # /CTVGP N DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU /10'6# Ő 4')+5 2 5%.#10+# # 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP UWP CPF OQQP YKVJ RGNNGV KP CPPWNGV DGVYGGP VYQ DKTFU CPF VYQ ETQYPGF JGCFU HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT 4GPILGQ IT 0KEG VQPG CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

.CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ 2 YKVJ C JQTK\QPVCN FCUJ /KOKEC -KPI $GNC +8 &WMG 5VGHCP CPF $CP 5VGHCP )WVMGNGF

++ #DCTV 5KINK VYQ NKU

0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ -KPI $GNC +8 &WMG $GNC $CP *GKPTKEJ XQP )ÒUUKPI

2 YKVJ JQTK\QPVCN FCUJ 6JG # FQGU PQV CRRGCT KP 4GPILGQ

5VGHCP 8

/CTFGTFGPCT # /CTVGP N DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU /10'6# 4')+5 2 5%.#10+# 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP UWP CPF OQQP YKVJ RGNNGV KP CPPWNGV VYQ QOGIC VYQ ETQUU UVCHHU DGVYGGP 5 4 CPF VYQ ETQYPGF JGCFU HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT 4GPILGQ IT 8GT[ HKPG *GTKPGM 9KGP -KPI 5VGHCP 8 $CP ,QCEJKO 2GEVCTK

2 YKVJ JQTK\QPVCN FCUJ

/CTFGTFGPCT # /CTVGP N DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU /10'6# ã 4')+5 ã 5%.#10+ ã # ã 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP UWP CPF OQQP YKVJ ENQXGT VYQ QOGIC VYQ ETQUU UVCHHU DGVYGGP 5 4 CPF VYQ ETQYPGF JGCFU HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT 4GPILGQ IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ -KPI 5VGHCP 8 $CP ,QCEJKO 2GEVCTK

.#&+5.#75 +8

/CTFGTFGPCT # /CTVGP N DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU /10'6# 4')+5 2 5%.#810+# ã 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP UWP CPF OQQP YKVJ ENQXGT VYQ QOGIC VYQ NKU DGVYGGP . 4 CPF VYQ ETQYPGF JGCFU HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT 4GPILGQ IT 0KEG VQPG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

2GWU (TCPMHWTV #WEVKQP PQ 2 YKVJ JQTK\QPVCN FCUJ

4GPILGQ TGHGTU VQ C ŋMPQURGŌ DWF

262

BALKAN - CROATIA

6YQ HCEGU #NN /CTFGTFGPCTG NKVGTCNN[ ŋOCTVGP FGPCTKKŌ C 5NCXQPKE FGPCTKWU UJQY VYQ UOCNN JGCFU HCEKPI GCEJ QVJGT 6JGTG KU PQ EGTVCKPV[ CU VQ YJQ VJG[ CTG /CTVGP FGPCTKK YGTG UVTWEM HTQO VQ YJGP VJG FGUKIP EJCPIGF UQOGVKOGU UVKNN HGCVWTKPI UOCNN JGCFU VJQWIJ QPN[ QXGT VJG ETQUU

#NVJQWIJ VJG UV[NG QH VJG UOCNN JGCFU FKF EJCPIG UQOGYJCV FWTKPI VJKU EGPVWT[ VJG FKGU CRRGCT VQ JCXG DGGP WUGF WPCNVGTGF HQT C NQPI RGTKQF QH VKOG

$QVJ UOCNN JGCFU CTG ETQYPGF 6Q CNN CRRGCTCPEGU VJG HKIWTGU RQTVTC[GF CTG PQV C EQWRNG [GV UJQWNF VJG[ DG VJG NGHV HKIWTG KP O[ QRKPKQP YQWNF JCXG VQ DG VJG YQOCP

%41#6+#

1VJGT VJCP VJCV %TQCVKC YCU 5NCXKE NKVVNG KU MPQYP CDQWV KVU VJ CPF VJ EGPVWT[ JKUVQT[ 9CPKPI (TCPMKUJ CPF $[\CPVKPG RQYGT NGHV C ICR VJCV *WPICT[ CPF $WNICTKC YGTG SWKEM VQ HKNN 6QOKUNCX

CRRTQZ QRRQUGF VJKU %TQCVKC ITGY VQ DG C UKIPKHKECPV HQTEG WPFGT JKO *G KU VJGTGHQTG EQPUKFGTGF VJG HQWPFGT QH VJG %TQCVKCP TGCNO

#HVGT 6QOKUNCX C RGTKQF QH FGENKPG CPF KPVGTPCN UVTWIING GPUWGF 6JG TGKIP QH &T\KNCX UCY C UJQTVNKXGF RGTKQF QH DNQQO +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 5NCXQPKC CPF RCTVU QH &CNOCVKC ECOG WPFGT %TQCVKC 2QRG )TGIQT[ 8++ ITCPVGF <XQPKOKT TQ[CN FKIPKV[

<XQPKOKTʼn OCTTKCIG VQ VJG *WPICTKCP MKPIʼnU FCWIJVGT ;GNGPC JCF PQ KUUWG ;GNGPCʼnU DTQVJGT .CFKUNCWU + VJGP CUUGTVGF JKU ENCKOU VQ VJG %TQCVKCP VJTQPG # *WPICTKCP CTO[ FGHGCVGF -KPI 2GVCT KP YJGTGWRQP .CFKUNCWU CEEGFGF %QNQOCP JCF JKOUGNH ETQYPGF MKPI QH %TQCVKC KP *G UWDLGEVGF VJG PQTVJGTP &CNOCVKCP EKVKGU KP

6JG 4GIPWO %TQCVKG &CNOCVKG GV 5NCXQPKG YCU DTQWIJV WPFGT C RGTUQPCN WPKQP YKVJ *WPICT[ +VU TGNCVKXG KPFGRGPFGPEG VQQM VJG UJCRG QH C DCPWU C FWMG QT TGRTGUGPVCVKXG QH VJG MKPI YKVJ JKU QYP TKIJV QH OKPV COQPIUV QVJGTU

1DQN # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI QXGT RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU CPF DGVYGGP VYQ VQYGTU 4 9KPIGF DGCUV YKVJ JWOCPʼnU JGCF %0* *WU\±T 4GPILGQ IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

1DQN # .CVKP ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ UOCNN JGCFU HCEKPI 4 #PKOCN T %0* *WU\±T 4GPILGQ IT 8GT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

# PWODGT QH EQKPU JCXG DGGP NKUVGF WPFGT *WPICT[ VJCV 4GVJ[ ENCUUKHKGU WPFGT *WPICT[ DWV 4GPILGQ RWVU WPFGT %TQCVKC 6JG[ CTG VJG HQNNQYKPI

%0* 4GPILGQ %0* 4GPILGQ %0* 4GPILGQ CPF

%0* 4GPILGQ %0* 4GPILGQ CPF %0* 4GPILGQ

6Q FCVG VJGTG KU PQ EGTVCKPV[ CU VQ YJGVJGT VJG[ UJQWNF DG CVVTKDWVGF VQ *WPICT[ QT %TQCVKC PGKVJGT 4¾VJ[ PQT 4GPILGQ RTQXKFG CPUYGTU KP VJKU TGURGEV

263

BALKAN - DALMATIA

&#./#6+# &CNOCVKC QTKIKPCNN[ YCU C 4QOCP RTQXKPEG KVU ECRKVCN 5CNQPC PGCT 5RCNCVQ

6JG TKUG QH %JTKUVKCPKV[ EQOOGPEGF KOOGFKCVGN[ CHVGT CPF EWNOKPCVGF WPFGT $KUJQR *GU[EJKWU QH 5QNKP #TKCPKUO CPF VJG 6JTGG %JCRVGT %QPVTQXGTU[ TGUWNVGF KP C EQPHNKEV DGVYGGP VJKU VGTTKVQT[ QP VJG QPG JCPF CPF VJG RQRG CPF 'ORGTQT ,WUVKPKCP QP VJG QVJGT

+P $[\CPVKPG VKOGU &CNOCVKC EQPUKUVGF QH EQCUVCN EKVKGU CPF VJG EQCUVCN UVTKR +V GPEQORCUUGF HTQO VQR VQ

DQVVQO QP VJG OCR

+CFGTC <CFCT <CTC

#ETWXKWO %CVVCTQ -QVQT

6TCLWTKWO 6TQIKT 6TCÏ

$WVWC $WFXC

5RCNCVWO 5RCNCVQ 5RNKV

#PVKDCTKU $CT

&WDTQXPKE 4CIWUC

7NEKPKWO 7NEKPL

5EWVCTK PQYCFC[U 5JMQFÀT YJKEJ NKGU KPNCPF CPF YJGTG VJG $CNUKE HCOKN[ RNC[GF CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KU NKUVGF WPFGT 5GTDKC

6JG HCOKNKGU QH 4CUMC CNUQ RNC[GF C TQNG KP VJG CDQXG OGPVKQPGF RNCEGU DWV UKPEG QVJGT RCTVKGU YGTG CNUQ KPXQNXGF VJG[ CTG NKUVGF CU &CNOCVKCP EQCUVCN RNCEGU

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 4CIWUC NGHV &CNOCVKC CPF KP VJG VJ CPF VJ EGPVWTKGU VJG EKVKGU OQTG QT NGUU ITGY KPFGRGPFGPV 6JG DKUJQR QH 5RCNCVQ DGECOG OGVTQRQNKVCP QH &CNOCVKC JKU EJWTEJ VJWU UWEEGGFKPI VJG CRQUVQNKE EJWTEJ QH 5CNQPC

&QIG 2KGVTQ ++ 1TUGQNQ YCU VJG HKTUV VQ CVVGORV V[KPI &CNOCVKC VQ 8GPKEG &CNOCVKC JQYGXGT TGEQIPKUGF $[\CPVKPG TWNG CPF RNCEGF VJG GORGTQT CDQXG VJG FQIG 0GXGTVJGNGUU VJG FQIG ECNNGF JKOUGNH FWZ 8GPGVKCTWO GV &CNOCVKEQTWO

# EQOOWPG GOGTIGF KP OQUV EKVKGU UGG WPFGT +VCN[ UQOG QH YJKEJ TQUG VQ EKXKVCU 6JG JKIJGUV CWVJQTKV[ YCU WUWCNN[ C RTKQT OQUVN[ HTQO C RCVTKEKCP HCOKN[

&CNOCVKC HGNN KPVQ &CNOCVKC UWRGTKQT 0QTVJ CPF %GPVTCN &CNOCVKC CPF &CNOCVKC KPHGTKQT UVTGVEJKPI HTQO &WDTQXPKM VQ $CT &WTKPI VJG HQNNQYKPI RGTKQF OCP[ QH VJG GPXKTQPKPI EQWPVTKGU CVVCEMGF &CNOCVKC +P HQT KPUVCPEG *WPICT[ OCPCIGF VQ CPPGZ <CFCT 6TQIKT CPF 5RCNCVQ CPF -KPI %QNQOCP EQPUGSWGPVN[ RTQENCKOGF JKOUGNH ŋMKPI QH %TQCVKC CPF &CNOCVKCŌ 6JG RTKQT YCU TGRNCEGF D[ C EQOGU (QT 8GPKEG VJKU OGCPV ITGCV FCPIGT %CORCKIPU YGTG WPFGTVCMGP CPF VJG 8GPGVKCPU DTQWIJV C HGY EKVKGU WPFGT VJGKT TWNG (TQO VQ VJG $[\CPVKPGU OCPCIGF VQ TGUVQTG VJGKT RQYGT #HVGT /CPWGN FKGF KP -KPI $GNC +++ QH *WPICT[ CESWKTGF &CNOCVKC DWV UGXGTCN QH KVU EKVKGU TGUKUVGF 7PFGT &QIG 'PTKEQ &CPFQNQ 8GPKEG YCU CDNG VQ WNVKOCVGN[ EGOGPV KVU UYC[ QXGT &CNOCVKC UVQTOKPI QH <CFCT

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG EKVKGU YGPV VJGKT QYP YC[ *WPICT[ʼnU YGCMPGUUGU DGECOG RCKPHWNN[ QDXKQWU FWTKPI VJG KPXCUKQP QH VJG /QPIQNU YJQ FGXCUVCVGF %TQCVKC COQPIUV QVJGTU CPF RWUJGF VJTQWIJ CU HCT CU VJG #FTKCVKE 5GC

(QT VJG #PLQW HCOKN[ VJG EQPPGEVKQP DGVYGGP 0CRNGU CPF *WPICT[ YCU XKVCN 6JG TGKIP QH .QWKU + QH #PLQW UCY EQPHNKEV YKVJ 8GPKEG OQUV PQVCDN[ CP KPUWTIGPE[ KP <CFCT +P VJG 2GCEG QH <CFCT 8GPKEG UWTTGPFGTGF &CNOCVKC CPF VJG FQIG TGPQWPEGF JKU VKVNG FWZ &CNOCVKCG GV %TQCVKCG #NUQ VJG 8GPGVKCPU YGTG PQ NQPIGT GPVKVNGF VQ WUG VJG RQTVU

#HVGT VJG UVTWIING HQT VJG VJTQPG KP *WPICT[ .CFKUNCWU JCF JKOUGNH ETQYPGF KP KP <CFCT CHVGT FWG EQPUKFGTCVKQP 6JG EKVKGU ITGY GXGT OQTG KPFGRGPFGPV WPFGT *WPICTKCP TWNG 6JG[ HGNN WPFGT VJG UYC[ QH C RQFGUV¯ QT C EQOGU +P UQOG EKVKGU VJGTG YCU C ECRKVCPQ FGN RQRQNQ G I KP 5RCNCVQ KP +P .CFKUNCWU UQNF UGXGTCN QH VJG &CNOCVKCP EKVKGU VQ 8GPKEG HQT VJG UWO QH FWECVU 5QOG QVJGT EKVKGU LQKPGF QH VJGKT QYP HTGG YKNN

52#.#61 52.+6

+VU CPEKGPV PCOG KU #URCNCVJQU QT 5RCNCVWO 5RCNCVQ KU +VCNKCP

#TQWPF 'ORGTQT &KQENGVKCP JCF C RCNCEG DWKNV JGTG KP YJKEJ VQ URGPF JKU QNF CIG .CVGT KV YQWNF DGEQOG VJG EGPVTG QH VJG EKV[ YJGP 5QNKP YCU OQXGF VQ VJG CTGC CTQWPF VJG RCNCEG KP )QVJKE FC[U 6QIGVJGT YKVJ <CFCT CPF 6TQIKT 5RCNCVQ DGECOG VJG TGNKIKQWU EWNVWTCN CPF GEQPQOKE EGPVTG HQT VJG %TQCVKCP JKPVGTNCPF 6JG GEENGUKCUVKECN RTQXKPEG 5RCNCVQ ECOG KPVQ GZKUVGPEG KP

7PFGT VJG $[\CPVKPGU VJG EKV[ RQUUGUUGF C ITGCV FGITGG QH CWVQPQO[ +V YCU CFOKPKUVTCVGF D[ C RTKQT GNGEVGF D[ VJG WRRGT UVTCVWO QH EKVK\GPU

(TQO 5RCNCVQ ECOG WPFGT VJG *WPICTKCP %TQCVKCP RTKPEGU VJG *WPICTKCP MKPIU KP RCTVKEWNCT YCPVGF VQ JCXG C UC[ KP VJG CRRQKPVOGPV QH VJG CTEJDKUJQR +P VJQUG FC[U VJG EKVK\GPU YGTG QTICPKUGF KP C EQOOWPG UGG WPFGT +VCN[

264

BALKAN - RAGUSA %+6; (TQO VQ KV YCU TWNGF D[ VJG $[\CPVKPGU

(TQO VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ %TQCVKCP OCIPCVGU YGTG EQOGU +P C RQFGUV¯ HTQO #PEQPC YCU CRRQKPVGF VQ UQNXG KPVGTPCN RTQDNGOU

+P VJG EKV[ UWDOKVVGF KVUGNH VQ 8GPGVKCP IWCTFKCPUJKR 8GPKEG CRRQKPVGF C EQOGU YJQ YCU VQ CEV CU VJG NGCFGT QH VJG EQOOWPG CPF TGRTGUGPVCVKXG QH VJG FQIG CV VJG UCOG VKOG #V VJG 2GCEG QH <CFCT KP 8GPKEG UWTTGPFGTGF 5RCNCVQ VQ .QWKU + -KPI QH *WPICT[ %TQCVKC #HVGT JKU FGCVJ KP VJG TWNG QXGT VJG EKV[ RCUUGF VQ -KPI 6XTVMQU + QH $QUPKC KP &WTKPI VJG [GCTU VJG $QUPKCP OCIPCVG *TXQLG 8WM *TXCVKPKE YCU EQOGU

+P 5RCNCVQ TGVWTPGF VQ 8GPKEG YJGTG KV YQWNF TGOCKP WPVKN

$CICVVKPQ 6[RG # Ő 52# .#6+ 085 Ő 4 %TQUU KPFQWDNGF EKTENG QP VJG GFIG HQWT VKOGU + DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CPF VYQ UVCTU 4GPILGQ IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

.CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ 'PF VJ EGPVWT[ + #DCTV XCTKGV[ 6JKU EQKP OWUV VJGTGHQTG UVGO HTQO VJG FC[U QH VJG %TQCVKCP OCIPCVGU 5VQEMGTV &QDTKPKU YJQ FGUETKDGF VJKU EQKP CU V[RG

4#)75# +VU .CVKP PCOG KU 4CIWUKWO &WDTQXPKM KP 5NCXKE FGTKXGF HTQO FWDTCXC OGCPKPI QCM HQTGUV YJKEJ TGHGTU VQ VJG YQQFU QP VJG OQWPVCKP 5TFL 5V 5GTIKWU

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ FWTKPI VJG )QVJKE YCTU 'ORGTQT ,WUVKPKCP DWKNV C ECUVNG JGTG +P VJG #TCDU VTKGF VQ EQPSWGT VJG EKV[ YJKEJ YCU FGRNQ[GF D[ VJG $[\CPVKPG HNGGV

#TQWPF VJG [GCT VJG FKQEGUG 4CIWUC YCU FKUEQPPGEVGF HTQO VJG GEENGUKCUVKECN RTQXKPEG QH 5RCNCVQ +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 4CIWUC DGECOG VJG EGPVTG QH &CNOCVKC 5WRGTKQT $[\CPVKPG UWRTGOCE[ NCUVGF WPVKN YJGP VJG VGTTKVQT[ HGNN VQ 8GPKEG

#V VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ C EQOOWPG GOGTIGF CPF KVU UVCVWVGU YQWNF DG OCKPVCKPGF C NQPI VKOG +P 8GPKEG YCU HQTEGF VQ EGFG 4CIWUC CPF &CNOCVKC VQ .QWKU + QH *WPICT[ 9JGTGCU CNN QVJGT EKVKGU TGVWTPGF VQ 8GPKEG KP 4CIWUC DGECOG CP KPFGRGPFGPV TGRWDNKE KP VTKDWVCT[ VQ *WPICT[ WPVKN

%+6;

)TQUUQ # 0KODCVG 5V $NCUKWU YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF Ő 5 Ő $.#5+8 5 Ő 4#)85++ 4 %JTKUV UVCPFKPI KP OCPFQTNC YKVJ DQQM CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF DGVYGGP +% CPF :% 4GPILGQ IT 8GT[ HKPG -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

UV V[RG 8 #DCTV 6JG %JTKUV KP C OCPFQTNC DTKPIU VQ OKPF VJG 8GPGVKCP FWECVU

)TQUUQ # 0KODCVG 5V $NCUKWU YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF Ő 5 $.#5+8 5 Ő 4#)85++ Ő 4 %JTKUV UVCPFKPI KP OCPFQTNC YKVJ DQQM CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF DGVYGGP +% CPF :% 4GPILGQ IT

(NCP FGHGEVU XGT[ HKPG $GEMGPDCWGT /ÒPEJGP

UV V[RG 8 #DCTV

265

BALKAN - CATTARO

(QNNCTQ # $WUV YKVJ JGNOGV CPF TQOCP VQIC N DTCPEJ YKVJ NKU T KP HKGNF &1/+0#%+1 4 %CUVNG YKVJ ITGCV VQYGT KP EGPVTG DGVYGGP 4 CPF # 4GPILGQ IT

4 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU QVJGTYKUG IQQF XGT[ HKPG

.CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ UV V[RG +8 #DCTV

/KOKEC

(QNNCTQ # .CWTGCVGF DWUV N /10'6# Ő Ő 4#)85+ 4 %KV[ XKGY YKVJ VJTGG VQYGTU %+8+6#5 Ő Ő 4#)85+ 4GPILGQ IT 8GT[ HKPG 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ PF V[RG 8+ #DCTV

(QNNCTQ # .CWTGCVGF DWUV N /10'6# 4#)85++ 4 %KV[ XKGY YKVJ VJTGG VQYGTU %+8+6#5 4#)85++ 4GPILGQ IT )TGGP RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN (TQO NKUV PQ PF V[RG 8+++ #DCTV

%#66#41 +VU .CVKP PCOG KU %CVCTWO %CVVCTQ KP +VCNKCP

(KTUV OGPVKQPGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ )GQITCRJWU 4CXGPPC +P C DKUJQR ,QJP QH %CVVCTQ KU OGPVKQPGF 6JG FKQEGUG DGNQPIGF VQ VJG EJWTEJ QH 4QOG CPF UVQQF WPFGT VJG GEENGUKCUVKECN RTQXKPEG QH $CTK HTQO

7R WPVKN %CVVCTQ YCU WPFGT $[\CPVKPG CFOKPKUVTCVKQP DWV VJGP KV YCU EQPSWGTGF D[ 5VGHCP 0GOCPLKEK QH 4CUMC

#U KP VJG QVJGT RNCEGU KP &CNOCVKC C EQOOWPG GOGTIGF JGTG UQOGVJKPI KP YJKEJ %CVVCTQ GPLQ[GF C HCT TGCEJKPI CWVQPQO[ #HVGT KV CNVGTPCVGN[ UVQQF WPFGT *WPICT[ $QUPKC 8GPKEG CPF VJG $CNUKEK (TQO KV YCU WPFGT 8GPGVKCP TWNG

6JG ECVJGFTCN 5V 6T[RJQP YCU EQPUGETCVGF KP +V YCU QH $[\CPVKPG FGUKIP DWKNV D[ .QODCTF EQPUVTWEVQTU

70&'4 *70)#4+#0 47.' .7&9+) + QH #0,17

)TQUUQ # -KPI QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF ETQUU Ő .1&18+%85 Ő Ő 4': Ő 80)#4+ Ő 4 5V 6TKHQPKWU KP OCPFQTNC YKVJ ETQUU CPF RCNO NGCH Ő 5 Ő 64+2*10 Ő Ő Ő %#6#4'05+ Ő %0* D ,QXCPQXKE *WU\±T D IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

266

BALKAN - ULCINJ

)TQUUQ # -KPI QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG DGVYGGP UKZ NKU Ő .1&18+%85 4 Ő 80)#4+' Ő 4 5V 6TKHQPKWU UVCPFKPI VJTGG UVCTU N CPF HQWT UVCTU T Ő 5 Ő 64+(10 Ő Ã Ő %#/#4#0 %0* F ,QXCPQXKE *WU\±T E IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG 0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 5VQEMGTV R 6JG UVCTU YKVJKP VJG OCPFQTNC UJQY VJG UCOG EQPUVGNNCVKQP CU KP VJG ECUG QH 8GPKEG

70&'4 8'0'6+#0 47.'

(QNNCTQ # .KQP QH 5V /CTEWU YKVJ DQQM QXGT UJKGNF Ő 5 /#4%85 Ő Ő 8'0'685 4 5V 6TKHQPKWU YKVJ RCNO NGCH CPF ECUVNG YKVJ HNCI 5 64+(10 %#6#4+ ,QXCPQXKE EH IT

(NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

(QNNCTQ # .KQP QH 5V /CTEWU KP USWCTG QXGT UJKGNF 5 / 8 CTQWPF 4 5V 6TKHQPKWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ UVCHH ECUVNG T Ő 5 Ő 64+(10 Ő Ő %#6#4+ ,QXCPQXKE 5V IT 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\GPCWMVKQP 'UUGP #WEVKQP PQ 6JKU V[RG FQGU PQV HGCVWTG KP ,QXCPQXKE 6JG QDXGTUG CTOU CTG FKHHGTGPV CPF KVU TGXGTUG UJQYU PQ YTKVKPI 5GG .CP\ #WEVKQP PQ

0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 5V - 5VQEMGTV 0 < 9KGP R CPF GCTNKGT FCVG DGHQTG 0 < R #HVGT < 5 TGVVQTG <CEEJCTKC 5CNQOQP

7.%+0, 7NEKPL YCU HQWPFGF D[ VJG )TGGMU CPF NCVGT EQPSWGTGF D[ VJG 4QOCPU KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV DGECOG RCTV QH VJG <GVC VGTTKVQT[ #V VJG VWTP QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV YCU C RCTV QH 4CUMC CNQPI YKVJ <GVC +P KV YCU VCMGP D[ 5VGHCP .C\CTGXKE &WMG QH CNN 5GTDKCP %QWPVTKGU +P KV YCU EQPSWGTGF D[ 8GPKEG 'XGPVWCNN[ VJG 6WTMU UGK\GF KV

(QNNCTWU # 2TKPEG QP VJTQPG 84 1 5+85 4 5V /CTKC UVCPFKPI DGVYGGP . CPF 6 5' /#4+# ,QXCPQXKE IT 44 'ZVTCQTFKPCT[ YGNN UVTWEM URGEKOGP XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

6JG NGVVGTU . 6 FQ PQV HGCVWTG QP VJG EQKP KP ,QXCPQXKE YJGTGCU . 2 FQ

6JG PCOG QH VJG OKPV KU PQV KPFKECVGF QP VJG EQKP QPN[ VJG RCVTQP UCKPV QH VJG EKV[ 5V /CT[ #U VJG EKV[ QH &TKXCUV JCU VJG UCOG RCVTQP UCKPV VJGTG ECP DG PQ EGTVCKPV[ CU VQ YJGVJGT VJKU EQKP KU HTQO 7NEKPL QT HTQO &TKXCUV

6JG MKPI KU ETQYPGF JKU DGCTFGF JGCF DTKPIU VQ OKPF VJG EQKP QH %CVVCTQ PQ 6JG NKQPU CTG GZSWKUKVGN[ EWV QP VJKU URGEKOGP VJGKT SWCNKV[ OWEJ JKIJGT VJCP QP %CVVCTQ EQKPU UGG CNUQ VJG GZRNCPCVKQP QP VJG NKQPʼnU VJTQPG WPFGT #CEJGP

6JG MKPI KU PQV JQNFKPI CP[VJKPI KP JKU TKIJV JCPF KP ,QXCPQXKE JG KU JQNFKPI C INQDWU ETWEKIGT

267

BALKAN - SERBIA

5'4$+# 6JG PCOG 5GTDKC FGTKXGU HTQO VJG PCOG QH CP CPEKGPV 5NCXKE VTKDG VJG 5GTDU UQWVJGTP UNCXGU +V YCU NQECVGF DGVYGGP %TQCVKC CPF $WNICTKC

+P VJG OKFFNG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ C VJTGG [GCT YCT YCU HQWIJV DGVYGGP $WNICTKC CPF CP WPMPQYP TWNGT *G YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ VJTGG TWNGTU QH YJQO YG QPN[ MPQY VJG PCOGU 8KUGNCX 4CFQUNCX CPF 2TQUKIQ +P VJG PF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG KPJGTKVCPEG YCU FKXKFGF COQPI VJG UQPU QH 8NCUVKOKT /WVKOKT 5VTQLKOKT CPF )QLPKM /WVKOKT QWUVGF JKU DTQVJGTU *KU UQP 2TKDKUNCX KP VWTP YCU FTKXGP QWV D[ VJG UQP QH JKU DTQVJGT 2GVGT )QLPKMQXKE

+P *WPICT[ GZVGPFGF KVU FQOKPKQP QXGT 5NQXGPKC CPF %TQCVKC WR VQ VJG EQCUV 6JG YGUVGTP RCTV ECOG WPFGT VJG DCPWU QH $QUPKC *WPICTKCP TWNG VJG GCUVGTP RCTV ECOG WPFGT VJG )TCPF <WRCP

$[\CPVKPG TWNG

#V VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG EGPVTG OQXGF VQ VJG KPNCPF YJGP )TCPF <WRCP 8WMCP +

NCWPEJGF CP CVVCEM CICKPUV VJG $[\CPVKPG VGTTKVQTKGU # VTGCV[ YCU CITGGF YKVJ *WPICT[ DWV $[\CPVKPG FQOKPKQP YCU OCKPVCKPGF 'ORGTQT /CPWGN + %QOPGPQU FGRQUGF CPF CRRQKPVGF VJG )TCPF <WRCP CV YKNN

5GXGTCN HGWFCN RTKPEGU VJGP TWNGF HTQO COQPI YJQO 5VGHCP 0GOCPLKEK HKPCNN[ GOGTIGF XKEVQTKQWU 5VGHCP 0GOCPLKEK DGECOG VJG UQXGTGKIP QH 4CUMC VJG QVJGT HCOKNKGU JGNF UYC[ QXGT UOCNNGT CTGCU #N VJGUG VGTTKVQTKGU VQIGVJGT OCFG WR 5GTDKC

6JG UJCRG QH 5GTDKC JCU EJCPIGF UWDUVCPVKCNN[ VJTQWIJ VJG CIGU CU KNNWUVTCVGF D[ VJG OCRU WPFGTPGCVJ

5GTDKC CTQWPF

$CNMCP 5VCVGU CTQWPF

268

BALKAN - SERBIA

$CNMCP 5VCVGU CTQWPF

$CNMCP 5VCVGU CTQWPF

269

BALKAN - SERBIA

$CNMCP 5VCVGU CTQWPF

#NN OCRU VCMGP HTQO ,QXCPQXKE / 5GTDKCP /GFKGXCN %QKPU $GNITCF

4#5-#

5VGHCP 0GOCPLKEK DGECOG )TCPF <WRCP QH 4CUMC C RCTV QH 5GTDKC *G YCU HTQO VJG 0GOCPLKEK HCOKN[ VJCV VQQM KVU PCOG HTQO VJG )TCPF <WRCP 5VGHCP 0GOCPLKEK 6JG TGNCVKQPUJKR QH JKU HCVJGT <CXKFC YKVJ $CP $QTKU UGG WPFGT $QUPKC TGOCKPU WPENGCT

6JG TQ[CN 0GOCPLKEK NKPG EQOOGPEGF YKVJ 5VGHCP VJG (KTUVETQYPGF 6JG NKPG GPFGF KP

7PVKN 5VGHCP 0GOCPLKEK YCU EQORGNNGF VQ DG NQ[CN VQ $[\CPVKWO DWV WRQP /CPWGNÅ&#x2030;U FGOKUG JG ECRVWTGF RCTVU QH $WNICTKC CPF /CEGFQPKC *G UWRRQTVGF (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC YKVJ VTQQRU CPF KP NQUV VQ 'ORGTQT +UCCE ++ CV /QTCXC KP DWV JGNF QP VQ VJG EQPSWGTGF VGTTKVQTKGU QH -QUQXQ CPF &KQMNGC

+P 5VGHCP 0GOCPLKEK PQOKPCVGF JKU UGEQPF UQP 5VGHCP UQP KP NCY QH VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT VQ DG JKU UWEEGUUQT DGECWUG JKU QNFGUV UQP YCU IQXGTPQT KP &KQENGC JQNFKPI C TQ[CN VKVNG &GURKVG CNN VJG VWTOQKN CTQWPF VJG [GCT 5VGHCP OCPCIGF VQ TGVCKP JKU TGCNO CPF YCU ETQYPGF MKPI D[ VJG RCRCN NGICVG KP 5VGHCP VJG HKTUV ETQYPGF *G DGIQV VJTGG UQPU 5VGHCP 4CFKUNCX

5VGHCP 8NCFKUNCX UQP KP NCY CPF RTQV¾I¾ QH VJG $WNICTKCP %\CT +XCP ++ #UGP CPF HKPCNN[ 5VGHCP 7TQU YJQ YQWNF UWDUVCPVKCNN[ GZRCPF VJG VGTTKVQT[ VQYCTFU VJG PQTVJ CPF VJG UQWVJ

5VGHCP 7TQU JCF VYQ UQPU 5VGHCP &TCIWVKP CPF 5VGHCP 7TQU ++ /KNWVKP

&TCIWVKP JCF QWUVGF JKU HCVJGT DWV YCU KPECRCDNG QH TWNKPI JKOUGNH FWG VQ C JWPVKPI CEEKFGPV 6JWU JKU DTQVJGT DGECOG TGIGPV 5WEEGUUKQP EQPVKPWGF VQ DG EQPVGUVGF 'XGPVWCNN[ /KNWVKPÅ&#x2030;U UQP 5VGHCP 7TQU +++ &GECPUMK RTGXCKNGF ;GV JKU YQWNF RTQXG C TGKIP DGUGV D[ VTQWDNGU

*G YCU FGRQUGF D[ JKU UQP 5VGHCP &WUCP 6JG NCVVGT JCF JKOUGNH ETQYPGF GORGTQT E\CT KP CHVGT JG JCF GNGXCVGF VJG CTEJDKUJQR VQ RCVTKCEJ *G DQWPFNGUUN[ CFOKTGF VJG $[\CPVKPGU CPF FGUKIPGF 4CUMC CHVGT $[\CPVKWO GZCORNG KPENWFKPI VJG EQWTV

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

270

BALKAN - SERBIA

+P VJG OCKP NKPG QH VJG 0GOCPLKFU GPFGF DTKPIKPI 6XTVMQ + QH $QUPKC VQ VJG EGPVTG UVCIG 6QIGVJGT YKVJ 2TKPEG .C\CT *TGDGNLCPQXKE JG FGHGCVGF VJG OKIJV[ UQXGTGKIP 0KMQNC #NVQOCPQXKE 6JG YGUVGTP CPF UQWVJGTP VGTTKVQTKGU VQTG NQQUG HTQO 4CUMC CPF YGTG WPKVGF YKVJ $QUPKC 6JG[ EQPUVKVWVGF VJG EQTG QH VJG -QUCEC HCOKN[ FQOKPKQP

+P 6XTVMQ + UWEEGGFKPI &TCIWVKP JCF JKOUGNH ETQYPGF YKVJ VJG FQWDNG ETQYP *KU ENQUGUV CNN[ YCU CNUQ JKU FKTGEV QRRQUKVG .C\CT CP KORQTVCPV OCP YJQ OCKPVCKPGF ENQUG TGNCVKQPU YKVJ VJG 5GTDKCP EJWTEJ #HVGT 5VGHCP 6XTVMQ + CPF 5VGHCP .C\CT KPVGTXGPGF KP *WPICT[ CPF UWRRQTVGF VJG #PLQWU DTC\GPN[ UVCPFKPI WR VQ VJG 6WTMU +P VJG DCVVNG QH -QUQXQ QP ,WPG VJ .C\CT CPF JKU UQP KP NCY 8WM $TCPMQXKE VQIGVJGT YKVJ VJG $QUPKCP VTQQRU HCEGF VJG 6WTMU .C\CT RGTKUJGF CPF 8WM DGECOG C XCUUCN VQ VJG 6WTMU

#HVGT VJG 6WTMU JCF VCMGP $WNICTKC CPF /CEGFQPKC VJG QPN[ VGTTKVQTKGU NGHV YGTG VJQUG QH 5VGHCP .C\CTGXKE VJG $CNUKE HCOKN[ CPF 8WM $TCPMQXKE

+P NCVG 5VGHCP DGECOG C XCUUCN QH -KPI 5KIKUOWPF *G NCVGT TGEQPEKNGF YKVJ JKU EQWUKP &LWTCFL CPF CRRQKPVGF JKO JKU UWEEGUUQT 6JG NCUV QH VJG $CNUKEU $CNUC +++ C EQWUKP QH 5VGHCP DGSWGCVJGF JKU NCPFU VQ 5VGHCP KP 6JG TGOCKPKPI NCPF CNUQ HGNN VQ JKO GZEGRV VJG EQCUVCN EKVKGU VJCV YGTG WPFGT 8GPGVKCP TWNG

6JG ECRKVCN QH VJG NCUV TGOCKPKPI UVCVG YCU $GNITCFG HTQO 5OGFGTGXQ 9JGP 5KIKUOWPF FKGF KP 5GTDKC YCU QEEWRKGF HQT VJG HKTUV VKOG +P VTQWDNGU CICKP CTQUG YKVJ 8GPKEG CPF $QUPKC 6JG UKVWCVKQP ITGY OQTG CPF OQTG RTGECTKQWU 'XGPVWCNN[ KP VJG GPVKTG TGIKQP YCU QEEWRKGF D[ VJG 6WTMU

5OGFGTGXQ YCU FQOKPCVGF D[ FGURQVU UQOG VKOG DWV HCVG EQWNF PQV DG TGXGTUGF CPF KP VJG[ VQQ NGHV 5OGFGTGXQ

56'(#0 7415 +

5VGHCP 7TQU + YCU MKPI QH 4CUMC *G YCU VJG [QWPIGUV UQP QH 5VGHCP VJG (KTUV %TQYPGF CPF #PC &CPFQNQ *G YCU OCTTKGF VQ ;GNGPC HTQO #PLQW NKPGCIG +P VJQUG FC[U *WPICT[ RNC[GF C EGPVTCN TQNG

$GNC +8 CPF 5VGHCP 8 YJKEJ KU YJ[ JG CTTCPIGF HQT JKU UQP &TCIWVKP VQ YGF -CVCNKPC FCWIJVGT QH 5VGHCP 8 #P CVVGORV VQ EQWRNG JKU QVJGT UQP VQ C $[\CPVKPG RTKPEGUU HCKNGF

6JG CTEJKXGU QH &WDTQXPKM UJQY VJCV VJKU 5VGHCP UVTWEM EQKP $[ HCKVJHWNN[ EQR[KPI VJG 8GPGVKCP OCVCRCP

OO JG UQWIJV VQ GUVCDNKUJ C EQKP URGEKHKECNN[ HQT &WDTQXPKE VJCV YQWNF RTQOQVG VTCFG YKVJ 8GPKEG 6JG VKVNG YQWNF JCXG VQ DG 5VGHCPWU KP VJCV ECUG #U VJG GZKUVGPEG QH UWEJ C EQKP KU PQV DCEMGF D[ JQCTFU ,CPCPQXKE ENCUUKHKGU VJKU EQKP WPFGT 5VGHCPÅ&#x2030;U UQP &TCIWVKP UGG PQ VJG FKHHGTGPEGU YKVJ VJG OCVCRCP DGKPI C ETQYP YJKEJ ECPPQV DG TGEQIPKUGF CPF VJG FKHHGTGPV UV[NG QH VJG MKPIÅ&#x2030;U UVGOOC

%QORCTKUQP QH VJGUG VYQ EQKPU UJQYU VJCV VJG FGUKIP KU VJG UCOG 6Q VJG NGHV VJG FQIG 5V /CTEQ VQ VJG TKIJV VJG 5VGHCP 5 6JG UQXGTGKIP KU DCTGJGCFGF KP DQVJ ECUGU 6JGKT CVVKTG KU RTCEVKECNN[ VJG UCOG $QVJ EQKPU JCXG C DCPPGT 1P VJG ITQWPFU QH VJGUG UKOKNCTKVKGU VJG 4CUMC EQKP YQWNF JCXG VQ DG CVVTKDWVGF VQ 5VGHCP 7TQU + KP O[ QRKPKQP *G TWNGF KP C VKOG VJCV DGUV HKVU VJG RGTKQF QH TGKIP QH &QIG 4CPKGTQ <GPQ 6JG NCVVGT YCU QPG QH VJG OQTG UKIPKHKECPV FQIGU QH 8GPKEG #HVGT JCXKPI DGGP RQFGUV¯ KP $QNQIPC KP JG TQUG VQ CTO[ EQOOCPFGT CICKPUV <CFCT KP GZCEVN[ QPG [GCT RTKQT VQ VJG CEEGUUKQP QH 5VGHCP 7TQU + 6JGTGHQTG YG JCXG EJQUGP VQ NKUV VJKU EQKP WPFGT 5VGHCP 7TQU +

271

BALKAN - SERBIA

&KPCT # 5VGHCP N CPF 5V 5VGHCPWU T JQNFKPI HNCI VQIGVJGT 56'(#08 4': Ő 556'(#08 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% ,QXCPQXKE IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

.L ,

(CKVJHWN EQR[ QH VJG 8GPGVKCP OCVCRCP 6JG YGKIJV RTCEVKECNN[ HCNNU YKVJKP VJG TCPIG #EEQTFKPI VQ ,QXCPQXKE 5VGHCP UJQWNF DGCT C ETQYP DWV KV ECPPQV DG TGEQIPKUGF QP CP[ EQKP VJG UCOG IQGU HQT VJKU URGEKOGP

5VGHCP 4CFQUNCX MKPI QH 4CUMC DGVYGGP CPF YCU MPQYP VQ JCXG OKPVGF VJQWIJ GZENWUKXGN[ CHVGT $[\CPVKPG GZCORNG 9JCV YG CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ JGTG KU CP KOKVCVKQP QH VJG 8GPGVKCP OCVCRCP +V KU GXKFGPV VJCV C EQWPVT[ VJCV EQRKGU QVJGT EQWPVTKGUʼn EQKPCIG HQT TGCUQPU QH VTCFG YKNN GXGPVWCNN[ UVTKXG VQYCTFU KVU QYP EQKPCIG #V VJCV OQOGPV KP VKOG 8GPKEG YCU VJG OCKP VTCFG RCTVPGT HQT 4CUMC YJKEJ YQWNF JCXG OCFG HWTVJGT WUG QH C V[RG UWEJ CU VJG OCVCRCP QPN[ TGCUQPCDNG 9JCV YGTG VJG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU WUGF VQ GZRTGUU CP QYP KFGPVKV[! 'ZEJCPIKPI VJG DCPPGT HQT C RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU

KPEKFGPVCNN[ RCVTKCTEJU FKF PQV CRRGCT KP 5GTDKC WPVKN FGRKEVKPI C ETQYPGF MKPI GZEJCPIKPI 5VGHCP HQT 7TQU 8TQUKWU CPF NCUVN[ TGRNCEKPI .CVKP NGIGPF YKVJ FQOGUVKE E[TKNNKE YTKVKPI %QPUGSWGPVN[ VJG HQNNQYKPI V[RGU UJQWNF JCXG GOGTIGF

6[RG DCPPGT PQ ETQYP 5VGHCP CPF

6[RG DCPPGT PQ ETQYP 8TQUKWU

6[RG DCPPGT ETQYP 8TQUKWU

6[RG DCPPGT PQ ETQYP 9KVJ 5VGHCP YKVJ 8TQUKWU

6JKU EQNNGEVKQP HWTVJGT HGCVWTGU ETQUU ETQYP 8TQUKWU UGG PQ

6JKU EJTQPQNQIKECN QTFGT QH V[RGU FQGU PQV GPVKTGN[ EQPEWT YKVJ YJCV ,QXCPQXKE RTQXKFGU UQOGVKOGU VJG

DCPPGT YCU TGXGTVGF VQ CHVGT VJG ETQUU JCF DGGP KPVTQFWEGF 0QV WPVKN /KNWVKP YQWNF C PGY V[RG DG EKTEWNCVGF ,QXCPQXKE KPEKFGPVCNN[ C UKOKNCT PGY V[RG JCF CNTGCF[ DGGP WUGF D[ &TCIWVKP HQT VJG UWD FKUVTKEV 5TGO ,QXCPQXKE CPF PQ YJKEJ PQY DQTG VJG PCVKXG NCPIWCIG

56'(#0 &4#)76+0

-KPI QH 4CUMC 4WNGT QH 5TGO

&TCIWVKP TQUG VQ RQYGT VJTQWIJ C EQWR CICKPUV JKU HCVJGT KP YJKEJ JG YCU CKFGF D[ 5VGRJCP 8 JKU HCVJGT KP NCY &TCIWVKPʼnU TGKIP YCU QPN[ DTKGH CU C JWPVKPI CEEKFGPV FKUCDNGF JKO VQ TWNG *G YCU YGFFGF VQ -CVCTKPC C FCWIJVGT QH 5VGRJCP 8 QH *WPICT[ +P &TCIWVKP TGEGKXGF VJG 5TGO FKUVTKEV QH .CFKUNCWU +8 YJKEJ GHHGEVKXGN[ OCFG JKO C XCUUCN QH *WPICT[

+P VJG *WPICTKCP VJTQPG RTGVGPFGT #PFTGCU +++ ICXG VJG DTQVJGT QH &TCIWVKP 8NCFKUNCX *GT\GIQXKPC YJKEJ YCU VJGP MPQYP CU 5NCXQPKC $GHQTG JG FKGF &TCIWVKP EGFGF CFOKPKUVTCVKQP QXGT 5TGO VQ JKU UQP 8NCFKUNCX

&TCIWVKP KPVTQFWEGF C PGY V[RG QP JKU EQR[ QH VJG OCVCRCP JG TGRNCEGF VJG DCPPGT YJKEJ HGCVWTGF QP VJG OCVCRCP YKVJ C ETQUU QH .QTTCKPG ŋFQWDNG ETQUUŌ

&KPCT 5TGO # 2TKPEG UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU VYQ UOCNN ETQUUGU N KP HKGNF CPF QPG UOCNN ETQUU T KP HKGNF %6'Ô# È#ÁXΠ1 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% ,QXCPQXKE IT 4 8GT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT

.L , +

#EEQTFKPI VQ ,QXCPQXKE VJG NGIGPF UJQWNF TGCF %6'Φ# 2#ÁÜ :%1 5VGHCP MKPI %JTKUV

6JKU EQKP YCU UVTWEM D[ 5VGHCP &TCIWVKP CU IQXGTPQT QH 5TGO 6JG V[RG YCU PGY CPF VJG 5GTDKCP 5NCXKE NCPIWCIG YCU WUGF VQ UKIPKH[ VJCV 5TGO YCU PQV C RTQXKPEG QH *WPICT[ DWV VJG QTVJQFQZ NCPF QH VJG 5GTDKCP RGQRNG 6JG VGZV KPFKECVGU VJCV QPN[ )QF YCU CDQXG JKO K G VJCV JG YCU RQNKVKECNN[ KPFGRGPFGPV 5VTWEM KP VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[

272

BALKAN - SERBIA 56'(#0 7415 ++ /+.76+0

/KNWVKP CPPGZGF OCP[ $[\CPVKPG EKVKGU CPF KPEQTRQTCVGF VJGO KPVQ 4CUMC *KU HQWT OCTTKCIGU YGTG UQNGN[ RQNKVKECNN[ OQVKXCVGF *KU PF OCTTKCIG YCU VQ ;GNKUCXGVC C FCWIJVGT QH 5VGHCP 8 CPF C UKUVGT QH -CVCNKPC VJG YKHG QH JKU DTQVJGT &TCIWVKP

9JGP *WPICT[ YCU JGCFGF KPVQ CP GEQPQOKE ETKUGU JG YGFFGF #PC FCWIJVGT QH VJG $WNICTKCP MKPI +V YQWNF LWUV DG VJG RTGEWTUQT VQ JKU YGFFKPI KP YKVJ 5KOQPKFC VJG [GCT QNF FCWIJVGT QH 'ORGTQT #PFTQPKEWU ++ &TCIWVKP YCU RTKOCTKN[ HQEWUUGF QP *WPICT[ JKU DTQVJGT /KNWVKP OCKPN[ QP $[\CPVKWO 6JG DTQVJGTU EQ QRGTCVGF RCTVKEWNCTN[ WPFGT VJG KPHNWGPEG QH VJGKT OQVJGT ;GNGPC #HVGT &TCIWVKP FKGF KP /KNWVKP VQQM EGTVCKP RCTVU QH &TCIWVKPʼnU FQOKPKQP KP 4CUMC VJGKT EQWUKP 8NCFKUNCX YCU KP RTKUQP 6JGTG YCU C NQV QH URGEWNCVKQP QP VJG UWEEGUUKQP QH /KNWVKP /KNWVKPʼnU UQP 5VGHCP YCU TGIGPV KP <GVC *G HQWIJV JKU HCVJGT DWV NQUV CPF YCU UWDUGSWGPVN[ GZKNGF VQ %QPUVCPVKPQRNG CPF DNKPFGF

6JG 0GOCPLKE F[PCUV[ EQWTV YCU CV 0GTQFKONLG /KNWVKP JCF OCP[ TGNKIKQWU DWKNFKPIU GTGEVGF

OQPCUVGTKGU EJWTEJGU GVE HQT YJKEJ JG PGGFGF C ITGCV FGCN QH OQPG[ %QPUGSWGPVN[ VJG YGKIJV QH VJG EQKP UVGCFKN[ FGETGCUGF HTQO VQ IT

&KPCT # 2TKPEG CPF 5V 5VGHCPWU UVCPFKPI JQNFKPI HNCI 8415+85 4': Ő 5 Ő 56'(#085 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% ,QXCPQXKE IT 0KEG VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ .L , +

&KPCT # %TQYPGF RTKPEG CPF 5V 5VGHCPWU UVCPFKPI JQNFKPI RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO 84155+85 4': 5561(80 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% :% CPF 2 4 ,QXCPQXKE IT 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

.L , +

6JG +% :% KU TGPFGTGF KP C URGEKCN YC[

6JG TGHGTGPEG ,QXCPQXKE KU PQV GPVKTGN[ CEEWTCVG 6JKU URGEKOGP JCU 8TQUUKWU URGNNGF YKVJ C FQWDNG 5 CPF VJG EQODKPCVKQP 2 4 KU PQV KP ,QXCPQXKE #FFKVKQPCNN[ 7TQU KU YGCTKPI C ETQYP YJKEJ JG KU PQV KP ,QXCPQXKE VJQWIJ JG KU KP ,QXCPQXKE DWV VJCV JCU UQOGVJKPI FKHHGTGPV QP DQVJ UKFGU QH %JTKUV 6JG YGKIJV OQUV TGUGODNGU ,QXCPQXKE

6JG UV[NG QH VJKU EQKP KU CNVQIGVJGT FKHHGTGPV HTQO VJCV QH ,QXCPQXKE YJKEJ KU V[RKECNN[ 8GPGVKCP 6JKU QPG KU OQTG $[\CPVKPG

273

BALKAN - SERBIA 56'(#0 7415 +++ &'%#05-+

5VGHCP YCU /KNWVKPʼnU QNFGUV UQP *G YCU IQXGTPQT QH <GVC +P JG VTKGF VQ VQRRNG JKU HCVJGT /KNWVKP VJGP OCTEJGF HWTVJGT VQYCTFU 5MCFCT <GVCʼnU ECRKVCN CPF FGHGCVGF JKU UQP GZKNGF JKO VQ %QPUVCPVKPQRNG CHVGT JCXKPI JKO DNKPFGF +P JG CUMGF VQ DG ITCPVGF RGTOKUUKQP VQ TGVWTP VQ VJG EQWTV KP 4CUMC +P RTKPEKRNG VJTGG HKIWTGU EQPVGPFGF VQ UWEEGGF /KNWVKP 5VGHCP -QPUVCPVKP CV VJCV VKOG IQXGTPQT QH <GVC CPF 8NCFKUNCX ++ 5VGHCP FGHGCVGF -QPUVCPVKP Ŏ CPF 8NCFKUNCX WUGF VJG GPUWKPI EJCQU VQ GXGPVWCNN[ HNGG VQ *WPICT[ 6JGUG EQPHNKEVU KP 4CUMC RGTOKVVGF VJG $QUPKCP DCP 5VGHCP ++ -QVTQOCPKE VQ UGK\G UGXGTCN RCTVU QH 4CUMC COQPI VJGO *WO

+P VJG DCVVNG CICKPUV $WNICTKC CPF VJG $[\CPVKPGU 5VGHCP FGHGCVGF $WNICTKC RTQORVKPI $[\CPVKWO VQ CDCPFQP HWTVJGT CEVKQP CICKPUV 4CUMC

5VGHCP YCU OCTTKGF VQ /CTKC 2CNCGQNQIQU *KU UKUVGT #PC YGFFGF /KEJCGN 5KUOCP E\CT QH $WNICTKC +V YCU VQ JKU HCVJGTʼnU ITGCV UCVKUHCEVKQP VJCV 5VGHCPʼnU UQP +XCP 5VGHCP CEEGFGF VQ VJG $WNICTKCP VJTQPG DG KV HQT QPN[ C [GCT WPVKN 6JG CTKUVQETCE[ JCF DGGP FKUKNNWUKQPGF D[ JKU RGCEGHWN CRRTQCEJ *G YCU VJTQYP KPVQ LCKN CPF F[KPI QP &GEGODGT *G YCU ECPQPKUGF D[ VJG QTVJQFQZ EJWTEJ QH 5GTDKC 5VGHCP YCPVGF VQ TGVWTP VQ VJG QNF EQKPCIG UVCPFCTF QH IT DWV DGHQTG NQPI VJG YGKIJV HGNN DCEM VQ IT

&KPCT # -KPI QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF UYQTF QP JKU MPGGU %6'Φ#0 D -2##D 5VGHCP MKPI 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% ,QXCPQXKE IT 8GT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

.L , +

&GECPUMK UVCTVGF YKVJ C EQKP ,QXCPQXKE QH IT YJKEJ OGCPV C TGVWTP VQ VJG QNF UVCPFCTF 6JKU CVVGORV HCKNGF JQYGXGT 6JG VGZV OCVEJGU ,QXCPQXKE DWV VJG YGKIJV KU OWEJ VQQ JKIJ KV YQWNF TCVJGT KPFKECVG ,QXCPQXKE

6JG MKPI KU YGCTKPI JKU JCKT NQPI

&KPCT # -KPI QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF UYQTF QP JKU MPGGU 56'(# 0 4': 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% :% CPF 0 ) ,QXCPQXKE IT 0KEG VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT .L , + 6JKU JCU .CVKP YTKVKPI CU QRRQUGF VQ VJG RTGXKQWU EQKP YJKEJ JCU E[TKNNKE YTKVKPI 6JG MKPI KU YGCTKPI JKU JCKT UJQTV

274

BALKAN - SERBIA 56'(#0 7415 +8 &75#0

-KPI %\CT

#HVGT VJG HCKNGF EQWR QH JG URGPV VJG TGOCKPFGT QH JKU [QWVJ CV VJG $[\CPVKPG EQWTV KP %QPUVCPVKPQRNG 6Q RTGRCTG JKO HQT QHHKEG JG YCU GPVTWUVGF YKVJ IQXGTPKPI <GVC &WUCP YCU YGNEQOGF HQT JKU OKNKVCT[ UMKNNU CU VJG CTKUVQETCE[ QH 4CUMC YGTG FKUEQPVGPV YKVJ VJG RGCEGHWN TWNG QH JKU HCVJGT 5VGHCP &WUCP FKF PQV NGV CTKUVQETCE[ FQYP JG FQWDNGF JKU VGTTKVQT[ CV VJG GZRGPUG QH $[\CPVKWO

*G ETGCVGF VJG RQUKVKQP QH RCVTKCTEJ QH 5GTDKC YKVJ VJG CRRTQXCN QH VJG RCVTKCTEJ QH $WNICTKC VJG CTEJDKUJQR QH 1JTKF CPF VJG OQPMU QH #VJQU 6JKU CRRQKPVOGPV YCU PQV TGEGKXGF YGNN D[ VJG )TGGM RCVTKCTEJ QPG QH VJG TGCUQPU VJCV &WUCP YCU PGXGT ECPQPKUGF

1P #RTKN &WUCP YCU ETQYPGF E\CT KP 5MQRLG D[ VJG HKTUV 5GTDKCP RCVTKCTEJ ;QCPKMK[G CPF VJG $WNICTKCP RCVTKCTEJ 5KOGQP &WUCP YCU YGFFGF VQ *GNGPC UKUVGT QH VJG $WNICTKCP E\CT #NGZCPFGT #P GZEGRVKQP VJKU YCU PQV C RQNKVKECNN[ OQVKXCVGF OCTTKCIG

&KHHKEWNVKGU YKVJ $QUPKC YGTG TGUQNXGF COQPIUV QVJGTU D[ EGFKPI *WO VQ $QUPKC 6JG 6WTMU OGCPYJKNG RQUGF VJG NCTIGUV VJTGCV JQYGXGT KP VJG OKFUV QH QTICPKUKPI FGHGPEGU &WUCP UWFFGPN[ FKGF

*KU EQKPU CTG QH IQQF SWCNKV[ VJG YGKIJV FGETGCUGF HTQO VQ IT *G KPVTQFWEGF VJG JCNH FKPCT

VQ IT COQPIUV QVJGTU &WUCPʼnU EQKPCIG EKTEWNCVGF KP $WNICTKC CU QHHKEKCN OQPG[ &WUCP KU VJG UQXGTGKIP YJQ JCF VJG OQUV EQKP V[RGU OCPWHCEVWTGF

&KPCT # *GNOGV N ETGUVGF YKVJ HNQYGT 56'(#085 &'+ )4# Ő 4': 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP VYQ ETQYPGF JGCFU HCEKPI CPF +% :% ,QXCPQXKE IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ .WDL , + 6JG JGNOGV YKVJ HNQYGT KU VJG CTOU QH VJG 0GOCPLKEK HCOKN[

&KPCT # %TQYPGF E\CT UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU VYQ CPIGNU DGPGCVJ JKU JGCF %ΦD <2 5VGHCP %\CT 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% ,QXCPQXKE IT

0KEG VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG URGEKOGP &QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT .L , +

275

BALKAN - SERBIA #PIGN ETQYPKPI VJG E\CT

&KPCT # %TQYPGF E\CT UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU VYQ CPIGNU DGPGCVJ JKU JGCF %ΦD <2 5VGHCP %\CT 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% ,QXCPQXKE ! IT 5NKIJVN[ QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

.LWD , +

+P EQPVTCUV VQ PQ VJKU JCU C Φ KPUVGCF QH C NKU

6JG JGCF UJQYU C EQWTUGT UV[NG VJCP KV OQTG TGUGODNGU ,QXCPQXKE DWV VJCV JCU NGVVGTU PGZV VQ %JTKUVWU YJKEJ VJKU JCU PQV 6JG YGKIJV KU NQY

6JKU UV[NG QH VJKU EQKP FQGU PQV HKV VJG UGTKGU ,QXCPQXKE VQ XGT[ YGNN

&KPCT # %TQYPGF %\CT QP JQTUGDCEM T YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP %ΦD <2 5VGHCP %\CT 4 $WUV QH %JTKUV YKVJ DNGUUKPI JCPF CPF RCTEJOGPV DGVYGGP +% :% CPF 0 1 ,QXCPQXKE IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ .L , + *QTUG YCNMKPI %H VJG GZRNCPCVKQP QH VJG KNNWUVTCVKQP QH JQTUGU QP OGFKGXCN EQKP 2CTV ++ R

&KPCT # %TQYPGF %\CT QP JQTUGDCEM T YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP %ΦD <2 5VGHCP %\CT $WUV QH %JTKUV YKVJ DNGUUKPI JCPF CPF RCTEJOGPV DGVYGGP +% :% CPF 0 1 ,QXCPQXKE IT

0KEG VQPKPI YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG CPF C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

&KPCT # 5VGHCP CPF *GNGPC UVCPFKPI JQNFKPI RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO +214 56(# '.+# +2#

%\CT 5VGHCP *GNGPC %\CTKPC 4 %JTKUV UVCPFKPI KP OCPFQTNC YKVJ DQQM CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF DGVYGP +% :% ,QXCPQXKE IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT

.L , +

6JG HKTUV NGVVGT QH 0 1 KU PQV EQORNGVGN[ XKUKDNG QP VJKU + O Q VJGTG KU PQ 0 ,QXCPQXKE UWIIGUVU VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH C 6

*KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP .L , +

&KPCT # 5VGHCP CPF *GNGPC UVCPFKPI JQNFKPI RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO %ΦD <2 5VGHCP %\CT 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG ,QXCPQXKE IT 8GT[ HKPG *KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ .L , +

276

BALKAN - SERBIA

&KPCT # 5VGHCP CPF *GNGPC UVCPFKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG JQNFKPI RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO %ΦD <2

5VGHCP %\CT 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% :% ,QXCPQXKE IT 4 #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

.WDL , +

6JKU %ΦD <2 ECP DG HQWPF KP ,QXCPQXKE [GV PQV QP VJG CEEQORCP[KPI FTCYKPI +V KU PQV QP VJKU EQKP GKVJGT 6JKU FQGU JCXG CP ' CPF C 2 QP VJG TGXGTUG RQUUKDN[ <2

&KPCT # 5VGHCP CPF *GNGPC UGCVGF YKVJ UEGRVTG UEGRVTG YKVJ NKU QP VQR DGVYGGP VJGO 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP DKTF ! CPF NKU ,QXCPQXKE IT 4 #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG .CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ .L ,QXCPQXKE JCU C ŋFGGTŌ CU CP CEEQORCP[KPI UKIP QP VJG NGHV QH VJG TGXGTUG DWV KV JCU OQTG NKMGPGUU VQ C DKTF 5VGHCP KU PQV ETQYPGF $GVYGGP VJGKT NGIU VYQ NGVVGTU 2 2 6JG UEGRVGT JCU C XGT[ FKUVKPEV HQTO

&KPCT # 6YQ ETQYPGF RGTUQPU UGCVGF HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT YKVJ UEGRVTG UVCHH YKVJ ETGUEGPV DGVYGGP VJGO 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% :% ,QXCPQXKE IT 44 8GT[ HKPG .CP\ )TC\ .L , + ,QXCPQXKE RTQXKFGU C YGKIJV QH IT #P * QP VJG EJGUV QH %JTKUV

56'(#0 7415 8

6JG QPN[ UQP QH &WUCP 7TQU 8 CUUWOGF TWNG QXGT 4CUMC #P KPGZRGTKGPEGF UQXGTGKIP YQWNF KPXCTKCDN[ DG CVVCEMGF CPF UWEJ YCU CNUQ 7TQUʼnU HCVG VJKU VKOG D[ VJG $[\CPVKPGU UQOG UWTTQWPFKPI TGIKQPU DWV EJKGHN[ QVJGT HCOKNKGU 6JGUG KP RCTVKEWNCT YQWNF ECWUG 7TQUʼnU FQOKPKQP VQ ETWODNG HWTVJGT CPF HWTVJGT *KU WPENG 5KOGQP KP GXGP ECNNGF CP CUUGODN[ QH PQDNGU KP QTFGT VQ UGK\G RQYGT 5KOGQP RTQENCKOGF JKOUGNH E\CT KP -QVQT

6JG RNCIWG QH UGXGTGN[ TGFWEGF VJG PWODGT QH NGCFGTU CPF C PGY IGPGTCVKQP ECOG VQ VJG HQTG 6JWU

<GVC WPFGT VJG $CNUKE HCOKN[

5GT WPFGT VJG FGURQV ,QJCPPGU 7INLGUC /TPLCXEGXKE

6GTTKVQTKGU CTQWPF VJG 4KXGT /QTCXC WPFGT .C\CT 2TKDKEGXKE *TGDGNLCPPQXKE

GVE YGTG HQTOGF

+P 4CUMC 7INLGUCʼnU QNFGT DTQVJGT 8WMCUKP TGKIPGF /CP[ QH VJGUG TWNGTU OKPVGF KPFGRGPFGPVN[

7TQU 8 RGTKUJGF KP DCVVNG PGCT VJG 4KXGT /CTKEC QP &GEGODGT QPN[ [GCTU QH CIG

&KPCT # %\CT QP VJTQPG HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG DGVYGGP 81++D ;2D 4 *GNOGV T YKVJ ETGUV 8415+85 +/2'4#614 ,QXCPQXKE IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ .WDL , +

277

BALKAN - SERBIA

&KPCT # %\CT QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU 81++D ;2D 4 *GNOGV N YKVJ ETGUV 8415+85+ /2'4#614 ,QXCPQXKE IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG .CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ .L , +

&KPCT # %\CT CPF %\CTKPC UVCPFKPI UVCHH YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO 812 9D <2D 5VGHCP %\CT 4 %JTKUV UVCPFKPI YKVJ DQQM CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF DGVYGGP UKZ UVCTU CPF +% :% ,QXCPQXKE IT 8GT[ HKPG )QTP[ /ÒPEJGP .L , + 1 Ő QP %JTKUVʼnU RGFGUVCN

&KPCT # %\CT CPF %\CTKPC UVCPFKPI UVCHH YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO 812 9D <2D 5VGHCP %\CT 4 %JTKUV UVCPFKPI YKVJ DQQM CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF DGVYGGP UKZ UVCTU CPF +% :% ,QXCPQXKE IT 8GT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP .L 1 +++ QP %JTKUVʼnU RGFGUVCN 6JG UKFG UJQYKPI %JTKUV KU EWV EQWTUGT VJCP QP PQ

/TPLCXEGXKE F[PCUV[ 87-#5+0 /40,#8%'8+%

&KPCT # $Á:# Á#ÁΛÃ1 $Ü20** -2ØÜ 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% :% CPF % 0 ,QXCPQXKE IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG 6QFGTK (NQTGPEG .L , +

278

BALKAN - BOSNIA

$150+# $QUPKC KU HKTUV OGPVKQPGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6JG NCPF ŋ$QUQPCŌ YCU C UOCNN RCTV QH NCVVGTFC[ $QUPKC 6JG KPFGRGPFGPV FGXGNQROGPV QH $QUPKC UVCTVU KP YJGP VJG GCUVGTP RCTVU QH 5GTDKC HCNN VQ $[\CPVKWO (TQO VJG KPHNWGPEG QH *WPICT[ EQWNF DG HGNV RCTVKEWNCTN[ YJGP %TQCVKC CPF VJG &CNOCVKCP EKVKGU YGTG DTQWIJV WPFGT *WPICT[ -KPI $GNC ++ ITCPVGF JKU OKPQT UQP VJG ŋ$QUPKCP FWEJ[Ō KP HKGH KP

6JG HKTUV MPQYP DCP QH $QUPKC KU $QTKE UGG CNUQ WPFGT 5GTDKC KPVTQFWEVKQP YJQ YCU C XCUUCN QH VJG *WPICTKCP MKPI *G YCU C RTQVGI¾ QH 5VGRJCP +8 CPF CHVGT VJG NCVVGTʼnU FGOKUG YCU EQPUGSWGPVN[ TGNKGXGF QH JKU QHHKEG (TQO VJG VGTTKVQT[ UVQQF WPFGT $[\CPVKWO (QNNQYKPI VJG FGCVJ QH 'ORGTQT /CPWGN + -QOPGMQU $CP -WNKP DGECOG XCUUCN QH VJG *WPICTKCP MKPI

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG DQTFGTU QH VQFC[ʼn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

RNC[ C EGPVTCN TQNG KP $QUPKC

6JQWIJ CHVGT VJG /QPIQN TCKFU -KPI $GNC +8 UGK\GF RQYGT CPF VJG UGG QH VJG .CVKP DKUJQR QH $QUPKC NC[ KP &LCMQXQ KP 5NQXGPKC *GTGVKEU YGTG PQY QOPKRQVGPV KP $QUPKC +P VJG PF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG PQTVJ UGEGFGF 6JG UQWVJ YCU FQOKPCVGF D[ VYQ HCOKNKGU VJG RTKPEGU QH $TKDKT CPF VJG -QVTQOCPKEU YJQ YQWNF PQV TGEQPEKNG WPVKN

6JG -QVTQOCPEK HCOKN[ QH )GTOCP QTKIKPU YGTG VJG TWNKPI F[PCUV[ QH $QUPKC 6JGKT RTQIGPKVQT YCU %QVTQOCPPQ )QVQ QT %QVTQOCPPQ 6GFGUEQ 6JG DCP MKPI UKPEG YCU GNGEVGF D[ VJG FKGV CNVJQWIJ QPN[ D[ VJG OGODGTU QH VJG -QVTQOCPEK F[PCUV[ 9KVJ VJG FGCVJ QH 5VGHCP 1UVQLC CPF JKU EJKNFTGP KP VJG PF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG F[PCUV[ DGECOG GZVKPEV

9JGP %JCTNGU 4QDGTV #PLQW KP YCPVGF VQ GUVCDNKUJ JKU FQOKPKQP QXGT $QUPKC JG UVCTVGF C U[UVGOCVKE YCTHCTG CICKPUV VJG KPFGRGPFGPV UQXGTGKIPU /NCFGP ++ $TKDKT HCOKN[T YCU FGHGCVGF KP CPF 5VLGRCP ++ -QVTQOCPKEK HCOKN[ CEMPQYNGFIGF VJG MKPIʼnU FQOKPKQP YJKEJ CNNQYGF JKO VQ UWDUVCPVKCNN[ GZRCPF JKU VGTTKVQT[ KP FQKPI UQ JG FGHGCVGF VJG 5GTDKCP PQDNG $TCPKXQLGXKEK HCOKN[ YJKEJ YQWNF NGCF VQ C NCUVKPI HGWF YKVJ 5GTDKC

5VLGRCP ++ YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU EQWUKP 6XTVMQ + 4GNCVKQPU YKVJ *WPICT[ DGECOG WPUGVVNGF FGURKVG VJG HCEV VJCV VJG FCWIJVGT QH 5VLGRCP ++ 'NKUCDGVJ YCU VJG YKHG QH -KPI .QWKU + .CVGT 6XTVMQ TGEQPEKNGF YKVJ VJG *WPICTKCP MKPI *G OCPCIGF VQ ITGCVN[ GZRCPF JKU VGTTKVQT[ CPF KP VJG CWVWOP QH JG TGEGKXGF VJG ŋFQWDNG ETQYPŌ QH 5GTDKC CPF $QUPKC VJG *WPICTKCP MKPI VJGTGD[ VGUVKH[KPI JKU CRRTQXCN

#HVGT .QWKU + FKGF KP 6XTVMQ CICKP GZRCPFGF JKU VGTTKVQT[ D[ UWDLGEVKPI C RCTV QH %TQCVKC CPF C HGY &CNOCVKCP EKVKGU +P JG FGHGCVGF VJG 6WTMU CV $KNGEC

+P 6XTVMQ FKGF CPF YCU UWEEGGFGF CU MKPI D[ JKU TGNCVKXG 5VGHCP &CDKUC 6JG NCVVGT FKF PQV OCPCIG VQ YKVJUVCPF -KPI 5KIKUOWPF CPF JCF VQ TGNKPSWKUJ RCTV QH %TQCVKC CPF &CNOCVKC #HVGT 5VGHCP &CDKUCʼnU FGCVJ 5KIKUOWPF YCU ETQYPGF MKPI QH $QUPKC 1RRQUKVKQP YCU UQ ITGCV JQYGXGT VJCV 5KIKUOWPF YCU HQTEGF VQ CITGG VQ C EQORTQOKUG &CDKUCʼnU YKFQY ;GNGPC YQWNF VGORQTCTKN[ JQNF VJG VJTQPG $GECWUG QH VTQWDNG KP *WPICT[ 5VGHCP 1UVQ[C QH VJG -QVTQOCPKEK HCOKN[ YCU GNGEVGF MKPI *G EQPVKPWGF VJG RQNKVKEU QH 6XTVMQ + CPF DGECOG CP KORQTVCPV HKIWTG CNUQ YKVJ TGURGEV VQ #PLQW ENCKOU *QYGXGT YJGP 1UVQ[C VWTPGF VQ 5KIKUOWPF JG YCU FGRQUGF

*KU UWEEGUUQT 6XTVMQ ++ UQP QH 6XTVMQ + EQPVKPWGF CPVK *WPICTKCP RQNKVKEU 5KIUKOWPF FGHGCVGF $QUPKCP PQDKNKV[ CPF 5VGHCP 1UVQ[C TGVWTPGF

6JG EQWPVT[ VJGP HGNN CRCTV KPVQ VJTGG FWEJKGU YKVJ VJG MKPI TGVCKPKPI JKU QHHKEG %Q QRGTCVKQP YCU KORGTCVKXG HQT VJG 6WTMU YGTG C HQTOKFCDNG FCPIGT &GURKVG KVU HTCIOGPVCVKQP VJG EQWPVT[ RTQURGTGF YJKEJ CNNQYGF 6XTVMQ ++ VQ TGUVQTG JKU CWVJQTKV[

7PFGT 5VLGRCP 6QOCU VJG UKVWCVKQP CNVGTGF FTCOCVKECNN[ #TQWPF VJG OKFFNG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ $QUPKC YCU GHHGEVKXGN[ TWNGF D[ VJG MKPI CPF VJG FWMG VJGTG YCU QPN[ QPG FWMG NGHV D[ VJGP #NVJQWIJ VJG MKPI YCU VJG FWMGʼnU UQP KP NCY VJG[ YGTG GPGOKGU VJG MKPI YCU UWRRQTVGF D[ *WPICT[ VJG &WMG D[ VJG 6WTMU 6QOCU RGTUGEWVGF JGTGVKEU YJKEJ GHHGEVKXGN[ NGF VQ VJG FQYPHCNN QH VJG EJWTEJ

+P 5GTDKC YCU EQPSWGTGF D[ VJG 6WTMU 6JG NCUV $QUPKCP MKPI 5VLGRCP 6QOCUKXKE

TGEQPEKNGF YKVJ &WMG 5VLGRCP 8WMEKE -QUCEC *QYGXGT KP VJGKT WPKQP YCU PQV UVTQPI GPQWIJ VQ TGUKUV /GJOGF ++

279

BALKAN - BOSNIA 56'(#0 6846-1 +

6XTVMQ + -QVTQOCPKE $CP QH $QUPKC -KPI QH 4CUMC CPF $QUPKC

&KPCT # $CP UVCPFKPI YKVJ UYQTF CPF ETQUU 6846%1 $#0 + $150' 4 %JTKUV UVCPFKPI KP OCPFQTNC YKVJ DQQM CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF DGVYGGP +% :% TQUG N ,QXCPQXKE 4GPILGQ IT

4 5NKIJVN[ FQWDNG UVTWEM QP VJG TGXGTUG QVJGTYKUG IQQF XGT[ HKPG .CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ .LWD ,

56'(#0 6846-1 ++ CPF

)TQU # *GNOGV N QXGT UJKGNF CPF DGVYGGP 4 6 &05 Ő 68#46%1 Ő 4': Ő $150' Ő 4 5V )TGIQTKWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUKGT Ő 5 Ő )4')14+85 Ő 0#5#5'085 ,QXCPQXKE 4GPILGQ IT (NCP ETCEM YGCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG )QTP[ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ 5V )TGIQT[ )TGIQTKWU QH 0C\KCP\G .L , 6JG CTOU QP VJG EQKP CTG VJG CTOU QH VJG -QVTQOCPKE HCOKN[ +P VJG CTOU C 6

56'(#0 61/#5

)TQU # *GNOGV N QXGT UJKGNF CPF DGVYGGP 6 1 CPF VYQ UVCTU &05 61/#5 4': $150' 4 5V )TGIQTKWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ UVCHH 6 T KP HKGNF Ő 5 Ő )4')14+ 0#<'05+5 ,QXCPQXKE 4GPILGQ IT 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP .L , ,QXCPQXKE KPFKECVGU VJKU CU 4GPILGQ +P VJG CTOU C ETQYP

280

BALKAN - SERBIA 56'(#0 61/#5+8+%

5VLGRCP 6QOCUGXKE -QVTQOCPKE &GURQV -KPI

&KPCT # *GNOGV N QXGT UJKGNF CPF DGVYGGP 4 CPF UVCT 56'(#0 Ő %4#). 4 5V )TGIQTKWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUKGT CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF 5 )4')14+ Ő 2#2' ,QXCPQXKE 4GPILGQ IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\ICNGTKG /ÒPEJGP (TQO NKUV PQ .L , +P VJG CTOU C ETQYP

5'4$+# 6JG HCNN QH VJG 4CUMC GORKTG JCF PQ EQPUGSWGPEGU HQT VJG 5GTDKCP QTVJQFQZ EJWTEJ

.C\CT HTQO VJG *TGDGNLCPQXKE HCOKN[ EQPUKFGTGF JKOUGNH VJG JGKT QH VJG 0GOCPLKEK JG YCU YGFFGF VQ VJG FCWIJVGT QH <WRCP 8TCVMQ 0GOCPLKEK *KU HCVJGT 2TKDKCE YCU EJCPEGNNQT QH %\CT &WUCP

6JG NCPF YCU KP C VWTOQKN CPF RGCEG YCU PGGFGF DCFN[ 6JG PGY RCVTKCTEJ ,GHTGO QH #VJQU VQQM QPG UVGR KP VJKU FKTGEVKQP *G YCU TGEQIPKUGF D[ VJG )TGGM RCVTKCTEJ EQPVTCT[ VQ JKU RTGFGEGUUQT 6JG CPPQWPEGOGPV QH JKU PGY PCOG 5VGHCP .C\CT KP YKVJ VJG HWNN CRRTQXCN QH VJG RCVTKCTEJ JGTCNFGF C RGTKQF QH UVCDKNKV[

*QWUG QH *TGDGNLCPQXKE 56'(#0 .#<#4 24+$+%'8+% *4'$'.,#018+%

#U .C\CT EQPUKFGTGF JKOUGNH QH 0GOCPLKEK NKPGCIG JG ECNNGF JKOUGNH 5VGHCP .C\CT HTQO *G YCU FKUVTKEV OCUVGT CPF VQIGVJGT YKVJ PQDKNKV[ QRRQUGF VJG DTQVJGTU /TPLCXEKXKE

6JG 6WTMU RQUGF C UGTKQWU VJTGCV YJKEJ RTQORVGF .C\CT CPF VJG DCP QH $QUPKC 6XTVMQ -QVTQOCPKE CU YGNN CU VJG E\CT QH 8KFKP UGG WPFGT $WNICTKC VQ TGEQIPKUG VJG FQOKPKQP QH *WPICTKCP MKPI .QWKU + 9JGP JG FKGF KP VJG PQDKNKV[ PQ NQPIGT YCPVGF VQ EQ QRGTCVG +P VJG GPF .C\CT CEEGRVGF VJG HCEV VJCV JG YCU 5KIKUOWPFʼnU XCUUCN *KU UQP KP NCY 8WE $TCPMQXKE HQTOGF C VJTGCV DWV 6XTVMQ YCU SWKEM VQ UGPF JGNR

6JG KOOKPGPEG QH PGY DCVVNG YCU ENGCT 6JG 6WTMU NGF D[ /WTCV CFXCPEGF VQ -QUQXQ CPF QP 5V 8KVWU FC[ ,WPG ,WPG )TGIQTKCP ECNGPFCT VJG DCVVNG DTQMG NQQUG KP CNN KVU HKGTEGPGUU 'CTN[ QP KP VJG DCVVNG /KNQU 1DKNKE MKNNGF /WTCV (QT CNN VJG EQPHWUKQP VJKU GCTN[ UWEEGUU ECWUGF KV FKF PQV VWTP VJG VCDNGU HQT VJG QWVPWODGTGF 5GTDU YJQ YQWNF NQUG VJG DCVVNG .C\CT YCU GZGEWVGF 6JGTG YCU PQ XKEVQT GHHGEVKXGN[ %QPUGSWGPEGU HQT 5GTDKC YGTG FGUCUVTQWU

6JG 5GTDKCP QTVJQFQZ EJWTEJ YQWNF NCVGT ECPQPKUG .C\CT

&KPCT # -KPI UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU α-0'ÇÜ+ Λ#Ç2Ü Ő + 2TKPEG .C\CT 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP NKU CPF ) ,QXCPQXKE IT 4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG

)QTP[ /QUEJ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

.LWD , +

6JG VGZV QP VJKU EQKP HKVU VJG RJQVQITCRJ VQ O[ OKPF DWV KV FQGU PQV OCVEJ VJG VGZV KP ,QXCPQXKE 6JG + CV VJG GPF QH VJG QDXGTUG VGZV UGG ,QXCPQXKE KU TGRNCEGF YKVJ CP ' QP VJG EQKP KP JCPF

281

BALKAN - SERBIA 56'(#0 .#<#4'8+% *4'$'.,#018+%

&WMG &GURQV

.C\CTʼnU QNFGUV UQP 5VGHCP YCU QPN[ [GCTU QNF CV VJG VKOG QH VJG DCVVNG QH -QUQXQ )QXGTPCPEG QH VJG EQWPVT[ YCU VTCPUHGTTGF VQ JKU OQVJGT /KNKEC 6JG RQNKVKEU QH JGT UQPU KP NCY 8WM $TCPEQXKE CPF &WTF $CNUKE FKF PQV JCTOQPKUG YKVJ VJCV QH VJG .C\CTGXKE HCOKN[ 6JG JGKTU QH .C\CT UGVVNGF HQT VJG RQUKVKQP QH XCUUCN QH VJG 6WTMU VJG [QWPIGUV FCWIJVGT 1NKXGTC YCU YGFFGF VQ 5WNVCP $C[G\KF + 9JGP 5VGHCP VWTPGF VQ *WPICT[ /KNKEC OCPCIGF VQ CRRGCUG VJG 6WTMU

+P VJG DCVVNG QH #PIQTC 5VGHCP LQKPGF TCPMU YKVJ VJG 6WTMU PQV HCT HTQO RTGUGPV FC[ #PMCTC 5VGHCP VJGP CTTCPIGF VQ OCTT[ ;GNGPC )WVKNW\K YJKEJ GCTPGF JKO VJG VKVNG QH FGURQV 6JGP VJG $TCPEQXKE HCOKN[ VJYCTVGF JKU TGVWTP VQ VJG EQWPVT[ QH VJG .C\CTGXKE HCOKN[ 6JG QPG HCOKN[ YCU UWRRQTVGF D[ *WPICT[ CPF VJG QVJGT D[ 5WNGKOCP 5VGHCP YJQ JCF TGNKGF QP *WPICT[ TGEGKXGF VJG /CEXC TGIKQP VJG EKV[ QH $GNITCFG CPF VJG TKEJ OKPGU QH 5TGDTPKEC

;GV FKHHKEWNVKGU DGICP VQ KPETGCUG +P JG JCF VQ TGNKPSWKUJ QPG JCNH VQ JKU DTQVJGT 8WM WRQP YJQUG FGOKUG &WTF DGECOG XCUUCN QH 5VGHCP 5VGHCP FKGF KP

*KU OQVJGT /KNKEC UKIPGF CP CITGGOGPV YKVJ VJG IQXGTPOGPV QH 0QXQ $TFQ %QKPU YGTG VQ DG UVTWEM DGCTKPI CP +VCNKCP NGIGPF %QPVG .C\CTQʼnU GHHKI[ QP VJG QDXGTUG CPF PQXQ OQPVG OQPGVC CTIGPVC QP VJG TGXGTUG .CVGT VJG EQKPU YQWNF UJQY %QPVG 5VGHCPQ

&KPCT # *GCF QH %JTKUV HCEKPI KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU 810 4 *GNOGV N YKVJ VYQ JQTPU %01 ,QXCPQXKE IT 4 4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\ICNGTKG /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

.L XCT , +

6JG JGNOGV CFQTPGF YKVJ VYQ QZʼnU JQTPU KU VJG CTOU QH .C\CTGXKE

6JG VJTGG VGZVU QP VJG VJTGG URGEKOGPU OGPVKQPGF KP ,QXCPQXKE FKHHGT COQPI VJGOUGNXGU DWV CNUQ HTQO VJG VGZV QP VJG EQKP KP JCPF

&KPCT # $GVYGGP VYQ NKU CPF VYQ UVCTU #' %Ï1 6Ü &GURQV 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG YKVJ DQQM CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF DGVYGGP +% :% ,QXCPQXKE IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ .L , +

*QWUG QH $TCPEQXKE 87- $4#0-18+%

/CUVGT QH -QUQXQ

&KPCT # (KIWTG UVCPFKPI YKVJ HNCI F $ΛD-D $ΛD-D 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG ,QXCPQXKE IT 8GT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ .L , +

282

BALKAN - SERBIA

&,74&, 87-18+% $4#0-18+%

/CUVGT QH -QUQXQ &GURQV QH 4CUMC

#HVGT UQOG UMKTOKUJKPI 5VGHCP VTCPUHGTTGF VJG UWRTGOG EQOOCPF QXGT VJG 5GTDKCP VTQQRU VQ &WTF #HVGT VJG NCVVGTʼnU UGEQPF OCTTKCIG VQ ;GTKPC %CPVCEW\GPG KP 5VGHCP PQOKPCVGF JKO VQ DG JKU JGKT *G TWNGF VJG EQWPVT[ CHVGT 5VGHCP FKGF CPF EGFGF $GNITCFG VQ *WPICT[ *G HQWPFGF 5OGFGTGXQ CU VJG PGY EGPVTG QH IQXGTPOGPV 'ORGTQT ,QJP 8+++ 2CNCGQNQIQU CRRQKPVGF JKO FGURQV

&GENKPG ITCFWCNN[ UGV KP WPVKN KP CHVGT C DTKGH RGTKQF QH IQXGTPOGPV QH JKU DQVJ UQPU .C\CT CPF 5VGHCP VJG GPF ECOG

&KPCT # /QPQITCO DGVYGGP VYQ NKU CPF VJTGG UVCTU 4 /QPQITCO DGVYGGP VYQ NKU CPF VJTGG UVCTU ,QXCPQXKE IT

4 # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG CPF OKPQT HNCP ETCEM QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV PQ * # .L , +

&KPCT 5OGFGTGXQ # %TQYPGF RTKPEG UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ UYQTF CPF QTD #'%Ï16Ü Ã¬2ÜÃÜ

&GURQV )GQTIK 4 .KQP N

% / # 2 $ 1 5OGFGTGXQ ,QXCPQXKE IT

4 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ .L , + 6JG NKQP RCUUCPV VQ VJG NGHV KU VJG CTOU QH VJG $TCPEQXKE HCOKN[

&KPCT 5OGFGTGXQ # %TQYPGF RTKPEG QP VJTQPG YKVJ UYQTF CPF QTD #'%Ï16Ü ÃÞÐÜÃÜ &GURQV )GQTIK 4 .KQP N % / # 2 $ 1 5OGFGTGXQ ,QXCPQXKE IT

4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ .WDL , +

283

BALKAN - SKUTARI

5-76#4+ +VU .CVKP PCOG KU 5EWVCTWO 5EWVCTK KP +VCNKCP CPF KV YCU ECNNGF 5MCFCT D[ VJG 5GTDU

6JG OGFKGXCN UGVVNGOGPV YCU GUVCDNKUJGF CV UQOG FKUVCPEG HTQO VJG QNF 4QOCP UGVVNGOGPV +V YCU HKTUV TGEQTFGF GEENGUKCUVKECNN[ KP CPF C RCTV QH VJG ECVJQNKE CTEJDKUJQRTKE $CT HTQO #PVKXCTK

5EWVCTK KPKVKCNN[ YCU RCTV QH VJG $[\CPVKPG GORKTG CPF KP KV HGNN WPFGT <GVC 6JGP KV TGVWTPGF WPFGT $[\CPVKPG UWRTGOCE[ 'ORGTQT /CPWGN + (TQO VQ KV ECOG WPFGT 4CUMC CHVGT YJKEJ KV YCU TGECRVWTGF D[ VJG $[\CPVKPGU /KEJCGN + &WECU (TQO WPFGT VJG $CNUCU CPF HTQO WPFGT 8GPKEG +P 8GPKEG JCF VQ CDCPFQP 5EWVCTK VQ /GJOGF ++

6JG $CNUCU YGTG CP #NDCPKCP 5NCXKE F[PCUV[ QH UQXGTGKIPU #V VJG VKOG QH 5VGHCP &WUCPʼn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

/CUVGTU QH VJG FKUVTKEV QH <GVC $#.5%*# +++

6JG *QWUG $CNUKE

)TQUUQ # *GNOGV ETGUVGF YKVJ YQNXGʼnU JGCF QXGT UJKGNF YKVJ YQNXG Ő & Ő )14)+ Ő 4( $#.)# 4 5V .CWTGPVKWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ EGPUGT 5 Ő .#84'0%+85 Ő / Ő ,QXCPQXKE IT

44 'FIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG #GU 4WFG #WEVKQP PQ

.L , +

2CIG QH ,QXCPQXKE UJQYU VJKU EQKP WPFGT PQ YKVJ VJG VGZVU # Ő $#.5 )14)+ 4 Ő 5.#84 '0%+85

%17064+'5 #6 6*' $.#%- 5'# $QTFGTKPI QP VJG $NCEM 5GC VJG VJTGG QVJGT EQWPVTKGU QH VJG $CNMCP $WNICTKC 9CNNCEJKC CPF /QNFCXKC

284

BALKAN - BULGARIA

1H VJGUG VJTGG EQWPVTKGU $WNICTKC YCU D[ HCT VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV 6JKU EQWPVT[ GPICIGF KP DCVVNG YKVJ VJG $[\CPVKPGU KP RCTVKEWNCT YKVJ XCT[KPI FGITGGU QH UWEEGUU

$QVJ QVJGT EQWPVTKGU YGTG PQV QPN[ OWEJ UOCNNGT VJGKT TGURGEVKXG TQNGU KP JKUVQT[ YGTG OWEJ NGUU UKIPKHKECPV 6JG[ EJKGHN[ DQTFGTGF QP *WPICT[ DWV YGTG CNUQ RNCIWGF D[ VJG /QPIQNU RCTVKEWNCTN[ /QNFCXKC

6JG $CPCVG 5GXGTKP QEEWRKGF C URGEKCN RNCEG KV NC[ KP VJG &CPWDG -PGG CPF YCU UKVWCVGF OQUV UVTCVGIKECNN[

$7.)#4+#

$WNICTKC ECOG KPVQ GZKUVGPEG KP VJG RGTKQF DGVYGGP VJG VJ CPF VJG VJ EGPVWT[ YJGP VJTGG GVJPKE ITQWRU EQCNGUEGF VJG 6JTCEKCPU VJG 5NCXKE CPF VJG 2TQVQ $WNICTKCPU 6JG VGTTKVQT[ TQWIJN[ GPEQORCUUGF CPEKGPV /QGUKC 5E[VJKC CPF 6JTCEG

#NVJQWIJ $WNICTKC DQTFGTGF QP C NQV QH EQWPVTKGU KVU JKUVQT[ YCU FQOKPCVGF D[ DQVJ VJG WPKQP CPF VJG DCVVNGU YKVJ $[\CPVKWO #P KORQTVCPV HCEVQT KP VJKU CODKXCNGPV TGNCVKQP YCU VJCV $WNICTKC KPXCTKCDN[ FKTGEVGF KVU GZRCPUKXG GHHQTVU UQWVJYCTF YJGTGCU VJG $[\CPVKPGU SWKVG UKORN[ YCPVGF VQ FGUVTQ[ $WNICTKC KPVGTPCN CPF GZVGTPCN VTQWDNG OQUVN[ VJYCTVKPI $[\CPVKWOÅ&#x2030;U RNCPU #U C TGUWNV $WNICTKCÅ&#x2030;U DQTFGTU UJKHVGF C ITGCV FGCN KP VJG EQWTUG QH VKOG

6CMGP HTQO VJG )TQUUGT *KUVQTKUEJGT 9GNVCVNCU /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP R

285

BALKAN - BULGARIA

6JG UQXGTGKIP -TWO C HKIWTG QH UKIPKHKECPEG KP $WNICTKCʼnU JKUVQT[ KP ECRVWTGF VJG HQTVTGUU 5GTFKEC

VQFC[ʼnU 5QHKC WRQP YJKEJ $[\CPVKWO QHHGTGF JKO C [GCT VTGCV[

6JG PGZV KORQTVCPV UVGR YCU VJG EQPXGTUKQP QH VJG UQXGTGKIP CPF JKU RGQRNG VQ $[\CPVKPG %JTKUVKCPKV[ KP 6JKU YCU VJG VKOG QH $QTKU *KU UQP 8NCFKOKT YCPVGF VQ TGVWTP VQ JGCVJGPFQO DWV JKU HCVJGT

RTGXGPVGF VJKU D[ PQOKPCVKPI JKU UGEQPF UQP 5KOGQP CU JKU UWEEGUUQT 6JG JKUVQT[ QH $WNICTKC CHVGT $QTKU OC[ DG FKXKFGF KPVQ VJG HQNNQYKPI RGTKQFU

6JG RGTKQF QH 5KOGQP VQ

6JG RGTKQF QH 5COWGN VQ

$WNICTKC CU C $[\CPVKPG RTQXKPEG

PF $WNICTKCP GORKTG VQ

6JG HGWFCN RTKPEKRCNKVKGU VQ

6WTMKUJ QEEWRCVKQP HTQO

6JG RGTKQF QH 5KOGQP VQ

5KOGQP YCU VJG RTKPEG CPF HTQO E\CT QH $WNICTKC *G YCU DQTP VQ $QTKU CPF /CTKC *G TGEGKXGF C VJGQNQIKECN GFWECVKQP #HVGT JCXKPI QWUVGF JKU DTQVJGT 8NCFKOKT 4CUCVG KP JG YCU RTQENCKOGF UQXGTGKIP QH $WNICTKC KP VJG PGY ECRKVCN 2TGUNCX *G EQPSWGTGF VGTTKVQTKGU CV VJG GZRGPUG QH $[\CPVKWO *KU WNVKOCVG IQCN YCU VQ VCMG %QPUVCPVKPQRNG WUWTR VJG VJTQPG CPF CESWKTG VJG VKVNG CPF TKIJVU QH DCUKNGWU

'ORGTQT %QPUVCPVKPG 8++ 2QTRJ[TQIGPPGVQU YCU RTGUGPVN[ HQTEGF VQ TGNKPSWKUJ JKU ETQYP VQ 5KOGQP CPF RGTOKV VJG OCTTKCIG QH JKU FCWIJVGT VQ VJG ŋUOCNN GORGTQTŌ 'ORTGUU <QG JQYGXGT VJYCTVGF VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH C $WNICTKCP $[\CPVKPG F[PCUV[ 6JG $[\CPVKPG RGQRNG YCU HQTEGF VQ CEMPQYNGFIG 5KOGQP CU DCUKNGWU KP VJG CHVGTOCVJ QH VJG DCVVNG QH #FTKCPQRNG

5KOGQP MGRV RWTUWKPI VJG ETGCVKQP QH C )TGCV $[\CPVKPG $WNICTKCP 'ORKTG CPF KP CPVKEKRCVKQP QH KV JG JCF JKOUGNH RTQENCKOGF ŋ$CUKNGWU QH 4JQOCKQKŌ 4JQOCKQK NKVGTCNN[ 4QOCPU YJKEJ JCF EQOG VQ UKIPKH[ %JTKUVKCP )TGGM YCU YJCV VJG $[\CPVKPGU NKXKPI KP VJG PGY 4QOG QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG ECNNGF VJGOUGNXGU ;GV JG HCKNGF VQ VCMG %QPUVCPVKPQRNG CPF VJG RGCEG QH OGCPV CP GPF VQ JKU CURKTCVKQPU

*G VJGP VWTPGF VQ 4QOG $WV D[ VJG VKOG VJG RCRCN NGICVG JCF TGCEJGF 2TGUNCX KP VQ ETQYP 5KOGQP CPF GNGXCVG VJG JGCF QH VJG $WNICTKCP EJWTEJ VQ RCVTKCTEJ 5KOGQP JCF RCUUGF CYC[

6JG $WNICTKCP EJWTEJ JCF DGGP UWDUKFKCT[ VQ VJG RCVTKCTEJ QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG UKPEG $WNICTKC JCF C )TGGM CTEJDKUJQR CPF NKVWTI[ CPF UGTOQPU YGTG EQPFWEVGF KP )TGGM 6JG 5NCXKE CNRJCDGV YCU KPVTQFWEGF D[ %QPUVCPVKPG +P %\CT 5KOGQP FKF PQV YCKV HQT VJG RGTOKUUKQP QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG VQ GNGXCVG VQ RCVTKCTEJ VJG CTEJDKUJQR QH $WNICTKC YJQ TGUKFGF KP 2TGUNCX YJKEJ %QPUVCPVKPQRNG YQWNF PQV CEMPQYNGFIG WPVKN 6JG EQWPVT[ RTQURGTGF WPFGT 5KOGQP

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6JG RGTKQF QH 5COWGN VQ

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WRQP VJG NCVVGTʼn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

$WNICTKC CU $[\CPVKPG RTQXKPEG

+P VJG TGOCKPKPI VGTTKVQTKGU HGNN VQ 'ORGTQT $CUKNGKQU ++ YJQ CESWKTGF VJG GRKVJGV ŋ$WNICTQMVQPQUŌ

$WNICT 5NC[GT 7PFGT VJG UWEEGUUQTU QH $CUKNGKQU ++ VJG RGQRNGʼnU UKVWCVKQP ITGY YQTUG

9JGP VJG NCPF JCF TGEQXGTGF HTQO VJG ETKUKU KP C UVTQPI UQXGTGKIP YCU PGGFGF CPF HQWPF KP $QFKP UQP QH VJG 5GTDKCP RTKPEG CPF JKU YKHG <GVC CPF JG YCU RTQENCKOGF ŋ$WNICTKCP %\CTŌ KP 2TK\TGP 9JGP VJG 0QTOCPU EQPSWGTGF 6JGUUCNQPKMK KP VJG DTQVJGTU 2GVGT CPF #UGP QH $WNICTKCP %WOCPKCP FGUEGPV VQQM CFXCPVCIG QH VJG UKVWCVKQP #P KPUWTIGPE[ GPUWGF YJKEJ +UCCE ++ #PIGNQU FKF PQV OCPCIG VQ UWRRTGUU CPF JG YCU EQORGNNGF VQ CEMPQYNGFIG VJG FG KWTG UQXGTGKIPV[ QH $WNICTKC CU C TGUWNV

286

BALKAN - BULGARIA PF $WNICTKCP GORKTG VQ

+P #NGZKQU +++ FGRQUGF JKU DTQVJGT +UCCE ++ %\CT #UGP + YCU MKNNGF CPF 2GVGT YCU CUUCUUKPCVGF C [GCT NCVGT

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

6JGP 6JGQFQT 5XGVQUNCX TQUG VQ VJG VJTQPG YJQ VQQM WRQP JKOUGNH VJG HQTOKFCDNG VCUM QH TGRCKTKPI VJG EQWPVT[

6JG HGWFCN RTKPEKRCNKVKGU VQ

+P VJG PQTVJ QH VJG EQWPVT[ /KEJCGN 5KUOCP JCF OGCPYJKNG UGEGFGF JKU VGTTKVQT[ HTQO VJG EQWPVT[ CPF DGEQOG CP KPFGRGPFGPV FGURQV KP 8KFKP #HVGT VJG PF $WNICTKCP %WOCPKCP F[PCUV[ GPFGF YJGP VJG UQP QH 6JGQFQT 5YGVQUNCX FKGF /KEJCGN 5KUOCP DGECOG %\CT *G ECOG KPVQ EQPHNKEV YKVJ 5VGHCP &GECPUMK QH 4CUMC 6Q RTGXGPV HWTVJGT VTQWDNG YKVJ $[\CPVKWO 5KUOCP HQTIGF CP CNNKCPEG YKVJ VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT CICKPUV &GECPUMK +P &GECPUMK HKPCNN[ GOGTIGF XKEVQTKQWU CPF 5KUOCP RGTKUJGF +P %\CT +XCP #NGZCPFGT TQUG VQ RQYGT KP 6WTPQXQ CPF 5VGHCP &WUCP KP 4CUMC 6JG[ YGTG TGNCVGF D[ OCTTKCIG

'ZVGTPCN RQNKVKEU YGTG XGT[ RGCEGHWN HQT $WNICTKC FWTKPI VJKU RGTKQF DWV KPVGTPCNN[ VJKPIU YGTG PQV # UQP +XCP 5VTCEKOKT YCU DQTP QH VJG UV OCTTKCIG QH +XCP #NGZCPFGT VQ VJG 9CNNCEJKCP 6JGQFQT YJQ CTQWPF TGEGKXGF VJG PQTVJ YGUV QH $WNICTKC 8KFKP +P VJG E\CTʼnU PF OCTTKCIG VJG LGYKUJ 5CTCJ

DGIQV JKO C UQP +XCP 5KUOCP YJQ TGOCKPGF KP 6WTPQXQ CU JKU UWEEGUUQT CRRCTGPV +P VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG PF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG VGTTKVQT[ YCU FKXKFGF VJTGG YC[U

Ő 5QXGTGKIPV[ 6WTPQXQ

Ő 5QXGTGKIPV[ 8KFKP

Ő .QECN UQXGTGKIPVKGU QH VJG RTKPEGU $CNKM CPF &QDTQVKV\C KP 5E[VJKC /KPQT +P +XCP #NGZCPFGT FKGF DGVYGGP CPF VJG 6WTMU JCF QDVCKPGF C HKTO HQQVJQNF KP $WNICTKC CPF YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU UQP +XCP 5KUOCP +P QTFGT VQ CRRGCUG VJG 1VVQOCPU JG OCTTKGF JKU UKUVGT 6COCTC /CTC QHH VQ 5WNVCP /WTCF +

6WTMKUJ QEEWRCVKQP HTQO

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#5'0 +

#UGP YCU QH $WNICTKCP %WOCPKCP FGUEGPV *KU HCOKN[ʼnU VGTTKVQT[ YCU EJKGHN[ NQECVGF KP VJG 6WTPQXQ TGIKQP 6QIGVJGT YKVJ JKU DTQVJGT JG QTICPKUGF CP KPUWTIGPE[ CICKPUV VJG $[\CPVKPGU +P JG DGECOG E\CT CPF YCU OWTFGTGF KP

#UGP YCU VJG HKTUV $WNICTKCP E\CT VQ OKPV .LWDKE OGPVKQPU VYQ EQKPU QH 5KOGQPʼnU 6CD + PQU CPF *QYGXGT VJG[ CRRGCT VQ DG QH #UGP 'PIGN 5GTTWTG R CVVTKDWVG C EQKP VQ C EGTVCKP 5GTOQP IQXGTPQT QH VJG HQTVTGUU

&KPCT # %\CT CPF E\CTKPC UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ DCPPGT DGVYGGP VJGO 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG YKVJ VYQ DNGUUKPI JCPFU DGVYGGP +% :% .LWDKVUEJ XCT IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

6JG DCPPGT DTKPIU VQ OKPF 8GPKEG EQKPCIG DWV DQVJ HKIWTGU CTG TGPFGTGF KP C UV[NG VJCV KU V[RKECNN[ $[\CPVKPG

287

BALKAN - BULGARIA

&KPCT # %\CT CPF E\CTKPC UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ DCPPGT DGVYGGP VJGO 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG YKVJ VYQ DNGUUKPI JCPFU DGVYGGP +% :% .LWDKVUEJ IT #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT 6JG U[ODQNU QP VJG TGXGTUG FKHHGT HTQO VJQUG QP PQ

+/+6#6+105 1( $;<#06+0' 64#%*;5 +0 0146* 6*4#%+#

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+P VJG OGCPVKOG KPVGTPCN VTQWDNG JCF CTKUGP KP VJG 5VTWOC 8CNNG[ CPF KP 4JQFQRG +P 'ORGTQT #NGZKWU TQFG CICKPUV &QDTQOKU %JT[UQU C 9CNCEJ D[ QTKIKP YJQ JCF VCMGP VJG OCKP HQTVTGUU 5VTWOKVUC 6JG $[\CPVKPGU NQUV CPF %JT[UQU OCPCIGF VQ QEEWR[ HWTVJGT XKVCN HQTVTGUUGU CNQPI VJG OCKP VTCPUKV TQWVG 0QV WPVKN FKF #NGZKWU UWEEGGF KP FTKXKPI %JT[UQU CYC[ CPF DTKPIKPI VJG TGIKQP DCEM WPFGT $WNICTKCP TWNG

$WNICTKCP WUWTRGT +XCPMQ YJQ GXGP ECNNGF JKOUGNH #NGZKWU UWHHGTGF VJG UCOG HCVG +P 'ORGTQT #NGZKWU FGHGCVGF CPF GZRGNNGF JKO # VJKTF VJQTP KP #NGZKWUÅ&#x2030;U UKFG ,QJP 5R[TKFQPCMGU HCTGF VJG UCOG *G YCU FTKXGP CYC[ KP

+V KU GZVTGOGN[ FKHHKEWNV VQ KPVGTRTGV VJGUG RQNKVKECN FGXGNQROGPVU KP VJG 5VTWOC CPF 8CFCT 8CNNG[U VJG 6JTCEKCP 2NCKP CPF 4JQFQRG CNQPI PWOKUOCVKECN NKPGU 7PFQWDVGFN[ VJG[ JCXG VQ DG XKGYGF KP VJG EQPVGZV QH VJG 6JKTF %TWUCFG KP #FFKVKQPCNN[ VJGUG VGTTKVQTKGU CNN NC[ CNQPI C OCLQT VTCFG TQWVG %QKPU VJCV YGTG EQRKGU QH KORGTKCN $[\CPVKPG VTCEJ[U YGTG OCPWHCEVWTGF KP VJG 8CTFCT 5VTWOC 4JQFQRG TGIKQP *GPF[ ENCUUKHKGU VJGO CU HQNNQYU

6[RG # UVTWEM FWTKPI VJG RGTKQF KV YCU RTGUWOCDN[ VJG QPN[ V[RG KP EKTEWNCVKQP KP C RGTKQF FWTKPI YJKEJ VCZCVKQP CPF VTCFG YGTG TGNCVKXGN[ PQTOCN CPF VJG RQRWNCVKQP ECP DG GZRGEVGF VQ JCXG DGGP OQXKPI UQWVJ CPF FWTKPI YJKEJ VJG 8CTFCT 5VTWOC 4JQFQRG TGIKQP VJTQWIJ YJKEJ VJG OCKP TQWVGU HTQO VJG KPPGT VQ VJG QWVGT $CNMCPU TCP GZRGTKGPEGF RGCEGHWN QT TGNCVKXGN[ RGCEGHWN VKOGU

6[RG $ UVTWEM FWTKPI VJG RGTKQF CRRTQZKOCVGN[ RTGUWOCDN[ EQKPEKFKPI YKVJ VJG JGKIJV QH VJG TGXQNVU QH %JT[UQU +XCPM #NGZKWU CPF 5R[TKFQPCMGU YJKEJ OWUV JCXG FKUEQWTCIGF RGQRNG VQ OKITCVG KP VJGKT FKTGEVKQP CPF GHHGEVKXGN[ OGCPV VJGUG TQWVGU YGTG ENQUGF

6[RG % UVTWEM CTQWPF VJG RGTKQF URCPPKPI VJG VKOG HTQO VJG QWVUGV QH VJG (QWTVJ %TWUCFG WPVKN KVU CHVGTOCVJ CPF KP RCTVKEWNCT QH VJG EQPVKPWCN CPF KOOGPUGN[ FKUTWRVKPI EQPHNKEVU DGVYGGP VJG .CVKPU CPF $WNICTKCPU KP VJG 6JTCEKCP 2NCKP

6JGUG KOKVCVKQPU ECP DG TGEQIPKUGF D[ VJGKT UK\G CPF UV[NG CPF VJG[ WUWCNN[ GZJKDKV ETCEMU UWUVCKPGF FWTKPI UVTKMKPI (QT VJG OKPV 5TGFPC )QTC QT $GTQKC 5VCTC <CIQTC

+P VJG FC[U QH +XCP ++ #UGP PQ EQKPU YGTG UVTWEM KP VJG PCOG QH C TGKIPKPI $WNICTKCP E\CT JQYGXGT -CNQ[CP JCF DGGP ITCPVGF VJG TKIJV QH OKPV D[ 2QRG +PPQEGPV +++ KP

+/+6#6+10 /#07'. + 6;2' #

6TCEJ[ # %JTKUV QP VJTQPG YKVJ DQQM CPF DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU +% :% 4 'ORGTQT N YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD ETQYPGF D[ /CTKC /2 Î&#x2DC;8 KP HKGNF /Î&#x203A;0γ*Î&#x203A; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;ε%Î 16 *GPF[ IT 4 (NCP ETCEM CPF JQNG XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN

6JG PQU VJTQWIJ CTG CNN HTQO QPG JQCTF +P VJKU JQCTF KOKVCVKQPU QH YJKEJ CTG V[RG # PQ V[RG $ CPF QH V[RG % 6[RG # CU /CPWGN + VJ EQKPCIG XCT %

%H )TCHH 7P GPUGODNG FG VTCEJCG FG DKNNQP FG :++G :+++G UK½ENGU (TCRRGU D[\CPVKPGU QHHKEKGNNGU GV KOKVCVKQPU DWNICTGU

288

BALKAN - BULGARIA +/+6#6+10 +5##% ++ 6;2' $

6TCEJ[ # /CTKC QP VJTQPG JQNFKPI %JTKUV /2 Î&#x2DC;8 4 'ORGTQT UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF CPGZKMCMKC +%Î&#x203A;Î&#x203A;-+1% â&#x2C6;&#x2020;ε%Î 16*% *GPF[ IT 4 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN 6[RG $ CU +UCCE XCT #

6TCEJ[ # /CTKC QP VJTQPG JQNFKPI %JTKUV 4 'ORGTQT UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF CPGZKMCMKC -## KP HKGNF *GPF[ IT 4 1DXGTUG PQV XKUKDNG XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP Å&#x2020; $TWUUGN 6JG NGVVGTU -## OC[ UKIPKH[ VJKU EQKP YCU UVTWEM KP VJG PCOG QH -CNQ[CP UGG *GPF[ R

+/+6#6+10 #.':+5 +++ 6;2' %

6TCEJ[ # %JTKUV YKVJ UETQNN KP JCPF DGVYGGP +% :% 4 'ORGTQT UVCPFKPI YKVJ 5V %QPUVCPVKP QTD DGVYGGP VJGO *GPF[ IT 8GT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN 6[RG % CU #NGZKWU +++ XCT ++

289

BALKAN - BULGARIA $7.)#4+# (QNNQYKPI CP KPVGTTWRVKQP HTQO VQ /KEJCGN #UGP UVTWEM EQKP CICKP *G VJGP EJQUG VJG V[RKECNN[ 8GPGVKCP OCVCRCP 6JG &8: YCU TGRNCEGF YKVJ + â&#x201E;¦

/+%*#'. ++ #5'0

*G YCU VJG UQP QH +XCP ++ #UGP HTQO VJG NCVVGTÅ&#x2030;U VJKTF OCTTKCIG VQ +TKPG CPF UWEEGUUQT VQ JKU JCNH DTQVJGT %QNQOCP VJQWIJ WPFGT IWCTFKCPUJKR QH JKU OQVJGT

*G HQWIJV YKVJ $[\CPVKWO C ITGCV FGCN DWV VJG RGCEG QH TGUVQTGF VJG QNF UKVWCVKQP VQ CNN KPVGPVU CPF RWTRQUGU

&KPCT # 5CKPV IKXGU DCPPGT VQ /KEJCGN #UGP + â&#x201E;¦ DGVYGGP VJGO /+%*#'. #5'0 Z 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% :% /GVECNH 2N IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ 6JG QDXGTUG HKIWTG QHHGTKPI VJG DCPPGT KU KV %JTKUV QT CPQVJGT UCKPV! #PF KH UQ YJQ!

6*'1&14 59'615.#8

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7RQP JKU TGVWTP JG OCPCIGF VQ CEEGFG VQ VJG VJTQPG YKVJ VJG CKF QH UQOG QH VJG 6WTPQXQ $Q[CTU # XKEVQT[ QXGT VJG $[\CPVKPGU CNNQYGF JKO VQ TGUVQTG UWRTGOCE[ QXGT 0QTVJ 6JTCEG *G OCKPVCKPGF ENQUG VKGU YKVJ VJG )QNFGP *QTFG VJG $[\CPVKPGU CPF 4CUMC 6JG ECRKVCN YCU 6WTPQXQ

*G RTQOQVGF VTCFG YKVJ 8GPKEG CPF )GPWC KP RCTVKEWNCT 6JG FKUEQXGT[ QH UKNXGTOKPGU CNNQYGF JKOG VQ KPETGCUG EQKP RTQFWEVKQP

)TQUUQ # %\CT UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU 58'615.#8 %#4 $8.)#41/ KP E[TKNNKE UETKRV 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% :% .LWDKVUEJ IT

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)TQUUQ # %\CT UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP 9 CPF 2 4 /CTKC YKVJ TCKUGF JCPFU CPF EJKNF KP HTQPV .LWDKVUEJ IT (NCP ETCEMU XGT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;NNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

290

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)TQUUQ # 0KODCVG %\CT QP VJTQPG YKVJ NKU CPF UVCHH 4 $WUV QH %JTKUV YKVJ DNGUUKPI JCPF CPF DQQM DGVYGGP +% :% .LWDKVUEJ IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

%\CT YKVJ C PKODWU PQV RQUUKDNG

KV OQTG TGUGODNGU C FCIIGT DQVJ VJG YC[ KP YJKEJ VJG QDLGEV KU JGNF CPF VJG RQUKVKQP QH VJG JCPF EQPHKTO VJKU

)TQUUQ # 0KODCVG %\CT QP VJTQPG YKVJ NKU CPF UVCHH 4 $WUV QH %JTKUV YKVJ DNGUUKPI JCPF CPF DQQM DGVYGGP +% :% .LWDKVUEJ IT 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒNNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

)TQUUQ # 0KODCVG %\CT QP VJTQPG YKVJ NKU CPF UVCHH CZG DGNQY 4 $WUV QH %JTKUV YKVJ DNGUUKPI JCPF CPF DQQM DGVYGGP +% :% .LWDKVUEJ IT 4GXGTUG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

)TQUUQ # 0KODCVG %\CT QP VJTQPG YKVJ NKU CPF UVCHH CZG DGNQY 4 $WUV QH %JTKUV YKVJ DNGUUKPI JCPF CPF DQQM DGVYGGP +% :% .LWDKVUEJ IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF VTCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

/ÒNNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

)TQUUQ # 0KODCVG %\CT QP VJTQPG YKVJ NKU CPF UVCHH CZG DGNQY 4 $WUV QH %JTKUV YKVJ DNGUUKPI JCPF CPF DQQM DGVYGGP +% :% .LWDKVUEJ IT 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒNNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

291

BANAT SEVERIN - WALLACHIA

$#0#6 5'8'4+0 .KGU KP VJG NQYGT MPGG QH VJG &CPWDG 4KXGT (KTUV OGPVKQPGF KP 6JKU DCPCVG YJKEJ YCU VQ HQTVKH[ VJG DQTFGT QYGF KVU PCOG VQ VJG &CPWDG HQTVTGUU 5GXGTKP

#HVGT FTKXKPI CYC[ VJG 6GWVQPKE 1TFGT ,WPKQT -KPI $GNC +8 &WMG QH 6TCPU[NXCPKC CUUWOGF VJG VKVNG QH MKPI QH %WOCPKC *G EJQUG C YGNN GUVCDNKUJGF OGVJQF JG CRRQKPVGF C DCPWU YJQO JG GPVTWUVGF YKVJ VJG FGHGPEG CRRTQZ

;GV JKU OGCUWTGU HCKNGF VQ EJGEM /QPIQN CFXCPEG 6JGTGHQTG $GNC +8 GPNKUVGF VJG 1TFGT QH 5V ,QJP VQ VCMG WRQP VJGO VJG VCUM QH FGHGPFKPI VJG EQWPVT[ 6JG[ YQWNF FQ UQ WPVKN 6JGP FKURWVG CTQUG DGVYGGP VJG RTKPEGU QH 9CNNCEJKC QP VJG QPG JCPF CPF VJG DCPWU QH 5GXGTKP QP VJG QVJGT +P 5KIKUOWPF CICKP VWTPGF VQ VJG 1TFGT DWV VJG[ FKF PQV CEJKGXG CP[VJKPI 6JG DCPWUʼnU NWEM EJCPIGF KP VJG RGTUQP QH 5GXGTKP ,QJCP *WP[CFK YJQO -KPI #NDGTV ++ JCF EQOOKUUKQPGF VQ QTICPKUG FGHGPEGU CICKPUV VJG 6WTMU

0+%1.#' 4'&9+6<

$CP # $CP UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU / 1 0 # 4 %TQYPGF UJKGNF /10'6# TGVTQITCFG $.1 IT 44 &CTM RCVKPC HNCP JQNG CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

*KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

9#..#%*+# #NVJQWIJ VJG RTKPEKRCNKV[ 9CNNCEJKC UVTQXG VQYCTFU KPFGRGPFGPEG 4CFWN PGITW 9QF KP GUVCDNKUJGF VJG VGTTKVQT[ʼnU KPFGRGPFGPEG QH $WNICTKC HQT OQUV QH KVU JKUVQT[ KV TGOCKPGF VTKDWVCT[ VQ *WPICT[ WPVKN VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ CPF HTQO VQ VJG 1VVQOCP 'ORKTG

6JG RTKPEKRCNKV[ QH 9CNNCEJKC YCU ETGCVGF KP VJG PF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG %WOCPU YGPV VQ *WPICT[ YJKEJ JCF DGGP DTQWIJV VQ KVU MPGGU FWTKPI VJG /QPIQN TCKFU QH 6JG HKTUV RTKPEG #NGZCPFGT $CUCTCD YCU ŋITGCV XQKXQF CPF HQWPFGT QH VJG PGY UVCVGŌ *KU HCVJGT 6WJQOKT

CRRTQZ YCU TGURQPUKDNG HQT VJG CEVWCN ETGCVKQP QH VJKU UVCVG YJKEJ JCF VCMGP RNCEG KP YJGP *WPICT[ʼnU #TRCF F[PCUV[ JCF GPFGF +P 1NF 5NCXKE XQKXQF YCU XQUGXQFC YJKEJ OGCPV EQOOCPFGT KP EJKGH QH VJG CTO[ 6JG ITGCV XQKXQF CNUQ EQOOCPFGF VJG $Q[CTU

5WEEGUUKQP YCU PQV CTTCPIGF *KU QNFGUV UQP 8NCFKUNCX + UWEEGGFGF JKO KP 6TCPUCNRKP CHVGT YJKEJ JKU DTQVJGT 4CFW + VQQM QXGT

8.#&+5.#8 +

8NCFKUNCX + RTKPEG QH 6TCPUCNRKPG YCU YGFFGF VQ %JGTCVC +P .QWKU + QH *WPICT[ CU UQXGTGKIP NQTF QH VJG RTKPEKRCNKV[ FGOCPFGF VJCV 8NCFKUNCX UYGCT CP QCVJ QH HGCNV[ YJKEJ JG FKF KP +P .QWKU VQQM VJG 9GUVDWNICTKCP $CPCVG QH 8KFKP CPF WPKVGF KV YKVJ VJG $CPCVG QH 5GXGTKP

8NCFKUNCX MGRV ENQUG VKGU YKVJ JKU DCPKUJGF DTQVJGT KP NCY +XCP 5VTC\KOKT QH 8KFKP +P +XCP YCU UWDLGEVGF D[ VJG 6WTMU YJGTGWRQP .QWKU KORQUGF C DCP QP VJG NWETCVKXG UCNV VTCFG

8NCFKUNCX YCU VJG HKTUV VQ UVTKMG EQKP YJKEJ JG DGICP KP *G RTQOQVGF VJG QTVJQFQZ EJWTEJ VQNGTCVGF VJG %CVJQNKEU DWV FKF PQV TGURQPF VQ VJG ECNN HQT EQPXGTUKQP QH 2QRG 7TDCP 8

8NCFKUNCX + KU VJG HKTUV 9CNNCEJKCP RTKPEG VQ JCXG OKPVGF

&KPCT # *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV 64#05 #.2+0 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJ QPG TQUGVVG KP GCEJ CPING /10'#/.#&'5#+91&+ $.1 IT 8GT[ HKPG /ÒNNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ 6JG TGXGTUG VGZV UJQWNF DG TGCF /10' #/ .#&'5 #+ 91&+ 9CKYQFG

292

WALLACHIA

&KPCT # *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV 64#05+ #.2+0 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJ QPG TQUGVVG KP GCEJ CPING /10' #/ .#&85 91+&'+ $.1 IT 8GT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT

&KPCT # *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV 64#05# .2+0+ 4 5JKGNF / .#&+<.#+ 9#+91& $.1 IT 5NKIJVN[ ENGCPGF XGT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT 6JKU KU PQV VJG GZCEV UCOG VGZV CU IKXGP D[ 'PIGN 5GTTWTG R

4#&7 +

*G VQQ HQWIJV QXGT HGWFCN FGRGPFGPEG YKVJ .QWKU + QH *WPICT[ CU YGNN CU QXGT VJG FKURWVGF VGTTKVQTKGU

$CPCVG QH 5GXGTKP

4CFW C DTQVJGT QH 8NCFKUNCX + YCU YGFFGF VQ %CNKPKEJKC *G RTQOQVGF VJG QTVJQFQZ EJWTEJ CNUQ KP 5GTDKC CPF VJG CTVU 1YKPI VQ JKU OWNVKRNG YQTMU JG YCU EQPUKFGTGF VJG HQWPFGT QH VJG F[PCUV[ HTQO VJG VJ EGPVWT[ WPVKN VJG VJ EGPVWT[ *G JCF VYQ UQPU YJQ DQVJ UWEEGGFGF JKO &CP +

CPF /KTEGC + VJG 'NFGT

(TQO 4CFW + VJG 5NCXKE CNRJCDGV YCU WUGF GZENWUKXGN[

&WECVK OWPVGPK # *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV UPCMG N KP HKGNF 0& 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP NKPG KP GCEJ CPING $.1 IT 4 5OCNN HNCP ETCEMU XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT

&KPCT # *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV ETQUU QH HQWT RGNNGVU KP HTQPV 4 5JKGNF UOCNN RGNNGV CDQXG $.1 IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

*KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

6JG ETQUU HNGWT[ YCU GZEJCPIGF YKVJ C EQCV QH CTOU GSWKXCNGPV VQ VJCV QH /QNFCXKC UCOG RGTKQF CU 2GVTW /WUCV

293

WALLACHIA /+4%'# %'. $#64+0

9JGP JG UWEEGGFGF JKU UVGR DTQVJGT C UVTWIING HQT VJG VJTQPG DGICP DGVYGGP VJG ŋ&CPGUVKŌ CPF VJG ŋ&TCEWNGUVKŌ

+P VJG 1VVQOCPU TGCEJGF VJG &CPWDG /KTEGC QRRQUGF VJGO 9CNNCEJKC TGVCKPKPI KPVGTPCN CWVQPQO[ CNDGKV VTKDWVCT[ VQ VJG 1VVQOCPU 6JG VGPUG TGNCVKQP YKVJ *WPICT[ NGF VQ C PWODGT QH CNNKCPEGU YKVJ 8NCFKUNCX ++ ,CIKGNNQ CICKPUV 'ORGTQT 5KIKUOWPF YKVJ *WPICT[ CICKPUV VJG 6WTMU

/KTEGC YCU C UVTQPI NGCFGT CPF JKU TGKIP FKF OWEJ VQ HWTVJGT VTCFG

&WECVK OWPVGPK # *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV +% 4 5JKGNF +88# +805 $.1 !

IT &CTM RCVKPC CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT

&WECVK OWPVGPK # 2TKPEG UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCPEG CPF QTD 4 *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV QXGT UJKGNF $.1 IT # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG CPF VTCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG 4KVVGT &ÒUUGNFQTH (TQO NKUV PQ

&WECVK OWPVGPK # 2TKPEG UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCPEG CPF QTD 4 *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV QXGT UJKGNF $.1 IT 0KEG VQPKPI HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG 5-# $GTP .WUEJCP

&WECVK OWPVGPK # 2TKPEG UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCPEG CPF QTD 4 *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV QXGT UJKGNF $.1 IT (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

*KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

&WECVK OWPVGPK 2TKPEG UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCPEG CPF QTD 4 *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV QXGT UJKGNF $.1 IT 8GT[ HKPG 4KVVGT &ÒUUGNFQTH (TQO NKUV PQ

294

MOLDAVIA

&WECVK OWPVGPK # 2TKPEG UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCPEG CPF QTD 4 *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV QXGT UJKGNF $.1 IT 8GT[ HKPG

*KTUEJ /ร PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

/+*#'. +

/KJCGN YCU C UQP QH /KTEGC VJG 'NFGT *G JCF RTGUWOCDN[ DGGP EQ TGIGPV UKPEG QT /KJCGN EJQUG VJG UKFG QH *WPICT[ JKU EQWUKP &CP NCVGT &CP ++ EJQUG $[\CPVKWO CPF NCVGT VJG 1VVQOCPU /KJCGN RGTKUJGF KP C DCVVNG CICKPUV &CP RCTV QH VJG YCT QXGT FQOKPKQP KP VJG .QYGT &CPWDG TGIKQP DGVYGGP VJG 1VVQOCPU CPF VJG *WPICTKCPU KP YJKEJ YJQGXGT JGNF VJG HQTVTGUU 5GXGTKP JGNF C FGEKUKXG CFXCPVCIG

&WECVK OWPVGPK # 2TKPEG UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCPEG QXGT UJQWNFGT CPF QTD 4 *GNOGV N YKVJ GCING QP KV QXGT UJKGNF $.1 EH IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

*KTUEJ /ร PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

/1.&#8+# #TQWPF RQYGTHWN HCOKNKGU -PGUGP KP /CTOCTQUJ KPKVKCVGF ECORCKIPU VQ FTKXG DCEM VJG )QNFGP *QTFG WUKPI $WMQXKPC CU C DCUG &QEWOGPVCVKQP QH VJKU RGTKQF KU XGT[ RQQT

$QIFCP QH %WJGC KU EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG VJG HKTUV RTKPEG QH /QNFCXKC *G YQWNF HQWPF VJG XQKXQF F[PCUV[ QH VJG /WUCVKP 6JG VGTTKVQT[ YCU GZRCPFGF COQPIUV QVJGTU KP D[ UQWVJGTP $GUUCTCDKC YJKEJ JCF DGNQPIGF VQ VJG )QNFGP *QTFG WPVKN VJGP

#TQWPF VJGTG YGTG VJTGG DTQVJGTU 2GVTW /WUCV 5VGRJCP + CPF 4QOCP VJGTG KU UQOG FQWDV CU VQ VJG NCVVGT CEVWCNN[ DGKPI C DTQVJGT 6JG[ TGKIPGF EQPUGEWVKXGN[ WPVKN 6JGP ECOG VJG UQPU QH 4QOCP #NGZCPFTW + 5VGHCP ++ CPF DCUVCTF UQP $QIFCP ++ 6JG UGTKGU ENQUGU YKVJ VJG UQP QH $QIFCP ++ 5VGHCP ++

+P VJG RTKPEGU DQTG VJG VKVNG FWE VGTTCG /QNFCXKCG 6JG[ YGTG CUUKUVGF D[ C EQWPEKN QH )TGCV $Q[CTU 6JG ECRKVCN YCU $CKC 5KTGV CPF HTQO QP 5WEGCXC

+P 4QOCP + ENCKOGF VJG VKVNG TWNGT ล HTQO VJG OQWPVCKPU VQ VJG UGCล 6JG DQTFGT YKVJ 9CNNCEJKC YCU HQTOGF D[ VJG 4KXGT /KNEQ 6JGTG YCU C UVCVG QH EQPUVCPV EQPHNKEV YKVJ VJG UWTTQWPFKPI EQWPVTKGU QH .KVJWCPKC VJG 6GWVQPKE 1TFGT CPF *WPICT[ QH YJKEJ VJG /QNFCXKCP TWNGTU YGTG XCUUCNU 6JGTG WUWCNN[ YCU VTKDWVG VQ RC[ #NVJQWIJ 5VGHCP VJG )TGCV OCFG UQOG CVVGORVU VQ UJTWI QHH VJKU DWTFGP JG GXGPVWCNN[ HQWPF JKOUGNH VTKDWVCT[ VQ VJG 1VVQOCPU 6JG NCVVGT QEEWRKGF UQWVJGTP $GUUCTCDKC KP

+P /QNFCXKC VJG HKTUV RTKPEG VQ OKPV KU $QIFCP + *G OKPVGF KP 5WE\CYC KOKVCVKPI C MYCTVPKM QH %CUKOKT VJG )TGCV QH 2QNCPF UGG 'PIGN 5GTTWTG R

2'647 /75#6

&KPCT # $WNNล U JGCF YKVJ UVCT DGVYGGP VJG JQTPU ETGUEGPV N CPF TQUGVVG T 5+/2'6 $+ รณ 91+81 4 5JKGNF N CPF CDQXG NKU 5+/1.&#8+'05+5 $.1 IT 8GT[ HKPG -ร NPGT /ร P\MCDKPGVV -ร NP #WEVKQP PQ 6JG EQCV QH CTOU QH /QNFCXKC KU VJG JGCF QH CP DWNN WPFGT C UVCT UQOGVKOGU YKVJ C UWP QT C TQUG WPFGT KV 6JG NGIGPF UVCTVU YKVJ 5+ QH 5KIKNNWO CPF VJGP TGCFU /1.&#8+#

295

MOLDAVIA

&KPCT # $WNNล U JGCF YKVJ UVCT DGVYGGP VJG JQTPU ETGUEGPV N CPF TQUGVVG T 5/+2'6 $+ รณ 91+81 4 5JKGNF YKVJ RGNNGV CDQXG 5+/1.&#8+005+5 $.1 HH IT

5OCNN FQWDNG UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

/ร NNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

5KOKNCT VQ PQ VJG JGCF QH VJG DWNN KU NGUU DTQCF 6JG UVCT QXGT VJG JGCF OQTG TGUGODNGU C TQUGVVG QP VJG EQKP KP JCPF

#.':#0&47 EGN $70

&KPCT # $WNNล U JGCF YKVJ UVCT DGVYGGP VJG JQTPU TQUGVVG N CPF ETGUEGPV T 4 5JKGNF DWNNล U JGCF DGVYGGP TQUGVVG CPF ETGEGPV CDQXG 6 T $.1 IT 6TCEGU QH EQTTQUKQP QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /ร PUVGT

$1)&#0 ++

&KPCT # $WNNล U JGCF YKVJ UVCT DGVYGGP VJG JQTPU ETGUEGPV N CPF TQUGVVG T %88'#/81+% 4 5JKGNF 0 CDQXG CPF + T 9& 8+'05+ $.1 IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /ร PUVGT

56'(#0 %'. /#4'

&KPCT # $WNNล U JGCF YKVJ UVCT DGVYGGP VJG JQTPU ETGUEGPV N CPF TQUGVVG T /10'6# /1.&#8+' 4 5JKGNF 56'(#08581+'81&* $.1 IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /ร PUVGT 6JG XCNWG COQWPVGF VQ JCNH C FKPCT YKVJ VJG YGKIJV QH C YJQNG QPG 6JG NGIGPF KU KP .CVKP

296

TREBIZOND

#4170& 6*' $.#%- 5'# 64'$+<10& +V KU YKFGN[ VJQWIJV VJCV 6TGDK\QPF KU QPG QH VJG PWOGTQWU PGY UVCVGU HQWPFGF KP VJG CHVGTOCVJ QH VJG HCNN QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG 6JKU KU PQV VTWG KP VJG UVTKEVGUV UGPUG CNVJQWIJ VJGTG KU UQOG EQPPGEVKQP DGVYGGP VJGUG VYQ QEEWTGPEGU

+P $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT #PFTQPKEQU + YCU MKNNGF +UCCE ++ #PIGNQU CEEGFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG CPF QTFGTGF #PFTQPKEQUÅ&#x2030;U GPVKTG HCOKN[ VQ DG MKNNGF $QVJ #PFTQPKEQUÅ&#x2030;U UQPU /CPWGN CPF ,QJP KPFGGF UWHHGTGF VJKU HCVG DWV YKVJ VJG CKF QH 3WGGP 6Å&#x2030;COCT QH )GQTIKC JKU FCWIJVGT 6JCOCT OCPCIGF VQ HNGG VQ -QNEJKU CPF VCMG DQVJ /CPWGNÅ&#x2030;U UQPU #NGZKQU CPF &CXKF YKVJ JGT # UOCNN TGVKPWG CNUQ HGCTKPI HQT VJGKT NKXGU CEEQORCPKGF JGT $QVJ DQ[U ITGY WR KP 6TGDK\QPF

9JGP KP VJG ETWUCFGTU VQQM %QPUVCPVKPQRNG 6JGQFQT .CUMCTKU HNGF VQ 0KECGC CPF /KEJCGN #PIGNQU VQ 6JGUUCNQPKEC CPF 'RKTWU 6JG GNFGT QH #PFTQPKEQUÅ&#x2030;U UQPU #NGZKQU OCFG WUG QH VJG GPUWKPI EJCQU CPF EQPSWGTGF 2QPVWU CPF 2CRJNCIQPKC CPF FGENCTGF VJG 'ORKTG QH 6TGDK\QPF YJKEJ YQWNF NCUV WPVKN

WPFGT VJG TWNG QH JKU HCOKN[ $GHQTG NQPI #NGZKQU QH 6TGDK\QPF JCF VQ TGNKPSWKUJ RCTVU QH 2CRJNCIQPKC VQ 0KECGC CPF VJG RTKPEKRCNKV[ 5KPQRG VQ VJG UWNVCP QH +EQPKWO *KU UWEEGUUQT #PFTQPKEQU + YQWNF EQPSWGT C NCTIG RCTV QH VJG %TKOGC

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

/#07'. +

#HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH ,QJP + KP JKU OKPQT UQP ,QJCPPKMQU YCU UWEEGUUQT CRRCTGPV *QYGXGT VJG NCVVGTÅ&#x2030;U WPENG /CPWGN DTQVJGT QH ,QJP + UGPV JKO VQ C OQPCUVGT[ CPF WUWTRGF VJG VJTQPG .KVVNG KU FQEWOGPVGF QH /CPWGNÅ&#x2030;U NKHG QVJGT VJCP VJCV JG FKGF KP /CPWGN OCTTKGF VJTGG VKOGU CHVGT C HCKNGF CVVGORV VQ YKP VJG JCPF QH VJG FCWIJVGT QH VJG (TGPEJ MKPI .QWKU +: 4WUWFCP KUUWG 6JGQFQTC -[TKC #PPC KUUWG #PFTQPKMQU CPF -[TKC +TGPG 5[TCECGPC KUUWG )GTIKQU CPF ,QJP #NN HQWT EJKNFTGP YQWNF DGEQOG GORGTQT

/CPWGN JCF VQ FGHGPF VJG UVCVG CICKPUV VJG /QPIQNU KP RCTVKEWNCT YJQ JCF CNTGCF[ FGUVTQ[GF VJG UWTTQWPFKPI EQWPVTKGU )GQTIKC #TOGPKC CPF +EQPKWO

#URGT # /CPWGN UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCDCTWO CPF UETQNN ETQYPGF D[ JCPF QH )QF T N * 0 + # T 1 - * 4 5V 'WIGPKWU UVCPFKPI N 1 # )+ 1 T '8 )'0+1 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT

0KEG VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG URGEKOGP #JNUVTQO 5VQEMJQNO #WEVKQP PQ

#URGT # /CPWGN UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCDCTWO CPF UETQNN ETQYPGF D[ JCPF QH )QF T N * 0 # T 1 - * 4 5V 'WIGPKWU UVCPFKPI N 1 # )+ 1 T '8 )' 0+ 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT

&KG CPF HNCP FGHGEVU QVJGTYKUG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PEJGFG

297

TREBIZOND

#URGT # /CPWGN UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCDCTWO CPF UETQNN ETQYPGF D[ JCPF QH )QF T HQWT RGNNGVU CV VJG UVCHH QH VJG NCDCTWO N * 0 # T 1 - * 4 5V 'WIGPKWU UVCPFKPI N 1 # )+ 1 T '8 )' 0+ 1 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT 'FIG HCWNVU XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

,1*#00'5 ++

9JGP JKU DTQVJGT )GQTIKQU YCU VCMGP ECRVKXG KP ,QJP ++ UGK\GF RQYGT CPF UGV JKU UKIJVU QP %QPUVCPVKPQRNG *G VQQM CP CTO[ VQ VJG EKV[ QPN[ VQ TGVWTP YKVJ VJG VJKTF FCWIJVGT QH 'ORGTQT /KEJCGN 'WFQZKC CU JKU YKHG

&WTKPI ,QJPÅ&#x2030;U CDUGPEG &CXKF MKPI QH )GQTIKC VTKGF VQ EQPSWGT 6TGDK\QPF DWV 6JGQFQTC RTGXGPVGF JKO CPF EQPVKPWGF VQ GZGTV CWVJQTKV[ HQT CU NQPI CU JGT DTQVJGT YCU CYC[ /CP[ CVVCEMU D[ VJG 6WTMOGP HTQO %CRRCFQEKC YQWNF HQNNQY

#URGT # ,QJCPPGU UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCDCTWO CPF QTD ETQYPGF D[ JCPF QH )QF T N +9 1 - *0 T 0 1 % 4 5V 'WIGPKWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU N # KP EKTENG ' 8 ) T ' 0 +1 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT 0KEG VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG

0/$ #OUVGTFCO

#URGT # ,QJCPPGU UVCPFKPI YKVJ NCDCTWO CPF QTD ETQYPGF D[ JCPF QH )QF T N +9 Q -Q *0 T 1 % 4 5V 'WIGPKWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU N # KP EKTENG '8 )' T 0+ 1 % 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT 8GT[ HKPG 5-# <Ã&#x2019;TKEJ

298

TREBIZOND

%QRRGT # ,QJCPPGU UVCPFKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD N +9 T Q - Q 4 5V 'WIGPKWU YKVJ ETQUU N 0 1 % T # KP EKTENG '8 )' 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT 8GT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

5CDCVKGT CVVTKDWVGU VJKU VQ ,QJP +++ 4GVQYUMK QP VJG QVJGT JCPF RWVU WPFGT ,QJP ++ YJKEJ YG JCXG EJQUGP VQ HQNNQY

#.':+15 ++

#V VJG FGCVJ QH JKU HCVJGT #NGZKQU YCU QPN[ [GCTU QNF CPF VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT #PFTQPKMQU ++

DTQVJGT QH JKU OQVJGT DGECOG IWCTFKCP #PFTQPKMQU YCPVGF OQTG RQYGT QXGT 6TGDK\QPF *G VTKGF VQ CEJKGXG VJKU D[ CTTCPIKPI HQT #NGZKQU VQ OCTT[ VJG FCWIJVGT QH C $[\CPVKPG RQVGPVCVG JQYGXGT JG YCU VJYCTVGF *G GXGPVWCNN[ OCTTKGF CP +DGTKCP RTKPEGUU

# 6WTMOGP CVVCEM QP -GTCUWPV VJG UVCVGÅ&#x2030;U UGEQPF EKV[ YCU HGPFGF QHH 6JG )GPQGUG VQQ YGTG TGRGNNGF

VJG[ FGOCPFGF HTGGFQO QH VQNN KP 6TGDK\QPF #NGZKQU YCU NGUU UWEEGUUHWN HKIJVKPI QHH VJG DWEECPGGTU QH VJG OWUNKO RKTCVG UVCVGU QH 5KPQRG CPF 5COUWP

#URGT # 'ORGTQT YKVJ UEGRVTG QP JQTUGDCEM T N #' CPF T / 0 NKU WPFGT VJG JQTUG 4 5V 'WIGPKWU YKVJ ETQUU QP JQTUGDCEM N # KP EKTENG '8 ) CPF T 0 Q NKU WPFGT JQTUG 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT 4 0KEG VQPKPI GFIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

#0&410+%75 +++

6JG EQWPVT[ YCU PQY FQOKPCVGF D[ VJG HGWF DGVYGGP VYQ HCEVKQPU VJG 5EJQNCTKQK VJG PQDNG HCOKN[ VJCV JCF EQOG CNQPI HTQO %QPUVCPVKPQRNG KP CPF VJG #O[V\CTCPVQK QNF 6TGDK\QPF PQDKNKV[ +P VJG EQWTUG QH VJG HGWF VJG HCEVKQPU DGECOG OQTG CPF OQTG CWVQPQOQWU NGCXKPI VJG GORGTQT YKVJ FG HCEVQ TWNG QXGT VJG EKVKGU QH 6TGDK\QPF CPF -GTC\WPV CNQPI YKVJ VJG CVVCEJGF XKNNCIGU

#URGT # #PFTQPKEWU YKVJ UEGRVTG QP JQTUGDCEM T T /+ 4 5V 'WIGPKWU YKVJ ETQUU QP JQTUGDCEM T N # KP EKTENG '8 T 0 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM GFIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV UGRV PQ

299

TREBIZOND 6JG TGKIP QH /CPWGN VJG UQP QH #PFTQPKMQU +++ CU C OKPQT NCUVGF LWUV GKIJV OQPVJU 6JG [QWPIGT DTQVJGT QH #PFTQPKMQU +++ $CUKNKQU UGK\GF RQYGT CPF JKU HKTUV CEV QH UVCVG YCU VQ JCXG /CPWGN DGJGCFGF #U QVJGT OGODGTU QH VJG -QOPGPQU HCOKN[ JCF CNTGCF[ DGGP MKNNGF $CUKNKQU HGCTGF HQT JKU NKHG CPF HNGF VQ %QPUVCPVKPQRNG *G VJGP YCU ECNNGF DCEM VQ 6TGDK\QPF D[ VJG 5EJQNCTKQK HCOKN[

$CUKNKQU YGFFGF QPG +TGPG FCWIJVGT QH VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT 9KVJQWV IQKPI VJTQWIJ VJG VTQWDNG QH C FKXQTEG JG OCTTKGF CPQVJGT +TGPG HTQO 6TGDK\QPF YJGP DGHQTG NQPI JG YCU RQKUQPGF CHVGT HCVJGTKPI VYQ EJKNFTGP YKVJ JKU PGY YKHG RTGUWOCDN[ CV VJG KPUVKICVKQP QH JKU HKTUV YKHG

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ʼnU UQP ,QJP DCEM HTQO %QPUVCPVKPQRNG 6JKU YCU CEJKGXGF KP

,QJP +++ YCU PQV VJG OCP YJQ YQWNF TGUVQTG QTFGT GKVJGT 6JKU YCU OWEJ VQ VJG FKUEQPVGPV QH VJG XCUUCNU YJQ VJGP VQQM KV WRQP VJGOUGNXGU VQ NKDGTCVG ,QJPʼnU HCVJGT /KEJCGN YJKEJ VJG[ UWEEGGFGF KP FQKPI KP HTGGKPI JKO HTQO JKU RTKUQP KP .KOPKC

/+%*#'.

/KEJCGN JCF DGGP HQTEGF VQ RTQOKUG VJG XCUUCNU FG HCEVQ RQYGT KP TGVWTP HQT VJGKT NKDGTCVKPI JKO 6JG RGQRNG YQWNF PQV UGVVNG HQT VJKU CPF EKXKN YCT DTQMG QWV 6JG RGQRNG GOGTIGF XKEVQTKQWU CPF KORTKUQPGF ŋ/GICU &WZŌ 0KEGVCU VJG XCUUCN NGCFGT /KEJCGN JQYGXGT EQWNF PQV JCPFNG VJG RQYGT TGVWTPGF VQ JKO CPF VJG EQWPVT[ URKTCNNGF KPVQ FGENKPG

6JG XCUUCNU YKVJFTGY VQ VJGKT ECUVNGU +P VJG RNCIWG GTCFKECVGF QPG HKHVJ QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP CPF VJG )GPQGUG QEEWRKGF -GTCUWPV 6JG GPVKTG EQCUV YCU RKNNCIGF +P TGVWTP HQT RGCEG /KEJCGN ICXG VJG )GPQGUG VJG HQTVTGUU .GQPVQECUVTQP +P /KEJCGN YCU HQTEGF VQ TGNGCUG ŋ/GICU &WZŌ 0KEGVCU YJQ FKF PQV VJKPM VYKEG CPF FGRQUGF VJG YGCM TWNGT

#URGT 'ORGTQT YKVJ UEGRVTG QP JQTUGDCEM T T / 4 5V 'WIGPKWU YKVJ ETQUU QP JQTUGDCEM T N ) KP EKTENG T 0 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV LCP PQ

#.':+15 +++

#NGZKQU +++ YCU VJG UQP QH $CUKNKQU CPF VJG 6TCRG\WPV +TGPG #V JKU CEEGUUKQP JG YCU VYGNXG [GCTU QNF CPF JKU OQVJGT YCU CRRQKPVGF TGIGPV # VCUM HQT YJKEJ UJG RTQXGF OWEJ VQQ YGCM 7RQP JKU EQOKPI QH CIG #NGZKQU VTKGF VQ TGUVQTG CWVJQTKV[ YJKEJ JG JCF FKHHKEWNV[ CEJKGXKPI *G VJGP VWTPGF VQ OCTTKCIG UQ CU VQ CUUGTV JKU RQYGT OCTT[KPI QHH JKU UKUVGTU CPF FCWIJVGTU VQ CNN VJG PQDNG JQWUGU DGVYGGP %QUVCPVKPQRNG CPF 6KHNKU

#URGT # 'ORGTQT YKVJ UEGRVTG QP JQTUGDCEM T N #' T *0 4 5V 'WIGPKWU YKVJ ETQUU QP JQTUGDCEM T N ' 8) T *0 VQMGP WPFGT JQTUG 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

300

TREBIZOND #NGZKQU +++ YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU QPN[ UQP /KEJCGN +++ &WTKPI VJG NCVVGTÅ&#x2030;U TGKIP C HGWF KIPKVGF DGVYGGP 6KOWT CPF $C[C\GV KP VJG EQWTUG QH YJKEJ VJG UOCNN 6TGDK\QPF DGECOG FGRGPFGPV QP 6KOWT 6JGP )GQTI 8++ QH )GQTIKC EJCUGF CYC[ VJG 6CVCTU YKPPKPI 6TGDK\QPF DCEM KVU KPFGRGPFGPEG

#.':+15 +8

5QQP VJG 6WTMOGP CFXCPEGF VQ 6TGDK\QPF #NGZKU FKF PQV OCPCIG VQ UVQR VJGO CPF YCU HQTEGF VQ CRRGCUG 5WNVCP &LGJCO 5JCJ D[ QHHGTKPI JKO VJG JCPF QH JKU FCWIJVGT

*QYGXGT DGHQTG NQPI PGY FCPIGT NQQOGF QP VJG JQTK\QP #OWTCV ++ QH C 6WTMKUJ RGQRNG # NCTIG CTOCFC ICVJGTGF QHH 6TGDK\QPFGÅ&#x2030;U EQCUV DWV C UVQTO FGUVTQ[GF VJG GPVKTG HNGGV

*KU QNFGUV UQP -CNQ ,QJP HQTEGF C EQWR D[ VJTQYKPI JKU RCTGPVU KP LCKN 6JG XCUUCNU KOOGFKCVGN[ HTGGF VJGO 6JG VTGCEJGTQWU UQP HNGF VQ )GQTIKC YJGTG JG OCTTKGF VJG FCWIJVGT QH VJG MKPI

;GV JG YCPVGF DCEM YJCV JG EQPUKFGTGF JKU *G VTCXGNGF HTQO 6KHNKU VQ -CHHC YJGTG JG GPNKUVGF VYQ UJKRU OCPPGF D[ )GPQGUG CFXGPVWTGTU 6JG[ TGCEJGF 6TGDK\QPF YJGTG JG MKNNGF JKU HCVJGT

#URGT # 'ORGTQT YKVJ UEGRVTG QP JQTUGDCEM T 4 5V 'WIGPKWU YKVJ ETQUU QP JQTUGDCEM T 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT 5OCNN HNCP GFIG DTGCM XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN

,1*#00'5 +8

6JG 6WTMOGP KPXCFGF FKTGEVN[ CHVGT JG JCF CEEGFGF *KU CTO[ CPF HNGGV RCNGF DGUKFG VJG KPXCFKPI HQTEGU DWV VJG EKV[ YCNNU YKVJUVQQF VJG KPXCFGTU

6JG 1VVQOCPU HQTOGF C NCTIGT FCPIGT #OWTGV JCF NGHV VJG UOCNN EQWPVT[ KP RGCEG CHVGT JG JCF DGGP FGHGCVGF *KU UQP /QJCOOGF ++ JQYGXGT EQPSWGTGF %QPUVCPVKPQRNG RWVVKPI CP GPF VQ VJG $[\CPVKPG GORKTG *G QTFGTGF 2CUJC %JGVKT QH #OCUKCJ VQ VCMG VJG NCUV )TGGM UVCVG +P VJG HCEG QH JKU GPGOKGU ,QJP CDCPFQPGF CP[ JQRGU QH YKPPKPI CPF JG QHHGTGF VJG UWNVCP UW\GTCKPV[ YKVJ C RC[OGPV QH IQNF RKGEGU 6JG UWNVCP CEEGRVGF DWV TCKUGF VJG COQWPV VQ RKGEGU

6Q GPF VJKU UKVWCVKQP CU UQQP CU RQUUKDNG ,QJP UQWIJV CNNKCPEG YKVJ JKU PGKIJDQWTKPI UVCVGU 5KPQRG )GQTIKC +DGTKC DWV RCTVKEWNCTN[ YKVJ VJG OKIJV[ 5WNVCP 7UCP *CUUCP QH VJG 9JKVG *QTFG *G FKGF FWTKPI PGIQVKCVKQPU YKVJ VJG NCVVGT

*G NGHV C HQWT [GCT QNF UQP ,QJPÅ&#x2030;U DTQVJGT &CXKF CEVGF CU IWCTFKCP $WV KP /QJCOOGF UGPV C HNGGV VQ 6TGDK\QPF &CXKF YCU CNNQYGF VQ YKVJFTCY CPF VJG EKV[ YCU URCTGF 6JG XCUUCNU FKF PQV HCTG YGNN VJG[ YGTG GKVJGT OWTFGTGF QT OCFG UNCXGU CPF HQTEGF VQ TGEQIPKUG +UNCO

'KIJV [GCTU CHVGT VJG HCNN QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG VJG NCUV UVTQPIJQNF 6TGDK\QPF YCU NQUV

#URGT # 'ORGTQT YKVJ UEGRVTG QP JQTUGDCEM T + QOGIC Q * 4 *8 $ 4 5V 'WIGPKWU YKVJ ETQUU QP JQTUGDCEM T CTTQY WPFGT JQTUG '8) % % + 4GVQYUMK 5GCT IT

'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG 9GCMN[ UVTWEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

$GEMGPDCWGT /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP 1H VJG ITGCVGUV TCTKV[ UGG CNUQ ECV QH .CP\ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP

301

GEORGIA

)'14)+# )GQTIKC YCU CNYC[U C EQWPVT[ QH UVTCVGIKE KORQTVCPEG +V YCU OCFG WR QH C OWNVKVWFG QH OKPQT UVCVGU %JTKUVKCPKV[ YCU KPVTQFWEGF GCTN[ #TOGPKC OCFG KV KVU UVCVG TGNKIKQP KP HQTDKFFKPI RCICP EWNVU 6JG U[PQF QH 0KEGCG FQEWOGPVU %JTKUVKCPKV[ DGKPI QTICPKUGF CU GCTN[ CU KP 9GUV )GQTIKC 9GUV )GQTIKC YCU WPFGT $[\CPVKPG KPHNWGPEG -KPI /KTKCP KPVTQFWEGF %JTKUVKCPKV[ KP +DGTKC 'CUV )GQTIKC ECRKVCN -CTVNK KP

-KPI 9CEJVCPI )QTICUCN HQWIJV VJG 2GTUKCPU DCEM CPF HQWPFGF VJG PGY ECRKVCN 6DKNKUK JQV URTKPI *G WPKHKGF VJG 'CUV CPF 9GUV )GQTIKCP EJWTEJ 6JG JGCF YCU C ECVJQNKEQU YJQ YCU GSWKXCNGPV VQ VJG 'CUV 4QOCP RCVTKCTEJ 'CUV )GQTIKCP MKPIUJKR YCU CDQNKUJGF KP

+P VJG #TCDU ECOG VJG[ HQWPFGF VJG GOKTCVG 6DKNKUK KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ YJKEJ YQWNF NCUV WPVKN +P VJG HKTUV MKPI YCU ETQYPGF $[\CPVKWO GZGTVGF C UVTQPI KPHNWGPEG

+P 9GUV )GQTIKC $[\CPVKPG OQPG[ YCU WUGF KP 'CUV )GQTIKC 5CUUCPKFKE FTCEJOU VJG NCVVGT YGTG KUUWGF KP CP CNVGTGF XGTUKQP VJG JQN[ HNCOG QP VJG HKTG CNVCT JCXKPI DGGP TGRNCEGF YKVJ C ETQUU

+P 'CUV )GQTIKC YCU VCMGP CPF VJG PGZV [GCTU )GQTIKC YCU TWNGF D[ CP #TCDKE GOKT CEVKPI HQT VJG 7OOC[[CFU QH &COCUEWU CPF VJGKT UWEEGUUQTU VJG #DDCUUKFU QH $CIFCF

#HVGT VJG GPF QH VJG #DDCUUKFKE GOKTCVG UGXGTCN UOCNN UVCVGU GOGTIGF #TQWPF VJG [GCT $CITCV +++

OCPCIGF VQ WPKVG )GQTIKC KP C RGCEGHWN OCPPGT $CITCV KU VJG RTQIGPKVQT QH VJG $CITCVKF F[PCUV[ YJKEJ YQWNF NGCF )GQTIKC VQ ITGCV RQYGT

5VKNN VJGTG YCU EQPVKPWCN VWIIKPI CV VJG UGCOU QH VJKU WPKV[ PQV NGCUV D[ $[\CPVKWO 9JGP VJG 5GNLWMU JGCFGF D[ #NR #TUNCP KP FGHGCVGF VJG $[\CPVKPGU CV /CP\KMGTV VJG RCVJ VQYCTFU TGCN WPKV[ JCF DGGP ENGCTGF

7PFGT &CXKF +8 VJG EQWPVT[ GODCTMGF QP C EQWTUG QH ITGCV EJCPIG *G FGHGCVGF VJG 5GNLWMU KP CPF DCPKUJGF VJG GOKTU HTQO 6DKNKUK *G WPKVGF )GQTIKC YKVJ #TOGPKC &CXKF +8 NGHV C NCTIG %JTKUVKCP TGCNO GSWCN VQ VJG 5VCWHGT GORKTG QH (TGFGTKEM ++

6JG EQWPVT[ RTQURGTGF RCTVKEWNCTN[ WPFGT &CXKF + JKU UQP )GQTI +++ CPF JKU ITCPFFCWIJVGT 6ʼnCOCT

)GPIJKU -JCPʼnU /QPIQNU ECUV ENQWFU QXGT VJG TGKIPU QH )KQTIK +8 CPF 4WUWFCP

6JG[ RKNNCIGF NCTIG RCTVU QH 'CUV )GQTIKC KP CPF UWDUGSWGPVN[ CVVCEMGF 6DKNKUK 3WGGP 4WUWFCP HNGF VQ -WVCKUK VJG ECRKVCN QH +OGTGVK KP 9GUV )GQTIKC 9JGP VJG QEEWRKGTU NQUV QPG QH VJG DCVVNGU 4WUWFCP RWUJGF VJTQWIJ VQ 6DKNKUK TGVCMKPI VJG EKV[ KP #HVGT TGIWNCT OKPVKPI YCU VCMGP WR CICKP

(TQO VJG /QPIQNU KPXCFGF VJG EQWPVT[ CPF QEEWRKGF 'CUV )GQTIKC CPF #TOGPKC 'XGPVWCNN[ KP 4WUWFCP ECRKVWNCVGF VQ 3WGGP 6ÌTGIGPG QPG QH )GPIJKU -JCPʼnU FCWIJVGTU KP NCY YKFQY QH VJG )TGCV -JCP ¤IGFGK 6JKU ECRKVWNCVKQP CPF VJG TCKFU D[ 6KOWT DTQWIJV VJG EQWPVT[ VQ KVU MPGGU +V QPEG CICKP HGNN CRCTV KPVQ UOCNN UVCVGU PQV VQ DG TGWPKVGF WPVKN )GQTI 8 KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ )GQTIKC YCU EQPUKFGTGF C WPKVGF UVCVG FG LWTG FG HCEVQ 9GUV )GQTIKC EQPUVKVWVGF C MKPIFQO KP KVU QYP TKIJV YKVJ QYP EQKPCIG DCUGF QP 6TGDK\QPF OQPG[

6ʼn#/#4

+P 6ʼnCOCT UWEEGGFGF JGT HCVJGT )GQTIG +8 3WGGP 6ʼnCOCT YCU VJG OQUV EQNQWTHWN QH VJG )GQTIKCP TWNGTU *GT IQXGTPOGPV YQWNF DG VJG NCUV QH VJG ŋ)QNFGP #IGŌ #TV CPF EWNVWTG TQUG VQ VJGKT CRQIGG

+TCPKCP CPF $[\CPVKPG KPHNWGPEGU EQORNGOGPVGF VJG KPPCVG )GQTIKCP EJCTCEVGT QH VJG CTV CPF VJG EWNVWTG NGCXKPI KV KPVCEV /CP[ OCPWUETKRVU YGTG RTQFWEGF KP RCTVKEWNCT

6ʼnCOCTʼnU HKTUV OCTTKCIG YCU VQ )KQTIK ;WT[ QH VJG $QIQN[WDUMQ[ HCOKN[ HTQO 5W\FCN #HVGT VJG FKXQTEG UJG TGOCTTKGF &CXKF 5QUNCP HTQO VJG MKPIFQO QH 1UUGVKC KP #V VJG VKOG QH 6ʼnCOCTʼnU FGCVJ KP )GQTIKC JCF TGCEJGF KVU ITGCVGUV GZVGPV

&GURKVG VJG JKIJ EWNVWTG QH VJKU ŋ)QNFGP #IGŌ EQKPCIG YCU XGT[ RTKOKVKXG %QKPU YGTG OCFG QH EQRRGT UJCRGF KTTGIWNCTN[ CPF JCF C OCTMGF XCNWG ENGCTN[ CDQXG VJCV QH VJG OGVCN UQ ECNNGF -TGFKVOÒP\GP ETGFKV EQKPU NKVGTCNN[ 1PN[ QPG EQRRGT V[RG UVCPFU QWV KP DGCWV[ UGG PQ 6JG EQKPU HTQO VJKU RGTKQF DGCT VJG PCOGU QH 6ʼnCOCT CPF &CXKF

$QTP QH VJKU OCTTKCIG YGTG -KPI )GQTIK .CUJC CPF 3WGGP 4WUWFCP

3WGGP 6ʼnCOCT OCKPVCKPGF ENQUG VKGU YKVJ VJG 6TGDK\QPF 'ORKTG

%TGFKV EQKPU JCF C JKIJGT OCTMGF XCNWG VJCP YCU EQXGTGF D[ VJGKT CEVWCN OGVCNNKE XCNWG /CP[ QH VJGUG EQKPU YGTG UVTWEM YKVJ VJG YQTF ŋFKTJGOŌ OKPVKPI NQTFU VJWU VT[KPI VQ RCUU VJGO CU UKNXGT OQPG[

6JGTG JCF CEVWCNN[ DGGP C NCEM QH UKNXGT HQT C NQPI VKOG KP VJKU TGIKQP YJKEJ JCF RTGUWOCDN[ CNYC[U DGGP EQXGTGF D[ KORQTVU HTQO 4WUUKC C UQWTEG VJCV JCF JQYGXGT FTKGF WR #PQVJGT VJGQT[ JCU KV VJCV )GQTIKCʼnU QYP TGUQWTEGU TCP NQY &KOKPKUJGF UKNXGT RTQFWEVKQP UKNXGT RTQFWEVKQP KP VJG %CWECUWU FKF PQV FGETGCUG WPVKN NCVGT CPF KV NCUVGF HQT CRRTQZKOCVGN[ [GCTU KU PQV FQEWOGPVGF 6JG ETGFKV EQKPU JCF PQ GEQPQOKE EQPUGSWGPEGU VJGTG YCU PQ KPHNCVKQP .CVGT OCP[ NCTIGT EQRRGT EQKPU YGTG OQNVGP VQ DG TGWUGF

302

GEORGIA

%TGFKV EQKP # /QPQITCO QH 6Å&#x2030;OCT QTPCOGPVGF CTCDGUSWGU CTQWPF NGIGPF KP MJWVUYKP UETKRV +0 6*' 0#/' 1( )1& 9#5 /#&' 6*' 564+-+0) 1( 6*+5 5+.8'4 2+'%' +0 6*' -Å&#x2030;1410+-10 K G # & 4 +P CTCDKE UETKRV 6*' )4'#6 37''0 ).14; 1( 6*' 914.& #0& (#+6* 6#/#4 &#7)*6'4 1( )'14)+ %*#/2+10 1( 6*' /'55+#5 /#; )1& +0%4'#5' *'4 8+%614+'5 .GIGPF /#; )1& +0%4'#5' *'4 ).14; #0& .'06*'0 *'4 5*#&19 #0& 564'0)6*'0 *'4 $'0'(+%'0%' 6YQ EQWPVGTUVCORU C )GQTIKCP GEENGUKCUVKECN OCLWUEWNG NGVVGT & YKVJ C FQV KP EGPVTG CPF D C RCTV QH VJG EKRJGT QH 3WGGP 4WUWFCP CRRNKGF FWTKPI JGT TGKIP .CPI IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

)QTP[ /QUEJ #WEVKQP PQ

6JG QDXGTUG UJQYU C ETQUU YKVJ HQWT FQVU YKVJ CP . PGZV VQ KV + O Q VJKU OGCPU YG CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ VJG [GCT 6JGTG CTG VYQ MPQYP [GCTU CPF 6JG #05 EQNNGEVKQP HGCVWTGU LWUV QPG URGEKOGP HTQO VJG [GCT

6JG TWFG HCDTKE KU UKOKNCT VQ VJCV QH UQOG QH VJG 5JKTXCPUJCJU CPF MKPIU QH 3CTCDCIJÅ&#x2030;U EQRRGTU QH VJG NCVG VJ CPF GCTN[ VJ EGPVWTKGU +V OC[ DG VJCV UQOG QH VJKU KTTGIWNCT EQRRGTU YGTG UVTWEM WPFGT )GQTIKCP UWRGTXKUKQP KP VJG OKPVU QH VJGUG NQECNKVKGU YJKEJ YGTG WPFGT OQTG QT NGUU FKTGEV )GQTIKCP UW\GTCKPV[ CV VJKU RGTKQF .CPI R

%QRRGT # 5[ODQN KP EGPVTG TGUGODNKPI C OKNKVCT[ UVCPFCTF QT ETQUUDQY DGVYGGP 6 COCT &CXKV KP VJG CPINGU '$ EQTQPCVKQP [GCT # & EQWPVGTUVCOR CV DQVVQO 2CEJQOQX PQ .CPI E 4 (QWT NKPGU CTCDKE UETKRV 37''0 1( 37''05 ).14; 1( 6*' 914.& #0& (#+6* 6Å&#x2030;/#4 &#7)*6'4 1( )'14)+ %*#/2+10 1( 6*' /'55+#* .CPI IT (NCP ETCEM CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM <Ã&#x2019;TKEJ #WEVKQP PQ ' # 2CEJQOQX /QPGV[ )TW\KK 6KHNKU

303

GEORGIA (TQO WPVKN VJG[ ECOG WPFGT 2GTUKCP FQOKPKQP VJG )GQTIKCPU WUGF FCVGU QP VJGKT EQKPU DCUGF QP VJG UQ ECNNGF ŋ2CUEJCN E[ENGŌ

6JKU KU C FCVKPI U[UVGO DCUGF QP VJG FCVG QH VJG %TGCVKQP DGKPI /CTEJ $% 6JG 2CUEJCN %[ENG YCU FGUKIPGF VQ DTKPI VJG FCVG QH 'CUVGT DCEM VQ VJG UCOG FC[ FCVG CPF OQQP RJCUG GXGT[ [GCTU +V YCU VJG RTQFWEV QH VJG /GVQPKE NWPCT E[ENG QH PKPGVGGP [GCTU CPF VJG UQNCT E[ENG QH VYGPV[ GKIJV [GCTU Z (TQO VJCV GRQEJCN FCVG VJG[ TGEMQPGF KP [GCT E[ENGU UQ VJCV KH ;GCT QH VJG HKTUV E[ENG DGICP KP $% VJGP ;GCT QH VJG VJKTVGGPVJ E[ENG DGICP QP /CTEJ #& CPF ;GCT QH VJG HQWTVGGPVJ E[ENG QP OCTEJ #&

1P VJG EQKPU VJG FCVG KP -JWVUWTK NGVVGT PWOGTCNU YQWNF TGCF CU HQNNQYU - HQT -QTQPKMQPK QT [GCT VJGP VJG FCVG TGCFKPI HTQO NGHV VQ TKIJV 6JKU U[UVGO QH [GCT E[ENGU MPQYP CU VJG -QTQPKMQPK QT %JTQPKEQP YCU HKTUV OGPVKQPGF KP )GQTIKCP .KVGTCVWTG KP #& +V YCU RQUUKDN[ KPVTQFWEGF KP )GQTIKC

D[ 5[TKCP %JTKUVKCPU (QT FCVGU HTQO ') VQ ') CFF VQ QDVCKP VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI #& [GCTU HTQO VQ 6JG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG ') [GCT HGNN QP /CTEJ QH VJG #& [GCT VJWU QDVCKPGF

6CMGP HTQO 5YGGP[ , 1 6YGHDQGT 4 6GORWU KP 0WOOWU 0WOKUOCVKECN +PVGTPCVKQPCN XQN + R

4757&#0

$QVKPCVK # $WUV QH %JTKUV HCEKPI YKVJ DQQM CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF DGVYGGP +% :% +P IGQTIKCP UETKRV +0 6*' 0#/' 1( )1& 9#5 5647%- +0 6*' -ʼn1410+-10 '$ # & 4 %KTENGU +P )GQTIKCP UETKRV 450 4WUWFCP KP VJG EGPVTG 37''0 1( 37''05 ).14; 1( 6*' 914.& #0& (#+6* 4757&#0 &#7)*6'4 1( 6ʼn#/#4 %*#/2+10 1( 6*' /'55+#* .CPI IT 44 # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG QVJGTYKUG IQQF XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6JG RKEVWTG QH %JTKUV OCVEJGU VJG PQOKUOC QH VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT 0KEGRJQTWU +++ $QVCPKCVGU *GPEG VJG PCOG $QVKPCVK

6JG TGXGTUG VGZV FQGU PQV GPVKTGN[ OCVEJ .CPIʼnU

'#56 )'14)+# #V VJG GPF QH JGT NKHG UJG FKGF KP 4WUWFCP UGPV JGT UQP &CXKF VQ -CTCMQTWO VQ RC[ JQOCIG +P VJG OGCPVKOG VJG /QPIQNU FGHGCVGF 4WUWFCPʼnU UQP KP NCY VJG 5GNLWM UWNVCP QH +EQPKWO

+P *WNCIW ECOG VQ 2GTUKC *G FKUNKMGF &CXKF YJQ EQPUGSWGPVN[ HNGF VQ -ʼnWVʼnCKU CPF HQWPFGF CP CWVQPQOQWU MKPIFQO KP 9GUV )GQTIKC

+P )TGCV -JCP /ÌPIMG FKGF *KU DTQVJGT *WNCIW YJQ NGF VJG /QPIQNU KP 2GTUKC /GUQRQVCOKC CPF CDWVVKPI VGTTKVQTKGU UVCTVGF VJG F[PCUV[ QH VJG +N -JCPKF 6JG ECRKVCN YCU VQ DG /CTCIJC KP #\GTDCKLCP

(TQO VQ 'CUV )GQTIKC YCU C XCUUCN QH VJG MJCP TGUKFKPI KP +TCP VQ YJQO VTKDWVG JCF VQ DG RC[GF CPF VTQQRU JCF VQ DG UWRRNKGF 6JG PWODGT QH )GQTIKCPU VJCV YGTG MKNNGF KP VJG +NMJCPʼnU UGTXKEG YCU UQ NCTIG VJCV VJG RQRWNCVKQP FTQRRGF CPF VJG GEQPQO[ UVCIPCVGF &GOGVTKWU ++

RGTUQPCNN[ VTCXGNNGF VQ VJG +NMJCP EQWTV VQ RTGXGPV JKU EQWPVT[ HTQO URKTCNNKPI HWTVJGT FQYP KPVQ FGENKPG 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ JG YCU MKNNGF KP VJG RTQEGUU

6JG /QPIQNU FKF PQV KPVGTHGTG KP VJG TGNKIKQWU CHHCKTU QH VJG )GQTIKCPU (TQO VQ VJG MJCP HQT KPUVCPEG JCF JKU EQKPU UVTWEM YKVJ VJG %JTKUVKCP RTQXGTD KP VJG PCOG QH VJG HCVJGT VJG UQP CPF VJG JQN[ IJQUV VJG QPN[ IQF CPF C %JTKUVKCP ETQUU 304

GEORGIA

2'4+1& 1( 6*' /10)1. +.-*#0+&5

*7.#)7

&KTJGO # * ! 6KHNKU # 6*'4' +5 01 )1& $76 #..#* #.10' *' *#5 01 #551%+#6' 4 *GZCITCO YKVJ 6*' 3#ʼn#0 6*' ,756 .CPI RN +8 #NDWO IT # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

)QTP[ /QUEJ #WEVKQP PQ

-CCPPKMK 6[RG +

6JG QDXGTUG JCU C FCVG GKVJGT QT

*WNCIW YCU C ITCPFUQP QH )GPIJKU -JCP CP &CXKF 7NWIJ

*WNCIWʼnU PCOG KU PQV OGPVKQPGF +P URKVG QH VJG RTCEVKECNN[ KPFGRGPFGPV UVCVWU QH *WNCIW CPF JKU NKPG VJG EQKPU EQPVKPWGF HQT VJG VKOG DGKPI VQ CEMPQYNGFIG VJG UWRTGOG QXGTNQTFUJKR QH VJG )TGCV -JCP -JWDKNC[ CV &CKFW 6JG HQTOWNC ʼn3CʼnCP CN Ŋ#FKNʼn QP VJG EQKPU QH *WNCIW CU #DCIJC TGHGTU PQV VQ VJG +N -JCPU VJGOUGNXGU DWV VQ -JWDKNC[

.CPI R

#$#3# CPF &+/+64+ ++

6QYCTFU #DCIJCʼn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ʼn ++ LWNK

#4)*70 CPF &+/+64+ ++

&KOKVTK JCF CDCPFQPGF VJG ECWUG QH #JOCF KP VKOG VQ OCMG JKU RGCEG YKVJ VJG XKEVQTKQWU #TIJWP *G YCU C ENQUG HTKGPF QH #TIJWPʼnU RQYGTHWN OKPKUVGT $WMC[ &KOKVTKʼnU FCWIJVGT DGKPI OCTTKGF VQ $WMC[ʼnU UQP +P JQYGXGT $WMC[ YCU FKUITCEGF CPF GZGEWVGF #TIJWP VJTGCVGPGF VQ TCXCIG )GQTIKC CU C TGRTKUCN HQT &KOKVTKʼnU CNNGIGF EQORNKEKV[ KP $WMC[ʼnU KPVTKIWGU 6Q UCXG JKU RGQRNG &KOKVTK XQNWPVCT[ UWTTGPFGTGF VQ #TIJWP YJQ VQTVWTGF CPF GZGEWVGF JKO

*KU FGXQVKQP GCTPGF JKO VJG VKVNG QH ŋ6ʼnCXFCFGDWNKŌ VJG 5GNH 5CETKHKEGF QT &GXQVGF

&KOKVTK YCU UWEEGGFGF QP VJG 'CUV )GQTIKCP VJTQPG D[ 9CMJVCPI ++ UQP QH MKPI &CXKF 0CTKP QH +OGTGVʼnK #TIJWP FKGF RTQDCDN[ RQKUQPGF QP /CTEJ .CPI R

&KTJGO 6KHNKU # +P WKIWTKE CTCDKCP UETKRV 1( 6*' -*#)#0 +0 6*' 0#/' $; #4)*70 5647%- #4)*70 4 %JTKUVKCP NGIGPF KP #TCDKE UETKRV +0 6*' 0#/' 1( 6*' (#6*'4 #0& 6*' 510 #0& 6*' 52+4+6 *1.; )1& 10' YKVJ UOCNN NCVKP ETQUU .CPI RN #NDWO IT 4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG )QTP[ /QUEJ #WEVKQP PQ &KTJGO YKVJ [GCT CPF OQPVJ &JKNʼnN *KLLC ,CPWCT[ /KPV OQPVJ CPF [GCT CTG QWVUKFG VJG USWCTG

305

TMUTARAKAN 9'56 )'14)+# 9JKNG VJG +N -JCPU JGNF 'CUVGTP )GQTIKC KP UWDLGEVKQP &CXKF 0CTKP CPF JKU RQUVGTKV[ OCKPVCKPGF C RTGECTKQWU KPFGRGPFGPEG CU OQPCTEJU QH +OGTGVʼnK ŋVJG NCPF QP VJG HCT UKFGŌ QH VJG .KMJK *KNNU YJKEJ FKXKFG GCUVGTP HTQO YGUVGTP )GQTIKC 6JGKT TGCNO UQQP DGICP VQ DTGCM WR VJG RTKPEGU QH /KPITGNKC )WTKC CPF #DMJC\KC IKXKPI TGKIP VQ VJGKT UGRCTCVKUV CODKVKQPU #DQWV )GQTIK VJG $TKNNKCPV DTQWIJV YGUVGTP )GQTIKC WPFGT JKU CWVJQTKV[ .CPI R

%QKPU QH 6TGDK\QPF CNYC[U CDWPFCPVN[ EKTEWNCVGF KP )GQTIKC 6JG[ YGTG ECNNGF ŋ-KTOCPGWNKŌ TGHGTTKPI VQ -[T /CPWGN 6TGDK\QPFʼnU HKTUV GORGTQT +P VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ JQYGXGT 6TGDK\QPF EQKPU YGTG KOKVCVGF KP )GQTIKC 6JG[ YGTG EQRKGU QH VJG EQKPU QH ,QJP ++ +V KU QFF VJCV VJG RQTVCKV QH 5V 'WIGPKWU YQWNF DG EQRKGF CU JKU TQNG KU HWNHKNNGF D[ 5V )GQTIG KP )GQTIKC

1P RCIG QH JKU DQQM 4GVQYUMK FGUETKDGU KOKVCVKQPU QH 6TGDK\QPF EQKPU KP )GQTIKC QH V[RG $ UGCN QH 5CNQOQ PWODGTU 6JG QPN[ FKHHGTGPEG KU VJCV VJG[ UJQY 5V 'WIGPKWU YKVJ C PWODGT QH FQVU QP JKU EJGUV YJKEJ KU PQV VJG ECUG JGTG 6JG EQKP KP JCPF CFFKVKQPCNN[ ENGCTN[ UJQYU JKU JCPF YJKEJ 4GVQYUMKʼnU FQ PQV

.CPI FKUVKPIWKUJGU CP ŋGCTN[ RJCUG QH FGITCFCVKQPŌ NCVG VJ VJ EGPVWT[ CPF C ŋNCVG RJCUG QH FGITCFCVKQPŌ VJ VJ EGPVWT[ 6JKU EQKP DGNQPIU VQ VJG GCTN[ RJCUG CPF OQUV TGUGODNGU .CPI

2N +: +V VQQ JCU C FKHHGTGPV PWODGT QH FQVU QP VJG EJGUV LWUV CU 4GVQYUMKʼnU

-+4/#0'7+.+ 6ʼn'6ʼn4+

&GPKGT GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ # ,QJCPPGU ++ UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF UYQTF ! ETQYPGF D[ VJG JCPF QH )QF UVCT QH 5CNQOQP T KP HKGNF N -1 *0 T 0 4 5V 'WIGPKWU YKVJ ETQUU N # KP EKTENG '8 T ) KP EKTENG '+01 .CPI RN IT 4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

+V JCU VQ DG DQTP KP OKPF VJCV VJG EWNV QH 5V 'WIGPKWU YCU NQECN CPF RCTVKEWNCT VQ 6TGDK\QPF CPF SWKVG WPHCOKNKCT KP )GQTIKC +P )GQTIKCP OGFKGXCN KEQPQITCRJ[ 5V )GQTIG KU QOPKRTGUGPV *G KU PQV CNYC[U UJQYP QP JQTUGDCEM QHVGP JG CRRGCTU HWNN HCEG JQNFKPI C NCPEG +H C NQPI ETQUU DG UWDUVKVWVGF HQT VJG NCPEG JKU GHHKI[ KU PQV WPNKMG VJCV QH 5V 'WIGPKWU QP VJG CURGTU RCTCFQZKECNN[ 5V 'WIGPKWU CNUQ JCF JKU GSWGUVTKCP RJCUG YJGP #NGZKWU ++ QH 6TGDK\QPF CPF JKU UWEEGUUQTU VQQM VQ DGKPI TGRTGUGPVGF QP JQTUGDCEM CHVGT VJG HCOKNKCT #PCVQNKCP RCVVGTP 5V 'WIGPKWU KP U[ORCVJ[ CNUQ VQQM VQ JQTUGU QP VJG TGXGTUG QH VJG EQKPCIG #P KEQP QH VJG HQWTVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ HTQO VJG EJWTEJ QH 5WLWPC KP /KPITGNKC UJQYU 5V )GQTIG UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ JKU PCOG KPUETKDGF KP )TGGM VJWU 1 # Γ + 1 % Γ ε 1 2 Γ + 1 %

.CPI R

6/76#4#-#0 2TKPEKRCNKV[ QP VJG RGPKPUWNC QH 6COCPʼn QP VJG PQTVJ UJQTG QH VJG $NCEM 5GC

#HVGT VJG *WPU JCF YTGCMGF VQVCN JCXQE QP VJG EKV[ KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6WTMU CPF -JCUCTU TGDWKNV KV KP VJG VJ +P VJG -JCUCTU VQQM KV #U KV YCU KPJCDKVGF D[ RGQRNG HTQO CNN YCNMU QH NKHG CPF JCF DGGP OCFG CP CTEJGRKUEQRCN UGG 6OWVCTCMCP GZRGTKGPEGF ITGCV RTQURGTKV[ WPFGT /UVKUNCX C DTQVJGT QH ;CTQUNCX + QH -KGX #VVCEMU D[ VJG %WOCPU KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ ECWUGF 6OWVCTCMCP VQ VQ DGEQOG CNKGPCVGF HTQO VJG QVJGT QNF 4WUUKCP RTKPEKRCNKVKGU

6OWVCTCMCP YCU VGORQTCTKN[ TWP D[ VJG $[\CPVKPGU &WTKPI VJG VJ CPF VJ EGPVWT[ KV YCU RCTV QH VJG TGCNO QH VJG )QNFGP *QTFG

/56+5.#8 8.#&+/+418+6%*

UV JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ # 6YQ DWUVU HCEKPI DGVYGGP VJGO ETQUU QP VJTGG UVGRU 4 )GQOGVTKECN VQMGPU YJKEJ UWIIGUV C NGIGPF )QNGPMQ IT

44 /KPQT HNCP ETCEM CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ +OKVCVKQP QH VJG OKNKCTGUKQP QH $CUKNKWU ++ CPF %QPUVCPVKPG 8+++ + VJKPM VJG TGXGTUG FQGU KPFGGF UJQY YTKVKPI UGG )QTP[ /QUEJ #WEVKQP PQ CPF

306

CAFFA

%#((# %CHHC JCF DGGP C MPQYP VTCFG EGPVTG UKPEG CPVKSWKV[ +VU TKUG JQYGXGT FKF PQV DGIKP WPVKN VJG )GPQGUG UGVVNGF VJGTG KP HQT YJKEJ VJG[ JCF QDVCKPGF RGTOKUUKQP D[ VJG MJCP QH VJG )QNFGP *QTFG

+P VJG 8GPGVKCPU NCKF UKGIG VQ %CHHC KP VJG VTQQRU QH -JCP 6QJVW FKF CPF VJG )GPQGUG NGHV VJG EKV[ CHVGT JCXKPI UGV KV QP HKTG

+P VJG PGY -JCP ¤\DGM CESWKGUEGF VJGKT TGVWTP 6JG )GPQGUG VJGP RTQEGGFGF VQ EQPUVTWEV C PGY EKV[ CNQPI C RNCPQNQIKECN EQPEGRV YJKEJ CNNQYGF VJGO VQ FGHGPF KV UWEEGUUHWNN[ CICKPUV )CPK $GIÅ&#x2030;U 6CVCT YCTTKQTU KP CPF KP

%QPEGRVU JQYGXGT EQWNF PQV MGGR VJG RNCIWG QWVUKFG VJG EKV[ YCNNU VJG DGNGCIWGTGTU JCXKPI DTQWIJV KV VQ VJG EKV[ YJGPEG KV UVCTVGF KVU FGXCUVCVKPI EQWTUG VJTQWIJ 'WTQRG KP

#HVGT VJG HKIJVKPI DGVYGGP VJG 8GPGVKCPU CPF VJG )GPQGUG JCF GPFGF KP VJG RQYGT QH %CHHC UWTIGF CPF KV UQQP EQPVTQNNGF VJG GPVKTG $NCEM 5GC %CHHC DGECOG VJG FKUVTKDWVKQP EGPVTG HQT VJG VCTIGV RQTVU 6CPC CPF 6TGDK\QPF #RCTV HTQO IQQFU UNCXGU YGTG VTCFGF VQQ 6JG EKV[Å&#x2030;U RTQURGTKV[ YCU UQQP VJTGCVGPGF D[ VJG HQTC[U QH 6KOWT CPF D[ C ITQYKPI WPTGUV COQPI KVU RGQRNG KP VJG YGCNVJ QH VJG OGTEJCPVU UVQQF KP UVCTM EQPVTCUV YKVJ VJG RQXGTV[ QH VJG RGQRNG 'PUWKPI KPUWTIGPEKGU YGTG UWRRQTVGF D[ -JCP *CIIK )KTC[ QH VJG %TKOGCP 6CVCTU YJQ HQTEGF VJG EKV[ VQ DGEQOG VTKDWVCT[ KP

+P )GPQC FGEKFGF VQ VTCPUHGT GXGT[VJKPI VQ VJG %CUC FK )KQTIKQ +P VJG EKV[ RCKF VTKDWVG VQ 5WNVCP /QJCOOGF ++ CPF KP %CHHC HKPCNN[ ECRKVWNCVGF VQ VJG 1VVQOCP HQTEGU

%CHHC NC[ QP VJG -TKO CPF KU MPQYP VQFC[ CU (GQFQUK[C

&GPCT # 6COIC U[ODQN YKVJKP USWCTG 4 %CUVNG QH )GPWC YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG YKVJKP USWCTG 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N :8++ IT 4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG )QTP[ /QUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ 5EJNWODGTIGT KU VJG QPN[ URGEKOGP HGCVWTKPI C USWCTG DWV KVU VGZV FQGU PQV OCVEJ VJCV QH VJG EQKP KP JCPF

&GPCT # 6COIC U[ODQN WPFGT RGNNGV MWHKE UETKRV 4 %CUVNG QH )GPWC YKVJ TKPI KP EGPVTG Q % Q %#(' Q : ' 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N :8++ IT

4 +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG )QTP[ /QUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ 6JG NCUV RCTV QH VJG .CVKP NGIGPF KU ; ; CEEQTFKPI VQ 5EJNWODGTIGT

307

LATIN EMPIRE

#4170& 6*' #')'#0 5'# .#6+0 '/2+4' 6JG CPPGZCVKQP QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG D[ VJG ETWUCFGTU QH VJG HQWTVJ ETWUCFG OGCPV VJG EQNNCRUG QH VJG $[\CPVKPG 'ORKTG UJCVVGTKPI VJG 4QOCP QGEWOGPG KPVQ C EQPINQOGTCVG QH .CVKP CPF )TGGM UVCVGU YJKEJ KPEGUUCPVN[ HQWIJV GCEJ QVJGT CPF VJWU URKTCNNGF KPVQ C FGRGPFGPEG QP VJG YGUVGTP GEQPQOKE RQYGTU

/CP[ FKHHGTGPV GXGPVU NGF WR VQ VJKU UKVWCVKQP HKTUVN[ OCP[ 'WTQRGCP F[PCUVKGU ENCKOGF VJG $[\CPVKPG VJTQPG VJGKT ENCKOU DCEMGF WR YKVJ OCTKVCN EQPPGEVKQPU YKVJ $[\CPVKPG F[PCUVKG UGEQPFN[ OCP[ OGTEJCPV PCVKQPU CU HQT KPUVCPEG 8GPKEG HGNV VJGKT RTKXKNGIGU YGTG VJTGCVGPGF

2QRG +PPQEGPV +++ JCF ECNNGF HQT VJG VJ ETWUCFG CPF RTKOCTKN[ (TGPEJ CPF (NGOKUJ PQDNGU JCF TGURQPFGF $GHQTG NQPI VJGTG YCU C UJQTVCIG QH OQPG[ YJKEJ GPJCPEGF 8GPGVKCP RQYGT CPF ITCXGN[ TGFWEGF VJG RQRGÅ&#x2030;U KPHNWGPEG #HVGT VJG NGCFGT QH VJG ETWUCFG 6JGQDCNF QH %JCORCIPG JCF FKGF $QPKHCEG + QH /QPHGTTCV YCU RWV KP EJCTIG

+P TGVWTP HQT C UWDUVCPVKCN UWO QH OQPG[ VJG 8GPGVKCPU JCF FGENCTGF VJGOUGNXGU YKNNKPI VQ HGTT[ VJG ETWUCFGTU VQ VJG QVJGT UKFG DWV VJG[ JCF CPQVJGT EQPFKVKQP VJCV VJG ETWUCFGTU VCMG <CFCT YJKEJ YCU *WPICTKCP VGTTKVQT[ 6JKU RTQORVGF $[\CPVKWOÅ&#x2030;U VJTQPG RTGVGPFGT #NGZKQU #PIGNQU VQ VTCXGN VQ <CFCT 6JG UQP QH $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT +UCCE ++ YCPVGF VQ GPNKUV VJG CKF QH VJG ETWUCFGTU VQ FGRQUG #NGZKQU +++ YJQ JCF QXGTVJTQYP JKU HCVJGT HQT YJKEJ JG QHHGTGF C TGYCTF QH UKNXGT OCTMU JCNH QH KV VQ IQ VQ VJG 8GPGVKCPU VJG QVJGT JCNH VQ VJG ETWUCFGTU VJG UWDOKUUKQP QH $[\CPVKPG RCVTKCTEJCVG VQ 4QOG CPF VJG JGNR QH VJG $[\CPVKPGU KP NKDGTCVKPI VJG *QN[ .CPF 6JG VYQ RCTVKGU CEEGRVGF #NGZKQUÅ&#x2030;U DKF CPF QP ,WN[ VJG ETWUCFGTU NGF D[ $QPKHCEG QH /QPHGTTCV UVQQF CV VJG ICVGU QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG 1P ,WN[ VJG[ UVQTOGF VJG EKV[ CPF GZGEWVGF VJG QXGTVJTQY CU CTTCPIGF *QYGXGT VJKPIU UQQP VQQM C VWTP HQT VJG YQTUG CPF QP #RTKN VJG EKV[ YCU QEEWRKGF CPF RKNNCIGF VJG RTQEGGFU YGTG WUGF VQ RC[ VJG 8GPGVKCP FGDVU

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

,'#0 FG $4+'00'

#URGT # $WUV QH %JTKUV HCEKPI DGVYGGP +% CPF :% 4 #TEJCPIGN /KEJCGN YKVJ QTD HCEKPI DGVYGGP :# CPF /# &1% 2N IT &CTM RCVKPC HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\\GPVTWO 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

(QT VJG FCVG UGG &1%

6[RG 2 KU MPQYP VQ QEEWT QXGTUVTWEM D[ /CPWGN &WECU 6[RG # C E VJWU IKXKPI KV C VGTOKPWU CPVG SWGO QH CPF RTQDCDN[ FCVKPI KV VQ PQV VQQ NQPI DGHQTG VJCV DTCEMGV HQT KV JCU FKUVKPEV CHHKPKVKGU YKVJ 6[RG 1 KP RCTVKEWNCT +H /CPWGN U 6[RG # UVCPFU CV CU PQY UWIIGUVGF VJGP VJG ECUG DGEQOGU CNN VJG UVTQPIGT

3WQVG YKVJ 6[RG 1

6JG RQUUKDKNKV[ VJCV VJGTG KU JGTG C EQKPCIG HQT QT QH VJG RGTKQF QH TCVJGT VJCP UKORN[ QH ,QJP QH $TKGPPG UJQWNF VJGTGHQTG PQV CV CNN DG GZENWFGF %GTVCKPN[ C FGITGG QH EQPUKUVGPV FGNKDGTCVKQP UGGOU RTGUGPV

308

NICAEA

0+%#'# 0KECGC VQFC[ʼnU +\PKM NC[ CNQPI VJG OCKP RKNITKO TQWVG VQ VJG *QN[ .CPF

+P KV HGNN KPVQ 5GNLWM JCPFU YJQ HQWPFGF VJGKT ECRKVCN VJGTG +P 0KECGC YCU ECRVWTGF D[ VJG ETWUCFGTU #HVGT VJG HCNN QH %QPUVCPVKPQRNG KP KV DGECOG VJG TGUKFGPEG QH VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQTU

.CUMCTKU CPF QH VJG $[\CPVKPG RCVTKCTEJ WR VQ

0KECGC VJWU DGECOG C UVTQPIJQNF CICKPUV VJG .CVKP 'ORKTG 6JG HKTUV GORGTQT QH 0KECGC YCU 6JGQFQT + .CUMCTKU C UQP KP NCY QH 'ORGTQT #NGZQU +++ #PIGNQU *CXKPI DGGP ETQYPGF KP JG YCU CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ OQUV $[\CPVKPGU FGURKVG VJG VGTTKVQT[ DGKPI GPEQORCUUGF D[ VJG .CVKP 'ORKTG CPF VJG 5GNLWMU #HVGT 6JGQFQTʼn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

,1*#00'5 +++ &7-#5 8#6#6<'5

*[RGTRGTQP /CIPGUKC # %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% 4 'ORGTQT N YKVJ NCDCTWO ETQYPGF D[ 8KTIKP PKODCVG T &1% +8 5GCT IT 9GNN UVTWEM HCEGU XGT[ HKPG *ÌJP .GKR\KI #WEVKQP PQ )TKGTUQP $[\CPVKPG %QKPCIG

*[RGTR[TQP /CIPGUKC # %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% 4 'ORGTQT N YKVJ NCDCTWO ETQYPGF D[ 8KTIKP PKODCVG T &1% +8 EH 5GCT IT

&QWDNG UVTWEM QP VJG QDXGTUG TGXGTUG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG UVTWEM *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV PQ 6JG U[ODQN DGVYGGP /CTKCʼnU JGCF CPF VJCV QH VJG GORGTQT QP PQ FKHHGTU HTQO VJCV QP PQ

6GVCTVGTQP /CIPGUKC 6[RG % # 0KODCVG DWUV QH 5V )GQTIG HCEKPI YKVJ URGCT CPF UJKGNF 4 'ORGTQT UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ NCDCTWO CPF CPGZKMCMKC &1% +8 5GCT IT 8GT[ HKPG

.CP\ )TC\

309

NICAEA

6GVCTVGTQP /CIPGUKC 6[RG % # 0KODCVG DWUV QH 5V )GQTIG HCEKPI YKVJ URGCT CPF UJKGNF 4 'ORGTQT UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ NCDCTWO CPF CPGZKMCMKC &1% +8 5GCT IT 8GT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV PQ

70%'46#+0 +557'5

6GVCTVGTQP # ,GYGNNGF ETQUU YKVJ + % : % KP VJG CPINGU 4 6YQ LGYGNNGF $Å&#x2030;U DCEM VQ DCEM &1% +8 5GCT IT 1DXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG #WHJ·WUGT /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ %C

6GVCTVGTQP # (NQTKCVGF ETQUU 4 *CNH NGPIVJ HKIWTG QH 5V 6JGQFQTG &1% +8 5GCT IT # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

*GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV PQ

310

ACHAIA

24+0%+2#.+6; QH #%*#+# #EJCKC YJKEJ GPEQORCUUGF VJG 2GNGRQPPGUQU QDXKQWUN[ JCF C TKEJ )TGGM JKUVQT[ VJGP HGNN VQ VJG 4QOCPU JCF CP KORQTVCPV %JTKUVKCP EGPVTG KP -QTKPVJG CPF NCVGT UVKNN YQWNF DG KPEQTRQTCVGF KPVQ VJG $[\CPVKPG 'ORKTG &GURKVG #TCDKCP $WNICTKCP CPF 0QTOCPPKE TCKFU #EJCKC YCU RTQURGTQWU YJKEJ YCU

RCTVKEWNCTN[ FWG VQ KVU DTKUM VTCFG YKVJ 8GPKEG 6JKU GPFGF KP YJGP %QPUVCPVKPQRNG YCU VCMGP D[ VJG MPKIJVU QH VJG VJ ETWUCFG +P VJG CHVGTOCVJ #EJCKC YCU CUUKIPGF VQ VJG 8GPGVKCPU YJQ JQYGXGT JCF VQQ NKVVNG OCPRQYGT VQ QEEWR[ VJG EQWPVT[ RTQORVKPI $QPKHCEG FG /QPVHGTTCV )GQHHTQ[ FG 8KNNGJCTFQWKP CPF )WKNNCWOG FG %JCORNKVVG VQ KOOGFKCVNG[ NGCR KPVQ VJG XCEWWO +P 2QRG +PPQEGPV +++ PQOKPCVGF VJG NCVVGT RTKPEGRU VQVKWU #EJCKG RTQXKPEKCG #HVGT JKO )GQHHTQ[ + FG 8KNNGJCTFQWKP YQWNF TKUG VQ VJG VJTQPG

7PVKN VJG RTKPEKRCNKV[ YCU IQXGTPGF D[ VJG 8KNNGJCTFQWKPU VJGP D[ VJG #PLQWU WPVKN KPKVKCNN[ CU XCUUCNU CPF VJGP CICKP D[ VJG 8KNNGJCTFQWKPU YJQ YGTG TGNCVGF VQ VJG #PLQWU CPF CHVGT VJCV D[ OCP[ QVJGTU WPVKN VJG VGTTKVQT[ HKPCNN[ HGNN VQ VJG 6WTMU KP 6JG VGTTKVQT[ YCU GZRCPFGF RCTVN[ D[ ECRVWTKPI QNF HQTVTGUUGU RCTVN[ D[ HQWPFKPI PGY EKVKGU COQPI YJKEJ %NCTGPVKC

6JKPIU CEVWCNN[ UVCTVGF EJCPIKPI CU GCTN[ CU YJGP )WKNNCWOG ++ YCU VCMGP ECRVKXG D[ 'ORGTQT /KEJCGN 8+++ KP VJG DCVVNG QH 2GNCIQPKC *G OCPCIGF VQ DW[ JKOUGNH QWV DWV CV VJG GZRGPUG QH OWEJ VGTTKVQT[ 6JG (TCPMU VTKGF VQ YKP KV DCEM DWV VQ PQ CXCKN 6JKU ECWUGF CP GPQTOQWU FGDV VQ VJG #EEKCKWQNK C HCOKN[ QH DCPMGTU YJKEJ VJWU CESWKTGF C NCTIG UVCMG KP #EJCKC CPF NCVGT KP #VJGPU VQQ

#EJCKCʼnU TGUKUVCPEG YCU YQTP VJKP D[ VJG TGRGCVGF TCKFU QH C PWODGT QH RCTVKGU 6JG GZRCPUKQPKUV RQNKVKEU QH VJG $[\CPVKPG /QTGC RCTVKEWNCTN[ DQTG JGCX[ QP VJG EQWPVT[ 6JGTGHQTG CP QHHGT YCU OCFG VQ 8GPKEG KP UWTTGPFGTKPI CWVQPQO[ KP TGVWTP HQT RTQVGEVKQP VQ DG TGRGCVGF KP YJGP CP QHHGT YCU OCFG VQ VJG $[\CPVKPG 'ORGTQT ,QJP 8+

6JG EQKPU QH #EJCKC CTG YKVJQWV GZEGRVKQP HCKVJHWN EQRKGU QH VJG (TGPEJ FGPKGT VQWTPQKU

9+..+#/ ++ QH 8+..'*#4&17+0

9CU ITCPVGF VJG TKIJV QH OKPV KP D[ VJG (TGPEJ MKPI .QWKU +: +P JKU VGTTKVQT[ DGECOG C HKGH VQ 0CRNGU

&GPKGT %QTKPVJG # %TQUU Ő ) 24#0%' #%* 4 %CUVNG Ő %.#4'06+# /GVECNH

8CTKGV[ )8 IT +TTGIWNCT GFIG XGT[ HKPG -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ .GIGPF )WKNNCWOG 2TKPEG #EJCKG 6JG + KP 24+0%' NQQMU OQTG NKMG CP # YKVJQWV JQTK\QPVCN NKPG

%*#4.'5 + QH #0,17

&GPKGT %QTKPVJG! # %TQUU Ő - Ő 4 Ő 24+0% #%J 4 %CUVNG Ő Ő %.#4'06+# /GVECNH

8CTKGV[ -# IT 5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG ,CESWKGT -GJN (TQO NKUV PQ .GIGPF -#41.85 4': 24+0%' #%*#+' # ) /CNNQ[ + ( 2TGUVQP # , 5GNVOCP %QKPU QH VJG %TWUCFGT 5VCVGU 0GY ;QTM PQ

311

ACHAIA %*#4.'5 ++ QH #0,17

&GPKGT %NCTGPV\C # %TQUU - Ő 4 Ő 24+0% #%* 4 %CUVNG Z &' %.#4'06+# Z /GVECNH

8CTKGV[ -# IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

+V KU CNUQ RQUUKDNG VJCV VJKU EQKP JCU VQ DG CVVTKDWVGF VQ %JCTNGU + 5VTKMKPIN[ VJKU EQKP KU CNOQUV JGCXKGT VJCP PQ

(TQO VJKU EQKP QP VJG WUWCN %.#4'06+# YCU EJCPIGF VQ &' %.#4'06+# CPF VJG Z VGTOKPCNU YGTG EJCPIGF VQ VYQ ZʼnU QXGT GCEJ QVJGT

/GVECNH FQGU PQV FKUVKPIWKUJ DGVYGGP %JCTNGU + CPF %JCTNGU ++

(.14'06 QH *#+0#76

&GPKGT %NCTGPV\C # %TQUU (.14'05 Ő 2#%* Z 4 %CUVNG &' %.#4'0%+# /GVECNH

8CTKGV[ ( ! IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

6JG OCTMU CTG PQV ENGCTN[ XKUKDNG 6JGKT UGGO VQ DG QPN[ C RGNNGV CV VJG GPF QH VJG NGIGPF QP VJG QD CPF TGXGTUG

+5#$'..' QH 8+..'*#4&17+0

&GPKGT %NCTGPV\C # %TQUU ;5#$'..# Ő 2 Ő #%* 4 %CUVNG &' %.#4'0%+# /GVECNH

8CTKGV[ ; IT (NCP ETCEM CPF GFIG HCWNVU XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

2*+.+2 QH 5#81;

&GPKGT %NCTGPV\C # %TQUU Ő 2*5 Ő & 5#$ Ő 2 Ő #%*' Ő 4 %CUVNG QXGT UVCT YKVJ TC[U &' %.#4'0%+# /GVECNH 8CTKGV[ 25 IT 8GT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI .GIGPF 2*+.+2285 &8: 5#$#8&+# 24+0%'25 #%*#+'

312

ACHAIA 2*+.+2 QH 6#4#061

&GPKGT %NCTGPV\C # %TQUU 2* 5 #%* 6#4&4 4 %CUVNG & %.#4'0%+# /GVECNH

8CTKGV[ 26 IT 8GT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG .GIGPF 2*+.+2285 24+0%'25 #%*#+' 6#4'06' &'5216'5 41/#0+'

.17+5 QH $74)70&;

&GPKGT # %TQUU .1&18+% Ő & Ő $ Ő 2 Ő #%*' # %CUVNG &' %.#4'06+# /GVECNH IT 44 8GT[ HKPG 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ .GIGPF .1&18+%85 &' $84)80&+# 24+0%'25 #%*#+'

/#*#76 QH *#+0#76

&GPKGT %NCTGPV\C # %TQUU /#*#86# Ő 2 Ő #%* 4 %CUVNG YKVJ CPPWNGV N CPF RNCPV DGNQY &' %.#4'0%+# /GVECNH IT 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

,1*0 QH )4#8+0#

&GPKGT %NCTGPV\C # %TQUU Ő +1*5 Ő 2 Ő #%*' 4 %CUVNG &' %.#4'0%+# /GVECNH

8CTKGV[ ) ! IT (NCP ETCEMU XGT[ HKPG

&WECV %NCTGPV\C # &QIG MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH 5V /CTEWU #<$4&#0&8 &8: 5/ 8'0'6+ 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC HQWT UVCTU N CPF HKXG UVCTU T 5+6 6 :2% &#6 36 + 4')+5 +56' &8%+ (TKGFDGTI C )CODGTKPK /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N :++ IT

9GNN UVTWEM URGEKOGP CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

-WPUV WPF /ÒP\GP .WICPQ 5EJNWODGTIGT JCU #<$4&#0&8 KPUVGCF QH $4 &- +OKVCVKQP QH C 8GPGVKCP FWECV QH #PFTGC &CPFQNQ C EQPVGORQTCT[ QH 4QDGTV QH #PLQW

313

ATHENS 41$'46 QH #0,17 6#4'06'

)TQUUQ %NCTGPV\C # &QIG CPF 5V /CTEWU UVCPFKPI CPF JQNFKPI DCPPGT : # &#0&8.1 &8: 5 / 8'0'6+ 4 %JTKUV QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP +% CPF :% )CODGTKPK /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N :++ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

.CP\ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

$#410; &7%*; #6*'05 9KVJKP VJG EQPUVTWEV QH VJG .CVKP 'ORKTG #VJGPU JCF KPKVKCNN[ DGGP C DCTQP[ CPF NCVGT QP C FWEJ[ +V YCU IQXGTPGF D[ VJG HCOKN[ &G NC 4QEJG VJG %CVCNCPU CPF VJG (NQTGPVKPG #EEKCKWQNK EQPUGEWVKXGN[

1VVQ FG NC 4QEJG TGEGKXGF VJG VKVNG &QOKPWU #VJGPCTWO CPF DGECOG C XCUUCN QH VJG MKPIFQO 6JGUUCNQPKEC JG CNUQ QYPGF C PWODGT QH VQYPU #TIQU CPF 0CWRNKC KP VJG RTKPEKRCNKV[ QH #EJCKC

*KU ITCPFUQP )WKFQ + KP VTCXGNNGF VQ (TCPEG VQ TGUQNXG VJG FKURWVG YKVJ VJG RTKPEGU QH #EJCKC CV YJKEJ QEECUKQP JG YCU GNGXCVGF VQ FWMG QH #VJGPU D[ .QWKU VJG 5CKPV *KU UQP )WKNNCWOG +

KU VJG HKTUV VQ KPFKECVG VJKU VKVNG QP JKU EQKPU 6JGKT RTGHGTTGF TGUKFGPEG YCU 6JGDGU

&WTKPI VJG $CVVNG QH -GRJKUUQU QP /CTEJ C EQORCP[ QH %CVCNCP RKTCVGU WPFGT )WCNVKGT + QH $TKGPPG UGK\GF VJG VGTTKVQT[ &GURKVG KVU PWOGTQWU EQPPGEVKQPU YKVJ VJG ETQYP QH #TCIQP COQPIUV QVJGTU VJG FWEJ[ ITCFWCNN[ UNKF KPVQ FGENKPG

0GTKQ #EEKCKWQNQ .QTF QH %QTKPVJ VQQM CFXCPVCIG QH VJKU FGXGNQROGPV CPF WUWTRGF RQYGT QP /C[ +P VJG FWEJ[ YCU WNVKOCVGN[ CPPGZGF D[ VJG 6WTMU

6JG EQKPU ECP DG FKXKFGF KP FGPKGTU CPF QDQNGU 0QV D[ YGKIJV DWV D[ UK\G 6JG FGPKGT 6QWTPQKU YJKEJ YCU (TGPEJ CPF YGKIJGF IT YCU KPVTQFWEGF WPFGT .QWKU 8+++ +: UGG PQ #U VJG EQKPU HTQO #VJGPU NKUVGF JGTG JQXGT CTQWPF VJG UCOG YGKIJV YG JCXG ENCUUKHKGF VJGO CU FGPKGTU

)7+&1 + FG NC 41%*'

)WKFQ YCU C EQWUKP QH 1VVQ FG NC 4QEJG CPF YGFFGF VQ C EQWUKP QH )WKNNCWOG FG 8KNNGJCTFQWKP *G TGUKFGF KP 6JGDGU +P JG ITCPVGF VJG )GPQGUG UKIPKHKECPV RTKXKNGIGU

&GPKGT 6JGDG # %CUVNG QH )GPWC Ő &05 Ő #6*'0 Ő 4 %TQUU Ő 6*'$ Ő %+8+ Ő /GVECNH IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP CU WUWCN QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

6JG )GPQGUG ECUVNG RKEVWTGF D[ VJG EQKP LWUVKHKGU VJG SWGUVKQP CU VQ YJGVJGT VJG TKIJV QH OKPV JCF DGGP COQPI VJG RTKXKNGIGU ITCPVGF VQ VJG )GPQGUG

)7+..#7/' + FG NC 41%*'

)WKNNCWOG YCU VJG UGEQPF UQP QH )WKFQ + QH ,GCP + VJG HKTUV DQTP UQP PQ EQKPU CTG MPQYP /GVECNH FQGU PQV FKUVKPIWKUJ DGVYGGP )WKNNCWOG + CPF )WKFQ ++ UGG PQU

&GPKGT 6JGDG # %TQUU „ „ ) „ &8: Ő #6'0'5 4 %CUVNG „ „ 6*'$' „ %+8+5 /GVECNH

8CTKGV[ )4 6[RG IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 6JKU EQKP KU C FKTGEV KOKVCVKQP QH VJG (TGPEJ FGPKGT 6QWTPQKU

314

NAPLES )7+&1 ++ FG NC 41%*'

#U )WKFQ YCU PQV [GV QH CIG YJGP JKU DTQVJGT ,GCP FKGF JG YCU RWV KP VJG EWUVQF[ QH JKU OQVJGT *ยพNยฝPG Fล #PIG 5JG YGFFGF *WIWGU FG $TKGPPG KP VJWU EGFKPI TGIGPE[ VQ JKO

&GPKGT 6JGDG # %TQUU YKVJ QPG VTGHQKN KP GCEJ CPING )8+16 &8: #6* 4 %CUVNG YKVJ VJTGG VQYGTU 6*'$' %+8+5 /GVECNH 6[RG IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

6JKU EQKP YCU UVTWEM FWTKPI VJG TGIGPE[ QH *WIWGU FG $TKGPPG

)XKQV KU VJG PCOG QH [QWPI )W[

4GXGTUG VGZV SWCVTGHQKN CTQWPF VJG UVCTVKPI ETQUU

6JGTG KU PQ ENCTKV[ CU VQ YJCV VJG ECUVNG YKVJ VJG VJTGG VQYGTU YJKEJ YJQNN[ FGXKCVGU HTQO VJG UV[NKUGF 6QWTU FGPKGT ECUVNG UKIPKHKGU

&GPKGT 6JGDG # %TQUU ล )8+ ล &8: #6'0'5 4 %CUVNG

6*'$ #*+ %+8+5 /GVECNH 8CTKGV[ I IT 5OCNN GFIG DTGCM XGT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

5EJNWODGTIGT 2N :+++ KU VJQTQWIJN[ EQPXKPEGF VJCV VJKU EQKP UJQWNF DG RNCEGF KP VJG RGTKQF YJKEJ OCMGU KV C EQKP QH )W[ ++

2155'55+105 1( 0#2.'5 +0 )4''%' #0& 10 6*' +10+% +5.#0&5 6JGUG CTG FGPKGTU VQWTPQKU UVTWEM KP .GRCPVQ D[ 2JKNKRRG FG 6CTGPVG 6JGUG EQKPU YGTG UVTWEM DGHQTG VJG [GCT YJGP 2JKNKRRG FG 6CTGPVG OCTTKGF 6JCOCT Fล #PIG JGKTGUU QH .GRCPVQ

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

2*+.+22' &' 6#4'06'

&GPKGT .GRCPVQ # %TQUU รฐ 2*5 ล 26#4 &'52 รฐ 4 %CUVNG 0'2#06+ %+8+5 /GVECNH

8CTKGV[ E IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG /ร P\\GPVTWO -ร NP #WEVKQP PQ .GIGPF 2*+.+2285 24+0%'25 6#4#06+ &'5216

315

CHIOS

&GPKGT .GRCPVQ # %TQUU รฐ 2*5 ล 26#4 &'52 4 %CUVNG 0'2#06+ %+8+5 /GVECNH IT 8GT[ HKPG -TKEJGNFQTH (TGKDWTI /GVECNH MPQYU QPN[ QH CP QDXGTUG NGIGPF UVCTVKPI CPF GPFKPI YKVJ C NKU

%*+15 .KVVNG KU MPQYP QH VJG %JKQU QH NCVG CPVKSWKV[ CPF VJG $[\CPVKPG GTC

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV YCU C $[\CPVKPG HQTVTGUU CPF VJG HCOQWU OQPCUVGT[ QH 0GC /QPK YCU HQWPFGF VJGTG +P VJG $[\CPVKPGU ENGCTGF VJG RCVJ HQT VJG 8GPGVKCPU YJQ JQYGXGT YQWNF PQV UWEEGGF KP UGK\KPI %JKQU CPF &WTKPI VJG VJ ETWUCFG %JKQU DGECOG C RCTV QH VJG .CVKP 'ORKTG DWV DGHQTG NQPI VJG KUNCPF YCU CPPGZGF D[ 'ORGTQT ,QJP +++ &WMCU VJG $[\CPVKPG TWNGT QH 6JGUUCNQPKEK KP

+P VJG 6TGCV[ QH 0[ORJCKQP EGFGF %JKQU VQ VJG )GPQGUG YJQ YQWNF WUG KV CU C RNCEG QH VTCFG +P $GPGFGVVQ <CEECTKC YJQ CNTGCF[ YCU NQTF QH 2JQMCGC CESWKTGF %JKQU HTQO #PFTQPKMQU ++ 6JG NCVVGT EGFGF VJG VGTTKVQT[ KP C DKF VQ ETGCVG C FGHGPUKXG DWHHGT CICKPUV VJG 6WTMU HQT $GPGFGVVQ KV EQPUVKVWVGF C RQTV QH VTCPUKV HQT VJG CNWO VTCFG

9JGP $GPGFGVVQ UVGRRGF FQYP KP JKU UQP 2CNGQNQIQ UWEEGGFGF JKO #HVGT VJCV ECOG $GPGFGVVQ ++ CPF /CTVKPQ 6JG KUNCPF VJGP DGECOG C .CVKP RTKPEKRCNKV[ CPF VTKGF VQ UJGF $[\CPVKPG UQXGTGKIPV[ DWV KPUVGCF %JKQU ECOG WPFGT $[\CPVKWO KP

/CTVKPQ VTKGF VQ TGECRVWTG VJG KUNCPF DWV VQ PQ GHHGEV +P C )GPQGUG HNGGV EQOOCPFGF D[ 5KOQPG 8KIPQUQ YCU OQTG UWEEGUUHWN CPF VJG $[\CPVKPGU UWTTGPFGTGF # RTKXCVG GPFGCXQWT KP RTKPEKRNG VJKU ECORCKIP YCU UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG )GPQGUG EQOOWPKV[ 6JGUG RTKXCVGN[ QYPGF UJKRRKPI EQORCPKGU YGPV QP VQ IQXGTP %JKQU WPFGT VJG PCOG QH /CQPC +P /CQPC CFQRVGF C HTKGPFN[ UVCPEG VQYCTFU VJG 6WTMU KP C DKF VQ RNCECVG COQPI QVJGT VJKPIU D[ QRRQUKPI )QXGTPQT $QWEKECWV YJQ JCF DGGP UGPV D[ VJG )GPQGUG KP

(TQO VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ QP VJG EKV[ YCU QDNKIGF VQ RC[ VTKDWVG VQ VJG 1VVQOCPU YJQ EQPVKPWCNN[ TCKUGF VJG COQWPV +P C 6WTMKUJ HNGGV ECRVWTGF %JKQU GPFKPI [GCTU QH )GPQGUG TWNG

7R VQ CTQWPF VJG FWECV QH 8GPKEG YCU KOKVCVGF ECNNGF \GEEJKPQ KP VJG .GXCPV KPENWFKPI VJG PCOG QH VJG FQIG WUWCNN[ KP C EQTTWRVGF HQTO

(TQO \GEEJKPQU YGTG UVTWEM KP VJG PCOG QH VJG FQIG QH )GPWC 6JG FQIG YCU PQV KPFKECVGF D[ JKU PCOG DWV D[ VJG VGTO &WZ +CPXG #HVGT VJG 8KUEQPVKU UGK\GF )GPQC (KNKRRQ /CTKC 8KUEQPVK UVTWEM \GEEJKPQU TGRNCEKPI 5V /CTEWU YKVJ 5V 2GVGT CU YCU FQPG KP 4QOG JQYGXGT TGVCKPKPI VJG KOCIG 5V /CTEWU CPF VJG FQIG *G CNUQ FKF PQV KPENWFG JKU PCOG TGHGTTKPI QPN[ VQ &WZ /GFKQNCPWO

#HVGT VJG FQIG QH )GPQC 6QOOCUUQ FK %CORQHTGIQUQ CNUQ UVTWEM \GEEJKPQU PQY DGCTKPI JKU QYP PCOG

8GPGVKCP KOKVCVKQPU DGCT VJG UCOG NGIGPF CU VJG 8GPGVKCP FWECVU 5+6 6 :2' &#6 3 68 4')+5 +56' &8%#6 5KV 6KDK %JTKUVK &CVWU 3WGO 6W 4GIKU +UVG &WECVWU

6JG KOKVCVKQPU QH VJG 8GPGVKCP FWECV KP VJG #GIGCP CTGC JCXG DGGP GZVGPUKXGN[ FGUETKDGF D[ $ 4 $GNN

KP CP WPRWDNKUJGF OCPWUETKRV 6JG %NCUUKECN 0WOKUOCVKE 4GXKGY ::8++ TGHGTU VQ VJKU RCRGT +V CNUQ FGUETKDGU C PWODGT QH KOKVCVKQPU YJKEJ JQYGXGT CNN UKIPKHKECPVN[ FKHHGT HTQO VJG V[RGU NKUVGF JGTG

/#10# HTQO QP

<GEEJKPQ # &QIG MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH 5V /CTEWU #461 8'0'4+ &8: 5/ 8'0'6+ 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC UVCTU N CPF UVCTU T 5+6 6 :2' &#6 3 ล 15+5 ล 6' &8%# (D E )CODGTKPK 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N :+8 IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG 9#) &QTOWPF #WEVKQP PQ

5EJNWODGTIGT RN :+8 FGUETKDGU CP KOKVCVKQP QH VJG 8GPGVKCP FQIG #PVQPKQ 8GTPKGT YKVJ VJG VGZV #061 8'0'1 CPF HQT KVU TGXGTUG 5+6 6 :2' &6# 2+4 86')+5 +56' &8%#6

316

CHIOS

<GEEJKPQ # &QIG MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH 5V /CTEWU #061 8'0'1 &8: 50 8'0'6+ 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC UVCTU N CPF UVCTU T Ő 5+6 6 :2' &#6 $6 Ő Ő 61+5+5' &8%#5 (D E )CODGTKPK 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N :+8 IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

9#) &QTOWPF #WEVKQP PQ

(+.+221 /#4+# 8+5%106+

<GEEJKPQ # &QIG MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH 5V /CTEWU Ő & /'&+1.#0+ &8: 5 2'6485 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC UVCTU N CPF UVCTU T Ő 5+6 Ő 6 :2' &#6 368 4')+5 56' &8%#6 Ő (D )CODGTKPK 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N :+8 IT 8GT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

#NVJQWIJ 5EJNWODGTIGT PQVGU VJCV VJKU V[RG KU ŋCUUG\ DCTDCTG GV FG VT½U OCWXCKU CNNKCIGŌ TCVJGT DCTDCTKE CPF QH XGT[ RQQT CNNQ[ VJKU EQKP UJQYU HKPG YQTMOCPUJKR CPF KVU VGZV KU HWNN[ NGIKDNG

61//#551 FK %#/21(4')151

<GEEJKPQ # &QIG MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH 5V /CTEWU * Ő 5#8.+&* Ő &8: Ő 6 Ő & ##& Ő % Ő +1 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC UVCTU N CPF UVCTU T Ő 5+6 Ő 6 Ő :2 Ő ' &#6 3 Ő 68 4')+5 +56'& Ő 6 Ő (D )CODGTKPK EH .WPCTFK IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP

<GEEJKPQ # &QIG MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH 5V /CTEWU &05 &#6 . &8: 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC UVCTU N CPF UVCTU T Ő #5+1 Ő 6: Ő 4' Ő &#6 Ő '6 Ő 4')+5 +56 Ő ' Ő &86 (D )CODGTQPK EH .WPCTFK IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG 4CWEJ 9KGP 6JG : QH &XZ KU QH CP CNVQIGVJGT FGXKCPV HQTO 6JG NGHV RCTV QH VJG QDXGTUG NGIGPF KU CNOQUV KNNGIKDNG

317

PHOKAEA .14'0<1 )+756+0+#0+ $#0%#

/QPPCKG FG $KNNQP # %CUVNG DGVYGGP . CPF + WPFGT GCING %+8+6#5 ” %*++ 4 %TQUU %104#&85 ” 4': ” 4 ” 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N :+8 IT 44 8GT[ HKPG 5-# <ÒTKEJ .QTGP\Q )KWUVKPKCPK $CPEC YCU RQFGUV¯ KP 2TQOKU KPVGTRTGVGF VJG NGVVGTU . + CU UKIPKH[KPI .QTGP\Q )KWUVKPKCPK

2*1-#'# 2JQMCGC KU C RQTV KP VJG )WNH QH 5O[TPC HQWPFGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ $%

+P #NGZKQU ITCPVGF VJG 8GPGVKCPU VTCFG RTKXKNGIGU &WTKPI VJG RGTKQF KV RTQXKFGF C HQQVJQNF HQT VJG 6WTMKUJ GOKT <CEJCU +P 2JQMCGC UVCTVGF VQ RTQURGT YJGP /KEJCGN 8+++ CICKPUV C VTKDWVG EGFGF KV VQ VJG DTQVJGTU $GPGFGVVQ CPF /CPWGNG <CEECTKC YJQ WUGF KV VQ GZRQTV CNWO 6JG DTQVJGTU HQWPFGF 0GY 2JQMCGC CV VJG VWTP QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VQ RTQVGEV VJGKT RQUUGUUKQP 1NF 2JQMCGC YCU JGPEGHQTVJ IQXGTPGF D[ #PFTGQNQ %CVVCPGQ

+P DQVJ RCTVU YGTG TGWPKVGF WPFGT $[\CPVKPG TWNG +P 2JQMCGC YCU EQPSWGTGF D[ VJG )GPQGUG 5KOQPG 8KIPQUQ

.CVGT 2JQMCGC YQWNF DG JGNF DTKGHN[ D[ VJG $[\CPVKPGU CPF D[ VJG /CQPC QH %JKQU +P 2JQKMCGC YCU FGHKPKVKXGN[ NQUV VQ VJG 6WTMU

#010;/175

<GEEJKPQ # &QIG MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH 5V /CTEWU #*&-&#*&8+1 &8: 5/ 8'0'6+ 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC UVCTU N CPF UVCTU T Ő 5+6 6 :2' &#6 Ő 1 Ő 6# :5+ 5+56' &8%#6 (D )CODGTKPK EH #PFTGQNQ %CVVCPGQ FGNNC 8QNVC .WPCTFK /GVECNH IT 4 #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

+OKVCVKQP QH #PFTGC &CPFQNQ 6JKU EQKP YCU OQUV NKMGN[ UVTWEM FWTKPI 2JQMCGCʼnU RGTKQF QH )GPQGUG IQXGTPCPEG HTQO CNVJQWIJ %JKQU CV VJG VKOG UVTWEM \GEEJKPQU DGCTKPI VJG PCOG QH #PVQPKQ 8GTPKGT

.'8#06+0' +/+6#6+105 #010;/175

<GEEJKPQ EC # &QIG MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH 5V /CTEWU #%14&#10+%1 &8: 5/ 8'0'6+ 4 %JTKUV KP OCPFQTNC UVCTU N CPF UVCTU T Ő 5+6 6 :2' &#6 368 4')+5 *%38 Ő %#6 IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG 9#) &QTVOWPF #WEVKQP PQ +OKVCVKQP QH #PFTGC &CPFQNQ

318

RHODES

4*1&'5 %;2475 -0+)*65 *152+6#..'45 10 4*1&'5 6JG QTFGT QTKIKPCVGF KP VJG JQURKVCN QH 5V ,QJP KP ,GTWUCNGO KP UGG WPFGT -KPIFQO QH ,GTWUCNGO 4KEJ VGTTKVQTKGU FGXQNXGF WRQP VJG QTFGT DQVJ KP VJG .CVKP GCUV CPF KP 9GUVGTP 'WTQRG 6JG TWNG QH VJG QTFGT ECOG KPVQ GZKUVGPEG CTQWPF RTGUWOCDN[ WPFGT KVU HKTUV OCUVGT )GTJCTF +VU OGODGTU XGPGTCVGF VJG ŋ*QN[ 2QQTŌ CPF ECNNGF VJGOUGNXGU VJG UGTXCPVU QH VJG RQQT QH %JTKUV

$GUKFGU VJG DTCPEJ VJCV GPICIGF KP JQURKVCN YQTM C OKNKVCT[ DTCPEJ CTQUG CTQWPF RGTJCRU WPFGT VJG KPHNWGPEG QH VJG 6GORNCTU KP QTFGT VQ DG CDNG VQ UWRRQTV VJG -KPIFQO QH ,GTWUCNGO /KNKVCT[ CEVKXKVKGU DGECOG ITQYKPIN[ KORQTVCPV CV VJG GZRGPUG QH VJG YQTM KP JQURKVCNU (TQO MPKIJVU VQQM RTGEGFGPEG QXGT RTKGUVU VQ VJG GZVGPV GXGP VJCV C TWNG YCU UVKRWNCVGF KP GPVKVNKPI QPN[ MPKIJVU VQ CUUWOG VJG QHHKEG QH OCUVGT

6JG QTFGT YCU UVTWEVWTGF KPVGTPCVKQPCNN[ CPF NQECNN[ QTICPKUGF KP VQPIWGU CPF EQOOCPFGTKGU GXGT[YJGTG 6JG EJCRVGT QEEWRKGF C EGPVTCN RNCEG CPF VJG RTKQTU EQPXGPGF TGIWNCTN[

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

*KGTQUQN[OKVCPK %QPXGPVCU 4JQFK 6JG KUNCPF YCU DWKNV KPVQ QPG QH VJG UVTQPIGUV HQTVTGUUGU KP 'WTQRG CPF VJG QTFGT CNUQ JGNF RTQRGTV[ QP VJG OCKP NCPF UWEJ CU 5O[TPC CPF /QTGC VGORQTCTKN[ +P VJG QTFGT CESWKTGF VJG UGSWGUVGTGF IQQFU QH VJG 6GORNCTU 6JG OCUVGTU QH VJG QTFGT DGJCXGF NKMG UQXGTGKIPU CPF DQTG VJG VKVNG QH ITCPFOCUVGT HTQO

6JG 4JQFGU JKUVQT[ QH VJG QTFGT KU OCTMGF D[ ITGCV KPVGTPCVKQPCNKUCVKQP YKVJ VJG CEEQORCP[KPI RTQDNGOU VJG GPQTOQWU YGCNVJ VJCV ECOG YKVJ ITGCV RQYGT CPF KPHNWGPEG UVTWIING YKVJ VJG RQRGU DWV CDQXG CNN C EQPUVCPV UVCVG QH YCT YKVJ VJG WPUVQRRCDNG 6WTMU YJQO VJG[ YQWNF GXGPVWCNN[ DG FGHGCVGF

D[ $GVYGGP CPF VJG /CONWMU CVVCEMGF 4JQFGU HQNNQYGF KP D[ VJG 1VVQOCPU YJQ NCKF UKGIG VQ VJG HQTVTGUU GXGPVWCNN[ ECRVWTKPI KV KP 6JG QTFGT VJGP OQXGF VQ /CNVC

*'.+10 QH 8+..'0'78'

*GNKQP FG 8KNNGPGWXG YCU C EJGXCNKGT CPF ITCPF RTKGWT QH 5V )KNNGU *KU CRRQKPVOGPV YCU GPFQTUGF D[ VJG RQRG *KU RQQT JGCNVJ HQTEGF JKO VQ TGOCKP QP 'WTQRGʼnU OCKPNCPF HQT C NQPI RGTKQF YJKEJ FKF PQV DGPGHKV VJG UKVWCVKQP QP 4JQFGU 6JG 6WTMU TGIWNCTN[ CVVCEMGF DWV YJGP &G 8KNNGPGWXG HKPCNN[ UGV HQQV QP 4JQFGU KP JG QTICPKUGF CHHCKTU SWKEMN[ +P C RCRCN HNGGV CKFGF D[ VJG *QURKVCNNGTU 8GPKEG CPF VJG MKPI QH %[RTWU CVVCEMGF VJG YGCNVJ[ EKV[ QH 5O[TPC QH 1OCT $GI 'OKT Fʼn#ÅFKP +P VJG NQYGT EKV[ YCU UWTTGPFGTGF VQ VJG *QURKVCNNGTU VJG WRRGT EKV[ UVC[KPI KP 6WTMKUJ JCPFU

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU (4 '.+10 & 8+.#018# & + )4#/4 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 1526# 5 +1*5 +4.0+ 36+ 41&+ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT +: IT 4 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&GNOQPVG $TWUUGN

6JG ITCPFOCUVGT HCEGU VJG XKGYGT YGCTKPI C UJQTV DGCTF 6QYCTFU VJG GPF QH &G 8KNNGPGWXGʼnU VGPWTG VJKU EJCPIGU JG NQQMU CV VJG ETQUU YGCTKPI C NQPI DGCTF CU YQWNF DG WUWCN KP VJG VKOG VQ EQOG CHVGT VJKU RGTKQF

319

RHODES &+'7&100Â&#x2014; QH )1<10

9CU HTQO QNF .CPIWGFQE NKPGCIG *G KU MPQYP KP VJG %JTKUVKCP YQTNF HQT JKU UVTWIING YKVJ CP GPQTOQWU OQPUVGT C ETQEQFKNG VJCV JCF DGGP VGTTQTKUKPI 4JQFGU HQT C NQPI VKOG 1P JKU VQOD KV UC[U %K IKUV XCKPSWGWT FW FTCIQP *GTG TGUVU VJG XCPSWKUJGT QH VJG FTCIQP C HTGUEQ FGRKEVKPI VJKU UVQT[ UVKNN ECP DG UGGP KP C JQWUG QP 4JQFGU

*G HQWIJV VJG 6WTMU CICKP CPF KP VJGKT YCT CICKPUV 'I[RV ECOG VQ VJG CKF QH VJG #TOGPKCPU KP

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU (4 &'1&#6 & )15101 &+ )4# /4 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 152+6#+ +1*+5 +4.0+ 36 41&+ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT +: IT 44 5OCNN UETCVEJGU XGT[ HKPG

2GWU (TCPMHWTV #WEVKQP PQ

2+'44' FG %140'+..#0

9CU ITCPF RTKGWT QH 5V )KNNGU MPKIJV QH VJG VQPIWG QH VJG 2TQXGPEG &WTKPI JKU UJQTV TGKIP VJGTG YCU UQOG HTKEVKQP DGVYGGP VJG QTFGT CPF 2QRG +PPQEGPV 8+ CU VQ VJG 1TFGTÅ&#x2030;U EQHHGTU YJKEJ YGTG HKNNGF VQ VJG DTKO #U VJG EJWTEJ YCU DGKPI HQTEGF KPVQ TGVTGCV D[ VJG /WUNKOU QP /QTGC COQPIUV QVJGTU VJG RQRG FGETGGF VJCV VJG QTFGT NGCXG 4JQFGU VQ GUVCDNKUJ KVUGNH KP 5[TKC *G OQTGQXGT YCPVGF C PGY EJCRVGT KP (TCPEG $GHQTG JG YCU CDNG VQ TGCNKUG VJKU VJG ITCPFOCUVGT FKGF

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU ( 2'6485 & %140+..#01 &+ )4# / 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 152+6# 5 +1*+5 +4.0+ 36 41&+ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT +: IT 44 8GT[ HKPG &GNOQPVG $TWUUGN

320

RHODES 41)'4 FG 2+05

(TQO QNF 2TQXGPEG NKPGCIG 6JG RQRG JGNF QP VQ JKU FGOCPFU VTCPUHGT VQ 2CNGUVKPG CPF C EJCRVGT KP (TCPEG &WG KP RCTVKEWNCT VQ /QTGCP FGXGNQROGPVU VJG RQRG GXGPVWCNN[ TGHTCKPGF HTQO JKU RNCPU &WTKPI VJG TGKIP QH 4QIGT FG 2KPU VJG RNCIWG DGHGNN VJG GCUV CPF 4JQFGU 6JG GPUWKPI HCOKPG ECWUGF 4QIGT VQ UGNN CNN JKU RQUUGUUKQPU CPF GXGPVWCNN[ CNN VJG UKNXGT CPF QVJGT QDLGEVU KP VJG RCNCEG

4QIGT FGXKUGF PGY UVCVWVGU HQT VJG QTFGT

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU RKPGEQPG DGJKPF JKO ( 41)+'4+85 Q & Q 2+0+$85 Q & Q )4# / 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 152+6#+ 5 +1*+5 +4.0+ Q 36 41&+ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N +: IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;NNGT 5QNKPIGP #WEVKQP PQ

4#;/10& $'4#0)'4

*G VQQ YCU HTQO VJG 2TQXGPEG HTQO C HCOKN[ VJCV JCF DTQWIJV HQTVJ OCP[ MPKIJVU QH VJG QTFGT 7PFGT 4C[OQPF VJG URNGPFQWT QH HQTOGT VKOGU YCU TGUVQTGF VJG UVCVWU QH VJG MPKIJVU JCXKPI UKIPKHKECPVN[ FGETGCUGF UKPEG &G )Q\QP

6QIGVJGT YKVJ 2GVGT + QH %[RTWU VJG MPKIJVU NCWPEJGF CP CVVCEM QP #NGZCPFTKC VJG JQOG RQTV QH OWUNKOU CPF RKTCVGU #NGZCPFTKC CPF VJG HNGGV YGTG FGXCUVCVGF DWV GXGT[QPG TGVWTPGF VQ %[RTWU CPF 4JQFQU 6JG UWNVCP QH 'I[RVG CVVCEMGF 4JQFGU CU C TGRGTEWUUKQP VQ PQ GHHGEV JQYGXGT

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU UJKGNF DGJKPF JKO ( 4#+/80&85 $'4'0)#4++ & ) / 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 152+6#+ 5 +1*5 +4.0+ 165$41&+ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N : IT

5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG *GUU .W\GTP 5JKGNF QH )TCPFOCUVGT T KP HKGNF %H -·UVPGT PQ

321

RHODES 41$'46 FG ,7+..;

.QTF QH ,WKNN[ CPF QH %NC[G PGCT /GCWZ JG YCU CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ 2QRG )TGIQT[ :+ KP #XKIPQP $CVVNG YKVJ VJG 6WTMU CICKP VJKU VKOG YKVJ #OWTCV UQP QH 1TMJCP DWV GXGT[ DKV CU VGTTKDNG CU WPFGT $GTCPIGT 4JQFGU YCU CICKP TGKPHQTEGF

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU UJKGNF DGJKPF JKO ( „ 41$'+4685 „ & )8.+#%1 „ & „ )#/ 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 152+6. 5 +145 +4.+0 +1654 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N : IT 4 # NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

-CUVPGT /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

)TCPFOCUVGT DGHQTG JKU QYP CTOU WPFGT VJG ETQUU C DNQQO QT TQUG

6JG PWODGTU CTG CNN HTQO VJG UCOG JQCTF

&GT (WPF YWTFG XQT TGKEJNKEJ ,CJTGP KP FGT 0·JG XQP +\OKT IGOCEJV WPF MCO WPOKVVGNDCT XÌNNKI KP /ÒPEJGPGT $GUKV\ &CTCWU UKPF 5VÒEM XGTUEJKGFGPGT 8CTKCPVG XGTUVGKIGTV 6JG JQCTF YCU HQWPF PGCT +\OKT YGNN QXGT VGP [GCTU CIQ CPF YCU KOOGFKCVGN[ CESWKTGF D[ C RCTV[ HTQO /WPKEJ RKGEGU KP C PWODGT QH XCTKGVKGU YGTG CWEVKQPGF QHH PQVG QH ) -CUVPGT FCVGF ,WPG 6JG JQCTF URCPU VJG RGTKQF HTQO 4QIGT FG 2KPU VQ 2JKNKDGTV FG 0CKNNCE

,7#0 ('40#0&'< & *'4'&+#

(TQO CP GUVGGOGF HCOKN[ HTQO #TCIQP +P (TCPEG JG HQWIJV CV VJG UKFG QH -KPI 2JKNKRRG 8+ PGCT %T¾E[ +P 2QRG )TGIQT[ 8+ FGEKFGF VQ VTCPUHGT JKU UGG VQ 4QOG YJGTG JG RTQENCKOGF ,GCP (GTFKPCPF ITCPFOCUVGT

*G HQWIJV CICKPUV VJG 6WTMU KP )TGGEG CPF YCU ECRVWTGF KP #NDCPKC KP 6JG UEJKUO DGVYGGP %NGOGPEG 8++ CPF 7TDCP 8+ QEEWTGF CTQWPF VJKU UCOG VKOG *GTGFKC CTTKXGF KP 4JQFQU CPF VQIGVJGT YKVJ UGXGTCN MPKIJVU DCEMGF #PVKRQRG %NGOGPEG 8+ QVJGT MPKIJVU EJQUG UKFGU YKVJ 7TDCP 8+ CPF YCPVGF VJG RTKQT QH %CRWC 4KECTFQ %CTCEEKQNQ CU VJGKT ITCPFOCUVGT FKXKFKPI VJG QTFGT KP C UKOKNCT TKHV *GTKFKC FKGF KP #XKIPQP KP

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU ECUVNG DGJKPF JKO JGCTV YKVJ ETQUU WPFGT ETQUU ( +1* ('4#0&+ ! 4 ) / 152+6. 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 1526# ! 5 +*+5 36 41&+ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N : IT 4 %TWFG FKGU XGT[ HKPG -CUVPGT /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

5OCNN ECUVNG CU C RCTV QH VJG CTOU DGJKPF VJG ITCPFOCUVGT WPFGT VJG ETQUU C JGCTV YKVJ C ETQUU QP KV KP VJG JGCTV C ETQUU YKVJ VYQ FQVU 6JG ECUVNG KU QPG QH VJG VYQ ICVGU QH 4JQFGU

322

RHODES

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU ECUVNG DGJKPF JKO ( +1*# ('4#0&+ &' /152+6. 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 1526# 5 +1*+5 .0+ 361&+ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N : IT 4 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG -CUVPGT /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ 5OCNN ECUVNG CU C RCTV QH VJG CTOU DGJKPF VJG ITCPFOCUVGT WPFGT VJG ETQUU C )

2*+.+$'46 FG 0#+..#%

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Å&#x2030;U ITCPFOCUVGT OGFKCVGF GXGT[YJGTG CNUQ CV VJG EQWPEKN QH 2KUC KP YJGTG VJG ITGCV UEJKUO DGVYGGP )TGIQT[ :++ CPF $GPGFKEV :+++ YCU OGPFGF CPF #NGZCPFGT 8 YCU GNGEVGF RQRG +P TGVWTP VJG PGY RQRG CRRQKPVGF VJG ITCPFOCUVGT VQ ITCPFOCUVGT IGPGTCN QH VJG QTFGT +P 0CKNNCE ECOG DCEM VQ 4JQFGU CHVGT C UVC[ KP 'WTQRG QH [GCTU

%QPVTCT[ VQ PQTOCN IKINKCVK VJKU EQKP UJQYU VJG ITCPFOCUVGT JQNFKPI VJG ETQUU UGG PQ KP RCTVKEWNCT YJKEJ GXGP UJQYU JKO NQQMKPI WRYCTFU 6JG ENQCM CNUQ FKHHGTU HTQO VJG PQTOCN IKINKCVK

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU UJKGNF DGJKPF JKO (4' (+.+$'4685 +5 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 2+6#. +1#*#5 +*4./ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N : IT 4 %TWFG FKGU UOCNN HNCP ETCEM YGCMN[ UVTWEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG -CUVPGT /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ )TCPFOCUVGT DGHQTG JKU QYP CTOU PQ NGVVGT WPFGT VJG ETQUU

323

RHODES

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU UJKGNF DGJKPF JKO # WPFGT ETQUU ( 2*+$ .*#%1 /)4+ 15 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 152+6#. 5 ! +1#*15 +14./ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N : IT 4 (KPG VQPKPI CV VJG GFIG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG -CUVPGT /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ )TCPFOCUVGT DGHQTG JKU QYP CTOU WPFGT VJG ETQUU CP #

)KINKCVQ ITQWR # # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU UJKGNF DGJKPF JKO # WPFGT ETQUU ( 2*+$1 /#)+564+ 15 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU +5# ! * 6 # % 4 1 5 ' ( # $ '/ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N : IT

44 5OCNN HNCP ETCEM CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG -CUVPGT /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

)TCPFOCUVGT DGHQTG JKU QYP CTOU WPFGT VJG ETQUU CP #

+ 5CPVC %TQEG (CXG #OGP ! /GKP *GKNKI -TGW\ UGK OKT IGPGKIV #OGP ! /[ JQN[ ETQUU HCXQWT OG #OGP

324

RHODES

)KINKCVQ ITQWR $ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU UJKGNF DGJKPF JKO (4' (+.+$'4685 /#+5/ 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 5#06# %41%' #86# /' /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT : IT 44 &QWDNG UVTWEM PKEG VQPG HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

-CUVPGT /ÒPEJGP )TCPFOCUVGT DGHQTG JKU QYP CTOU PQ NGVVGT WPFGT VJG ETQUU

5CPVC %TQEG #WVC /G *QN[ %TQUU JGNR OG

-·UVPGTʼnU ECVCNQIWG RTQXKFGU VJG HQNNQYKPI GNWEKFCVKQP YKVJ VJG PWODGTU CPF

#NNGU NKGIV PCJG FKGUG )KINKCVK CNU 0QVOÒP\GP CP\WUGJGP &CHÒT IKDV GU GKPGP IWVGP )TWPF +P 5O[TPC DGHCPF UKEJ UGKV

UGG VJG GNWEKFCVKQP YKVJ *GNKQP FG 8KNNGPGWXG GKPG DGFGWVGPFG ,QJCPPKVGTHGUVWPI OKV ITQ­GT $GUCV\WPI DGNCIGTVG WPF GTQDGTVG 6COGTNCP 6KOWT .GPM FKGUG (GUVWPI WPF VÌVGVG FKG $GUCV\WPI UQYGKV UKG KP UGKPG *·PFG HKGN 0WT YGPKIG 4KVVGT MQPPVGP GPVMQOOGP WPF UKEJ CWH FKG \W UR·V CPIGMQOOGPFG EJTKUVNKEJG (NQVVG TGVVGP 0QVOÒP\GP \GKIGP QHV #PTWHWPIGP FGT IÌVVNKEJGP /CEJV ICP\ ·JPNKEJ YKG KO XQTNKGIGPFGP (CNN 5Q URTKEJV XKGN FCHÒT FKGUG )KINKCVK CNU 0QVOÒP\GP CP\WUGJGP FKG Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT <KVCFGNNG XQP 5O[TPC FWTEJ FKG DGNCIGTVGP ,QJCPPKVGT IGRT·IV YWTFGP

'XGT[VJKPI RQKPVU VQYCTFU VJGUG )KINKCVK DGKPI QDUKFKQPCN EQKPU 6JGTG KU C IQQF TGCUQP HQT VJCV 5KPEG VJG *QURKVCNNGTU JCF JCF C OCLQT HQTVTGUU KP 5O[TPC YJKEJ JGNF C ITGCV PWODGT QH VTQQRU +P 6COGTNCP 6KOWT .GPM NCKF UKGIG VQ VJKU HQTVTGUU ECRVWTKPI KV CPF MKNNKPI CNN VJG VTQQRU VJCV FKF PQV OCPCIG VQ GUECRG 1PN[ C HGY MPKIJVU FKF VJG[ YGPV QWV VQ UGC YJGTG VJG[ YGTG OGV D[ VJG %JTKUVKCP HNGGV YJKEJ JCF PQV OCFG KV KP VKOG 1DUKFKQPCN EQKPU QHVGP FGRKEV KPXQECVKQPU QH FKXKPG RQYGTU CPF UWEJ KU VJG ECUG YKVJ VJG EQKP KP JCPF 6JWU EKTEWOUVCPEGU UWIIGUV VJGUG )KINKCVK EQPUVKVWVG QDUKFKQPCN EQKPU UVTWEM D[ *QURKVCNNGTU DGUKGIGF KP VJG EKVCFGN QH 5O[TPC

#061+0' (.78+#0

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

0QV WPVKN VJG TGKIP QH (NWXKCPʼnU UQP YQWNF VJG CVVCEM QP 4JQFGU DG NCWPEJGF

)KINKCVQ # )TCPFOCUVGT MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH ETQUU UJKGNF CPF ) DGJKPF JKO ( #0610+85 (.88+#0 )4#/ /#56 41&+ 4 1TPCOGPVGF ETQUU 152+6#.+5 5 +1*+5 +4.+0+ &+ 41&+ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N : IT

44 # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG *CWEM #WHJ·WUGT /WPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ )TCPFOCUVGT DGHQTG JKU QYP CTOU WPFGT VJG ETQUU C )

325

CYPRUS

%;2475 %[RTWU YCU UVTCVGIKECNN[ XKVCN CPF DGNQPIGF VQ C PWODGT QH TGCNOU KP VJG EQWTUG QH VKOG %QPUGEWVKXGN[ 4QOCPU $[\CPVKPGU CPF #TCDU YQWNF RNC[ C EGPVTCN TQNG QP VJG KUNCPF 7PFGT 'ORGTQT $CUKNGKQU +

%[RTWU ECOG WPFGT $[\CPVKPG TWNG CPF GXGP YGPV QP VQ DGEQOG C $[\CPVKPG RTQXKPEG

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG 2KUCPU #PVKQEJ #TOGPKC CPF 6TKRQNKU CVVCEMGF VJG KUNCPF $[ XKTVWG QH C VTGCV[ QH YKVJ VJG $[\CPVKPGU VJG 8GPGVKCPU QYPGF UGVVNGOGPVU QP %[RTWU +P +UCCE -QOPGPQU C ENQUG TGNCVKXG QH VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT UGK\GF RQYGT CPF FGENCTGF %[RTWU KPFGRGPFGPV #HVGT JG CUUWOGF TQ[CN FKIPKV[

+P KP VJG EQWTUG QH VJG TF ETWUCFG 4KEJCTF VJG .KQPJGCTVGF VQQM %[RTWU FGHGCVKPI +UCCE -QOPGPQU %[RTWU YQWNF PGXGT DG RCTV QH VJG $[\CPVKPG 'ORKTG CICKP 6JG VTCPUHGT QH %[RTWU VQ VJG 6GORNCTU D[ 4KEJCTF VJG .KQPJGCTVGF OGV YKVJ QRRQUKVKQP *G VJGP PQOKPCVGF )W[ FG .WUKIPCP VJG FGVJTQPGF MKPI QH ,GTWUCNGO CPF EQPHGTTGF UW\GTCKPV[ QXGT %[RTWU VQ 'ORGTQT *GPT[ 8+ YJQ KP VWTP GNGXCVGF VJG DTQVJGT CPF UWEEGUUQT QH )W[ #OCNTKEJ VQ MKPI QH %[RTWU

6JG OCTTKCIG QH #OCNTKEJ VQ +UCDGNNC QH ,GTWUCNGO KP DTQWIJV CDQWV C VGORQTCT[ WPKQP QH VJG ETQYPU QH %[RTWU CPF ,GTWUCNGO 6JGKT UQP *WIQ + YGFFGF #NKEG QH %JCORCIPG CPF VJWU JKU HCOKN[ +DGNKP TQUG VQ RTQOKPGPEG #OCNTKEJ JCF RTGXKQWUN[ DGGP OCTTKGF VQ 'UEJKXC QH +DGNKP

+P KORGTKCN UW\GTCKPV[ YCU CDTQICVGF

#HVGT *WIQ ++ FKGF VJG ETQYP FGXQNXGF VQ *WIQ +++ C UQP QH +UCDGNNC UKUVGT QH *GPTK + CPF *GPTK QH #PVKQEJ C [QWPIGT DTCPEJ QH VJG PQDNG JQWUG QH #PVKQEJ D[ VJG PCOG QH .WUKPCP *G WPKVGF VJG ETQYPU QH %[RTWU CPF ,GTWUCNGO KP *KU ENCKO VQ ,GTWUCNGO YCU EQPVGUVGF D[ %JCTNGU QH #PLQW JQYGXGT VJG UQP QH *WIQ ++ *GPT[ ++ OCPCIGF VQ WPKVG VJG ETQYPU HQT IQQF #HVGT VJG HCNN QH #ETG CPF 6[TG VJG VKVNG QH MKPI QH ,GTWUCNGO YCU OGTGN[ PQOKPCN (COCIWUVC YCU VQ DG VJG ŋUGCVŌ QH VJG -KPIFQO QH ,GTWUCNGO CPF *WIQ JCF JKOUGNH ETQYPGF MKPI QH ,GTWUCNGO KP VJG ECVJGFTCN QH (COCIWUVC

6JG EKXKN YCT HTQO VQ ECWUGF OCP[ KPVGTPCN ETKUGU +P *GPT[ ++ CP GRKNGRVKE YCU FGRQUGF D[ JKU DTQVJGT #OCNTKEJ CPF YCU PQV CDNG VQ TGENCKO MKPIUJKR WPVKN JG OWTFGTGF #OCNTKEJ

+P 2GVGT + EQPSWGTGF VJG RQTV QH #PVCN[C CPF UCEMGF #NGZCPFTKC )GPQGUG OGTEJCPVU EQPVKPWCNN[ JCTCUUGF VJG MKPIFQO CPF VJGKT VTQQRU VQQM (COCIWUVC CPF RCTV QH VJG KUNCPF KP EQPVTQNNKPI KV WPVKN 6JG QEEWRCVKQP EQUV VJG MKPIU C NQV QH OQPG[ CPF C PWODGT QH PQDNGU COQPI VJGO -KPI ,CEQD ++ YGTG JGNF JQUVCIG KP )GPWC

-KPI ,CPWU YCU KP UWEJ HKPCPEKCN UVTCKVU VJCV JG CWVJQTKUGF RTKXCVGGTKPI CICKPUV 'I[RV 6JKU RTQORVGF VJG UWNVCP QH VJG /CONWMU $CTUDCK VQ QTFGT CP GZRGFKVKQP CICKPUV %[RTWU %[RTWU YCU FGHGCVGF CV -JKTQMKVKC CPF VJG /CONWMU YGPV QP VQ VCMG 0KEQUKC #P KPUWTIGPE[ DTQMG QWV 6JG UKVWCVKQP YQWNF QPN[ DG TGUQNXGF D[ RC[KPI VJG UWNVCP C UWDUVCPVKCN VTKDWVG ECWUKPI VJG HKPCPEKCN FGRGPFGPE[ QP 8GPKEG VQ HWTVJGT KPETGCUG

6JG PGZV UVGR VQYCTFU TWKP YCU VCMGP YJGP VJG UWNVCP HCKNGF VQ CEMPQYNGFIG UWEEGUUKQP D[ %JCTNQVVG QH .WUKIPCP ,CPWUʼnU DCUVCTF DTQVJGT VJGP WUWTRGF RQYGT OCTT[KPI VJG PQDNG %CVGTKPC %QTPCTQ YJQ YCU CFQRVGF D[ VJG 4GRWDNKE QH 8GPKEG CU VJGKT ŋFCWIJVGTŌ #HVGT ,CEQD ++ JCF FKGF 8GPKEG RTGXGPVGF VJG OCTTKCIG QH %CVGTKPC VQ CP #TCIQP RTKPEG #HVGT JGT OKPQT UQP ,CEQD +++ DQTP HTQO VJG OCTTKCIG QH ,CEQD ++ VQ %CVJGTKPG JCF FKGF %CVGTKPC UVGRRGF FQYP CPF UWTTGPFGTGF VJG KUNCPF VQ 8GPKEG (GDTWCT[

)7; FG .75+)0#0

&GPKGT %NCUU + # 2QTVCN YKVJ VQYGTU CPF UVCT KP EGPVTG 4': )7+&1 4 %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP VJG UV CPF VJ CPF QPG ETGUEGPV KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU &' %+ Q 241 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8+ IT 4 &CTM RCVKPC UOCNN HNCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

*7)1 +

&GPKGT %NCUU +++ # %TQUU YKVJ QPG ETGUEGPV KP VJG UV CPF VJ CPF QPG UVCT KP VJG PF CPF TF CPINGU Ő *8)1 4': Ő 4 %CUVNG Ő %; Ő 24+ Ő /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT IT (KPG 9KNNGOU $GPPGMQO

326

CYPRUS #/#.4+% &' 6;4

#V VJG VWTP QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ %[RTWU VWTPGF VQ VJG ITQCV 6JG (TGPEJ ITQU VQWTPQKU TGCEJGF 6TKRQNKU HKTUV 6JG %[RTKQV ITQCV YCU C NKVVNG JGCXKGT VJCP VJG ITQU VQWTPQKU +V ECOG KP C YJQNG CPF C JCNH XCTKCPV ECNNGF ITQU ITCPF CPF ITQU RGVKV TGURGEVKXGN[ 6JG ITQCV JCU DGGP TGUGCTEJGF GZVGPUKXGN[ D[ /GVECNH CPF 2KVUKNNKFGU %QTRWU .WUKIPCP %QKPCIG VJG ITQCV KU MPQYP RTKOCTKN[ HTQO VJG 5VCXTQMQPPQW JQCTF

6JG YGKIJV YCU XGT[ UVCDNG IT DWV HTQO UVCTVGF VQ FTQR 1TKIKPCNN[ ITQCVU YGTG UVTWEM KP 0KEQUKC DWV HTQO RTQDCDN[ CNUQ KP (COCIWUVC

6YQ RGTKQFU ECP DG FKUVKPIWKUJGF KP VJG TGKIP QH *GPT[ ++ &WTKPI VJG RGTKQF *GPT[ UVTWEM C ITQCV VJCV JCF C NKQP QP VJG TGXGTUG CPF YCU QH C JKIJGT YGKIJV IT +P VJG RGTKQF CHVGT C NKIJVGT XGTUKQP IT YCU UVTWEM RTGUWOCDN[ KP (COCIWUVC

)TQU # .KQP QH %[RTWU YKVJKP VYQ EKTENGU QH NGIGPF %+24+ )$0#61 ' 4'61 #/#.4+%Å&#x2030; 6+4'05+5 &1/+085 4 5JKGNF QH ,GTWUCNGO CPF .WUKIPCP +4./ '6 %+24+ 4')+ (+.+8 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT IT 44 0KEG VQPKPI UOCNN HNCP QVJGTYKUG IQQF XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN

6[RG YKVJQWV VGPFTKNU

6JKU EQKP YCU UVTWEM KP VJG DTKGH RGTKQF DGVYGGP (GDTWCT[ CPF ,WPG YJKEJ OC[ KPFKECVG VJCV VJG OKPV KP (COCIWUVC YCU VCMGP KPVQ QRGTCVKQP D[ #OCNTKE

5COG V[RG CU 5EJNWODGTIGT ITQCV PF V[RG

/GVECNH 0KEQUKC OKPV!

*'04+ ++

)TQU PF RGTKQFG # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD *'04+ 4'+ &' 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO +'485#. / '& %*+24' /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8+ IT 5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG *WK\KPIC &GNHV

6JG ETQUU RTGEGFKPI VJG *GPTK VGZV KU RCTV QH VJG INQDWU ETWEKIGT

0QVG VJG HQTO QH VJG ETQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO YJKEJ FGXKCVGU HTQO YJCV NKVGTCVWTG UJQYU

/GVECNH JCU VYQ V[RGU NCEMKPI C OKPVOCTM 'CTN[ YKVJ YGKIJV CPF IT CPF NCVGT YKVJ YGKIJV IT 6JKU EQKP NKGU KP VJG OKFFNG HQT PQY YG ENCUUKHKGF KV WPFGT NCVGT

327

CYPRUS *7)1 +8

)TQU # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD $ N KP HKGNF *8)8' 4'+ &' 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO +'4#5#. / '& %*+24' /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8+ IT

&CTM RCVKPC IQQF XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 6JKU EQKP JCU VJG HKGNFOCTM $ YKVJQWV CPPWNGV CDQXG

)TQU RGVKV # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD $ WPFGT ETQUU N KP HKGNF Z *8)8' 4'+ &' 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO +'485#. /'& %*+24 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8+ IT 8GT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 6JKU EQKP JCU VJG HKGNFOCTM $ ETQUUNGV CDQXG

)TQU RGVKV # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD $ N KP HKGNF *8)8' 4'+ 4' 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO +'485#. / '& %*+24 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8+ IT

&CTM RCVKPC TGXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

2'6'4 +

)TQU # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UYQTF CPF QTD UJKGNF T KP HTQPV QH VJTQPG 2+'4' 2#4 .# )4#%' &' &+'8 41+ 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO &' +'485#.'/ ' &' %*+24' /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8+ IT 4 4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG PKEG RCVKPC GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

2GVGT + TGRNCEGU VJG NKU UEGRVTG YKVJ C UYQTF

#V VJG ETQUUÅ&#x2030;U EGPVTG QP VJG TGXGTUG CP Z VJKU KU VJG QPN[ EQKP VJCV HGCVWTGU VJG Z +V TGHGTU VQ VJG OKPV KP (COCIWUVC

UGG /GVECNH R

6JG EQKP KU QH OKPWVG ETCHVOCPUJKR CPF CU UWEJ KU KP C ENCUU QH KVU QYP

/GVECNH JCU CP CPPWNGV QP VJG PGEM

328

CYPRUS

)TQU RGVKV # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UYQTF CPF QTD UJKGNF T KP HTQPV QH VJTQPG Q Q 2+ '4' 41+ Q 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO &' +'48<#.'/ ' &' %*+24' /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8++ IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG 5-# $GTP 6JG VJTQPG KU CNYC[U FGRKEVGF KP RGTURGEVKXG 6JKU KU PQV VJG ECUG JGTG /GVECNH RTQXKFGU VJG UCOG

,1*0 ++

)TQU # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UYQTF CPF QTD +1*#0'5 &'+ )4# 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO +*4./ Ő '6 %+24+ 4': /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8++ IT

44 5OCNN FQWDNG UVTWEM QP VJG TGXGTUG XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN )TQCV HKTUV ITQWR .CVKP YTKVKPI

%*#4.166'

,QJP ++ JCF VYQ FCWIJVGTU QH YJQO QPN[ %JCTNQVVG UWTXKXGF *G JCF C UQP YKVJ C OKUVTGUU /CTKGVVC QH 2CVTCU ECNNGF ,COGU VJG $CUVCTF

+P %JCTNQVVG OCTTKGF ,QJP QH %QKODTC Ŏ CPF KP UJG YCU CEMPQYNGFIGF CU UWEEGUUQT CPF YCU ETQYPGF KP VJG UCOG [GCT ,COGU EQPVGUVGF %JCTNQVVGʼnU UWEEGUUKQP +P %JCTNQVVGʼnU HKCPE¾G .QWKU QH 5CXQ[ CTTKXGF CPF VJG[ OCTTKGF KP VJCV UCOG [GCT 6JGP VJG UWNVCP QH 'I[RV KPVGTXGPGF CPF ,COGU QEEWRKGF VJG TGUV QH VJG KUNCPF CKFGF D[ VJG )GPQGUG +P VJG RQYGT QH .QWKU CPF %JCTNQVVG JCF FYKPFNGF VQ GPEQORCUU LWUV VJG ECUVNG -[TGPKC 5JG HNGF VQ 4JQFGU +VCN[ CPF HKPCNN[ 5CXQKC YJGTG UJG JQRGF VQ HKPF VJG UWRRQTV UJG PGGFGF VQ ENCKO VJG VJTQPG DCEM CICKP +P UJG NQUV VJG UQP DQTP HTQO JGT OCTTKCIG VQ .QWKU 5JG NCVGT CFQRVGF #NHQPU QH #TCIQP *CXKPI UGEWTGF VJG UWRRQTV QH VJG UWNVCP UJG UQWIJV VQ RWV JGT CFQRVGF UQP QP VJG VJTQPG QH %[RTWU CPF CTTCPIG JKU OCTTKCIG VQ CP KNNGIKVKOCVG EJKNF QH ,COGU ++ 8GPKEG QRRQUGF VJKU EQWTUG QH GXGPVU CPF %JCTNQVVG CDCPFQPGF JGT TKIJVU VQ %JCTNGU QH 5CXQ[

$GHQTG %JCTNQVVG UVTWEM EQKP KP JGT QYP PCOG CPF .QWKU YQWNF EQPVKPWG VQ FQ UQ KP JKU PCOG KOOGFKCVGN[ CHVGT +P GCTN[ EQKPCIG UVQRRGF .QWKU OCKPVCKPGF C XQKF ENCKO VQ VJG MKPIFQO WPVKN JG FKGF KP %JCTNQVVG EQPVKPWKPI KV WPVKN UJG FKGF KP

+P VJG RGTKQF ,COGU TGKIPGF CU ,COGU ++

)TQU # %TQYPGF UJKGNF QH ,GTWUCNGO .WUKIPCP %[RTWU CPF #TOGPKC %#4+16# &+ )4# 4')0# 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO +'4858.'/ '& %+24 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 8++ IT 44 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z 5NQEWO EQNNGEVKQP 5QVJGD[ OCCTV 2WTEJCUGF HTQO # , 5GNVOCP CRTKN

329

CYPRUS .17+5 FG 5#81+'

)TQU # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UYQTF CPF QTD .8&18+%85 &' ) 4': 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO +'485#.'/ %+24+ '6 #4/ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT EH R IT

44 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

%#6*#4+0' %140#41

%CVJCTKPG %QTPCTQ HTQO CP KNNWUVTKQWU 8GPGVKCP RCVTKEKCP HCOKN[ YCU GPICIGF VQ ,COGU ++ YJQO UJG PGXGT JCF UGGP +P 8GPKEG UJG YCU EQPUKFGTGF VJG ŋFCWIJVGT QH 5V /CTMŌ DGCTKPI VJG VKVNG ŋ%CVJCTKPG 8GPGVC 3WGGP QH %[RTWUŌ %CVJCTKPG YCU UWRRQUGF VQ FKG EJKNFNGUU CPF EQPHGT JGT %[RTKQVKE VKVNG QP 8GPKEG +P GCTN[ UJG NCPFGF QP %[RTWU EGNGDTCVGF JGT OCTTKCIG KP (COCIWUVC CPF YCU ETQYPGF KP 0KEQUKC ,COGU ++ FKGF KOOGFKCVGN[ CHVGTYCTFU 5JG YCU JQYGXGT CNTGCF[ GZRGEVKPI CPF KP #WIWUV C UQP ,COGU +++ YCU DQTP *G YCU EJTKUVGPGF DWV FKGF DGHQTG JG VWTPGF QPG

+P 0QXGODGT UJG YCU FGRQUGF D[ 0GCRQNKVCP VTQQRU 8GPGVKCP HQTEGU KOOGFKCVGN[ TGUVQTGF VJG UKVWCVKQP [GV VJG[ YGTG PQV CDNG VQ TGUVQTG %CVJCTKPG VQ JGT RTGXKQWU RQYGT 8GPKEG UGPV VYQ EQPUKIJKGTK YJQ YGTG VQ CEV CNQPIUKFG JGT C EQOOCPFGT KP EJKGH QH VJG CTO[ CPF CP QHHKEKCN VQ IQXGTP VJG MKPIFQO CPF %CVJCTKPGʼnU TQNG FKOKPKUJGF VQ C RWTGN[ EGTGOQPKCN CHHCKT

+P (GDTWCT[ QH UJG EQCZGF JGT DTQVJGT )KQTIKQ KPVQ CNNQYKPI JGT VQ YKVJFTCY VQ 8GPKEG CPF FGPQWPEG VJG VJTQPG 5JG YCU IKXGP VJG TGIKQP QH #UQNQ RTQXKPEG 6TGXKUQ CU EQPUQNCVKQP %CVJCTKPG RTQOQVGF VJG CTVU JGTG

)TQU # 3WGGP UGCVGF QP VJTQPG DGVYGGP 5 CPF 2 YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD -#6'4+0# „ 8'0'6# „ 4')+0# 4 %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO +'4858.'/ „ %+24+ „ '6 „ #4/'0+# /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT IT 44 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z 5NQEWO EQNNGEVKQP 5QVJGD[ OCTEJ 2WTEJCUGF HTQO # , 5GNVOCP CRTKN /GVECNH V[RG 5VGYCTV V[RG & %QKPU QH ECTGHWN YQTMOCPUJKR

330

CILICIAN ARMENIA

#5+# /+014 %+.+%+#0 #4/'0+# #V VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG KPHNWGPEG QH VJG $CIFCF ECNKHCVG YCPGF YJGP C HGY KPFGRGPFGPV TWNGTU GOGTIGF KP #TOGPKC 6JG HQTGOQUV F[PCUV[ YCU VJCV QH VJG $CITCVKFU QH #PK YJQ TWNGF QXGT C MKPIFQO HTQO VQ 6JG TWNGTU QH #PK YGTG ETQYPGF CU ŋMKPI QH MKPIUŌ CPF CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ DQVJ VJG ECNKH QH $CIFCF CPF VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT 6JG HGWFCN U[UVGO QDUVTWEVGF HWTVJGT FGXGNQROGPV QH VJGUG XCUUCNU

$[\CPVKWO JGNF VJG ITGCVGT RCTV QH #TOGPKC CPF RWTUWGF C RQNKVKEU QH EQPUVCPVN[ VTCPUHGTTKPI TWNGTU 6JWU VJG #TOGPKCP MKPI 5GPGMGTKQP YCU VTCPUHGTTGF VQ 5GDCUVKC KP +P VJG 5GNLWMU HQTEGF VJG #TOGPKCPU VQ OQXG VQ VJG 6CWTWU OQWPVCKP TCPIG +P VJG 5GNLWMU EQPSWGTGF #TOGPKC CPF YGPV QP VQ VCMG VJG NCTIGT RCTV QH #UKC /KPQT 6JG #TOGPKCPU UWTXKXGF KP VJG OQWPVCKPU QH %KNKEKC YJGTG VJG[ YGTG HTGG QH VJG 5GNLWMU DWV NCEMGF VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH $[\CPVKWO

6JG &CPKUJOGPF VQQM 5GDCUVKC VQFC[ʼnU 5KXCU DTKPIKPI CP GPF VQ VJG 5GPGMGTKO MKPIFQO 6JGP ECOG C EGTVCKP 4QWRGP YJQ ENCKOGF VQ DG C TGNCVKXG QH VJG $CITCVKF MKPI KP #PK 1H VJG OCP[ EQPVGPFGTU VJCV ECOG VQ VJG HQTG QPN[ 4QWRGP OCPCIGF VQ HQWPF C F[PCUV[ 6JG 4QWRGPKCP F[PCUV[ YQWNF TGKIP QXGT %KNKEKC HQT ENQUG VQ [GCTU

4QWRGP EQPUQNKFCVGF JKU RQUKVKQP YJKEJ JG YCU QPN[ CDNG VQ FQ DGECWUG DQVJ VJG 5GNLWMU CPF VJG $[\CPVKPGU YGTG GPICIGF KP FGCNKPI YKVJ OCVVGTU QP VJGKT TGURGEVKXG JQOGHTQPVU

&WTKPI VJG TGKIP QH JKU UQP )QUFCPVKP VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG RCUUGF VJTQWIJ VJG EQWPVT[ CPF VJG #TOGPKCPU CKFGF VJG ETWUCFGTU

6QTQU + VQQM VGTTKVQTKGU HTQO $[\CPVKWO CPF UWEEGUUHWNN[ FGHGPFGF VJG EQWPVT[ CICKPUV VJG 5GNLWMU 6QTQU JGNRGF $CNFYKP ++ QH 'FGUUC CICKPUV VJG GOKT QH /QUQGN ,QUEGNKP FG %QWTVGPC[ YJQ UWEEGGFGF $CNFYKP YCU C DTQVJGT KP NCY QH 6QTQU 6QTQU YCU CNUQ HQTEGF VQ VCMG WR CTOU CICKPUV 6CPETGF YJQ YCPVGF VQ HQWPF C 0QTOCPPKE MKPIFQO KP %KNKEKC

6JG DTQVJGT QH 6QTQU .GXQP + GZRCPFGF VJG VGTTKVQT[ VQ VJG /GFKVGTTCPGCP DWV HGNN HQWN QH $QJGOQPF ++ QH #PVKQEJ $QJGOQPF VJGP GPNKUVGF VJG CKF QH 4C[OQPF FGHGCVGF .GXQP DWV UGV JKO HTGG KP TGVWTP HQT VYQ EKVKGU

6JG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT ,QJP -QOPGPQU VJQWIJV QH %KNKEKC CPF 0QTVJ 5[TKC CU $[\CPVKPG VGTTKVQT[ CPF OCTEJGF QP VJGO KP .GXQP NQUV CPF VQIGVJGT YKVJ JKU YKHG CPF VYQ UQPU 4QWRGP CPF 6QTQU JG YCU FGRQTVGF VQ %QPUVCPVKPQRNG YJGTG JG FKGF *KU UQP 4QWRGP YCU OWTFGTGF D[ VJG $[\CPVKPGU DWV JKU QVJGT UQP 6QTQU GUECRGF #HVGT CP CDUGPEG QH [GCTU 6QTQU ++ TGVWTPGF VQ %KNKEKC CPF DGECOG OCUVGT

$[\CPVKWO WPFGTVQQM QPG NCUV CVVGORV VQ EQPSWGT %KNKEKC CNNKGF YKVJ UWNVCP /CUʼnFW QH -QP[C DWV VQ PQ CXCKN 6QTQU JCF WPKVGF YKVJ VJG 6GORNCTU 6JGP VJG $[\CPVKPGU RTQOKUGF C ITGCV UWO QH OQPG[ VQ 4CKPCNF QH %JCVKNNQP RTKPEG QH #PVKQEJ KH JG CVVCEMGF 6QTQU *G FGEKFGF CICKPUV KV DGECWUG VJG $[\CPVKPGU FKF PQV RC[ VJG OQPG[ 6QTQU CPF 4CKPCNF VJGP CNNKGF CPF RNWPFGTGF %[RTWU

6QTQU JCF C [QWPI UQP /NGJ KP VJG EWUVQF[ QH $CKN 6JQOCU CUUKUVGF D[ 0WT CN &KP HTQO #NGRRQ *G HGNN VQ GPTKEJKPI JKOUGNH CPF YCU OWTFGTGF

6JGTGWRQP 4QWRGP ++ YCU EJQUGP 5VGRJCPʼnU UQP *G RWV CP GPF VQ VJG UW\GTCKPV[ QH $[\CPVKWO *KU FGEKUKQP VQ YKVJFTCY VQ C OQPCUVGT[ DTQWIJV VQ RQYGT JKU DTQVJGT .GXQP ++

.'810 ++ +

.GXQP ++ YCU VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV OGODGT QH VJG 4QWRGPKCP F[PCUV[ CPF JG TWNGF C NCTIG CPF KPHNWGPVKCN EQWPVT[ *G YCU RTKPEG DWV EQXGVGF VJG VKVNG QH MKPI YJKEJ YCU RTQOKUGF VQ JKO D[ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC KP TGVWTP HQT JKU CKF FWTKPI VJG TF ETWUCFG 0GGFNGUU VQ UC[ .GXQP YCU XGT[ FKUVTGUUGF YJGP JG NGCTPV QH VJG GORGTQTʼnU FTQYPKPI

(TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUCʼn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

.GXQP YCIGF YCT KP #PVKQEJ CPF OCPCIGF VQ KPUVCNN JKU ITCPFEQWUKP 4C[OQPF 4QWRGP CU RTKPEG QH #PVKQEJ KP *KU NCUV HGY [GCTU UCY OWEJ EQPHNKEV YKVJ 5WNVCP -CKMCWU QH -QP[C .GXQP YCU HQTEGF VQ CITGG VQ C RGCEG VTGCV[ YKVJ VJG UWNVCP QP VJG NCVVGTʼnU VGTOU GPVKTGN[ 331

CILICIAN ARMENIA

&QWDNG 6TCO # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF NKU .'810 KU -+0) 1( #.. 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 %TQYPGF NKQP N YKVJ RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU $; 6*' 219'4 1( )1& JG KU VJG MKPI $GFQWMKCP IT 4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

$4'& 2CTKU

/GVECNH 0 % /C[ R CPF ,WPG R FKUVKPIWKUJGU V[RGU QH FQWDNG VTCOU UVTWEM D[ .GXQP $GFQWMKCP 0WO %JTQP R JCF CPCN[UGF GXGT[ V[RG MPQYP WR VQ VJGP 6JKU EQKP YCU RWDNKUJGF KP 0 % R +V KU QH VJG PF RJCUG /GVECNH UV[NG +++ 6JGTG KU C URGEKOGP KP VJG #UJOQNGCP /WUGWO UGG /GVECNH YJKEJ KU C FKG FWRNKECVG QH VJG QDXGTUG QH VJKU EQKP PQ +V EQTTGURQPFU YKVJ $GFQWMKCP 6JG EQKP KP JCPF UJQYU VJG EQODKPCVKQP

6JG YQTF HQT MKPI KU WUWCNN[ CDDTGXKCVGF VQ VMT VCMCXQT + DGNKGXG VJKU EQKP URGNNU QWV VJG YQTF YJKEJ KU TGOCTMCDNG CEEQTFKPI VQ /GVECNH

*CNH &QWDNG 6TCO # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF NKU .'810 -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 %TQYPGF NKQP N YKVJ RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU $; 6*' 9+.. 1( )1& $GFQWMKCP IT %QTTQFGF HNCP CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

$4'& 2CTKU

%QTQPCVKQP 6TCO # -KPI MPGGNKPI KP HTQPV QH %JTKUV DKTF EQOKPI QWV QH ENQWFU DGVYGGP VJGO WPFGT VJGO ,GUWU CPF 7 )QF 4 6YQ NKQPU DCEM VQ DCEM ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO VJTGG RGNNGVU WPFGT VJGO $GFQWMKCP XCT IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

1P VJG TGXGTUG QH $GFQWMKCP VJG NGI QH VJG ETQUU JCU PQ FQV

6JGTG KU PQ EGTVCKPV[ CU VQ YJGVJGT VJG VYQ QDXGTUG U[ODQNU CTG VQ DG KPVGTRTGVGF CU ,GUWU CPF )QF VJG[ OC[ CNUQ DG UKORNG HKGNF U[ODQNU

6JG EQTQPCVKQP VTCOU YGTG RTQDCDN[ CNN UVTWEM KP 6JG HKTUV V[RGU UVKNN UJQY C UKPING NKQP VJG NCVGT QPGU JCXG C FQWDNG NKQP C OQVKH VJCV YQWNF DG MGRV QP

332

CILICIAN ARMENIA

6JKU V[RG KU CNYC[U TGHGTTGF VQ CU ŋEQTQPCVKQP VTCOŌ 6JG MPGGNKPI MKPI JCU JQYGXGT CNTGCF[ DGGP ETQYPGF CPF JG KU RQTVTC[GF MPGGNKPI DGHQTG %JTKUV +U VJKU PQV C FGRKEVKQP QH YJCV VQQM RNCEG CHVGT VJG EQTQPCVKQP YJGP .GXQP UWDOKVVGF VQ %JTKUV!

6JG DKTF VJCV KU FGUEGPFKPI QHVGP HTQO C JCPF KU CNUQ UGGP QP OKPKCVWTGU 5GG HQT KPUVCPEG VJG DCRVKUO QH %JTKUV KP VJG IQURGN DQQM QH 'EJOKCF\KP HTQO YJGTG C FQXG KU FGRKEVGF 6JG HQTO QH VJG DKTF QP VJKU EQKP JQYGXGT TCKUGU UQOG FQWDV CU VQ KV DGKPI C FQXG

6JG JGCF QH %JTKUV UJQYU ITGCV TGUGODNCPEG VQ VJG ETWUCFGTU QH VJCV CIG

6TCO # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF NKU UVCT N KP HKGNF 4 6YQ NKQPU DCEM VQ DCEM ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO $GFQWMKCP IT 4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG IQQF XGT[ HKPG 0-4 6JKU VTCO KU JGCXKGT VJCP VJG JCNH FQWDNG VTCO

6TCO # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ ETQUU CPF NKU 4 6YQ NKQPU DCEM VQ DCEM RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO $GFQWMKCP IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

$QPXCNNGV 2CTKU

6JG DQFKGU QH VJG NKQPU CTG JGCXKN[ DGPV PQY + DGNKGXG VJKU URGEKOGP YKVJ VJG JGCXKN[ DGPV DQFKGU EQOGU TKIJV CHVGT VJCV YKVJ VJG PGCTN[ UVTCKIJV DQFKGU

333

CILICIAN ARMENIA

6CPM 5KU # %TQYPGF JGCF QH C NKQP UGXGP RGNNGVU QP ETQYP .'810 -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT 0KEG FCTM RCVKPC CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6JKU KU PQV VJG UCOG JGCF CU VJCV QP VJG EQKPU QH 5KEKN[ UGG PQU CPF YJKEJ UJQY TGCN NKQPÅ&#x2030;U JGCFU +V UGGOU .GXQP ECOG WR YKVJ CP QTKIKPCN FGUKIP JGTG

6CPM 5KU # %TQYPGF JGCF QH C NKQP UKZ RGNNGVU QP ETQYP .'810 -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT 4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6CPM 5KU # %TQYPGF JGCF QH C NKQP UKZ RGNNGVU QP ETQYP .'810 -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 0-4

334

CILICIAN ARMENIA .GXQP JCF LWUV QPG FCWIJVGT <CDGN [GCTU QH CIG # UWEEGUUKQPCN YCT DTQMG NQQUG ,GCP FG $TKGPPG

VJG #TOGPKCPU YCTPGF VJG RQRG VJCV ,GCP QH $TKGPPG YCU KPVGTHGTKPI KP %KNKEKCP CHHCKTU CPF 4C[OWPF 4QWRGP FGHGCVGF KP D[ %QPUVCDNG )QUFCPVKP

)QUFCPVKP QHHGTGF VJG VJTQPG VQ $QJGOQPF +8 QH #PVKQEJ VQ EQWPVGTDCNCPEG VJG 5WNVCP -CKMQDCF QH -QP[C 2JKNKR VJG UQP QH $QJGOQPF +8 QH #PVKQEJ YJQ YCU YGFFGF VQ <CDGN YCPVGF VQ LQKP VJG #TOGPKCP EJWTEJ DWV QPN[ VYQ [GCTU CHVGT JG JCF OCTTKGF <CDGN JG PQOKPCVGF .CVKP IQXGTPGTU CPF UGPV VJG TQ[CN VTGCUWTGU VQ JKU HCVJGT KP #PVKQEJ 2JKNKR YCU VCMGP RTKUQPGT KP DWV JKU HCVJGT TGHWUGF VQ TGVWTP VJG VTGCUWTGU 2JKNKR JCF DGGP MKPI HQT VJTGG [GCTU

)QUFCPVKP PQY YCU VJG TGCN TWNGT CICKP *G YCU HTQO VJG JQWUG QH *GVJWOKF VJG UGEQPF OQUV KORQTVCPV HCOKN[ CHVGT VJG 4QWRGPKCPU *G TGEGKXGF VJG UWRRQTV QH VJG %CVJQNKEQU YJKEJ JG PGGFGF VQ CTTCPIG VJG YGFFKPI QH JKU UQP *GVQWO VQ <CDGN )QUFCPVKP OCFG RGCEG YKVJ VJG UWTTQWPFKPI EQWPVTKGU CPF

RTQOKUGF VJG UWNVCP KP -QP[C VQ UVTKMG DKNKPIWCN EQKPU RWTUWCPV VQ .GXQPʼnU CITGGOGPV YKVJ VJG UWNVCP 6JG UWEEGUUKQP QH .GXQP + VJWU KU CU HQNNQYU <CDGN 2JKNKR )QUFCPVKP

CPF *GVQWO

*'617/ +

6JG CNNKCPEG *GVQWO JCF HQTIGF YKVJ VJG /QPIQNKCPU RTQVGEVGF JKO CICKPUV VJG 5GNLWMU CPF VJG /CONWMU HTQO 'I[RV 9JGP -JCP )W[WM FKGF *GVQWO VTCXGNNGF VQ -CTCMQTWO UGGMKPI CP CWFKGPEG YKVJ VJG PGY MJCICP /ÌPIMG *G YCU RTQOKUGF UWRRQTV

+P VJG UWNVCP QH VJG /CONWMU $CKDCT EQPSWGTGF OCP[ ETWUCFGT EKVKGU CPF VJTGCVGPGF VQ VCMG %KNKEKC 6JG /CONWMU MKNNGF QPG QH *GVQWOʼnU UQPU 6QTQU CPF VQQM VJG QVJGT .GXQP ECRVKXG 6JG /CONWMU DWTPV OCP[ EKVKGU COQPI VJGO #[CU #FCPC 6CTUWU CPF 5KU %KNKEKC PGXGT TGCNN[ TGEQXGTGF HTQO VJKU FKUCUVTQWU VWTP QH GXGPVU .GXQP YCU TGNGCUGF KP TGVWTP HQT RTKUQPGTU CPF *GVQWO UGSWGUVGTGF JKOUGNH KP C OQPCUVGT[ .GXQP UWEEGGFGF

$KNKPIWCN 6TCO ;GCT # * # /QWPVGF MKPI T YKVJ UEGRVTG DGVYGGP ETQUU CPF ETGUEGPV 4 #TCDKCP NGIGPF YKVJ NKU $GFQWMKCP IT (TQO UNKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF FKGU XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI 'Z $GFQWMKCP EQNNGEVKQP *'617/ + -#+-*754'9

6TCO # %TQYPGF NKQP T YKVJ ETQUU *'617/ -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 -KPI *GVQWO CPF 3WGGP <CDGN UVCPFKPI JQNFKPI ETQUU UVCT QP UVCHH $; 6*' 9+.. 1( )1& $GFQWMKCP C IT #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

+ O Q VJG VYQ NCUV NGVVGTU CTG OKUUKPI HTQO VJG QDXGTUG VGZV

6TCO # %TQYPGF NKQP T YKVJ ETQUU *'617/ -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 -KPI *GVQWO CPF 3WGGP <CDGN UVCPFKPI JQNFKPI ETQUU $; 6*' 9+.. 1( )1& $GFQWMKCP IT 8GT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN

335

CILICIAN ARMENIA

*CNH 6TCO # %TQYPGF NKQP T YKVJ ETQUU *'617/ -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 -KPI *GVQWO CPF 3WGGP <CDGN UVCPFKPI JQNFKPI ETQUU UVCT QP UVCHH $; 6*' 9+.. 1( )1& $GFQWMKCP IT 4 'FIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6CPM 5KU # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD UVCT N KP HKGNF *'617/ -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG UVCT KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG RGNNGV CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT 5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6CPM 5KU # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD UVCT N KP HKGNF *'617/ -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG UVCT KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG RGNNGV CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP XCT IT 4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

+H GXGT[ GZVTGOKV[ QH VJG ETQUU JCU C FQV VJGTG KU C ETQUU KP GXGT[ CPING KP $GF (QT VJG EQKP KP JCPF VJKU OC[ DG FQWDVGF VJGTG KU C ENGCT FQV KP QPG QH VJG EQTPGTU

-CTFG\ 5KU 6[RG # # /QWPVGF MKPI T YKVJ UEGRVTG UVCT N KP HKGNF *'617/ -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG UVCT KP GCEJ CPING 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT 5ETCVEJ CV VJG GFIG ENGCPGF XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

336

CILICIAN ARMENIA

-CTFG\ 5KU 6[RG $ # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF QTD *'617/ -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG YGFIG KP GCEJ CPING 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP TGXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 6JG VJTQPG KU C NKQPÅ&#x2030;U VJTQPG DWV VJG JGCFU QH VJG NKQPU CTG DCTGN[ TGEQIPKUCDNG

.'810 ++

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

6TCO 5KU # /QWPVGF MKPI T YKVJ RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU .'810 -+0) 1( #.. 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 .KQP N YKVJ RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP C IT

8GT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

*CNH 6TCO 5KU # /QWPVGF MKPI T YKVJ RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU UVCT QT 6 ! T KP HKGNF .'810 -+0) 1( #.. 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 .KQP N YKVJ RCVTKCTEJCN ETQUU 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP ! IT 5OCNN CPF KTTGIWNCT HNCP CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

$4'& 2CTKU

337

CILICIAN ARMENIA #HVGT .GXQP ++ JCF FKGF C RGTKQF QH VWTOQKN HQNNQYGF .GXQP JCF JCF EJKNFTGP QH YJKEJ YGTG CNKXG CV VJG VKOG QH JKU FGCVJ *KU FCWIJVGT <CDGN YGFFGF C DTQVJGT QH VJG MKPI QH %[RTWU CPF 4KVC YCU OCTTKGF QHH VQ 'ORGTQT /KEJCGN QH $[\CPVKWO

6JG HQWT UQPU DCVVNGF HQT RQYGT +PKVKCNN[ KV HGNN VQ VJG QNFGUV UQP *GVQWO *G RTGHGTTGF OQPCUVKE NKHG JQYGXGT CPF YGPV KPVQ C EQPXGPV CHVGT C HQWT [GCT TGKIP 6JG UGEQPF UQP 6QTQU VJGP VQQM EJCTIG DWV JG YCU PGXGT ETQYPGF PQT CTG VJGTG CP[ MPQYP EQKPU QH JKO

+P *GVQWO CPF 6QTQU VTCXGNNGF VQ %QPUVCPVKPQRNG VQ CVVGPF VJG YGFFKPI QH VJGKT UKUVGT 4KVC CPF /KEJCGN )QXGTPCPEG QXGT %KNKEKC YCU HQT VJG VKOG DGKPI RNCEGF KP VJG JCPFU QH VJG VJKTF DTQVJGT 5ORCF 6Q CUUGTV JKU ENCKO VQ VJG VJTQPG 5ORCF UQWIJV CWFKGPEG YKVJ VJG +NMJCP )JC\CP CPF TGEGKXGF JKU UWRRQTV

+P *GVQWO CPF 6QTQU TGVWTPGF HTQO VJG YGFFKPI 5ORCF KOOGFKCVGN[ JCF VJGO NQEMGF CYC[ 6QTQU YCU MKNNGF CPF *GVQWO YCU RCTVKCNN[ DNKPFGF 6JG HQWTVJ DTQVJGT )QUFCPVKP FKF PQV CRRTQXG *G QEEWRKGF VJG EKV[ 5KU JCF 5ORCF VCMGP ECRVKXG CPF HTGGF JKU DTQVJGT *GVQWO 6JG NCVVGT CEEGRVGF VJCV )QUFCPVKP YCU VJGP RWV KP EJCTIG QH VJG EQWPVT[

$GHQTG NQPI *GVQWOÅ&#x2030;U XKUKQP TGVWTPGF CPF JG YCPVGF VQ TWNG JKOUGNH CICKP )QUFCPVKP JQYGXGT YQWNF PQV UWTTGPFGT RQYGT CPF CHVGT JCXKPI TGNGCUGF 5ORCF JG RNQVVGF YKVJ JKU GNFGT DTQVJGT JQY VQ GNKOKPCVG *GVQWO 6JG NCVVGT JCF OGCPYJKNG UGEWTGF VJG CKF QH VJG 6GORNCTU CPF VJG *QURKVCNNGTU CPF FGHGCVGF JKU VYQ TGDGNNKQWU DTQVJGTU CPF UGPV VJGO VQ %QPUVCPVKPQRNG YJGTG VJG[ YQWNF UVC[ WPVKN VJGKT FGCVJ *GVQWOÅ&#x2030;U TGKIP YQWNF NCUV HQT CPQVJGT [GCTU

*'617/ ++

6JG +NMJCP )JC\CP JCF EQPXGTVGF VQ +UNCO KP VJG OGCPVKOG *G VQQM WR CTOU CICKPUV VJG /CONWMU YJQ JCF UGK\GF EQPVTQN QH 5[TKC KP VJGTGD[ IWCTCPVGGKPI VJG DQTFGTU QH %KNKEKC CPF CNNQYKPI *GVQWO VQ NGCXG JKU EQWPVT[ VQ JKU UWEEGUUQT .GXQP +++ YKVJQWV DGKPI VQQ EQPEGTPGF CDQWV KVU HWVWTG *G JKOUGNH EJQUG DCEM JKU QNF OQPCUVKE NKHG

-CTFG\ 5KU # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI *'617/ -+0) 1( 6*' #4/ 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CPF VYQ NGCHU 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT

6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU CPF C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

#EEQTFKPI VQ $GFQWMKCP VJG CPINGU WPFGT VJG TGXGTUG ETQUU UJQWNF JCXG ETGUEGPV OQQPU KP VJGO 0QVJKPI QH VJG MKPF JGTG OWEJ OQTG QH C FQV

338

-CTFG\ 5KU # %TQYPGF JGCF HCEKPI *'617/ -+0) 1( 6*' #4/ 4 2CVTKCTEJCN ETQUU QP CPEJQT QTPCOGPV 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT

7PEGPVGTGF TGXGTUG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI 6JG HCEG JGTG KU HCT OQTG FGVCKNGF VJCP QP PQ $GFQWMKCP KPFKECVGU VJCV VJGTG UJQWNF DG C UVCT QP GKVJGT UKFG QH VJG JGCF 0QV XKUKDNG JGTG

CILICIAN ARMENIA 5/2#&

-CTFG\ 5KU # /QWPVGF MKPI T YKVJ ETQUU 5/2#& -+0) 1( 6*' #4/ 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG NKU QT FQXG KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG RGNNGV CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

$GFQWMKCP MPQYU QH GKVJGT C NKU QT C FQXG KP VJG CPINGU QH VJG ETQUU *GTG KV CRRGCTU VQ DG VJG NKU DWV QP VJG QVJGT JCPF EQORCTGF VQ VJG ŋEQTQPCVKQP VTCOŌ QH .GXQP + KV EQWNF CNUQ DG C FQXG

-CTFG\ 5KU # /QWPVGF MKPI T YKVJ ETQUU 5/2#& -+0) 1( 6*' #4/ 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG NKU QT FQXG KP GCEJ CPING CPF QPG RGNNGV CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI *GTG KV OWEJ OQTG TGUGODNGU C FQXG

)15&#06+0 +

-CTFG\ 5KU # -KPI UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ UYQTF CPF ETQUU )15&#06+0 -+0) 1( 6*' #4/ 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV CV VJG GPF QH VJG JQTK\QPVCN CTOU CPF QPG YGFIG KP GCEJ CPING 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT 44 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

.'810 +++

.GXQP +++ YCU VJG UQP QH 6QTQU *G JCF DGGP EQ TGIGPV HTQO VQ CNN KPVGPVU CPF RWTRQUGU *KU EQTQPCVKQP VQQM RNCEG QP ,WN[ DWV VJG #TOGPKCPU JCF CNTGCF[ CEMPQYNGFIGF JKO GHHGEVKXGN[ KP

KP C OCPWUETKRV HTQO JG YCU CNTGCF[ OGPVKQPGF CU MKPI #EEQTFKPIN[ JKU EQKPCIG URCPU VJG RGTKQF

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

6CMXQTKP 5KU # /QWPVGF MKPI T YKVJ NKU VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF .'810 -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 .KQP T YKVJ ETQUU RGNNGV DGJKPF JKO 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP IT 8GT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

6JG UV[NG QH VJG PGY NKQP KU CNVQIGVJGT FKHHGTGPV HTQO VJG QNF QPG 6JG CPKOCN UJQYP TGUGODNGU UQOGVJKPI DGVYGGP C NKQP CPF C JQTUG

339

CILICIAN ARMENIA 15*+0

1UJKP YCU VJG DTQVJGT QH .GXQP +++ *G KOOGFKCVGN[ FTQXG CYC[ VJG /QPIQNKCP IGPGTCN 1UJKP RTQENCKOGF JKOUGNH MKPI CPF YCU ETQYPGF KP VJG 5V 5QRJKC ECVJGFTCN KP 6CTUWU

*G JCF VQ FGCN YKVJ VJG EQPVTQXGTU[ DGVYGGP VJG #TOGPKCP %JWTEJ CPF VJCV QH 4QOG KP RCTVKEWNCT *G CNYC[U OCPCIGF VQ HKPF C EQORTQOKUG UCVKUHCEVQT[ VQ DQVJ RCTVKGU

;GV JG VQQ YCU EQPHTQPVGF D[ /CONWM CVVCEMU 'XGPVWCNN[ JG UWEEGGFGF KP FTKXKPI VJG /CONWMU DCEM C XKEVQT[ VJCV JG JKOUGNH JQYGXGT YQWNF PQV NKXG VQ UGG JG FKGF QP LWN[

%QTQPCVKQP 6TCO 5KU # -KPI UGCVGF QP VJTQPG YKVJ NKU CPF QTD DNGUUKPI JCPF T CDQXG 15*+0 -+0) 1( 6*' #4/'0+#05 4 6YQ NKQPU YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO CPF QXGT . 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 5+5 $GFQWMKCP XCT IT 0KEG VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG $QPXCNNGV 2CTKU

6JG NKQPU QP VJG NKQPʼnU VJTQPG JCXG DGGP TGPFGTGF RCTVKEWNCTN[ ENGCT $GFQWMKCP RTQXKFGU C HGY PWODGTU JQYGXGT PQPG QH VJGUG UJQYU VJG RGEWNKCT ETQUUGU DGVYGGP VJG NKQPU

1UJKP JCF QPN[ QPG UQP .GXQP +8 [GCTU QNF CV VJG VKOG *G VQQ YCU JCTCUUGF D[ VJG /CONWMU CPF HKPCNN[ CITGGF VQ C RGCEG VJCV EQORGNNGF JKO VQ RC[ C [GCTN[ UWO QH VCMXQTKPU

.GXQP +8 OCTTKGF C FCWIJVGT QH 'ORGTQT (TGFGTKEM ++ YJKEJ ECWUGF JKO VQ DGEQOG HQEWUUGF QP VJG 9GUV OWEJ VQ VJG CPPQ[CPEG QH #N 0CUKT YJQ XKQNCVKPI VJG CITGGOGPV KPXCFGF %KNKEKC # PGY RGCEG GPUWGF KP YJKEJ .GXQP JCF VQ UWTTGPFGT OCLQT RCTVU QH VJG VGTTKVQT[ COQPI VJGO VJG KORQTVCPV RQTV QH #[CU 6JKU RGCEG QH ECP KP HCEV DG EQPUKFGTGF VJG GPF QH VJG #TOGPKCP MKPIFQO .GXQP YCU MKNNGF QP #WIWUV

.GXQP NGHV PQ JGKTU CPF VJWU VJG 4QWRGPKF *QWUG QH *GVQWO GPFGF $GHQTG JG FKGF .GXQP JCF FGUKIPCVGF )W[ .WUKIPCP UQP QH JKU CWPV +UCDGN YKHG QH #OCWT[ FG .WUKIPCP CU JKU UWEEGUUQT #V VJG OQOGPV QH .GXQPʼnU FGCVJ )W[ YCU KP %QPUVCPVKPQRNG UQ VJCV JKU DTQVJGT ,QJP CEVGF QP JKU DGJCNH )W[ YCU ETQYPGF KP 1EVQDGT CPF JKU PCOG HQT VJG #TOGPKCPU YQWNF JGPEGHQTVJ DG )QUFCPVKP ++ *KU NQXG HQT JKU PGY RGQRNG JCF PQV RCTVKEWNCTN[ DGGP FGGRGPGF D[ VJG HCEV VJCV JKU OQVJGT CPF VYQ DTQVJGTU JCF DGGP MKNNGF WPFGT .GXQP +8 *G EQPUGSWGPVN[ UWTTQWPFGF JKOUGNH YKVJ C (TGPEJ URGCMKPI TGVKPWG CPF YCU QWVURQMGP CDQWV JKU RTGHGTGPEG QH VJG %JWTEJ QH 4QOG *KU RGQRNG TGSWKVVGF JKU NCEM QH HQPFPGUU HQT VJGO *G JCF PQV DGGP EJQUGP CPF OCP[ HGNV VJCV VJG EQWPVT[ VJTGCVGPGF VQ NQQUG KVU KFGPVKV[

K G VJG #TOGPKCP 0CVKQPCN %JWTEJ *QY FKHHKEWNV VJKPIU TGCNN[ YGTG KU TGHNGEVGF D[ JKU EQKPU VJG[ DGCT VJG (TGPEJ PCOG )W[ CPF PQV VJG #TOGPKCP )QUFCPVKP +P VJG GPF JG YCU MKNNGF VQIGVJGT YKVJ JKU

DTQVJGT CPF JKU VJTGG JWPFTGF UQNFKGTU #TOGPKCP PQDKNKV[ VJGP EJQUG )QUFCPVKP +++ VJG QNFGUV UQP QH $CNFYKPʼnU .QTF QH 0GIJKT *G UQWIJV VQ UGVVNG VJG EQWPVT[ʼnU CEEQWPVU YKVJ VJG RCUV UGXGTKPI CNN VKGU YKVJ VJG JQWUGU QH *GVQWO CPF .WUKIPCP *G JCF VJG YKHG CPF EJKNFTGP QH )W[ʼn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ʼnU FGCVJ KP C EGTVCKP .GXQP ECOG HQTYCTF VJCV YG MPQY PGCT VQ PQVJKPI CDQWV *G KU WUWCNN[ TGHGTTGF VQ CU ŋ.GXQP VJG 7UWTRGTŌ JG JGNF VJG VJTQPG HQT VYQ [GCTU 9J[ VJKU .GXQP CDFKECVGF CPF CNNQYGF VJG UQP QH *GVQWO QH 0GIJKT VQ DG ETQYPGF MKPI QH %KNKEKC WPFGT VJG PCOG QH )QUFCPVKP +8 KU WPENGCT 340

CILICIAN ARMENIA )15&#06+0 +8

)QUFCPVKP +8 YCU CP GZVTGOGN[ YGCM TWNGT 6QIGVJGT YKVJ 2GVGT + QH %[RTWU JG VTKGF VQ YKP DCEM VJG RQTV QH #[CU DWV JG HCKNGF 6JG #TOGPKCPU VJGP FGENCTGF VJGOUGNXGU YKNNKPI VQ CEEGRV 2GVGT CU MKPI JQRKPI HQT OKNKVCT[ CKF 2GVGT RTGRCTGF VQ ETQUU VQ %KNKEKC DWV YCU MKNNGF DGHQTG JG NGHV QP ,WN[ )QUFCPVKPÅ&#x2030;U FQOKPKQP JCF D[ VJGP FYKPFNGF VQ C PCTTQY EQCUVCN UVTGVEJ CTQWPF 5KU CPF #PC\CTRWU 6JG EKV[ QH 5KU KVUGNH YCU CNUQ NQUV VQ VJG GOKT QH #NGRRQ JG QPN[ OCPCIGF VQ TGVCKP VJG EKVCFGN

6JG QPN[ YC[ QWV YCU VQ LQKP %[RTWU CPF VJG 9GUV CPF VQ HKPF C UWKVCDNG UWEEGUUQT HQT VJG VJTQPG QH %KNKEKC # FGNGICVKQP VTCXGNNGF VQ .GQ VQ CUM JKO KH JG YCU YKNNKPI VQ UWEEGGF DWV JG TGLGEVGF 7RQP VJG TGVWTP QH VJG FGNGICVKQP )QUFCPVKP +8 YCU CUUCUUKPCVGF #RTKN CPF JKU YKFQY DGECOG TGIGPVGUU # UGEQPF FGNGICVKQP CUMGF HQT 2GVGTÅ&#x2030;U CRRTQXCN VQ VJG UWEEGUUKQP VQ VJG %KNKEKCP VJTQPG D[ .GQ 2GVGT EQXGVKPI VJG VJTQPG JKOUGNH TGHWUGF #V VJCV UCOG OQOGPV VJG )GPQGUG CUUCWNVGF %[RTWU MKNNKPI 2GVGT CPF VCMKPI ECRVKXG .GQ #HVGT C TCPUQO YCU RC[GF .GQ TGEGKXGF RGTOKUUKQP VQ UCKN VQ VJG %KNKEKCP HQTVTGUU )QTKIQU JG UVKNN JGNF RQUUGUUKQP QH %[RTWU YJKEJ JG TGCEJGF QP #RTKN (TQO VJGTG JG VQQM C VKP[ CTO[ VQ 5KU YJKEJ JG TGCEJGF QP ,WN[ *G YCU JCKNGF CU VJG PGY MKPI QH %KNKEKC *KU EQTQPCVKQP CU .GXQP 8 VQQM RNCEG QP 5GRVGODGT EQPFWEVGF D[ C .CVKP DKUJQR CPF VJG %CVJQNKEQU EQPUGEWVKXGN[

6CMXQTKP 6CTUWU # /QWPVGF MKPI T YKVJ ETQUU )15&#06+0 -+0) 4 .KQP T YKVJ ETQUU 5647%- +0 6*' %+6; 1( 6#4575 $GFQWMKCP IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN 6JG TGXGTUG NKQP NQQMU C NQV NKMG C JQTUG

.'810 8

.GXQP 8 YCU C ECVJQNKE MKPI YJKEJ YCU PQV OWEJ VQ VJG NKMKPI QH VJG 0CVKQPCNKUVU 6JG[ RTGHGTTGF VJG UWNVCP QH 'I[RV CPF YTQVG C NGVVGT VQ #UJQV CP #TOGPKCP RTKPEG CPF C EQWUKP QH )QUFCPVKP +8 TGSWGUVKPI VJCV JG CTTCPIG C OGGVKPI YKVJ VJG UWNVCP QH 'I[RV 6JG UWNVCP UGPV CP CTO[ CPF ECRVWTGF 5KU #V HKTUV .GXQP KP VJG EKVCFGN YCU FGVGTOKPGF VQ HKIJV QP WPVKN VJG GPF DWV VJGP JCF VQ CEMPQYNGFIG VJCV JKU EJCPEGU QH YKPPKPI YGTG UOCNN CPF UWTTGPFGTGF *G JKU YKHG CPF PQDNGU YGTG ITCPVGF UCHG RCUUCIG VQ %CKTQ 6JG VTCPUHGT VQQM RNCEG QP #RTKN OCTMKPI VJG FGHKPKVKXG GPF VQ MKPIUJKR KP %KNKEKCP #TOGPKC

$KNNQP # $WUV QH VJG MKPI HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU .'810 -+0) 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG QXCN VQMGP KP GCEJ CPING 1( #.. 6*' #4/'0+#05 $GFQWMKCP IT 44 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN $GFQWMKCP MPQYU QH QPN[ DKNNQP EQKPU KP VQVCN CPF QPN[ C UKPING QPG QH VJKU V[RG

341

RUM SELJUKS

47/ 5'.,7-5 6JGKT PCOG FGTKXGU HTQO VJG 6WTMKUJ ŋDKNCF + 4WOŌ YJKEJ OGCPU VJG NCPF QH VJG 4QOCPU ŋ4QOCPKCŌ

6JG RTQIGPKVQT QH VJG 4WO 5GNLWMU YCU 5WNCKOCP C FKTGEV FGUEGPFCPV QH VJG HQWPFGT QH VJG 5GNLWMU 5GNFLWM 5WNCKOCPʼnU HCVJGT -WVWNOKUJ YCU QPG QH VJG RCNCFKPU QH 6WIJTKN $GI JG QRRQUGF #NR #TUNCP CPF FKGF KP VJG DCVVNG QH #N 4CK[ 5WNCKOCP ECOG VQ #UKC /KPQT WRQP VJG $CVVNG QH /CP\KMGTV KP #U VJG $[\CPVKPGU JCF NQUV VJKU DCVVNG 5WNCKOCP EQWNF RTGUU HQTYCTF WPVKN 0KECGC YJGTG JG HQWPFGF C RTKPEKRCNKV[ KP 6JG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT JCF DGGP ECRVWTGF KP VJG DCVVNG CPF 5WNCKOCP JCF UGV JKU UKIJVU QP RNC[KPI C RTQOKPGPV TQNG KP UWEEGUUKQP

*KUVQT[ JQYGXGT YQWNF VCMG CPQVJGT EQWTUG &WTKPI VJG (KTUV ETWUCFG 0KECGC YCU NQUV CPF YQWNF TGOCKP KP $[\CPVKPG JCPFU HQT C XGT[ NQPI VKOG 6JWU VJG 4WO 5GNLWMU JCF NQUV VJG YGUV DWV VJG[ GPEQWPVGTGF RTQDNGOU KP VJG UQWVJ GCUV CU YGNN YJGTG VJG[ YGTG UJWV QHH HTQO VJG TGUV QH VJG /WUNKO YQTNF D[ 'FGUUC CPF #PVKQEJ 6JGTGHQTG VJG[ VWTPGF VQ VJG KPNCPF QH #UKC /KPQT DWV GPGOKGU YGTG VQ DG HQWPF GXGP VJGTG PQVCDN[ VJG &CPKUJOGPFU 9JKNG HKIJVKPI VJKU RGQRNG 5WNCKOCPʼnU UQP -KNKFL #TUNCP RGTKUJGF 6JG 5GNLWMU YQWNF PQV DG CDNG VQ UGEWTG VJGKT VGTTKVQT[ WPVKN VJG TGKIP QH -KNKFLʼnU UQP /CUWF

YJQ TQUG VQ RQYGT CHVGT JCXKPI FKURQUGF QH JKU DTQVJGTU YJQ UGEWTGF VJG DQTFGTU CPF OCFG -QP[C JKU ECRKVCN $GUKFGU -QP[C -C[UGTK YCU C EKV[ QH KORQTVCPEG

/CUWFʼnU UWEEGUUQT -KNKFL #TUNCP ++ EQPVKPWGF JKU YQTM CPF UWDLGEVGF VJG &CPKUJOGPFU *G YCU CNUQ TGNCVKXGN[ UWEGUUHWN HKIJVKPI VJG $[\CPVKPGU +P JKU QNF CIG JG KPETGCUKPIN[ DGECOG C RWRRGV QH JKU OCP[ UQPU 6JG ETWUCFGTU VCMKPI VJG ECRKVCN -QP[C KP CFFGF KPUWNV VQ KPLWT[ +P JG FKGF

*G NGHV C EQWPVT[ VJCV YCU KP C UVCVG QH VQVCN CPCTEJ[ 5WEEGUUKQPCN YCT GPUWGF CPF GXGPVWCNN[ JKU UQP 4WMP CN &KP 5WNCKOCP GOGTIGF XKEVQTKQWU *QYGXGT -KNKFL #TUNCP ++ DGSWGCVJGF QPG RCTV VQ JKU DTQVJGT 6WIJTKN 5JCJ 'T\GTWO YJKEJ VJG NCVVGT KPFGRGPFGPVN[ TWNGF WPVKN *KU UQP YCU VQRRNGF D[ -CKMQDCF YJQ YGPV QP VQ UGK\G VJG VGTTKVQT[

#HVGT VJG YCT YKVJ VJG )GQTIKCPU JCF IQPG YTQPI 4WMP CN &KP FKGF CPF YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU DTQVJGT )JK[CVJ CN &KP YJQ JCF HQWPF VGORQTCT[ TGHWIG YKVJ VJG $[\CPVKPGU 6JG CEEGUUKQP VQQM RNCEG CV C VKOG YJGP VJG .CVKP 'ORKTG YCU GOGTIKPI CP GZEGNNGPV OQOGPV HQT )JK[CVJ VQ GZRCPF JKU VGTTKVQT[ +P JG VQQM VJG RQTV QH #PVCN[C CPF JKU UWEEGUUQT +\\ CN &KP -CKMCWU FKF VJG UCOG YKVJ 5KPQRG

QRGPKPI WR VTCFG YKVJ VJG YGUV 4KEJGU YCU PQY TCRKFN[ CESWKTGF 6JG RTKPEGU QH 0KECGC CPF 6TGDK\QPF CPF VJG MKPI QH %KNKEKCP #TOGPKC RC[GF VTKDWVG GKVJGT XQNWPVCTKN[ QT KPXQNWPVCTKN[ VJG #[[WDKFU KP DQTFGT TGIKQPU CEMPQYNGFIGF VJG UW\GTCKPV[ QH VJG 4WO 5GNLWMU QP EQKPCIG CPF KP VJG MJWVDC # ITGCV OCP[ RCNCEGU CPF QVJGT DWKNFKPIU YGTG EQPUVTWEVGF CPF #UKC /KPQT GZRGTKGPEGF CP GTC QH URNGPFQWT CPF YGCNVJ CU KV JCF PGXGT UGGP DGHQTG

$WV VJGTG YCU C FQYPUKFG VQ CNN QH VJKU 6JG YGCNVJ CPF VJG NKHG QH NWZWT[ CTQWUGF GPX[ KP VJG NQYGT ENCUUGU $QVJ -CKMCʼnWU CPF -CKMQDCF + YGTG EQORGVGPV UVCVGUOGP DWV KP WPFGT -CKMJWUTCY ++ YJQ YCU EQORNGVGN[ KPCFGSWCVG VJG EQWPVT[ URKTCNNGF KPVQ FGENKPG /GCPYJKNG VJG /QPIQNKCPU UVQQF ICVJGTGF CV VJG DQTFGTU QH VJG 5GNLWM TGCNO 6JG HKTUV UVTQPIJQNF VQ HCNN YCU VJG DQTFGT HQTVTGUU QH 'T\GTWO CPF HWTVJGT FGHGCV YCU UWHHGTGF CV -Ì\CFCIJ GHHGEVKXGN[ UGCNKPI VJG HCVG QH VJG 5GNLWMU

#NVJQWIJ VJG 5GNLWMU JCF UKIPGF C VTGCV[ YKVJ VJG /QPIQNKCPU YJKEJ KPENWFGF RC[KPI CP GPQTOQWU VTKDWVG 5GNLWM TKEJGU EQPVKPWGF VQ CNNWTG VJG /QPIQNKCPU YJQ MGRV QP TCKFKPI 6JG UKVWCVKQP YCU CIITCXCVGF D[ VJG UVTWIING QH VJG UQPU QH -CKMJWUTCY HQT VJG VJTQPG

'XGPVWCNN[ WPFGT *WNCIW VJG EQWPVT[ YCU FKXKFGF KP VYQ +\\ CN &KP CPF 4WMP CN &KP GCEJ TGEGKXGF C VGTTKVQT[ CRRQTVKQPGF VQ VJGO D[ -K\KN +TOCM 9JGP +\\ CN &KP KPKVKCVGF EQXGTV PGIQVKCVKQPU YKVJ VJG /CONWMU ņ VJG /QPIQNKCPʼnU CTEJGPGOKGU ņ JG DTQWIJV VJG YTCVJ QH VJG /QPIQNKCPU WRQP JKOUGNH CPF JCF VQ HNGG VQ $[\CPVKWO

4WMP CN &KP EQPVKPWGF VQ TGKIP CNQPG DWV EQPVTQN YCU GHHGEVKXGN[ JGNF D[ /WʼnKP CD &KP 5WNCKOCP YJQ DQTG VJG VKVNG QH 2CTXCPC CPF YCU CP CIGPV QH VJG /QPIQNU 6JKU 2CTXCPC TGKIPGF UWRTGOG CPF YJQNN[

WPEQPVTQNNGF WPFGT VJG IWKUG QH DGKPI TGIGPV QP DGJCNH QH )JK[CVJ CN &KP 4WMP CN &KPʼnU OKPQT UQP +P VJG OGCPVKOG VJG 6WTMU JCF UVCTVGF VQ TGUKUV VJG /QPIQNKCPU KP .CTCPFC CPF GNUGYJGTG # PWODGT QH 6WTMKUJ $GIU TGSWGUVGF $CKDCT QH VJG /CONWMU VQ UGPF CP CTO[ VQ #UKC /KPQT RTQOKUKPI VJCV KV YQWNF HKPF VJG RGQRNG UWRRQTVKXG QH KVU ECWUG $CKDCT JQPQWTGF VJKU TGSWGUV CPF FGHGCVGF VJG /QPIQNKCPU KP C DNQQF[ DCVVNG CV #NDKUVCP *QYGXGT VJG 2CTXCPC CPF VJG UWNVCP MGRV CV C FKUVCPEG CPF VJG RGQRNG VQQ RTQXGF TGNWEVCPV RTQORVKPI $CKDCT VQ IQ JQOG CPF NGCXG VJG UKVWCVKQP CU KV YCU

6JGP #DCMC CRRGCTGF KP #UKC /KPQT CPF YTGCMGF VGTTKDNG XGPIGCPEG QP VJG 6WTMU YJQ JCF EQPURKTGF YKVJ VJG /CONWMU 6JG 2CTXCPC VQQ JCF VQ RC[ YKVJ JKU NKHG HQT JKU RCUUKXG UVCPEG 6JG /QPIQN TGIKOG PQY ITGY OQTG UVTKPIGPV VJG[ EQPVTQNNGF VJG HKPCPEGU CPF UVCVKQPGF VTQQRU KP VJG EQWPVT[ 6JG 5GNLWM UWNVCPU YQWNF EQPVKPWG C TWNG FGXQKF QH TGCN CWVJQTKV[ WPVKN

.QECN GOKTU TGIWNCTN[ HGNN HQWN YKVJ VJG VKVWNCT CWVJQTKV[ C UKVWCVKQP VJCV YQWNF GXGPVWCNN[ ECWUG KPFGRGPFGPV GOKTCVGU DG[NKM VQ GOGTIG QP VJG TWKPU QH VJG QPEG RTQURGTQWU 5GNLWM TGCNO 6JG /QPIQNU GHHGEVKXGN[ EQPVTQNNKPI VJG EQWPVT[ CNNQYGF QH VJGUG DG[NKMU VQ GOGTIG WR VQ QH YJKEJ VJG YGUVGTPOQUV YQWNF FGXGNQR KPVQ VJG 1VVQOCP 'ORKTG HTQO 'PE[ENQRCGFKC QH +UNCO

%QKPCIG UVCTVGF WPFGT /CUWF YCU NKOKVGF CPF UJQYGF C JQTUGOCP VQ VJG TKIJV QT C RGTUQP QP C VJTQPG

CHVGT $[\CPVKPG GZCORNG TGURGEVKXGN[ $QVJ FGUKIPU YGTG EQPVKPWGF DTKGHN[ VQ DG TGRNCEGF YKVJ EQKPU DGCTKPI QPN[ NGIGPF

342

RUM SELJUKS )*+;#6* CN FKP -#; -*7547 KDP -+.+, #45.#0 +

6JG RGTKQF KU C VKOG QH EQPHWUKQP YJKEJ UCY /WUCFÅ&#x2030;U UQPU UVTWIING HQT FQOKPCPEG 1PG QH VJGO YCU -KNKFL #TUNCP YJQ JCF QTKIKPCNN[ DGGP GOKT KP -QP[C CPF $QTIJNW

(CNU # /CP QP JQTUG T VYQ UVCTU CDQXG 4 .GIGPF /KVEJKPGT IT

$TQYP RCVKPC KTTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

(CNU # /CP QP JQTUG T 4 .GIGPF /KVEJKPGT IT

8GT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

47-0 CN FKP 57.';/#0 ++ KDP -+.+, #45.#0

*CF QTKIKPCNN[ DGGP GOKT KP 6QSCV

(CNU 4GUJV # /QWPVGF OCP T YKVJ PKODWU UVCT KP HKGNF 4 .GIGPF /KVEJKPGT IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT 6JG VYQ PWODGTU QH /KVEJKPGT TGHGT VQ VJG RGTKQF

343

RUM SELJUKS Å&#x2C6;#.# CN FKP -#; -1$#& + KDP -#; -*7547

&KTJGO &WPCLUKT # * $QVJ UKFGU NGIGPF /KVEJKPGT EH IT

8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

&KTJGO -QP[C # * $QVJ UKFGU NGIGPF /KVEJKPGT EH IT 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

&KTJGO 5KYCU # * $QVJ UKFGU NGIGPF /KVEJKPGT EH IT 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

344

'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

8GT[ HKPG

&KTJGO 5KYCU $QV UKFGU NGIGPF /KVEJKPGT EH IT

&KTJGO $QVJ UKFGU NGIGPF /KVEJKPGT EH IT

5NKIJVGN[ QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

8GT[ HKPG

RUM SELJUKS )*+;#6* CN FKP -#; -*7547 ++ KDP -#; -1$#&

&KTJGO 5KYCU # .KQP T WPFGT UWP VJTGG UVCTU KP HKGNF 4 .GIGPF /KVEJKPGT EH IT 5OCNN UETCVEJGU XGT[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

6JG VJTGG PWODGTU QH /KVEJKPGT TGHGT VQ VJTGG [GCTU

6JG JKUVQTKCP #DW #N (CTCL GZRNCKPU VJG CRRGCTCPEG QH UWP UVCTU CPF NKQP QP VJG EQKPU QH -C[MJWUTCY ++ CU HQNNQYU ŋ6JG UWNVCP CFQRVGF VJG HKIWTG UCKF VQ DG VJG JQTQUEQRG QH JKU DGCWVKHWN )GQTIKCP YKHG QH YJQO JG YCU UQ GPCOQWTGF VJCV JG YKUJGF VQ RWV JGT KOCIG QP JKU EQKPCIG DWV D[ VJG RGTUWCUKQPU QH JKU CFXKUGTU JG YCU KPFWEGF VQ EQPVGPV JKOUGNH YKVJ JGT JQTQUEQRGŌ

(QT CP CPCNQIQWU FGUKIP UGG WPFGT #TVWSKFGP PQ

-#; -#975 ++ -+.+, #45.#0 +8 -#; -1$#& ++

&KTJGO 5KYCU # * # .GIGPF UVCT DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CDQXG 4 .GIGPF /KVEJKPGT IT 8GT[ HKPG

)*+;#6* CN FKP -#; -*7547 +++ KDP -+.+, #45.#0

&KTJGO /CFKPCV -QP[C # * # .GIGPF KP UKZHQKN QXGT VYQ UVCTU 4 .GIGPF /KVEJKPGT IT 8GT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

&KTJGO /CʼnFCP .WNWGJ # * # .GIGPF KP UKZHQKN QXGT VYQ TQUGVVGU 4 .GIGPF /KVEJKPGT IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

345

RUM SELJUKS

&KTJGO # .GIGPF KP UKZHQKN DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU 4 .GIGPF /KVEJKPGT IT

+TTGIWNCT VQPKPI CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

/KVEJKPGT FQGU PQV JCXG C V[RG YKVJ C UVCT CV VJG VQR CPF QPG CV VJG DQVVQO

6JG PWODGTU CPF CTG NKUVGF WPFGT )JK[CVJ CN FKP -C[ -JWUTW +++ KDP -KNKL #TUNCP CU VJG VGZV KU IKTFGF D[ C UGZVCHQKN YJKEJ KU PQV VJG ECUG HQT CP[ QH VJG QVJGTU

&KTJGO # .GIGPF KP UKZHQKN WPFGT QTPCOGPV CPF QXGT VYQ TQUGVVGU /KVEJKPGT IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG QVJGTYKUG GZVTGOGN[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI /KVEJKPGT FQGU PQV HGCVWTG C V[RG YKVJ VYQ TQUGU CPF CP QTPCOGPV

&KTJGO # .GIGPF KP UKZHQKN 4 .GIGPF /KVEJKPGT IT $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

346

8GT[ HKPG

MIDDLE EAST

/+&&.' '#56 +P VJG GCTN[ /KFFNG #IGU VJG /KFFNG 'CUV HQTOGF RCTV QH VJG 'CUV 4QOCP GORKTG NCVGT QH VJG $[\CPVKPG GORKTG 6JG GORKTG QH VJG 5CUUCPKFU YCU UKVWCVGF VQ VJG GCUV

.GF D[ -KPI -JQUTCW ++ 2CTXG\ VJG 5CUUCPKF VTQQRU KPXCFGF #UKC /KPQT KP CPF OCPCIGF VQ GUVCDNKUJ VJGOUGNXGU VJGTG ,GTWUCNGO VQQ YCU ECRVWTGF CPF VJWU VJG[ TGCEJGF VJG $QURQTWU KP +P 'I[RV YCU EQPSWGTGF CU YGNN +P VJQUG FC[U *GTCENKWU YCU GORGTQT QH $[\CPVKWO JG GXGPVWCNN[ EQPSWGTGF VJG 2GTUKCPU CV 0KPKXG KP 6JG FCPIGT JQYGXGT YCU PQV [GV FGHNGEVGF

#NVJQWIJ VJG 2GTUKCPU JCF EQPSWGTGF ;GOGP KP VJG #TCDU KP /GEEC CUUWOGF C PGWVTCN CVVKVWFG KP VJG EQPHNKEV DGVYGGP VJG 2GTUKCPU CPF VJG $[\CPVKPGU #TCDKC VJTKXKPI KP VJG UQWVJ VTCFG JWD EQPUKUVGF QH VYQ UOCNN MKPIFQOU KP VJG PQTVJ RTQVGEVQTCVGU QH TGURGEVKXGN[ $[\CPVKWO CPF 2GTUKC 6JG RGTKN FKF PQV JQYGXGT QTKIKPCVG HTQO VJKU EQPVTCUV DWV HTQO TGNKIKQP

#TCDKC RTCEVKUGF VJG 1NF #TCDKE TGNKIKQP 6JG[ DGNKGXGF #NNCJ YCU VJG ETGCVQT QH JGCXGP CPF GCTVJ DWV FKF PQV YQTUJKR JKO 6JG EGPVTCN UCPEVWCT[ YCU VJG *QN[ /QUSWG YKVJ VJG -CʼnCDC KP /GEEC /QUSWG

OCUFKKF NKVGTCNN[ OGCPU VJG RNCEG YJGTG QPG VJTQYU QPGUGNH VQ GCTVJ DWV KV KU CNUQ VJG RNCEG YJGTG OGP ICVJGT VQ FKUEWUU IGPGTCN CHHCKTU ICOK 4GNKIKQP JQYGXGT YCU QH UOCNN EQPUGSWGPEG 5QOG LQKPGF %JTKUVKCPKV[ CPF VJGTG YGTG OCP[ ,GYU 6JG QPGU YJQ CDCPFQPGF VJKU GCTN[ #TCDKE TGNKIKQP YGTG ECNNGF JCPKH UGGMGT QH )QF /WJCOOCF VQQ YCU C JCPKH

#V HKTUV PQVJKPI JKPVGF VQYCTFU /WJCOOCF DGEQOKPI VJG 2TQRJGV *G LQKPGF C VTCFKPI EQORCP[

CPF OCTTKGF VJG QYPGT -JCFKLCJ 6JG[ JCF HQWT EJKNFTGP CPF VJG [QWPIGUV (CVKOCJ YJQ YCU VQ OCTT[ #NK /WJCOOCFʼnU EQWUKP YQWNF DGEQOG VJG HQTGOQVJGT QH JKU RTQIGP[

/WJCOOCF YCU DQTP KPVQ VJG 3WTC[UJ VTKDG CPF OQTG URGEKHKECNN[ DGNQPIGF VQ VJG $CPW *CUJKO ENCP 9JGP /WJCOOCF CPPWPEKCVGF VJCV #NNCJ VJG )QF QH ETGCVKQP FQGU PQV FGOCPF CUEGUKU HTQO JG RGQRNG DWV C OQTCN CVVKVWFG VQ NKHG VJCV VCMGU KPVQ CEEQWPV VJG NCUV LWFIGOGPV JG ECOG KP EQPHNKEV YKVJ VJG 3WTC[UJ *G VJGP HNGF VQ /GFKPC YJGTG JG DWKNV C OQUSWG DGUKFG JKU JQWUG HCEKPI VJG RTC[GT FKTGEVKQP QH ,GTWUCNGO

6JG FCVG QH VJKU HNKIJV VQ /GFKPC QP ,WN[ VJ KU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH +UNCOKE ECNGPFCT 6JG /WUNKOU EQWPV HTQO VJCV FC[ WUKPI VJG NWPCT E[ENG 6JG OQPVJU JCXG CNVGTPCVGN[ CPF FC[U CFFKPI WR VQ C [GCT QH FC[U +P QTFGT VQ TWP RCTCNNGN VQ VJG NWPCT E[ENG KPVGTECNCT[ FC[U OWUV DG CFFGF GXGT[ [GCTU 6JKU FC[ KU CFFGF CV VJG NCUV OQPVJ QH VJG [GCT

6JG +UNCOKE ECNGPFCT VJWU JCU OQTG [GCTU RGT %JTKUVKCP EGPVWT[ QT [GCT RGT

%CNEWNCVKQP ņ #*

6JG /WUNKO [GCT KU CDDTGXKCVGF VQ #* #PPQ *GIKTCG

+P /GFKPC JG EQNNKFGF YKVJ VJG ,GYU YJQ YQWNF PQV TGEQIPKUG JKO CU C RTQRJGV 6JKU OCFG JKO FQWDV VJG YKUFQO QH JKU EJQKEG *G VJGP JGNF WR C ECTCXCP HTQO /GEEC CPF UGK\GF C XCNWCDNG RTK\G YJKEJ ICKPGF JKO VKOG UWRRQTV CPF RQYGT *G VWTPGF CICKPUV VJG ,GYU FTQXG VJGO QWV CPF UQOGVKOGU MKNNGF VJGO 6JKU FGVGTTGF JKU QRRQPGPVU *G UWTXKXGF VJG TGXGPIG QH /GEEC HQT VJG CUUCWNV QP VJG ECTCXCP *G UYQTG C VTWEG YKVJ /GEEC CPF YCU CNNQYGF VQ XKUKV VJG UCPEVWCTKGU 6JG /GEECPU TGEQIPKUGF VJG RQYGT CPF KPHNWGPEG JG RQUUGUUGF YKVJ VJKU PGY TGNKIKQP JQRKPI VQ WUG VJGO VQ VJGKT CFXCPVCIG #U C TGUWNV JG EJCPIGF VJG RTC[GT FKTGEVKQP HTQO ,GTWUCNGO VQ /GEEC *G HQWIJV VJG VTKDGU VJCV UVKNN UWRRQTVGF VJG QNF TGNKIKQP CPF CV VJG GPF QH JKU NKHG VJG YJQNG QH #TCDKC YCU EQPXGTVGF VQ +UNCO *KU HTKGPF CPF HCVJGT KP NCY #DW $CMT YJQ ICXG JKO JKU FCWIJVGT #KUJC CU FKF VJG PF %CNKRJ 7OCT YKVJ JKU FCWIJVGT *CHUC VQQM QXGT VJG JGNO CU UV %CNKRJ UWDUVKVWVG HTQO 7PVKN %CNKRJU YGTG VQ TGUKFG KP /GEEC GCEJ QPG F[KPI D[ OWTFGT

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

# OQUSWG YCU GTGEVGF KP GXGT[ KORQTVCPV EKV[ QH VJG EQPSWGTGF VGTTKVQTKGU 7UWCNN[ C RNCEG QH VTCFKVKQPCN EQPUGETCVKQP YCU UGNGEVGF 7OCT + DWKNV C OQUSWG QP VJG UKVG QH VJG ,GYKUJ VGORNG KP ,GTWUCNGO KP NCVGT [GCTU FWTKPI VJG 7OC[[CFU VJG &QOG QH VJG 4QEM CPF VJG CNʼn#SUC OQUSWG YGTG GTGEVGF VJGTG CNʼn#SUC VJG OQUV TGOQVG CNʼnOCULKKF CNʼnCSUC +P 5WTC C OGPVKQP KU OCFG

ŋ)NQT[ DG VQ *KO YJQ OCFG *KU UGTXCPVU IQ D[ PKIJV HTQO VJG 5CETGF 6GORNG QH /GEEC VQ VJG HCTVJGT 6GORNG QH ,GTWUCNGO CPF VJGPEG VQ VJG 6JTQPG QH #NNCJ CEEQORCPKGF D[ VJG #PIGN )CDTKGN YJQUG UWTTQWPFKPIU 9G JCXG DNGUUGF VJCV 9G OKIJV UJQY JKO UQOG QH 1WT UKIPU *G CNQPG JGCTU CNN CPF QDUGTXGF CNN Ō

5QOG VCMG VJKU NKVGTCNN[ QVJGTU UGG KV CU C XKUKQP

+P &COCUEWU VJG %JTKUVKCP EJWTEJ QH ,QJP VJG $CRVKUV YCU KPEQTRQTCVGF KP VJG EQORNGZ QH VJG 7OC[[CF OQUSWG

347

MIDDLE EAST

6CMGP HTQO 6JG 2GPIWKP #VNCU QH 9QTNF *KUVQT[ R

+P OCP[ VQYPU KP VJG EQPSWGTGF VGTTKVQTKGU VJG %CNKRJU TGUKFKPI KP /GFKPC UVTWEM EQKP +P MGGRKPI YKVJ VTCFKVKQP VJG %CNKRJU UVTWEM EQKPU YKVJ C UVTQPIN[ $[\CPVKPG CRRGCTCPEG EQORNGOGPVGF YKVJ VJGKT QYP CVVTKDWVGU

9CNMGT FKUVKPIWKUJGU VJG HQNNQYKPI ,WUVKP ++ CPF 5QRJKC V[RG *GTCENKWU V[RG YKVJ QT YKVJQWV UQP U CPF %QPUVCPU V[RGU YJGTGD[ CV VJG GPF VJG UVTCKIJV / EJCPIGU KP VQ C EQPXGZ / 6JG VGZVU OC[ DG )TGGM QT .CVKP CU YGNN CU #TCDKE

%CNKRJU KP /GFKPC

(CNU &COCUEWU # 6YQ HKIWTGU UGCVGF YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO 4 / YKVJ ETQUU QXGT ETGUEGPV CDQXG 5 / KP DQVVQO HKGNF 9CNMGT IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

%TQUU KP JCNH EKTENG RQKPVU VQYCTFU &COCUEWU

6JG VYQ UKVVKPI HKIWTGU VJG MPGGU QH YJQO CTG ENGCTN[ XKUKDNG NQQM OQUV NKMG ,WUVKP ++ CPF 5QRJKC DWV VJG URGEKOGPU KP 9CNMGT CTG CNN OWEJ NCTIGT CPF JGCXKGT

*CNXG HCNU 5E[VJQRQNKU # 6YQ HKIWTGU UGCVGF YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO 4 - ETGUEGPV CDQXG ETQUU T $#+5#0 N 5E[VJQRQNKU 9CNMGT IT 44 (KPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

.QYKEM 'CTN[ #TCDQ (KIWTGU 6[RGU 0WO %KTE R WPFGT PQ RTQXKFGU VJG HQNNQYKPI EQOOGPV QP VJG QPN[ URGEKOGP KP VJG $TKVKUJ /WUGWO ŋ6JG OKPV KU TGPFGTGF KP #TCDKE PQV )TGGM 6JG ETQUUGU JCXG DGGP TGOQXGF HTQO VJG UEGRVTGUŌ # NCTIGT URGEKOGP GZKUVU .QYKEM PQ CNUQ YKVJ C - IT 6JKU URGEKOGP KU NKIJVGT CPF EQTTGURQPFU YKVJ .QYKEM PQ IT 6JKU NKIJVGT URGEKOGP HKVU KP DGVVGT YKVJ VJG UGTKGU QH #TCDQ $[\CPVKPG EQKPU 6JG FCVG QH VJG ŋ,WUVKP CPF 5QRJKCŌ EQKPU QH 5E[VJQRQNKU KU NCTIGN[ QRGP VQ EQPLGEVWTG 9CNMGT FCVGU VJG KUUWGU VQ DWV VJGTG KU PQ CDUQNWVG TGCUQP YJ[ KV UJQWNF PQV DG GCTNKGT UKPEG VJG #TCDU YGTG KP RQUUGUUKQP QH 5[TKC HTQO QPYCTFU # NCVGT FCVG KU JQYGXGT DQVJ RQUUKDNG CPF RNCWUKDNG KP XKGY QH CP CPCNQIQWU NCTIG EQRRGT KUUWG QH #DF CN /CNKM 6JG ŋ,WUVKP CPF 5QRJKCŌ EQKPU OC[ JCXG DGGP VJG KOOGFKCVG RTGEWTUQTU QH VJKU KUUWG KP YJKEJ ECUG C FCVG QH EC YQWNF DG KP QTFGT HQT VJGO .QYKEM

348

MIDDLE EAST

(CNU &COCUEWU # 'ORGTQT UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF QTD DKTF QXGT 6 N ∆#/#%-1% T

&COCUEWU 4 / EJTKUVQITCO CDQXG ETGUEGPV QXGT NKPG MWHKE NGIGPF 9CNMGT IT 8GT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN %H 0 , /C[JGY 6YQ RCTEGNU QH 5VGTNKPIU QP VJG $TWUUGNU /CTMGV KP 0% R %C # ++ D

(CNU &COCUEWU # 'ORGTQT UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF QTD DKTF QXGT 6 N 4 / EJTKUVQITCO CDQXG ETGUEGPV QXGT NKPG ITGGM NGIGPF #01 ∆#/ :6++ 9CNMGT IT 8GT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG )TGGM .CVKP NGIGPFU

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP %C )TGGM CPF #TCDKE NGIGPFU

(CNU &COCUEWU # 'ORGTQT UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF QTD NKU QXGT 6 N Λ%Ô T 4 / EJTKUVQITCO CDQXG ETGUEGPV QXGT NKPG MWHKE NGIGPF 9CNMGT IT 8GT[ HKPG

(CNU $CCNDGM # *GTCENKWU CPF JKU UQP UVCPFKPI HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG 4 / QXGT ETGUEGPV QXGT NKPG CPF WPFGT ETQUU N CPF T ITGGM NGIGPF KP DQVVQO HKGNF CTCDKE NGIGPF 9CNMGT IT 8GT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN

%C

/KZGF #TCDKE CPF )TGGM NGIGPFU

$CCNDGM KP 5[TKC WUGF VQ DG ECNNGF *GNKQRQNKU KP 4QOCP FC[U CPF YCU C OKPV $CCNDGM YCU UKVWCVGF KP VJG OKNKVCT[ FKUVTKEV QH &COCUEWU

349

MIDDLE EAST

(CNU 'OGUC # $WUV QH VJG GORGTQT HCEKPI YKVJ QTD -#1#0 N CTCDKE NGIGPF T )11& +0 '/'5# 4 4QWPF / UVCT CDQXG '/+ N %*% T QXGT #TCDKE NGIGPF '/'5# 9CNMGT IT # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

%C

)TGGM CPF #TCDKE NGIGPFU

'OGUC KU UKVWCVGF KP VJG OKNKVCT[ FKUVTKEV QH VJG UCOG PCOG KP 5[TKC 6JG CPEKGPV PCOG YCU 'OGUC KP #TCDKE KV KU *KOU QT *WOU

(CNU 'OGUC # $WUV QH VJG GORGTQT HCEKPI YKVJ QTD -#1#0 N CTCDKE NGIGPF T )11& +0 '/'5# 4 4QWPF / UVCT CDQXG '/+ N %*% T QXGT #TCDKE NGIGPF )11& 9CNMGT IT 8GT[ HKPG

X F $GTI FGP *CCI

%C

)TGGM CPF #TCDKE NGIGPFU

'OGUC KU UKVWCVGF KP VJG OKNKVCT[ FKUVTKEV QH VJG UCOG PCOG KP 5[TKC 6JG CPEKGPV PCOG YCU 'OGUC KP #TCDKE KV KU *KOU QT *WOU

(CNU &COCUEWU # $WUV QH VJG GORGTQT HCEKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF QTD 4 )TGCV / ETQUU CDQXG #1 N CPF . ++ T KP DQVVQO HKGNF #/# 9CNMGT IT 5NKIJVN[ ENGCPGF XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP 6JKU KU C V[RKECN GHHKI[ QH *GTCENKWU 2TQDCDN[ WPRWDNKUJGF!

(CNU 'OGUC # (KIWTG UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF QTD UVCT T KP HKGNF 4 4QWPF / YKVJ VYQ RGNNGVU KP KV 6 CDQXG #01 N : . ++ T KP DQVVQO HKGNF ' / + 9CNMGT IT (NCP ETCEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

1P RNCVG +: D[ 9CNMGT YG HKPF C PWODGT QH V[RGU YKVJ C UVCPFKPI HKIWTG CPF C EQPXGZ / YKVJ RQKPV KP KV 2TQDCDN[ WPRWDNKUJGF!

350

MIDDLE EAST

+P VJG RQNKVKECN EGPVTG YCU TGNQECVGF VQ &COCUEWU CPF VJG GTC QH VJG 7OC[[CFU DGICP # ITGCV FGCN YCU CFQRVGF HTQO VJG $[\CPVKPGU CPF VJG 2GTUKCPU 6JG FQOCKP QH TGNKIKQP YCU TCFKECNN[ UGRCTCVGF HTQO RQNKVKEU &COCUEWU DGECOG VJG RQNKVKECN ECRKVCN /GFKPC VJG TGNKIKQWU QPG +P EQKPCIG VJG GHHKI[ QH VJG $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT YCU CDCPFQPGF CPF TGRNCEGF YKVJ VJCV QH VJG %CNKRJ

%CNKRJU KP &COCUEWU

(CNU /CPDKL # $GCTFGF ECNKRJ UVCPFKPI YKVJ UYQTF 4 %QNWOP QP VJTGG UVGRU 9CNMGT IT +PVGTGUVKPI KNNWUVTCVKQP XGT[ HKPG

2CTV

6JG RQUVWTG QH VJG UVCPFKPI %CNKRJ KU VJG QPG FKEVCVGF HQT VJG +OCO FWTKPI TGEKVCVKQP QH VJG RWDNKE UGTOQP -JWVDC 9KVJQWV VJG PCOG QH VJG %CNKRJ DWV YKVJ VKVNGU

%C

/CPDKL KU UKVWCVGF KP VJG ,WPF -KPPCUTKP KP 0QTVJ 5[TKC /CPIC[ WUGF VQ DG ECNNGF *KGTCRQNKU NCVGT $COD[MG YJKEJ PCOG UWTXKXGF KP #TCDKE

+P WPFGT VJG 7OC[[CF %CNKRJ #DFCNOCNKM C TGXKUKQP QH VJG OQPGVCT[ U[UVGO VQQM RNCEG (TQO VJG UQNKFWU C EJCPIG YCU OCFG VQ VJG FKPCT IT QPG /KVSCN CPF VQ VJG FKTJGO IT C EQPVKPWCVKQP QH VJG 5CUUCPKF FTCEJO +P VJG OKFFNG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG FKTJGO YCU DTQWIJV KP C HKZGF TCVG VQ VJG FKPCT Z OKVSCN Z IT 6JG EQKPU YGTG RWTGN[ GRKITCRJKECN

6JG ŋDCP QP KOCIGUŌ CU RTGUETKDGF D[ VJG *CFKVJ CPF VJG CEEQORCP[KPI NGICN YTKVKPIU YCU C DCP VJCV FKUVKPIWKUGJF UGXGTCN FGITGGU DGVYGGP CNNQYGF CPF EQPFGOPCDNG KP YJKEJ UQOG KOCIGU YGTG OQTG QT NGUU CEEGRVCDNG FGRGPFKPI QP VJG VQRKE VJG RWTRQUGU CPF VJG RNCEG QH EKTEWNCVKQP #EEQTFKPIN[ VJG DCP CRRGCTU VQ JCXG DGGP JGGFGF VQ C XCT[KPI GZVGPV HTQO &GPKLU KP &G $GGNFGPCCT 0QX R

$GUKFGU TGNKIKQWU VGZVU VJG FKTJGOU QPN[ UJQY [GCT CPF OKPV (TQO CNUQ VJG PCOGU QH TWNGTU CPF QHHKEKCNU CRRGCTGF QP VJG EQKPU #RCTV HTQO VJG FKTJGOU HCNWU YGTG UVTWEM YJKEJ JQYGXGT JCXG NQUV VJGKT $[\CPVKPG EJCTCEVGT VQQ

(CNU 6KDGTKCU! CHVGT # $TCPEJ YKVJ VTCEGU QH C NGIGPF QP DQVJ UKFGU 9CNMGT IT 'FIG HCWNV HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

2QUV TGHQTO EQKPCIG

+P C ITGCV TGXQNV DTQMG QWV KP 5[TKC YJKEJ UQQP UYGRV CETQUU VJG GPVKTG TGIKQP (KXG [GCTU NCVGT #DWN #DDCU C TGNCVKXG QH /WJCOOCF CPF #NK YCU RTQENCKOGF ECNKRJ D[ VJG 5JKCU 6JG 7OC[[CFU YGTG YKRGF QWV EQORNGVGN[

1PN[ QPG QH VJGO GUECRGF #DF CT 4CJOCP YJQ YQWNF GXGPVWCNN[ GPF WR KP 5RCKP UGG PQ

351

MIDDLE EAST 6JG PGY DTCPEJ VJG #DDCUUKFU CHVGT #DW #DDCU HQWPFGF $CIFCF KP CPF UGVVNGF VJGTG 6JG[ NGF C URNGPFKF EQWTV NKHG YKVJ CNN VJG CEEQORCP[KPI ECDCNU CPF EQVGTKGU /QUV QH VJG %CNKRJU YGTG ETWGN FGURQVU 'ZEGRVKQPU YGTG *CTWP CN 4CUJKF CPF #DW CN /COWP

7PFGT VJG #DDCUUKFU VJG /WUNKO GORKTG YCU UJCRGF KP C PGY OQWNF 6JG UQXGTGKIPU DCUGF VJGKT CWVJQTKV[ QP TGNKIKQP UQ VJG GORJCUKU YCU QP VJKU GNGOGPV +VU EJCTCEVGT YCU WPKXGTUCN CPF GPEQORCUUGF CNN HQNNQYGTU QH +UNCO TGICTFNGUU QH PCVKQPCNKV[ 2QNKVKEU CPF TGNKIKQP DGECOG CP GPVKV[

+P VJG #DDCUUKF GORKTG HGNN CRCTV KPVQ HCEVKQPU

Ő #DDCUUKFU KP $CIFCF 9JGTGCU FWTKPI VJG RGTKQF HTQO VJG KPHNWGPEG QH RQNKVKEU JCF DGGP RTGFQOKPCPV CPF VJG +UNCO YCU OCKPN[ C U[UVGO QH DGNKGHU VJG RGTKQF QH YCU OCTMGF D[ RQNKVKECN FKUKPVGITCVKQP VJG KPXCUKQP QH VJG 6WTMU CPF VJG ETWUCFGU

Ő (CVCOKFU KP %CKTQ

Ő 7OC[[CFU KP %QTFQDC 5RCKP WPVKN HQNNQYGF D[ VJG #NOQTCXKFU CPF #NOQJCFU

&WTKPI VJGUG OCP[ [GCTU VJG /KFFNG 'CUV TGOCKPGF TGNCVKXGN[ RGCEGHWN 2KNITKOU HTQO 'WTQRG YGTG CNNQYGF VQ XKUKV VJG JQN[ RNCEGU 5VTKMKPI KU VJG HCEV VJCV 4C[OQPF +8 EQWPV QH 6QWNQWUG YJQ YGPV QP C RKNITKOCIG VQ VJG *QN[ .CPF KP YQWNF NGCF VJG CTO[ QH VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG C [GCT NCVGT

6*' 2'4+1& (41/ 706+.

+P QTFGT VQ DG CDNG VQ LWFIG VJG UKVWCVKQP KP VJG /KFFNG 'CUV QPG OWUV MPQY VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJG GPVKTG TGIKQP CPF PQV LWUV VJCV QH VJG ETWUCFGTUʼn UVCVGU 6JGUG .CVKP UVCVGU YGTG CHVGT CNN JGOOGF KP EQORNGVGN[ D[ /WUNKO VGTTKVQT[

6JG GHHGEVU UJQY KP PWOKUOCVKEU

6JG UKVWCVKQP DGHQTG VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG

+P VJG #DDCUUKF GORKTG HGNN CRCTV CPF YQWNF HTQO VJGP QP DG EQPHKPGF VQ VJG #NGRRQ CPF /QUWN CTGCU CPF VJG NCPFU CTQWPF VJG 'WRJTCVGU CPF VJG 6KITKU CU YGNN CU 2GTUKC #U QH QNF VJG %CNKRJ TGUKFGF KP $CIFCF 6JG RQYGT QH $CIFCF ETWODNGF OQTG CPF OQTG CPF YCU VCMGP WR D[ VJG EQOOCPFGTU &CPIGT NWTMGF HTQO VYQ UKFGU VJG GCUV CPF VJG UQWVJ

(TQO VJG GCUV VJG #DDCUUKFU YGTG EQPHTQPVGF D[ VJG 5GNLWSU C /KFFNG 'CUVGTP F[PCUV[ PCOGF CHVGT KVU HQWPFGT 5GNIWS C UGOK NGIGPFCT[ HKIWTG QHVGP UKVWCVGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ #HVGT JKU FGOKUG VJG 5GNLWSU CFXCPEGF VQ VJG YGUV CPF EQPSWGTGF 2GTUKC 5GNLWSʼnU ITCPFUQP 6WITWN YJQ DQTG VJG VKVNG QH ŋ$GIŌ QP VJG KPXKVCVKQP QH VJG #DDCUUKF %CNKRJ OCFG JKU GPVTCPEG KPVQ $CIFCF CPF RTGUGPVGF JKOUGNH CU UWNVCP *KU UQP #NR #TUNCP OCTEJGF CICKPUV VJG %JTKUVKCP UVCVGU QH #TOGPKC CPF )GQTIKC CPF FGHGCVGF VJG $[\CPVKPGU CV /CP\KMGTV KP

7PFGT #NRʼnU UQP /CNKM 5JCJ VJG 5GNLWS GORKTG TGCEJGF KVU \GPKVJ 6JG UWNVCP KP $CIFCF YCU TWNKPI HTQO CHCT CPF VJG CEVWCN RQYGT NC[ KP VJG JCPFU QH JKU TGRTGUGPVCVKXGU VJG CVCDGIU UGG VJG CVCDGIU QH /QUWN CPF /CTFKP

#VCDGI NKVGTCNN[ CVC HCVJGT DGI NQTF YCU VJG 6WTMKUJ VKVNG QH VJG RTKPEGʼnU VWVQT YKVJ VJG 5GNLWSU +P VJG HGFGTCN UVCVGU VJG CVCDGIU DGECOG VJG FG HCEVQ JGTGFKVCT[ TWNGTU 5GG <GPIKFU QH /QUWN 6JG #[[WDKFU VQQ MPGY VJKU QHHKEG (QT VJG /COGNWMU VJG VKVNG ŋCVCDGI CNʼn CUCMKTŌ OGCPV XKEGTQ[ YKVJ C TKIJV VQ VJG VJTQPG 6JG 1VVQOCPU MPGY PGKVJGT VJG QHHKEG PQT VJG VKVNG

9JGP VJG %CNKRJCVG TGICKPGF KORQTVCPEG VJG 5GNLWSU OQXGF VJG ECRKVCN VQ *COCFCP 6JGTG VJGKT TGKIP GPFGF KP

(TQO VJG UQWVJ NQQOGF VJG RGTKN QH VJG (CVCOKFU YJQ JCF HQWPFGF %CKTQ KP YKVJ C ECNKRJ KP TGUKFGPEG CNUQ

6JG (CVCOKFU HQTOGF CP WNVTC QTVJQFQZ HCEVKQP QH +UNCO +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG (CVCOKFU RWUJGF PQTVJ CPF EQPSWGTGF 2CNGUVKPG YKVJ ,GTWUCNGO CPF ITGCV RCTVU QH 5[TKC 6JG[ OQTGQXGT ICKPGF EQPVTQN QH VJG JQN[ EKVKGU QH /GEEC CPF /GFKPC

#U VJG 5GNLWSU EQPSWGTGF /GUQRQVCOKC 5[TKC CPF #PCVQNKC VJG[ EQNNKFGF YKVJ VJG (CVCOKFU YJGTGWRQP KP VJG[ VQQM QXGT ,GTWUCNGO #V /CP\KMGTV VJG[ FGHGCVGF VJG $[\CPVKPGU CPF VJWU RWUJGF VJTQWIJ VQ VJG $QURQTWU 6JG 5GNLWSU YGTG EQOOCPFGF D[ C UWNVCP RQYGT

9JGP 5WNVCP /CNKM 5JCJ FKGF KP VJG GORKTG HGNN CRCTV KPVQ VJCV QH VJG 4WO 5GNLWSU KP #PCVQNKC CPF C PWODGT QH UOCNNGT UVCVGU KP 5[TKC

6JWU YCU VJG CRRTQZKOCVG UVCVG QH CHHCKTU VJG HKTUV ETWUCFGTU GPEQWPVGTGF YJGP VJG[ TGCEJGF VJG *QN[ .CPF

6JG EQPFKVKQPU UWTTQWPFKPI VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG

6JG ETWUCFGTU HQTOGF HQWT UVCVGU FWTKPI VJG [GCTU VQ

Ő %QWPV[ 'FGUC

Ő 2TKPEKRCNKV[ #PVKQEJ

Ő %QWPV[ 6TKRQNK

Ő -KPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO

6JGUG YGTG UKVWCVGF KP TGUR VJG PQTVJ VJGP FQYP CNQPI VJG EQCUV HWTVJGT FQYP CNQPI VJG EQCUV CPF HKPCNN[ QP VJG NQPI UVTGVEJ VJCV HQTOGF VJG MKPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO +V YQWNF VCMG OCP[ [GCTU DGHQTG VJG ETWUCFGTU JCF EQPSWGTGF CNN VJG VQYPU CNQPI VJG EQCUV CPF TGCEJGF VJG HWNNGUV GZRCPUG QH VJGKT MKPIFQO

352

MIDDLE EAST

6CMGP HTQO 6JG 2GPIWKP #VNCU QH 9QTNF *KUVQT[ R +P VJG PQTVJ CPF GCUV YG HKPF VJG EQOOCPFGTU QH VJG #DDCUUKFU KP VJG UQWVJ VJG (CVCOKFU 6JGKT OCKP EKVKGU YGTG #NGRRQ &COCUEWU CPF %CKTQ

6JG VGTTKVQTKGU YQP D[ VJG ETWUCFGTU QHVGP UWHHGTGF IGPQEKFG +V YCU EQOOKVVGF FWTKPI VJG EQPSWGUV QH ,GTWUCNGO CPF YCU TGRGCVGF KP VJG EQCUVCN EKVKGU 0GXGTVJGNGUU VJG /WUNKOU KP VJG PQTVJ YGTG HQWPF YKNNKPI VQ EQQRGTCVG YKVJ VJG ETWUCFGTU 6JG VJTGCV QH VJG 5GNLWSU CPF VJG (CVCOKFU YCU UWEJ VJCV GXGP VJG ETWUCFGTU YGTG CFOKVVGF KPVQ FKRNQOCE[ CPF C HQTO QH EQNNCDQTCVKQP GZKUVGF DGVYGGP VJG #DDCUUKFU CPF VJG ETWUCFGTU

&GXGNQROGPVU DGVYGGP VJG (KTUV CPF VJG 5GEQPF ETWUCFG

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

#HVGT <GPIKÅ&#x2030;U FGOKUG KP /QUWN FGXQNXGF WRQP JKU UQP 5CKH CF &KP CPF #NGRRQ WRQP JKU UQP 0WT CF &KP 0WTCFFKP &COCUEWU VQQM C FKHHGTGPV UVCPF *GTG )QXGTPQT 7PWT CITGGF WRQP CP VTWEG YKVJ VJG <GPIKFU ICXG JKU FCWIJVGT +UOCFCVVKP %JCVWP KP OCTTKCIG VQ 0WTCFFKP CPF KP UQ FQKPI YCU TGEQIPKUGF D[ VJG ECNKRJU QH DQVJ $CIFCF CPF %CKTQ

353

MIDDLE EAST

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

6JG %CNKRJ QH $CIFCF 0WTCFFKP CNUQ ECNNGF NQTF QH 'I[RV CV QPEG QTFGTGF VJG EQPSWGUV QH ,GTWUCNGO CICKP FGENCTKPI LKJCF CU C EQXGT 0WTCFFKP JQYGXGT FKF PQV TGURQPF DWV UYQTG C VTWEG YKVJ $CNFYKP +++ KP CPF GXGP RCKF JKO C VTKDWVG KP +P 0WTCFFKP FGHGCVGF $CNFYKP YKVJQWV HWTVJGT TGUWNVU HQT VJG UWNVCP QH VJG 4WO 5GNLWSU -KNKFL #TUNCP ++ UVQQF CV VJG PQTVJGTP DQTFGTU

+P 0WTCFFKP HGNN UGXGTGN[ KNN 4GXQNVU DTQMG QWV KP 5[TKC DWV 0WTCFFKP TGEQXGTGF *G CVVCEMGF ,GTWUCNGO DWV UWHHGTGF FGHGCV CPF VJGP NGV KV TGUV

0QVYKVJUVCPFKPI CP GPVKTGN[ FKHHGTGPV UKVWCVKQP YCU VJG TGUWNV $CNFYKP PQY HGCTGF 0WTCFFKP CPF UGGMGF UWRRQTV HTQO VJG $[\CPVKPGU *G GPVGTGF KPVQ CP CNNKCPEG YKVJ /CPWGN YJQUG PKGEG 6JGQFQTC JG OCTTKGF 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF VJG (CVCOKFU YCPVGF VQ TGUKUV VJG .CVKPU CPF NQQMGF HQT UWRRQTV CU YGNN 6JG[ CNNKGF YKVJ 0WTCFFKP 6YQ RTKPEKRCN HQTEGU PQY QRRQUGF GCEJ QVJGT

6JG UKVWCVKQP KP VJG PQTVJ TGOCKPGF KPUGEWTG DGECWUG QH VJG EQPUVCPV VJTGCV QH 4WO 5GNLWSU DWV 0WTCFFKP EQPSWGTGF C PWODGT QH KORQTVCPV EKVKGU #OCNTKEÅ&#x2030;U HGCT PQY YCU VJCV 0WTCFFKP YQWNF FKTGEV JKU CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG UQWVJ CPF VJG -KPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO YQWNF HKPF KVUGNH HKIJVKPI QP VYQ HTQPVU 0WTCFFKP JQYGXGT FKF PQV VCTIGV VJG UQWVJ

+PVGTPCNN[ VJG (CVCOKFU HCEGF ITCXG RTQDNGOU # YGUKT EQOOCPFGT KP EJKGH C RQUKVKQP QH VJG JKIJGUV TCPM QHHKEKCVGF WPFGT VJG ECNKRJ +P VJQUG FC[U KV YCU VJG QPG G[GF 5JKTMWJ 6YQ QVJGT OGP 5JCYCT CPF &KTIJCO WUWTRGF JKU QHHKEG CPF PQY VJTGG OGGP YGTG UVTKXKPI HQT RQYGT (KTUV 5JCYCT JCF VJG WRRGT JCPF NCVGT 5JKTMWJ TGCRRGCTGF #OCNTKE RNC[GF CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP VJKU ICOG

5JKTMWJ VQQM WR VJG FGHGPUG QH #NGZCPFTKC DWV TGVKTGF VQ NGCXG VJG LQD VQ JKU PGRJGY 5CNCJ CF &KP ;WUWH 5CNCFKP

5JQTVN[ CHVGT 5CNCFKP UWEEGGFGF 5JKTMWJ CPF QP /CTEJ (CVCOKF ECNKRJ CN #FKF CRRQKPVGF 5CNCFKP VQ YGUKT 5CNCFKPÅ&#x2030;U HCVJGT #[[WD 5JKTMWJÅ&#x2030;U DTQVJGT QDVCKPGF CP KORQTVCPV RQUV *G YCU VQ IKXG JKU PCOG VQ VJG F[PCUV[ QH VJG #[[WDKFU

+P VJG OGCPVKOG VJG RQUKVKQP QH VJG %CNKRJ JCF DGEQOG GXGT YGCMGT CPF KV YCU VJG YGUKT YJQ JCF VJG RQYGT 0WTCFFKP JCF MGRV CNQQH QH VJG OCVVGT WPVKN ,WPG YJGP JG QTFGTGF 5CNCFKP VQ UGG VQ KV VJCV VJG UGTOQPU KP VJG 'I[RVKCP OQUSWGU DG FGNKXGTGF KP VJG PCOG QH VJG #DDCUUKF TCVJGT VJCP VJG (CVCOKF %CNKRJ 6JKU OGCPV JG YCPVGF 'I[RV VQ TGVWTP VQ 5WPPK +UNCO $[ FQKPI UQ KP HCEV JG FGOCPFGF VJG GPF QH VJG (CVCOKF 'ORKTG 6JKU GPF YCU DTQWIJV PGCT YJGP CN #FKF FKGF QP 5GRVGODGT 1P VJG VJ QH VJCV OQPVJ VJG HKTUV 5WPPK UGTOQP YCU FGNKXGTGF KP VJG PCOG QH VJG #DDCUUKF %CNKRJ

6JKU ECNKRJ VJGP RTQENCKOGF 0WTCFFKP QXGTNQTF QH 'I[RV CPF 5[TKC YJKEJ OGCPV VJG TKUG QH C ITGCV DQF[ YKVJKP VJG #DDCUUKF 'ORKTG UWTTQWPFKPI VJG -KPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO EQORNGVGN[ 'I[RVÅ&#x2030;U TGVWTP VQ VJG 5WPPK +UNCO KU CNUQ GZRTGUUGF KP C EQKP GFKVGF KP FGEGODGT YKVJ QP QPG UKFG VJG PCOG QH VJG #DDCUUKF %CNKRJ CN /WUVCFK CPF QP VJG QVJGT VJCV QH 0WTCFFKP

+V UVCPFU VQ TGCUQP VJCV KP VJG MKPI QH ,GTWUCNGO KPXQNXGF JKOUGNH FGGRN[ KP C EQPURKTCE[ VQ TGXKXG VJG (CVCOKF 'ORKTG 6JG %JTKUVKCPU YKUJHWNN[ DGNKGXGF 5CNCFKP VQ DG CP KPFGRGPFGPV HTQO 0WTCFFKP TWNGT QH 'I[RV 6JG[ FGUETKDGF JKO CU %CNKRJC GV UQNFCPWU YJKEJ OGCPU ECNKRJ CPF YGUKT CV VJG UCOG VKOG (QT #OCNTKE KP ,GTWUCNGO VJKU YQWNF OGCP CXQKFKPI VJG ENWVEJGU QH 0WTCFFKP DGUKFGU 5CNCFKP OCKPVCKPGF TGNCVKQPU YKVJ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC CRRCTGPVN[ KPFGRGPFGPVN[ HTQO 0WTCFFKP

0WTCFFKP QP VJG QVJGT JCPF HGCTGF VJG RQYGT QH 5CNCFKP *G RNCPPGF CP KPXCUKQP QH 'I[RV YJKEJ YCU VJYCTVGF D[ JKU FGCVJ QP /C[ VJ

6JG GORKTG JG NGHV YCU GPQTOQWU KV GPEQORCUUGF PQV LWUV 'I[RV CPF 5[TKC DWV UKPEG CNUQ /GUQRQVCOKC #TOGPKC CPF UQWVJGTP #PCVQNKC 0WTCFFKP JCF CNYC[U JCF VYQ VCTIGVU VJG EQPSWGUV QH VJG GORKTG QH VJG 4WO 5GNLWSU CPF VJG CPPKJKNCVKQP QH VJG -KPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO

5QQP CHVGT 0WTCFFKP #OCNTKE FKGF QP ,WN[ VJ *G VQQ JCF RNCPPGF VQ OCTEJ CICKPUV 'I[RV #OCNTKE YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ $CNFYKP +8 DWV 0WTCFFKPÅ&#x2030;U UWEEGUUKQP OGV YKVJ VTQWDNG 6JG QPN[ NGICN UWEEGUUQT YCU JKU KPHCPV UQP CU 5CNKJ 5CNCFKP VQQM VJG QRRQTVWPK[ VQ QEEWR[ &COCUEWU CPF ICKP EQPVTQN QH C UWDUVCPVKCN RCTV QH VJG 'ORKTG DWV PQV #NGRRQ 6Q GORJCUKUG JKU ENCKOU JG OCTTKGF 0WTCFFKPÅ&#x2030;U YKFQY +UOCVCFFKP -JCVCT PQV CU 5CNKJÅ&#x2030;U OQVJGT

1P 0QXGODGT 5CNCFKP UWHHGTGF CP WPGZRGEVGF CVVCEM D[ $CNFYKP CV 4CONC CPF YCU FGHGCVGF *KU ENCKO VQ KPXKPEKDKNKV[ YCU NQUV *G TGXGPIGF JKOUGNH KP DWV FKF PQV OCTEJ QP ,GTWUCNGO *G VWTPGF JKU CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG GCUV CPF VQQM EQPVTQN QH #NGRRQ CPF /QUWN 0QY JKU GORKTG EQWNF DG EQORCTGF VQ 0WTCFFKPÅ&#x2030;U

6JG VKOG UGGOGF VQ JCXG EQOG VQ OCTEJ CICKPUV ,GTWUCNGO UVKNN JG JGUKVCVGF VJG .CVKPU YGTG XGT[ UVTQPI CPF HQTOCNN[ VJG VTWEG JCF PQV [GV GZRKTGF 9JGP KP &GEGODGT 4C[PCNF QH %J³VKNNQP JKU YQTUV GPGO[ JGNF WR C 5[TKCP 'I[RVKCP ECTCXCP 5CNCFKP FGOCPFGF UCVKUHCEVKQP QH )W[ QH .WUKIPCP 6JGTGD[ VJG VTWEG YCU DTQMGP CPF 5CNCFKP ICVJGTGF JKU VTQQRU QP VJG )QNCP JGKIJVU +P VJG UWOOGT QH VJG .CVKPU UWHHGTGF C FGXCUVCVKPI FGHGCV CV *CVVKP CPF QP 1EVQDGT PF ,GTWUCNGO YCU VCMGP +P VJG HQNNQYKPI [GCT CNN EKVKGU KP VJG MKPIFQO YGTG NQUV VQ 5CNCFKP YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH 6[TWU

354

MIDDLE EAST

6JG 6JKTF %TWUCFG 4GCEVKQPU VQ VJG NQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO YGTG JGCVGF 2QRG )TGIQT[ 8+++ ECNNGF HQT C TGPGYGF ETWUCFG QP 1EVQDGT VJ VJKU VKOG PQV LWUV D[ VJG MPKIJVU CPF VJG RGQRNG DWV D[ VJG NGCFGTU QH CNN ITGCV 'WTQRGCP PCVKQPU

$WT[KPI VJGKT FKHHGTGPEGU (TGPEJ MKPI 2JKNKRRG ++ #NRJQPUG CPF VJG 'PINKUJ MKPI 4KEJCTF .KQPJGCTV VQQM RCTV KP VJG ETWUCFG VJG HQTOGT TGCEJKPI #ETG D[ UGC QP #RTKN VJ VJG NCVVGT HQNNQYKPI QP ,WPG VJ (TGFGTKEM $CTDCTQUUC NGHV 4GIGPUDWTI QP /C[ VJ CPF OCFG VJG LQWTPG[ QXGTNCPF YJKEJ YQGHWNN[ GPFGF KP JKU FGOKUG QP ,WPG VJ KP #PCVQNKC

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

#HVGT 5CNCFKPʼnU FGOKUG JKU DTQVJGT #DW $CMT VQQM VJG #[[WDKF JGNO 6JG #[[WDKF UQXGTGKIPU CNN RQUUGUUGF C TGIPCN PCOG HQT #DW $CMT KV YCU CN OCNKM CNʼn#FKN CN OCNKM VJG MKPI CU QRRQUGF VQ QVJGTU VJG[ GZRNKEKVN[ ECNNGF VJGOUGNXGU MKPIU #Nʼn#FKN JCF PQ HKZGF TGUKFGPEG DWV VTCXGNNGF DGVYGGP %CKTQ CPF &COCUEWU *G NGHV VJG IQXGTOGPV QH JKU ITGCV GORKTG VQ JKU VJTGG UQPU

CN OCNKM CN -COKN KP %CKTQ CN OCNKM CN #UJTCH KP ,C\KTC CPF CN OCNKM CN /WʼnC\\CO KP 5[TKC

6JKU FKXKUKQP YCU XGT[ KORQTVCPV HQT ,C\KTC KP RCTVKEWNCT *GTG VJG CVCDGIU TWNGF CPF VJG #[[WDKFU YGTG QXGTNQTFU UGG WPFGT 6WTEQOCPU #Nʼn#FKN FKGF KP CHVGT YJKEJ JKU UQPU MGRV VJG UVCVWU SWQ YJKEJ OGCPV VJCV CN -COKN YCU TGICTFGF CU VJG JGCF QH VJG HCOKN[ QP UQOG 6WTEQOCP EQKPU VYQ QXGTNQTFU CTG OGPVKQPGF CN -COKN CPF CN #UJTCH UGG PQ HQT GZCORNG 9JGP CN -COKN FKGF KP C UWEEGUUKQPCN FKURWVG CTQUG YJKEJ GPFGF KP VJG XKEVQT[ QH VJG UQP QH CN -COKN #[[WD TGIPCN PCOG CN OCNKM CU 5CNKJ

(TQO VJG (QWTVJ %TWUCFG VQ VJG GPF KP

6JG (QWTVJ %TWUCFG OCFG C TGPGYGF CVVGORV CV TGICKPKPI ,GTWUCNGO DWV UVTCPFGF CV %QPUVCPVKPQRNG VJG .CVKP 'ORKTG

+P VJG (KHVJ %TWUCFG VJG #[[WDKFU YGTG CVVCEMGF CPF ,QJP QH $TKGPPG EQPSWGTGF &COKGVVG 5WNVCP CN -COKN HGNV UQ VJTGCVGPGF VJCV JG QHHGTGF VQ TGVWTP CNN EQPSWGUVU QH 5CNCFKP 2CRCN NGICVG ECTFKPCN 2GNCIKWU QH #NDCPQ YJQ CKOGF HQT VJG VQVCN CPPKJKNCVKQP QH +UNCO TGHWUGF #U C TGUWNV QH VJG HCKVJHWN EQQRGTCVKQP QH VJG VJTGG DTQVJGTU VJG ETWUCFGTU YGTG GXGPVWCNN[ FGHGCVGF

+P 5GRVGODGT (TGFGTKEM ++ CTTKXGF KP #ETG # VTGCV[ YCU UYQTP YKVJ VJG UWNVCP QH 'I[RV 6TGCV[ QH ,CHHC QH (GDTWCT[ YJGTGD[ VJG EKVKGU QH ,GTWUCNGO $GVJNGJGO CPF 0C\CTGVJ ECOG WPFGT VJG LWTKUFKEVKQP QH VJG ETWUCFGTU (TGFGTKEM OCTTKGF +UCDGNNG VJG FCWIJVGT QH ,QJP QH $TKGPPG CPF TGEGKXGF VJG ETQYP QH VJG -KPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO KP /CTEJ KP VJCV VQYP *G YGPV QP VQ ECRVWTG $GKTWV YJKEJ YCU NQUV CICKP KP CPF C EQOWPG YCU GUVCDNKUJGF KP #ETG

&WTKPI VJG [GCTU CPQVJGT ETWUCFG YCU WPFGTVCMGP D[ COQPIUV QVJGTU 6JKDCWNV +8 %QWPV QH %JCORCIPG (KPCNN[ -KPI .QWKU +: VJG 2KQWU WPFGTVQQM C ETWUCFG DWV UWHHGTGF C ETWUJKPI FGHGCV CV &COKGVVG KP HCEV C TGRGVKVKQP QH VJG GXGPVU

0QPGVJGNGUU VJKU ETWUCFG VWTPGF QWV VQ JCXG CP WPGZRGEVGF DWV JKIJN[ UKIPKHKECPV GHHGEV &WTKPI VJG CFXCPEG QH .QWKU +: CU 5CNKJ YCU CYC[ HKIJVKPI JKU WPENG KP 5[TKC DWV SWKEMN[ TGVWTPGF CPF GPECORGF CV CN /CUQWTCJ YJGTG JG FKGF QP /C[ &G HCEVQ RQYGT KP 'I[RV TGUVGF YKVJ VJG /COGNWMU

#[DCM CPF $CKDCTU DWV NGICN ITQWPFU HQT CRRQKPVKPI UWNVCP VJG /COGNWM GOKT YGTG NCEMKPI %QPUGSWGPVN[ CU 5CNKJʼnU YKFQY 5CICT CN &WTT C UWNVCPC YKVJ VJG TGIPCN PCOG OCNKMCV CN /WUNKOKO

SWGGP QH VJG /WUNKOU TGKIPGF 6JG EQPEGRV QH C YQOGP CV VJG VQR YCU JQYGXGT WPCEEGRVCDNG VQ VJG 5[TKCP #[[WDKFU YJGTGWRQP VJG OCOGNWMU FGOCPFGF VJCV 5CICT OCTT[ #[DCM CPF C [GCT QNF RTKPEG

CN #UJTCH /WUC HTQO VJG [GOGPKVG DTCPEJ QH VJG #[[WDKFU DG UWNVCP 6JKU RCXGF VJG YC[ HQT #[DCM VQ FGHKPKVGN[ RWUJ CUKFG VJG #[[WDKFU KP CPF WUWTR VJG UVCVWU QH UWNVCP

+P 5CICT JCF #[DCM MKNNGF DGECWUG HQT RQNKVKECN TGCUQPU JG YCPVGF VQ OCTT[ VJG FCWIJVGT QH CP 0CUKT ;WUWH VJG CVCDGI QH /QUWN UGG WPFGT 6WTEQOCPU # HGY FC[U NCVGT UJG JGTUGNH YCU OWTFGTGF

#[DCM YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU UQP CN OCPUWTʼn#NK DWV HQT C UJQTV RGTKQF QPN[ 6JGP $CKDCTU DGECOG UWNVCP JG YCU VQ DG QPG QH VJG CEVQTU KP VJG HKPCN GZRWNUKQP QH VJG ETWUCFGTU

6JG GPF QH VJG ETWUCFGTUʼn XGPVWTG JQYGXGT ECOG HTQO CP WPGZRGEVGF UKFG +P CNTGCF[ VJG /QPIQNU JCF GUVCDNKUJGF VJGOUGNXGU CV VJG GFIG QH VJG #DDCUUKF GORKTG #U QHVGP KU VJG ECUG JGTG VQQ C TGNCVKXGN[ UOCNN GXGPV YCU VJG ECWUG QH CP GPQTOQWU UJKHV 6JG IQXGTPQT QH *YCTK\KP MKNNGF C /QPIQN GOKUUCT[ 6JG /QPIQNU KOOGFKCVGN[ EQPSWGTGF VJG GORKTG QH *YCTK\KP CPF HQWPF VJGOUGNXGU UVCPFKPI CV VJG DQTFGT QH VJG #DDCUUKF GORKTG #TQWPF VJG -JCICP /ÌPIMG QTFGTGF JKU DTQVJGT *ÒNCIÒ VQ GZVGPF VJG DQTFGTU QH VJG /QPIQN GORKTG VQ VJG YGUV 6JG EKV[ QH $CIFCF YCU EQPSWGTGF KP CPF VJG ECNKRJ YCU MKNNGF 6JG #DDCUUKF 'ORKTG YCU HKPKUJGF UGG *CCTOCP R

355

MIDDLE EAST #P WPURGEKHKGF TGNCVKXG QH VJG VTKDG QH VJG #DDCUUKFU CN *CMKO GUECRGF CPF YCU TGEGKXGF KP %CKTQ D[ $CKDCTU UWNVCP QH VJG /COGNWMU CU ŋUWNVCP QH VJG #DDCUUKFUŌ 6JG F[PCUV[ VJQWIJ QDXKQWUN[ PQV TGXKXGF VJWU NKXGF QP CU C UJCO ECNKRJCVG

6JG /QPIQNU RWUJGF VJTQWIJ CPF EQPSWGTGF #NGRRQ CPF &COCUEWU 6JG /COGNWMU TGEKRTQECVGF D[ OCTEJKPI VQ 2CNGUVKPG CPF UYKHVN[ EQPSWGTKPI ,CHHC CPF #PVKQEJ 6TKRQNK HQNNQYGF KP #RTKN #ETG KP /C[ ,WPG 6[TWU KP /C[ 5KFQP CPF $GKTWV KP ,WN[ CPF HKPCNN[ 2KNITKOʼnU %CUVNG KP #WIWUV

6JG ETWUCFGTUʼn GPVGTRTKUG JCF FGHKPKVGN[ GPFGF

%1+0#)' +0 6*' 2'4+1& (41/ 706+.

%QKPCIG TGHNGEVU VJGUG JKUVQTKE GXGPVU 9G YKNN WUG VJG UCOG ENCUUKHKECVKQP CU KP VJG JKUVQTKE UWTXG[

6JG UKVWCVKQP DGHQTG VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG

6JG NCPF YCU EQORNGVGN[ +UNCOKE 6YQ ECNKRJU RNC[GF C TQNG VJG #DDCUUKF ECNKRJ QH $CIFCF CPF VJG (CVCOKF ECNKRJ KP %CKTQ 6JG[ WUGF VJG UCOG EQKPU VJG IQNFGP FKPCT CPF VJG UKNXGT FKTJGO DQVJ YKVJ TGNKIKQWU VGZVU CPF VJG PCOG QH VJG ECNKRJ GZENWUKXGN[

6JG UKVWCVKQP UWTTQWPFKPI VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG

9JGP VJG ETWUCFGTU CTTKXGF VJG[ ECTTKGF 'WTQRGCP OQPG[ YJKEJ VJG[ JCF QDXKQWUN[ PGGFGF HQT VJG NQPI LQWTPG[ 6JKU OQPG[ HQT VJG OQUV RCTV YCU HTQO VJG EQWPVT[ QH QTKIKP QH VJG UGRCTCVG CTOKGU +V UGGOU XGT[ WPNKMGN[ VJCV VJKU OQPG[ JCU RNC[GF VJG UNKIJVGUV TQNG KP VTCFKPI YKVJ VJG /WUNKOU 6JG HCEV VJCV VJGUG EQKPU CTG FWI WR PQYCFC[U KU JCTFN[ UWTRTKUKPI OCP[ ETWUCFGTU FKGF CPF VJGKT OQPG[ YQWNF JCXG DGGP DWTKGF YKVJ VJGO

&GXGNQROGPVU DGVYGGP VJG (KTUV CPF VJG 5GEQPF %TWUCFG

6JG ETWUCFGTU OWUV UQQP JCXG FGRGPFGF QP VTCFKPI YKVJ VJG /WUNKOU CPF JCXG WUGF VJGKT FKTJGOU CPF FKPCTU 6JG PGGF VQ UVTKMG EQKPU QH VJGKT QYP ECPPQV JCXG DGGP ITGCV KV OC[ JCXG DGGP JCTF VQ KPUVCNN OKPVU CPF VJG /WUNKO VTCFGTU OC[ XGT[ YGNN JCXG TGHWUGF VJG HQTGKIP EWTTGPE[

'ZEGRVKQPU YGTG 'FGUC CPF #PVKQEJ 6JGUG NCPFU YGTG HQTOCNN[ HKGHU QH VJG $[\CPVKPG 'ORGTQT UQ RTGUWOCDN[ $[\CPVKPG OQPG[ YCU KP EKTEWNCVKQP +P DQVJ EQWPVTKGU NCTIG EQRRGT EQKPU YGTG UVTWEM CHVGT $[\CPVKPG GZCORNG DWV YKVJ VJGKT QYP EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU 'XGPVWCNN[ #PVKQEJ XGPVWTGF VQ UVTKMG KVU QYP EQKPU VJQWIJ UVKNN TGUGODNKPI VJG $[\CPVKPG QPGU

)TCFWCNN[ VJQWIJ EJCPIGU UNKRRGF KP (KTUV ,GTWUCNGO UVCTVGF VQ UVTKMG IQNF EQKPU GZCEVN[ CHVGT VJG FKPCTU 6JG[ KOKVCVGF VJG (CVCOKF FKPCTU YKVJ VJGKT +UNCOKE NGIGPFU CPF FCVGU +P 9GUVGTP FQEWOGPVU VJGUG EQKPU CTG QHVGP TGHGTTGF VQ CU ŋDKUCPEKK UCTCEGPCVKŌ

#NQPI YKVJ VJGUG KOKVCVKQPU QTKIKPCN EQKPU CHVGT 'WTQRGCP GZCORNG YGTG UVTWEM KP #PVKQEJ CPF ,GTWUCNGO CPF UQOGYJCV NCVGT KP 6TKRQNK 6JG ETWUCFGTUʼn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

(TQO VJG 6JKTF %TWUCFG WPVKN VJG GPF KP

6JG KUUWG QH VJG IQNF EQKPU KOKVCVKQPU QH VJG (CVCOKF FKPCTU EQPVKPWGF KPVQ VJG VJKTVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ DWV KP CU C TGUWNV QH CP KPVGTXGPVKQP D[ VJG RCRCN NGICVG VQ VJG *QN[ .CPF 1FQ QH %J³VGCWTQWZ VJG OKPVKPI QH EQKPU YKVJ /WUNKO NGIGPFU UGGOU VQ JCXG EGCUGF (TQO KUUWGU QH KOKVCVKQP FKPCTU CRRGCTGF DGCTKPI %JTKUVKCP NGIGPFU CPF %JTKUVKCP FCVGU KP #TCDKE CPF UQOG QH VJGUG YGTG OCTMGF YKVJ ETQUUGU QP QPG QT DQVJ UKFGU 1P VJG UJGGT UVTGPIVJ QH PWOKUOCVKE GXKFGPEG JQYGXGT YG UJQWNF DG LWUVKHKGF KP EQPENWFKPI VJCV UVTKMKPI VJGUG NCVVGT EQKPU YCU CDCPFQPGF D[ CV VJG NCVGUV

+P VJG GCTN[ VJKTVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ VJG FKTJCOU QH #NGRRQ YGTG EQRKQWUN[ KOKVCVGF (TQO QPYCTFU KV YCU VJG VWTP QH VJG &COCUEWU FKTJCOU QH CN 5CNKJ +UOCʼnKN TWNGT QH &COCUEWU KP CPF CICKP HTQO VQ 6JGUG KOKVCVKQPU JCXG CN 5CNKJ +UOCʼnKNʼnU PCOG QP VJG QDXGTUG CPF VJG PCOG QH VJG %CNKRJ QH $CIFCF CN /WUVCPUKT QP VJG TGXGTUG 6JGUG ETWUCFGT KOKVCVKQPU YGTG UVTWEM HTQO VQ

+P CPF FKTJCOU YKVJ %JTKUVKCP NGIGPFU KP #TCDKE YGTG UVTWEM D[ VJG %TWUCFGTU +P KOKVCVKQP FKTJCOU DGCTKPI VJG PCOGU QH CN 5CNKJ +UOCʼnKN CPF CN /WUVCPUKT DWV CNUQ C TGNKIKQWUN[ PGWVTCN KPUETKRVKQP YGTG UVTWEM

#NN QTKIKPCN EQKPCIG GPFGF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ +P VJG MKPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO EQKPCIG YCU EQPVKPWGF CHVGT KP #ETG +P #PVKQEJ EQKPCIG GPFGF CTQWPF CPF KP 6TKRQNK EJCPIGF VQ ITQCV CPF JCNH ITQCV ENGCTN[ EQTTGURQPFKPI YKVJ VJG EQKPCIG QP %[RTWU

356

MIDDLE EAST

6*' 5*#2+0) 1( 6*' (174 %475#&'45ʼn 56#6'5

#V VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ $[\CPVKWO JCF VQ YCVEJ 5GNLWSU CPF 0QTOCPU PKDDNKPI QHH VJGKT VGTTKVQTKGU +P VJG RQUUGUUKQPU KP +VCN[ JCF CNTGCF[ DGGP NQUV VQ 4QDGTV )WKUECTF KP VJG DCVVNG QH $CTK CPF PQY VJG FGHGCV KP VJG DCVVNG QH /CP\KMGTV KP GCUV 6WTMG[ ICXG VJG 5GNLWSU VJG EJCPEG VQ CFXCPEG KPVQ $[\CPVKPG CU YGNN CU +UNCOKE VGTTKVQTKGU 6JG[ UGK\GF ,GTWUCNGO HTQO VJG (CVCOKFU CPF KP JCF RWUJGF HQTYCTF CU HCT CU 0KECGC UGG $QGT C Q /KFFNG CIGU R GV UGSS

6JGTGWRQP VJG $[\CPVKPG 'ORGTQT #NGZKWU + %QOPGPWU GPNKUVGF VJG JGNR QH VJG RQRG YJQ KP VJG U[PQF QH %NGTOQPF (GTTCPF KP ECNNGF HQT C ETWUCFG CICKPUV +UNCO 6JG EQPEGRV QH *QN[ 9CT KU EQKPGF D[ 5V #WIWUVKPG KP JKU VTGCVKUG QP VJG GUUGPEG QH C LWUV YCT DGNNWO KWUVWO

6JGTG CTG VJTGG ETKVGTKC

6JG YCT OWUV DG YCIGF D[ C NGICN CWVJQTKV[ K G GORGTQT QT RQRG

6JG YCT OC[ QPN[ DG YCIGF CU C TGCEVKQP VQ CP WPLWUV CEVKQP D[ VJG CFXGTUCT[

6JG YCT OWUV DG ECTTKGF D[ IQQF KPVGPVKQPU UWEJ CU FKXKPG NQXG CPF OGTE[

6JG RQRGʼnU ECNN OGV YKVJ ITGCV CEENCKO OCP[ VQQM WR VJG ETQUU VCMG WR VJG ETQUU OGCPKPI EWVVKPI QPGʼnU ENQVJGU KPVQ ETQUUGU CPF HCUVGP VJGUG VQ QPGʼnU UJQWNFGTU 6JKU YCU DCUGF QP /V őCPF JG VJCV VCMGVJ PQV WR JKU ETQUU CPF HQNNQYGVJ OG KU PQV YQTVJ[ QH OG

%QPUGSWGPVN[ VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG VQQM RNCEG HTQO WPVKN 4GCNKV[ FKF JQYGXGT PQV OGGV #WIWUVKPGʼnU TGSWKTGOGPVU 6JG CTO[ YCU OCFG WR QH MPKIJVU CPF RGQRNG 6JG HQTOGT UCY VJG EJCPEG VQ GPNCTIG VJGKT VGTTKVQT[ UQOGVJKPI 'WTQRG EQWNF UECTEGN[ QHHGT CPF VJG CTO[ VTCORNGF CDQWV RKNNCIKPI YJCV VJG[ EQWNF 5QOG QVJGTU JQRGF HQT C PGY VTCFKPI OCTMGV

#U ECP DG GZRGEVGF VJG MPKIJVU IQV VJG OQUV CVVGPVKQP 6JGTG YGTG HQWT ITQWRU

-PKIJVU QH VJG F[PCUV[ QH .QYGT .QTTCKPG 'WUVCEG ++ %QWPV QH $QWNQIPG OCTTKGF VQ +FC QH .QYGT .QTTCKPG UKUVGT QH )QFHTG[ VJG *WPEJDCEM 6JG[ JCF HQWT EJKNFTGP COQPI YJKEJ )QFHTG[ QH $QWKNNQP $CNFYKP + CPF /GNKUGPFG )QFHTG[ VJG *WPEJDCEM CRRQKPVGF )QFHTG[ QH $QWKNNQP VQ JKU UWEEGUUQT KP )QFHTG[ CU YGNN CU $CNFYKP LQKPGF VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG CU PQVCDNGU 6JKU ITQWR CKOGF HQT VJG EQWPV[ 'FGUC CPF VJG -KPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO

4C[OQPF +8 QH 5V )KNNGU EQWPV QH 6QWNQWUG *G YCU VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV OCP KP UQWVJGTP (TCPEG

UGG WPFGT 6QWNQWUG 2QRG 7TDCP HGNV JG YCU VJG KFGCN OKNKVCT[ EQOOCPFGT HQT VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG CPF UQ VJCV KU YJCV JG ECOG VQ DG 6JKU ITQWR CKOGF HQT #PVKQEJ

6JG 0QTOCPU HTQO 5KEKN[ 4QDGTV )WKUECTF JCF FGHGCVGF VJG $[\CPVKPGU CNTGCF[ *KU UQP $QJGOQPF + VQQM RCTV KP VJG HKTUV %TWUCFG 6JKU ITQWR CKOGF HQT 6TKRQNK

*WIJ QH .WUKIPCP UVGOOKPI HTQO C PQDNG HCOKN[ YJQ CRRGCTGF CNTGCF[ KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KP VJG VQYP QH .KEKPKCPWU VQ VJG UQWVJYGUV QH 2QKVKGTU *WIJ ++ VJG UQP QH VJG HQWPFGT *WIJ + DWKNV VJG ECUVNG .WUKIPCP CTQWPF 6JKU ITQWR FKF PQV CRRGCT KOOGFKCVGN[ CHVGT VJG HKTUV %TWUCFG DWV RNC[GF CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP VJG PGZV IGPGTCVKQP KP ,GTWUCNGO CPF CDQXG CNN QP %[RTWU YJGTG VJG[ YGTG VQ TGOCKP C NQPI VKOG

#U C TGUWNV HQWT UOCNN UVCVGU YGTG HQWPFGF CNQPI VJG /GFKVGTTCPGCP

2GTJCRU VQMGPU YGTG FKUVTKDWVGF VQ VJG ETWUCFGTU UWEJ CU VJKU QPG

6QMGP # *GCF QH %JTKUV HCEKPI 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG UOCNNGT ETQUU CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD CPF KP GCEJ CPING %TQUU QH ,GTWUCNGO IT 44 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ ō5ÒFHTCP\ÌUKUEJG ¤NOCTMG UQIGPCPPVGT -TGW\HCJTGTRHGPPKIŋ 5RGEKOGP /CEMGPUGP #UVHGNF EQNNGEVKQP

5RGEKOGP 2CEJKPIGT EQNNGEVKQP

6JKU RKGEG KU FKHHKEWNV VQ ECVGIQTKUG 5V[NKUVKECNN[ VJG JGCF QH %JTKUV TGUGODNGU VJG QPG QP VJG ŋEQTQPCVKQP VTCOŌ QH .GXQP + DWV UJQWNF VJGP DG FCVGF CTQWPF (QWTVJ %TWUCFG 6JG ,GTWUCNGO ETQUU KU OCKPN[ HQWPF QP %[RTWU VJGTG YGTG ENQUG VKGU DGVYGGP %[RTWU CPF %KNKEKCP #TOGPKC

2CEJKPIGT YJQ EQNNGEVGF OCP[ QH VJGUG QDLGEVU TGITGVVCDN[ OCFG PQ OGPVKQP QH VJKU RKGEG KP JKU RWDNKECVKQPU YKVJ VJCPMU VQ *GTOCPP /CW¾ QH VJG )GTOCPKUEJGU 0CVKQPCN /WUGWO 0WTGODGTI

357

EDESSA

%1706; QH '&'55# #U C VQYP 'FGUUC YCU CNTGCF[ MPQYP KP CPEKGPV JKUVQT[ #V VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 'FGUUC YCU HKGTEGN[ HQWIJV QXGT D[ /WUNKOU CPF #TOGPKCPU WPVKN KV FGHKPKVKXGN[ HGNN VQ #TOGPKC KP 6JQTQU JQYGXGT YCU WPFGT JGCX[ RTGUUWTG HTQO VJG 6WTMKUJ 'OKT -KTDQIC QH /QUWN *G VJGTGHQTG VWTPGF VQ $CNFYKP VJG DTQVJGT QH )QFHTG[ QH $QWKNNQP YJQ JCF UGRCTCVGF HTQO VJG OCKP HQTEG KP %KNKEKC KP CPF YJQ YCU OQXKPI KP VJG FKTGEVKQP QH VJG 'WRJTCVGU +P $CNFYKP CTTKXGF KP 'FGUUC CPF UGK\GF

RQYGT HTQO 6JQTQU YJQ YCU OWTFGTGF UJQTVN[ CHVGT 1RGTCVKPI HTQO 5COQUCVC CV VJG 'WRJTCVGU $CNFYKP TGKPUVCVGF NKCKUQPU YKVJ #PVKQEJ 6JWU VJG EQWPV[ 'FGUUC ECOG KPVQ DGKPI YKVJQWV JQYGXGT ENGCTN[ FGHKPGF DQTFGTU QT C EQJGTGPV RQRWNCVKQP 0QVYKVJ UVCPFKPI KV YCU C RQYGTHWN UVCVG DGKPI VJG DWHHGT DGVYGGP VJG %JTKUVKCP UVCVGU CPF VJG TGIKQPU VQ VJG PQTVJGCUV QH 'FGUUC

+P $CNFYKP DGECOG MKPI QH ,GTWUCNGO CPF JKU EQWUKP $CNFYKP QH $QWTES $CNFYKP ++ EQWPV QH 'FGUUC #HVGT VJG FGHGCV CV *CTTCP KP $CNFYKP + CPF JKU EQWUKP ,QUEGNKP + QH %QWTVGPC[ YGTG ECRVWTGF D[ VJG 6WTMU VQ DG TGNGCUGF QPN[ C HGY [GCTU NCVGT &WTKPI VJCV VKOG 6CPETGF QH #PVKQEJ CEVGF CU TGIGPV #HVGT VJG FGOKUG QH $CNFYKP + KP $CNFYKP QH $QWTES $CNFYKP ++ UWEEGGFGF JKO CPF ITCPVGF ,QUEGNKP + VJG HKGH QH 'FGUUC +P ,QUEGNKP YCU ECRVWTGF QPEG OQTG CPF $CNFYKP ++ CEVGF CU TGIGPV WPVKN JG VQQ YCU ECRVWTGF KP #HVGT VJGUG EJCPIGU )QFHTG[ VJG /QPM DGECOG TGIGPV 6JGP VJG #TOGPKCPU NKDGTCVGF ,QUEGNKP YJQ TGENCKOGF JKU HKGH +P JG YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU UQP ,QUEGNKP ++ YJQUG NGCFGTUJKR YCU UQ YGCM VJCV 'FGUUC HCEGF GXGT ITQYKPI FKHHKEWNVKGU

+P VJG VQYP ECOG WPFGT CVVCEM HTQO VJG CVCDGI QH /QUWN 0WTCFFKP <GPIK *G JCF CNN (TCPMU OWTFGTGF DWV URCTGF 5[TKCP %JTKUVKCPU #TOGPKCPU ,CEQDKVGU CPF )TGGMU 6JG #TOGPKCPU VTKGF VQ TGKPUVCVG ,QUEGNKP DWV HCKNGF 0WTCFFKPU TGXGPIG YCU VGTTKDNG CNN OGP YGTG MKNNGF QT DCPKUJGF YQOGP CPF EJKNFTGP YGTG OCFG UNCXGU 'FGUUC QPEG UQ KORQTVCPV YCU NGHV FGUGTVGF PGXGT VQ TGEQXGT

%QWPVU QH 'FGUUC

$CNFYKP +

$CNFYKP ++

4GIGPV 6CPETGF

4GIGPV 4KEJCTF QH 5CNGTPQ $CNFYKP ++

,QUEGNKP +

4GIGPV )QFHTG[ VJG /QPM

,QUEGNKP +

,QUEGNKP ++

$#.&9+0 ++

(QT HWTVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP UGG WPFGT ,GTWUCNGO #NN EQKPU QH $CNFYKP CTG EQWPVGTOCTMU

(QNNKU # +P VJTGG NKPGU $#Λ# 8+01 0* $#.&9+0 %1706 4 %TQUU QP UYQTF CPF JCOOGT / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N + IT 44 (NCP ETCEM XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

(TQO 0% PQ

'Z 5NQEWO EQNNGEVKQP 5QVJGD[ OCTEJ

/GVECNH FQGU PQV OGPVKQP UYQTF CPF JCOOGT QP TGXGTUG DWV YGFIGU

,WFIKPI HTQO VJG FGUKIP VJKU KU /GVECNHʼnU ŋ$CNFYKP ++ KP VJG RGTKQF JGCX[ HQNNKU 2QTVGQWU %NCUU Ō DWV VJG YGKIJV CV /GVECNH KU IT CPF IT YJGTGCU VJG YGKIJV JGTG KU QPN[ IT

358

ANTIOCH

(QNNKU # #TOQWTGF EQWPV YKVJ ETQUU CPF UJKGNF $Î&#x203A;81 N 4 5OCNN ETQUU $ * # 0 CTQWPF / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N + IT 44 (KPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z 5NQEWO EQNNGEVKQP 5QVJGD[ OCTEJ 2WTEJCUGF HTQO 2 2TQVQPQVCTKQU /C[ +P 5EJNWODGTIGT + PQ VGZV QDXGTUG 6GZV QP QD CPF TGXGTUG $#.&9+0 /GVECNH $CNFYKP ++ CHVGT

24+0%+2#.+6; QH #06+1%* 6JG VQYP QH #PVKQEJ YCU HQWPFGF # % #HVGT VJG EQPSWGUV D[ VJG 4QOCPU KP # % #PVKQEJ DGECOG VJG ECRKVCN QH VJG RTQXKPEG QH 5[TKC +V YCU PQV LWUV CP KORQTVCPV RNCEG QH VTCFG DWV CNUQ CP EGPVTG QH %JTKUVKCPKV[ $QVJ ,QJP %JT[UQUVQOQU CPF 0GUVQTKQU YGTG #PVKQEJKCPU #HVGT VJG 5[PQF QH %JCNEGFQP

VJG #PVKQEJKCP EJWTEJ URNKV KPVQ OGNMKVGU )TGGM CPF OQPQRJ[UKVGU GPFGOKE 6JKU UEJKUO JGTCNFGF VJG HCNN QH #PVKQEJ

6JG RTKPEKRCNKV[ QH #PVKQEJ YCU HQWPFGF KP FWTKPI VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG D[ $QJGOQPF QH 6CTGPVG KP /CTE $QJ¾OQPF QH 6CTCPVG YCU RTQENCKOGF RTKPEG QH #PVKQEJ WPFGT VJG PCOG QH $QJGOQPF +

5EJN R $QJGOQPF + CPF $QJGOQPF ++ YGTG ECNNGF UGKIPGWTU FÅ&#x2030;#PVKQEJG FQOKPK #PVKQEJGPK $GECWUG #PVKQEJ JCF CNYC[U DGGP C %JTKUVKCP UVTQPIJQNF KV DGECOG CP KORQTVCPV VCTIGV HQT VJG /WUNKOU CHVGT VJG EQPSWGUV D[ VJG ETWUCFGTU VJG EQWPVGTETWUCFGU #PVKQEJ NQUV C ITGCV FGCN QH NCPF VJTQWIJ VJGUG CVVCEMU GURGEKCNN[ CHVGT VJG HCNN QH 'FGUUC

9JGP 5CNCFKP QEEWRKGF 'I[RV KP JKU HQEWU UJKHVGF VQ VJKU VGTTKVQT[ UQ VJG $QJGOQPF F[PCUV[ YCU CDNG VQ TGKIP KP RGCEG HQT VJG PGZV EGPVWT[

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

9JGP #TOGPKC CTQUG CU C MKPIFQO KP VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV NCKF C ENCKO QP #PVKQEJ .QWKU VJG 2KQWU TGEQPEKNGF #TOGPKC YKVJ #PVKQEJ $QJGOQPF 8+ 5VKNN VJKU FTQXG #PVKQEJ KPVQ VJG CTOU QH #TOGPKC CPF VJWU KP VJQUG QH VJG /QPIQNU YJQ YGTG ICKPKPI OQTG CPF OQTG VGTTKVQT[ 6JG GPF ECOG KP

2TKPEGU QH #PVKQEJ

$QJGOQPF +

4GIGPV 6CPETGF

$QJGOQPF + 4GIGPV 6TCPETGF

4GIGPV 4QIGT

4GIGPV $CNFYKP ++

$QJGOQPF ++

%QPUVCPEG

4GIGPV $CNFYKP ++

4GIGPV (WNEQ

4GIGPV 4C[OQPF QH 2QKVKGTU

4GIGPV $CNFYKP +++

4GIGPV 4C[PCNF QH %J³VKNNQP

$QJGOQPF +++

$QJGOQPF +8

4WRKP

$QJGOQPF +8

$QJGOQPF 8

$QJGOQPF 8+

+P VJG /COGNWMU QH $CKDCTU VQQM QXGT 6JG EQWPVU QH 6TKRQNK YGTG RTKPEGU QH #PVKQEJ KP PCOG QPN[

NCVGT .WUKIPCP QH %[RTWU ENCKOGF VJKU VKVNG

6JG RTKPEKRCNKV[ #PVKQEJ GZKUVGF HTQO VQ $[\CPVKWO PGXGT ICXG WR KVU ENCKOU VQ VJG VGTTKVQT[

359

ANTIOCH

(QNNKU # $WUV QH %JTKUV HCEKPI DGVYGGP +% CPF :% 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD CPF QP UOCNNGT ETQUU HNQTKCVGF QTPCOGPVU KP VJG CPINGU / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N + 'FGUUC &1% $0 IT 44 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CPF C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6JKU EQKP WUGF VQ DG CUETKDGF VQ $[\CPVKWO DWV NCVGT KV DGECOG ENGCT VJCV KV DGNQPIU KP #PVKQEJ #NVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG EGTVCKP FGVCKNU YJKEJ ECP DG CNUQ HQWPF QP EQKPU HTQO 'FGUUC

6#0%4'&

6CPETGF YCU C ETWUCFGT HTQO VJG 0QTOCP F[PCUV[ *CWVGXKNNG JG YCU VJG ITCPFUQP QH 4QDGTV )WKUECTF *G VQQM RCTV KP VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG WPFGT JKU WPENG $QJGOQPF QH 6CTGPVG *G YCU KPXQNXGF KP VJG EQPSWGUV QH #PVKQEJ CPF ,GTWUCNGO *G RQUUGUUGF VJG KORQTVCPV 6QYGT QH 6CPETGF KP VJG PQTVJYGUV QH ,GTWUCNGO *G RNWPFGTGF VJG #N #SUC OQUSWG CPF VJG %JWTEJ QH VJG *QN[ 5GRWNEJTG

+P JG VQQM QXGT VJG TGIGPE[ QH #PVKQEJ HTQO $QJGOQPF YJQ JCF DGGP VCMGP ECRVKXG 9JGP $QJGOQPF TGVWTPGF 6CPETGF DGECOG TGIGPV QH 'FGUUC

5KPEG JG YCU YGFFGF VQ %GEKNKC VJG FCWIJVGT QH -KPI 2JKNKR + QH (TCPEG #HVGT VJG TGVWTP QH $CNFYKP JG JCF VQ TGVWTP 'FGUUC $QVJ OGP TGEQPEKNGF KP CPF VQIGVJGT EQPSWGTGF 6TKRQNK KP VJG UCOG [GCT

(QNNKU UV V[RG # $WUV QH 5V 2GVGT YKVJ ETQUU Q /'621% 5V 2GVTWU 4 +P UKZ NKPGU -'$1+ Î&#x2DC;*61â&#x2C6;&#x2020;8 Î&#x203A;1%186 #0-2+ .14& *'.2 ;174 5'48#06 6#0%4'& / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

%QKPU CPF #PVKSWKVGU .QPFQP

(QNNKU UV V[RG # $WUV QH 5V 2GVGT YKVJ ETQUU Q /'621% 5V 2GVTWU 4 +P UKZ NKPGU -'$1+ Î&#x2DC;*61â&#x2C6;&#x2020;8 Î&#x203A;1%186 #0-2+ .14& *'.2 ;174 5'48#06 6#0%4'& / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT 8GT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

360

ANTIOCH

(QNNKU PF V[RG # $WUV QH VJG EQWPV HCEKPI YKVJ UYQTF -'$1 6#0-2+ 4 %TQUU YKVJ NKPG CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD CPF HNQTKCVGF QTPCOGPV CV VJG DCUG +% :% 0+ -# KP VJG CPINGU / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

(QNNKU PF V[RG # $WUV QH VJG EQWPV HCEKPI YKVJ UYQTF -'$1 6#0-2+ 4 %TQUU YKVJ NKPG CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD CPF HNQTKCVGF QTPCOGPV CV VJG DCUG +% :% 0+ -# KP VJG CPINGU / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT (NCP ETCEM CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

6JKU V[RG JCU GZVGPUKXGN[ DGGP EQOOGPVGF KP 4 2GUCPV 6JG GHHKI[ QP VJG EQKPU QH 6CPETGF QH #PVKQEJ KP 0% R

*G FKUVKPIWKUJGU VJTGG V[RGU 6JKU VJGP KU V[RG C CU KU PQ

(QNNKU TF V[RG # 5V 2GVTWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF DNGUUKPI JCPF 4 %TQUU YKVJ & 5 ( 6

&1/+0' 5#.88/ (#% 6#0%4'&8/ KP VJG CPINGU / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8 IT 8GT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

(QNNKU VJ V[RG # $WUV QH %JTKUV HCEKPI DGVYGGP +% CPF :% 4 %TQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD CPF 6# 0- 2 * KP VJG CPINGU / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP CPF XGTFKITKU HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

361

ANTIOCH 41)'4 4GIGPV

(QNNKU PF V[RG # 0KODCVG /CTKC UVCPFKPI QTCPU 4 +P UKZ NKPGU -ª $1* Î&#x2DC;ª+6Ï&#x2030;%Ï&#x2030; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;18λÏ&#x2030;2 165'2+ .14& *'.2 ;174 5'48#06 41)'4 / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT 6TCEGU QH CP QXGTUVTWEM HNCP ETCEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI 6JGTG CTG VTCEGU QH CP QXGTUVTWEM QP VJG QDXGTUG QP C JGCF QH %JTKUV /GVECNH

(QNNKU # 5V )GQTIG QP JQTUGDCEM T URGCTKPI FTCIQP TKPI N KP HKGNF VTCEGU QH VJG NGIGPF 1# Î&#x201C;ªÏ&#x2030;2 4 +P VJTGG NKPGU 216Ã&#x2021;'2 Î 2+Î&#x201C;-Î % %#0 41)'4 24+0%' 1( #06+1%* / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

4#;/10& QH 21+6+'45

*G YCU VJG UQP QH )WKNNCWOG 8+ %QWPV QH 2QKVQW CPF &WMG QH #SWKVCKPG CPF %QPUVCPEG JGKTGUU QH #PVKQEJ

#PVKQEJ PGGFGF C UVTQPI NGCFGT CPF 4C[OQPF HKVVGF VJG DKNN #NVJQWIJ JG FGHGCVGF VJG /WUNKOU CV #NGRRQ JG EQWNF PQV HTGG #PVKQEJ HTQO $[\CPVKPG ENCKOU

6JG 5GEQPF %TWUCFG YCU VJG KFGCN QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ OCTEJ CICKPUV VJG /WUNKOU DWV -KPI .QWKU 8++ QH (TCPEG HQTDCFG C YCT KP 0QTVJ 5[TKC 6JWU 0WTCFFKP YCU CDNG VQ KPETGCUG RTGUUWTG QP #PVKQEJ +P VJG $CVVNG QH +PCD 4C[OQPF UWEEWODGF

&GPKGT # $WUV T 4#/80&85 4 %TQUU #06+1%*+' / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT 4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG QVJGTYKUG XGT[ HKPG *KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ /GVECNH 5OCNNGT DWUV QT JGCF

$1*'/10& +++

6JKU V[RG QH EQKP QH $QJGOQPF +++ KU C EQPVKPWCVKQP QH VJQUG QH 4C[OQPF QH 2QKVKGTU

&GPKGT %NCUU % # $WUV T $1#/80&85 4 %TQUU #06+1%* / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT &CTM RCVKPC UOCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG *KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP 'Z *KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

362

ANTIOCH

&GPKGT %NCUU ' # $WUV T $1#/80&75 4 %TQUU #06+ 1 % *+# / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT IT &CTM RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG *KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP 'Z *KTUEJ /ÒPEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

&GPKGT %NCUU ' # $WUV T YKVJ ETGUEGPV QP PGEM $1#/80&85 4 %TQUU #06+1%*+# / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

*'./'6 &'0+'4

6JG ŋJGNOGV UGTKGUŌ UVTGVEJGU QXGT C NQPI RGTKQF

C 6JG HKTUV JCU DGGP UVTWEM D[ 4C[OQPF QH 2QKVKGTU 5EJNWODGTIGT ++ 6JG DWUV VQ VJG TKIJV YKVJ JCNH OQQP CPF UVCT .GIGPF 4#+/80&85 CPF #06+1%*

D 5COG FGUKIP VQ VJG NGHV DWV JGTG KP VJG PCOG QH $QJGOQPF 5EJNWODGTIGT +++ .GIGPF $1#/80&85 CPF #06+1%*

E 5COG FGUKIP VQ VJG TKIJV CNUQ KP VJG PCOG QH $QJGOQPF 5EJNWODGTIGT +++ .GIGPF $1#/80&85 CPF #06+1%*

F 5COG FGUKIP VQ VJG NGHV KP VJG PCOG QH 4C[OQPF 4QWRGP 5EJNWODGTIGT +++ .GIGPF 482+085 CPF #06+1%+++#

4C[OQPF QH 2QKVKGTU TGKIPGF HTQO VQ UQ YG OC[ CUUWOG VJCV VJGUG UGTKGU YCU UVCTVGF KP VJG RGTKQF CPF JCU DGGP EQPVKPWGF WPVKN

/GVECNH CPF R CPF / 2 5 R FKHHGTGPVKCVG C ITGCV PWODGT QH XCTKGVKGU DCUGF QP VJG FGUKIP CU YGNN CU VJG NGVVGTKPI 6JG KOCIG KU V[RKECN HQT VJG YC[ C MPKIJV YCU FGRKEVGF CV VJG VKOG

+P DQVJ ECUGU C JGNOGV CPF C OCKN EQKH VJCV EQXGTU VJG ITGCVGT RCTV QH VJG HCEG 6JG ETQUU QP VJG JGNOGV CV VJG *GNOGV V[RG KU QDXKQWUN[ VJG UKIP QH VJG -PKIJV QH VJG %TQUU UQOGVJKPI PQV FGRKEVGF KP CP[ QVJGT KOCIG

#V ŋ-KPIFQO ,GTWUCNGOŌ C EQKP KU KPENWFGF VJCV OC[ YGNN DG VJG RTQVQV[RG QH VJKU UGTKGU HQT C FGUETKRVKQP UGG VJGTG PQ

363

ANTIOCH 6JG FGUKIP QH VJKU ŋRTQVQV[RGŌ CPF VJCV QH VJG MPKIJV KP #KZ NC %JCRGNNG CTG TGOCTMCDN[ UKOKNCT

&GPKGT # *GNOGVGF JGCF N DGVYGGP ETGUEGPV CPF UVCT ETQUU QP JGNOGV $1#/80&85 4 %TQUU YKVJ ETGUEGPV KP VJG PF CPING #06+1%*+# / 2 5 6[RG %NCUU # ( /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N +++ +++ IT #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

$GTPCTFK 6TKÀUV

&GPKGT # *GNOGVGF JGCF N DGVYGGP ETGUEGPV CPF UVCT ETQUU QP JGNOGV $1#/80&85 4 %TQUU YKVJ ETGUEGPV KP VJG PF CPING #06+1%*+# / 2 5 6[RG %NCUU # ( /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N +++ +++ IT

5OCNN HNCP FGHGEV CV VJG GFIG CPF VTCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&GPKGT # *GNOGVGF JGCF N DGVYGGP ETGUEGPV CPF UVCT ETQUU QP JGNOGV 186/80&805 4 %TQUU YKVJ ETGUEGPV KP VJG PF CPING #06+1%*+# TGVTQITCFG / 2 5 6[RG %NCUU # ( /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N +++ +++ IT )TGGP RCVKPC CPF UNKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG $QPXCNNGV 2CTKU +P VJG VGZV QP TGXGTUG DGVYGGP VJG + CPF 1 VJTGG TKPIU KP C VTKCPING

364

ANTIOCH #06+1%* (4#%6+10#. %1+0#)' +P #PVKQEJ C PWODGT QH V[RGU JCU DGGP UVTWEM QP C UOCNN UECNG YJKEJ ECPPQV DG CUETKDGF VQ C RCTVKEWNCT RTKPEG YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH ITQWR & UGG DGNQY 5EJNWODGTIGT CNTGCF[ PQVGF VJKU CPF /GVECNH EQPEWTTGF 6JGTG CTG UQOG FKHHGTGPEGU TGECRKVWNCVGF KP VJG HQNNQYKPI VCDNG D[ /GVECNH

/GVECNH # # $ % % & ' ( ( )

5EJN 2N ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++

(GCVWTG 4#/ )CVGYC[ 5VCT ETGUEGPV 'FKHKEG !

5 TGVTQITCFG .KU $ *GNOGV DWUV )TKF %TQUU )TKF *QTUGOCP

2TKPEG

$1#/80&85 24+0%'25 24+0%'25 $1#/80&85 $1#/80&85

PQ EQNN

5EJNWODGTIGT CUETKDGF # VQ 4C[OQPF QH 2QKVKGTU QP VJG UVTGPIVJ QH VJG HCEV VJCV JG UCY 4#/ CU CP CDDTGXKCVKQP QH 4#+/80&85

5EJNWODGTIGT CUETKDGF $ CPF & VQ $QJGOQPF +++

9G VTCPUHGTTGF ( VQ ,GTWUCNGO DGECWUG VJKU V[RG VQ QWT OKPF FQGU PQV HKV KP YKVJ VJG #PVKQEJ UGTKGU

UGG CNUQ VJG YGKIJV

&GPKGT 6[RG # # +P VJTGG NKPGU #0 6+1% *+' 4 4 # / KP QTPCOGPVCN UV[NG YKVJKP C VTKCPIWNCT RCVVGTP / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N ++ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6JG YGKIJV CV /GVECNH KU QPN[ IT

4#/ JCU DGGP TGCF CU 4C[OQPFWU 6JKU UGGOU KORTQDCDNG 6JG SWGUVKQP TGOCKPU YJCV VJG UKIPKHKECPEG QH VJGUG ŋVJTGG NGVVGTUŌ OC[ DG

&GPKGT 6[RG % # #NVCT YKVJ HQWT NGIU EJCNKEG KP EGPVTG ETQUU CDQXG HQWT RGNNGVU KP HKGNF #06+1%*+' 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING 24+0%'25 / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N +++ IT 4 +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

&GPKGT 6[RG % # 5 DGVYGGP HQWT RGNNGVU 24+0 Ő %'25 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP UV PF CPF TF CPINGU CPF ETGUEGPV KP VJ #06+1 Ő *+# / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N +++ IT 4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6JG QDXGTUG KU UKOKNCT VQ EQKPU QH /CPHTGF QH 5KEKN[ 5RCJT 6JGTGHQTG VJKU EQKP OC[ UVGO HTQO VJG NCVG .CVKP #PVKQEJ /ÒP\\GPVTWO PQ

365

ANTIOCH .+5 &'0+'4 +P ŋ.GVVGTKPI QP EQRRGT EQKPU HTQO #PVKQEJŌ 0WO %KTE R C ENCUUKHKECVKQP YCU OCFG QP VJG UVTGPIVJ QH VJG OCVGTKCN VJGP CXCKNCDNG 6JG ITQWRU VJCV GXQNXGF ECP DG EJCTCEVGTKUGF CU HQNNQYU

9G VJGP EQPENWFGF VJCV VJG ITQWRU CPF SWC NGVVGTKPI OWUV EQOG DGHQTG 4C[OQPF QH 2QKVKGTU K G DGHQTG KH VJG TGCN ETWUCFGTUʼn EQKPU JCXG PQV DGGP OKPVGF DGHQTG CTQWPF VJGP VJGUG OWUV UVGO HTQO VJG RGTKQF QH KOKVCVKQP QH (TGPEJ EQKPU 6JG NCUV ITQWR YQWNF UVGO HTQO VJG RGTKQF QH 4C[OQPF 4QWRGP

6JG EKTEWNCVKQP RGTKQF YQWNF VJGP EQPXGTIG YKVJ VJG *GNOGV FGPKGT

&GPKGT 6[RG & # .KU #06+1%*+# 4 %TQUU $1'/80&85 / 2 5 2JCUG $QJGOQPF 8 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N +++ IT (NCP ETCEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI )TQWR

&GPKGT 6[RG & # .KU $1#/80&85 4 %TQUU #06+1%*+# / 2 5 C 2JCUG $QJGOQPF +++ /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT EH 2N +++ IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI )TQWR C

366

TRIPOLI

%1706; QH 64+21.+ 6TKRQNK YCU HQWPFGF D[ VJG 2JQGPKEKCPU CPF YCU CP KORQTVCPV UGCRQTV #HVGT VJG #TCD EQPSWGUV KP VJGTG YCU C OCTMGF FGENKPG #V VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG HKTUV %TWUCFG VJG RQTV YCU EQPUKFGTGF KPFKURGPUKDNG CPF 4C[OQPF +8 QH 6QWNQWUG YJQ JCF DGGP CUUKIPGF VJG HQWPFKPI QH VJG EQWPV[ 6TKRQNK DWKNV C OKIJV[ ECUVNG QP VJG /QPU 2GTGITKPWU 9JGP JG FKGF KP -KPI $CNFYKP ITCPVGF VJG EQWPV[ CU C HKGH QH ,GTWUCNGO VQ 4C[OQPFʼnU UQP 6JWU CP JGTGFKVCT[ EQWPV[ TGUWNVGF

+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ XCTKQWU /WUNKO CVVCEMU YGTG UWHHGTGF KP VJG <GPIKFU KP CP CTO[ HTQO &COCUEWU CPF KP 5CNCFKP #HVGT VJG FGOKUG QH 4C[OQPF +++ VJG EQWPV[ ECOG VQ VJG [QWPIGUV UQP QH $QJGOQPF +++ QH #PVKQEJ $QJGOQPF +8 HQT YCPV QH NGICN JGKTU (TQO VJCV OQOGPV 6TKRQNK YCU IQXGTPGF VQIGVJGT YKVJ #PVKQEJ

+P VJG EQWPV[ NQUV VGTTKVQT[ D[ VJG CVVCEMU QH VJG /COGNWMU WPFGT $CKDCTU 9JCV TGOCKPGF YCU VJG VQYP CPF C PCTTQY UVTKR QH EQCUVNCPF +P VJG F[PCUV[ QH EQWPVU YCU FGRQUGF

# EQOWPG YCU VJGP GUVCDNKUJGF WPFGT VJG )GPQCP $CTVJQNQOGY 'ODTKCEQ NCVGT VQ DGEQOG C ŋUKIPQTKGŌ CNVJQWIJ VJGTG TGOCKPGF ENCKOU HTQO .WEKC $QJGOQPFʼnU UKUVGT #HVGT VJG EQPSWGUV QH #ETG KP 6TKRQNK YCU FGUVTQ[GF

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375

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44 9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI &KTJGO YKVJ %JTKUVKCP KPUETKRVKQP CPF UOCNN ETQUU

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+P KV YCU EQPSWGTGF D[ VJG #TCDU KP D[ VJG $[\CPVKPGU CPF UJQTVN[ CHVGT CICKP D[ VJG (CVCOKFU

+V YCU C VJTKXKPI VTCFKPI VQYP YJKEJ YCU UWDLGEVGF D[ $CNFYKP + YKVJ VJG CUUKUVGPEG QH $GTVTCPF QH 6TKRQNK KP 6JG EQWPVU QH 6TKRQNK VJGTGCHVGT TGOCKPGF .QTFU QH $GKTWV

%QPUGSWGPVN[ KP VJG U YG OGGV 4C[OQPF +++ QH 6TKRQNK YJQ YCU CRRQKPVGF TGIGPV QH VJG MKPIFQO D[ VJG CKNKPI $CNFYKP +8 +P VJCV [GCT VJG CFOKPKUVTCVKQP QH VJG MKPIFQO YCU VTCPUHGTTGF VQ 4C[OQPF 5CDKPG EQPUKFGTU VJG HQNNQYKPI EQKP PQ VQ JCXG DGGP UVTWEM D[ 4C[OQPF KP $GKTWV YJQ YCU VCMKPI VJG TGXGPWGU VQ EQORGPUCVG HQT JKU UGTXKEGU 5CDKPG 6JG 6WTTKV &CXKV EQKPCIG CPF VJG TGIGPE[ QH 4C[OQPF +++ QH 6TKRQNK 0WO %JTQP R CPF 6JG %TWUCFGT ŋ6WTTKV &CXKVŌ EQKPCIG CFFGPFWO 0WO %JTQP R

4#;/10& QH 64+21.+

#HVGT VJG FGOKUG QH $CNFYKP +8 4C[OQPF +++ QH 6TKRQNK YCU TGIGPV QH VJG MKPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO $CNFYKP YCU EJKNFNGUU DWV JKU UKUVGT 5[DKNNC DGIQV C EJKNF HTQO JGT HKTUV OCTTKCIG VQ 9KNNKCO +8 QH /QPHGTTCV YJQ FKGF KP 6JKU JGKT YCU VQ DG MKPI HTQO WPVKN CU $CNFYKP 8

+P C RTGEQPFKVKQP YCU OCFG VQ VJG GHHGEV VJCV KH $CNFYKP YQWNF FKG DGHQTG JG YCU 4C[OQPF +++ QH 6TKRQNK YQWNF TGOCKP TGIGPV WPVKN VJG UWEEGUUKQP JCF DGGP TWNGF WRQP #HVGT $CNFYKPʼnU FGOKUG KP )W[ QH .WUKIPCP EQPURKTGF YKVJ ,QUEGNKP EQWPV QH 'FGUC VQ QWUV 4C[OQPF 6JG UVTCVGIGO UWEEGGFGF ,QUEGNKP YGPV VQ $GKTWV CPF )W[ CEEGFGF VQ VJG VJTQPG )W[ YCU VJG UGEQPF URQWUG QH 5[DKNNC CPF JCF CNTGCF[ DGEQOG TGIGPV KP 6JG URCTTKPI QH 4C[OQPF CPF )W[ JCF PWOKUOCVKE TCOKHKECVKQPU PCOGN[ VJG RTGUGPEG QH VYQ V[RGU QH VJG RGTKQF LWUV DGHQTG

C 1P QDXGTUG VJG 6QYGT QH &CXKF YKVJ 6844+5 CPF QP TGXGTUG C UVCT QH TC[U YKVJ &#8+6

D 1P QDXGTUG CNUQ VJG 6QYGT QH &CXKF YKVJ 6WTTKU CPF QP TGXGTUG VJG VQOD KP VJG %JWTEJ QH VJG *QN[ 5GRWNEJTG YKVJ 5'28.%*48/ &1/+0+

6[RG C YJKEJ JCU DGGP MPQYP HQT C NQPI VKOG JCU CNYC[U DGGP CVVTKDWVGF VQ )W[ QH .WUKIPCP YJQ YQWNF JCXG UVTWEM VJKU EQKP UJQTVN[ DGHQTG VJG ECRKVWNCVKQP QH ,GTWUCNGO 6JG 'TPQWN EJTQPKENG TGHGTU VQ $CNKCP QH +DGNKP CPF VJG RCVTKCTEJ ŋUVTKRRKPI VJG VQOD GFKEWNG QH VJG 5GRWNEJTG YJKEJ YCU CNN EQXGTGF YKVJ UKNXGTŌ VQ UVTKMG EQKPU HQT VJG RC[OGPV QH VJG UQNFKGTU /GVECNH R $WV VJKU V[RG KU PQV UKNXGT CPF KV KU XGT[ FQWDVHWN VJCV C EQKP YCU UVTWEM FWTKPI C UKGIG

6[RG D MPQYP HTQO C OQTG TGEGPV FCVG CPF QPN[ KP URGEKOGPU 6JKU EQKP YQWNF JCXG DGGP UVTWEM WPFGT UJCTGF TGURQPUKDKNKV[ QH $CNKCP QH +DGNKP CPF *GTCENKWU ŋ6JGP $CNKCP CPF VJG RCVTKCTEJ YGPV CPF JCF VJG VQOD GFKEWNG QH VJG 5GRWNEJTG YJKEJ YCU CNN EQXGTGF KP UKNXGT WPEQXGTGF CPF VJGP VJG[ JCF KV VCMGP CYC[ VQ DG UVTWEM KPVQ OQPG[ VQ IKXG VQ VJG MPKIJVU CPF UGTIGCPVUŌ /GVECNH R 0QY VJG EQPUGPV KU VJCV V[RG C DGNQPIU KP $GKTWV CPF V[RG D KP ,GTWUCNGO 5CDKPG 0WOKUOCVKE KEQPQITCRJ[ QH VJG 6QYGT QH &CXKF CPF VJG *QN[ 5GRWNEJTG #P GOGTIGPE[ EQKPCIG UVTWEM FWTKPI VJG UKGIG QH ,GTWUCNGO 0WO %JTQP R

+P EQPENWUKQP KV KU IQQF VQ RQKPV QWV VJCV VJG VYQ VQYGTU CTG FKUUKOKNCT

377

SIDON

&GPKGT # 6QYGT QH &CXKF DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU Ő 6 Ő8 Ő 4 Ő 4 Ő + Ő 5 4 5VCT YKVJ GKIJV TC[U Ő & Ő# Ő 8 Ő + Ő 6 / 2 5 /GVECNH 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N +++ IT

4 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

$CNFYKPʼnU RTQRGT PCOG YCU /QPVHGTTCV 6JKU F[PCUV[ TGUKFGF QP VJG ECUVNG 6WTTKU CV 8KNNCFGCVK UGG WPFGT +VCN[ %CUCNG /QPHGTTCVQ %QPUGSWGPVN[ 6WTTKU JGTG OC[ JCXG C FQWDNG OGCPKPI 6WTTKU &CXKV CPF VJG ECUVNG 6WTTKU QH /QPVHGTTCV

5+&10 #NTGCF[ KP 2JQGPKEKCP FC[U 5KFQP YCU CP KORQTVCPV VTCFKPI EGPVTG .CVGT KV ECOG WPFGT #TCD TWNG

+P VJG EKV[ YCU EQPSWGTGF D[ -KPI $CNFYKP + CPF ITCPVGF VQ VJG (NGOKUJ MPKIJV 'WUVCEG + )TGPKGT

CU C UGKIPGWTKG #HVGT VJG DCVVNG QH *CVVKP VJG UGKIPGWT QH 5KFQP 4GIKPCNF YCU CDNG VQ GUECRG VQ 6[TWU 5KFQP UWTTGPFGTGF VQ 5CNCFKP QP ,WN[ VJ 6JG VQYP YCU CPPKJKNCVGF

1P 1EVQDGT VJ VJG EKV[ YCU TGEQPSWGTGF D[ VJG ETWUCFGTU WPFGT *GPT[ +8 QH $TCDCPV 6JG TGEQPUVTWEVKQP JQYGXGT FKF PQV VCMG RNCEG WPVKN WPFGT (TGFGTKEM ++ KP #V JKU FGRCTVWTG VJG GORGTQT CRRQKPVGF JKU HQNNQYGT $CNKCP VQ UGKIPGWT QH 5KFQP VQIGVJGT YKVJ )CTPKGT IQXGTPQT QH ,GTWUCNGO

#HVGT CP WPNWEM[ TCKF D[ VJG UGKIPGWT ,WNKCP VJG VQYP YCU QEEWRKGF CPF RNWPFGTGF D[ VJG /QPIQNU KP 6JG[ UQNF KV VQ VJG 6GORNCTU YJQ CVVGORVGF VQ FGHGPF VJG EKV[ CHVGT VJG HCNN QH #ETG QP /C[ VJ DWV QP ,WN[ VJ JCF VQ UWTTGPFGT KV VQ VJG /COGNWMU YJQ EQORNGVGN[ FGOQNKUJGF VJG UVTQPIJQNF

6JG ETWUCFGTU ECNNGF 5KFQP ō5CIKVVCŋ .CVKP HQT CTTQY EQPETGVKUGF CU C JGTCNFKE GODNGO CNUQ WUGF QP EQKPU

$#.+#0

&GPKGT # 'FKHKEG YKVJ VJTGG RQTVCNU Ő & Ő ' Ő 5 Ő ' Ő ' Ő 6 Ő ' Ő 4 %TQUU Ő & Ő ' Ő 0 Ő + Ő ' Ő 4 Ő / 2 5 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8 IT 44 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP OC[ PQ

&KURNC[GF QP 0CCT ,GTW\CNGO FG FWTG TGKU XCP GGP OKFFGNGGWYUG ITCCH .GKFGP *KNXGTUWO 6Q ,GTWUCNGO VJG GZRGPUKXG LQWTPG[ QH C OGFKGXCN EQWPV

6JGTG KU UVTQPI GXKFGPEG VJCV VJKU EQKP JCU DGGP UVTWEM UJQTVN[ CHVGT 5KFQP JCF TGVWTPGF VQ %JTKUVKCP UWRGTXKUKQP

+H UQ $CNKCP QH 5KFQP VJG UQP QH 4C[PCNF YQWNF JCXG DGGP TGURQPUKDNG

$CNKCP YCU C FKUVKPIWKUJGF NC[YGT YJQ HQT OWEJ QH VJG VKOG HTQO WPVKN JKU FGCVJ KP CEVGF CU TGIGPV KP #ETG UVGGTKPI C FKHHKEWNV EQWTUG KP VJG EQPHNKEV DGVYGGP VJG GORGTQT (TGFGTKEM ++ HCVJGT QH VJG TKIJVHWN DWV CDUGPV JGKT VQ VJG VJTQPG CPF JKU QRRQPGPVU VJG .CVKP 5[TKCP DCTQPU CPF VJG NQTF QH $GKTWV

378

TYRUS and ACRE

6;475 6[TWU YCU C VJTKXKPI RQTV KP 2JQGPKEKCP FC[U %QPSWGTGF D[ VJG #TCDU KP KV DGECOG VJG HNGGV DCUG QH VJG (CVCOKFU &WTKPI VJG (KTUV %TWUCFG VJG ETWUCFGTU DGUKGIGF 6[TWU CNTGCF[ DWV EQWNF PQV EQPSWGT VJG VQYP WPVKN 6JG CVVCEM VJGP YCU OCFG D[ CP CTO[ QH VJG MKPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO CPF VJG EQWPV[ 6TKRQNK YKVJ VJG CUUKUVGPEG QH C 8GPGVKCP HNGGV 6JG VQYP DGECOG RCTV QH VJG MKPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO

DWV VJG 8GPGVKCPU MGRV C VJKTF QH VJG TGXGPWGU 2CEVWO 9GTCPFK #HVGT VJG DCVVNG QH *CVVKP KP 6[TWU YCU VJG QPN[ EQCUVCN EKV[ NGHV 5CNCFKP VTKGF VQ EQPSWGT KV DWV YCU WPUWEEGUHWN VJCPMU VQ %QPTCF QH /QPVHGTTCV YJQ TGHWUGF VQ CFOKV VJG TGEGPVN[ NKDGTCVGF )W[ QH .WUKIPCP +P %QPTCF CUUWTGF JKOUGNH QH RQYGT KP 6[TWU 5KFQP CPF $GKTWV D[ C VTGCV[

+P 6[TWU ECOG VQ (TGFGTKEM ++ XKC JKU YKHG +UCDGNNC ++ ,QNCPFG QH ,GTWUCNGO ITCPFFCWIJVGT QH 3WGGP +UCDGNNC CPF JGT EQPUQTV %QPTCF QH /QPVHGTTCV #HVGT VJG FGRCTVWTG QH VJG GORGTQT KP 6[TWU TGOCKPGF WPFGT VJG UWRGTXKUKQP QH JKU $CKWNWU 4KEJCTF (KNCPIKGTK +P 6[TWU ECOG WPFGT $CNKCP QH +DGNKP NQTF QH $GKTWV +P KV KU ITCPVGF VQ 2JKNKR QH /QPVHQTV CU HKGH CPF KP -KPI *WIJ +++ QH %[RTWU CPF ,GTWUCNGO TGEQIPKUGF KV CU C ŋHKGH FG EQPSW¿VGŌ +P KV TGVWTPGF VQ VJG ETQYP VQ DG UGK\GF HQT IQQF D[ VJG /WUNKOU QP /C[ VJ

+P 6[TWU EQKP YCU UVTWEM D[ 2JKNKR QH /QPVHQTV .QTF QH 6[TWU CPF JKU UQP ,QJP NQTF QH 6[TWU CPF 6QTQP 2JKNKR YCU VJG UQP QH )W[ QH /QPVHQTV .QTF QH $GKTWV CPF *GNXKU QH +DGNKP

+P VJG TGIGPV QH VJG MKPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO -KPI *GPT[ + QH %[RTWU EJCTIGF 2JKNKR YKVJ VJG CFOKPKUVTCVKQP QH 6[TWU 6JKU YCU EQPHKTOGF KP YJGP MKPI *WIJ +++ QH %[RTWU DGECOG MKPI QH ,GTWUCNGO 2JKNKRʼnU UQP ,QJP OCTTKGF VJG UKUVGT QH *WIJ +++

+P YJGP VJG EQPVTQN QXGT #ETG CPF QVJGT RNCEGU VJTGCVGPGF VQ UNKR HTQO JKU JCPFU KV YCU ,QJP QH /QPVHQTV YJQ QHHGTGF 6[TWU VQ *WIJ +++ CU CP QRGTCVKPI DCUG KP JKU UVTWIING CICKPUV %JCTNGU QH #PLQW

,1*0 QH /106(146

&QWDNG &GPKGT FG %WKXTG # %TQUU +1*5 64' 4 6GORNG & ' 5 8 4 / 2 5 5EJNWODGTIGT 2N 8 IT 44 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

&KURNC[GF QP 0CCT ,GTW\CNGO FG FWTG TGKU XCP GGP OKFFGNGGWYUG ITCCH .GKFGP *KNXGTUWO 6Q ,GTWUCNGO VJG GZRGPUKXG LQWTPG[ QH C OGFKGXCN EQWPV

5GNVOCP R TGCFU +QJ 5+4' QVJGT XGTUKQPU +1J5641

6JGUG EQKPU OWUV JCXG DGGP UVTWEM KP C TGNCVKXGN[ UJQTV RGTKQF

#%4' #ETG QTKIKPCNN[ YCU +UNCOKE CPF YCU EQPSWGTGF D[ -KPI $CNFYKP + KP +P KV VGORQTCTKN[ HGNN KPVQ #[[WDKF JCPFU 5CNCFKP DWV VJTQWIJ VJG GHHQTVU QH 4KEJCTF .KQPJGCTV ECOG DCEM VQ VJG .CVKPU CPF TGOCKPGF UQ WPVKN

#ETG YCU VJG RQTV QH &COCUEWU CPF CU UWEJ EQORGVGF YKVJ #NGZCPFTKC +P JKUVQTKECN EQPVGZV KV YCU C NCTIG EKV[ #HVGT KVU KORQTVCPEG YCPGF VJTQWIJ CVVCEMU D[ VJG /COGNWMU CPF /QPIQNU 6JG /COGNWMU FGHKPKVKXGN[ EQPSWGTGF #ETG KP

6JG EQKPU UVTWEM KP #ETG JCXG DGGP GPVGTGF CDQXG WPFGT MKPIFQO ,GTWUCNGO 6JGUG NGCFGP EQKPU QT VQMGPU JCXG RTQDCDN[ DGGP UVTWEM KP #ETG

#PQP[OQWU # %TQUU YKVJ QPG UOCNN ETQUU KP GCEJ CPING 4 4KPI YKVJ HQWT VTKFGPVU CPF HQWT RGNNGVU CTQWPF /KVEJKPGT IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

379

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

#PQP[OQWU # *GCF ! YKVJ ETQUU 4 7PEGTVCKP VQMGPU /KVEJKPGT IT &QTCW $GTNKP %QWNF VJG KPVGTVYKPGF NGVVGTU HQTO 2CZ!

(KPG

#PQP[OQWU # $WUV HCEKPI YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU 4 7PEGTVCKP VQMGPU /KVEJKPGT IT &QTCW $GTNKP

8GT[ HKPG

1661/#0 '/2+4' 9JGP VJG UWNVCPCVG QH VJG 4WO 5GNLWSU CPF VJG RQYGT QH VJG +NMJCPU KP 9GUV CPF %GPVTCN #PCVQNKC JCF EQOG VQ CP GPF C PWODGT QH UOCNNGT UWNVCPCVGU YCU HQTOGF 1PG QH VJGO HQWPFGF D[ C EGTVCKP 1UOCP YCU RQUKVKQPGF CV VJG DQTFGT KP 9GUV 6WTMG[ +P $WTUC YCU VCMGP CPF OCFG ECRKVCN WPVKN VJG GPF QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ +P VJG UQP QH 1UOCP 1TJCP EQPSWGTGF 0KECGC 6JG UWNVCPCVGU CNNKGF CPF UWNVCP 1TJCP OCTTKGF 6JGQFQTC VJG FCWIJVGT QH ,QJP 8+ 6JGP VJG &CTFCPGNNGU YGTG ETQUUGF CPF 'FKTPG #FTKCPQRNG NCVGT VQ DGEQOG VJG ECRKVCN YCU EQPSWGTGF KP +P VJG UGEQPF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ &KOGVQMC YCU VJG TGUKFGPEG CPF HKPCNN[ CHVGT %QPUVCPVKPQRNG YCU VQ DGEQOG VJG ECRKVCN

6JG 1VVQOCPU RGTUKUVGPVN[ VTKGF VQ GZRCPF VJGKT VGTTKVQT[ # FKUVKPEVKQP UJQWNF DG OCFG DGVYGGP VJG EQPSWGUVU QP VJG $CNMCP RGPKPUWNC CPF VJQUG KP CPF CTQWPF #UKC /KPQT 6JG[ FKHHGT ITGCVN[

%QPSWGUVU QP VJG $CNMCP

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

%QPSWGUVU KP #PCVQNKC

5KPEG /WTCF + VJG 1VVQOCP VGTTKVQT[ KP #PCVQNKC UVGCFKN[ GZRCPFGF 7PFGT $C[G\KF VJG ITGCVGT RCTV QH VJG #PCVQNKCP RTKPEKRCNKVKGU ECOG WPFGT 1VVQOCP TWNKPI 6JGUG RTKPEGU VJGP UQWIJV RTQVGEVKQP HTQO VJG NGCFGT QH VJG /QPIQNU 6KOWT YJQ FGHGCVGF CPF ECRVWTGF $C[G\KF CV #PMCTC KP CPF YGPV QP VQ TGUWTTGEV VJG #PCVQNKCP RTKPEKRCNKVKGU $C[G\KFÅ&#x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Å&#x2030;KN YJQ JCF EQPSWGTGF $CIFCF KP /CP[ PQOCFU YJQ YGTG JGCXKN[ CTOGF TGICTFGF JKO CU VJGKT TGNKIKQWU NGCFGT 9JGP VJG UJGKMJÅ&#x2030;U HQNNQYGTU VWTPGF CICKPUV VJG 1VVQOCPU KP KV OGCPV VJG GPF HQT $C[G\KF

$#;'<+& +

#MEC 'FKTPG $QVJ UKFGU CTCDKCP NGIGPF 0 2GTG IT

8GT[ HKPG

8GT[ HKPG

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

/'*/'& ++

#MEC 'FKTPG $QVJ UKFGU CTCDKCP NGIGPF 0 2GTG IT 4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

380

TURKOMAN COINS

674-1/#0 %1+05 +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VYQ TGCNOU GOGTIGF KP VJG PQTVJ QH /GUQRQVCOKC CNQPI VJG WRRGT EQWTUGU QH VJG TKXGTU 'WRJTCVG CPF 6KITKU 6JWU VJG TGCNOU QH VJG #TVWSKFU CPF VJG <GPIKFU ECOG KPVQ DGKPI $QVJ JCXG

RNC[GF EGPVTCN TQNGU KP VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJG ETWUCFGT UVCVGU 6JG #TVWSKFU NKXGF CNQPI VJG WRRGTOQUV EQWTUG QH VJG 6KITKU KP VJG VQYPU *KUP -C[HC #OKF CPF /CTFKP 6JKU NCUV VQYP RCTVKEWNCTN[ YCU QH ITGCV KORQTVCPEG CU VJG HQTVTGUU UKVWCVGF JKIJ CDQXG KV YCU CNN DWV WPEQPSWGTCDNG +P VJG VGTTKVQT[ HGNN KPVQ VYQ RCTVU *KUP -C[HC CPF #OKF CV VJG TKXGT CPF /CTFKP C NKVVNG VQ VJG YGUV DGVYGGP VJG 'WRJTCVG CPF 6KITKU TKXGTU 6JKU NCUV TGCNO /CTFKP YQWNF DG QH EGPVTCN KORQTVCPEG

6JG <GPIKFU NKXGF KP /QUWN CV VJG 6KITKU CPF #NGRRQ YJKEJ NC[ HWTVJGT VQYCTFU VJG EQCUV CPF YGUV QH VJG 'WRJTCVG $QVJ VJGUG EKVKGU YGTG QH ITGCV KORQTVCPEG VJG[ YQWNF CNUQ DG FKXKFGF KP KPVQ /QUWN CPF #NGRRQ +P #NGRRQ 0WTCFFKP CRRGCTGF YJQ YQWNF IQ QP VQ RNC[ CP KORQTVCPV RCTV KP VJG UVTWIING YKVJ VJG ETWUCFGTU

# TGEWTTKPI SWGUVKQP YKVJ TGICTF VQ VJGUG 6WTEQOCP EQKPU KU YJ[ FQ VJG[ UJQY KOCIGU!

$QVJ VJG #TVWSKFU CPF VJG <GPIKFU YGTG RCTV QH VJG +UNCO YQTNF # YQTNF VJCV JCF IQNF CPF UKNXGT EQKPU CPF UOCNN DTQP\G V[RGU GZENWUKXGN[ 6JGUG IGPGTCNN[ UJQY 3WTÅ&#x2030;CP VGZVU CPF NCVGT VJG PCOG QH VJG ECNKH CPF C FCVG YGTG CFFGF *GTG YG CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ NCTIG DTQP\G EQKPU CP KOCIG QP QPG UKFG CPF C VGZV QP VJG QVJGT

6JG UK\G CPF YGKIJV QH VJGUG EQKPU CTG XGT[ UKOKNCT VQ VJQUG QH VJG $[\CPVKPG HQNNKU

6JG DTQP\G CPQP[OQWU EQKPU $CUKNKQU ++ CRRTQZ YGTG CNN QH VJG UCOG UK\G CPF YGKIJGF LWUV WPFGT IT C YGKIJV VJCV YQWNF NCVGT KPETGCUG 9G GPEQWPVGT UKOKNCT YGKIJVU JGTG UQOGVJKPI HQT YJKEJ VJG NCVGT FCVG JCU VQ DG VCMGP KPVQ CEEQWPV

6JWU VJG TGIKQP YJKEJ YCU VJG PQTVJ RCTV QH /GUQRQVCOKC NQQMGF VQYCTFU $[\CPVKWO YKVJ TGURGEV VQ EQKPCIG 6JG UCOG ECP DG UCKF QH 'FGUUC YJGTG C NCVGT CPF NKIJVGT $[\CPVKPG V[RG YCU WUGF

6JG VGZVU FKHHGT UKIPKHKECPVN[ HTQO VJQUG UGGP QP PQTOCN #TCD EQKPCIG 6GZVU EQPVCKP GKVJGT C NKUV QH CPEGUVQTU C HCOKN[ VTGG QH UQTVU QT VJG PCOGU QH VJG ECNKH QH $CIFCF CPF QT VJG #[[WDKF MKPIU YJQ YGTG TGEQIPKUGF CU QXGTNQTFU .KUVKPI VJG PCOGU QH CPEGUVQTU KU EWUVQOCT[ KP #TCDKC CPF VJG UWTTQWPFKPI TGIKQPU 0COKPI VJG ECNKH CPF QT VJG #[[WDKF NQTFU YCU VQ UKIPKH[ QP YJQO QPG YCU FGRGPFGPV 0GGFNGUU VQ UC[ VJKU FKF PQV CRRN[ VQ PQTOCN #TCD EQKPCIG

$[ HCT VJG OQUV KPVGTGUVKPI CURGEV KU RTGUGPVGF D[ VJG KOCIGU 0WOKUOCVKUVU WUGF VQ VJKPM VJGUG EQKPU EQPUVKVWVGF KOKVCVKQPU QH )TGGM 4QOCP CPF $[\CPVKPG EQKPU GXGP KH VJGTG YGTG C HGY VJCV FKF PQV HKV

G I VJG HQWT OQWTPKPI HKIWTGU VJG UQXGTGKIP FGECRKVCVKPI UQOGDQF[ GVE 0QYCFC[U VJGUG KOCIGU CTG VJQWIJV VQ JCXG CUVTQNQIKECN UKIPKHKECPEG #UVTQNQI[ RNC[GF C EGPVTCN TQNG KP VJG NKHG KP QNF UQEKGVKGU CPF KU

DQWPF VQ JCXG KPHNWGPEGF VJG YC[ EQKPU NQQMGF 6JG #TVWSKFU CPF <GPIKFU NKXGF KP 0QTVJ /GUQRQVCOKC C TGIKQP VJCV NC[ QP VJG DQTFGT DGVYGGP VJG +UNCO CPF %JTKUVKCP YQTNFU

6JG TGIKQP CQTWPF QH /CTFKP COQPIUV QVJGTU YCU GZVTGOGN[ KORQTVCPV HQT JQY GCUVGTP %JTKUVKCPKV[ FGXGNQRGF 6JG 0GUVQTKCP EJWTEJ YCU ENQUGN[ EQPPGEVGF VQ /CTFKP #TEJDKUJQR ,QJP QH /CTFKP HQWPFGF UGXGTCN OQPCUVGTKGU PGCT /CTFKP +P VJG ,CEQDKPKE RCVTKCTEJCVG QH #OKF YCU OQXGF VQ /CTFKP

+V CNUQ NC[ QP VJG DQTFGT DGVYGGP UGXGTCN EQNNKFKPI UWRGTRQYGTU $QVJ VJGUG HCEVQTU JCF CP KPHNWGPEG QP VJGUG URGEKCN EQKPU

381

ARTUQIDS

#4673+&5

6JG #TVWS VTKDG QTKIKPCVGF YKVJ C EGTVCKP #OKT #TVWS CP CFXGPVWTGT YJQ GXGPVWCNN[ GPVGTGF VJG UGTXKEG QH VJG 5GNLWM UWNVCP #NR #TUNCP 1P CEEQWPV QH JKU OKNKVCT[ UWEEGUUGU VJG UWNVCP CRRQKPVGF JKO EQOOCPFGT KP EJKGH QH VJG 5GNLWM HQTEGU IWCTFKPI VJG DQTFGTU QH VJG VGTTKVQT[ *G YCU MGRV QP D[ #NR #TUNCPʼnU UWEEGUUQT /CNKM 5JCJ .CVGT JG LQKPGF HQTEGU YKVJ QPG QH #NR #TUNCPʼnU QVJGT UQPU /CNKM 6WVWUJ )QXGTPQT QH &COCUEWU 9JGP 6WVWUJ FKGF KP #TVWS DGECOG IQXGTPQT QH ,GTWUCNGO CP QHHKEG JG YQWNF JQNF VKNN JKU FGCVJ KP

#HVGT JKU FGCVJ JKU VYQ UQPU 5WMOCP CPF +N )JC\K VQIGVJGT JGNF VJG QHHKEG WR VQ YJGP VJG EKV[ YCU EQPSWGTGF D[ VJG (CVCOKFU $QVJ DTQVJGTU VJGP YKVJFTGY VQ VJG PQTVJGCUV YJGTG VJG[ HQWPFGF VYQ

RTKPEKRCNKVKGU *KUP -C[HC CPF /CTFKP

#4673+&5 QH *+50 -#;(# CPF #/+&

6JG TWNGTU QXGT *KUP -C[HC YGTG PCOGF 5WMOCPK[[C CHVGT VJGKT HQWPFGT +P JG JGNRGF VJG 5GNLWMU VCMG /QUWN +P TGVWTP JG TGEGKXGF HKPCPEKCN UWRRQTV VJG EKV[ *KUP -C[HC VJG HQTVTGUU &K[CTDCMT 5JQTVN[ CHVGT VJCV JG YCU CNUQ IKXGP /CTFKP YJKEJ JG NGHV VQ JKU [QWPIGT DTQVJGT +N )JC\K

5WMOCP NGHV VYQ UQPU +DTCJKO CPF 4WMP CN &CYNC &CʼnFW YJQ TWNGF EQPUGEWVKXGN[ 2CTVKEWNCTN[ VJG NCVVGT YQWNF TWNG HQT C NQPI RGTKQF QH VKOG VKNN

6JG 5WMOCPK[[C DTCPEJ JCF TWNGF *KUP -C[HC HQT [GCTU VJG[ NCVGT CFFGF #OKF YJGP VJG[ DGECOG XCUUCNU QH VJG #[[WDKF NQTF 5CNCFKP +P WPFGT 5CNCFKPʼnU EQWUKP #N OCNKM CN -COKN *KUP -C[HC YCU GXGPVWCNN[ CPPGZGF KPVQ VJG #[[WDKF TGCNO

(#-*4 CN &KP 3#4# #45.#0

6JG HKTUV QH VJG *KUP -C[HC TWNGTU VQ JCXG OKPVGF

$TQP\G # $WUV QH %JTKUV HCEKPI DGVYGGP +% CPF :% 4 FWTKDC JCFJ³ CN FKTJCO HÄ C[[³O (CMJT CN &ÄP 3CT³ #TUN³P QP VJG GFIG DKP 5WMO³P DKP #TVWS DKP &³ ÑF 5 5 IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP

6JGTG KU C NGIGPF CTQWPF VJG PKODWU .CPG 2QQNG TGCF '//#01;*Λ 'OOCPWGN 5RGPINGT CPF 5C[NGU JQYGXGT MPQY QH PQ URGEKOGP YKVJ VJKU NGIGPF *GTG VQQ CTG NGVVGTU DWV VJG[ NQQM PQVJKPI NKMG VJG VGZV OGPVKQPGF

#TVWM $/% 'FJ E

382

$TQP\G # 8KEVQT[ T YKVJ VCDNG KPUETKDGF 816 ::: KP JCPF 8+%614+# %1056#06+0+ #8) 5+5 KP DQVVQO HKGNF 4 CN /CNKM CN ³ NKO CN ň³FKN (CMJT CN &ÄP QP VJG GFIG DKP #TVWS DKP &³ ÑF 3CT³TUN³P 6JG YKUG CPF FGUGTXGF MKPI UQP QH #TVWS UQP QH &CYWF 3CTC #TUNCP 5 5 IT 4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

ARTUQIDS

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

'FJ #TVWM 2QQNG

6JKU V[RG KU C EQR[ QH VJG UQNKFWU QH %QPUVCPVKPG + HTQO HTQO 5KUEKC GZEGRV HQT VJG NCVVGTʼnU QXCN VCDWNC QH YJKEJ CNUQ C DTQP\G KOKVCVKQP GZKUVU .QYKEM UWIIGUVGF ŋVJKU V[RG YCU RTQDCDN[ EJQUGP DGECWUG QH KVU TGUGODNCPEG VQ CP +UNCOKE CPIGN CPF OC[ JCXG DGGP KPVGTRTGVGF CU )CDTKGN DGCTKPI VJG 3WTʼnCP Ō 6JKU KU C XGT[ RNCWUKDNG GZRNCPCVKQP CPF KV CEEQWPVU HQT VJG OQFKHKECVKQP QH VJG TQWPF UJKGNF KPVQ C USWCTG DQQM NKMG VCDNGV

$TQP\G # * # *GCF N .³ KN³JC KNN³ #NN³J /WJCOOCF 4CUÑN #NN³J CN /WUVCPLKF DKNNCJ 4 /CNKM CN WOCT³ 3CT³ #TUN³P DKP &³ ÑF DKP 5WMO³P DKP #TVWS N YC MJCOUCOK C CPF T UCPCJ UKVVÄP [GCT 5 5 IT 'FIG HCWNV IQQF XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

6JG QDXGTUG VGZV OGPVKQPU VJG -CNKOCJ CPF VJG PCOG QH VJG ECNKH #N /WUVCPLKF DKNNCJ

/KVEJKPGT 2QQNG 'FJ #TVWM

9KVJ VJKU EQKP V[RG VJG #TVWSKFU QH *KUP -C[HC CEMPQYNGFIGF VJG #DDCUKF %CNKRJ HQT VJG HKTUV VKOG QP VJGKT EQKPCIG +V KU CNUQ VJG HKTUV WUG QH VJG -CNKOCJ /WUNKO RTQHGUUKQP QH HCKVJ QP #TVWSKF EQKPCIG

/CNKM CN WOCTC .QTF QH VJG %QOOCPFGTU

$TQP\G # * # $WUV HCEKPI N YC UKVVÄP YC MJCOUCOK C T UCPCJ KVJPCÄP 4 /CNKM CN WOCT³ 3CT³ #TUN³P DKP &³ ÑF DKP 5WMO³P DKP #TVWS N CN /WUVCPLKF DKNN³J T CN +O³O 5 5 IT &QWDNG UVTWEM CPF C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

2QQNG #TVWM

6JKU V[RG KU C FKTGEV KOKVCVKQP QH 55 +V OGPVKQPU VJG #DCUUKF ECNKH CU YGNN KH KP C UQOGYJCV QVJGT CTTCPIGOGPV

383

ARTUQIDS 376$ CN &KP 57-/#0 ++

$TQP\G # * # 0KODCVG DWUV HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF INQDG 5CPCJ CTDC YC VKU ÄP YC MJCCOUCOK C 4 CN /CNKM CN /CU ÑF 3WVD CN &ÄP 5WMO³P DKP /WJCOOCF DKP 3CT³ N CN 0³UKT COÄT CDQXG CN +O³O TGEJVU CN OW OKPÄP DGNQY #TUN³P 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

2QQNG /KVEJKPGT 'FJ

5 5 FGGO VJKU C UEGRVTG K O Q KV KU C ENWD

6JKU KU VJG TF CPF NCUV V[RG QH 3WVD CN &KP 5WMOCP 6JGTG KU PQ TGHGTGPEG VQ #[[WDKF UQXGTGKIPU 5CNCFKP JCF FKGF CPF 3WVD NKDGTCVGF JKU VGTTKVQT[ KH QPN[ VGORQTCTKN[ HTQO #[[WDKF UWRTGOCE[ 3WVD WUGF C PGY CPF RGTUQPCN NCSCD QP VJKU EQKP CN OCNKM CN /CUʼnFW VJG HQTVWPCVG MKPI RGTJCRU C TGHGTGPEG VQ VJG HCEV VJCV JG JCF UJGFFGF #[[WDKF TWNG

0#5+4 CN &KP /#*/7&

0CUKT UWEEGGFGF JKU DTQVJGT 5WMOCP KP *KUP -C[HC

$TQP\G CN *KUP # * # &QWDNG JGCFGF GCING YKVJ CTVWSKF VCOIC QP DTGCUV UCPCJ &WTKDC DK + *KUP 4 CN /CNKM CN 5³NKJ /CJOÑF DKP #TVWS CN /CNKM CN FKN #DÑ $CMT N CN 0³UKT #OÄT CDQXG #N +O³O T CN OW OKPÄP 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

/KVEJKPGT 2QQNG 'FJ C #TVWM

6JKU EQKP KU VJG TF #TVWSKF EQKP VJCV KPFKECVGU VJG OKPV CN *KUP -C[HC

0CUKT CEEGRVGF VJG QXGTNQTFUJKR QH VJG #[[WDKFU CU YGNN CU QH VJG #DCUUKFU 0CUKT CFQRVGF C PGY NCSCD HQT VJKU PGY V[RG CN OCNKM CN 5CNKJ VJG )QQF -KPI CPF CEMPQYNGFIGF VJG #[[WDKF CN ʼn#FKN #DW $CMT CU QXGTNQTF

#N ʼn#FKN YCU C DTQVJGT QH 5CNCFKP CPF EQPVTQNNGF /C[CHCTKMKP 0CUKT UWRRQTVGF VJG #[[WDKFU KP VJGKT UVTWIING CICKPUV VJG <GPIKFU CU FKF VJG EQWUKP QH 0CUKT #TVWS #TUNCP /CTFKP CU JCPFGF FQYP D[ CN ʼn#FKN EH 5 5

384

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G #OKF # * # &QWDNG JGCFGF GCING YKVJKP SWCVTGHQKN KPPGT CN /CNKM CN 5³NKJ 0³UKT CN &ÄP QWVGT /CJOÑF DKP /WJCOOCF DKP 3CT³ TUN³P DKP TVWS 4 *GZCITCO KP EGPVGT HKGNF CN /CNKM CN -³OKN KP VJG VTKCPINGU &WTKDC DK OKF UCPCJ UCD CUJCTC UKVVCOK C QWVGT DQY #N +O³O CN 0³UKT #JOCF 0³UKT CN &ÄP /CJOÑF 5 5 IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

/KVEJKPGT 2QQNG 'FJ #TVWM

*GTG VQQ VJG #[[WDKFU CTG CEMPQYNGFIGF CU QXGTNQTF CN OCNKM CN -COKN DWV KV NCEMU VJG KUO /QJCOOGF 6JG UKPIWNCTN[ EQORNGZ NGIGPFU EQORTGJGPUKXG KPHQTOCVKQP QP VJG KUUWKPI TWNGT JKU RGFKITGG VJG OKPVPCOG CPF FCVG %CNKRJ CPF #[[WDKF QXGTNQTF KP UWEJ FGVCKN VJCV VJG TWNGTʼnU NCSCD CPF KUO CTG IKXGP VYKEG

47-0 CN &KP /#9&7&

$TQP\G #OKF # * # &QWDNG JGCFGF GCING YKVJKP EKTENG KP USWCTG KPPGT &WTKDC DK OKF UCPCJ QWVGT CN OCNKM CN /CU ÑF 4WMP CN &ÄP /CYFÑF DKP /CJOÑF DKP #TVWS 4 %KYTENG YKVJKP USWCTG KP EKTENG CN /CNKM CN -³OKN KP VJG CPINGU CN /CNKM CN # UJTCH /ÑUC QWVGT EKTEG .³ KN³JC KNN³ #NN³J /WJCOOCF 4CUÑN #NN³J CN +O³O CN 0³UKT NK FÄP CNN³J #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP 5 5 IT 4 9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

*GP\GP #OGTQPIGP

(TQO NKUV PQ

/KVEJKPGT 2QQNG C 'FJ

(QT VJG HKTUV VKOG VYQ #[[WDKF QXGTNQTFU CTG KPFKECVGF CN -COKN YJQ TWNGF 'I[RV CPF JKU DTQVJGT CN #UJTCH /WUC YJQ TWNGF /GUQRQVCOKC

385

ARTUQIDS

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

+P +N )JC\Kʼn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

*75#/ CN &KP 6+/746#5*

6JKU KU VJG HKTUV RTKPEG QH /CTFKP VQ JCXG OKPVGF

$TQP\G # $GCTFGF CPF FKCFGOGF DWUV T DCTDCTK\GF NCVKP NGIGPF CTQWPF $KNN³J +K FCTDKJK DK /³TFÄP HÄ UCPCJ VJCNCVJ YC CTDC ÄP YC MJCOUCOK C 4 +P EKTENG 6KOWTV³UJ KDP N )J³\Ä KDP #TVWS CN /CNKM CN ³FKN 4QPFQO CN #OÄT CN ³NKO *WU³O CN &ÄP /CNKM CN WOCT³ <CJÄKT COÄT CN OW OKPÄP 5 5 IT (NCP ETCEMU YGCM RCTVU CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

6JG CVVTKDWVKQP VQ 6KOWVCUJ KU .QYKEMʼnU +NKUEJ UGEQPFU VJKU CPF RTQXKFGU CU VJG FCVG JQYGXGT 9JGNCP EQPUKFGTU C OWEJ NCVGT RGTKQF /QPIQNU *GPPGSWKP CFJGTGU VQ .QYKEMʼnU TGCFKPI CPF VJG FCVG QH 6JG RQTVTCKV KU C TGHGTGPEG VQ VJG DTQP\G EQKP QH ,WNKCP ++

0#,/ CN &KP #.2+

$TQP\G # *GCF T 4 /CNKM CN WOCT³ #DÑ CN /C\CHHCT #NRÄ DKP N DKP #TVWS CDQXG ÄN )J³\Ä T 6KOWTV³UJ DKP 5 5 IT 0KEG RQTVTCKV XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

/KVEJKPGT 2QQNG 'FJ

6JKU KU VJG UCOG V[RG CU 5 5 GZEGRV HQT #NRKʼnU NCSCD 0CLO CN &KP YJKEJ KU GPITCXGF QP VJG PGEM QH VJG RQTVTCKV 6JKU KU QHVGP TGICTFGF CU C EQWPVGTOCTM QH JKU HCVJGTʼnU EQKPU +V KU JQYGXGT C PGY V[RG HQT YJKEJ JG EJQUG C VTWUVGF FGUKIP CPF QH YJKEJ JG UVTWEM VJG QDXGTUG YKVJ JKU QYP NCDCS

386

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G # 6YQ DWUVU HCEKPI GCEJQVJGT CDQXG 0CLO CN &ÄP DGNQY /CNKM &K[³TDCMT 4 /CTKC CPF $[\CPVKPG GORGTQT UVCPFKPI HCEKPI QP VJG GFIG #DÑ CN /W\CHHCT #NRÄ DKP 6KOWTV³UJ DKP N )J³\Ä DKP #TVWS 5 5 IT 4CTG KP VJKU EQPFKVKQP GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

6JG JGCFU QP VJG QDXGTUG CTG EQRKGU QH )TCVKCP CPF 8CNGPVKCP ++

2QQNG /KVEJKPGT 'FJ

6JKU KU VJG HKTUV /CTFKP EQKP DGCTKPI VJG VKVNG /CNKM &K[CTDCMT CU TWNGT QP VJG FKG KPVTQFWEGF D[ #NRK QP 5 5 CPF CU EQWPVGTOCTM

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

6JG TKIJV QDXGTUG HKIWTG JCU UQOGVJKPI KP JKU OQWVJ UGG FGVCKN

$TQP\G # * # /CNG DWUV N CN OCNKM CN ³NKO CN ³FKN 0CLO CN &ÄP /CNKM &K[³TDCMT 4 $WUV YKVJ ETQYP HCEKPI #DÑ CN /W\CHHCT #NRÄ DKP 6KOWTV³UJ DKP N )J³\Ä DKP #TVWS UCPCJ VJCO³P YC MJCOUÄP YC MJCOUCOK C 5 5 IT )QQF XGT[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

/KVEJKPGT 'FJ UOCNNGT FKCOGVGT 2QQNG

+ JCXG FGTKXGF VJG [GCT HTQO VJG FKCOGVGT OO

6JKU V[RG KU VJG HKTUV FCVGF EQKP QH 0CLO CN &KP #NRK 6JKU HKTUV V[RG YCU PQV UVTWEM WPVKN [GCTU CHVGT VJG DGIKPPKPI QH JKU TGKIP 6JG NGIGPF KU WPWUWCN CN OCNKM CN CNKO 6JG YKUG MKPI

1P YGNN RTGUGTXGF URGEKOGPU QPG HKPFU VKP[ YKPIU GZVGPFKPI WRYCTFU HTQO GCEJ UKFG QH VJG VKCTC RQUKVKXGN[ KFGPVKH[KPI VJKU HKIWTG CU /GTEWT[ CNDGKV C XGT[ ŋ6WTMKUJŌ KPVGTRTGVCVKQP 6JG HKIWTG QP VJG CXGTUG KU C OCP QP VJG TGXGTUG C YQOGP PGEMNCEG

387

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G # * # 6YQ ETQYPGF JGCFU YKVJ RGNNGV DGVYGGP VJGO CDQXG .³ KN³JC KNNC #NN³J DGNQY /WJCOOCF 4CUÑN #NN³J T CN /WUVCPLKF DKNN³J N #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP 4 *GCF HCEKPI CDQXG 0CLO CN &ÄP N /CNKM &K[³TDCMT DGNQY #NRÄ DKP N )J³\Ä T DKP #TVWS 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG

/ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

'FJ

6JGTG CTG VYQ V[RGU CPF

QP V[RG CN /WUVCFK

+ VJKPM VJKU KU V[RG KP XKGY QH VJG NGPIJV QH VJG VGZV

6JG HKTUV EQKP VQ CEMPQYNGFIG CP #DDCUUKF ECNKH 6YQ UWEEGUUKXG ECNKHU CTG KPFKECVGF CN /WUVCPLKF CPF CN /WUVCFK #NRKʼnU EQWUKP /CNKM (CMJT CN &KP 3CUC #TUNCP QH *KUP -C[HC CEMPQYNGFIGF VJG ECNKH CN /WUVCPLKF QP JKU EQKP KP VJG UCOG RGTKQF 5 5 6JKU GORJCUKUGU VJG ENQUG VKGU DGVYGGP VJG #TVWSKF NQTFU KP *KUP -C[HC CPF VJG ECNKH QH $CIFCF

$TQP\G # * # 6YQ ETQYPGF JGCFU YKVJ RGNNGV DGVYGGP VJGO CDQXG .³ KN³JC KNNC #NN³J DGNQY /WJCOOCF 4CUÑN #NN³J T CN /WUVCPFÄ N #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP 4 *GCF HCEKPI CDQXG 0CLO CN &ÄP N /CNKM &K[³TDCMT DGNQY #NRÄ DKP N )J³\Ä T DKP #TVWS 5 5 IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI +P XKGY QH VJG NGPIVJ QH VJG VGZV + VJKPM VJKU KU V[RG

376$ CN &KP +N )*#<+ ++

3WVD QPN[ UVTWEM VYQ V[RGU QH EQKP PQU CPF

$TQP\G # *GCF T KP USWCTG CDQXG DKP #NRÄ DKP DGNQY 6KOWTV³UJ DKP N N )J³\Ä T DKP #TVWS 4 N )J³\Ä +K /CYN³P³ CN O³NKM CN ³NKO CN ³FKN 3WVD CN &ÄP /CNKM CN WOCT³ 5J³J &K[³TDCMT 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP

6JG UGEQPF RCTV QH VJG TGXGTUG NGIGPF UVCTVU YKVJ NK OCWNCPC $GNQPIKPI VQ QWT .QTF 6JG QDXGTUG KU C EQR[ QH C EQKP QH %QPUVCPVKPG + ŋő *G JCF JKU KOCIG RQTVTC[GF QP IQNF EQKPU KP UWEJ C OCPPGT VJCV JG CRRGCTGF VQ DG IC\KPI HKZGFN[ WRYCTF CU KH RTC[KPI VQ )QFŌ $KUJQR 'WUGDKWU

388

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G # 6YQ FKCFGOGF DWUVU HCEKPI NCIGT HKIWTG N 4 CN 0³UKT NKN FÄP #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP *CFJ³ CN FKTJCO VCOIJC OCN ÑP OCP [WC[[KTWJÑ N 0CLO CN &ÄP DKP CDQXG 3WVD CN &ÄP DKP T *WU³O CN &ÄP 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6JGTG CTG HQWT FCVGU CPF 6JG[ CTG QP VJG QDXGTUG 5 5 IKXG VJG HQNNQYKPI GZCORNG UCD YC UCD KP YC MJCOUCOK C UGXGP CPF UGXGPV[ CPF HKXG JWPFTGF

6JKU KU VJG NCUV EQKP QH /CTFKP RTKQT VQ VJG #[[WDKF CVVCEM +V KU VJG HKTUV VKOG VJG PGY ECNKH KP $CIFCF CN 0CUKT NKʼnN FKP HTQO KU KPFKECVGF 6JG QDXGTUG KOCIG KU PQV C EQR[ QH C $[\CPVKPG EQKP *GTCENKWU CPF UQP

*75#/ CN &KP ;7.73 #45.#0

;WNWS #TUNCP NKVGTCNN[ OGCPU ŋ$CNF 2NWEMGF .KQPŌ

$TQP\G # &KCFGOGF DWUV HCEKPI T *WU³O CN &ÄP N ;ÑNWS #TUN³P 4 *GZCITCO #[[ÑD CN /CNKM CN 0³UKT 5CN³J CN &WP[³ YC CN &ÄP ;ÑUWH DKP OCTIKPCNG NGIGPF &WTKDC UCPCJ CJCF VJCO³PKP MJCOUC OK C 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

/KVEJKPGT

6JGTG CTG UKZ FCVGU CPF 0Q JCU VYQ FKHHGTGPV VGZVU YKVJ VJG PCOG QH JKU HCVJGT CPF YKVJ JKU QYP PCOG 6JG VGZVU QH VJTQWIJ CTG VJG UCOG 6JG PWODGTU CPF KP VJG EQNNGEVKQP DGNQPI VQ VJG UGEQPF ITQWR

6JG HKXG NKPGU QH VGZV QP VJG TGXGTUG PCOG VJG #[[WDKF TWNGT 5CNCJ CN &KP ;WUWH 5CNCFKP

$TQP\G # &KCFGOGF DWUV HCEKPI T *WU³O CN &ÄP N ;ÑNWS #TUN³P 4 *GZCITCO #[[ÑD CN /CNKM CN 0³UKT 5CN³J CN &WP[³ YC CN &ÄP ;ÑUWH DKP OCTIKPCNG NGIGPF &WTKDC UCPCJ CJCF VJCO³PKP MJCOUC OK C 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI /KVEJKPGT 2QQNG

389

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G # 4QOCP UV[NG DWUV T HCEKPI N CPF UOCNNGT ETQYPGF DWUV N *WU³O CN &ÄP /CNKM &K[³TDCMT 4 CN /CNKM CN 0³UKT 5CN³J CN &ÄP /WJÄ[[ FCYNC #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP N DKP #[[ÑD T ;ÑUWH 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

'FJ 2QQNG

;WNWS #TUNCP PQY WUGU JKU TQ[CN VKVNG /CNKM &K[CTDCMT C VKVNG VJCV YCU KPVTQFWEGF D[ JKU ITCPFHCVJGT 0CLO CN &KP #NRK UGG PQU 5 5

$TQP\G # 4QOCP UV[NG DWUV T HCEKPI N CPF UOCNNGT ETQYPGF DWUV N *WU³O CN &ÄP /CNKM &K[³TDCMT 4 CN /CNKM CN 0³UKT 5CN³J CN &ÄP /WJÄ[[ FCYNC #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP N DKP #[[ÑD T ;ÑUWH 5 5 IT )TGGP RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO 'FJ 2QQNG

$TQP\G # /QWTPKPI HKIWTG UWTTQWPFGF D[ VJTGG HKIWTGU 4 CN /CNKM CN FKN CN +O³O CN 0³ UKT NKN FÄP #OÄT CN OWOKPÄP 5CÄH CN &KP N DKP #[[ÑD T #DÑ $CMT OCTIKPCNG NGIGPF *WU³O CN &ÄP OCNKM &K[³TDCMT ;ÑNWS #TUN³P DKP N )J³\Ä DKP #TVWS UCPCJ VKU YC VJCO³PKP YC MJCOUCOK C 5 5 IT )TGGP RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

6JKU KU VJG V[RG YKVJ HKXG NKPGU QH VGZV QP VJG TGXGTUG 6JG QVJGT V[RG JCU VJTGG NKPGU

;WNWM #TUNCP VJG ōDCNF NKQPŋ YCU C HCKVJHWN XCUUCN QH 5CNCFKP ='T? HÒJTVG FCU #WHIGDQV UGKPGU 'OKTCVGU KP FGT 5EJNCEJV CP FGP *ÌTPGTP XQP *CVVKP DGIGJTVG GT IGIGP FKG *GTTUEJCHV XQP 5CNCFKPU 0CEJHQNIGT CN ʼn#FKN CWH YCU \W GKPGT NCPIGP $GNCIGTWPI XQP /CTFKP HÒTJVG *G NGF JKU GOKTCVGʼnU EQPVKPIGPV =QH 5CNCFKPʼnU CTO[ GF ? KPVQ VJG *QTPU QH *CVVKP (TQO JG TGDGNNGF CICKPUV VJG FQOKPKQP QH 5CNCFKPʼnU UWEEGUUQT CN ʼn#FKN YJKEJ NGF VQ VJG UKGIG QH /CTFKP 4WPEKOCP R H

6JG EQPXGPVKQPCN TGCFKPI QH VJKU UEGPG KU VJCV KV FGRKEVU VJG OQWTPKPI HQT VJG FGCVJ QH 5CNCFKP VJG V[RG FCVGU HTQO VJG [GCT QH VJG FGCVJ QH 5CNCFKP +V KU QDXKQWUN[ C OQWTPKPI UEGPG 1VJGT KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU CTG DCUGF QP C VGTTCEQVVC XCUG C ITQWR QH HQWT HKIWTGU TGRTGUGPVKPI 2GPGNQRG OQWTPKPI 1F[UUGWU 5EQVV KP 9JKVVKPI

$[\CPVKPG EQKPU ŋ6JTGG YKUG OGP CFQTKPI VJG 8KTIKP CPF VJG %JKNFŌ 5 5 TGHGT VQ 8KTIQ YJQ HQT VJG 6WTMOGP YCU VJG ŋRWTG 8KTIKPŌ TCKUGF VQ VJG JGCXGPU D[ <GWU CHVGT JCPIKPI JGTUGNH KP ITKGH QXGT VJG OWTFGT QH JGT HCVJGT +ECTWU

390

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G # * # *GNOGVGF 6WTM UGCVGF YKVJ TCKUGF UYQTF CPF JQNFKPI JGCF KP N JCPF N 0WT CN &ÄP #V³DGI 4 %GPVTCN NGIGPF CN 0³UKT NK FÄP #NN³J #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP CTQWPF CN /CNKM CN #H\CN #NÄ YC CN /CNKM CN <³JKT )J³\Ä DKP CN /CNKM CN 0³UKT ;ÑUWH CTQWPF *WU³O CN &ÄP ;ÑNWS #TUNCP /CNKM &K[³TDCMT DKP N )J³\Ä DKP #TVWS FWTKDC UCPCJ UKVV YC VKU ÄP YC MJCOUCOK C 5 5 IT

8GT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

/KEJKPGT

6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU VJG PCOG CPF VJG VKVNGU QH VJG #DDCUUKF ECNKH CN 0CUKT )KTFGF D[ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU VKVNG PCOG CPF PCUCD QH VJG VYQ #[[WDKF QXGTNQTFU VJG DTQVJGTU CN /CNKM CN #H\CNʼn#NK DQTP ;WUWH #[[WDKF KP &COCUEWU CPF CN /CNKM CN <CJKT )JC\K DQTP ;WUWH TWNGT QH #NGRRQ $QVJ UQPU QH 5CNCFKP

9JQ KU ŋ0WT CN &KP #VCDGIŌ! *G KU 0WT CN &KP #TUNCP 5JCJ + VJG <GPIKF #VCDGI QH /QUWN YJKEJ YCU FKUEQXGTGF D[ /KVEJKPGT KP 9J[ VJG #TVWSKF ;WNWS #TUNCP QH /CTFKP UJQWNF RWV JKU TKXCNʼnU PCOG QP JKU EQKPU KU PQV CNVQIGVJGT ENGCT

6JG UEGPG JCU QHVGP DGGP VJQWIJV VQ RQTVTC[ VJG HCEV VJCV 5CNCFKP RGTUQPCNN[ DGJGCFGF 4CKPCNF QH %J³VKNNQP KP VJG CHVGTOCVJ QH VJG *QTPU QH *CVVKP KP $WV YJ[ YQWNF VJKU UEGPG DG UVTWEM QP CP #TVWSKF EQKP VJKTVGGP [GCTU NCVGT! .CPG 2QQNG CNTGCF[ UWIIGUVGF CP CUVTQNQIKECN QTKIKP 6JGTG KU CP #TVWSKF DTQP\G OKTTQT OCFG HQT #TVWS 5JCJ QH -JCTVRGTV YKVJ VJG UCOG UEGPG 6JG OKTTQT FGRKEVU VJG \QFKCE CPF RNCPGVU KP V[RKECN TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU QH VJG VKOG 6JG HKIWTG KU TKFKPI C TCO C TGRTGUGPVCVKQP QH VJG RCNPGV FC[ JQWUG #TKGU

.QYKEM UWIIGUVGF VJCV VJG EJQKEG QH OQVKH OC[ JCXG DGGP FGVGTOKPGF D[ VJG EQPHKIWTCVKQP QH VJG JGCXGPU CV VJG VKOG VJG KUUWG YCU QTFGTGF CPF VJCV VJG KOCIGU YGTG RCTV QH C EWNVWTCN UVQEM YKVJ YJKEJ GXGP VJG NGCUV GFWECVGF YQWNF JCXG DGGP HCOKNKCT

$TQP\G # * # *GNOGVGF 6WTM UGCVGF YKVJ TCKUGF UYQTF CPF JQNFKPI JGCF KP N JCPF N 0WT CN &ÄP #V³DGI 4 %GPVTCN NGIGPF CN 0³UKT NK FÄP #NN³J #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP CTQWPF CN /CNKM CN #H\CN #NÄ YC CN /CNKM CN <³JKT )J³\Ä DKP CN /CNKM CN 0³UKT ;ÑUWH CTQWPF *WU³O CN &ÄP ;ÑNWS #TUNCP /CNKM &K[³TDCMT DKP N )J³\Ä DKP #TVWS FWTKDC UCPCJ UKVV YC VKU ÄP YC MJCOUCOK C 5 5 IT

8GT[ HKPG #WHJ·WUGT /ÒPEJGP

391

ARTUQIDS 0#5+4 CN &KP #4673 #45.#0

#TQWPF #TOGPKC CPF VJG PQTVJ QH /GUQRQVCOKC YGTG VJG OQUV VJTGCVGPGF #[[WDKF VGTTKVQTKGU 6JCV YCU YJGTG VJGKT TGCNO DQTFGTGF QP /QPIQNKCP FQOKPKQP 6JG TWNGT QH 2GTUKC VJG -JYCTG\O 5JCJ )CNCN CN &KP /CPMWDKTVK JCF CNTGCF[ DGGP FTKXGP HTQO JKU NCPFU D[ VJG /QPIQNKCPU

6Q DG CDNG VQ DGVVGT QRRQUG VJG /QPIQNKCPU VJG #[[WDKF CN -COKN HQTIGF CP CNNKCPEG YKVJ VJG 4WO 5GNLWMU -C[MJWDCF 6JKU CNNKCPEG YCU PQV OWEJ QH C WPKV[ JQYGXGT YKVJ KVU KPVGTPCN UVTWIING HQT UWRTGOCE[ QXGT #TOGPKC CPF /GUQRQVCOKC +P CN -COKN FGEKFGF VQ FGRQUG VJG WPTGNKCDNG RTKPEG QH #OKF &KVCTDCMKT CPF *KUP -C[HC *CUCPMG[KH YJKEJ OCFG JKO VJG GHHGEVKXG TWNGT QXGT VJGUG VGTTKVQTKGU +P VJG #[[WDKFU TQFG CICKPUV VJG 4WO 5GNLWMU

$TQP\G # * # %GPVCWT CTEJGT YKVJ DQY FTCIQP GOGTIKPI HTQO %GPVCWTʼnU VCKN DK /CTFÄP UCPCJ VKU YC VKU ÄP YC MJCOUC OK C 4 CN 0CUÄT NK FÄP #NN³J #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP CN /CNKM CN FKN #DÑ $CMT /CNKM &K[³TDCMT 0³ UN³P N #TVWS #T T UKT CN &ÄP 5 5 IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

/KVEJKPGT 2QQNG D

6JG TGXGTUG KPFKECVKQP KU PGY 6JG #[[WDKF QXGTNQTF KU CN ʼn#FKN #DW $CMT CPF VJG #TVWSKF TWNGT KU CICKP ECNNGF /CNKM &K[CTDCMT

6JKU KU VJG HKTUV #TVWSKF QH /CTFKP YJQ KPFKECVGU C OKPV [GCTU RTKQT KP 6KOWTVCUJ 5 5 PQ JCF CNTGCF[ FQPG VJG UCOG

# PGY #[[WDKF QXGTNQTF YCU CEMPQYNGFIGF CN ʼn#FKN #DW $CMT VJG #[[WDKF UWNVCP KP %CKTQ 6JKU EQKP OWUV JCXG DGGP UVTWEM KP VJG OKFFNG QH CPF VJGTGHQTG VJG UKGIG QH /CTFKP OWUV JCXG RGTUKUVGF HQT UQOG OQPVJU CHVGT VJG KPKVKCN CVVCEM D[ CN #UJTCH /WUC KP GCTN[ DGHQTG #TVWS #TUNCP ECRKVWNCVGF CPF QTFGTGF VJKU PGY EQKPCIG UVTWEM KP CN ʼn#FKNʼnU PCOG

.CPG RQQNG KFGPVKHKGF VJG QDXGTUG HKIWTG VQ DG C EGPVCWT VCMKPI VJG HQTO QH VJG \QFKCE UKIP 5CIKVVCTKWU +V KU PQV QPN[ 5CIKVVCTKWU DWV C FKUVKPEVN[ OGCPKPIHWN HQTO QH 5CIKVVCTKWU

6YQ FGVCKNU UVCPF QWV KP KORQTVCPEG VJG VCKN QH VJG EGPVCWT VGTOKPCVGU KP VJG JGCF QH VJG FTCIQP CPF VJG EGPVCWT KU ETQYPGF 6JKU TGHGTU VQ ,WRKVGT KP KVU OCNY FQOKEKNKWO QT FC[ JQTUG 5CIKVVCTKWU 6JG FTCIQP JGCF VCKN KU C TGOCTMCDNG FGXKEG CPF KU RTQDCDN[ C TGHGTGPEG VQ VJG GENKRUG QH 6JG EGPVCWT KVUGNH KU PQV CP WPEQOOQP OQVKH DWV VJG CFFKVKQP QH C FTCIQP JGCF VCKN KU SWKVG GZVTCQTFKPCT[ CPF EGTVCKPN[ C RTQFWEV QH 'CUVGTP EWNVWTCN KPHNWGPEG 6JKU EQKP CNUQ TGRTGUGPVGF VJG RJ[UKECN QDUGTXCVKQP QH CP GENKRUG

$TQP\G # * # %GPVCWT CTEJGT YKVJ DQY FTCIQP GOGTIKPI HTQO %GPVCWTʼnU VCKN DK /CTFÄP UCPCJ VKU YC VKU ÄP YC MJCOUC OK C 4 CN 0CUÄT NK FÄP #NN³J #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP CN /CNKM CN FKN #DÑ $CMT /CNKM &K[³TDCMT 0³ UN³P N #TVWS #T T UKT CN &ÄP 5 5 IT

5OCNN HNCP ETCEMU XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 2QQNG 'FJ /KVEJKPGT

392

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G /CTFKP # * # /QWPVGF HKIWTG QP NKQP N CN /CNKM CN ³NKO CN ³FKN 0³UKT CN &ÄP #TVWS #TUN³P /CNKM &K[³TDCMT 4 CN +O³O CN 0³UKT NK FÄP #NN³J #OKT CN OW OKPÄP N OK C CDQXG YC UKVVC T UKVVC OCTIKPCN NGIGPF CN OCNKM CN FKN 5CÄH CN &ÄP #DÑ $CMT KDP #[[ÑD FWTKDC DK /³TFÄP UCPCJ 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

6JG TGXGTUG RTQXKFGU PCOG CPF VKVNGU QH VJG ECNKH CN 0CUKT CPF VJG FCVG 6JG GFIG KPUETKRV IKXGU VJG PCOG QH VJG #[[WDKF QXGTNQTF CN ʼn#FKN CPF VJG OKPV /CTFKP

0QTOCNN[ VJG QDXGTUG HKIWTG KU UKORN[ EJCTCEVGTKUGF CU ŋC OCP TKFKPI QP C NKQPŌ /KVEJKPGT EQPUKFGTGF C ŋ6WTM TKFKPI C NKQPŌ CPF *GPPGSWKP C ŋHCNEQPGTő YKVJ C DKTF QP JKU TKIJV HKUVŌ +V KU PQV ENGCT YJGVJGT VJG HKIWTG KU JQNFKPI UQOGVJKPI KP JKU JCPF U QT YJCV KV KU 5 5 UGG C NGQRCTF KPUVGCF QH C NKQP QP C YGNN UVTWEM EQKP *GTG VQQ VJG JGCF KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ GZRTGUUKXG

6JG CPKOCN RKEVWTGF ENGCTN[ JCU C ŋEQNNCTŌ YJKEJ ECP DG VCMGP VQ UKIPKH[ OCPGU CTIWKPI KP HCXQWT QH C NKQP + HKPF 5 5ʼnU VJGQT[ QH C &KQP[UWU EQPUVCPVN[ DGKPI CEEQORCPKGF D[ C NGQRCTF JKIJN[ SWGUVKQPCDNG

#NN URGEKOGPU QH VJKU V[RG JCXG VYQ CTEU ETQUUKPI DGJKPF VJG HKIWTG GKVJGT CTE VGTOKPCVGF D[ TKPIU

$TQP\G /CTFKP # * # /QWPVGF HKIWTG QP NKQP N CN /CNKM CN ³NKO CN ³FKN 0³UKT CN &ÄP #TVWS #TUN³P /CNKM &K[³TDCMT 4 CN +O³O CN 0³UKT NK FÄP #NN³J #OKT CN OW OKPÄP N OK C CDQXG YC UKVVC T UKVVC OCTIKPCN NGIGPF CN OCNKM CN FKN 5CÄH CN &ÄP #DÑ $CMT KDP #[[ÑD FWTKDC DK /³TFÄP UCPCJ 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI /KVEJKPGT

393

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G # * # *GCF N 0³UKT CN &WP[³ YC CN &ÄP #TVWS #TUN³P /CNKM &K[³TDCMT 4 #DÑ N #DD³U #JOCF CN 0³UKT NK FÄP #NN³J #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP CN /CNKM CN FKN #DÑ $CMT DKP #[[ÑD N YC UKVVCOK C T CJCF CUJCTC 5 5 IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

6JG JGCF JCU 6WTMKUJ HGCVWTGU 6JG QDXGTUG CICKP UJQYU VJG VGTTKVQTKCN VKVNG /CNKM &K[CTDCMT 6JG TGXGTUG VJG ECNKH CN 0CUKT CPF VJG #[[WDKF QXGTNQTF CN ʼn#FKN #DQXG VJG VGZV KU VJG #TVWSKF VCOIJC DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU

6JG EQKP KU UOCNNGT VJCP PQTOCN CPF ECPPQV DG EQPPGEVGF VQ CP[ URGEKHKE GXGPV )TKGTUQP CPF /QTTKUQP VJQWIJV VJG JGCF VQ DG VJG ŋ*GCF QH #TGVJWUCŌ DWV VJCV OWUV DG EQPUKFGTGF OGTG URGEWNCVKQP

$TQP\G # * # *GCF T &WTKDC UCPCJ VJCO³P 5VTWEM KP VJG [GCT GKIJV CUJCT YC UKVVCOK C

VGGP CPF UKZ JWPFTGF 4 CN /CNKM CN -³OKN /WJCOOCF DKP #[[ÑD CN /CNKM CN /CPUÑT 0³UKT CN &ÄP #TVWS #TUN³P N CN 0³UKT CDQXG CN +O³O T NK FÄP #NN³J 5 5 IT

+TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

/KVEJKPGT

5 5 IKXG VYQ RQUUKDKNKVKGU VJG JGCF HCEGU GKVJGT UNKIJVN[ NGHV QT UNKIJVN[ TKIJV 6JG RKEVWTG KP 5 5 KU ENGCTN[ C NGHV URGEKOGP YJGTGCU VJG EQKP KP JCPF KU C ŋTKIJVŌ URGEKOGP %QPVTCT[ VQ VJG JGCFFTGUU QP VJG 5 5 RKEVWTG VJG JGCFFTGUU JGTG TGUGODNGU HNCOGU 5 5 DGNKGXG VJKU VQ UKIPKH[ VJG UWP CU CP CUVTQNQIKECN WPKV[ YJKEJ UGGOU VQ JQNF VTWG HQT VJG URGEKOGP KP JCPF

6JG TGXGTUG KPFKECVGU VJG #[[WDKF QXGTNQTF CN -COKN /WJCOOCF

$TQP\G # * # 4QOCP UV[NG JGCF T #N /CNKM CN /CPUÑT 0³UKT CN &WP[³ YC CN &ÄP #TVWS #TUN³P 4 CN 0³UKT NK FÄP #NN³J #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP CN /CNKM CN -³OKN 0³UKT CN FÄP /WJCOOCF N YC UKVVCOK C CDQXG KUJTÄP T FWTKDC UCPCJ DGNQY DKP #[[ÑD 5 5 IT

)TGGP RCVKPC CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

/KVEJKPGT 'FJ 2QQNG

5COG #[[WDKF QXGTNQTF CU QP PQ

0WOKUOCVKUVU IGPGTCNN[ DGNKGXG VJG RQTVTCKV KU C EQR[ QH VJCV QH VJG 4QOCP GORGTQT %NCWFKWU DWV 5 5 RTGHGT 6KDGTKWU 6JG JGCF QH PQ KU EQPUKFGTCDN[ DTQCFGT VJCP VJG UNGPFGT JGCF QH PQ

394

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G # * # 4QOCP UV[NG JGCF T #N /CNKM CN /CPUÑT 0³UKT CN &WP[³ YC CN &ÄP #TVWS #TUN³P 4 CN 0³UKT NK FÄP #NN³J #OÄT CN OW OKPÄP CN /CNKM CN -³OKN 0³UKT CN FÄP /WJCOOCF N YC UKVVCOK C CDQXG KUJTÄP T FWTKDC UCPCJ DGNQY DKP #[[ÑD 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ /KVEJKPGT 'FJ 2QQNG

&KTJGO &WPC[UKT # * 'FJGO IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM CV VJG GFIG XGT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT (TQO NKUV PQ #TVWI #TUNCP CU #[[WDKF XCUUCN 6JGUG FKTJGOU CTG EQRKGU QH #[[WDKF EQKPU CPF RC[ JQOCIG VQ VJG 5GNLWM UWNVCP -C[MWDCF

&KTJGO &WPC[UKT # * 'FJGO IT &QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT (TQO NKUV PQ #TVWI #TUNCP CU #[[WDDKF XCUUCN 2QQNG

# NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

395

ARTUQIDS

$TQP\G # * # 6WTMKUJ HKIWTG UGCVGF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU QP USWCTG DGNQY ++8++ 8 VCOIJC N 0³UKT CN &ÄP T #TVWS #TUN³P 4 DKNN³J CN +O³O CN /WUVCPUKT #OÄT CN OWOKPÄP CN /CNKM CN -³OKN /WJCOOCF N YC KUJTÄP YC UKVVCOK C T FWTKDC UCPCJ VJCO³P 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

'FJ

6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU VJG PCOG QH VJG ECNKH CN /WUVCPUKT CPF VJG #[[WDKF QXGTNQTF CN -COKN

9KVJ JKU NGHV JCPF VJG UGCVGF HKIWTG KU JQNFKPI C INQDG KP HTQPV QH JKU EJGUV 6JKU KU VJG UCOG UEGPG YG UGG QP CPF QH VJG #[[WDKF TWNGT KP /C[CHCTKMKP CN #UJTCH /W\CHHCT C EQPVGORQTCT[ QH 0CUKT CN &KP #TVWS #TUNCP 9KVJ TGICTF VQ VJG QTKIKP QH VJKU V[RG 5 5 PQVG ŋ+P ,CNCN CN &KP VJG GZKNGF -JYCTC\OUJCJ DGICP CICKP VQ VJTGCVGP VJG #[[WDKFU CPF VJGKT 6WTMQOCP CNNKGU HTQO JKU DCUG KP #TOGPKC 6JG CNNKGU OQWPVGF C EQWPVGT QHHGPUKXG CPF CHVGT UGXGTCN DCVVNGU FGHGCVGF ,CNCN CN &KP FGEKUKXGN[ NCVG KP #TVWS #TUNCP UWRRQTVGF VJG #[[WDKFU KP VJKU ETKUKU YJKNG JKU #TVWSKF EQWUKP 4WMP CN &KP /CYFWF TWNGT QH *KUP -C[HC CPF #OKF OCFG EQOOQP ECWUG YKVJ VJG -JYCTC\OUJCJ #TVWS #TUNCP OKIJV JCXG KUUWGF VJKU PGY EQKP V[RG UKORN[ VQ TGCUUGTV JKU NQ[CNV[ VQ CN -COKN FWTKPI VJKU VTQWDNGF RGTKQF Ō

$TQP\G # * # 6WTMKUJ HKIWTG UGCVGF HCEKPI DGVYGGP VYQ UVCTU QP USWCTG DGNQY ++8++ 8 VCOIJC N 0³UKT CN &ÄP T #TVWS #TUN³P 4 DKNN³J CN +O³O CN /WUVCPUKT #OÄT CN OWOKPÄP CN /CNKM CN -³OKN /WJCOOCF N YC KUJTÄP YC UKVVCOK C T FWTKDC UCPCJ VJCO³P 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ 'FJ

396

$TQP\G /CTFKP # * # *GCF HCEKPI CN 5WNV³P CN OW ³\\CO #N³ CN &WP[³ YC CN &ÄP -CKSWD³F 3CUÄO COÄT CN OW OKPÄP 4 CN +O³O CN /WUVCPUKT DKNN³J

#OÄT CN OW OKPÄP CN OCNKM CN OCPUÑT #TVWS N UCPCJ CTDC YC CDQXG FWTKDC DÄ /³TFÄP T VJCN³VJÄP YC UKVVCOK C 5 5 IT

5OCNN UETCVEJGU CPF KTTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG

ARTUQIDS $CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6JGTG CTG VJTGG FCVGU CPF OQUV CTG QH VJG [GCT

/KVEJKPGT EQTT OGV 2QQNG EQTT OGV

6JG QDXGTUG 3CUKO COKT CN OWʼnOKPKP 2CTVPGT QH VJG %QOOCPFGT QH VJG (CKVJHWN 1P VJG QTKIKP 5 5 UWRRN[ VJG HQNNQYKPI ŋ9KVJ VJKU HKIWTCN EQKP V[RG #TVWS #TUNCP CPPQWPEGF JKU EJCPIG QH CNNGIKCPEG DCEM VQ VJG 4WO 5GNLWSU CTQWPF %QPVGORQTCT[ RQNKVKECN JKUVQT[ CICKP UWIIGUVU VJG TGCUQP #HVGT C UWEEGUUHWN ECORCKIP CICKPUV VJG #TVWSKF TWNGT QH *KUP -C[HC CPF #OKF KP VJG #[[WDKFU WPFGT CN -COKN PQY EQPVTQNNGF VJG GPVKTG TGIKQP QH &K[CTDCMT GZEGRV VJG #TVWSKF MKPIFQO QH /CTFKP 6JGP VQYCTF VJG GPF QH CN -COKNʼnU GTUVYJKNG CNN[ ʼn#NC CN &KP -CKSWDCF VJG 4WO 5GNLWS KPXCFGF #TOGPKC CPF UGK\GF #[[WDKF VGTTKVQTKGU VJGTG 6JKU RTQXQMGF HWNN UECNG YCT DGVYGGP VJG #[[WDKFU CPF VJG 4WO 5GNLWSU KP YJKEJ #TVWS #TUNCP UKFGF YKVJ -CKSWDCF KP VJG JQRG QH RTQVGEVKPI /CTFKP HTQO CDUQTRVKQP D[ CN -COKN 6JG #[[WDKFU NQUV VJG YCT YKVJ -CKSWDCF CPF YKVJFTGY VQ VJGKT JQOG VGTTKVQT[ GCTN[ KP YJGTGWRQP -CKSWDCF CVVCEMGF PQTVJGTP 5[TKC CPF QEEWRKGF OWEJ QH 'FGUUC *CTCP 6JG #[[WDKFU EQWPVGTCVVCEMGF TGECRVWTKPI VJGKT NQUV NCPFU CPF VJGP OQXGF CICKPUV /CTFKP VQ RWPKUJ #TVWS #TUNCP HQT UWRRQTVKPI VJGKT GPGO[ 6JG[ YGTG CDQWV VQ YTGUV VJG UVTQPIRQKPV QH &WPC[UKT HTQO #TVWS #TUNCP YJGP VJG[ NGCTPGF QH CP KPEKRKGPV /QPIQN KPXCUKQP QH VJG ,C\KTC HTQO VJG GCUV 0QV YCPVKPI VQ TKUM EQPHTQPVKPI VJG /QPIQN JQTFG VJG #[[WDKFU CICKP YKVJFTGY JQOG +V YCU KP VJKU JKUVQTKECN EQPVGZV VJCV #TVWS #TUNCP UQWIJV VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH -CKSWDCF CPF JCF VJKU PGY EQKP V[RG UVTWEM JQPQTKPI VJG 4WO 5GNLWS KP HNCVVGTKPI VGTOU Ō

$TQP\G /CTFKP # * # *GCF HCEKPI CN 5WNV³P CN OW ³\\CO #N³ CN &WP[³ YC CN &ÄP -CKSWD³F 3CUÄO COÄT CN OW OKPÄP 4 CN +O³O CN /WUVCPUKT DKNN³J

#OÄT CN OW OKPÄP CN OCNKM CN OCPUÑT #TVWS N UCPCJ CTDC YC CDQXG FWTKDC DÄ /³TFÄP T VJCN³VJÄP YC UKVVCOK C 5 5 IT

'FIG HCWNV CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

6JGTG CTG VJTGG FCVGU CPF OQUV CTG QH VJG [GCT

/KVEJKPGT EQTT OGV 2QQNG EQTT OGV

.CPG 2QQNG VJQWIJV VJG JGCF QP PQU CPF YCU YGCTKPI C FKCFGO *GTG VJG JGCFFTGUU QP PQ KU ENGCTN[ OCFG WR QH VKP[ TKPIU YJGTGCU PQ UJQYU C JGCFFTGUU EQPUKUVKPI QH NKPGU

0#,/ CN &KP )*#<+ + CN 5# +&

+P VJG /QPIQN MJCP *WNCIW FGOCPFGF VJG UWDOKUUKQP QH 0CFLO CN &KP )JC\K + 5CʼnKF RTQORVKPI VJG NCVVGT VQ UGPF JKU UQP /W\CHHCT VQ *WNCIW DWV VQ PQ CXCKN CU /CTFKP UQQP NC[ WPFGT UKGIG 6Q RWV CP GPF VQ VJG UWHHGTKPI QH JKU RGQRNG /W\CHHCT JCF JKU HCVJGT MKNNGF

*WNCIW VJGP TGEQIPKUGF /W\CHHCT CU NQTF QH /CTFKP *KU JGKTU TGEGKXGF VJG GODNGOU QH TQ[CN RQYGT HTQO /QPIQNKCP JCPFU ETQYP CPF RCTCUQN CPF VJG VKVNG CN OCNKM CRRGCTGF QP VJGKT EQKPCIG CU C TGUWNV

&KTJGO /CTFKP # * IT

5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF CPF C NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT 0CIOCF FK )C\K CU #[[WDKF XCUUCN QH CU 5CNKJ #[[WD

397

ARTUQIDS

&KTJGO /CTFKP # * IT

8GT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT (TQO NKUV PQ 0CLO CN &KP )JC\K CU KPFGRGPFGPV TWNGT <CODCWT 0QWXGNNGU %QPVT

&KTJGO /CTFKP # * IT

6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP YGCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT (TQO NKUV PQ 0CLO CN &KP )JC\K CU XCUUCN QH VJG #[[WDKF CP 0CUKT ;WUWH

*CNH &KTJGO /CTFKP # * IT

9GCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT (TQO NKUV PQ 0CLO CN &KP )JC\K CU XCUUCN QH VJG #[[WDKF CP 0CUKT ;WUWH

&KTJGO /CTFKP # * IT &QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT (TQO NKUV PQ 0CLO CN &KP )JC\K CU XCUUCN QH VJG #[[WDKF CP 0CUKT ;WUWH &KTJGO DGCTKPI VJG PCOG QH VJG ECNKH 'FJ

&KTJGO IT &QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT (TQO NKUV PQ 0CLO CN &KP )JC\K CU XCUUCN QH VJG #[[WDKF CP 0CUKT ;WUWH &KTJGO YKVJQWV VJG PCOG QH VJG ECNKH 2QQNG

398

+TTGIWNCT HNCP CPF YGCMN[ UVTWEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

'FIG HCWNV CPF QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

ARTUQIDS

(CNU /CTFKP # * # 0COG QH %CNKRJ CNÅ&#x2030; /WUVCÅ&#x2030;UKO KP FQWDNGF USWCTG 4 +P JGZCITCO 0GLO CN &KPÅ&#x2030;U NGIGPF /KVEJKPGT IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG $CVCXKC FGP *CCI /KPV CPF FCVG CTQWPF

0#,/ CN &KP )*#<+ ++

(CNU # 4QWPF JGCF HCEKPI .³ KN³JC KNN³ #NN³J YCJFCJW N³ UJCTÃ&#x201E;M NCJW /WJCOOCF 4CUÃ&#x2018;N #NN³J UCNNC 4 +P EGPVGT HKGNF )J³\Ã&#x201E; CN 5WNV³P CN C\CO <KNNW N N³J HÃ&#x201E; CN ³NCO CN /CNKM CN OCPUÃ&#x2018;T 0CLO CN FÃ&#x201E;P #DÃ&#x2018; N HCVJ N UCPCJ VJCO³P T YC UKVVCOK C DGNQY YC VKU Ã&#x201E;P 5 5 IT

6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU CPF GFIG DTGCMU XGT[ HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

1P VJG TGXGTUG VJG TQ[CN VKVNG 5WNVCP CN #\CO KP 0CUMJK 6JG OQUV OKIJV[ UQXGTGKIP YJKEJ YCU PQTOCNN[ WUGF D[ VJG 5GNLWMU +V KU C DKV UKPIWNCT VJCV )JC\K ++ WUGF VJGUG GNGXCVGF VKVNGU CU JG YCU PQ OQTG VJCP C XCUUCN QH VJG +NMJCP )JC\CP /CJOWF CV VJCV OQOGPV

#NUQ RGEWNKCT CTG VJG QVJGT VGZVU QP VJKU EQKP <KNNW N NCJ HK CN CNCO 6JG UJCFQY QH )QF QP GCTVJ CN /CNKM CN OCPUWT 6JG 6TKWORJCPV .QTF #DW N HCVJ (CVJGT QH 8KEVQT[

6JG -CNKOCJ KP KVU HKTUV KPUVCPEG QP CP #TVWSKF EQKP TGCFU 6JGTG KU PQ FGKV[ DWV )QF JG KU QPG /WJCOOCF KU VJG #RQUVNG QH )QF OC[ )QFÅ&#x2030;U DNGUUKPI DG WRQP JKO

5*#/5 CN &KP 5#.+*

(CNU /CTFKP # 5WP DGVYGGP VYQ NKQPU 4 +P EGPVGT HKGNF HÃ&#x201E; FCWNCV CN 5WNV³P CN /CNKM CN 5³NKJ -JCNNCFC #NN³J OWNMCJW T 7OCT DGNQY 7VJO³P N #NÃ&#x201E; CDQXG #DÃ&#x2018; $CMT 5 5 IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

/Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ

6JG TGXGTUG KPFKECVGU VJG PCOGU QH VJG HKTUV HQWT ECNKHU #DW $CMT Å&#x2030;7OCT Å&#x2030;7VJOCP CU Å&#x2030;#NK 6JKU PGY YQTFKPI YCU KPVTQFWEGF D[ VJG +NMJCP TWNGT #DW 5CÅ&#x2030;KF $CJCFWT -JCP VQ GORJCUK\G JKU CNNGIKCPEG VQ VJG 5WPPK DTCPEJ QH +UNCO 6JGTG CNUQ KU C V[RG YKVJ C NKQP YKVJ VJG UWP CDQXG KV UGG 5 5 +V KU PQV KPEQPEGKXCDNG VJCV VJG PWODGT QH NKQPU KPFKECVGU VJG XCNWG 9KVJ TGICTF VQ VJKU +NKUEJ DGNKGXGU YG CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ HCNU $WV 5 5 IKXG CU C YGKIJV TCPIG HQT VJKU V[RG CPF HQT V[RG 6JKU URGEKOGP NKGU GZCEVN[ KP DGVYGGP 6JG SWGUVKQP KU JQY CEEWTCVG VJGUG YGKIJVU CTG DGCTKPI KP OKPF VJCV CNN VJG URGEKOGPU UJQY HNCYU

5 5 MPQY QH QPN[ HKXG URGEKOGP

,WUV CU VJG 5GNLWM EQKP VJG 5 5 V[RG UJQYU C UWP QXGT C NKQP RCUUCPV VQ VJG NGHV 6JG QPN[ FKHHGTGPEG KU VJCV VJG 5GNLWM EQKP UJQYU QPN[ JCNH VJG UWP CU KH VJG UWP YGTG TKUKPI QXGT VJG NKQP NGQRCTF

6JG RKEVWTG QH PQ KU CNUQ HQWPF QP YJCV KU MPQYP CU ETQUU UVQPGU QT -JCEJMCT HQWPF KP 'EJOKCF\KP %TQUU UVQPGU CTG V[RKECNN[ #TOGPKCP GZRTGUUKQPU QH CTV 6JG[ FCVG DCEM VQ VJG VJ QT VJ EGPVWT[ C RGTKQF YJGP VJKU VGTTKVQT[ YCU PQ NQPIGT QEEWRKGF D[ VJG #TCDU 6JG[ CTG ECTXGF OGOQTKCN UVQPGU UJQYKPI C NCTIG ETQUU UQOGVKOGU YKVJ %JTKUV WRQP KV CPF JKU TGVKPWG UWTTQWPFKPI 6JG UVQPGU CTG RNCEGF KP C OCPPGT CU VQ ECWUG VJG DGJQNFGT VQ HCEG GCUVYCTF .CVGT VJG ETQUUGUÅ&#x2030; QTPCOGPVCVKQP DGECOG TKEJGT 9JGP KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ #TOGPKC DGECOG FGRGPFGPV QP VJG OWUNKOU FKUVKPEVN[ +UNCOKE GNGOGPVU UVCTVGF CRRGCTKPI QP VJG UVQPGU YJKEJ VJGP FGXGNQRGF KPVQ ITCXGUVQPGU

399

ARTUQIDS

<'0)+&'0 QH /157.

6JKU F[PCUV[ YCU HQWPFGF D[ +OCF CN &KP <CPIK

Ŏ YJQ EQPVTQNNGF DQVJ /QUWN CPF #NGRRQ #HVGT JG FKGF C TGXQNV GPUWGF QH RGQRNG YJQ HCXQWTGF 5GNLWM TWNG

+P <CPIK DGSWGCVJGF JKU RQUUGUUKQPU VQ

5CKH CF &KP )C\K KP /QUWN CPF

0WT CF &KP KP #NGRRQ

0WTCFFKP YQWNF EQOG VQ DG QPG QH VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV TWNGTU UGG CV IGPGTCN KPVTQFWEVKQP 9JGP JKU DTQVJGT 3WVD CF &KP /CWFWF FKGF KP 0WTCFFKP KPXCFGF /QUWN CPF RTQENCKOGF JKOUGNH ECNKH QH VJG EKV[ CPF VJG VGTTKVQT[ 6JG UQP QH JKU FGEGCUGF DTQVJGT 5CKH CN &KP DGECOG C XCUUCN RTKPEG 6JG <GPIKF F[PCUV[ GPFGF YKVJ VJG FGCVJ QH 0WTCFFKP KP

+P 5CNCFKP CNNKGF YKVJ VJG UWNVCP QH VJG 4WO 5GNLWMU 3KNKE #TUNCP ++ VQ EQPHTQPV /QUWN +P 5CNCFKP ICKPGF EQPVTQN QXGT #NGRRQ CPF KP <GPIKF RTKPEG +\\ CF &KP DTQVJGT CPF UWEEGUUQT QH 5CKH CN &KP CEMPQYNGFIGF 5CNCFKPʼnU FQOKPKQP QXGT /QUWN YJKEJ OGCPV VJG YJQNG QH 0WTCFFKPʼnU TGCNO JCF EQOG WPFGT 5CNCFKP

376$ CN &KP /#9&7&

6JG VGTTKVQT[ YCU FKXKFGF 0WTCFFKP TGEGKXGF #NGRRQ CPF 3WVD CN &KP YCU IKXGP /QUWN DWV JCF VQ CEMPQYNGFIG JKU DTQVJGTʼnU UWRTGOCE[ WPVKN JG FKGF KP

$TQP\G # * # $WUV N WPFGT VYQ CPIGNU T MJCOU YC MJCOUÄP CPF N YC MJCOUCOK C CPF 4 CN /CNKM CN ʼn³FKN CN ³NKO /CNKM WOCT³ CN UJCTS YC CN IJCTD 6WIJTKN 6GMÄP #V³DGI N DKP SUWPSWT CDQXG DKP <GPIÄ T /CYFÑF 5 5 IT

'FIG HCWNV CPF C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

0-4

%QKPU KPFKECVG QPG QH UKZ FKHHGTGPV FCVGU CPF 6JGTG CTG GXGP NCVGT FCVGU VJTQWIJ

5 5

6JG JGCF UJQYU FKUVKPEVN[ 6WTMKUJ HGCVWTGU

6JG TGXGTUG VGZVU JCXG VJG HQNNQYKPI OGCPKPI CN OCNKM CN ʼnCFKN CN ʼnCNKO 6JG LWUV CPF YKUG MKPI CPF OCNKM WOCTC CN UJCTS YC CN IJCTD -KPI QH VJG 2TKPEGU QH VJG 'CUV CPF VJG 9GUV 6JKU KU VJG HKTUV KPUVCPEG QH VJKU NCUV VGZV 6WIJTKN 6GMKP OGCPU (CNEQP 2TKPEG KPVTQFWEGF D[ JKU HCVJGT <GPIK QP QPG QH JKU IQNFGP EQKPU

400

ARTUQIDS

9KVJ TGICTF VQ VJG VYQ YKPIGF HKIWTGU CDQXG VJG JGCF 5 5 RTQXKFG VJG HQNNQYKPI ŋ6JG VYQ YKPIGF HKIWTGU YJKEJ UGTXGF CU JGTCNFU CDQXG VJG UQNCT RGTUQPKHKECVKQP UGGOU UQOGVKOGU TGHGTTGF VQ CU CPIGNU DWV VJKU KU CP QXGTN[ RQRWNCTK\GF FGUETKRVKQP 6JGUG HKIWTGU CTG RTKOCTKN[ QH 2GTUKCP QTKIKP CPF CTG ENQUGN[ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG 5WP Ō 6JG EQKPU QH VJG <GPIKFU YGTG UVTQPIN[ KPHNWGPEGF D[ QTKGPVCN CTV VJG ENCWUG VJG GCUV CPF VJG YGUV RQKPV VQ VJG UCOG KPHNWGPEG

5#+( CN &KP )*#<+ ++

$TQP\G CN ,C\KTC # * # *GNOGVGF JGCF N .³ KN³JC KNN³ #NN³J /WJCOOCF 4CUÑN #NN³J 4 /CNKM CN WOCT ³ )J³\Ä DKP /CYFÑF OCTIKPCN NGIGPF $K UOKNN³J FWTKDC DK + ,C\ÄTC UCPC MJCOU YC UCD ÄP YC MJCOUCOK C 5 5 IT 4GXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

$TQP\G CN ,C\KTC # * # *GNOGVGF JGCF N .³ KN³JC KNN³ #NN³J /WJCOOCF 4CUÑN #NN³J 4 /CNKM CN WOCT ³ )J³\Ä DKP /CYFÑF OCTIKPCN NGIGPF $K UOKNN³J FWTKDC DK + ,C\ÄTC UCPC MJCOU YC UCD ÄP YC MJCOUCOK C 5 5 IT 9GCMN[ UVTWEM KP RCTVU XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC FGP *CCI

+P VJG RKEVWTG KP 5 5 VJG QDXGTUG VGZV GZVGPFU HTQO VJG PGEM VQ VJG JGNOGV YJKEJ KU VTWG HQT PQ 1P VJKU PQ JQYGXGT VJG VGZV GZVGPFU HTQO VJG EJKP WR VQ VJG JGNOGV /QTGQXGT VJG HCEG KU FKHHGTGPV CU KU VJG JCKT RTQVTWFKPI HTQO WPFGT VJG JGNOGV + YQPFGT YJGVJGT VJG QDXGTUG VGZV QH PQ KU FKHHGTGPV HTQO VJCV QP PQ

401

MAMMELUKKEN 0#5+4 CN &KP /#*/7&

$TQP\G CN /CYUKN # * # %TQYPGF VWTMKUJ HKIWTG UGCVGF ETQUU NGIIGF YKVJ NCTIG ETGUEGPV &WTKDC DK + /CYUKN UCPC UCD YC KUJTÃ&#x201E;P YC UKVVCOK C 4 CN +O³O .³ KN³JC KNN³ #NN³J /WJCOOCF 4CUÃ&#x2018;N #NN³J CN OWUVCPUKT DKNN³J #OÃ&#x201E;T CN OW OKPÃ&#x201E;P OCTIKPCN NGIGPF 0³UKT CN &WP[³ YC CN &Ã&#x201E;P #V³DGI /CJOÃ&#x2018;F CN /CNKM CN -³OKN CN /CNKM CN #UJTCH 5 5 IT # NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

6JG TGXGTUG VGZV KU 0CUMJK CPF KPFKECVGU CN +OCO VJG TGNKIKQWU VKVNG QH VJG ECNKH CPF VJG PCOG QH VJG PGY #DCUUKF ECNKH CN /WUVCPUKT CPF VYQ #[[WDKF QXGTNQTFU CN -COKN CPF CN #UJTCH

6JG QTKIKPU QH VJG KOCIG ECP DG VTCEGF DCEM VQ /CJOWFÅ&#x2030;U ITCPFHCVJGT KP 5 5 KP YJQUG FC[U VJKU JCF DGGP C RQRWNCT V[RG 6JG EQKP KP JCPF UJQYU C PKEGT UV[NG CPF KVU TGNKGH KU JKIJGT VJCP 5 5

/#//'.7--'0 KP /157. $#&4 CN &KP .W .W

+P $CFT CN &KP .WÅ&#x2030;NWÅ&#x2030; EQPUQNKFCVGF JKU RQUKVKQP JG JCF DGGP WUWTRGT KP VJG TGIKQP QH /QUWN DGHQTG CPF VJWU YCU FG HCEVQ TWNGT QH VJG <GPIKF TGCNO

*KU FQOKPKQP YCU VJTGCVGPGF D[ JKU TKXCN -WMDWTK QH +TDKN CPF VJGTG YCU QH EQWTUG VJG CNCTOKPI RTGUGPEG QH /QPIQNKCPU KP VJG PQTVJ GCUV -WMDWTK FKGF KP CPF .WÅ&#x2030;NWÅ&#x2030; WUWTRGF VJG VJTQPG 6JG [QWPI CVCDGI 0CUKT CN &KP /CJOWF VJG NGIKVKOCVG TWNGT QH /QUWN UQOGJQY XCPKUJGF UQOG JKUVQTKEU DGNKGXG JG YCU MKNNGF D[ .WÅ&#x2030;NWÅ&#x2030; .WÅ&#x2030;NWÅ&#x2030; VJGP JCF VJG CWFCEKV[ VQ FGOCPF QH VJG ECNKH VJCV JG CEMPQYNGFIG JKO CU TWNGT QH /QUWN KP C TGRTGUGPVCVKXG QH VJG ECNKH KPUVCNNGF .WÅ&#x2030;NWÅ&#x2030; CU UWNVCP QH /QUWN DGUVQYKPI WRQP JKO VJG VKVNG QH CN /CNKM CN 4CJKO 6JG OGTEKHWN MKPI CPF VJG RTKXKNGIGU QH MJWVDC CPF UKMMC

+P VJG HKTUV EQKP YCU UVTWEM UGG PQ #HVGT VJCV QPN[ EQKPU YKVJQWV C NGIGPF YQWNF DG UVTWEM 6QYCTFU VJG GPF QH JKU TGKIP KP JG KOKVCVGF VJG EQOOQP V[RG 5 5 CPF VJG QPN[ QVJGT EQKP DGCTKPI CP KOCIG

$TQP\G CN /CYUKN # * # &KCFGOGF JGCF N KP USWCTG &WTKDC DK + /CY UKN UCPC CJCF YC VJCNCVJÃ&#x201E;P YC UKVVCOK C 4 CN +O³O CN /WUVCPUKT DKNN³J #OÃ&#x201E;T CN OW OKPÃ&#x201E;P OCTIKPCN NGIGPF $CFT CN &WP[³ YC CN &Ã&#x201E;P #VCDGI .W .W CN /CNKM CN -³OKN CN /CNKM CN #UJTCH 5 5 IT 8GT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN

'FJ /KVEJKPGT

6JG TGXGTUG VGZV KU 0CUMJK UVCVKPI PCOG CPF VKVNG QH VJG ECNKH CN /WUVCPUKT 6JGP ECOG VJG WUWTRGT /CONWM $CFT CN &KP .WÅ&#x2030;NWÅ&#x2030; KPKVKCNN[ NCEMKPI C RQNKVKECN VKVNG NCVGT FKIPKHKGF YKVJ VJG VKVNG CVCDGI (KPCNN[ VJG VYQ #[[WDKF QXGTNQTFU CN -COKN CPF CN #UJTCH

6JKU EQKP KU VJG HKTUV VQ KPFKECVG .WÅ&#x2030;NWÅ&#x2030; Å&#x2030;U PCOG CPF KV FGRKEVU JKU CEEGUUKQP QH VJG VJTQPG 6JG EQKP UKORN[ UVCVGU VJG CVCDGI VKVNG YJKEJ JG YCU PQV DQTP KPVQ DWV WUWTRGF

9JGP VJG /QPIQNU VQQM /QUWN VJG[ KOKVCVGF VJKU EQKP QH .WÅ&#x2030;NWÅ&#x2030; UNKIJVN[ CNVGTKPI KVU FGUKIP UGG $/%

402

ZENGIDS

<'0)+&5 #6#$')5 QH 5+0,#4 5KPLCT NKGU YGUV QH /QUWN &WTKPI JKU ECORCKIP KP Å&#x2030;+OCF CN &KP <GPIK EQPSWGTGF VJG VGTTKVQT[ HTQO VJG 5GNLWMU +V YQWNF TGOCKP C RTQXKPEG QH VJG <GPIKFU KP /QUWN WPVKN +P VJCV [GCT VJG ITCPFUQP QH <GPIK Å&#x2030;+OCF CN &KP <GPIK ++ YCU IKXGP VJG VGTTKVQT[ VQ IQXGTP KV KPFGRGPFGPVN[ *G DWKNV KV KPVQ C VTCFG EGPVTG QH ITGCV KORQTVCPEG

6JG VGTTKVQT[ GZKUVGF CWVQPQOQWUN[ HQT LWUV [GCTU CHVGT VJCV VJG #[[WDKFU CPPGZGF KV CPF KPEQTRQTCVGF KV KPVQ VJGKT TGCNO

376$ CN &KP /7*#//#& KDP <'0)+

$TQP\G 5KPLCT # * # $WUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF UJKGNF VCOIJC KP HTQPV &WTKDC DK 5KPL³T UCPC UKVVCJ YC VKU Ã&#x201E;P YC MJCOUCOK C 4 DKP <GPIÃ&#x201E; CN +O³O CN 0³UKT NK FÃ&#x201E;P #NN³J CN /CNKM CN /CPUÃ&#x2018;T 3WVD CN &WP[³ YC CN &Ã&#x201E;P VCOIJC DGNQY 5 5 IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 6JGTG CTG HQWT FCVGU CPF 6JG [GCT JCU C VCOIJC DGHQTG VJG DWUV $QVJ PQ CPF JCXG C VCOIJC DGHQTG VJG JGCF CPF VJWU CTG HTQO

5 5 VJKPM VJKU KU CP KOKVCVKQP QH C DTQP\G EQKP QH %CTCECNNC HTQO 'FCUUC

$TQP\G 5KPLCT # * # $WUV N YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF UJKGNF VCOIJC KP HTQPV &WTKDC DK 5KPL³T UCPC UKVVCJ YC VKU Ã&#x201E;P YC MJCOUCOK C 4 DKP <GPIÃ&#x201E; CN +O³O CN 0³UKT NK FÃ&#x201E;P #NN³J CN /CNKM CN /CPUÃ&#x2018;T 3WVD CN &WP[³ YC CN &Ã&#x201E;P VCOIJC DGNQY 5 5 IT 6TCEGU QH GPETWUVCVKQP CNOQUV XGT[ HKPG 0-4 6JGTG CTG HQWT FCVGU CPF 6JG [GCT JCU C VCOIJC DGHQTG VJG DWUV

403

ZENGIDS

<'0)+&5 #6#$')5 QH #. ,#<+4# ,C\KTCV KDP ʼn7OCT UKVWCVGF QP VJG 4KXGT 6KITKU LWUV PQTVJ QH /QUWN YCU C RTQXKPEKCN 5GNLWM EGPVTG CPPGZGF D[ ʼn+OCF CN &KP <GPIK + FWTKPI JKU ECORCKIP KP 6JG EKV[ NC[ QP CP CTVKHKEKCN KUNCPF KP VJG 6KITKU CN ,C\KTC VJG KUNCPF

6JG HQWTVJ TWNGT QH /QUWN 5CKH CN &KP )JC\K ++ ICXG CN ,C\KTC KP VQ JKU UQP /WKʼn\\ CN &KP 5CPLCT 5JCJ HQT VJG NCVVGT VQ IQXGTP KV KPFGRGPFGPVN[ 6JWU C PGY VGTTKVQT[ GOGTIGF PGZV VQ VJCV QH /QUWN 1PN[ VJTGG UQXGTGKIPU GXGT TWNGF VJKU VGTTKVQT[ +P KV YCU CPPGZGF D[ $CFT CF &KP .Wʼn.W QH /QUWN CPF IQXGTPGF D[ JKU UQP +UJCS WPVKN KV YCU NQUV VQ VJG /QPIQNKCPU KP

/7 +<< CN &KP 5#0,#4 5*#*

$TQP\G # )TGCV VCOIJC DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CPF YKVJKP OWNVKNQDG CN /CNKM CN /W\CHHCT 5CPLCT 5J³J DKP )J³\Ä CN 0³UKTÄ 4 CN +O³O CN C\CO CN 0³UKT NK FÄP #NN³J #OÄT CN OWOKPÄP N UCPC UKVVCOK C CDQXG DK + ,C\ÄTCJ T &WTKDC 5 5 IT 4 'FIG HCWNV TGXGTUG C NKVVNG QHH EGPVTG XGT[ HKPG

2NKGIQ 5GXKNNC #WEVKQP PQ

6JTGG FCVGU CPF 2TGUWOCDN[ VJKU KU CU VJG QVJGT FCVGU JCTFN[ GXGT QEEWT

$/% 'FJ #TVWM

6JKU PGY V[RG YCU KPVTQFWEGF KP 9JCV KU OQUV KPVGTGUVKPI KU VJG PGY WUG QH VJG VGTO CN 0CUKTK CV VJG GPF QH VJG NGIGPF QP VJG QDXGTUG 6JKU RGTJCRU JKPVU CV VJG HCEV VJCV 5CPLCT 5JCJ EQPUKFGTGF JKOUGNH VQ DG QP VJG UKFG QH 0CUKT YJKEJ EQWNF OGCP CN 0CUKT ;WUWH KDP #[[WD VJG DGOQWTPGF 5CNCFKP QT OC[DG %CNKH CN 0CUKT

6JKU KU VJG JGCXKGUV EQRRGT EQKP QH VJG 6WTMOGP

6JG VCOIJC KU VJGKT OQVKH CU VJG HNGWT FG N[U YCU VJCV QH 0WT CN &KP /CJOWF QH &COCUEWU 6JKU VCOIJC CRRGCTU QP VJG EQKPU QH 5KPLCT VJGP FKUCRRGCTU VQ TGCRRGCT WPFGT 5CPLCT 5JCJ

#. /W C\\CO /#*/7&

$TQP\G CN ,C\KTC # * # %TQYPGF HKIWTG HCEKPI JQNFKPI ETGUEGPV VCOIJC DGNQY CN /CNKM CN /W C\\CO /CJOÑF DKP 5KPLCT 5J³J CN 0³UKTK 4 CN +O³O CN 0³UKT +K FÄP #NN³J #OKT CN OW OKPÄP CN /CNKM CN -³OKN /WJCOOCF CN /CNKM CN #UJTCH /ÑU³ N CUJCTC YC UKVVCOK C T &WTKDC DK + ,C\ÄTC 5 5 IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

/KVEJKPGT

6JKU V[RG UJQYU C V[RKECN NKMGPGUU VQ 5 5 9JGP KP VJKU V[RG QH EQKP YCU CDQWV VQ DG KPVTQFWEGF CN #UJTCH JCF CNTGCF[ VCMGP QXGT VJG <GPIKF TGCNO HTQO 5KPLCT UGG 5 5 CPF RQYGT QXGT /QUWN JCF FGXQNXGF QP $CFT CN &KP .WʼnNWʼn UGG 5 5 6JG /QPIQNKCPU YGTG CV VJG GCUV DQTFGT 6JGUG GXGPVU HQTOGF VJG RTGNWFG VQ VJG ŋ#[[WDKF %QNV 9CTŌ

(QT CN /WʼnC\\CO /CJOWF VJG ETGCVKQP QH VJKU V[RG YCU RQKVKECNN[ OQVKXCVGF *G CEMPQYNGFIGF VJG PGY #[[WDKF UWNVCP CN -COKN CPF JKU [QWPIGT FQOKPCPV DTQVJGT #[[WDKF KP VJG ,C\KTC TGIKQP KPUVGCF QH CN ʼn#FKN #DW $CMT *G EQPVKPWGF RC[KPI JQOCIG VQ VJG #DCUUKF ECNKH CN 0CUKT GORJCUKUKPI VJG EQNNCDQTCVKQP YKVJ VJG #[[WDKFGP CICKPUV .WʼnNWʼn CPF VJG /QPIQNKCPU

404

AYYUBIDEN

#;;7$+&'0 KP /#;#(#4+-+0 9JGP VJG #[[WDKF UWNVCP CNÅ&#x2030;#FKN #DW $CMT FKGF KP JKU TGCNO YCU FKXKFGF COQPI JKU VJTGG UQPU CN -COKN TGEGKXGF 'I[RV JG YCU EQPUKFGTGF VJG JGCF QH VJG HCOKN[ CN /WÅ&#x2030;C\\CO +UC YCU IKXGP 2CNGUVKPG CPF RCTV QH 5[TKC KPENWFKPI &COCUEWU CPF CN #UJTCH /WUC IQV 0QTVJ 5[TKC CPF ,C\KTC #NTGCF[ FWTKPI JKU NKHG CNÅ&#x2030;#FKN JCF JCF JKU VJTGG UQPU IQXGTP JKU TGCNO

6JG #[[WDKF RGTKQF KP CN ,C\KTC KU VJWU HTQO VQ 6JG HKTUV RTKPEG CN 0CUKT 5CNGJ CN &KP ;WUWH KDP #[[WD UVC[GF KP /C[CHCTKMKP *KU DTQVJGT CN Å&#x2030;#FKN UVTWEM EQKP KP /C[CHCTKMKP KP CPF KP *GTTCP CPF 4QJC KP CPF +P JG TGVWTPGF VQ &COCUEWU

#HVGT JKO ECOG JKU VJTGG UQPU CN #YJCF CN #UJTCH CPF CN /W\CHHCT

6JGP VJG UQP QH VJG NCVVGT CN -COKN 0CUKT CF &KP YJQ TQUG VQ RQYGT KP DWV NQUV JKU TGCNO VQ VJG /QPIQNKCPU KP

#. #9*#& CN &KP #;;7$ KDP CN Å&#x2030;#&+.

$TQP\G # * # $WUV HCEKPI 4 *GZCITCO 'FJGO IT

# NKVVNG YGCMN[ UVTWEM XGT[ HKPG

$CVCXKC &GP *CCI

6JKU V[RG FQGU PQV KPFKECVG CP[ OKPV +V KU C FKTGEV KOKVCVKQP QH VJG V[RG JKU HCVJGT UVTWEM 'FJ *KU HCVJGT CN Å&#x2030;#FKN YCU UWNVCP QH 'I[RV CPF &COCUEWU

/KVEJKPGT IKXGU VYQ V[RGU HTQO VJG [GCT KVU OKPV /C[CHCTKMKP CPF VJG PCOG QH %CNKH CN 0CUKT

CPF YJKEJ KPFKECVGU PQ [GCT QT 0GLO VKVNG

#. #5*4#( /75# /7<#((#4 CN &KP KDP CN Å&#x2030;#&+.

$TQP\G /C[CHCTKMKP # * # (KIWTG HCEKPI JQNFKPI INQDG 4 *GZCITCO 'FJGO IT 5NKIJVGN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG &GNOQPVG $TWUUGN $CNQI /KVEJKPGT $CNQI %TQUU NGIIGF #VCDGI 6JG EQKP OGPVKQPU %CNKH CN 0CUKT CPF PGZV VQ JKO JKU HCVJGT

$TQP\G /C[CHCTKMKP # (KIWTG HCEKPI JQNFKPI INQDG 4 *GZCITCO 'FJGO IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU CPF KTTGIWNCT HNCP IQQF XGT[ HKPG /Ã&#x2019;P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP &GWVUEJNCPF #WEVKQP PQ 1PFGT -CNKGH #N 0CUKT

$CNQI /KVEJKPGT

405

JETONS

,'6105 6JG VGTO ล LGVVQPล KU CODKIWQWU +V OC[ FGPQVG

ล C UOCNN FKUE WUGF KP OCVJGOCVKECN ECNEWNCVKQPU QP C TGEMQPKPI VCDNG KP YJKEJ ECUG KV YCU MPQYP CU ล TGEMQPKPI EQWPVGTล

ล C RCTVKEWNCT V[RG QH EQKP VJCV YCU WUGF CU C UWDUVKVWVG HQT UOCNN EJCPIG GKVJGT WUGF KP NKOKVGF EKTEWNCVKQP QT KP ECUGU YJGTG VJG COQWPV QH QHHKEKCN EWTTGPE[ KU KPUWHHKEKGPV KP YJKEJ ECUG VJG[ CTG MPQYP CU ล VQMGPล

ล EJKRU CU WUGF KP ECUKPQU RTGFQOKPCPVN[ KP (TGPEJ )GTOCP CPF &WVEJ

$QVJ HKTUV OGCPKPIU YKNN DG EQPUKFGTGF KP VJG HQNNQYKPI

4'%-10+0) %1706'4

/CP KU CDNG VQ EQWPV UKPEG VKOG KOOGOQTKCN CPF KP VJG EQWTUG QH VKOG C OWNVKVWFG QH PWOGTCN U[UVGOU ECOG KPVQ DGKPI CU C TGUWNV 6JG FGUKIPU QH VJGUG PWOGTCN U[UVGOU CTG GKVJGT DCUGF QP CUVTQPQOKECN RTCEVKECN QT HCEVWCN QDUGTXCVKQPU QT QP VJG PWODGT QH HKPIGTU JWOCPU JCXG 0GGFNGUU VQ UC[ EQWPVKPI CNUQ XCTKGU HTQO QPG EWNVWTG VQ CPQVJGT

%QWPVKPI YCU QH EQWTUG KOOGFKCVGN[ HQNNQYGF D[ ECNEWNCVKPI HKTUV VQ EQOG YGTG VJG DCUKE EQORWVCVKQPU CFFKPI CPF UWDVTCEVKPI OWNVKRN[KPI CPF FKXKFKPI CTG TGCNN[ TGRGCVGF CFFKVKQPU QT UWDVTCEVKQPU DWV CNUQ KPXQNXGF WUKPI HTCEVKQPU 5QQP UQOG PWOGTCN U[UVGOU YGTG HQWPF VQ UWKV VJGUG RWTRQUGU DGVVGT VJCP QVJGTU

6JG PWOGTCN U[UVGOU QH OQUV WUG VQ WU CTG

ล VJG $CD[NQPKCP PWOGTCN U[UVGO CNUQ MPQYP CU VJG UGZCIGUKOCN PWOGTCN U[UVGO

ล VJG )TGGM PWOGTCN U[UVGO

ล VJG 4QOCP PWOGTCN U[UVGO CPF

ล VJG #TCDKE PWOGTCN U[UVGO OQTG EQOOQPN[ ECNNGF VJG FGEKOCN U[UVGO

6JG $CD[NQPKCP PWOGTCN U[UVGO JCU CU KVU DCUG K G CNN PWODGTU EQPUVKVWVG RQYGTU QH PQVCVKQP KU CU HQNNQYU

Z Z Z รถ

6JG UGZCIGUKOCN PWODGT EQTTGURQPFU VQ JQWT OKPWVGU CPF UGEQPFU C VQVCN QH UGEQPFU TGRTGUGPVKPI VJG PWODGT FGEKOCNN[

6JG UGZCIGUKOCN U[UVGO UVGOU HTQO 5WOGT YJGTG EQWPVKPI YCU FQPG WUKPI C DCUG U[UVGO UGG X F 9CGTFGP 5EKGPEG CYCMGPKPI R

+P VJG EQWTUG QH VKOG OCP[ CUUWORVKQPU JCXG DGGP OCFG CU VQ YJ[ YCU EJQUGP CU VJG DCUG (QTOCNGQPK CPF %CPVQT HQT KPUVCPEG DGNKGXGF VJCV VJG PWODGT QH FC[U KP C [GCT JCF HQTOGF VJG DCUKU HTQO YJKEJ VJG PWODGT QH FGITGGU VQ C EKTENG YGTG VJGP FGTKXGF 1VJGTU VJQWIJV VJG TGCUQP NC[ KP CUVTQPQO[ 'XGPVWCNN[ 0GWIGDCWGT KP RQUKVGF VJCV VJG EJQKEG QH YCU OGVTQNQIKECNN[ OQVKXCVGF KU C UWRGTKQT JKIJN[ EQORQUKVG PWODGT KVU FGPQOKPCVQTU DGKPI +V KU KP HCEV VJG UOCNNGUV KPVGIGT FKXKUKDNG D[ CNN KPVGIGTU HTQO VQ CPF CU UWEJ YCU QH GZEGNNGPV WUG HQT VTCFG 6JKU KU VJG TGCFKPI OQUV EQOOQPN[ CEEGRVGF PQYCFC[U 1P C UKFG PQVG VJKU RQUUKDKNKV[ YCU CNTGCF[ UWIIGUVGF D[ 6JยพQP QH #NGZCPFTKC CPF TGRGCVGF D[ 9CNNKU

CPF .ร HNGT KP UGG +HTCJ R

#NVJQWIJ VJG UGZCIGUKOCN U[UVGO YCU WUGF KP UEKGPEG C FGEKOCN U[UVGO UGGOU VQ JCXG DGGP WUGF CU YGNN KP $CD[NQPKC +V RTGUWOCDN[ YCU KORQTVGF HTQO +PFKC YKVJ YJKEJ ENQUG VKGU YGTG MGRV

6JG )TGGM PWOGTCN U[UVGO JCF DGGP FGTKXGF HTQO VJG JGDTGY PWOGTCN U[UVGO CPF YCU TCVJGT EQORNKECVGF +VU DCUKU YCU VJG )TGGM NGVVGT CNRJCDGV EQORNGOGPVGF YKVJ VJTGG *GDTGY NGVVGTU : UVQQF HQT CPF CP / UKIPKHKGF YCU CP / YKVJ C ฮฒ CDQXG KV CPF UQ QP 'ZCORNG

/ ฯ ฮพฮด Z

6JKU U[UVGO CNTGCF[ GZJKDKVU EGTVCKP CURGEVU QH C FGEKOCN U[UVGO 6JG HKTUV PKPG NGVVGTU QH VJG CNRJCDGV EQTTGURQPF VQ VJTQWIJ VJG HQNNQYKPI PKPG VQ ล GVE

5VKNN VJKU PWOGTCN U[UVGO YCU PQV GCU[ VQ YQTM YKVJ CPF KV KP HCEV YCU C UVGR DCEM EQORCTGF VQ VJG $CD[NQPKCP

+P VJG FC[U QH #NGZCPFGT VJG )TGCV VJG +PFKCP PWOGTCN U[UVGO TGCEJGF YGUVGTP EKXKNKUCVKQP +V YCU CFQRVGF CPF VJWU VJG HQNNQYKPI U[ODQNU YGTG WUGF

406

JETONS + โ * : /

%QTTGURQPFKPI VQ

6JKU YQWNF FGXGNQR KPVQ VJG 4QOCP PWOGTCN U[UVGO

6JG 4QOCP PWOGTCN U[UVGO GNCDQTCVGU QP VJG )TGGM KV KU CNUQ C DCUG U[UVGO 6JG PWODGTU YGTG CICKP UKIPKHKGF D[ NGVVGTU

+ : % /

%QTTGURQPFKPI VQ

6JG PWODGTU KP DGVYGGP YGTG CNUQ TGRTGUGPVGF D[ NGVVGTU KP VJKU VJG )TGGM U[UVGO YCU CNUQ HQNNQYGF

)TGGM PWOGTCN U[UVGO ฮ 4QOCP PWOGTCN U[UVGO 8 . & %QTTGURQPFKPI VQ

.CTIGT PWODGTU YGTG JCTFGT VQ TGRTGUGPV 6JG 4QOCP U[UVGO YQWNF TGOCKP KP WUG WR VQ VJG *KIJ /KFFNG #IGU FGURKVG VJG #TCDKE U[UVGO DGKPI UWRGTKQT +P RTKPEKRNG VJG #TCDKE PWOGTCN U[UVGO KU XGT[ OWEJ NKMG VJG 4QOCP +V KU CNUQ C DCUG U[UVGO DWV YKVJ C \GTQ CFFGF CPF NCEMKPI VJG KPVGTXCNU 'ZCORNG

Z รธ Z Z Z รถ

+V OCMGU TGRTGUGPVKPI NCTIG PWODGTU EQORCTCVKXGN[ GCU[ ' I :/ QT : TGUR %/ QT %

6JG 4QOCP PWOGTCN U[UVGO KU XGT[ ITCRJKE RTGUWOCDN[ VJG TGCUQP YJ[ KV YCU WUGF UQ NQPI 6JG #TCDKE U[UVGO KU OWEJ OQTG CDUVTCEV PWODGTU NCTIG DG[QPF KOCIKPCVKQP ECP DG WUGF YKVJ VJG UCOG GCUG CU GXGT[FC[ QPGU 6JWU VJG #TCDKE PWOGTCN U[UVGO KP C UGPUG QRGPGF WR C XKTVWCN YQTNF

6JG UKORNGUV YC[ VQ ECNEWNCVG WUGU VJG JCPFU HKPIGTU C OGVJQF CNTGCF[ WUGF KP CPEKGPV EKXKNKUCVKQPU *QYGXGT PWOGTCN U[UVGOU VJCV WUG C DCUG PWODGT QT QT CP[VJKPI GNUG CNUQ QHHGT CP GCU[ YC[ VQ ECNEWNCVG D[ OGCPU QH YJCV KU MPQYP CU C TGEMQPKPI VCDNG QT CDCEWU .KPGU YGTG FTCYP YKVJ VJG DCUG PWODGT CU TGHGTGPEG DGKPI QT UQOGVKOGU KPFKECVGF D[ NGVVGTU CPF UOCNN EQWPVGTU YGTG RNCEGF QP VJGUG NKPGU +H C NKPG YCU HWNN K G KH VJG XCNWG QH VJG VQVCN QH EQWPVGTU GSWCNNGF VJG XCNWG QH QPG EQWPVGT KP VJG NKPG CDQXG KV VJGP VJG EQWPVGTU YGTG UJKHVGF CEEQTFKPIN[ +V ECP DG FGOQPUVTCVGF OQUV UKORN[ YKVJ GKVJGT VJG 4QOCP QT #TCDKE PWOGTCN U[UVGO

+P RTCEVKEG VJG FQVU WUGF YGTG UOCNN FKUEU 6JG NKPGU YGTG FTCYP QP C VCDNG QT C ENQVJ 1VJGT MPQYP OGVJQFU WUGF VJG URCEGU DGVYGGP VJG NKPGU QT CP CDCEWU KPVTQFWEGF D[ )GTDGTV QH #WTKNNCE DGVVGT MPQYP CU 2QRG 5[NXGUVGT ++

+P KVUGNH VJKU OGVJQF UGGOU UKORNG ;GV KV DTQWIJV CNQPI UQOG RTQDNGOU +P HKPCPEG RQWPFU UJKNNKPIU CPF RGPEG YGTG WUGF KP ECNEWNCVKQP KORGTKCN OGCUWTGU VJCV FKF PQV IQ YGNN YKVJ C DCUG U[UVGO 6JGTGHQTG TGEMQPKPI VCDNGU YKVJ C FKHHGTGPV CTTCPIGOGPV YGTG OCFG GPCDNKPI VJG WUG QH EQPXGPVKQPCN OGVJQFU QH ECNEWNCVKQP 6JWU TGEMQPKPI VCDNGU YGTG CTTCPIGF KP d U F KP IWKNFGT ITQCVU F RGPEG KP ETQYP DCV\GP GVE 5QOGVKOGU NGVVGTU YGTG WUGF CU RNCEGJQNFGTU / % : PQV TGNCVGF VQ 4QOCP PWOGTCNU VQ OCMG TGEMQPKPI GCUKGT

+P VJG /KFFNG #IGU VJG HNCV FKUEU YGTG TGRNCEGF YKVJ QDLGEVU OQTG TGUGODNKPI OGFCNU 6JG[ YGTG RTGUWOCDN[ DTQWIJV CNQPI HTQO ETWUCFGU D[ +VCNKCP OGTEJCPVU 6JG[ HKTUV CRRGCTGF KP +VCN[ CPF CTQWPF VJG OKFFNG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ JCF OCFG VJGKT YC[ VQ (TCPEG

,GVVQP QT LGVQP KU FGTKXGF HTQO VJG (TGPEJ ล LGVGTล VQ VJTQY EQWPVGTU YGTG VJTQYP QPVQ VJG TGEMQPKPI VCDNG $GHQTG ล LGVGTล OGCPV ล VQ ECNEWNCVGล KP (TGPEJ YJKEJ OGCPU KV KU PQV KORTQDCDNG VJG TGEMQPKPI VCDNG ECOG KPVQ WUG KP (TCPEG CTQWPF

407

JETONS +PKVKCNN[ VJG[ YGTG RTGFQOKPCPVN[ WUGF CV VJG EQWTV YJGTG VJGUG TGEMQPKPI EQWPVGTU JGNF VJG UVCVWU QH EQKPU 6Q CXQKF OKZ WRU VJG[ YGTG OCFG QH FKUUKOKNCT OCVGTKCN DTCUU OQUV EQOOQPN[ CPF JCF C FKHHGTGPV VGZV 6GZVU CU #8' /#4+# )4#%+# 2.'0# YGTG EQOOQP DWV CNUQ ล +' 58+ &' .#610ล

+ CO QH OGUUKPI CPF ล +' 0' 2#5 84' #)0'.ล + CO PQV C TGCN CIPGN Fล QT KP QTFGT VQ CXQKF OKUWPFGTUVCPFKPIU 4QW[GT GP *WEMGT CVVTKDWVGF VJG QNFGUV TGEMQPKPI EQWPVGT VQ $NCPEJG QH %CUVKNG PF SWCTVGT QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[

+P VJG EQWTUG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJGUG TGEMQPKPI EQWPVGTU ECOG KPVQ WUG YKVJ NQECN CWVJQTKVKGU 9JGTGCU KPKVKCNN[ VJG[ YGTG ENQUGN[ TGNCVGF VQ EQKPCIG NCVGT EQWPVGTU G I KP $WTIWPFKCP VKOGU UJQYGF OQTG HTGGFQO QH FGUKIP CPF YGTG UQOGVKOGU GXGP WUGF VQ TKFKEWNG EGTVCKP OCVVGTU

6JGUG EQWPVGTU NQUV VJGKT HWPEVKQP YJGP QVJGT OGVJQFU QH ECNEWNCVKQP YGTG KPVTQFWEGF PGXGTVJGNGUU KP UQOG RCTVU QH VJG YQTNF VJG TGEMQPKPI VCDNG YCU WUGF HQT C NQPI VKOG CHVGT CPF UQOGVKOGU UVKNN KU

6JG XCTKGV[ QH TGEMQPKPI EQWPVGTU KU QXGTYJGNOKPI &GUETKRVKQPU CTG QHVGP UECVVGTGF CPF QH VKOG KOOGOQTKCN OCMKPI C RTGEKUG CVVTKDWVKQP XGT[ FKHHKEWNV YJKEJ KU YJ[ + YQWNF NKMG VQ VJCPM /CTITGGV 6CU CPF *GTOCP )GTTKVUGP

(4#0%'

,GVQP # 'UEWVEJGQP YKVJ VJTGG NKU RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 5ECNG $CTPCTF +8 %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT 4QW[GT *WEJGT R IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

VJ EGPVWT[ %JCODTG FGU OQPPCKGU FG (TCPEG

6JG UECNGU EQOOQPN[ U[ODQNKUG OQPGVCT[ KPUVKVWVKQPU

.KV *KUVQKTG FGU LGVQPU

$CTPCTF RWVU VJKU LGVVQP CU VJG HKTUV KP C UGTKGU QH (TGPEJ LGVVQPU 6JKU LGVVQP EQWNF YGNN GRKVQOKUG VJG VTCPUKVKQP HTQO FKUEU VQ OCTMGF LGVVQPU DGHQTG VJG[ YGTG OQFGNGF QP EQKPU

,GVQP FG 6QWTPCK # %JยณVGN VQWTPQKU รณ )8& Z %%58.5%&)).5 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG TQUG KP GCEJ CPING รณ 5&.5 รณ 8&)8.8&5%%. %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT IT (NCV UWTHCEG XGT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /ร PUVGT

+V KU C HCEV VJCV VJKU RKGEG YCU WUGF HQT ECNEWNCVKQPU QP C TGEMQPKPI VCDNG KV KU YQTP UOQQVJ HTQO JCXKPI DGGP OQXGF QXGT VJG VCDNG

VJ VJ EGPVWT[

$CTPCTF +8 IKXGU C UKOKNCT LGVVQP JQYGXGT YKVJQWV C NGIGPF

6JG VGZV UGGOU YKVJQWV OGCPKPI

408

JETONS

,GVQP # $GCT N QXGT RNCPV YKVJ VJTGG HNQYGTU %'56 Ő .# /#..' Ő $'56 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN 1 # 8 ' $CTPCTF +8 %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT &WIPKQNNG IT +TTGIWNCT RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

&WIPKQNNG CVVTKDWVGU VJKU VQ $TWIGU 4QW[GT CPF QVJGTU CVVTKDWVG KV VQ (TCPEG (GWGTFCPV DGNKGXGU KV KU C O¾TGCW QH VJG #DDG[ QH 1WTUECOR KP VJG .CPIWGFQE .QPIR¾TKGT VJKPMU VJCV KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG EKVK\GPU QH 6QWNQWUG D[ YGCTKPI CP COWNGV RTQVGEVGF VJGOUGNXGU CICKPUV C HGCTUQOG ETGCVWTG UWRRQUGF VQ DG TQCOKPI VJG UVTGGVU CV PKIJV C ŋOCNNG DGUVŌ C DWIDGCT

4GXGTUG UCOG CU VJG 4Q[CN FʼnQT QH .QWKU 8+++ HTQO

,GVQP FG 0CXCTTG # 5JKGNF QH 'XTGWZ 0CXCTTC KP UKZHQKN YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING 2 Ő &8.85 0&5 0+5 8&+5 4+5 Ő 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJ NKU KP EGPVTG /+58028 #506+52#+5 $CTPCTF

+8 %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT EH (GWCTFCPV EH IT 8GT[ HKPG 5RKPM <ÒTKEJ #WEVKQP PQ (TQO CP QNF (TGPEJ EQNNGEVKQP (QT KVU FCVG QH VJG VJ VJ EGPVWT[ CNUQ UGG 2TCFGN R +P XKGY QH VJG CTOU VJKU LGVQP DGNQPIU VQ VJG EQWPVU QH 'XTGWZ 0CXCTTC (QT VJG QDXGTUG VGZV $CTPCTF RTQXKFGU 2#6'4 Ő 0156'4 Ő 38+ Ő '5 Ő +0 Ő %

,GVQP FG 6QWTPCK # %J³VGN VQWTPQKU VJTGG NKU KP HKGNF &8+4&84+&84 &84+&8+4++ 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG ETQYP KP GCEJ CPING CPF SWCVTGHQKN KP EGPVTG IT 4 )TGGP RCVKPC XGT[ HKPG 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 2GTKQF 2JKNKRRG +8

6JG VGZV UGGOU OGCPKPINGUU &84+ 8+4+ YJKEJ KU TGRGCVGF UGXGTCN VKOGU OGCPU UVTQPI UQNKF OGP

409

JETONS

,GVQP 6[RG FG TQ[CWZ # -KPI UVCPFKPI KP IQVJKE FCKU YKVJ NQPI UEGRVTG UKZ RGNNGVU DGNQY JKO &' .# 610' 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN YKVJ QPG NKU KP GCEJ CPING CPF SWCVTGHQKN KP EGPVTG Z '(' Z Z 1%# Z Z 45+ Z Z %#4 Z %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT EH IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM <ÒTKEJ #WEVKQP PQ +OKVCVKQP QH C &GOK 4Q[CN F 1T QH %JCTNGU +8

6JG TGXGTUG VGZV UGGOU OGCPKPINGUU

,GVQP #IPWU &GK # #IPWU &GK N YKVJ ETQUU /18610 ¢ 58+ ¢ &' ¢ $ 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN 4 # 8 ' $CTPCTF +8 %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

(TQO CP QNF (TGPEJ EQNNGEVKQP

VJ VJ EGPVWT[

6JG QDXGTUG $CTPCTF TGCFU CU $'4 YJKEJ KPFKECVGU $GTT[ OQPPCKG FG $GTT[ (QPGVC[ ŋ6[RG OQP¾VCKTG RCTVKEWNK½TGOGPV EJGT CWZ (NCOCPFU FQPV KN U[ODQNKUCKV WPG DTCPEJG KORQTVCPVG FG EQOOGTEGŌ C V[RG QH OQPG[ RCTVKEWNCTN[ GUVGGOGF D[ VJG RGQRNG QH (NCPFGTU YJGTG KV U[ODQNKUGF CP KORQTVCPV DTCPEJ QH KPFWUVT[ VJG YQQN VTCFG 6JG NCOD CPF HNCI YGTG VJG RTKPEKRCN DGCTKPI KP VJG EQCV QH 4QWGP

,GVQP 6¿VG FG OQTG # .CWTGCVGF JGCF T DTCPEJ YKVJ VJTGG NGCHU KP HTQPV #8' /#4+# )4#%+# 2.'0# & 4 .KU ETQUU YKVJ NKU KP EGPVTG CPF QPG ETQUU KP GCEJ CPING #8 /# 4+ #& $CTPCTF +8 %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT (GWCTFCPV EH H IT 5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM <ÒTKEJ #WEVKQP PQ

(TQO CP QNF (TGPEJ EQNNGEVKQP

VJ VJ EGPVWT[

$CTPCTF R ECNNU KV C ŋ/QQTʼnU JGCFŌ +P C HQQVPQVG 4QW[GT YTKVGU VJCV JG DGNKGXGU KV VQ DG C UQWXGPKT QH VJG ETWUCFGTU V[RG UJQYP QP RN +8

(GWCTFCPV FCVGU VJGUG LGVVQPU KP VJG VJ VJ EGPVWT[ KP VJG ŋ/CKUQP FW 4QKŌ (GWCTFCPV R

6JG QDXGTUG VGZV OGCPU *CKN /CT[ HWNN QH ITCEG +V KU HQNNQYGF D[ C & YJKEJ CNOQUV EGTVCKPN[ KU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH ŋ&QOKPXU 8QDKUEXOŌ OGCPKPI 6JG .QTF KU YKVJ 6JGG 6JG & CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG UWDUVCPVKCNN[ UJQTVGPGF TGXGTUG VGZV YQWNF KP VJCV ECUG OGCP VJG UCOG

410

JETONS

,GVQP $TGVCIPG # 5JKGNF YKVJ NKQP KP UKZHQKN ñ / ñ / ñ / ñ / ñ / ñ / 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJ QPG NKQP KP GCEJ CPING CPF NKU KP EGPVTG Q//Q Q//Q Q//Q Q//Q %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT /KVEJ IT 4 5OCNN JQNG KP VJG EGPVTG QH VJG QDXGTUG HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ

+P VJG 4Q[GT EQNNGEVKQP CVVTKDWVGF VQ 1NKXKGT FG %NKUUQP CPF $TGVCIPG ŋ6T½U EWTKGWZ LGVQP Fʼn1NKXKGT FG %NKUUQP CXGE UGU / T¾R¾V¾GU %ʼnGUV UCPU FQWVG FG UC LGWPGUUG .G LGVQP RCTCÄV FG VTCXCKN CPINCKUŌ 1VJGTYKUG CNUQ CVVTKDWVGF VQ /CVKNFC QH )WGNFGTU

,GVQP %QWTQPPGU # %TQYP KP SWCVTGHQKN YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING 2#4 #/1845 58+ &10'5 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN VJTGG NGCHU KP GCEJ CPING 2#4 #/1845 58+ &10' %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT EH HH IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU IQQF XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM <ÒTKEJ #WEVKQP PQ (TQO CP QNF (TGPEJ EQNNGEVKQP 'Z *QNNUEJGM EQNNGEVKQP 9KGP

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ $CTPCTF JCU CPQVJGT QDXGTUG VGZV HQT VJG TGXGTUG JG RTQXKFGU 018/'5 PWOOWU VJ EGPVWT[

,GVQP #IPWU &GK # #IPWU &GK N YKVJ ETQUU &'.#610 58+ 018/' 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN &' .#610 58+ 010 &'5 $CTPCTF +8 %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT EH 0GWOCPP IT 0KEG RCVKPC IQQF XGT[ HKPG

,GVQP # &QNRJKP N #8' /#4+# )4#%+# 20 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU KP SWCVTGHQKN Z Z Z # Z Z 8 Z Z ' Z $CTPCTF 8++ %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT IT 6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU XGT[ HKPG 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ 'Z * & EQNNGEVKQP )KDDU $CTPCTF TGCFU 2.'0# KP HWNN

411

JETONS

,GVQP 6[RGU HNGWTFGNKUยพU # 0KPG NKU KP HKGNF YKVJ GKIJV ETGUEGPVU QP VJG GFIG #8' /#4+#

)4#%# 2.'0# 4 %TQUU YKVJ VYQ ETQYPU CPF VYQ FQNRJKPU KP VJG CPINGU #8# รณ /#4+# รณ )4#%+# รณ 2.'0# %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT IT 8GT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /ร PUVGT

6JKU KU PQ ล 0ร TPDGTIGT #TDGKVล QH YJKEJ DQVJ VJG VGZV CPF VJG UV[NG FKHHGT

) 8CNNKGT 'UUCK UWT NGU LGVQPU FG NC %JCODTG FGU %QORVGU FW &CWRJKPยพ 4GXWG $GNIG FG 0WOKUOCVKSWG :::8+

FQGU PQV MPQY VJKU V[RG

,GVQP # 6JTGG EKTENGU YKVJ SWCVTGHQKN VJTGG NKU KP HKGNF NCWTGCVGF GFIG 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG HNQYGT KP GCEJ CPIGN 8+8' รฃ .' 41+ รฃ %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT EH HH IT

&CTM VQPKPI IQQF XGT[ HKPG

*GP\GP #OGTQPIGP

6JGUG LGVVQPU CTG EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ VJGKT VJTGG TKPIU C NKU YKVJKP 2TGUWOCDN[ OCFG KP 6QWTPCK UGG $CTPCTF R %QOOQPN[ FCVGF VQ VJG UGEQPF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ 6JG VJTGG EKTENGU CTG VJG VTCFGOCTM HQT VJG EQRRGT YQTM QH 6QWTPCK KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[

(QT VJG IGPGTCN V[RG UGG (GWGTFCPV R

,GVQP # 6JTGG EKTENGU YKVJ SWCVTGHQKN VJTGG NKU KP HKGNF 1 +++#+'4 &'+ +++'+++'061 +++'+ 4 %TQUU YKVJ VYQ NKU CPF VYQ SWCVTGHQKNU KP VJG CPINGU 1 +++#6'4 &'+ +++'+++'061 ++'+ %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT EH HH (GWCTFCPV 0GWOCPP IT (KPG VQ XGT[ HKPG 5RKPM <ร TKEJ #WEVKQP PQ

(TQO CP QNF (TGPEJ EQNNGEVKQP

PF JCNH VJ EGPVWT[

6JG UQOGYJCV EJCQVKE QDXGTUG CPF TGXGTUG VGZVU UJQWNF DG TGCF CU 1 /#6'4 &'+ /'/'061 /'+ OGCPKPI ล 1 /QVJGT QH )QF TGOGODGT OGล

412

JETONS

,GVQP # +*5 YKVJKP QTPCOGPV รณ 5+% รณ 01/'0 รณ &1/+0+5 4 .KU ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VJG CPINGU Z 1 /#6'4 &'+ /'/'061 /' $CTPCTF 8 %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT EH R IT 5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM <ร TKEJ #WEVKQP PQ

(TQO CP QNF (TGPEJ EQNNGEVKQP

VJ VJ EGPVWT[

(QT VJG TGXGTUG VGZV $CTPCTF JCU 8+8' .' 41+ '66 &1(+0

6JG LGVQPU DGCTKPI CP +*5 OQPQITCO ,'575 *1/+07/ 5#.8#614 YGTG RTGFQOKPCPVN[ OCPWHCEVWTGF KP VJG VJ CPF VJ EGPVWT[ KP 6QWTPCK &WTKPI VJG HKTUV JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG[ HQWPF ITGCV WUG KP VJG 0GVJGTNCPFU CU RNCIWG RGPPKGU

6JKU JGCXKN[ EKTEWNCVGF V[RG YCU NCVGT CNUQ OCPWHCEVWTGF KP 0WTGODGTI RTGFQOKPCPVN[ HQT (TGPEJ GZRQTVU

+V KU SWGUVKQPCDNG VJCV VJG CDDTGXKCVKQP +*5 UJQWNF DG KPVGTRTGVGF CU ล ,GUW JQOKPWO UCNXCVQTล +H VJG NCUV VJTGG NGVVGTU CTG EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJG VGZV YG TGCF +0 *1% 5+)01 01/'0 &1/+0+ OGCPKPI +P VJKU UKIP VJWU KU VJG PCOG QH VJG .QTF 6JG 5 CU NCUV NGVVGT QH &1/+085 UJQWNF PQV JCXG DGGP VJGTG KP VJCV ECUG

,GVQP # 5JKGNF YKVJ VJTGG NKU WPFGT ETQYP #8' /#4+# โ )4#%+# โ *'0 4 .KU ETQUU YKVJ QPG TKPI KP GCEJ CPING CPF NKU KP EGPVTG #8# /#4+# โ )4#%+# โ 2.' 0GWOCPP EH IT 8GT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /ร PUVGT VJ EGPVWT[ *'0 OQUV NKMGN[ KU C DNWPFGTGF 2.'0 VJG 2. DGEQOKPI CP * FWTKPI VJG EWVVKPI QH VJG FKG

)'4/#0;

,GVQP # 'CING N 0848084808480848084848 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING #&) 1&# #&+ &16 #086# /#6+# #864# 846# IT 'FIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /ร PUVGT +P XKGY QH VJG 084084 VGZV VJKU KU HTQO 0WTGODGTI

413

JETONS

'0).#0&

)TQCV VQMGP # .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJG NKODU GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU HKXG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJG NKODU GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU HKXG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG /KVEJGPGT IT +TTGIWNCT HNCP FCTM VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

$74)70&+#0 0'6*'4.#0&5 2*+.+2 VJG $1.&

,GVQP # 5JKGNF QH $WTIWPF[ Z #8' /#4+# Q )4#%+# 4 %TQUU YKVJ VJG NKODU GPFKPI KP NKU CPF YKVJKP SWCVTGHQKN # / # / KP VJG CPINGU CPF ล 1 ล QP VJG GFIG &WIPKQNNG XCT IT 5ETCVEJ QP VJG TGXGTUG KTTGIWNCT VQPKPI XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

4GEMQPKPI EQWPVGTU QH 2JKNKR VJG $QNF 2JKNKRRG NG *CTFK CTG COQPI VJG HKTUV OCFG KP VJG 0GVJGTNCPFU 6JG FGUKIP KU UVKNN UKORNG 1PN[ CHVGT VJG KPUVKVWVKQP QH VJG 1TFGT QH VJG )QNFGP (NGGEG FKF VJG KOCIGU DGEQOG OQTG KPVGTGUVKPI CPF FGVCKNGF

6JG HQWT TGRGCVGF NGVVGTU QP VJG TGXGTUG OGCP #XG /CTKC #XG /CTKC

,GVQP # 5JKGNF YKVJ VJTGG NKU HQWT QTPCOGPVU CTQWPF #8' /#4+# รณ )4#%+# 2. 4 %TQUU YKVJ VJG NKODU GPFKPI KP NKU YKVJKP SWCVTGHQKN # 8 ' %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT EH IT )TGGP RCVKPC GFIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

+PHKPKVN[ OCP[ XCTKCVKQPU YGTG UVTWEM QH VJKU %QOOQPN[ RNCEGF KP VJG RGTKQF WPFGT 2JKNKR VJG $QNF CPF /CTIWGTKVG QH /CGNG

6JG TGXGTUG ETQUU UJQYU VJG UCOG GODGNNKUJOGPVU CU VJG CTOU QP VJG QDXGTUG

414

JETONS /#4+# QH $74)70&;

,GVQP # 5JKGNF

/#:+ â&#x20AC;&#x17E; < â&#x20AC;&#x17E; /#4+# â&#x20AC;&#x17E; &8: â&#x20AC;&#x17E; < â&#x20AC;&#x17E; &7%+55 4 /QPQITCO QH /CTKC WPFGT &'8 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 6+/' â&#x20AC;&#x17E; '6 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; /#0&#6# â&#x20AC;&#x17E; '+85 â&#x20AC;&#x17E; 1$5'48# %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

*KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

6JG QDXGTUG VGZV /CZKOKNKCP CPF /CT[ &WMG CPF &WEJGUU 6JG TGXGTUG VGZV YKVJ CP / HQNNQYKPI &GX (GCT )QF CPF QDUGTXG JKU RTC[GTU

/#:+/+.+#0 +

,GVQP # /QPMG[ WPFGT )'66 W &'5 W )'0'4#8.: W /#+56 4 6YQ FQIU HKIJVKPI WPFGT VJTGG CTEU &' W .# W /1001+' W &' W (.#0& %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT &WIPKQNNG IT 4 5OCNN HNCP ETCEMU HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT

6JKU EQWPVGT TGHNGEVU VJG UKVWCVKQP KP (NCPFGTU (NCPFGTU YCU ECWIJV KP C FGCFNQEM DGVYGGP VJG *CDUDWTI HCOKN[ CPF /CZKOKNKCP CPF .QWKU :+

5GG CNUQ .QODCGTVU EQNNNGEVKQP

%QODKPGF QDXGTUG CPF TGXGTUG VGZVU ,GVVQP QH VJG OKPVOCUVGT IGPGTCN QH (NCPFGTU

,GVQP # %TQYPGF GCING UJKGNF DGVYGGP ú 5' Q 815 Q (#+..'5 Q .' Q 4'%1/26'5 4 5JKGNF QH #WUVTKC $WTIWPF[ KP VTGHQKN YKVJ VJTGG GCINGU +%6 Q 2 Q .'5 Q /45 Q & ' Q %1/26'5 Q ' Q *1 %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT &WIPKQNNG XCT IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

*KTUEJ /Ã&#x2019;PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ

6JG QDXGTUG VGZV RTGUWOCDN[ OGCPU +H [QW FQ PQV IGV YJCV [QW DCTICKPGF HQT HCWNV[ ECNEWNCVKQP YG YKNN TGECNEWNCVG

415

JETONS 2*+.+2 VJG *#0&51/'

,GVQP # 5JKGNF WPFGT ETGUVGF JGNOGV 2J5 #4%*+&8: #8564+' $84)80&+' $4#$%+'

< 4 5MGNGVQP YKVJ DWPFNG QH CTTQYU CPF EQHHKP 4'%1 &#' 018+55+# 68# '6 +0

'6 08 01 2 %#8+6 &WIPKQNNG (GWGTFCPV IT 4 8GT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT .QODCGTVU EQNNGEVKQP

,GVQP # 5JKGNF WPFGT ETGUVGF JGNOGV 2J5 ð &'+ ð )4# ð #4%+& ð #85 ð &8: ð $) ð %1 ð *1. Z 4 (NQTKCVGF ETQUU YKVJ TQUG KP EGPVTG ó +'66 2184 .# %#/$4' &'5 %1/26' NGNKG &' *1. %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT &WIPKQNNG IT 4 )QQF XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 4GXGTUG VGZV 6JKU HQT VJG EQWTV QH CWFKVQTU QH *QNNCPF

,GVQP # 5JKGNF WPFGT ETQYP CPF DGVYGGP VYQ 2Å&#x2030;U ¢ J#0% ¢ 37'5+8+ ¢ /+%*+ ¢ 52105# ¢ #558/'4' ¢ 4 5JKGNF WPFGT ETQYP CPF DGVYGGP VYQ +Å&#x2030;U ')4'55# ¢ 584 ¢ &'5+&'4#05 ¢ 6' ¢ 8+&'4 ¢ '6 ¢ 4'22'4+ &WIPKQNNG IT 4 )QQF XGT[ HKPG *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

1DXGTUG VGZV 6JKU QPG + CUMGF VQ VCMG OG HQT JKU DTKFG 4GXGTUG VGZV + JCXG NGHV KP VJG JQRG QH UGGKPI CPF HKPFKPI [QW DCEM CICKP KH 584 KU VCMGP VQ DG 58/ 6JKU YQWNF DG UCKF D[ C YQOCP ,QCP

416

JETONS

,GVQP # 5JKGNF WPFGT ETQYP CPF DGVYGGP VYQ 2Å&#x2030;U &+.+)+6' +856+%+# 38+ +8&+%#6

6'44Å&#x2030; 4 5JKGNF WPFGT ETQYP CPF DGVYGGP VYQ +Å&#x2030;U &' #$5'06+$85 0+.

0+5+

$108 %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT EH IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

1DXGTUG VGZV 4GURGEV VJG NGICN U[UVGO VJCV JQNFU LWTKUFKEVKQP QXGT [QWT VGTTKVQT[ 4GXGTUG VGZV 1H VJG CDUGPV PQVJKPI DWV IQQF

,GVQP # (TCP¼QKU QH #PIQWN¿OG CU *GTEWNGU IKXKPI UETQNN YKVJ //1 '06 +'6 VQ $TCDCPVKC 6'/214# W .'61 W 64+56+# W 0+58 W 6'/2'4# W # W 4 )TGCV # WPFGT ETQYP DGVYGGP VYQ JCPFU CPF QXGT NKQP I +0 1/0+$85 4'52+5' (+0'/ #001

&WIPKQNNG IT 4 /KPQT GFIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

&QODTQYUMK /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT

.QODCGTVU EQNNGEVKQP

1DXGTUG VGZV 6JG VKOGU CTG UCF DGECWUG QH VJG FQYPHCNN 6QIGVJGT YKVJ VJG TGOCKPFGT KV TGCFU &GCVJ CPF TWKP OCMG VJGUG VKOGU UCF YG GZRGEV DGVVGT QPGU PQVYKVJUVCPFKPI

4GXGTUG VGZV +P GXGT[VJKPI CEEQWPV HQT FGCVJ

#PF VJG NGIGPF QP VJG UETQNN CV NGCUV JCU /GOGPVQ OQTK YJKEJ HKVU VJG QDXGTUG CPF TGXGTUG VGZVU

(QT VJG YCT QH /CZKOKNKCP CICKPUV %JCTNGU QH )WGNFGTU YJQ FGHGPFGF JKU FWEJ[ YKVJ VJG CKF QH VJG (TGPEJ CPF KPXCFGF $TCDCPV

417

JETONS

8GPWU RGPP[ # 5JKGNF QH #WUVTKC $WTIWPF[ WPFGT ETQYP CPF DGVYGGP NKIJVGTU ñ $04'#/81 $04'#/81 $04'#/81 Q 4 8GPWU UVCPFKPI ñ /#0'$8 /#0'$8 /#0'$8 /#0'$8 /KVEJGPGT IT 8GT[ HKPG -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV #WEVKQP PQ

'PF VJ DGIKPPKPI VJ EGPVWT[

#P QXGTXKGY QH VJG OCP[ UQOGVKOGU KOKVCVGF 8GPWU RGPPKGU KU HQWPF YKVJ 8CP $GGM 4GMGPRGPPKPIGP +++ &G $GGNFGPCCT 8 R

8GPWU KU OQUVN[ JQNFKPI C DKTF KP JGT TKIJV JCPF DWV QP VJG RKGEG CV JCPF VJG YJQNG DKTF KU UJQYP

6JG DKTF KU C IQQUG U[ODQN QH VJG URQKNGT QH VJG EQWPVT[

&WIPKQNNG RNCEGU VJGUG 8GPWU RGPPKGU KP CPF TGICTFU VJGO CU CP CEEWUCVKQP CICKPUV VJG YKEMGF TGIKOG QH /CZKOKNKCP

8CP $GGM &G $GGNFGPCCT R UWOOCTKUGU CU HQNNQYU 6JGTG CTG FGECFGU QH TGEMQPKPI EQWPVGTU OCPWHCEVWTGF VQ UJQY C PCMGF YQOCP CEEQORCPKGF D[ CNN OCPPGT QH CVVTKDWVGU 6JG[ YGTG UVTWEM KP UGXGTCN &WVEJ OKPVU CPF KP 0WTGODGTI CU YGNN 6JG ŋCVVKTGŌ QH VJG YQOCP FGVGTOKPGU VJG OGCPKPI CPF KV KU EQWNF YGNN DG VJCV UQOG LGVQPU YGTG OGCPV VQ EQPXG[ C OGUUCIG VQVCNN[ FKHHGTGPV HTQO QVJGTU +PCUHCT CU VJG VGZV QP VJG LGVQPU KU OGCPKPIHWN + VCMG VJGO VQ UWRRQTV KVU KOCIG TCVJGT VJCP JCXG C EQPVTCT[ OGCPKPI .CUVN[ QPN[ KP VJG ECUG QH VJG RGPPKGU YKVJ C EQORNGVGN[ OGCPKPINGUU VGZV OC[ YG FGTKXG VJCV VJG[ CTG YKVJQWV C FQWDV HTQO 0WTGODGTI VJG QTKIKPU QH QVJGT URGEKOGP N[KPI KP VJCV VQYP KU NGUU NKMGN[ DWV PQV KORQUUKDNG

418

TOKENS

61-'05 %*#2+64' /'64121.+6#+0 #RCTV HTQO KVU WUG CU TGEMQPKPI EQWPVGT VJG LGVQP CNUQ UGTXGF CU ŋUOCNN EJCPIGŌ UQOGVJKPI QDUGTXGF DGHQTG KP DQVJ ŋEQKPUŌ QH VJG CDDG[ QH 5V #NFGIQPFG PQU YJKEJ YGTG QPN[ XCNKF KP C XGT[ NKOKVGF CTGC

6QMGPU YGTG QHVGP KUUWGF D[ EJWTEJGU KP QTFGT VQ GPCDNG VJG RQQT VQ VJWU DW[ IQQFU KP VJG KOOGFKCVG XKEKPKV[ 6JG[ YGTG PQV UGGP CU TGRNCEKPI QHHKEKCN OQPG[

.CVGT VJGUG VQMGPU RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP 'PINCPF YGTG CNUQ WUGF CU C UWDUVKVWVG HQT VJG UOCNNGUV QHHKEKCN FGPQOKPCVKQP VJG HCTVJKPI VJGTG DGKPI C UJQTVCIG QH VJQUG $[ VJGP VJG VQMGPU YGTG PQ NQPIGT KUUWGF D[ EJWTEJGU DWV TCVJGT D[ VJG OKFFNG ENCUU

,GVQP # %TQUU %#2+68.8/ %#/'4# 4 + WPFGT ETQYP #8' /#4+# )4# %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT IT 'FIG HCWNV HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG &QODTQYUMK /ÒPUVGT %QNNGEVKQP 4QW[GT ō%JCRKVTG FG 0QVTG &COG FG %CODTCK CKPUK SWG NGU SWCVTG PWO¾TQU UWKXCPVUŋ

'0).+5* 61-'05 2TQVQV[RG VQMGPU

6KP RKEVQTKCN V[RGU %JTQPQNQI[ 'CTN[ VJKTVGGPVJ EGPVWT[

6Q GORJCUKUG VJCV VQMGPU YGTG PQV QHHKEKCN OQPG[ VJG[ CTG QHVGP TGHGTTGF VQ CU ŋUJKV HQT UGTXKEGŌ KP 'PINCPF

6JG GCTNKGUV OGPVKQP QH NGCFGP VQMGPU KP CP 'PINKUJ RCTNKCOGPVCT[ FQEWOGPV CRRGCTU KP CU CP KPEKFGPVCN EQOOGPV KP C %QOOQPU RGVKVKQP VQ *GPT[ +8 EQORNCKPKPI QH VJG UJQTVCIG QH JCNHRGPPKGU CPF HCTVJKPIU YJKEJ KV YCU UCKF ECWUGF RGQRNG VQ WUG őő KP UQOG RNCEGU VQMGPU QH NGCF

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

2TQITGUUKPI VQ VJG UGEWNCT NGCFGP VQMGPU QH VJG HQWTVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ KV KU PQV FKHHKEWNV VQ EQPEGKXG JQY C RTG GZKUVKPI GEENGUKCUVKECN EQPEGRV NKPMGF YKVJ RKNITKOCIG EQWNF JCXG DGGP GZVGPFGF VQ GPEQORCUU C XCTKGV[ QH HWPEVKQPU KP VJG EQOOGTEKCN URJGTG 6JG QTICPKUGF U[UVGO QH VQMGP OCPWHCEVWTG CPF FKUVTKDWVKQP UWHHGTGF VTCPUKGPV KPVGTTWRVKQP KP VJG OKFFNG [GCTU QH VJG HQWTVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ 6JG VTCPUKVKQP HTQO ŋRKEVQTKCNŌ VQMGPU VQ ŋIGQOGVTKEŌ VQMGPU KU SWKVG ENGCTN[ RNCEGF KP VJG UCOG RGTKQF CU 'FYCTF +++ʼnU UWEEGUUKQP QH EWTTGPE[ FGXCNWCVKQPU VJG [GCT CTQWPF VCMGP HTQO /KVEJKPGT CPF 5MKPPGTʼnU CTVKENG KP $0,

# &QWDNG JGCFGF GCING 4 .Q\GPI[ HKGNF /KVEJGPGT 2N IT

44 #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP 6JKU KU OCFG QH VJG UCOG OGVCN CU EQPVGORQTCT[ RKNITKOCIG CORWNNCG

419

TOKENS $GCFGF DQTFGT RKEVQTKCN VQMGP %JTQPQNQI[ EC 2KEVQTCN FGUKIP GPENQUGF D[ C DGCFGF DQTFGT QP VJG QDXGTUG CPF C OQTG UVCPFCTFKUGF TGXGTUG FGUKIP YKVJQWV DGCFGF DQTFGT

# 2GNKECP N JGCF TGXGTVGF 4 .GVVGT 4 CPF UOCNN ETQUU /KVEJGPGT 2N IT

44 &CTM VQPKPI GFIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

2KEVQTKCN VQMGPU VJG OCKP UGTKGU %JTQPQNQI[ *GPT[ +++ VQ 'FYCTF + EC 6JG FGUKIPU WUGF QP RKEVQTKCN VQMGPU CTG OQTG FGEQTCVKXG VJCP KPHQTOCVKXG 5WEJ FGUKIPU CU VJG DKUJQR CPF VJG RKNITKO GXQMG VJQWIJVU QH VJG %CPVGTDWT[ RKNITKOCIG VQ 5V 6JQOCU CPF OCP[ QH VJGUG VQMGPU YGTG RTQDCDN[ OCFG WPFGT GEENGUKCUVKECN CWVJQTKV[ HQT VJG WUG QH RKNITKOU /CP[ QVJGT FGUKIPU CTG EQOOQP JGTCNFKE GODNGOU VJCV UJQWNF RTQDCDN[ PQV DG IKXGP CP[ URGEKHKE KPVGTRTGVCVKQP

)QNF # .KU HKGNF EJGSW[ 4 4QUG ETQUU RGVCNU /KVEJGPGT # 2N 4 IT 'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP

5COG QDXGTUG CU $0, RN OCKP RKEVQTKCN VQMGPU CPF UCOG TGXGTUG CU $0, RN DGCFGF RKEVQTKCN VQMGPU

CRTKN HQWPF KP 6TKR .CPG -GPV

6JKU VQMGP RTGUWOCDN[ YCU OCFG HQT VJG EJWTEJ

6JG PQU VJTQWIJ CTG HTQO VJG UCOG EQNNGEVKQP CU KU VJKU

# $KUJQR UGCVGF YKVJ ETQUKGT 4 'ZRCPFKPI EQPECXG ETQUU /KVEJGPGT 2N IT

4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

# #IPWU &GK T YKVJ ETQUU 4 'ZRCPFKPI ETQUU /KVEJGPGT # 2N 4 IT

4 8GT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 6JG DKUJQR KU UJQYP UGCVGF CPF YKVJ C UKPING RGCMGF OKVTG

(TQO 0% PQ

# /QPMG[ $GCT UVCPFKPI N GCVKPI CRRNG 4 5JKGNF EJGXTQPP[ /KVEJGPGT 2N IT

4 8GT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

420

TOKENS

# 2GNKECP T NQPI TGXGTVGF PGEM ETQUU DGJKPF 4 'ZRCPFKPI EQPECXG ETQUU /KVEJGPGT # 2N 4 IT 4 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 2N KU PQV GZCEV

# 2GNKECP T NQPI TGXGTVGF PGEM ETQUU QP DCEM 4 # /KVEJGPGT # 2N 4 IT 4 5NKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF IQQF XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

# 2GNKECP N NQPI TGXGTVGF PGEM 4 5JKGNF EJGXTQPP[ /KVEJGPGT 2N IT

4 &CTM VQPKPI OKPQT GFIG HCWNV CPF UNKIJVN[ EQTTQFGF IQQF XGT[ HKPG

# 2CKT QH EQEMU YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO 4 4QUG ETQUU RGVCNU /KVEJGPGT 2N IT 4 /KPQT GFIG HCWNV CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

4KVVGT &Ã&#x2019;UUGNFQTH

4KVVGT &Ã&#x2019;UUGNFQTH

# # YKVJ ETQUU DGNQY 4 'ZRCPFKPI ETQUU YKVJ UEGRVTG KP VYQ CTOU /KVEJGPGT # 4 EH 2N IT 4 %QTTQFGF XGT[ HKPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

421

TOKENS 6TCPUKVKQPCN VQMGPU

%JTQPQNQI[ 'FYCTF +++ EC ʼnU .GCF VQMGPU QH UOCNN UK\G

# 5JKGNF SWCVGTN[ HKGNF EJGSW[ 4 5VTCKIJV ETQUU HKGNF XQKF /KVEJGPGT 2N IT

&CTM VQPKPI KTTGIWNCT HNCP IQQF XGT[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ /KFFNG QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[

%TQUU CPF RGNNGV VQMGPU

# 6JQTP DWUJ 4 %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EKTENG QH CPINGU /KVEJGPGT IT

'FIG HCWNV CNOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

ŋ$Q[ $KUJQRŌ 6QMGP 6JGUG EQKP NKMG RKGEGU CTG HTQO 'CUV #PINKC #U GCTN[ CU *CKIJ RQUKVGF VJG HQNNQYKPI J[RQVJGUKU 6JGUG RKGEGU RNC[GF C RCTV KP VJG TKVGU CPF EWUVQOU QH VJG ŋ$Q[ $KUJQRŌ ŋ%JKNF $KUJQRŌ QT ŋ5V 0KEJQNCU $KUJQRŌ 6JG ŋTGKIPŌ QH GCEJ [GCTʼnU $Q[ $KUJQR NCUVGF HTQO 5V 0KEJQNCU FC[ VQ %JKNFGTOCU QT *QN[ +PPQEGPVU YJGP JG RTGCEJGF C UGTOQP CPF TGUKIPGF

6JG QDXGTUG NGIGPF IGPGTCNN[ KPXQMGU VJG RTC[GTU QH 5V 0KEQNCU YJKEJ KU WPWUWCN QP EQKPU YJGTG VJG KOCIG QH C UCKPV KU PQTOCNN[ UKORN[ NCDGNNGF CU UWEJ 6JG TGXGTUG NGIGPF KPENWFGU SWQVCVKQPU HTQO VJG 5ETKRVWTG HTQO CV NGCUV VYQ NKVWTIKECN J[OU KP VJG OGVTG QH C ŋRTQUGŌ QT UGSWGPEG CPF HTQO VJG )QNFGP .GIGPF 6JG GZCEV TGNGXCPEG KU PQV [GV ENGCT

6JG HKTUV KU HTQO VJG #RQECN[RUG GV FKZKV SWK UGFGDCV KP VJTQPQ 'EEG PQXC HCEKQ QOPKC $GJQNF + OCMG CNN VJKPIU PGY 6JG UGEQPF EQOGU HTQO CP CPVKRJQP UWPI CV C XKUKV VQ $WT[ #DDG[ D[ *GPT[ 8+ JQPQWTKPI 5V 'FOWPF DWV CRRNKECDNG CNUQ VQ VJG NKXKPI MKPI #XG TGZ IGPVKU #PINQTWO OKNGU 4GIKU CPIGNQTWO *CKN MKPI QH VJG 'PINKUJ QT #PINKCP RGQRNG UQNFKGT QT MPKIJV QH VJG -KPI QH #PIGNU

6JGUG RKGEGU OQUV NKMGN[ CTG HTQO 'N[ CPF QT +RUYKEJ

6JGTG YCU KP $WT[ C EQPHTCVGTPKV[ QH VYGNXG ŋ&WUUGŌ RTQDCDN[ DGKPI CP GNKVG QH TKEJ DWTIGUUGU +V YCU FGXQVGF VQ 5V 0KEJQNCU 6JG TGNCVKQPUJKR QH VJG UEJQQN YJKEJ JCF C OQPQRQN[ QH VGCEJKPI KP VJG VQYP CPF VJG *QURKVCN QH 5V 0KEJQNCU YCU ENQUG 6JG PCOGU QH DQVJ VJG ŋ&WUUGŌ CPF VJG 5V 0KEJQNCU )WKNF CRRGCT QP UQOG RKGEGU QH VJKU UGTKGU YJKEJ OC[ RGTJCRU JCXG DGGP VJG CTEJGV[RG QH VJGO CNN 6JGUG DQFKGU JCXG JCF C RCTV KP QTICPKUKPI VJG NQECN $Q[ $KUJQR YJQ GZKUVGF CV NGCUV CU HCT DCEM CU 6JG DQ[ $KUJQR WUGF VJG RKGEGU JG TGEGKXGF CNOU CU YGNN CU IKXKPI VJGO (TQO 5 ' 4KIQNF 6JG 5V 0KEJQNCU QT $Q[ $KUJQR 6QMGPU 2TQE QH VJG 5WHHQNM +PUVKVWVG QH #TEJGQNQI[ RCTV R

)TQCV # $WUV QH 5V 0KEQNCWU T YKVJ ETQUKGT 5#0%6' „ 0+%*1.#' „ 14# „ 241 01 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING #8' 4': )'06+5 '%%' 018# (#%+1 1/0+# 4KIQNF +#

RN +: D IT 44 8GT[ HKPG *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV FGE PQ

422

WEIGHTS

9'+)*65 6JG VTCFG UJKHV HTQO DCTVGT VQ C VTCFG DCUGF QP C OGFKWO QH GZEJCPIG OGCPV C FWTCDNG OCVGTKCN YCU PGGFGF CU GZEJCPIG )QNF CPF UKNXGT SWCNKHKGF KP RCTVKEWNCT #RCTV HTQO VJG OCVGTKCNU VJG YGKIJV YCU GUUGPVKCN

+P VJG XGT[ DGIKPPKPI VJG GZEJCPIG YCU OGCUWTGF KP YGKIJV U TCVJGT VJCP KP EWTTGPE[ 6JG YGKIJV YCU RTKOCT[ VJWU LGYGNT[ CPF RKGEGU QH RTGEKQWU OGVCN CTG CNUQ HQWPF KP JQCTFU 9GKIJVU FKF PQV DGEQOG C OGCPU QH EQPVTQN WPVKN VJG[ YGTG RTQXKFGF YKVJ JCNNOCTMU

6JG YGKIJV U[UVGO ENQUGN[ EQTTGNCVGF YKVJ VJG EJQUGP ECNEWNCVKQP U[UVGO UGZCIGUKOCN QT FGEKOCN UGG WPFGT TGEMQPKPI EQWPVGTU 6JG YGKIJV JCF VQ DG OGCUWTGF XGT[ RTGEKUGN[ CPF KH RQUUKDNG DG HKZGF # U[UVGO QH EJGEMU YCU WUGF CPF CP[ FGXKCVKQP YCU RWPKUJCDNG D[ NCY 6JG QNFGUV FQEWOGPV DGCTKPI TGHGTGPEG VQ VJKU KU VJG 1NF 6GUVCOGPV ŋ6JQW UJCNV PQV JCXG KP VJ[ DCI FKXGTU YGKIJVU C ITGCV CPF C UOCNN 6JQW UJCNV PQV JCXG KP VJKPG JQWUG FKXGTU OGCUWTGU C ITGCV CPF C UOCNN a$WV VJQW UJCNV JCXG C RGTHGEV CPF LWUV YGKIJV C RGTHGEV CPF LWUV OGCUWTG UJCNV VJQW JCXG VJCV VJ[ FC[U OC[ DG NGPIVJGPGF KP VJG NCPF YJKEJ VJG .14& VJ[ )QF IKXGVJ VJGG Ō &GWV -KPI ,COGU $KDNG 6JG HQTO QH VJG YGKIJVU KU TQWPF TGEVCPIWNCT QT JGZCIQPCN QT [GV CPQVJGT IGQOGVTKE HQTO +P QVJGT VKOGU CPF EWNVWTGU YGKIJVU QHVGP JCXG C FGXKCVKPI HQTO G I CPKOCN UJCRGU

$;<#06+7/

6JG $[\CPVKPG YGKIJV U[UVGO YCU FGTKXGF HTQO VJG 4QOCP +P VJG EQWTUG QH VKOG KP VJG [GCTU WR VQ KVU EQPSWGUV D[ VJG #TCDU OWNVKRNG CFCRVCVKQPU YGTG PGEGUUCT[

9KVJ VJG TGEQIPKVKQP QH %JTKUVGPFQO VJG ETQUU PQV QPN[ CRRGCTGF QP VJG EQKPU DWV CNUQ QP VJG YGKIJVU

$[\CPVKPG YGKIJV U[UVGO

7PEKC # .CVKP ETQUU DGVYGGP Γ CPF # VYQ TQUGVVGU $GPFCNN &ÒTT XCT IT Γ WPEKC # VJ VJ EGPVWT[

8GT[ HKPG

423

WEIGHTS

7PEKC # %KTENG DGVYGGP Γ CPF # ETQUU CDQXG $GPFCNN EH &ÒTT IT -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ Γ WPEKC #

)QQF XGT[ HKPG

0QOKUOCVC # 0 CPF $ ETQUU KP USWCTG $GPFCNN EH &ÒTT CPF IT

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ 0 0QOKUOC $ VJ VJ EGPVWT[

8GT[ HKPG

0QOKUOC # 0 YKVJ UKZ RGNNGVU $GPFCNN IT

8GT[ HKPG

0QOKUOC # 0 QXGT TKPI $GPFCNN EH &ÒTT IT

8GT[ HKPG

5ETKRWNC FTCEJOG # 6YQ HCEGU QXGT 5 $GPFCNN EH IT

6TCEGU QH XGTFKITKU QVJGTYKUG IQQF XGT[ HKPG

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 0 0QOKUOC

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 0 0QOKUOC VJ VJ EGPVWT[

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ 6JG HCEGU CPF VJG EWTXG WPFGT VJGO CTG KPNCKF YKVJ UKNXGT

424

WEIGHTS

(4#0%' #HVGT VJG $[\CPVKPG VKOG VJG YGKIJVU FWG VQ VJG NCEM QH IQNFGP EQKPU VQVCNN[ FKUUCRRGCTGF HTQO WUG PQV VQ GOGTIG WPVKN VJG 'PINCPF QH ,QJP CPF 'FYCTF + YJGTG C UVCDNG OQPGVCT[ U[UVGO ECOG KPVQ DGKPI RTKQT VQ CNN QVJGT EQWPVTKGU

1P VJG EQPVKPGPV EQKP YGKIJVU FKF PQV EQOG KPVQ WUG WPVKN VJG VJ EGPVWT[ &KGWFQPP¾ EQPUKFGTU CU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJKU FGXGNQROGPV 6JG EQKP YGKIJVU YGTG MPQYP CU F¾PGTCWZ VJG YGKIJV HQT VJG EQWTQPPG TQ[CNG UVCVGU ŋNG FGPGTCNŌ 6JGUG YGKIJVU JCF C TQWPF QT RQN[IQPCN HQTO CPF QP QPG UKFG DQTG VJG HCEG QH VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI EQKP

6JG YGKIJVU WPFGTPGCVJ JCXG DGGP FGUETKDGF CEEQTFKPI VQ &KGWFQPP¾ʼnU ŋ/CPWGN FGU 2QKFU /QP¾VCKTGUŌ (KTUV VJG RCIG KU KPFKECVGF YJGTG VJG YGKIJV ECP DG HQWPF PGZV VQ VJCV VJG CEEQTFKPI RCTCITCRJ # UGRCTCVG GPVT[ KPFKECVGU YJGTG VQ HKPF VJG KNNWUVTCVKQP QH VJG YGKIJV KP SWGUVKQP

&KGWFQPP¾ EQPUKFGTU VJG YGKIJV VJCV EQTTGURQPFU YKVJ VJG /CU Fʼn1T QH 2JKNKRR +8 &WRNGUU[ VJG QNFGUV QPG

.17+5 +:

# %J³VGN VQWTPQKU 6841085 %+ &KGWFQPP¾ R 2N + XCT IT

8GT[ HKPG

0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP

)TQU VQWTPQKU &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

6JG EJ³VGN VQWTPQKU KU QNFGT VJCP VJG OCUUG FʼnQT VJQWIJ OCFG QH UKNXGT &KGWFQPP¾ VJGTGHQTG RNCEGU VJKU CV VJG GPF QH VJG RGTKQF QH 2JKNKR 8+ WPFGT VJG VKVNG ŋ)TQU VQWTPQKU FG 5V .QWKU ¯ 2JKNKRRG 8+ #4 Ō

(QT KVU NGIGPF &KGWFQPP¾ RTQXKFGU PQPG .' &'0'4#. QT 21+5 &' 614 &'0

2*+.+22' +8

# #IPWU &GK N YKVJ ETQUU 21+5 &' .ʼn#0)'. &KGWFQPP¾ R C 2N + IT

(KPG

0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP #IPGN FʼnQT &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

%*#4.'5 +8

# -KPI UVCPFKPI YKVJ NKU 21+5 &' 41#1. &KGWFQPP¾ R C 2N + XCT IT

'FIG HCWNV XGT[ HKPG

0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP

4Q[CN FʼnQT &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

(QT KVU NGIGPF &KGWFQPP¾ RTQXKFGU 21+5 4'#. 6JG KNNWUVTCVKQP QP 2N + UJQYU C UVCPFKPI MKPI KP C )QVJKE HTCOG #U C EQPUGSWGPEG VJKU V[RG FQGU PQV HGCVWTG KP &KGWFQPP¾

2*+.+22' 8+

# -KPI QP IQVJKE VJTQPG YKVJ UJKGNF &KGWFQPP¾ R C 2N + IT

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ 'EW FʼnQT ¯ NC %JCKUG &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV

8GT[ HKPG

425

WEIGHTS

# %TQYPGF #PIGN YKVJ ETQUU CPF UJKGNF &KGWFQPPยพ R 2N + IT

(NCP ETCEMU XGT[ HKPG

-ร NPGT /ร P\MCDKPGVV #WEVKQP PQ

#PIG Fล 1T &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

2N + JCU C NKU KP VJG UJKGNF VJG CWVJQT QH VJG CEEQORCP[KPI VGZV KPFKECVGU VJG RQUUKDKNKVKGU QH GKVJGT QPG QT VJTGG NKU

,'#0 NG $10

# /QWPVGF MPKIJV YKVJ UYQTF T 21+5 &' รณ (4#0% รณ &KGWFQPPยพ R E 2N + IT 5OCNN HNCP HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG

0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP (TCPE ยฏ EJGXCN &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

%*#4.'5 8

# $WUV QH VJG MKPI HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF UYQTF DGVYGGP VYQ NKU &KGWFQPPยพ R D 2N + IT #NOQUV XGT[ HKPG 0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP (TCPE ยฏ RKGF &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

%*#4.'5 8+

# 5JKGNF YKVJ VJTGG NKU WPFGT ETQYP &KGWFQPPยพ R # 2N ++ IT 0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP ย EW ยฏ NC EQWTQPPG XKGWZ &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

8GT[ HKPG

# #IPWU &GK N YKVJ ETQUU HNCI รฃ 21+5 &' /186180 รณ &KGWFQPPยพ R C 2N ++ IT 5OCNN HNCP XGT[ HKPG

0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP #PIGN Fล QT &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

426

WEIGHTS %*#4.'5 8++

# $WUV QH VJG MKPI HCEKPI YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF UYQTF DGVYGGP VYQ NKU &KGWFQPP¾ R F 2N ++ IT (KPG 0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP 4Q[CN FÅ&#x2030;QT &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

*'04; 8+

# .CVKP ETQUU KP QEVQHQKN QXGT J DGVYGGP NKU CPF NGQRCTF UOCNN VTGHQKN WPFGT VJG NKU &KGWFQPP¾ R C 2N ++ IT 'ZVTGOGN[ HKPG

6JKU YGKIJV ENGCTN[ UJQYU VJG J QH *GPT[ 8+ 9JCV UGGOU RGEWNKCT KU VJG HCEV VJCV C UOCNN ENQXGT ECP DG UGGP WPFGT VJG QPG PGZV VQ VJG ETQUU

5CNWV FÅ&#x2030;QT &WRNGUU[ 9GKIJV IT

# .CVKP ETQUU KP UKZHQKN QXGT KPXGTVGF 4 4QWGP! CPF DGVYGGP NKU CPF NGQRCTF NKU T CDQXG &KGWFQPP¾ R E 2N ++ IT )QQF XGT[ HKPG 0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP 5CNWV FÅ&#x2030;QT &WRNGUU[ C 9GKIJV IT

.17+5 :++

# 5JKR 4 2QTEWRKPG WPFGT ETQYP CPF QXGT 2 & IT

4 8GT[ HKPG

6JG TGXGTUG VJG RQTEWRKPG RQKPVU VQ .QWKU :++ VJG 2 VQ 2CTKU +P (TCPEG PQ EQKP YCU GXGT UVTWEM CHVGT VJG GZCORNG QH VJG 'PINKUJ PQDNG DWV CRRCTGPVN[ VJGKT CDWPFCPV EKTEWNCVKQP VJGTG ECWUGF VJG PGGF HQT C YGKIJV YKVJ YJKEJ VQ EJGEM YJGVJGT VJGUG PQDNGU YGTG CWVJGPVKE 6JG YGKIJV EQTTGURQPFU VQ VJCV QH C PQDNG

6JG TGXGTUG KU KNNWUVTCVGF WPFGT &KGWFQPP¾ 2N :8+

427

WEIGHTS

$74)70&+#0 0'6*'4.#0&5 6JG EQKP QTFKPCPEG QH 6JG KPXGPVKQP QH OQXCDNG V[RG RTKPVKPI JCF GPCDNGF VJG RQUVKPI QH RNCECTFU KPFKECVKPI YJKEJ EQKPU YGTG IGPWKPG CPF YJKEJ YGTG PQV *QYGXGT FKHHGTGPV OGCPU QH RWDNKECVKQP YGTG PGGFGF HQT FKHHGTGPV RWTRQUGU %QEMUJCY .GU VGZVGU OQP¾VCKTGU KORTKO¾U UQWU NG T½IPG FG 2JKNKRRG NG $GCW

RWDNKUJGF KP VJG EQNNGEVKQP QH CTVKENGU 8KNNGU FʼnKORTKOGTKG GV OQWNKPU ¯ RCRKGT FW :+8G CW :8+G UK½ENG

EQNNGEVKQP 2TQ %KXKVCVG U¾TKG KP Q PQ R FKUVKPIWKUJGU

6JG QTFKPCPEG

6JKU EQPVCKPGF VJG HWNN VGZV URGEKHKGF PGY V[RGU QH EQKP HKZGF VJGKT TCVG URGEKHKGF YJKEJ V[RGU PQ NQPIGT YGTG EWTTGPV CPF GPFGF YKVJ C VCTKHH QH CRRTQXGF EQKPU

6JG VCTKHH

6JKU YCU RCTV QH VJG QTFKPCPEG +V QPN[ EQPVCKPGF VJG RCTV URGEKH[KPI YJKEJ IQNFGP CPF UKNXGT EQKPU YGTG CRRTQXGF HQT EKTEWNCVKQP VJGKT XCNWG TGNCVGF VQ VJG QYP EWTTGPE[ CPF VJGKT YGKIJV (TQO VJGTG YCU CP CFFKVKQPCN KPFKECVKQP QH JQY OCP[ EQKPU VJGTG YGTG VQ C OCTM 6JG VCTKHH YCU C

RKGEG QH RCRGT YKVJ RTKPV QP QPG UKFG CPF YCU VJGTGHQTG CNUQ MPQYP CU RNCPQ

6JG ŋOCPWGNŌ

# DQQMNGV VJCV CRCTV HTQO C VCTKHH EQPVCKPGF C UWOOCT[ QH VJG EQKPU VJCV YGTG QT YGTG PQV XCNKF CPF VJG RTKEG VJCV VJG[ YQWNF HGVEJ YJGP QHHKEKCNN[ JCPFGF KP PQV RGT RKGEG DWV CEEQTFKPI VQ YGKIJV 6JG HKTUV OCPWGNU GOGTIGF CTQWPF CPF VJG[ YQWNF TGOCKP WPEJCPIGF WPVKN CTQWPF VJGP VJG[ YGTG TGRNCEGF YKVJ OQTG OQFGTP XGTUKQPU YJKEJ YQWNF DG WUGF WPVKN VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[

/CPWGN %QEMUJCY TGHGTU VQ VJKU CU ŋ.KXTGV OQP¾VCKTGŌ CPF 8CP )GNFGT .GU RNWU CPEKGPU VCTKHU OQP¾VCKTGU KNNWUVT¾U FGU 2C[U $CU KP %GPVGPPKCN 8QNWOG QH VJG #OGTKECP 0WOKUOCVKE 5QEKGV[ 0GY ;QTM R QH ŋ/CPWGN FG EKTEWNCVKQPŌ

6JG RNCPQ QH &GEGODGT WUGU VJG QNF FKXKUKQP KPVQ RQWPFU UEJGNNKPIU CPF RGPPKPIU FGPKGT RQWPF d UEJGNNKPI U RGPPKPI F

6JG XCNWG QH VJG 2JKNKRRWU IWKNFGT UGG WPFGT O KP VJG RNCPQ KU VJGTGHQTG ++++U ++F QT UEJGNNKPI CPF

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

6JGTG KU CP KORQTVCPV FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP VJG YGKIJVU DGNQPIKPI VQ VJKU QTFKPCPEG CPF VJQUG VJCV YGTG WUGF KP (TCPEG CPF GNUGYJGTG 9JGTGCU VJG NCVVGT YGTG GZENWUKXGN[ TGNCVGF VQ QYP IQNFGP EQKPU VJG RTGUGPV YGKIJVU CTG TGNCVGF VQ VJG EQKPU VJCV YGTG EKTEWNCVGF 6JG 0GVJGTNCPFU PGGFGF UWEJ CP QTFKPCPEG HQT TGCUQPU QH KPVGTPCVKQPCN VTCFG YJKNG QVJGT EQWPVTKGU EQWNF NKOKV VJGKT QTFKPCPEGU VQ EQKPU QH VJGKT QYP KUUWG

428

WEIGHTS 6JKU QTFKPCPEG KU EQORNGVGN[ RWDNKUJGF D[ ' , # X $GEM CPF ) 9 FG 9KV *GV OWPVVCTKH XCP CP GFKVKQP QH VJG 0WOKUOCVKE %KTENG 4QVVGTFCO

6JG YGKIJVU HQT VJG QTFKPCPEG QH &GEGODGT

6JG HQNNQYKPI YGKIJVU CTG CNN DQWIJV HTQO 0WOKUOCVKEC 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ

'Z .CXCIPG EQNNGEVKQP

(QNNQYKPI VJG YKUJ QH VJG EQNNGEVQT YG UCNG VJG HQNNQYKPI EQKPU CU C YJQNG DGECWUG QH VJGKT WPKSWG EQORQUKVKQP URGEKOGP (KPG VQ GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

)QNFGP (NGGEG QH 2JKNKR VJG (CKT # 6JG IQNFGP (NGGEG WPFGT VYQ HKTG UVGGNU 4 .++++ KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

*CNXG )TQVG 4GCN QH 2JKNKR VJG (CKT # -KPI QP IQVJKE VJTQPG YKVJ UEGRVTG CPF NKU 4 :::+++ JCPF DGVYGGP CPF 4 CDQXG +06 DGNQY IT

6JG EQKP VCTKHH URGEKHKGU VJG YJQNG VJG JCNH CPF VJG SWCTVGT IQNFGP TGCN +P VJKU EQKP UGTKGU QPN[ VJG YJQNG IQNFGP TGCN TGCNN[ GZKUVGF # EQTTGURQPFKPI YGKIJV JCU PQV DGGP HQWPF VQ FCVG 0GKVJGT JCU C YGKIJV EQTTGURQPFKPI VQ VJG HKEVKVKQWU SWCTVGT IQNFGP TGCN

Â&#x201E; 4 Â&#x201E; TGCN VJG JCPF #PVYGTR

6JG YGKIJV KU UWRRQUGFN[ VJCV QH C JCNH TGCN +V VJGTGHQTG KU RGEWNKCT VJCV VJG TGXGTUG TGCFU :::+++ Â&#x201E; RKGEG VQ C OCTM K G C VJGQTGVKECN YGKIJV QH IT

4QUGPQDNG QH 'FYCTF +8 # 5JKR YKVJ TQUG 4 :::++ KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

&F2 CNUQ UVCVGU YGKIJVU HQT C JCNH CPF C SWCTVGT 4QUGPQDNG PQ 9GKIJV TGUR PQ 9GKIJV *G TGRQTVU DQVJ QH VJGO VQ DG YKVJQWV VJG PWODGT QH RKGEGU VQ C OCTM KPFKECVGF QP VJG TGXGTUG

'PINKUJ 0QDNG QH *GPT[ 8+ CPF (NGOKUJ 0QDNG QH 2JKNKR VJG )QQF # 5JKR YKVJ J N KP HKGNF 4 :::8+ KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

6JG EQKP VCTKHH CNUQ OGPVKQPU C JCNH CPF C SWCTVGT HQT YJKEJ PQ YGKIJVU JCXG DGGP HQWPF

429

WEIGHTS

'PINKUJ #PIGNQV QH *GPT[ 8++ # 0KODCVG CPIGN RKGTEKPI FTCIQP YKVJ NCPEG 4 :.8+++ KP OWNVKNQDG YKVJ NKU IT IT

)QWFGP NGGWY QH 2JKNKR VJG )QQF # .KQP KP IQVJKE FCKU DGVYGGP VYQ HKTG UVGGNU QXGT NKU CPF HNCOGU 4 .+: KP OWNVKNQDG YKVJ NKU IT IT

6JG EQKP VCTKHH CNUQ OGPVKQPU C CPF C IQNFGP NKQP DWV PQ YGKIJVU &F2 FQGU OGPVKQPU C YGKIJV HQT VJG NKQP PQ 9GKIJV DWV VJG TGXGTUG NCEMU CP KPFKECVKQP QH VJG PWODGT QH RKGEGU VQ C OCTM

)QWFGP 4KLFGT QH 2JKNKR VJG )QQF CPF VJG (TCPEG 'EW CW 5QNGKN QH %JCTNGU 8+++ # 5JKGNF YKVJ UWP WPFGT ETQYP 4 .:: KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

*CNH )QWFGP 4KLFGT QH 2JKNKR VJG )QQF CPF VJG (TCPEG JCNH 'EW CW 5QNGKN QH %JCTNGU 8+++ # 5JKGNF YKVJ UWP WPFGT ETQYP 4 % ã :. KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

&F2 CNUQ RTQXKFGU C YGKIJV HQT VJG JCNH GEW CW UQNGKN PQ 9GKIJV IT

&WECV QH *WPICT[ QH /CVVJKCU %QTXKPWU # 5V .CFKUNCWU UVCPFKPI YKVJ QTD CPF JGNNGDCTF 4 .:+: KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

(KQTKPQ FÅ&#x2030;QTQ CPF QVJGT EQKPU # .KU 4 .::++ KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

6JKU YGKIJV TGHGTU VQ VJG (KQTKPQ FÅ&#x2030;QTQ VJ EGPVWT[ VJG 5CNWV FÅ&#x2030;QT QH (TCPEG *GPT[ +8 VJG &WVEJ UJKGNF QH 9KNNKCO 8+ VJG QNF (TGPEJ ETQYP QH %JCTNGU 8++ CPF VJG *CNH 'PINKUJ PQDNG QH *GPT[ 8+

6JG YGKIJV OGCUWTGF HQT VJKU URGEKOGP KU NQY EQORCTGF VQ YJCV KV UJQWNF DG VJGQTGVKECNN[

430

WEIGHTS

*CNH (KQTKPQ FʼnQTQ CPF QVJGT EQKPU # 5JKGNF YKVJ VJTGG NKU WPFGT ETQYP CPF DGVYGGP VYQ NKU 4 % Ő :.++++ KP OWNVKNQDG YKVJ NKU IT IT

6JGTG CTG PQ JCNXGU QH C PWODGT QH VJG EQKPU OGPVKQPGF CDQXG WPFGT &F2 MPQYU QH C YGKIJV VJCV EQTTGURQPFU VQ VJG JCNH QNF (TGPEJ ETQYP PQ 9GKIJV IT

5EJWKVMGP QH 2JKNKR VJG (CKT CPF *QNNCPFU UEJKNF QH ,QJP QH $CXCTKC # -KPI UVCPFKPI KP UJKR YKVJ UYQTF CPF QTD 4 .::+++ KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

2JKNKRRWU )WNFGP QH 2JKNKR VJG (CKT #PFTKGUIWNFGP QH %JCTNGU VJG $QNF CPF 4KLFGT IWNFGP QH #TPQNF QH 'IOQPF # 0KODCVG UCKPV UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU 4 .::++++ WPFGT : IT IT 7VTGEJVUG )WNFGP QH &CXKF QH $WTIWPF[ *QNNCPFU UEJKNF QH 2JKNKR VJG )QQF CPF ,CMQDC CPF 2KGVGT FʼnQT QH 2JKNKR VJG )QQF # $KUJQR QP VJTQPG QXGT UJKGNF QH 7VTGEJV 4 .::8+ KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

*QNNCPFUG )WNFGP QH ,QJP QH $CXCTKC # +ORGTKCN UJKGNF YKVJKP HQWT UOCNN UJKGNFU KP SWCVTGHQKN QPG VTGHQKN KP GCEJ CPING 4 .::8+++ QXGT $ # KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

$ # $CXCTKC

#TPQNFWUIWNFGP QH #TPQNF QH 'IOQPF # )TGCV UJKGNF UWTTQWPFGF D[ HQWT UOCNN UJKGNF KP SWCVTGHQKN QPG VTGHQKN KP GCEJ CPING 4 .:::++ QXGT # 4 KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

# 4 #TPQNFWU

431

WEIGHTS

2QUVWNCCVIWNFGP QH .K½IG QH .QWKU FG $QWTDQP CPF 4WFQNH QH &KGRJQNV # 5JKGNF KP VTGHQKN 4 .:::+ WPFGT 215 KP OWNVKNQDG IT IT

215 2QUVWNCV

4JGPKUJ IQNF IWKNFGTU # 1TD KP VTGHQKN 4 .::8 KP OWNVKNQDG YKVJ NKU %QWPVGTOCTM : IT

IT

6JKU YGKIJV TGHGTU VQ VJG OCP[ 4JGPKUJ IQNF IWKNFGTU FGHKPGF CU ŋ&KG IQGFG TKLPUEJG EQQTXQTUVGT IWNFGP YCGT CN FKG HKIWGTGP JKGT PCGT IJGHKIWTGGTV UVCG GPFG IJGGP CPFGTGŌ 6JG IQQF 4JGKPKUJ RTKPEG GNGEVQT IWKNFGT QP YJKEJ CNN VJGUG HKIWTGU HGCVWTG CPF PQ QVJGTU #HVGT YJKEJ HQNNQYGF KNNWUVTCVKQPU QH VJGUG /CKP\ &KGFGTKEJ QH 'TDCEJ 2CNCVKPCVG .QWKU +8 6TKGT ,CEQD QH 5KGTEM %QNQIPG 4WRTGEJV QH VJG 2CNCVKPCVG %QNQIPG *GTOCPP QH *GUUGP %QNQIPG &KGVTKEJ QH /QGTU (TCPMHWTV 'ORGTQT (TGFGTKEM +++ $TCPFGPDWTI #NDTGEJV CPF 5CZQP[ #NDTGEJV

6JG YGKIJV DGCTU VJG HCEG QH VJG IQNF IWKNFGT QH (TCPMHWTV 'ORGTQT (TGFGTKEM +++

6JG SWGUVKQP TGOCKPU YJGVJGT VJKU UGTKGU QH YGKIJVU KU EQORNGVG CPF KPFGGF UJQWNF DG CVVTKDWVGF VQ VJG QTFKPCPEG QH 6JG CPUYGT VQ VJKU SWGUVKQP TGSWKTGU C EQORCTKUQP QH VJKU UGTKGU VQ C UKOKNCT QPG KH

RQUUKDNG +P &GUEJCOR FG 2CU UGG 0QVG UWT SWGNSWGU RQKFU OQP¾VCKTGU KP 4GXWG 0WOKUOCVKSWG R HQWPF PKPGVGGP YGKIJVU KP VJG OWPKEKRCN CTEJKXGU QH 5V 1OGT YJKEJ YGTG EQPVCKPGF KP CP GPXGNQRG DGCTKPI VJG VGZV ŋ2QKZ FʼnQTŌ 'XGT[ YGKIJV JCF DGGP YTCRRGF KPFKXKFWCNN[ KP C RKGEG QH RCRGT KPFKECVKPI VJG EQKP VJG YGKIJV EQTTGURQPFGF VQ 6JG JCPFYTKVKPI OCVEJGF VJCV QH VJG QTFKPCPEG KVUGNH 6JG YGKIJVU YGTG CU IQQF CU PGY CPF CRRGCTGF VQ JCXG LWUV EQOG HTQO VJG OCPWHCEVWTGT 6JGTGHQTG KV ECP DG CUUWOGF VJCV VJGUG YGKIJVU CPF VJG UGTKGU OGPVKQPGF JGTG YGTG OCFG HQT VJG VCTKHH 6JG 5V 1OGT UGTKGU KU XKTVWCNN[ VJG UCOG CU VJG RTGUGPV UGTKGU UCXG HQT VJG JCNH IQNFGP TGCN CPF VJG CPIGNQV +V FQGU JQYGXGT KPENWFG VJG JCNH CPF SWCTVGT TQUGPQDNG CPF VJG IQNFGP NKQP VJG UQNG FKHHGTGPEG DGKPI VJCV VJG[ DGCT PQ KPFKECVKQP QP VJGKT TGXGTUG QH VJG PWODGT QH RKGEGU VQ C OCTM 6JWU DQVJ UGTKGU CTG KPEQORNGVG DWV EQORNGOGPV GCEJ QVJGT 7RQP KPSWKT[ KP + TGEGKXGF VJG CPUYGT VJCV VJG CTEJKXG QH 5V 1OGT PQ NQPIGT RQUUGUUGF VJKU UGTKGU QH YGKIJVU DWV FKF UVKNN JCXG VJG VGZV QH VJG QTFKPCPEG HQWPF D[ &GUEJCOR FG 2CU (QT VJG TGURGEVKXG YGKIJVU VJG HKPFKPIU QH &GUEJCOR FG 2CU CTG IKXGP

2*+.+25 VJG *#0&51/'

6JG VJTGG HQNNQYKPI PWODGTU CNN TGICTF VJG EQKP QTFKPCPEG QH

# 6JG )QNFGP (NGGEG WPFGT VYQ HKTG UVGGNU 4 .++++ WPFGT JCPF CPF QXGT +06 IT

(NCP ETCEM HKPG VQ XGT[ HKPG -ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

5GG CDQXG WPFGT

6JKU URGEKOGP KU UWDUVCPVKCNN[ UOCNNGT VJCP VJG QPG OGPVKQPGF WPFGT 6JG KNNWUVTCVKQP VQQ KU FKHHGTGPV DGVYGGP VJG VYQ HKTGUVGGNU JCU C SWCVTGHQKN YJGTG VJKU QPG UJQYU C ETQUU 6JKU QPG CNUQ UJQYU VJG HNGGEG OQTG ENGCTN[ 6JG TGXGTUG JCU PQ FGEQTCVGF OWNVKHQKN DQTFGT DWV C UOQQVJ QPG #DQXG VJG PWODGT KU VJG JCPF QH #PVYGTR 6JG PWODGT VQ C OCTM KU GSWCN VQ .++++ 6JG TGXGTUG QH VJKU YGKIJV KU GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG CU VJG TGXGTUG QH VJG JCNH IQNFGP TGCN

UGG KP YJKEJ VJG 6 QH +06 FGUGTXGU RCTVKEWNCT CVVGPVKQP

432

WEIGHTS

# 0KODCVG CPIGN RKGTEKPI FTCIQP YKVJ NCPEG 4 :.8+++ KP OWNVKNQDG YKVJ NKU IT

8GT[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ 5GG CDQXGP WPFGT 6JKU YGKIJV KU JGCXKGT VJCP VJCV WPFGT +VU SWCNKV[ KU DGVVGT

# 1TD KP VTGHQKN IT

8GT[ HKPG

6JKU YGKIJV UJQYU C ITGCV FGCN QH TGUGODNCPEG YKVJ HTQO VJG EQKP QTFPKPCPEG 6JG ETQUU KU NQPIGT CPF HQTMGF +P VJKU NKIJV VJG YGKIJV OWUV DG NKPMGF VQ VJG 4JGPKUJ IQNF IWKNFGT

6JGTG KU PQ TGXGTUG VJGTGHQTG PQ RKGEGU VQ C OCTM *QYGXGT VJKU PGGF PQV DG QH EQPUGSWGPEG HQT VJG 5V 1OGT UGTKGU CNUQ EQPVCKPGF YGKIJVU YKVJQWV CP[VJKPI QP VJG TGXGTUG 6JG YGKIJV KU NQYGT VJCP VJCV QH DWV KV KU PQV HCT HTQO VJG VJGQTGVKECN YGKIJV

+6#.; /+.#01 )+18#00+ )#.'#<<1 /#4+# 5(14<#

# *GCF N &KGWFQPP¾ R F 2N :+8 IT

4 #NOQUV GZVTGOGN[ HKPG

-ÌNPGT /ÒP\MCDKPGVV -ÌNP #WEVKQP PQ

8'0+%' )+18#00+ /1%'0+)1

# &QIG MPGGNKPI YKVJ HNCI DGVYGGP ( CPF ( +1#0'5 5/ /1%'0+)1 &8: 4 0KODCVG NKQP QH 5V /CTEWU YKVJ YKPIU &KGWFQPP¾ R 2N :8 IT 4 8GT[ HKPG

6QFGTK (NQTGPEG

433

WEIGHTS

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Albert II. (1018-1064): 1386 Albert III. (1064-1102): 1387: Albi: 444-446 Albrecht (1389-1404): 758-769 Albrecht d. GroĂ&#x;e (1252-1279): 1695-1696 Albrecht d. Unartige (1265-1314): 2209-2212, 2222 Albrecht v. Bayern (1389-1404): 1368-1370 Albrecht v. Käfernburg (1205-1232): 1778-1780 Albrecht v. OrlamĂźnde (1201-1225): 1601, 1617 Albrecht v. Sachsen (1498-1500): 834-835 Albrecht I. (1212-1260): 1569-1570 Albrecht I. d. Bär (1134-1170): 1667-1669 Albrecht I. v. Ă&#x2013;sterreich (1282-1308): 1928, 2621-2625, 26452646 Albrecht III. (1365-1395): 2626 Albrecht IV. (1465-1508): 2394 Albrecht V. (1411-1439): 2627, 2901-2902 Albrecht V. (1513-1545): 1744 Albrecht VII. d. SchĂśne (1503-1547): 1643 Albuin (1093-1112): 1790-1792 Aldegonde, Abbey: 1377-1378 Aldinus, Moneyer: 158 Alexander I. (1129-1135): 1209 Alexander II. (1249-1286): 3341-3352 Alexander VI. (1492-1503): 3755-3757 Alexandru cel Bun (1400-1432): 3934 Alexios II. (1297-1330): 3943 Alexios III. (1349-1390): 3946 Alexios IV. (1417-1447): 3947 Alfonso I. (1109-1126): 3416-3417 Alfonso I. (II. of Aragon, 1162-1196): 3486-3488 Alfonso I. (1415-1458): 3850 Alfonso I. dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Aragona (1442-1458): 3767 Alfonso II. (III. of Argon, 1285-1291): 3495 Alfonso II. dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Aragona (1494-1495): 3773 Alfonso III. (IV. of Argon, 1327-1336): 3497 Alfonso IV. (V. of Argon, 1416-1458): 3501-3502: Alfonso IV. (1416-1458): 436 Alfonso V. (1438-1481): 3537 Alfonso VI. (1073-1109): 3415 Alfonso VIII. (1158-1214): 3420-3423 Alfonso IX. (1188-1230): 3418-3419 Alfonso X. (1252-1284): 3425-3432 Alfonso XI. (1312-1350): 3440-3443 Alfred (871-899): 3058 Ali bin Yussuf (1106-1143): 3402-3404 Alost: 1247-1249 Alpen: 1866 Alphonse-Jourdain (1112-1148): 441, 469 Alphonse II. v. Aragon (1196-1209): 458-460

Altdorf, Abbey: 612, 2469 Altenburg: 2236-2241 Amadeo VIII. (1391-1434): 3577-3582 Amadeo IX. (1465-1472): 3583 Amalerich (511-531): 132 Amalric de Tyr (1306-1310): 4007 Amalrich I. (1162-1173): 4108-4109 Amberg: 2123-2125 Amiens, City: 520-521 Amöneburg: 2102 Ancona: 3705-3708 Andechs-Meranien: 2674-2681 Andernach: 1973 Andrea Contarini (1368-1382): 3644-3645 Andrea Dandolo (1342-1354): 3640 Andreas I. (1046-1061): 2826 Andreas II. (1205-1235): 2850-2852 Andronicus III. (1330-1332): 3944 Anduse und Sauve: 452-453 Angers: 328, 357 Angilberga und Ludwig II. (866-871): 150 Anglia: 3048 Angoulême, County: 428 Anhalt: 1683-1685 Anjou, County: 357 Antiochia, Principality: 4075-4095 Antoine Fluvian (1421-1437): 4004 Antoine of Burgundy (1406-1415): 1162-1165 Antonio Venier (1382-1400): 3646-3649 Antonio I. Caetani (1395-1402): 3671 Antonio II. Panciera (1402-1411): 3672 Annaberg: 1587 Anno II. (1056-1075): 1982-1983 Annweiler: 2128 Antenor, Patricius: 177 Antwerpen, Margraviate: 1101 Aquila: 3774-3776 Aquileia: 3655-3673 Aquitanien: 188, 196, 265, 395-425 Arabs in Sicily: 3782-3786 Arbeca: 3508 Arezzo: 3702 Arghun (1284-1291) and Dimitri II. (1271-1289): 3954 Aribo (1021-1031): 2082 Arichi II. (774-787): 147 Aripert II. (701-712): 144-145 Arkel: 1090-1091 Arles: 177, 218-219 Arles, Archdiocese: 468 Arlongo de Visgoni (1260-1282): 3676 Armenia: : 4018-4044 Arnhem: 972-986, 991-992, 995-996, 1003-1004. 1007-1008, 1011-1013, 1025-1028 Arnold (1173-1190): 1835 Arnold d’Oreye (1355-1370): 1181 Arnold v. Hoorne (1371-1378): 902 Arnold v. Seelenhofen (1153-1160): 2090-2091 Arnold v. Solms (1286-1296): 2336 Arnold v. Egmond (1423-1473): 1005-1015 Arnoul II. (987-1003): 251 Arnold I. v. Niederrhein (1169-1183): 2052 Arnold II. v. Isenburg (1242-1259): 2053-2054 Arnold III. (1364-1384): 1870 Arnold V. (1279-1323): 1178-1180 Arnstadt: 2188, 2197-2198 Arnstein: 2260-2263 Arnulf v. Kärnten (887-899): 240 Arras: 267 Artois: 1250-1251 Artuquiden: 4126-4171 Aschaffenburg: 2092-2094 Aschersleben, Wegeleben, Köthen: 1683-1685 Asen I. (1186-1196): 3904-3905 Asti: 3586 Athalarich (526-534): 108-115

Athens, Barony/Duchy: 3978-3981 Attendorn: 2040-2041 Augsburg, Diocese: 2397-2418 Augsburg, Imperial Mint 2419-2432 Austria: 2569-2696 Autun: 152 Auxerre, County: 510 Avignon, City: 470 Ayyubiden: 4181-4183 Azzone Visconti (1329-1339): 3548-3549 B Bacharach: 2115, 2117-2122 Badr al-Din Lu’lu (1234-1259): 4176 Baduila (541-552): 123-127 Baldewin v. Russel (1259-1264): 1840 Balduin v. Luxemburg (1307-1354): 2056-2058 Baldwin II. (1108-1118): 4073-4074 Baldwin III. (1142-1162): 4106-4107 Balian (1229-1240): 4119 Balkan: 3853-3936 Balscha III. (1405-1421): 3903 Balthasar (1369-1406): 2301-2302 Baltic Provinces: 2971-2991 Banat Severin: 3919 Bar, Duchy: 566 Barcelona, County: 3477 Bardo v. Oppershofen (1031-1051): 2083 Bardowick: 1554-1555, 1561-1562, 1614 Barnabò Visconti (1354-1385): 3552 Bartolomeo and Antonio della Scala (1375-1387): 3610 Basel, City: 2528-2532 Basel, Diocese: 2518-2527 Basel-Breisgau: 2515-2517 Bassum: 1857-1859 Baudouin d’Avesnes (1246-1288): 1376 Bautzen: 2309 Bavaria: cf. Bayern Bayern: 2353-2396 Bayern, Duchy: 2353 Bayezid I. (1389-1412): 4124 Béarn, Princedom: 432-433 Beatrix II. v. Winzenburg (1138-1160): 1802-1804 Beaumont, Seigniory: 1376 Beauvais: 253-254 Beichlingen, County: 2214-2216 Bela I. (1048-1060): 2827 Bela II. (1131-1141): 2842-2843 Bela III. (1173-1235): 2847-2849 Bela IV. (1235-1270): 2853-2867, 3853-3854 Benedicta v. Rechberg (1404-1413): 2555 Benevent, Princedom: : 147-150 Beonna (ca. 749): 3044-3046 Berengar I. (888-924): 3541 Berg, County: 1907-1915 Berg-Ravensberg, Duchy: 1916-1922 Bergamo: 3594 Bergen 701 Bergerac: 430-431 Bernard l’Aine (†1164): 452 Bernhard (1202-1256): 2652-2663 Bernhard I. (973-1011): 1546-1547 Bernhard II. (1011-1059): 1548-1550 Bernhard II. v. Oesede (1186-1203): 1813 Bernhard III. (1180-1212): 1561-1568 Bernhard III. v. Oesede (1203-1223): 1814 Bernhard III. z. Lippe (1229-1265): 1863-1864 Bernhard IV. z. Lippe (1227-1247): 1815 Bernoldus (1027-1054): 849-861 Berta (1160-1180): 2227 Bertha v. Arnsberg (1262-1292): 1959-1960 Berthold v. Aquileia (1218-1251): 2679-2681 Berthold v. Leiningen (1258-1285): 2673 Berthold II. v. Meissen (1186-1206): 2267-2268 Berthold II. v. Pfirt (1249-1262): 2520

Berthold II. v. Sternberg (1274-1287): 2321 Berthold IV. v. Bimbach (1274-1286): 2182 Bertoldo (1218-1251): 3661-3662 Bertram (1179-1212): 531 Bertrand (1105-1112): 440 Bertulfus, Moneyer: 169 Besançon, Archdiocese: 488 Bethune: 1252-1253 Bicht: 1193 Bielefeld: 1907, 1912-1913 Birdibek Khan (1357-1359): 3025-3027 Blois, County: 368 Böhmen: cf. Bohemia Bogdan II. (1449-1451): 3935 Bogeslaw X. (1474-1523): 1659-1660 Bohemia: 2699-2793 Bohemond III. (1149-1163): 4085-4087 Bohemond IV. (1187-1233): 4098 Bohemond VI. (1251-1275): 4099-4100 Bohemond VII. (1275-1287): 4101-4102 Boleslaus I. (929-967): 2699 Boleslaw I. (1163-1201): 2914-2918 Boleslaus II. (967-999): 2700-2704 Boleslaw III. (1102-1138): 2944-2945 Boleslaw IV. (1146-1173): 2952-2953 Bologna: 3601-3604 Bolsward: 799, 809 Bonifacio IX. (1389-1404): 3739 Bonn: 2007-2008, 2011-2013, 2016-2022, 2028, 2030-2031 Bordeaux: 330 Boris Alexandrowitsch (1426-1461): 3019 Borivoi II. (1100-1107/1117-1121): 2733-2739 Borowsk: 2999 Bosnia: 3892-3895 Boudewijn (1178-1196): 877 Boudewijn IV. (989-1036): 1239-1240 Boudewijn IX. (1194-1205): 1245-1246 Bourbon, Princedom: 387-388 Bourges: 199, 216-217, 228, 263 Brabant, Duchy: 1107-1175 Brancaleone d’Andalo (1253-1256): 3726 Brandenburg: 1664-1682 Brandenburg-Anhalt: 1664-1685 Braunschweig: 1557-1558, 1693, 1695-1696 Braunschweig, City: 1697-1698 Braunschweig-Lüneburg: 1686-1715 Breisgau: 2496-2510 Bremen, Archdiocese: 1592-1599 Bremen, City: 1600 Brescia: 3595 Breslau: 2914-2918, 2928, 2941 Bretagne, Duchy: 343-355 Bretislaus I. (1028-1055): 2713-2720, 2808 Bretislaus II. (1092-1100): 2730-2732, 2804-2805 Brioude: 161 Brügge: : 220, 1254-1259 Brünn: 2785-2786, 2801-2806 Bruno v. Bretten u. Laufen (1102-1124): 2049-2051 Bruno v. Isenburg (1251-1258): 1838-1839 Bruno II. v. Berg (1131-1137): 1986 Bruno III. (1038-1057): 799-806 Bruxelles, Charter of: 1106 Buda: 2899 Bulgaria: 3904-3918 Burchard (1098-1112): 871 Burchard I. (1183-1229): 2248-2250 Burchard II. v. Asorn (1120-1149): 2133 Burckhard v. Ellerbach (1373-1404): 2415 Burgred (852-874): 3041-3043 Burgund, Duchy: 479-486 Burgundia Arelate, Kingdom: 455 Burgundia Cisiurana, Kingdom: 471-478: Burgundian Netherlands: 1416-1514 Burkhardt von Woldenberg (1232-1235): 1781

C Cäcilia (1140-1160): 2226 Caffa: 3957-3958 Cahors, Diocese: 447-449 Cahors, City: 450 Cambrai, Chapter: 1382 Cambrai, Diocese: 1379-1381 Camerino: 3717 Canterbury: 3054-3055 Capua: 3759 Carcassonne: 437-438 Carlo I. (1482-1490): 3584 Carlo I. d’Angio (1266-1270): 3729 Carlo III. di Durazzo (1382-1385): 3777 Carlo VIII. di Francia (1495): 3776 Carlos I. (1516-1558): 3509 Casale: cf. Monferrato Catalano-Aragonese: 3486-3504 Catharina Cornado (1474-1489): 4017 Cattaro: 3866-3869 Celles-sur-Cher, Princedom: 369 Ceolnoth (833-870): 3055 Chalon sur Saône: 227 Cham: 2356 Charles de France (1469-1472): 425 Charles le Temeraire (1467-1477): 485-486 Charles I. v. Anjou (1246-1285): 461-465, 3761-3762, 38383842, 3967 Charles II. (1390-1431): 571-574 Charles II. v. Anjou (1285-1309): 3763-3765, 3968 Charles III. de Valois (1290-1325): 357 Charles IV. (1322-1328): 286-288 Charles IV. (1346-1353): 1402 Charles V. (1364-1380): 302-305, 497-498 (Dauphin) Charles VI. (1380-1422): 306-315, 3591 Charles VII. (1422-1461): 321-325 Charles VIII. (1483-1498): 328-331 Charlotte (1458-1459): 4015 Chartres: 233 Chartres, County: 363-364 Châteaudun: 234, 365-367 Château-Landon: 247, 257-258 Châteauxroux: cf. Deols Chinon: : 225, 322 Chintilla (636-639): 136 Chios: 3984-3989 Christian v. Buch (1165-1183): 2092 Christian I. (1457-1461): 691 Christopher I. (1252-1259): 655-656 Christopher II. (1319-1332): 660 Chur: 2460-2461 Cisso v. Rüttenberg (1424-1436): 2981-2983 Clermont, Diocese: 390-391 Cnut: cf. Knut Coenwulf (796-821): 3038-3040 Colmar: 2511-2512 Colomban d’Andlau (1663-1665): 2514 Como: 3593 Conan II. (1057-1066): 344 Conan III. (1112-1148): 345 Conrad (1019-1031): 2558 Conrad II. v. Schoonvorst (1403-1448): 1876 Corbie, Abbey: 519 Corrado I. (1250-1254): 3832-3833 Corrado II. (1254-1258): 3834 Corvey, Abbey: 1860-1861 Cosel-Beuthen: 2936 Costanzo I. Sforza (1473-1483): 3704 Countermark: cf. Gegenstempel Cremona: 3597 Crèvecoeur, Seigniory: 1385 Croatia: 3859-3860 Crusader States : 4072-4123 Cuno I. (1151-1212): 2160 Curtisasonien: 207

Cuthred (798-807): 3053 Cyprus: 4005-4017 D Dänemark: 614-669 Daniil Borissowitsch (1394-1420): 3017-3018 David v. Burgund (1455-1496): 916-925 David I. (1124-1153): 3337 David II. (1329-1371): 3355-3360 Demmin: 1649 Deols: 379-381 Deutscher Orden: cf. Teutonic Order Deutz: 2006, 2009-2010, 2014, 2029 Deventer: 1048-1077, 1081 Die: cf. Valence und Die, Diocese Diederik v. Ahr (1198-1212): 878-879 Diepholz, Edelherren: 1853-1854 Diethelm v. Krenkingen (1190-1206): 2435, 2447 Dietmar (?-1048): 1551 Dietrich d. Bedrängte (1197-1221): 2280-2285 Dietrich v. Horne (1376-1402): 1851 Dietrich v. Mörs (1414-1463): 2019-2026 Dietrich v. Krosigk (1180-1193): 1740 Dietrich I. (984-1026): 1099-1100 Dietrich I. (1111-1123): 2264 Dietrich I., Schenk z. Erbach (1434-1459): 2109 Dietrich I. v. Dameraw (1378-1400): 2990 Dietrich I. v. Meissen (1242-1272): 2270 Dietrich III. (1331-1361): 1867 Dietrich III. Ressler (1413-1438): 2991 Dietrich VI. (1202-1260): 1877-1881 Dietrich V. (1401-1443) Dieudonné de Gozon (1346-1353): 3993 Dinan: 349: 2171 Dinis I. (1279-1325): 3519 Dirk de Alsace (1128-1168): 1241 Dirk IV. (1039-1049): 715 Dirk V. (1061-1091): 717-718 Dirk VI. (1121-1157): 719 Dirk VII. (1190-1203): 720-721 Dokkum: 800, 810, 813 Domaricus, Moneyer: 155 Don Enrique (1259), Infante: 3433 Donzy, County: 374-375 Dorestad: 153, 180, 183, 189, 236-237 Dorpat, Diocese: 2990-2991 Dortmund: 1948-1958 Douai: 1260-1261 Dreux, County: 339-340 Drontheim, Archdiocese: 702 Drurdj Vukovic-Brankovic (1427-1456): 3900-3902 Duarte (1433-1438): 3536 Duisburg: 1963-1964 Dutta, Moneyer: 157 E Eadmund (855-870): 3047 Eadgar (959-975): 3061 Eadred (946-955): 3060 East Anglia: 3044-3047 East Frisia: 837-845 Eberhard (1277-1308): 1887 Eberhard II. v. Waldburg Thann (1248-1274): 2438-2442 Eberhard v. Diest (1275-1301): 1827-1828 Eberhard v. Seeburg (1170-1201): 1797 Edward the Black Prince (1362-1372): 415-421 Eberhard I. d. Schwabe (1164-1167): 2363 Eberhard II. (1200-1246): 2573-2583 Eberhard III. d. Milde (1392-1417): 2493 Edessa, County: 4073-4074 Edward the Confessor (1042-1066): 3163-3175 Edward the Elder (899-924): 3059 Edward I. (1272-1307): 3231-3250, 3323-3325 Edward II. (1307-1327): 406, 3251 Edward III. (1327-1377): 407-414, 3252-3263

Edward IV. (1461-1470 and 1471-1483): 3285-3290, 3326-3331 Eduard (1353-1371): 990-992 Edzard I. (1491-1528): 844 Edzard II. and Johann (1566-1591): 845 Eename: 1262 Egbert I. (1057-1068): 807-811 Egbert II. (1068-1090): 812-816 Egbert v. Andechs-Meranien (1203-1237): 2329-2332 Eger: 2347-2351 Eisenach: 2200-2206, 2209-2211, 2292, 2304 Eisleben: 2248-2250 Ekkehard (1215-1240): 1798 Elbing: 2968 Eleonore v. Aquitanien (1252-1307): 402-405 Elgerus III. (1191-1219): 2223 Elincourt and Ligny, County: 1384 Elisabeth (1323-1359): 2291 Elisabeth v. Bayern (1254-1258): 2427 Elisabeth v. Görlitz (1425-1443): 1412-1415 Elisabeth v. Görlitz and Antoine de Bourgogne (1412-1415): 1408 Elisabeth v. Görlitz and Jean de Bavaria (1419-1425): 14091411 Elisabeth v. Nassau (1370-1413): 1961-1962 Elisabeth v. Wetzikon (1270-1298): 2552-2554 Elsass: 581 Elsass-Lothringen: 522-613 Elsloo: 1876 Empuries, County: 3478 Engelbert I. (1259-1277): 1885-1886 Engelbert I. v. Berg (1216-1225): 1998-1999 Engelbert II. v. Falkenberg (1261-1274): 2004-2005, 2041 Engelhardt II. v. Meissen (1207-1242): 2269 England: 3035-3302 Ennighem: 811 Enno I. (1466-1491): 843 Enns: 2595, 2599, 2602-2603, 2620 Enrico Dandolo (1192-1205): 3625 Enrique II. (1368-1379): 3450-3453 Enrique III. (1390-1406): 3459-3462 Enrique IV. (1454-1474): 3465-3475 Epinal: 540, 543 Ercole I. d’Este (1471-1505): 3599, 3617 Erfurt: 2079, 2082-2083, 2088-2091, 2095-2101, 2103-2105 Erfurt, City : 2112 Erich I. (1377-1427): 1856 Erik Ejegod (1095-1103): 639 Erik Emune (1134-1137): 642-643 Erik Klipping (1259-1286): 657 Erik Menved (1286-1319): 658-659 Erik v. Pommern (1396-1439): 662-665, 689-690 Ermengol X. (1267-1314): 3479 Ermesinde (1196-1247): 1398 Ernst (1476-1513): 1789 Ernst I. (1397-1438): 2392-2393 Eschwege, Abbey: 2199 Essen, Abbey: 1959-1962 Esslingen: 2488 Étampes: 248 Etienne de Bar (1120-1163): 529 Etienne I. (1093-1138): 356 Etienne I. (1152-1190): 377 Eudes (Odo, 887-898): 229-232 Eudes l’Ancien (1012-1037): 379 Eudes I. (975-1004): 363 Eudes II. (1004-1037): 364 Eudes II. (996-1037): 365 Eugenio IV. (1431-1447): 3741-3744 F Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan (1144-1174): 4126-4129 Falkenburg: 1873 Federico il Semplice (1355-1377): 3847-3849 Federico II. di Montefeltro (1444-1482): 3711-3712 Ferdinand (1474-1479): 3476

Ferdinand and Isabella (1479-1504): 3510-3518 Ferdinando I. d’Aragona (1458-1494): 3768-3772, 3774-3775 Fernando I. (1376-1383): 3520-3526 Fernando II. (V. v. Spanien, 1479-1516): 3503-3504 Fernando III. (1217-1252): 3424 Fernando IV. (1295-1312): 3439 Ferrara: 3614-3617 Ferry IV. (1312-1328): 568 Filippo (1381-1387): 3668 Filippo Maria Visconti (1412-1447): 3558-3560 Fischau: 2637 Flandern, County: 1239-1343 Florent de Hainaut (1289-1297): 3969 Florenz: 3677-3689 Florenz v. Wevelinghofen (Münster 1364-1379, Utrecht 13791393): 903-905, 1830-1831 Floris I. (1049-1061): 716 Floris IV. (1222-1234): 725-729 Floris V. (1256-1296): 731-741 Före: 699 Formbach, Abbey: 2592 Formbach-Pütten: 2591 Fossombrone: 3710 Foulques l’Oison (1050-1066): 378 Fractional Coinage (Antiochia): 4091-4093 Francesco Dandolo (1328-1339): 3637-3639 Francesco I. da Carrara (1355-1388): 3621 François I. (1442-1450): 350 François II. (1458-1488): 351-355 Franken (cf. Merowinger und Karolinger): 151 Frankenhausen: 2214-2216 Frankfurt/Main: 2145-2156 Frankfurt/Oder: 1682 Frankreich, Feodales: 324-521 Frankreich, Duchy: 246-252 Frankreich, Kingdom: 253-333 Frederic (1032-1037): 2559 Frederic de Pluvois (1171-1179): 530 Frederick I. (1194-1198): 2594-2595 Frederick II. v. Walchen (1270-1284): 2584 Frederick III. v. Berg (1387-1416): 1030 Frederick III. (1457-1485): 2629-2636 Frederick IV. (1441-1452): 2589 Freiberg: 1573, 1577-1579, 1581, 1584, 1586, 2293-2301, 2303 Freiburg: 2506-2509, 2567 Friedrich (1172/1173-1178): 2761 Friedrich d. Friedfertige (1406-1440): 2303-2305 Friedrich v. Baden (1496-1517): 926-927 Friedrich v. Blankenheim (1393-1423): 906-911 Friedrich v. Schagen (1360-1386): 1591 Friedrich I. „Barbarossa“ (1152-1190): 1034-1035, 1200-1201, 1616, 1990-1991, 2141, 2145-2146, 2157, 2217-2220, 2228, 2236-2238, 2242-2243, 2420, 3545 Friedrich I. (1449-1476): 2120-2122 Friedrich I. v. Wettin (1142-1152): 1770 Friedrich II. (1189-1217): 2214-2216 Friedrich II. (1215-1250): 608-611, 1038-1040, 1925, 2128, 2244-2246, 2339-2345, 2347-2351, 2423-2426, 2468, 24732474, 3572, 3608-3609, 3820-3830 Friedrich II. (1250-1280): 3593 Friedrich II. (1375-1417): 1871 Friedrich II. (1440-1470): 1680-1682 Friedrich II. (1495-1547): 2932 Friedrich II. v. Kirchberg (1209-1236): 1742-1743 Friedrich II. d. Sanftmütige (1323-1349): 2290 Friedrich II. v. Saarwerden (1371-1414): 2014-2018 Friedrich II. d. Sanftmütige (1428-1464): 1572-1579 Friedrich III. (1417-1448): 1872-1873 Friedrich III. (1486-1505): 2418 Friedrich III. d. Strenge (1349-1381): 2292 Friedrich III. d. Weise (1486-1500): 1583-1587 Friedrich IV. d. Streitbare (1410-1423): 2296-2300 Friesach: 2570-2582 Friesische Imitationen: 711-714 Friesland: 151

Froburg, County: 2535: Fulda, Abbey: 2177-2183 G Gaeta: 3758 Galeazzo and Barnabò Visconti (1355-1378): 3551 Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1468-1476): 3561-3565, 3592 Galeazzo II. Visconti (1359-1378): 3574-3575 Galich: 3000-3002 Gandersheim, Abbey: 1812Gaucher de Châtillon (1313-1322): 579-580 Gausfred (1115-1164): 434-435 Gautier I. (1045-1102): 514 Gebhard VI. (1216-1240): 2254 Gebhard VII. (1240-1297): 2255-2257 Geertruidenberg: 758-759 Gegenstempel (Countermark): 791-792, 910-911, 1572, 1576, 1579, 1652, 2166, 3009-3011 Geiserich (428-477): 80-81 Gelimer (530-534): 93 Geoffroi et. Suc. (1060-1160): 374 Georg und Heinrich v. Sachsen (1501-1504): 836 Georg v. Podiebrad (1458-1471): 2788-2789 Gelnhausen: 2157-2159 Genf: 2558-2560 Gent: 1263-1268 Genua: 3589-3592 Georgia: 3949-3955 Gepiden: 128 Gera: 1810-1811 Gerard V. (1207-1229): 972-974 Gerberga v. Kappenberg (1126-1137): 1801 Gerdingen: 1186-1190 Gerhard (1112-1120): 1792-1795 Gerhard (1422-1461): 1891 Gerhard v. Oldenburg (1193-1215): 1836 Gerhard v. Schwarzburg (1372-1400): 2322 Gerhard v. Wippingen (1310-1325): 2523 Gerhard II. v. d. Lippe (1219-1258): 1593 Gerhard II. v. Eppstein (1288-1305): 2103 Gerhard IV. (1297-1328): 1896-1898 Gero v. Schermke (1160-1177): 1731-1738 Gerona: 3509 Gertrud (1180-1188): 2199 Gertrud v Amfurt (1233-1270): 1808 Geza I. (1064-1074): 2830 Geza II. (1141-1161): 2844 Giacomo (1285-1296): 3844-3845 Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1385-1402): 3553-3557, 3611 Gien: 374 Giovanni Dandolo (1280-1289): 3632-3633 Giovanni Dolfin (1356-1361): 3641 Giovanni Galeazzo Maria and Ludovico Maria Sforza (14761494): 3566-3568 Giovanni Mocenigo (1478-1485): 3652 Giovanni Soranzo (1312-1327): 3636 Giovanni di Moravia (1387-1394): 3669-3670 Giovanni I. Paleologo (1338-1372): 3587 Giovanni II. (1458-1479): 3851 Giovanni VIII. and Ludwig II. (872-875): 3723 Giovanni IX. and Lamberto (898-900): 3725 Giovanni XXII. (1316-1334): 3736 Gisbert v. Bronkhorst (1273-1306): 1596 Gisulfo I. (946-977): 3778-3779 Gisulfo I. and Pandolfo (975-977): 3780 Gittelde: 1714-1715 Givardo (1209-1212): 3674 Gnoien: 1639 Godebald (1112-1128): 872 Godfried v. Rhenen (1157-1178): 876 Görz: 2694-2696 Golden Horde: 3022-3034 Gollnow: 1656 Gorinchem: 1092-1093 Gorze, Abbey: 564

Gosdantin I. (1298-1299): 4040 Gosdantin IV. (1365-1373): 4043 Goslar: 1705-1712 Goslar, City: 1713 Gotha: 1572, 1580, 2212, 2291 Gotifredo (1182-1194): 3658 Gottfried v. Arnsberg (1321-1349): 1848-1849 Gottffried v. Helfenstein-Sigmaringen (1247-1263): 2484 Gottfried I. (1012-1023): 1094 Gottfried II. (1046-1065): 1096-1098 Gottfried III. v. Dalenbrock (1361-1395): 1868 Gottfried IV., Schenk v. Limburg (1443-1455): 2323 Gozelo I. (1023-1044): 1095 Granada, Kings of: 3413-3414 Graz: 2633-2636, 2640-2641, 2643-2646 Gregorio (1251-1269): 3663-3664 Gregorius XI. (1370-1378): 3737-3738 Greifswald: 1654 Grenafundet: 649, 653 Griffen: 2673 Grimoald III. (788-806): 148 Groningen, City : 944-958 Gubbio : 3711-3712 Guelders: 971-1024 Günther II. (1168-1197): 2229 Güstrow: 1638, 1640 Guglielmo (1111-1127): 3781 Guglielmo I. (1154-1166): : 3802-3805 Guglielmo II. (1166-1189): 3805-3812 Guglielmo II. Paleologo (1494-1518): 3588 Guglielmo III. (1193): 3814 Gui Geoffroi (1034-1058): 395 Gui IV. v. Saint-Pol: 1384 Guido I. de la Roche (1225-1263): 3978 Guido II. de la Roche (1287-1308): 3980-3981 Guidobaldo I. da Montefeltro (1472-1508): 3709-3710 Guillaume Longue-Epée (927-943): 334 Guillaume de Challant (1406-1431): 2566 Guillaume le Conquérant (1035-1087): 338 Guillaume de Monthonay (1394-1406): 2565 Guillaume I. (1176-1202): 517 Guillaume I. (1304-1337): 1357-1361 Guillaume I. (1337-1391): 1396 Guillaume I. de la Roche (1280-1287): 3979 Guillaume II. (1337-1345): 1362-1363 Guillaume II. (1391-1418): 1397: Guillaume III. (1356-1389): 1366-1367: : Guillaume IV. (1060-1088): 439 Guillaume IV. (1404-1417): 1371-1373 Guillaume X. (1127-1137): 396-397 Gumprecht II. v. Neuenahr (1422-1465): 1866 Gunthamund (484-496): 83-87 Gutenwert: 2674, 2676-2678 Guy de Lusignan (1192-1194): 4005 Guy Dampierre (1280-1305): 1295-1296, 1389-1391 H Habsburger, House of: 2536-2537 Haguenau: 608-611 Haimo (990-1024): 556 Hainaut, County: 1345-1375 Haithabu: 614-617 al-Hakam (796-822): 3381-3384 al-Hakam II. (961-976): 3390 Halberstadt: 1576, 1715, 1728-1745 Hall: 2689-2693 Hamaland: 968-969 Hamburg, City: 1602-1610 Hamburg-Bremen, Archdiocese: cf. Bremen, Archdiocese Hamburg-Neustadt: 1601 Handin bin Mohamed (1144-1145): 3407 Hannover, City: 1703-1704 Hans (1481-1513): 667-669 Harald Blatand (936-987): 615-619 Harald Hardrade (1045-1066): 696

Harald Hein (1075-1080): 638 Harold I. (1035/37-1040) 3159-3161 Harold II. (1066): 3176-3177: Harderwijk: 988-989 Hartbert (1139-1150): 873 Harthaknut (1035-1042, Kg. of Denmark and England): 623-624 (Denmark), 3162 (England) Hartmann v. Dillingen (1250-1286): 2409-2412 Hartmann v. Froburg (1240-1281): 2535 Hartwig I. v. Lierheim (1167-1184): 2399-2400 Hartwig II. v. Hirnheim (1202-1208): 2405-2406 Hartwig IV. (1079-1102): 1764-1766 Haymo (1022-1026): 2433 Hedwig v. Sachsen (1458-1511): 1809 Heidelberg: 2113, 2115-2116 Heinrich d. Ältere (1195-1210): 2113 Heinrich d. Erlauchte (1256-1288): 2241, 2286-2289 Heinrich d. Gute (976-1016): 1611-1612 Heinrich d. Löwe (1142-1180): 1555-1560, 2366-2367 Heinrich d. Stolze (1137-1139): 1554 Heinrich I. (919-936): 1545 Heinrich I. (948-955): 2353 Heinrich I. (1127-1155): 2187 Heinrich I. (1247-1257): 1721-1724 Heinrich I. (1263-1308): 2163-2164 Heinrich I. v. Bilversheim (1242-1257): 2333-2335 Heinrich I. v. Harburg (1142-1153): 2087-2089 Heinrich I. v. Molenark (1225-1238): 2000-2001 Heinrich I. v. Wolfratshausen (1132-1155): 2362 Heinrich II. (Dk. 995-1004, Kg. 1002-1024): 585-586, 846-847, 1052-1057, 1949, 1972, 2354-2357, 2419, 2488, 2569, 3543, 3571 Heinrich II. (1235-1290): 1855 Heinrich II. v. Birneburg (1304-1322): 1819 Heinrich II. v. Finstingen (1260-1286): 2055 Heinrich II. v. Rotheneck (1277-1296): 2377-2383 Heinrich II. v. Schwarzburg (1463-1496): 1597-1598 Heinrich II. v. Virneburg (1306-1332): 2007-2008 Heinrich III. (Dk. 1027-1042, Kg. 1039-1056): 475-478, 934936, 1716, 1746-1747, 1951, 1963, 1965-1966, 2079-2081, 2129-2130, 2139, 2359, 3544, 3691 Heinrich III. (1192-1216): 2178 Heinrich III. d. Reiche (1180-1224): 2306 Heinrich III. v. Erthal (1252-1263): 2196 Heinrich III. v. Homburg (1275-1306): 1861 Heinrich III. v. Virneburg (1328-1346): 2104-2105 Heinrich IV. (Dk. 1053-106, Kg. 1056-1106): 1705, 1964, 21312132, 2360-2361, 3623 Heinrich IV. Caseus v. Hessberg (1202-1207): 2314 Heinrich IV. (1204-1228): 2675-2676 Heinrich IV. Rapse (1227-1238): 2162 Heinrich IV. d. Reiche (1393-1450): 2389-2390 Heinrich IV. v. Erthal (1249-1261): 2180-2181 Heinrich V. (1018-1026): 2358 Heinrich V. (1106-1125): 1197-1199, 1748 Heinrich V. (1144-1161): 2648 Heinrich V. (1302-1329): 2225 Heinrich V. v. Boineburg (1270-1292): 2197 Heinrich V. v. Weilnau (1288-1313): 2183 Heinrich VI. (1190-1197): 1202, 2147, 2239-2240, 2279, 24212422, 2471, 3815-3819 Heinrich VI. v. Swinrode (1296-1300): 2198 Heinrich VII. (1220-1235): 1036-1037 Heinrich VII. v. Luxemburg (1308-1313): 1929-1930, 3547 Heinrich VIII. (1367-1408): 2224 Heinrich IX. (1281-1320): 2308 Heinrich X. d. Stolze (1126-1138): 2365 Heinrich XIII. (1253-1290): 2372-2373 Heinrich XV. (1280-1331): 2230 Heinsberg: 1867-1869 Helfenstein-Sigmaringen: 2484 Helion de Villeneuve (1319-1346): 3992 Helmet Deniers (Antiochia): 4088-4090 Hendrik v. Vianden (1250-1267): 889-895 Henneberg, County: 2231-2234

Henning v. Scharfenberg (1424-1448): 2987-2988 Henri le Noir (1039-1056): : cf. Heinrich III. Henri de Verdun (1075-1091): 1206-1207 Henri I. (1031-1060): 256 Henri I. (1190-1235): 1107-1112 Henri I. (1247-1281): 1399-1400 Henri II. (1285-1324): 4008 Henri II. de Limbourg (1145-1165): 1210 Henri IV. (1261-1267): 1118-1120 Henri V. (1415-1422): 316 Henri VI. (1422-1453): 317-320 Henry Count of Champagne (1192-1197): 4110 Henry Earl of Lancaster (1347-1361): 430-431 Henry I. (1100-1135): 3184-3187 Henry II. (1152-1172): 398 Henry II. (1154-1189): 3190-3192 Henry III. (1216-1272): 3198-3230, 3318-3322 Henry IV. (1399-1413): 3268 Henry V. (1413-1422): 3268 (?), 3269-3272 Henry VI. (1422-1461): 3273-3284 Henry VII. (1485-1509): 3292-3301, 3332-3336 Henry VIII. (1509-1547): 3302 Herbert I. Eveille-Chien (1015-1035): 358 Herford, Abbey: 1818-1820, 2044 Herimann (1048-1065): 589-603 Herimann (1073-1090): 543 Hermann (1059-1086): 1553 Hermann v. Bonstetten (1333-1360): 2454 Hermann v. Hoorne (1150-1156): 874-875 Hermann I. (1190-1217): 2201-2206 Hermann I. (1245-1290): 2231 Hermann I. v. Holte (1223-1254): 1860 Hermann I. (1362-1376): 963 Hermann II. (1036-1039): 1980-1981 Hermann II. (1227-1242) Hermann II. v. Aurich (1170-1177): 2328 Hermann IV. v. Werl (1047-1050): 838 Hermann IV. v. Hessen (1480-1508): 2030-2032 Herrenbreitungen: 2196 Hersfeld, Abbey: 2184-2198 „Herstal type“: 165 Herve I. (1144-1192): 376 Herve III. de Donzy (1160-1194): 375 Hessen, County: 2162-2168 Hetoum I. (1226-1271): 4026-4033 Hetoum II. (1289-1306): 4036-4037 Hettstedt: 2260-2263 Hiberno-Norse: 3303-3314 Hildbold v. Wunstorf (1258-1273): 1594-1595 Hildegunde v. Otgenbach (1374-1409): 1820 Hilderich (523-530): 91-92 Hildesheim: 1716-1727 Hildolf (1076-1079): 1984 Hisham I. (788-796): 3380 Hisham II. (976-1009): 3391-3395: Höchst: 2106-2108 Hohenstaufen in Sicily and South Italy : 3815-3837 Hohnstein, County: 2223-2224 Holland, County: 715-792 Holzkirchenpfennige: 1536-1540 Hoya, County: 1855-1859 Hubert de Grammont (1120-1135): 2560 Hugues de Pierrepont (1200-1229): 1224 Hugh Bardoul (1028-1055): 340, 342 Hugh III. (1085-1100): 488 Hugh V. (1305-1315): 481 Hugo Capet (956-987): 249-250, 253-254 Hugo d. Große (943-956): 246-248 Hugo v. Montfort (1232-1242): 2469 Hugo I. (1162-1182): 2489 Hugo I. (1205-1218): 4006 Hugo IV. (1230-1269): 3478 (or Hugo V., 1269-1277) Hugo IV. (1324-1359): 4009-4011 Hulagu (1260-1265): 3952 Hunerich (477-484): 82

Hungary: 2823-2913 Husam al-Din Timurtash (1122-1152): 4134 Husam al-Din Yuluq Arslan (1184-1201): 4142-4148 Hussiten (1420-1436): 2784 I Iacopo Contarini (1275-1280): 3631 Iacopo Tiepolo (1229-1249): 3626 Iacopo II. da Carrara (1345-1350): 3620 Idris Alali (1047-1055): 3400 Iglau: 2787 Ingolstadt: 2386-2388 Innocenz VIII. (1484-1492): 3752-3754 Irland: 3303-3336 Irmgard v. Wittgenstein (1290-1323): 1818 Isabelle de Villehardouin (1297-1301): 3970 Isembard (1033-1063): 252 Ishaq bin Ali (1145-1147): 3406 Issoudun: 382-383 Italien: 3540-3852 Ivan Stracimir (1371-1395): 3912-3918 Iwan Andrejewitsch (1432-1454): 3003 Iwan Iwanowitsch (1485-1490): 3004 J Jacoba v. Bayern (1428-1433): 787-790, 1374-1375 Jakob v. Sierck (1439-1456): 2074 Jaime I. (1213-1276): 3490-3494 Jaime II. (1291-1327): 3496 Jaime III. (1324-1343): 3506-3507 James I. (1406-1437): 3366 James II. (1437-1460): 3367-3371 James III. (1460-1488): 3372-3373 James V. (1513-1542): 3374 Jan v. Arkel (1342-1364): 896-899 Jan v. Bayern (1418-1425): 778-782 Jan v. Verneburg (1364-1371): 900-901 Jan v. Wesemael (1415-1464): 1182-1184 Jan I. (1296-1299): 742-743 Jan I. (1317-1336): 959-962 Jan III. (1359-1415): 1089 Jan V. v. Arkel (1396-1428): 1090-1091 Janibek Khan (1339-1357): 3023-3024 Jaques de Lorraine (1239-1260): 537-538 Jaromar II. (1249-1260): 1644 Jaromir (1004-1012): 2705 Jean d’Apremont (1225-1238): 532-536 Jean d’Aps (1229-1238): 1225 Jean d’Arkel (1364-1378): 1229 Jean de Brienne (1212-1225/1231-1237): 3959, 4111 Jean de Flandre (1282-1292): 1226 Jean de Flandre (1313-1325): 1385 Jean de Heinsberg (1419-1455): 1230-1231 Jean de Horn (1484-1505): 1236-1238 Jean sans Peur (1404-1419): 482, 1337-1340 Jean I. (1267-1294): 1121-1127 Jean I. (1297-1331): 1393-1394 Jean I. (1346-1389): 570 Jean I. le Roux (1237-1286): 346-347 Jean II. (1249-1312): 1128 Jean II. (1309-1346): 1401 Jean II. de Avesnes (1280-1304): 1350-1356 Jean II. le Bon (1350-1364): 295-301 Jean II. de Bourbon (1459-1488): 388 Jean III. (1312-1355): 1129-1147 Jean III. Jofevry (1352-1354): 505 Jean IV. (1415-1427): 1166-1171 Jean V. de Montfort (1399-1442): 348-349 Jeanne (1205-1244): 1346-1347 Jeanne and Wenceslaus (1355-1383): 1148-1159 Jeanne veuve and Philipp le Hardi (1384-1389): 1160 Jeanne veuve (1392-1406): 1161 Jelling: 618-619 Jena: 2305 Jerusalem, Kingdom: 4103-4120

Jetons (Counting pennies): 4184-4213: Jever: 1548-1553 Joao I. (1385-1433): 3527-3535 Joao II. (1481-1495): 3538 Johann Albert (1492-1501): 2966-2967 Johann Hoet (1349-1366): 1850 Johann v. Hoya (1450-1456): 1833 Johann v. Luxemburg (1310-1346): 2783 Johann v. Tiefen (1489-1498): 2980 Johann I. (1151-1170): 1796 Johann I. (1220-1267): 1672 Johann I. (1347-1368): 1883 Johann I. (1395-1438): 1869 Johann I. (1404-1410-1443): 2125 Johann I. (1448-1481): 1892-1893 Johann I. (1481-1516): 1821 Johann II. (1377-1422): 1853 Johann II. (1469-1486): 2418 Johann II. (1481-1521): 1894-1895 Johann II. v. Baden (1456-1503): 2075 Johann II. Sens v. Münsingen (1335-1365): 2524-2526 Johann II. v. Nassau (1397-1419): 2106-2107 Johann II. v. Reisberg (1429-1441): 2587-2588 Johann III. Rode (1497-1511): 1599 Johann III. v. Grumbach (1455-1466): 2326 Johann III. v. Vienne (1366-1382): 2527 Johanna v. Mercede (1449-1467): 1186-1190 Johanna v. Wesemael (1464-1474): 1185 Johannes I. (1201-1213): 2188-2190 Johannes II. (1280-1297): 3940-3942 Johannes III. (1222-1254): 3960-3963 Johannes IV. (1447-1458): 3948 Johannes VI. Ambundi (1418-1424): 2986 John (1199-1216): 3194-3196, 3315-3317 John Balliol (1292-1296): 3353 John v. Gravina (1322-1333): 3975 John v. Montfort (1270-1283): 4120 John II. (1432-1458): 4014 Josse v. Moravien (1388-1411): 1406-1407 Juan Fernandez d’Heredia (1376-1396): 3998-3999 Juan I. (1379-1390): 3454-3458 Juan II. (1406-1454): 3463-3464 Judenta v. Hagenbusch (1229-1254): 2551 Jülich, County: 1896-1898 Jülich-Geldern, Duchy: 1899-1906 Juri Dimitriewitsch (1389-1434): 3000-3001 K Kärnten: 2647-2672 Kammin, Bistum: 1661-1663 Kampen: 1079, 1085-1087 Karel v. Egmond (1492-1538): 1016-1024 Karel de Stoute (1467-1477): 1433-1446: Karl d. Große (768-814): 179-184 Karl d. Kahle (840-877): 198-217, 3540 Karl Knutsson Bonde (1467-1470): 692 Karl Robert (1308-1342): 2884-2890 Karl III. d. Dicke (884-887): 219 Karl III. d. Einfältige (898-923): 220-224 Karlmann (880-884): 218 Karolinger: 178-245 Karthago: 94-96 Kasimir (1177-1199): 2957 Kasimir Jagello (1447-1492): 2965 Kassel: 2207-2208 Kastilien: 3420-3423 Kastilien and León: 3415-3417, 3424-3476 Kempten: 2465-2468 Kent: 3053 Khidr Khan (1360-1361): 3030 Khizr Khan (1359-1361): 3031-3033 Kiel: 1615 Kingdom Aragon in Sicily and South Italy: 3843-3851 Kleve, County: 1877-1883 Kleve-Mark, Duchy: 1889-1895

Knut (1016-1035, Kg. of Denmark and England): 620-622 (Denmark), 3083-3158 (England) Knut Eriksson (1167-1196): 673-674 Knut VI. (1182-1202): 647-650 Kolberg: 1661 Köln: 221, 241 Köln, Archdiocese: 1969-2032 Köln, City: 2033-2036 Köln, Mintplaces in possession of: 2037-2046 Köthen: 1563 Koevorden: 964-966 Koloman (1095-1114): 2832-2837 Konrad v. Hochstaden (1238-1261): 2002-2003, 2038, 2040 Konrad v. Fohnsdorf (1291-1312): 2586 Konrad v. Jungingen (1393-1407): 2975 Konrad v. Krosigk (1201-1208): 1741 Konrad v. Querfurt (1134-1142): 1767-1769 Konrad v. Schwaben (1076-1098): 867-870 Konrad v. Wettin (1144-1156): 2309 Konrad v. Wittelsbach (1183-1200): 2093-2096 Konrad v. Zimmern (1234-1255): 2448 Konrad I. (1054-1092): 2802 Konrad I. d. Große (1130-1156): 2274-2276 Konrad I. v. Querfurt (1198-1202): 2313 Konrad I. v. Velber (1227-1239): 1837 Konrad II. (1024-1039): 474, 587, 848, 937-939, 1058-1059, 1746, 1950, 1967-1968, 1973-1980, 2078 Konrad II. (1177-1192): 2177 Konrad II. (1221-1246): 1719-1720 Konrad II. (1368-1386): 1588-1589 Konrad II. v. Raitenbusch (1167-1185): 2364 Konrad II. v. Rietberg (1270-1297): 1844-1847 Konrad II. v. Sternberg (1171-1192): 2134-2135 Konrad II. v. Tegernfeld (1209-1233): 2436-2437 Konrad III. (1419-1434): 2108 Konrad III. v. Malkos (1222-1249): 2179 Konrad III. v. Scharfenberg (1200-1240): 2143 Konrad VIII. (1510-1514): 1854 Konradin (1258-1268): 2428-2432, 2475 Konstanz: 2433-2446 Korbach: 2175 Kortrijk: 1269 Koslin: 1663 Krain: 2682-2684 Krakau: 2942-2943, 2946, 2948-2951, 2957, 2964-2967 Kremnitz: 2901, 2905, 2907, 2910, 2912-2913 Krenkingen, Gents of: 2533-2534 Kristian I.: cf. Christian I. (1457-1461) Kuinre: 959-963 Kuno II. V. Falkenstein (1362-1388): 2059-2063 Kuttenberg: 2783, 2788-2793 L Ladislaus (1301-1305): 2879-2883 Ladislaus V. Posthumus (1452-1457): 2628, 2905 Ladislaus I. (1077-1095): 2831 Ladislaus I. (1440-1444): 2904 Ladislaus II. (1490-1516): 2910-2913 Ladislaus IV. (1272-1290): 2873-2878, 3857 Laibach: 2663 Landfried (1170-1187): 2465 Landsberg: 2176 Landstraß: 2660-2662 Langobarden: 139-146 Langres: 226 Laon: 266, 268 La Rochelle: 321 Latin Empire: 3959 Latin Kingdom: 4118-4120 Lausanne: 2561-2567 Lausitz, Margraviate: 2309-2310 Le Mans: 208, 358-359 Lemberg: 2970 León: 3418-3419: Leonard (1462-1500): 2694

Leonard v. Keutschach (1495-1519): 2590 Leonardo I. (1232-1234): 3675 Leopold (1398-1459): 2395 Leopold IV. (1395-1406): 2687 Leopold V. (1177-1194): 2593 Leopold VI. (1210-1230): 2596-2600, 2638-2640, 2677 Leo Thundorfer (1262-1277): 2376 Leo IV. and Lothar (847-855): 3722 Leipzig: 1575, 1582 Leuchtenberg: 2395 Leupold I. v. Gründlach (1296-1303): 2337 Leuven, Counts of: 1102-1105 Leuwaarden: 802-803, 806, 808, 814 Levantine Imitations: 3991 Levon I. (1187-1199-1219): 4018-4025 Levon II. (1270-1289): 4034-4035 Levon III. (1306-1307): 4041 Levon V. (1374-1375): 4044 Liegnitz-Brieg: 2929-2932 Lienz: 2694-2696 Lille: 1270-1273 Limburg: 1177, 2169-2173 Limoges: 162, 229 Limoges, Vicecounty: 426 Lindau, Abbey: 2457-2459 Linnich: 1870 Lippe, Edelherren: 1863-1865 Lis Deniers (Antiochia): 4094-4095 Lithuania: 2968 Liudolf (989-996): 2398 Liuthar Udo I. (1034-1057): 1613 Liutprand (712-744): 146 Livländischer Orden: cf. Livonian Brothers of the Sword Livonian Brothers of the Sword: 2981-2985 Lobdeburg: 2235 Lodewijk v. Nevers (1332-1346): 1302-1309 Lodewijk v. Male (1346-1384): 1310-1323 Lodewijk v. Stein-Diepenbeek († 1350): 1194 Lödöse: 683 Lodovico I. di Savoie (1285-1302): 3576 Lodovico II. (1412-1420): 3673 Looz, County: 1178-1180 Lorenzo Celsi (1361-1365): 3642 Lorenzo Tiepolo (1268-1275): 3629-3630 Lorraine, Duchy: 567-578 Lorsch, Abbey: 2136-2137 Lothar v. Supplinburg (1125-1137): 2140 Lothar I. (840-855): 236-239 Lothar III., Kg. v. Westfranken (954-986): 227-228 Lothringen: cf. Lorraine, Duchy/Lower Lorraine/Upper Lorraine Louis (1191-1205): 367 Louis de Borubon (1456-1482): 1232-1235 Louis de Savoie (1459-1460): 4016 Louis l’Aveugle (901-905): 455 Louis VI. (1108-1137): 261-262 Louis VII. (1137-1180): 263-266 Louis VIII. - IX. (1223-1245/50): 269 Louis IX. (1245/50-1270): 270-272 Louis XI. (1461-1483): 326-327 Louis XII. (1498-1514): 332-333 Lower Lorraine: 1094-1098 Lucca: 3690-3693 Luchino and Giovanni Visconti (1339-1349): 3549 Ludolf v. Holte (1227-1248): 1825 Ludolf v. Köppenstedt (1192-1205): 1775-1777 Ludovico Maria Sforza (1494-1499): 3569 Ludwig d. Fromme (814-840): 186-195 Ludwig v. Burgund (1313-1316): 3973 Ludwig v. Hessen (1310-1357): 1829 Ludwig I. (1217-1239): 2191-2194 Ludwig I. (1342-1382): 2891-2895 Ludwig I. (1413-1458): 2165-2166 Ludwig I. d. Kelheimer (1183-1231): 2368 Ludwig II. und Angilberga (866-871): 150 Ludwig II. (1140-1172): 2200

Ludwig II. d. Strenge (1268-1273): 2346 Ludwig II. († 1436): 2929-2930 Ludwig III. (1410-1436): 2117-2119, 2124 Ludwig IV. d. Kind (899-911): 241 Ludwig IV., Kg. v. Westfranken (936-954): 225-226 Ludwig IV. (1217-1227): 2207 Ludwig IV. d. Bayer (1313-1347): 1931-1932, 1954 Ludwig XI. d. Reiche (1450-1479): 2391 LVDOVICVS-Imitationen: 242-244: Lübeck: 1616-1623 Lüttich: 1203-1238 Lüneburg: 1559-1560, 1686-1692, 1694 Lüneburg, City: 1699-1702 Luert Abdena (1346-1358): 842 Lund: 620-621, 623, 626-627, 629, 630-631, 633-635, 638-639, 642, 651, 658, 661-662, 684 Lupold v. Schönfeld (1203-1208): 2097-2098 Lutold (1092-1112): 2807 Luxemburg, County and Duchy: 1398-1415 Luzern: 2546-2548 Lyon: 163, 324, 332-333 Lyon, Archdiocese: 493-496 Lyon, County: 492 M Maastricht: 154-155, 1197-1202 “Maastricht type”: 164 Macerata: 3718-3719 Mâcon: 260 Madelinus, Moneyer: 153 Mähren: cf. Moravia Magdeburg, Archdiocese: 1540, 1746-1789 Magnus Eriksson (1319-1363): 683-684 Magnus d. Gute (1042-1047): 626-628 Magnus Ladulas (1275-1290): 680-682 Magnus und Balthasar (1477-1503): 1640-1642 Mahaut de Hainaut (1316-1321): 3974 Mahaut II. (1241-1257): 508 Mailand: 106, 182, 239, 3542-3569 Maine, County: 358-359 Mainfranken: 2352 Mainz: 156, 240 Mainz, Archdiocese: 2076-2111 Mallorca: 3505-3507 Malmo: 666-668 Mamelukken in Mosul: 4176 Manfredi (1258-1266): 3835-3837 Mansfeld, County: 2248-2253 Manuel I. (1238-1263): 3937-3939 Manuel I. (1495-1521): 3539 Mantua : 3613: : Marburg: 2162-2163 Marco Cornardo (1365-1368): 3643 Maria (1382-1385): 2896-2898 Maria (1477-1482): 1447-1459 Maria v. Brabant (1362-1399): 1088 Marie de Blois (1346-1348): 569 Marie v. Artois (1342-1353): 1395 Marino II. (978-984): 3758 Margaretha v. Avesnes (1345-1356): 1364-1365 Margaretha v. Konstantinopel (1244-1280): 1294, 1348-1349 Mark, County: 1884-1888 Markdorf: 2485 Marquard v. Randeck (1348-1366): 2414 Marseille: 173-174 Martin I. (1396-1410): 3500 Martin Truchsess (1477-1489): 2979 Martino V. (1417-1431): 3740 Mathilde (966-999): 1799-1800 Matthias Corvinus (1458-1490): 2906-2909, 2939 Maurinus, Moneyer: 167 Mauritiuspfennige (Magdeburg): 1749-1763 Maximilian I. (1490-1519): 2691-2693, 2696 Meaux, Diocese: 514-516 Mecklenburg: 1624-1643

Megen: 1089 Mehmed II. (1451-1481): 4125 Meinhard v. Görz-Tirol (1286-1290): 2668-2670 Meinhard I. (1018-1034): 2312 Meissen, Diocese: 2273 Meissen, Margraviate: 2274-2305 Melgueil, County: 454 Melle: 186, 190, 197-198, 214-215 Memmingen: 2483 Meran: 2685-2688 Mercia: 3035-3043 Merowinger: 152-177 Merseburg, Diocese: 1790-1798 Metz: 166 Metz, Bistum: 522-542 Metz, Stadt: 545-549 Michael (1344-1349): 3945 Michael Küchmeister v. Sternberg (1414-1422): 2977 Michael II. Asen (1246-1256): 3910 Michail Andrejewitsch (1432-1485): 3006-3008 Michail Borissowitsch (1461-1485): 3020 Middelburg: 1274-1275 Middenfriesland: 793-836 Middle East: 4060-4071 Mieszko III. (1173-1177): 2954-2956 Migration Period: cf. Völkerwanderung Mihael I. (1418-1420): 3931 Minde, Edelherren: 1862 Mircea cel Batrin (1386-1418): 3925-3930 Modena: 3600 Mörs: 1871-1872 Mohamed Almotamid (1060-1091): 3401 Moldavia: 3932-3936 Monferrato (Casale): 3587-3588 Moravia: 2794-2822 Mordwina: 3021 Mosbach: 2126-2127 Moscow: 2995-2998 Moschaisk: 3003-3004 Mstislav Vladimirovitch (988-1036): 3956 Mühlhausen: 2217-2222 Mühlheim: 1909, 1911, 1914-1917, 1920-1922 München: 2384-2385, 2392-2393 Münster, Diocese: 1822-1833 Münzenberg, County: 2160 Muhammad I. (852-886): 3386 Muhammad II. (1009-1010): 3396: Mu’izz al-Din Sanjar Shah (1180-1209): 4179 Murbach, Abbey: 2514 Musa ibn Mahfuz (1234-1262): 3412 N Naestved: 663-664 Nagybanya: 2906 Najm al-Din Alpi (1152-1176): 4135-4139 Najm al-Din Ghazi I., al-Sa’id (1239-1260): 4163-4169 Najm al-Din Ghazi II. (1294-1312): 4170 Namur, County: 1386-1397 Nantes: 352-354 Napoli: 3760-3773 Narbonne: 185 Nasir al-Din Mahmud (1200-1222): 4131-4132 Nasir al-Din Artuq Arslan (1201-1239): 4149-4162 Nasir al-Din Mahmud (1219-1234): 4175 Naumburg-Zeitz: 2264-2270 Navarra: 3485 Navarra and Aragón: 3482-3484 Nawruz Khan (1360): 3029 Nebra: 2258-2259 Nemfidius, Patricius: 175-176 Neunkirchen: 2591-2592 Neuss, City: 2045-2046 Nevers, County: 507-509 Nicaea: 3960-3965 Nicolas III. de Fontaine (1248-1272): 1380

Nicolaas v.d. Donck (1489-1506): 1193 Nicolo Tron (1471-1473): 3650-3651 Nicolo de Boemia (1350-1358): 3667 Nicolo III. d’Este (1393-1441): 3616 Niederlande: 711-1514 Nienburg : 1856 Niels (1103-1134): 640-641 Nijmegen: 987, 1000-1002, 1110, 1032-1047 Nimwegen: cf. Nijmegen Nivelles, Abbey: 1176 Nördlingen: 2495 Nogent: : 341-342 Norbertus, Moneyer: 161 Nordhausen, Abbey: 2226-2227 Nordhausen, Imperial Mint: 2228 Normandie: 334-338 Normans in Sicily and South Italy: 3787-3814 Norre: 659 Northumbria: 3049-3052 Norwegen: 696-702 Novgorod: 2992-2993 Nürnberg: 2338-2346 O Oberpfalz: 2123-2127 Oberzeiring: 2642, 2645-2646 Odalrich v. Dillingen (923-973): 2397 Odo: cf. Eudes Odo III. (1193-1218): 479 Öls: 2935 Österreich: cf. Austria Ötting: 2390-2391 Olaf Skötkonung (994-1021/22): 670-672 Oldenburg, County: 1588-1589 Oleg Iwanowitsch (1380-1402): 3009-3011 Offa (757-796): 3035-3037 Olmütz: 2794-2800 Orange: 499-501 Orbaek: 624 Orchies: 1276 Ordulf (1059-1071): 1552 Orio Malipiero (1178-1192): 3624 Orleans: 167, 209, 235, 249-250, 259, 261 Oshin (1308-1320): 4042 Oslo: 700 Osnabrück, Diocese: 1834-1851 Ostfriesland: cf. East Frisia Ostgoten: 106-128 Otakar IV. (1164-1192): 2637 Otbert (1092-1119): 1208 Otto d. Erlauchte (1231-1253): 2369-2371 Otto d. Kind (1227-1252): 1693 Otto d. Reiche (1156-1190): 2277-2278 Otto d. Strenge (1277-1330): 1694 Otto v. Grandson (1306-1309): 2522 Otto v. Rietberg (1277-1307): 1816 Otto z. Lippe (1231-1248): 1590 Otto I. (936-973): 582-583, 1048, 1969, 3570, 3607 Otto I. (1182-1207): 971 Otto I. (1410-1461): 2126-2127 Otto I. d. Schöne (1061-1087): 2794-2795 Otto I. v. Lobdeburg (1207-1223): 2315-2320 Otto I. v. Oldenburg (1203-1218): 1824 Otto II. (973-983): 2076-2077, 2138, 2311, 3542, 3690 Otto II. (1064-1113): 970 Otto II. (1184-1205): 1670-1671 Otto II. v. Freising (1184-1220): 2674 Otto II. z. Lippe (1215-1226): 880 Otto II. (1229-1271): 975-987 Otto III. (983-1002): 584, 933, 1049-1051, 1203, 1540-1544, 1948, 1970-1971, 2076-2077, 2138, Otto III. (1220-1267): 1672 Otto III. (1234-1249): 888 Otto III. (1249-1306): 1907-1908 Otto III. (1290-1312): 2374-2375

Otto III. (1295-1310): 2671-2672 Otto III. (1305-1311): 1882 Otto III. (1383-1427): 1857-1859 Otto III. v. Berge (1384-1397): 1862 Otto III. V. Zutphen (1102-1107): 817 Otto IV. (1195-1218): 1691-1692, 3692 Otto IV. (1208-1215): 2221 Otto IV. (1267-1308): 1673-1677 Otto V. (1267-1298): 1673-1677 Otto VII. v. Andechs-Meranien († 1234): 2678 Otto-Adelheid-Pfennige: 1541-1544 Ottoman Empire: 4124-4125 Oyen: 1088 P Paderborn: 1813-1816 Padua: 3618-3621 Palacius, Palatinus: 169, 210 Paolo II. (1464-1471): 3746-3749 Paris: 168, 204, 222, 255, 264, 309 Parma: 3598 Passau, Diocese: 2396 Pavia: 184, 3570-3575 Paul v. Russdorf (1422-1441): 2978 Pedro (1347-1408): 3481 Pedro I. (1350-1369): 3444-3449 Pedro I. (II. of Aragon, 1196-1213): 3489 Pedro III. (IV. of Aragon, 1336-1387): 3498-3499 Pedro I. de Huesca (1094-1104): 3484 Pellegrino II. (1195-1204): 3659 Penthièvre, County: 356 Perctarit (672-688): 141-143 Périgord, County: 429 Perugia: 3713-3716 Pesaro: 3704 Peter I. (1038-1041/1044-1046): 2824 Peter I. (1359-1365): 4012-4013 Peter II. v. Aspelt (1296-1306): 2521 Peter v. Schaumburg (1424-1469): 2416-2417 Petru Musat (1375-1391): 3932-3933 Pettau: 2583, 2638-2639 Pfalz: 2113-2122 Pfirt: 2513 Philibert de Naillac (1396-1421): 4000-4003 Philipp de Alsace (1168-1191): 1242-1244 Philipp d. Ältere v. Weinsberg (1448-1503): 2495 Philipp d. Gute (1425-1428): 783-786 Philipp d. Gute (1433-1467): 1416-1432: Philipp d. Noble (1196-1212): 1388 Philipp d. Schöne (1482-1506): 1460-1514 Philipp v. Heinsberg (1167-1191): 1992-1996, 2037 Philipp v. Kärnten (ca. 1270): 2665 Philipp v. Savoyen (1301-1307): 3971 Philipp v. Schwaben (1198-1208): 2472 Philipp v. Taranto (1307-1313): 3972 Philipp de Stoute (1384-1404): 1324-1336 Philippe le Bon (1419-1467): 483-484, 1341-1343 Philippe of St. Paul (1420-1430) 1172-1175 Philippe I. (1060-1108): 257-260 Philippe II. Augustus (1180-1223): 267-268 Philippe III. le Hardi (1270-1285): 273 Philippe IV. le Bel (1285-1314): 274-285 Philippe VI. (1328-1350): 289-294 Phokaea: 3990 Piacenza: 3596 Pierre de Brizay (1168-1192): 550-552 Pierre de Corneillan (1354-1355): 3994 Pierre I. (1172-1174): 515 Pierre III. de Mirepoix (1309-1324): 1381 Pietro and Costanza (1282-1285): 3843 Pietro Gradenigo (1289-1311): 3634-3635 Pietro II. (1337-1342): 3846 Pietro III. d’Aragona (1336-1387): 3852 Pilgrim (1027-1039): 1974-1979 Pio II. (1458-1464): 3745

Pippin d. Jüngere (751-768): 178 Pippi II., Kg. v. Aquitanien (839-852): 196-197 Pisa: 3694-3697 Poitiers: 325 Poitou, County: 392-394 Poland: 2941-2967 Pommern: 1645-1660 Poppo v. Babenberg (1016-1047): 2047-2048 Porcéan, County: 579-580 Portugal: 3519-3539 Potho v. Potenstein (1379-1381): 1832 Prag: 2699-2782 Premysl Ottokar I. (1192-1230): 2764-2769 Premysl Ottokar II. (1253-1278): 2605-2618, 2641-2642, 2666, 2773-2779, 2810-2821 Pribislaw Heinrich (1127-1150): 1664-1666 Provence: 173-177 Provence, County: 457-467 Provence, Margraviate: 456 Provins, County: 512-513 Przemysl I. (1241-1257): 2962 Przemysl II. (1272-1296): 2963 Pskov: 2994 Puglia : 3781 Puy, Diocese: 389 Pyritz: 1650 Q al-Quasim (1018-1023): 3398 Quedlinburg, Abbey: 1799-1809 Quentovic: 157, 254 Querfurt: 2254-2257 Qulna Khan (1359-1360): 3028 Qutb al-Din Sukman II. (1185-1200): 4130 Qutb al-Din Il-Ghazi II. (1176-1184): 4140-4141 Qutb al-Din Mawdud (1149-1170): 4172 Qutb al-Din Muhammad ibn Zengi (1197-1219): 4177-4178 R Raban v. Helmstedt (1436-1439): 2073 Radolfzell (Abtei Reichenau): 2447-2448 Radu I. (1377-1383): 3923-3924 Ragusa: 3861-3865 Raimbert (1024-1039): 557 Raimondo (1273-1299): 3665-3666 Rainiero Zeno (1253-1268): 3627-3628 Ramon Berenguer IV. (1131-1162): 3477 Randerath: 1870 Raoul (923-936): 233-235 Raoul II. (1127-1164): 383 Raoul VII. (1160-1176): 381 Rapodo v. Lobedenburg (1167-1176): 2142 Raska: 3871-3891 Rathau: 2919-2920 Ravenna: 103-104, 121-122, 3605-3606 Ravensberg: 1907-1915 Ravensburg: 2476-2480 Raymond Beranger (1365-1374): 3996 Raymond de Poitiers (1136-1149): 4084 Raymond v. Tripolis (1184-1186): 4118 Raymond III. (1137-1152): 4096 Raymond III. (1152-1187): 4097 Raymond IV. (1340-1393): 499-501 Recanati: 3720-3721 Reckheim: 1194 Recklinghausen: 2042-2043 Red Russia: 2970 Regensburg: 2353-2355, 2357-2361 Reggio nell’Emilia: 3599 Reginard (1025-1037): 1205 Reims: 205 Reims, Archdiocese: 517 Reinald v. Dassel (1159-1167): 1987-1989 Reinald IV. (1402-1423): 1903-1906, 1936-1942 Reinoud II. (1315-1336): 964

Reinoud II. (1326-1343): 988-989 Reinoud III. (1336-1369): 966 Reinoud IV. (1402-1423): 998-1004 Rellinghausen: 2171 Remda: 2230 Remiremont, Abbey: 565 Renaud II. (1369-1396): 1874-1875 René I. d’Anjou (1431-1453): 575-576 René II. (1473-1508): 577-578 Rennes: : 343-345, 348, 350-351, 355 Reval: 29812985 Rheinau: 2545 Rhodes (Knights Hospitallers): 3992-4004 Ribe: 647-648, 655, 657 Riccardo II. (1090-1106): 3759 Richard I. (943-996): 335-335 Richard I. (1039-1046): 558-559 Richard I. Cœur-de-Lion (1169-1196): 394, 399-400, 3193 Richard II. (996-1026): 337 Richard II. (1377-1399): 3264-3267 Richard III. (1483-1485): 3291 Riehl: 2015, 2023-2027 Rietberg: 1821 Riga, Archdiocese: 2986-2989 Rijnsburg: 715 Riksradet (1448): 666 Rimini: 3703 Rjazan : 3009-30120751 Robert de Flandre (1271-1296): 509 Robert de Juilly (1374-1376): 3997 Robert v. Anjou (1309-1343): 466-467, 3766, 3975 Robert v. Bethune (1305-1322): 1297-1301 Robert I. (1178-1189) Robert I. the Bruce (1306-1329): 3354: : 369 Robert II. (996-1031): 255 Robert II. (1272-1305): 480 Robert II. (1371-1390): 3361-3362 Robert III. (1390-1406): 3363-3365 Roda: 2235 Rodez: 159 Rodolphe III (993-1032): 471-473 Roermond: 990 Roger (1014-1022): 339, 341 Roger (1112-1119): 4082-4083 Roger de Pins (1355-1365): 3995 Roger I. (1072-1101): 3787-3789 Roger II. (1105-1154): 3790-3801 Rom: 97-102, 107-120, 3722-3757 Roskilde: 628, 632, 636, 640-641, 646, 660 Rosolus, Moneyer: 159 Rostock: 1636-1637 Rottweil: 2486-2487 Rouen: 160, 212, 308, 310, 316, 318, 320, 334-338 Rouergue, County: 451 Roussillon, County: 434-436 Rudolf v. Diepholt (1426-1455): 912-915 Rudolf v. Dingelstedt (1254-1260): 1788 Rudolf v. Habsburg (1273-1294): 1927, 1953, 2148-2149 Rudolf v. Zähringen (1167-1191): 1211-1218 Rudolf I. v. Schladen (1136-1149): 1728 Rudolf I. (1298-1356): 1571 Rudolf II. v. Scherenberg (1466-1495): 2327 Rudolph v. Habsburg (1276-1286): 2619-2620, 2643-2644 Rudolph v. Hoheneck (2384-1290): 2585 Rüdiger v. Bergheim (1233-1250): 2396 Rügen, Princedom: 1644 Rukn al-Din Mawdud (1222-1232): 4133 Rum Seljuks: 4045-4059 Rummen: 1181-1185 Ruprecht, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (1463-1480): 2027-2029 Ruprecht I. d. Rote (1353-1390): 2114, 2123 Ruprecht II. (1390-1398): 2115 Ruprecht III. (1398-1410): 2116 Russia: 2992-3021 Rusudan (1223-1247): 3951

Ruthard (1088-1109): 2084 S Saalfeld: 2242-2247 Saarburg: 544 Sachsen: 1545-1587 Sachsenpfennige: 1515-1535 Saif al-Din Ghazi II. (1170-1180): 4173-4174 Salerno: 3778-3780 Salomon I. (1063-1074): 2828-2829 Salzburg: 2569-2590 Salzwedel: 1670-1671 Samuel Alba (1041-1044): 2825 Sancerre, County: 377 Sanchio el Sabio (1150-1194): 3485 Sancho (1311-1324): 3505 Sancho Ramirez (1063-1094): 3482-3483 Sancho IV. (1284-1295): 3434-3438 Sangerhausen: 2302 Sauve: cf. Anduse und Sauve Savoyen: 3576-3584 Schaffhausen: 2462-2464 Schlesien: cf. Silesia Schleswig: 650, 656 Schmalkalden: 2231 Schoonvorst: 1869, 1874-1875 Schottland: 3337-3374 Schwäbisch Hall: 2490-2492 Schwalenberg: 1817 Schwarzburg-Käfernburg, County: 2229-2230 Schweden: 670-695 Schweidnitz-Jauer: 2933-2934 Schweiz: cf. Switzerland Scobilion, Moneyer: 162 Scodingue, County: 487 Seligenstadt, Abbey: 2161 Selz, Abbey: 613 Senlis: 246 Sens: 262 Sens, County: 511, 513 Serain, Seigniory: 1383 Serbia: 3896-3902 Serpuchkov: 3005 Shams al-Din Salih (1312-1364): 4171 s’Heerenberg: 1029-1031 Siboto (1227-1249): 2407-2408 Sieghard (1167-1198): 2137 Siegfried v. Rekkin (1184-1224): 2272 Siegfried v. Westerburg (1275-1297): 2006, 2039, 2042-2044 Siegfried II. v. Eppstein (1208-1230): 2099-2101 Siegfried III. (1176-1206): 2213 Siena: 3698-3700 Sigismund (1386-1437): 2785-2787, 2899-2900 Sigismund (1439-1490): 2688-2690 Sigismund I. v. Luxemburg (1410-1437): 1955-1958 Sigmaringen: cf. Helfenstein-Sigmaringen Sigtuna: 670-671 Sigwin (1079-1089): 1985 Silesia: 2914-2927 Simon, Moneyer: 1277-1280 Simon I. z. Lippe (1275-1344): 1865 Sisebut (612-621): 134 Sixtus IV. (1471-1484): 3750-3751 Skandinavien: 614-710 Skandinavische Imitationen: 703-710 Skutari: 3903 Slagelse: 637 Slavonia: : 3853-3857 Smpad (1296-1298): 4038-4039 Sobeslaus I. (1125-1140): 2750-2753 Sobeslaus II. (1173-1178): 2762-2763 Soest: 1943-1945, 2037-2039 Soissons: 230 Solothurn: 2538-2541 Souvigny, Abbey: 384-386

Spalato (Split): 3860 Spanien: 3375-3518 Speyer, Diocese: 2138-2143 Speyer, City: 2144 Spytihnew II. (1055-1061): 2721-2722 Stade, County: 1611-1613 Stargard: 1658 Staufen: 2510 Stavoren: 804-805, 807, 815, 817 Stefan cel Mare (1457-1504): 3936 Stefan Dragutin (1276-1282): 3872 Stefan Lazar Pribicevic-Hrebeljanovic (1371-1389): 3896 Stefan Lazarevic- Hrebeljanovic (1402-1427): 3897-3898 Stefan Tomas (1443-1461): 3894 Stefan Tomasivic (1461-1463): 3895 Stefan Turtko I. (1355-1391): 3892 Stefan Turtko II. (1404-1408 and 1421-1443): 3893 Stefan Uros I. (1243-1276): 3871 Stefan Uros II. Milutin (1282-1321): 3873-3874 Stefan Uros III. Decanski (1321-1331): 3875-3876 Stefan Uros IV. Dusan (1331-1355): 3877-3886 Stefan Uros V. (1355-1371): 3887-3890 Stefano II. (755-800): 3760 Stefano VII. and Arnolfo (896-897): 3724 Steiermark: 2637-2646 Stendal: 1681 Sten Stüre (1470-1497): 693-695 Stephan I. (1000-1038): 2823 Stephan II. (1114-1131): 2841 Stephan IV. (1162-1163): 2845-2846 Stephan V. (1270-1272): 2868-2872, 3855-3856 Stephen (1135-1154): 3188-3189 Stockholm: 687-691, 693-694 Stolberg, County: 2225 Stolp: 1657 Stralsund: 1646-1648, 1651-1653 Strassburg: 223, 582-607 St. Aignan: 370-373 St. Denis: 213 St. Gallen: 2449-2456 St. Gilles, County: 469 St. Lô: 317, 319, 329 St. Martial de Limoges: 427 St. Médard à Soissons, Abbey: 518 St. Omer: 1281-1282 St. Veit: 2647-2659, 2664 St. Venant: 1283 Suinthila (621-631): 135 Sulayman (1009-1010): 3397 Sulmona: 3777 Sundgau: 2511-2513 Suzdal: 3013-3018 Swatopluk (1090-1109): 2740, 2796-2800 Sweyn Estridsen (1047-1074): 630-637 Switzerland: 2518-2568 T Tancred (1104-1112): 4076-4081 Tankred (1189-1194): 3813-3814 Tashfin bin Ali (1143-1145): 3405 Teresa de Entenza (1314-1328): 3480 Teudulfo, Moneyer: 152 Teutonic Order: 2971-2980 Theodahad (527-536): 114-120: : : Theoderich (493-526): 106-107 Theoderich (1041-1055): 2518 Theoderich I. (965-984): 522 Theoderich II. (1004-1046): 524-525 Theodor Swetoslav (1300-1322): 3911 Thibaut II. (1303-1312): 567 Thibaut III. (1037-1090): 368 Thibaut IV. le Grand (1102-1151): 366 Thibaut IV. (1125-1152): 512 Thierry I. (1047-1088): 560-562 Thierry V. v. Boppart (1365-1383): 541-542

Thibaut V. le Bon (1152-1191): 367 Thrasamund (496-523): 88-90 Thüringen: 2200-2212 Tiel: 933-939 Tirol: 2685-2693 Tmutarakan: 3956 Tokens 4214-4228 Toul, Diocese: 550-555 Toulouse: 200-203, 231, 256, 326 Toulouse, County: 439-443 Touraine: 360-362 Tournai: 323, 1344 Tournus, Abbey: 506 Tours: 232 Trapezunt: 3937-3948 Trento: 3612 Treviso: 179 Trier, Archdiocese: 2047-2075 Trieste: 3674-3676 Tripolis, County: 4096-4102 Troyes: 516 Tübingen: 2489 Tuktamisch (1379-1398): 3034 Turin: 3585 Turkoman Coins: 4126-4183 Twer: 3019-3020 U Udalrich (1012-1034): 2706-2712 Udalschalk (1184-1202): 2401-2404 Udo (950-965): 583 Udo v. Thüringen (1125-1154): 2265 Überlingen: 2481-2482 Ulcinj: 3870 Ulm: 2470-2475 Ulrich (1234-1275): 2513 Ulrich v. Jungingen (1407-1410): 2976 Ulrich I. (1135-1144): 2647 Ulrich I. (1498-1519): 2494 Ulrich I. v. Lenzburg (1002-1026): 2460-2461 Ulrich I. v. Reinstein (1149-1160): 1729-1730, 1739 Ulrich II. (1181-1202): 2649-2651 Ulrich III. (1256-1269) Ulrich IV. v. Tegernfeld (1167-1199): 2451-2452 Ulrich v. St. Gallen (1076-1121): 2449-2450 Ulrico di Valsee (1320-1321): 3619 Ungarn: cf. Hungary Upper Lorrainer: 1099-1100 Uppsala: 673-674 Urbino: 3709 Urgell, County : 3479-3481 Usedom: 1655 Utrecht: 181 Utrecht, City: 928932 Utrecht, Diocese: 846-927 Uzbek Khan (1313-1339): 3022 V Vacha: 2180-2181 Västeras: 695 Valence und Die, Diocese: 502-505 Valkenburg: cf. Falkenburg Vandalen: 80-93 Vargula: 2258-2259 Vechta: 1852 Vendôme, County: 378 Venedig: 191, 3622-3654 Verdun: 224 Verdun, Diocese: 556-563 Verona: 3607-3611 Vescovi (1150-1256): 3613 Vescovi (1235-1255): 3612 Viborg: 622, 652, 654 Vienne, Archdiocese: 489-491 Viennois, Dauphin: 497-498

Vierzon: 376 Viking Invaders: 3048-3052 Visby: 669 Vladislav I. (1364-1377): 3920-3922 Völkermarkt: 2665-2672 Völkerwanderung: 1-151 Volchero (1204-1218): 3660 Volterra: 3701: Vuk Brankovic (1371-1395): 3899 Vukasin Mrnjavcevic (1365-1371): 3891 W Waldeck: 2175 Waldeck-Eberstein: 2176 Waldemar (1250-1275): 675-679 Waldemar I. (1154-1182): 646 Waldemar II. Sejr (1202-1241): 651-653 Waldemar IV. Atterdag (1340-1375): 661 Wallachia: 3920-3931 Walram v. Jülich (1332-1349): 2009-2011 Walram II. de Ligny (1304-1353, 1364-1366): 1383 Walther v. Plettenburg (1494-1509): 2984-2985 Walther I. (1135-1176): 2260-2263 Wassenberg: 1868 Wassili Iwanowitsch (1464-1483): 3012 Wassili Jaroslawitsch (1426-1456): 2999, 3005 Wassili II. Wassiljewitsch (1425-1462): 2995-2998 Wegeleben: 1556 Weida-Gera: 2306-2308 Weights: 4229-4256 Weimar: 2213 Weimar-Orlamünde, County: 2213 Weingarten, Abbey: cf. Altdorf, Abbey Weinheim: 2136 Wenceslas I. (1353-1383): 1403-1404 Wenceslas II. (1383-1388): 1405: Wenzel I. (1230-1253): 2770-2772 Wenzel II. (1278-1305): 2780-2782, 2822 Wereja: 3006-3008 Werner v. Eppstein (1259-1284): 2102 Werner v. Falkenstein (1388-1418): 2064-2072 Werner v. Habsburg (1001-1029): 588 Werner v. Schweinsberg (1239-1252): 2195 Wessex 3056-3059 Westeremden: 816 Westgoten: 129-138 Wetzlar: 2174 Wichmann III. (994-1016): 797 Wichmann v. Seeburg (1152-1192): 1771-1774, 2266 Widekind v. Waldeck (1265-1269): 1841-1843 Widekind VII. (1246-1265): 1817 Widerold (991-999): 584 Wiedenbrück: 1840, 1843, 1847 Wien: 2596-2598, 2600-2601, 2604-2619, 2621-2622, 26242626, 2629-2632 Wilbrand v. Käfernburg (1235-1254): 1782-1787 Wildeshausen, Monastery St. Alexander: 1590-1591 Wilhelm v. Gennep (1349-1362): 2012-2013 Wilhelm v. Holland (1247-1256): 1926, 1952 Wilhelm v. Holte (1259-1261): 1826 Wilhelm v. Montfort (1281-1301): 2453: Wilhelm I. v. Berg (1354-1387): 1029 Wilhelm I. (1356-1361): 1933-1934 Wilhelm I. (1382-1407): 2293-2294 Wilhelm I. (1401-1457): 2169-2170 Wilhelm I. (1483-1493): 2167 Wilhelm I. v. Jülich (1433-1438): 1918-1922 Wilhelm II. (1361-1393): 1899-1901, 1935 Wilhelm II. (1361-1408): 1909-1913 Wilhelm II. (1407-1410): 2295 Wilhelm II. v. Berg (1416-1465): 1031 Wilhelm II. (1443-1473): 2172 Wilhelm II. (1493-1509): 2168 Wilhelm III. (1393-1402): 1902 Wilhelm III. (1426-1480): 2233

Wilhelm III. (1445-1482): 1580-1582 Wilhelm IV. (1475-1511): 1920-1922 Wilhelm IV. (1480-1495): 2234 Wilhelm d. Eroberer: as Dk. of Normandy cf. Guillaume le Conquérant, as Kg. of England cf. William the Conqueror Willebrand v. Oldenburg (1226-1236): 883-886 Willem v. Pont (1054-1076): 862-866 Willem I. (1203-1222): 722-724 Willem I. (1379-1402): 993-997 Willem II. (1234-1256): 730, 1041-1047 Willem II. v. Sombreffe (1400-1475): 1195 Willem III. (1304-1337): 744 Willem III. v. Sombreffe (1475-1484): 1196 Willem V. (1345-1389): 745-757 Willem VI. (1404-1417): 770-777 William I. the Conqueror (1066-1087): 3178-3182 William I. the Lion (1165-1214): 3338-3340 William II. (1087-1100): 3183 William II. of Villehardouin (1245-1278): 3966 Windischgraz: 2675 Winrich v. Knipprode (1351-1382): 2972-2974 Wismar 1633-1635 Witowt (1392-1430): 2969 Wittenberg: 1563-1571 Witterich (603-609): Wittigis (536-540): 121-122 Wizlaw (1260-1302): 1644 Wladislaus I. (1109-1117/1121-1125): 2741-2749 Wladislaus II. (1140-1172): 2754-2760 Wladislaus II. (1471-1516): 2790-2793 Wladislaus V. Heinrich (1197-1222): 2809 Wladislaw Hermann (1079-1102): 2942-2943 Wladislaw Jagello (1386-1434): 2964 Wladislaw Laskonogi (1202-1231): 2958-2961 Wladislaw II. (1138-1146): 2946-2951 Wladislaw II. (1386-1434): 2970 Woldemar (1308-1319): 1678-1679 Wolfshagen: 2164 Worms, Diocese: 2129-2135 Wratislaus II. (1061-1092): 2723-2729 Württemberg: 2493-2494 Würzburg, Diocese: 2311-2327 Y Yahya aben Ganiya (1147-1150): 3408 Yahya ben Ali (1021-1035): 3399 Ypres: 1284-1291 Yves: 579-580 Z Zaltbommel: 940-943 Zengiden: 4172-4175 Zevenbergen: 783-785 Znaim: 2784 Zofingen: 2536-2537 Zürich: 2549-2555 Zürich, City: 2556-2557 Zutphen: 970-971, 1015 Zwickau: 1574, 1585 Zwolle: 1080, 1082-1084

Dr. Derichs · Köln · Berlin

Aus unserer Berlin-Auktion No. 2: Die Erstausgaben der Niederlande auf Briefen.

Weitere Einlieferungen werden von uns jederzeit angenommen.

Bei größeren Objekten besuchen wir Sie auch an Ihrem Wohnort.

Wir freuen uns auf Ihren Anruf!

in Berlin DR. WILHELM DERICHS GMBH Poststraße 22 (Nikolai-Viertel) . 10178 Berlin-Mitte Telefon 030-24088283 · Fax 030-24088285 derichs_berlin@web.de

in Köln DR. WILHELM DERICHS GMBH Burgmauer 22 (gegenüber Dom) . 50667 Köln Telefon 0221-2576602 · Fax 0221-2576745 derichs_gmbh@web.de

Paar Appliques Louis XV. Paris, 1755. Vergoldete Bronze, H ca. 42 cm. Verkauft für: e 51.000,-

Einladung zu Einlieferungen Frühjahrsauktionen 2008 in Köln Antiquarische Bücher, Alte Kunst und Kunstgewerbe, Moderne und Zeitgenössische Kunst, Photographie Asiatische Kunst und Tribal Art

Berlin-Auktion Frühjahr 2008 Hochbedeutende Berliner Porzellane, Gemälde und Zeichnungen

Design-Auktion in Berlin

Neumarkt 3 50667 Köln Tel. 02 21 ⁄ 92 57 29 - 0 Fax - 6 Poststraße 22 10178 Berlin Tel. 030 ⁄ 27 87 60 8 -0 Fax - 6 www.Lempertz.com info@Lempertz.com

NUMISMATISCHE AUSDRÜCKE EXPRESSIONS NUMISMATIQUES NUMISMATIC TERMS TERMINI DI NUMISMATICA DEUTSCH

ENGLISCH

FRANÇAIS

ITALIANO

Abschlag Am Rand Berieben Blei Dezentriert Doppelschlag Einfassung Einseitig Emailliert Erhaltung Etwas Exemplar Fassungsspuren Fehlprägung Feld(er) Fundexemplar Gedenkmünze Geglättet Gelocht Geprägt Gewellt Goldpatina Hübsch Jahrh. = Jahrhundert.

Kl. = klein Korrosionsspuren Kratzer Kupfer Legierung Leicht(e) l. = links Min. = minimal Nachahmung Prachtexemplar Prägeschwäche Randdelle Randfehler Randschrift r. = rechts Rückseite Schriftspuren Schrötling Schrötlingsfehler Schwach ausgeprägt Selten in dieser Erhaltung Seltener Jahrgang Stempel Stempelfehler Überdurchschnittlich erhalten Überprägt Unediert Unikum Vergoldet Von aller größter Seltenheit Vorderseite Winz.= winzig Zain Zierrand Zinn Ziseliert

struck at the rim/border slightly polished lead uncentered double struck frame uniface enamelled condition/preservation slightly specimen, copy trace of mounting mis-strike field(s) specimen from a hoard commemorative coin tooled holed minted bent golden patina attractive century small traces of corrosion scratch(es) copper alloy slightly left minimal imitation attractive, perfect piece weakly struck edge nick edge faults lettered edge to right reverse traces of inscription flan flan defect weakly struck rare in this condition rare year die(s) mistake in the die extraordinary condition overstruck unpublished unique specimen gilt extremely rare head tiny flan ornamental border tin chased

frappe en tranche frotté plomb decentré double frappe encadrement uniface émaillé conservation un peu exemplaire traces de monture défaut de frappe champ de trésor monnaie commemorative lissé troué frappé ondulé patine dorée joli siécle petit traces de corrosion rayure cuivre alliace légère gauche minimal imitation pièce magnifique de frappe molle défaut sur la tranche erreur sur la tranche inscription sur la tranche droite revers traces de légende flan Flan défectueux de frappe molle conservation rare année rare coin erreur de frappe conservation extraordinaire surfrappé inédit pièce unique doré très rare en face petit flan tranche ornée étain ciselé

coniazione al bordo trattato piombo non centrato ribattitura cornice uniface smaltato conservazione un poco esemplare tracce di montatura difetto di coniazione campo da tesoretto moneta commemorativa liscio bucato coniato ondolato patina d´oro carino secolo piccolo segni di corrosione graffio(i) rame lega leggero sinistra minimamente contraffazzione esemplare magnifico conio stanco ammaccatura al bordo errore nel bordo inscrizione sul bordo destra rovescio tracce di leggenda tondello errore di tondello conio stanco conservazione rara annata rara conio errore di conio conservazione estraordinaria ribattuto inedito pezzo unico dorato di estrema raritá diritto veramente piccolo tondello taglio ornato stagno cesellato

HINWEISE FÜR UNSERE BIETENDEN AUKTIONSKUNDEN 1. Die Auktionsbedingungen finden Sie am Ende dieses Katalogs.

2. Bitte senden Sie uns Ihre Aufträge möglichst frühzeitig zu. Wenn uns Ihr Auftrag erst kurz vor der Auktion erreicht, können sich bei der Bearbeitung Fehler einschleichen.

3. Das beiliegende Formular macht es Ihnen leicht, ein schriftliches Gebot abzugeben. Falls Sie Ihre Gebote faxen möchten: unser Telefax 0541 - 96 20 222 steht Ihnen Tag und Nacht zur Verfügung.

4. Die von Ihnen ersteigerten Objekte werden Ihnen innerhalb von acht Tagen nach Beendigung der Auktion zugeschickt. Die Aufträge werden in der Reihenfolge des Eingangs bearbeitet, d. h. die zuerst eingegangenen Aufträge werden auch zuerst bearbeitet. Auch alle Bieter, die keinen Zuschlag erhalten haben, werden von uns nach der Auktion benachrichtigt.

5. Wenn Sie telefonisch bieten möchten, teilen Sie uns diesen Wunsch bitte mindestens 48 Stunden vor der Auktion mit. Unseren Kundenservice erreichen Sie unter 0541 – 96 20 20 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37.

6. Wenn Sie als neuer Kunde noch nicht bei uns gekauft haben, ist es empfehlenswert, wenn Sie uns Referenzen angeben. Nennen Sie uns eine Münzhandlung, mit der Sie bereits in Geschäftsverbindung stehen. Oder rufen Sie unseren Kundenservice an.

7. Die Echtheit aller verkauften Objekte wird auch über die gesetzliche Frist hinaus gewährleistet.

8. Alle Kunden, die als Bieter an einer unserer Auktionen teilnehmen, erhalten innerhalb von zwei Wochen nach der Auktion unsere Ergebnisliste gratis.

9. Sie haben Fragen zu einer bestimmten Münze? Sie möchten persönlich an unserer Auktion teilnehmen? Sie haben andere Fragen? Unser Kundenservice freut sich auf Ihren Anruf, entweder direkt unter 0541 – 96 20 20 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR PLACING BIDS 1. The terms and conditions of the auction can be found at the end of this catalogue.

2. Please send us your instructions as early as possible. The likelihood of errors occurring increases if we do not receive your instructions until shortly before the auction.

3. The enclosed form makes it simple for you to submit a written bid. Our fax machine +49 (0)541 – 96 20 222 is on standby day and night in case you wish to fax your bids.

4. The objects which you purchase will be delivered to you within eight days of the close of auction. Instructions are processed in the same order as they were received – in other words, the first instructions to be received are the first to be processed. All unsuccessful bidders will be also informed after the auction.

5. If you would like to bid by telephone, please ring our customer service beforehand on +49 (0)541 - 96 20 20.

6. If you are a new customer who has not yet bought anything through us, we recommend that you give us references. Name a coin dealer with whom you have already done business. Or call our customer service.

7. The genuineness of all sold objects is also warranted beyond the statutory length of time.

8. All customers who participate as bidders in our auction receive our list of results free of charge within two weeks of the close of auction.

9. Do you have questions about a particular coin? Would you like to participate personally in our auction? Do you have any other questions? Our customer service team will be pleased to help you – call on +49 (0)541 - 96 20 20.

RENSEIGNEMENTS À L'ATTENTION DE NOS CLIENTS DES VENTES AUX ENCHÈRES 1. Vous trouverez les conditions générales de vente aux enchères à la fin de ce catalogue.

2. Veuillez nous faire parvenir vos ordres le plus tôt possible. Si vos ordres nous parviennent juste avant la vente aux enchères, des erreurs risquent d’être commises lors de leur traitement.

3. Le formulaire ci-joint vous aidera à rédiger facilement votre offre. Si vous souhaitez faxer votre offre, vous pourrez le faire 24 heures sur 24 au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 222.

4. Les objets dont vous serez adjudicataire vous seront envoyés dans les huit jours suivant la fin de la vente aux enchères. Les commandes seront prises en compte dans l’ordre de leur arrivée, c’est-à-dire que les commandes nous parvenant les premières seront d’abord traitées. Après la vente aux enchères, nous préviendrons tous les enchérisseurs n’ayant pas obtenu l’adjudication.

5. Si vous souhaitez faire des enchères par téléphone, veuillez appeler aupravant notre service clientèle au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.

6. Si vous êtes un nouveau client et n’avez encore fait aucune acquisition chez nous, il serait conseillé de nous fournir quelques références. Indiquez nous si vous traitez déjà avec un professionnel du commerce des monnaies. Ou contactez notre service clientèle au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.

7. L’authenticité des pièces vendues sera garantie même au-delà des délais légaux.

8. Tous les clients participant à l’une de nos ventes aux enchères en tant qu’enchérisseurs recevront gratuitement une liste de résultats dans les deux semaines suivant la vente aux enchères.

9. Vous avez des questions concernant une pièce particulière? Vous désirez prendre part personnellement à notre vente aux enchères? Vous avez d’autres questions? Notre service clientèle se fera un plaisir de vous répondre au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.

INFORMAZIONI PER GLI OFFERENTI DELLE NOSTRE ASTE 1. Le condizioni d’asta si trovano alla fine di questo catalogo.

2. Siete pregati di inviarci i vostri ordini il più presto possibile. Se il vostro ordine ci perviene poco tempo prima dell’apertura dell’asta, si possono verificare errori nell’elaborazione dello stesso.

3. Per le vostre offerte scritte potete utilizzare il modulo allegato al catalogo. Nel caso voleste trasmettere le vostre offerte per fax, siete pregati di inviarle al seguente numero: +49 (0)541-96 20 222.

4. Gli oggetti che avete acquistato all’asta vi saranno spediti entro otto giorni dal termine della stessa. Gli ordini vengono evasi in base alla data di ricevimento, quindi hanno precedenza quelli pervenuti prima. Anche gli offerenti che non hanno avuta alcuna aggiudicazione riceveranno una nostra comunicazione al termine dell’asta.

5. Se desiderate la partecipazione telefonica in diretta durante l´asta, siete pregati di chiamare prima la consulenza ai clienti al numero diretto +49 (0)541-96 20 20.

6. Se siete clienti nuovi e non avete mai acquistato da noi, vi proponiamo di inviarci delle referenze. Dateci il nome di un negozio di monete presso il quale avete già fatto degli acquisti, oppure chiamate la nostra consulenza ai clienti al numero +49 (0)541 96 20 20.

7. Il certificato d’autenticità di tutti gli oggetti venduti viene rilasciato anche oltre i termini privisti per legge.

8. Tutti i clienti che hanno partecipato ad una nostra asta riceveranno gratuitamente l´elenco delle aggiudicazioni entro quindici giorni dal termine della stessa.

9. Avete delle domande su una moneta in particolare ? Desiderate partecipare personalmente ad una nostra asta? Avete altre domande? Rivolgetevi al nostro Servizio Clienti al numero +49 (0)541 – 96 20 20.

WIE BIETE ICH RICHTIG?

MEINE TEILNAHME ALS SCHRIFTLICHER BIETER 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Studieren Sie den Katalog sorgfältig und notieren Sie alle Lose, die interessant für Sie sind.

Legen Sie für jedes Los Ihr persönliches Limit fest, das Sie maximal zu zahlen bereit sind.

Füllen Sie das beiliegende Formular aus (siehe rechte Seite) und tragen Sie für jedes Los Ihr Höchstgebot ein.

Schicken Sie uns Ihren Auftrag frühzeitig. Bei gleich hohen Geboten erhält das zuerst eingegangene Gebot den Zuschlag.

Sie haben interessante Lose für insgesamt € 10.000,-- gefunden, möchten jedoch nur € 2.000,-- ausgeben. Kein Problem: Sie geben als Gesamtlimit (ohne Aufgeld) € 2.000,-- an.

Wenn Sie Fragen haben: Die MitarbeiterInnen unserer Kundenbetreuung sind für Sie da. Tel. 0800 – 583 65 37 (gebührenfrei).

Wenn Sie telefonisch an unseren Auktionen teilnehmen möchten, ist das ab einer Schätzung von € 500,- pro Los möglich.

Bitte teilen Sie uns diesen Wunsch mindestens einen Werktag vor Beginn der Versteigerung schriftlich mit.

MEINE PERSÖNLICHE TEILNAHME IN OSNABRÜCK 1.

3.

Wir freuen uns sehr, wenn Sie persönlich nach Osnabrück kommen möchten. Das Flair einer Auktion und die Stimmung im Auktionssaal sind ein besonderes Erlebnis für Sie als Sammler. Osnabrück ist außerdem immer eine Reise wert und die persönliche Betreuung durch unsere Mitarbeiter wissen immer mehr Kunden zu schätzen.

2. Bitte rufen Sie uns rechtzeitig an, damit wir Ihnen Tipps für die Anreise geben und Ihnen ein Hotelzimmer reservieren können. Sie erreichen uns gebührenfrei unter: 0800 – 5 83 65 37.

Als erfolgreicher Bieter können Sie Ihre neu erworbenen Stücke gleich persönlich mit nach Hause nehmen. Als guter Kunde unseres Hauses haben Sie 20 Tage Zahlungsziel nach der Auktion.

WIE ENTSTEHT DER PREIS EINER AUKTION? 1.

2.

Der im Auktionskatalog angegebene Preis ist ein Schätzpreis, der durch unsere Experten festgelegt wurde. Das Mindestgebot liegt bei 80% dieses Wertes. Die Zuschlagpreise sind oft deutlich höher als die Schätzpreise.

Als Auktionshaus müssen wir bereits vor der Auktion alle schriftlichen Gebote koordinieren. Folgende Beispiele sind im Bietverfahren möglich:

Beispiel 1 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegt kein schriftlicher Auftrag vor: der Auktionator ruft das Los in der Auktion mit € 800,-- aus. Wenn im Saal nur ein Bieter darauf ein Gebot abgibt, erhält der Saalbieter den Zuschlag für € 800,--.

Beispiel 3 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegt dem Auktionator nur ein schriftliches Gebot von € 850,-- vor: das Los wird in der Auktion mit € 800,-ausgerufen.

Falls kein Bieter im Saal ein Gegenangebot abgibt, erhält der schriftliche Bieter den Zuschlag bei € 800,--.

Beispiel 2 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegen dem Auktionator drei schriftliche Gebote vor:

Beispiel 4: (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegt dem Auktionator nur ein schriftliches Gebot von € 1.200,-- vor: der Auktionator ruft das Los mit € 800,-- aus.

Gibt es im Saal keinen Gegenbieter, erhält der schriftliche Bieter den Zuschlag bei € 800,--. Falls es im Saal Gegenbieter gibt, bietet der Auktionator für seinen schriftlichen Bieter bis maximal € 1.200,-- und erteilt einem Gegenbieter im Saal erst bei mehr als € 1.200,-- den Zuschlag.

Bieter 1: Limit € 2.900,-Bieter 2: Limit € 1.800,-Bieter 3: Limit: € 800,-Nach der Versteigerungsordnung muss der Auktionator im Interesse von Bieter 1 und 2 angemessen überbieten (um ca.

5 bis 10%). Der Ausrufpreis in der Auktion beträgt daher im Interesse von Bieter 1, € 1.900,-- (obwohl die Schätzung € 1.000,-- beträgt). Falls keine höheren Gebote aus dem Saal erfolgen, erhält Bieter 1 den Zuschlag für € 1.900,--. Das Höchstangebot von € 2.900,-- musste nicht ausgeschöpft werden.

Beispiel 5 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,--) Es liegen drei Gebote von je € 975,-- vor: um Missverständnisse zu vermeiden, überzieht der Auktionator das zuerst eingegangene Gebot geringfügig und erteilt den Zuschlag bei € 1.000,--.

WIE BIETE ICH RICHTIG?

MUSTERAUKTIONSAUFTRAG FÜR SCHRIFTLICHE BIETER 1. Name, Adresse, Telefon: Ihre vollständige Anschrift ist wichtig, damit wir Ihren Auktionsauftrag annehmen und bearbeiten können. Ihre Telefonnummer brauchen wir, um Sie bei Rückfragen zu Ihren Geboten schnell erreichen zu können.

5. Ihre Kundennummer Die Angabe Ihrer Kundennummer unterstützt uns bei der Bearbeitung Ihres Auktionsauftrages. Viele Vorarbeiten für die Auktion werden dadurch einfacher und es werden Fehler vermieden.

2. Losnummern und Gebote Listen Sie alle Lose, für die Sie sich interessieren, mit ihrer Katalognummer auf und legen Sie für sich selbst fest, wie viel Sie bereit sind für jedes einzelne Los zu bieten.

6. Ihr Limit pro Einzellos An dieser Stelle geben Sie an, was Sie für jedes einzelne Stück maximal bereit sind auszugeben.

3. „Oder“-Gebote Wenn Sie sich für mehrere Münzen interessieren, aber nur ein Stück davon erwerben wollen, können Sie Ihre Gebote einfach mit einem „oder“ verbinden. Wichtig: bei den „oder“-Geboten können Sie nicht auf frühere Katalognummern zurückgreifen (z.B. 2890 oder 1558), da die Nr. 1558 dann bereits versteigert ist.

4. Unterschreiben Sie Ihren Auktionsauftrag . . .nachdem Sie Ihre Angaben noch einmal überprüft haben.

Ihre Unterschrift ist wichtig, denn damit bestätigen Sie uns, dass sie tatsächlich teilnehmen wollen.

7. Überschreitung Ihrer Limits pro Einzellos In der Praxis zeigt sich, daß oft mehrere Bieter mit ihren Geboten dicht beieinander liegen. Deshalb empfiehlt es sich, an dieser Stelle einer geringfügigen Überschreitung Ihrer Gebote zuzustimmen.

Dadurch erhöhen sich Ihre Chancen, im Wettbewerb mit anderen den Zuschlag zu erhalten.

8. Begrenzung Ihres Gesamtlimits Hier können sie die Gesamtsumme Ihrer Gebote begrenzen und festlegen, was Sie insgesamt maximal bereit sind auszugeben. Aufgeld und Mehrwertsteuer kommen später noch hinzu.

ANTWORTEN AUF FRAGEN, DIE UNS OFT GESTELLT WERDEN 1.

Zuschlagpreis/Aufgeld: Wir berechnen als Auktionshaus ein Aufgeld von 15% auf den Zuschlagpreis, dazu kommt die gesetzliche Mehrwertsteuer.

Beispiel 2: Zuschlagpreis: € 1.000,-€ 100,-Aufgeld 15% € 150,-€ 15,00 Versandkosten, z. B.* € 5,90 € 5,90 MwSt. 7% € 80,91 € 8,46 ______ ________ Rg.-Betrag € 1.236,81 Rg.-Betrag € 129,36 Mehrwertsteuer: üblicherweise in Deutschland 7%, seit dem 01.01.2000 sind viele Goldmünzen, die nach 1800 geprägt wurden, steuerfrei. Bei Fragen zu der MWSt-Berechnung rufen Sie uns an, gebührenfrei unter: 0800 / 5836537.

Rücklosverkauf: Alle Lose, die in der Auktion nicht verkauft wurden, können Sie innerhalb von vier Wochen nach der Versteigerung zu 80% des Schätzpreises (zzgl. Aufgeld und Mehrwertsteuer) erwerben. Achtung: Viele Rücklose sind schnell vergriffen.

Unser Spezialservice: Alle Bieter erhalten gratis die Ergebnisliste innerhalb von zwei Wochen nach der Auktion. Im Internet können Sie die Ergebnisliste der Auktion sofort nach der Auktion unter www.kuenker.de einsehen.

Beispiel 1:

2.

3.

4.

Zuschlagpreis Aufgeld 15%: Versandkosten, z.. B.* MwSt. 7%

* Die Kosten für Versand und Versicherung werden nach Aufwand berechnet.

VERSTEIGERUNGSBEDINGUNGEN Die Versteigerung erfolgt im Auftrag und für Rechnung der Eigentümer unter Einhaltung der sich aus der Versteigerungsordnung (BGB1 I 1976, 1346) ergebenden und für Kommissionäre geltenden gesetzlichen Bestimmungen des BGB und HGB gegen Barzahlung des Kaufpreises in ~-Währung. Durch Abgabe eines Gebotes werden die Versteigerungsbedingungen anerkannt, dies gilt auch für die schriftlichen Gebote.

Der Zuschlagpreis ist Nettopreis im Sinne des Umsatzsteuergesetzes und bildet die Berechnungsgrundlage für das vom Käufer zu zahlende Aufgeld in Höhe von 15 %. Auf den daraus entstehenden Gesamtpreis (Zuschlag + Aufgeld) wird die jeweils gültige Umsatzsteuer erhoben, soweit dies gesetzlich vorgeschrieben ist.

Ausländischen Käufern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemeinschaft wird die in Deutschlang gültige Umsatzsteuer berechnet. Anderen ausländischen Käufern (aus Drittländern) wird, sofern die Münzen durch uns exportiert werden, ein Aufgeld von 15 % netto auf den Zuschlagpreis berechnet; sie erhalten die Lieferung nur gegen Zahlung des Kaufpreises in ~ - Währung, bankspesenfrei.

Ausländischen Münzhändlern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemeinschaft wird bei Nachweis der Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer (§ 27 a USTG) und der sonstigen Voraussetzungen gemäß § 4 Nr. 1 b USTG in Verbindung mit § 6 a USTG die Lieferung ohne Umsatzsteuer berechnet.

Sofern nichts anderes vereinbart wird, ist die Zahlung der Auktionsrechnung bei anwesenden Käufern sofort, bei schriftlichen Bietern spätestens 20 Tage nach Erhalt fällig. Bei Zahlungsverzug werden Zinsen von 1 % pro Monat berechnet.

Wird die Zahlung nicht sofort an den Versteigerer geleistet oder die Abnahme der zugeschlagenen Sache verweigert, so findet die Übergabe der Sache an den Ersteigerer nicht statt. Der Ersteigerer verliert vielmehr seine Rechte aus dem Zuschlag, und die Sache kann auf seine Kosten erneut versteigert werden. In diesem Fall haftet der Ersteigerer für den Ausfall, dagegen hat er auf den Mehrerlös keinen Anspruch.

Der Zuschlag erfolgt nach dreimaligem Ausruf des höchsten Gebotes und verpflichtet zur Abnahme und Zahlung. Bei Meinungsverschiedenheiten über den Zuschlag wird die Nummer noch einmal ausgerufen. Der Versteigerer ist berechtigt, Nummern zu vereinigen oder zu trennen. Eine Vorausnahme von Nummern erfolgt nicht. Der Zutritt zur Versteigerung ist nur Interessenten gestattet, die einen Katalog besitzen.

Die Mindeststeigerungsstufen für das Bietungsverfahren betragen:

Mindestangebote

Mindeststeigerungsstufe

Schriftliche Aufträge werden von uns ohne Auftragsprovision gewissenhaft ausgeführt. Aufträge von uns unbekannten Sammlern können nur ausgeführt werden, wenn ein Depot hinterlegt wird oder Referenzen benannt werden. Schriftliche Gebote können nur bis 24 Stunden vor Auktionsbeginn verbindlich berücksichtigt werden. Im Bedarfsfall ist der Auktionator berechtigt, die Limits um 3 – 5 % zu überschreiten. Bei mehreren gleichhohen Geboten erhält das zuerst eingegangene den Zuschlag.

Unlimitierte Aufträge haben keinen Anspruch auf unbedingte Ausführung.

Telefonisches Bieten ist nur in Ausnahmefällen möglich. Telefonische Bieter müssen sich mindestens einen Werktag vor der Auktion voranmelden.

Der Versand geht zu Lasten und auf Risiko des Ersteigerers bzw.

Empfängers. Das Auktionsgut bleibt bis zur vollständigen Bezahlung aller Forderungen aus Anlaß der Versteigerung Eigentum des Verkäufers. Ist der Käufer Vollkaufmann, so ist Osnabrück als Gerichtsstand vereinbart. Für das Mahnverfahren gilt die Zuständigkeit des Amtsgerichts Osnabrück auch in allen anderen Fällen als vereinbart. Ansonsten ist es Osnabrück nur, wenn nur die Firma Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG ihren allgemeinen Gerichtsstand in der BRD hat, oder wenn alle Ansprüche im Wege des Mahnverfahrens geltend gemacht werden, oder wenn die im Klageweg in Anspruch zu nehmende Vertragspartei nach Vertragsabschluß ihren gewöhnlichen Aufenthaltsort aus dem Geltungsbereich der BRD verlegt hat, oder ihr Wohnsitz oder gewöhnlicher Aufenthaltsort zum Zeitpunkt der Klage nicht bekannt ist.

Die Beschreibung im Katalog ist gewissenhaft durchgeführt. Sie begründet jedoch keine Rechts- oder Sachmängelhaftung gemäß §§ 434, 459 ff BGB. Die Angabe der Erhaltung ist streng nach den im deutschen Münzhandel üblichen Erhaltungseinstufungen vorgenommen und gilt als persönliche Beurteilung. Bei der Auktion anwesende Käufer kaufen grundsätzlich „wie besehen“.

Da durch Vorbesichtigung Gelegenheit gegeben ist, sich vom Erhaltungszustand des Versteigerungsgutes zu überzeugen, können nach erfolgtem Zuschlag Reklamationen nur bei irrtümlich übersehener Henkel- oder Fassungsspur oder gestopftem Loch berücksichtigt werden. Bei Losen mit mehreren Stücken sind die Stückzahlen nur Circa-Angaben, irrtümliche Zuschreibungen sind im Einzelfall nicht ausgeschlossen. Diese Lose sind nach erfolgtem Zuschlag von jeder Reklamation ausgeschlossen. Der Versteigerer kann bei eventuellen Meinungsverschiedenheiten bzw.

Beanstandungen einen vereidigten Sachverständiger seiner Wahl (die Kosten trägt der unterliegende Teil) beauftragen. Eventuelle Beanstandungen können nur innerhalb von 8 Tagen nach der Auktion bzw. nach Erhalt der ersteigerten Stücke berücksichtigt werden. Die Echtheit der Stücke wird bis zur Höhe des Kaufpreises garantiert. Die beigedruckten Preise sind Schätzpreise, die unter- oder überschritten werden können.

Aufträge, die unter 80 % des Schätzpreises liegen, können nicht bearbeitet werden.

bis zu

100,--

5,--

bis zu

200,--

10,--

bis zu

500,--

20,--

bis zu

1.000,--

50,--

Soweit nicht anders vermerkt, gelten im übrigen die allgemeinen Versteigerungsbestimmungen und – auch im Verhältnis zu ausländischen Kunden – gilt Deutsches Recht.

bis zu

2.000,--

100,--

Die Ergebnisliste erscheint sofort nach der Auktion.

bis zu

5.000,--

200,--

DIE VERSTEIGERER:

bis zu

10.000,--

500,--

DR. ANDREAS KAISER

bis zu

20.000,--

1.000,--

ARNE KIRSCH

bis zu

50.000,--

2.000,--

OLIVER KÖPP

ab

50.000,--

5.000,--

Ausländische Kunden kaufen nach den Devisen-, Zoll- und Steuerbestimmungen ihres Landes. Versandformalitäten werden vom Versteigerer erledigt.

FRITZ RUDOLF KÜNKER

TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF AUCTION The auction is conducted on behalf and for the account of the appropiate proprietors of the goods and is subject to the federal Auction Regulation (Versteigerungsordnung, BGB1 I 1976, 1346) published in the Federal Law GazetteVol. I, 1976, 1346 and the relevant provisions for factors in accordance with the German Cicil Code (BGB) and Commercial Code (HGB). Payment of the hammer-price has to be made in cash and in Euro. The submission of an offer implies the express acknowledgement of these Terms and Conditions of Auction; the same applies to the submission of an offer in writing.

The hammer-price is exclusive of applicable German VAT according to the prevailing VAT – legislation and represents the basis for calculating the surcharge of 15 percent payable by the puchaser. The total price so calculated (hammerprice plus surcharge) is subject to the VAT (value added tax=Mehrwertsteuer), which is payabel additionally.

Purchasers from abroad will be charged a surcharge of 15 per cent net on the hammer-price, provided the export of the coins is undertaken by the auctioneer.

Buyers in European Community (EEC) countries (other than Germany) will be charged Value Added Tax at the rates prevailing in Germany.

Dealers from EEC countries (other than Germany) will receive goods free of tax upon presentation of their VAT I.D. number, and upon fulfillment of the other conditions set forth in Paragraph 4, Nr. 1 b, and Paragraph 6 a of the GermanTurnover Tax Law Buyers from other countries are not charged Value Added Tax. Delivery will be made against payment in Euro with no bank charges to the auctioneer.

Unless mutually agreed otherwise, payment of the auction bill from purchasers present at the auction is due immediately. From purchaser who have submitted a bid in writing, payment is due within 20 days after receipt of the goods.

Defaulted payments shall bear an interest charge of 1 % per month in the amount in default.

Should payment to the auctioneer not be made immediately or should the acceptance of the awarded item be refused, such item shall not be handed overt to the purchaser. Instead the purchaser shall forfeit all right and title in and to such item from the award and the item may again be put to auction at this buyer’s cost. In this event the buyer shall be liable for any shortfall, while he shall have no right or claim towards any excess proceeds.

An item will be knocked down after the highest bid has been called three times.

The award shall be a binding commitment and liability on the part of the bidder to take acceptance and delivery of the item or items so awarded. In the event of any dispute with regard to the award the lot will be put up again for bidding. The auctioneer reserves the right to combine or to seperate lots. Lots will not be called out of sequence. Access to the auction will only be permitted to interested persons who are in possession of the catalogue.

The minimum rates of increase for the bidding procedure are: for minimum offers

minimum increase rate

up to

100,--

5,--

up to

200,--

10,--

up to

500,--

20,--

up to

1.000,--

50,--

up to

2.000,--

100,--

up to

5.000,--

200,--

up to

10.000,--

500,--

up to

20.000,--

1.000,--

up to

50.000,--

2.000,--

above

50.000,--

5.000,--

Orders submitted in writing will be carried out diligently and without charge of an extra commission. Orders from collectors unknown to the auctioneer can only be accepted and carried out if a deposit or references to the satisfaction on the auctioneer are given. To be bindingly accepted, written bids need to be received at least 24 hours before auction. If necessary, the auctioneer is allowed to increase the bids by 3-5%. Should several bids be obtained in writing bidding the same price or prices for a given lot, the bid first received by the auctioneer shall be given the award. Unlimited bids shall not oblige the auctioneer to consider, accept or carry out such order. Telephone bidding is generally an option for lots of substantial value only. The registration is required at the latest a day before auction.

Shipment (by mail or otherwise) of the goods shall be for the sole cost and risk of the purchaser or receipient, resp. The auctioned goods remain the sole and exclusiv property of the vendor until full payment and settlement of any and all dues and claims in connection with the auction. In the event the purchaser is a merchant (in the sense of the German commercial laws) Osnabrück shall be the agreed and exclusive place of jurisdiction. The competence of the District Court (Amtsgericht) of Osnabrück is agreed in respect of summary proceedings for the collection of defaulted payments (Mahnverfahren) as well as in any and all other cases. Should the purchaser not be a merchant Osnabrück shall be the place of jurisdiction with the District Court of Osnabrück’s competence, if only the auctioneer has his ordinary legal domicil in the Federal Republic of Germany or if claims are made by way of summary proceedings of collection (Mahnverfahren) or if the defendant has moved his ordinary legal domicil outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Republik of Germany or if the legal domicil of the defendant is unknown to the auctioneer at the time of filing a suit. To the exclusion of any other legislation German law, as in force at the time, shall be applied for the settlement of any and all legal or judicial matters.

The specifications and descriptions in the catalogue have been prepared diligently and in good faith do, however, not constitute the acceptance by the auctioneer of any warranty or liability in respect of defect in material or title. The state of preservation of items is strictly assessed in accordance with the grades accepted by the German coin trade and only represents an individual and personal assessment. Purchasers present at the auction acquire items strictly on the basis of “as is where is” and “as inspected”.

In view of the opportunity of prior inspection to ascertain the state and condition of the auction lots, complaints and objections made after the sale will only be considered, if by obvious error or mistake loop or traces or moutings, traces of trimmings or settings, or the plugging of a hole (eyelet) have remained unnoticed. If and when auctioned in lots, the quantities of individual pieces given, only represent an approximate figure. An error in the allocation of indivdual pieces to a certain lot cannot be excluded. Such lots are, therefore, excluded from any complaintes or objections after the lot is knocked down. In the event of disputes or complaints as to the quality of an item the auctioneer may call upon a gernerally sworn expert of the trade, which the auctioneer may choose at his sole discretin, for assessment an the rendering of a decision as to the justification of such dispute or complaint. The costs of such expert shall be borne by the party loosing the dispute according to the expert’s decision.

Complaints or objections, if justified, will only be considered if made and received by the auctioneer within 8 days after the auction or after receipt the lots, respectively.

The authenticity of the coins is warranted. Warranted up to the total purchase price. The prices set out in the catalogue are estimates only, which may bei exceeded or undercut. Orders for less than 80 per cent of the estimated price cannot accepted.

Purchasers from abroad will have to observe all applicable laws and regulations in respect of foreign exchange, customs duties and taxation of their country.

The auctioneer will only discharge such formalities, which have to be observed, in the Federal Republic of Germany in connection with the export of the purchased item(s).

Unless stipulated otherwise herein, the general rules regulations for auctions applicable in Germany shall govern any transaction in respect of the auction; German Law shall also be applicable in relation to purchasers form abroad.

Only the German text has legal forde.

The prices realized will be published in the form of a list immediately after the auction.

THE AUCTIONEERS:

FRITZ RUDOLF KÜNKER DR. ANDREAS KAISER ARNE KIRSCH OLIVER KÖPP

IMPRESSUM NUMISMATISCHE BEARBEITUNG FOTOS LAYOUT DRUCK

Alexandra Spreu, Dr. Sebastian Steinbach, Jens Ulrich Thormann M. A., Manuela Weiß Lübke & Wiedemann, Stuttgart danner pc - gesteuerte systeme waiblingen media-print, Paderborn Jeglicher Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise, bedarf der Genehmigung des Auktionshauses

ZAHLUNGEN AUS DEM INLAND Deutsche Bank Osnabrück Dresdner Bank Osnabrück Sparkasse Osnabrück Volksbank eG Bad Laer-Borgloh-Hilter-Melle Bankhaus Lampe KG, Bielefeld Postbank Hannover HypoVereinsbank München WestLB Dortmund Paypal

(BLZ 265 700 90) Konto-Nummer 0 177 006 (BLZ 265 800 70) Konto-Nummer 780 520 200 (BLZ 265 501 05) Konto-Nummer 247 320 (BLZ 265 624 90) Konto-Nummer 1 200 222 400 (BLZ 480 201 51) Konto-Nummer 174 076 (BLZ 250 100 30) Konto-Nummer 2900 60-308 (BLZ 700 202 70) Konto-Nummer 24 17 952 (BLZ 440 500 00) Konto-Nummer 1128 842 paypal@kuenker.de, Service charge: 3,5 %

ZAHLUNGEN AUS DEM AUSLAND - FOREIGN PAYMENTS Deutsche Bank Osnabrück Sparkasse Osnabrück Postbank Hannover Credit Suisse-5288 Credit Cards Paypal

IBAN: DE11 2657 0090 0017 7006 00 Swift-Code: DEUTDE3B265 IBAN: DE50 2655 0105 0000 2473 20 Swift-Code: NOLADE22XXX IBAN: DE73 2501 0030 0290 0603 08 Swift-Code: PBNKDEFF IBAN: CH88 0483 5013 5494 4200 1 Swift-Code: CRESCHZZ81Z We do accept VISA and MASTERCARD, Service charge: 4,5 % paypal@kuenker.de, Service charge: 3,5 %

ERHALTUNGS- UND SELTENHEITSGRADE ERHALTUNGSGRADE/ GRADING TERMS DEGRÉS DE CONSERVATION GRADI DI CONSERVAZIONE

SELTENHEITSGRADE

Polierte Platte Proof

Flan bruni Fondo specchio

Stempelglanz Uncirculated

Fleur de coin Fior di conio

Vorzüglich Extremely fine

Superbe Splendido

Sehr schön Very fine

Très beau Bellissimo

Schön Fine

Beau Molto Bello

Gering erhalten Very good

Très bien conservé Bello

R = Selten Von großer Seltenheit

RR = Sehr selten Von größter Seltenheit