3.4: ELCB (EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS)

An ECLB is one kind of safety device used for installing an electrical device with high earth impedance to avoid shock. The main purpose of the Earth leakage circuit breaker (ECLB) is to stop damage to humans & animals due to electric shock.

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/working-principle-of-earth-leakage-circuit-breaker-elcb-and-residual-current-device-rcd

Voltage Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

/www.elprocus.com/working-principle-of-earth-leakage-circuit-breaker-elcb/

3.5:

AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER (ACB)

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) is an electrical protection device used for short circuit and overcurrent protection up to 15kV with amperes rating of 800A to 10kA. It operates in air (where air-blast as an arc quenching medium) at atmospheric pressure to protect the connected electric circuits.

01. Electrical distribution system

TYPES OFACB’S

https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2014/11/air-circuit-breaker-operation-types-uses.html

Electrical protection system

https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2014/11/air-circuit-breaker-operationtypes-uses.html

Plain air circuit breaker or CrossBlast Air Circuit Breaker https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2014/11/air-circuit-breaker-operation-types-uses.html

Air Chute Air Break Circuit Breaker

The earthing means connecting the neutral point of supply system of the non current carrying metal parts used in electrical distribution system to the general mass of earth by wire of the negligible resistance In such a manner that at all times an immediate discharge of electrical energy takes place without danger.

Rod/Pipe Earthing: https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/05/earthing-and-electrical-grounding-types-of-earthing.html

Earthing electrode (rods, tapes etc.)

Main earthing terminals or bars

Earthing conductors

Protective conductors

Equipotential bonding conductors

Electrically independent earth electrodes for special systems (clean earth)

Accessories and termination fittings, bonding, welding kits and other materials https://www.electricveda.com/sites/default/files/image/article/ 2020-01/electrical-earth-rods-and-plates.jpg

3.8: SOIL RESISTIVITY

The measure of the resistance offered by the soil in the flow of electricity, is called the soil resistivity.

Soil resistivity and corrosion essentially have an inverse relationship. The lower the soil resistivity, the higher the corrosivity; conversely, the higher the soil resistivity, the lower the corrosivity.

01.

Typical values are:

Usual values: from 10 up to 1000 (Ωm)

02.

Exceptional values: from 1000 up to 10000 (Ω-m)

Electrical distribution system

Electrical protection system 03.

Illumination

WATER TABLE :

The water table is the boundary between the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone underground. Below the water table, groundwater fills any spaces between sediments and within rock.

01. Electrical distribution system

Electrical protection system 03.

Illumination

Lightning is a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between clouds, the air, or the ground.

Lightning is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which two electrically charged regions, both in the atmosphere or with one on the ground, temporarily neutralize themselves, causing the instantaneous release of an average of one gigajoule of energy.

System

1)

. Electrical protection system

Rod

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4.1: QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF LIGHTING

When choosing a light source for a particular installation, many factors must be taken into consideration, such as the purpose of the area you are illuminating, cost of installation and maintenance

Lumen (lm)

Another measurement unit, the lumen is actually a derived SI unit of luminous flux. It is represented by the symbol “lm” and is basically used to measure the output of artificial lights. •

Illuminance or Lux (lx)

Lux is basically the unit of illumination and is equal to one lumen per square metre. It is also known as a metre-candle. Notably, SI prefixes can also be used where one kilolux (klx) is equal to 1000 luare the Quantity and Quality of Light produced.

Candela (cd)

This SI unit is used to measure the luminous intensity of a light source which is moving in a specific direction. It is also sometimes referred to as a candle and represented as cd / m 2

Luminance

Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through, is emitted from, or is reflected from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle.