Madukkarai Neighborhood Report | Urban Design Studio semester 7 | KRVIA by K.R.V.I.A Urban Design 2021-2022

URBAN DESIGN

2021

MADUKKARAI neighbourhood report.

78 DALIKA DHAROD_0000 TKE_1839 DIYA BEJOY_18 KA HIT MO 30 _18 LIA ITA SH A. ATHIRA_1801 SHREYAN

content

01 Introduction to Madukkarai

Timeline Locating Madukkarai Context Limestone Quarries History of Madukkarai Climate and Geography Census Administrative structure Transport Public Amenities Land Use plan Development Plan

02 Morphology

Neighbourhood Fabric

04 Waste Management

Timeline Process Network Challenges Impact Innovation

05 Public Life

Timeline Religious Bodies Dharma Malai Temple Other religious bodies Cultural Narrative

06 Ecology

Madukkarai Morphology

Timeline

Swatch Morphology

Human Wildlife Equilibrium

Marapalam Swatch

Conflict Arrival

Anbu Nagar Swatch

Establishing Corridor

Gandhi Nagar Swatch

Sensitive Approaches to Madukkarai

03 ACC Cement Factory

Timeline Limestone Quarry Site Analysis Complains and Protests Proposed Remediation ACC and its impact on Madukkarai

07 Agriculture

Decline in argiculture in Madukkarai Madukkarai Market and Trade

08 Future Estimates Proposed Masterplan

09 Bibliography 3

I ntr odu cti o n to M adu k kar ai Madukkarai is a suburb of Coimbatore city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It lies at the border of Western ghats located at Coimbatore – Palghat National Highways with an area of 21.47 sq.km. It is the gateway to Coimbatore city from Kerala State and is around 12 km from the Kerala border. It is the administrative centre for Madukkarai taluk.

TIMELINE _GENERAL

L O C AT I N G M A D U K K A R A I LOCATING COIMBATORE CITY

Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the census 2011. It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore District.Madukkarai is situated the towards the southern side that behaves as a suburb to the city.

LOCATING MADUKKARAI IN COIMBATORE CITY Fig 1.2.1

Fig 1.2.2 8

Madukkarai is a gateway that connects Coimbatore to Kerala via the SalemKochi highway. It is home to many educational institutions which include schools, paramedical colleges, and engineering colleges. Kurichi, Kovaipudur, Malumichampatti, Ettimadai are some of the nearby localities. This locality is well suited for working professionals and families with children.It is a space which is far well distanced from the city chaos but also has the ability to function on its own withouth being too dependant on the city. Fig 1.2.3

CONTEXT

Contextual map of Madukkarai h of the ne CHURCH

Fig 1.3.1

HILL SETTLEMENTS Fig 1.3.2

DHARMALINGAMALAI TEMPLE

Fig 1.3.3

RAILWAY LINE Fig 1.3.4

HIGHWAY SETTLEMENTS

Fig 1.3.5

ELECTRIC PLANT Fig 1.3.6

highlighting some important features eighbourhood.

HIGHWAY SHOPS

Fig 1.3.7

POLICE STATION

Fig 1.3.8

MADUKKARAI MARKET

Fig 1.3.9

ACC PLANT

Fig 1.3.10

FARMS

Fig 1.3.11

LIMESTONE QUARRIES ◄ Top left quarry

Fig 1.4.1

Fig 1.4.2

Fig 1.4.3

Fig 1.4.4

Fig 1.4.5

Fig 1.4.6

◄ Bottom quarry

Top right quarry ►

Fig 1.4.7

Fig 1.4.8

Fig 1.4.9

Fig 1.4.10

Central quarry ►

Fig 1.4.11

QUARRY SECTIONS

372 368

360

SECTION THROUGH CENTRAL QUARRY

Fig 1.4.12

SECTION THROUGH BOTTOM QUARRY

324 320 315 310

Fig 1.4.13

HIS TORY OF MADUKKARAI

EVOLUTION OF COIMBATORE REGION

2009 1979

1868 1865

Nilgiri District

Coimbatore District

Erode District

Coimb Distric

Coimbatore District

DYNASTIES THROUGH THE YEARS

Nilgiri District

Sangam Age AD 100-250

Rashtra Kuttas AD 250-405

English East India Company

Mysore Rule 1792-1857

batore ct

MADUKKARAI WALL The name “Madukkarai” originated from the colloquial use of the words “Mathil” (means “great wall” in Tamil) + “Karai” (means “shore” in Tamil) as it is situated along the hillsides of the Western Ghats.

Erode District

The place was named as Madukkarai (Madhil = Wall + Karai = Border / Territories) since the territories of the kingdoms were earmarked with the construction of the walls. Wikipedia reports about Madukkarai wall as the historic border fortification as ‘the stone and earthen fortification with a parallel embankment in central Tamil Nadu.The wall was built during the PreSangam period to demarcate the tri-junction of Chera, Chola and Pandya.’

Tiruppur District

Fig 1.5.1

Fig 1.5.2

Chola AD 880-1279

Madurai Nayaks AD 1564-1736

Chalukyas

Vijayanag AD 1336-1564

Pandhiyas AD 1216-1335

Hoysala AD 1291-1342

CLIMATE AND GEOGRAPHY Madukkarai is located at coordinates 10.9°N 76.97°E. It has an average elevation of 311 metres (1020 feet).The general lithology of the Madukkarai area is that topsoil is found in the first 5 meters and above 5 meters hard rock, and ground water level is 200300 meters. The groundwater is partially potable in this Town.

SOIL CONDITIONS Deep black Deep red Moderate deep black Moderate deep red Moderate shallow black Moderate shallow red Shallow black Shallow red Very deep black Very deep red Very shallow black Very shallow red Fig 1.6.1

LANDFORMS

Fig 1.6.2

TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL

Fig 1.6.3

CENSUS The Madukkarai town has population of 30,357, male population is 15,084 and female population is 15,273 as per the Census 2011 data. The urban population in the area overpowers the rural and seems to be increasing at a steady pace.The population of Children under the age of 0-6 is 3,049.A small amount of Madukkarai’s population consists of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.The total number of house holds in the area is 8153.

MADUKKARAI POPULATION

Fig 1.7.1

49.95%

50.05%

Total working population of Madukkarai is 12474 which are either main or marginal workers. Total workers in the town/city are 12474 out of which 9174 are male and 3300 are female.The population consists of main workers who works in farms and industries other areas whereas the marginal workers are comparitively less in Madukkarai.

MALE FEMALE SCHEDULED CAST AND SCHEDULED TR

3% TOWN PANCHAYAT

MADUKKARAI

AREA IN SqKm

21.47

DISTRICT

COIMBATORE

TALUK

MADUKKARAI

NAME OF ASSEMBLY KINATHUKADAVU NAME OF PARLIAMENT CONSTITUENCY POLLACHI NO OF WARDS

NO OF STREETS

117

2011 POPULATION

30357

97%

DEMOGRAPHIC SC

DEMOGRAPHIC

11.00%

The demographic in Madukkarai is mainly dominated by the edler population.Madukkarai as a town is very slow paced due to which the percentage of youth in the area is decreasing as they move towards the coimbatore city as there are better educational and job opportunities towards that side. 89%

Source of data for all pie charts: https://etrace.in/census/town/madukkarai-tamil-nadu-803996/

0-6 YRS

6 YRS AND ABOVE

LITERACY

LITERACY RATE

Literacy rate in Madukkarai block is 70%. 21,249 out of total 30,357 population is educated here. In males the literacy rate is 55% whereas female literacy rate is 45% .The Negative side is that illiteracy rate of Madukkarai block is 30%.

Fig 1.7.2

Here 9107 out of total 30,357 individuals are illiterate.The number of schools in the area are very less hence it is not considered as an ideal location for primary education but has sufficient colleges around for undergraduate studies hence there is more youth that comes from the city and nearby state of kerala to attend colleges.In terms of job opportunities for these youth after graduation is fairly less hence most of the youth tend to leave the town after graduation.

45% 55%

MALE

FEMALE

WORKING POPULATION WORKING POPULATION WORKING POPULATION

WORKING POPULATION

1.08%

2.47%

1.25%

Total working population of Madukkarai is 12474 which are8.60% either main or marginal workers. Total workers in the town/city are 12474 out of which 9174 are male and 3300 are female.The population consists of main workers who works in farms and industries other areas whereas the marginal workers are comparitively less in Madukkarai. The major part of the working population is categorised under the “other”label which refers to the people working in the large scale industries and the people working in the shops along the highway.The main source of revenue for the town is from this category along 86.60% with the others which leads it to become a special grade panchayat.

1.08% 8.60%

2.47% 1.08% 1.25% 2.47% 1.25% 8.60%

WORKING POPULATIO 1.08%

2.47%

1.25%

8.60%

86.60%

86.60% CULTIVATORS OTHER WORKERS

AGRICULTURE LABOURERS CULTIVATORS CULTIVATORS MARGINAL WORKERS OTHER WORKERS OTHER WORKERS

HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIES AGRICULTURE LABOURERS HOUSEHOLD INDU AGRICULTURE LABOURERS HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIES MARGINAL WORKERS MARGINAL WORKERS CULTIVATORS

AGRICULTURE LABOURERS

OTHER WORKERS

MARGINAL WORKERS

ADMINISTRATION TAMIL NADU PANCHAYAT SYSTEM In 1993, the 73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution of India has stipulated and redefined the urban local governance and consequence to that all the Town Panchayats were reconstituted under the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act, 1920 and treated as transitional area. i.e. an area in transition from rural area to Urban area. Necessary amendments were brought to the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act, 1920 for this purpose and a separate chapter in respect of Town Panchayats was inserted in the said Act.Consequently, though the nomenclature ‘Town Panchayat’ remained unchanged, the administrative control of the Directorate of Town Panchayats was brought under the Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department at the Secretariat. There are 528 Town Panchayats in the State which are classified into four grades,based on the income criteria :

LEGEND STATE BOUNDARY TALUK PANCHAYAT UNION VILLAGE WITH MDDS CODE RESERVED FOREST HEADQUATERS DISTRICT POPULATION SIZE OF VILLAGE

HIGHER SEC

UNINHABITED VILLAGE STATUARY TOWN CENSUS TOWN

TECHNICAL

NATIONAL HIGHWAY STATE HIGHWAY METALLED ROAD RAILWAY BROAD GAUGE RAILWAY METRE GAUGE RIVER AND STREAM

BANK

PRIMARY HEA

DISPENSARY

OTHER MED

COIMBATORE SOUTH TALUK DISTRICT MAP

CONDARY SCHOOL

L INSTITUTION

ALTH CENTRE

DICAL FACILITIES

Source: RTI ACT Town Pts. MANUAL_DTP_ 1.04.2014

Fig 1.8.1

TAMIL NADU

STATE

COIMBATORE

DISTRICT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE Madukkarai being a Special Grade Town Panchayat in Coimbatore District in Tamilnadu State,belongs to Pollachi Parlimentary Constituency and Kinathukadavu Assembly Constituency. Madukkarai Town Panchayat consists of 18 wards. Each ward is maintained by a elected representative. The Panchayat administration boundary is with the South side of CBE Corp.,Western ghats,Thirumalaipalayam piruvu,Sundrapuram road,Kurumbapalayam road.There are 9 villages around this boundary which have smaller village panchayats.They form a union with the Madukkarai special grade panchayat.The madukkarai panchayat does not interfere with these smaller panchayats unless the issues need to be addressed with the central goverment.

SOUTH C

SUB DI

COIMBATORE

ISTRICT

MADUKKARAI

TALUKA

MADUKKARAI

TOWN PANCHAYAT

MADUKKARAI PANCHAYAT UNION

MADUKKARAI SPECIAL GRADE PANCHAYAT Madukkarai being a suburban area to the Coimbatore city has seen a consistent development in the panchayat system.Before introducing the acts ,Madukkarai was declared as a township and later on it became a town panchayat in 1964.It then upgraded into a special village panchayat and then to a special grade panchayat.The main reason for this consistent development in the panchayat system being the presence of the National highway leading to Kerala and the ACC cement factory .Initially the highway played a very important role as a trade route and now as space for people to setup shops which lead to an increase in the number of residents along the highway.

MADUKKARAI PANCHAYAT TOWN MAP Source: Madukkarai Panchayat Office

Fig 1.9.1

MADUKKARAI WARD MAP

Fig 1.9.2

Source: Madukkarai Panchayat Office

TRANSPORT Madukkarai is on the main road connecting Coimbatore city to NH47, which bypasses the city. It includes the junction connecting towards the south-west which goes to Pallakad.Work on the 4-laning of the Madukkarai - Walayar stretch is in progress.There is also a railway station which serves as an important goods shedding point, transporting stones and other raw materials for cement manufacture, and also transporting the cement produced.There is a railway line into the factory. Passenger trains from and to Palghat stop at Madukkarai station. The National Highways of about 16 kms and State Highways of about 5kms lie in Madukkarai Town Panchayat area. The Road maintained by the Town Panchayat is 53.70 kms. As many transports travel through Madukkarai because it connects Coimbatore and Palghat.

LEGEND AUTO BUS TRAIN PARKING FOR ACC BY-PASS ROAD PRIMARY ROADS SECONDARY ROADS

Fig 1.10.1

PUBLIC AMENITIES The region of Madukkarai consists of local amenities such as schools, nursing homes, religious places, atms, transportation stations etc that spread out over the neighbourhood but yet lie in the short proximity with each other. The amenities are accessible by all the people of the neighbourhood especially wherein, the places of worship act as gathering and social spaces and become spots for recreation for the localites. The amenity study map however shows that there is a serious lack of health care facilities in the region with most of the health amenity being smaller nursing homes and clinics.

LEGEND SCHOOLS HEALTHCARE MASJID CHURCHES TEMPLES PUBLIC ATMS SECONDARY ROADS BY-PASS ROADS PRIMARY ROADS SECONDARY ROADS RAILWAY LINE

Fig 1.11

L AND USE Madukkarai town lieing in the suburb of Coimbatore city has variety of ways the land is used.Initially due to the presence of the limestone deposits the ACC industry came up after which other industries followed up in the area.Due to the presence of the forest reserve present in the area,there are alot of farmlands that are now slowly turning fallow and being given to institutional buildings for public.The expansion of the higway width lead to alot of commercial spaces coming up along the edges of the road.The town also has a huge chunk of land under the army due to its proximity to the border.There are religious places scattered along the town that act as the main space for residents of the town to come together and have various interactions with each other.

LEGEND HOUSING COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL RELIGIOUS PUBLIC FARMLANDS ARMY FOREST

Fig 1.12

DEVELOPMENT PL ANS The region of Madukkarai consists of local amenities such as schools, nursing homes, religious places, atms, transportation stations etc that spread out over the neighbourhood but yet lie in the short proximity with each other. The amenities are accessible by all the people of the neighbourhood especially wherein, the places of worship act as gathering and social spaces and become spots for recreation for the localites. The amenity study map however shows that there is a serious lack of health care facilities in the region with most of the health amenity being smaller nursing homes and clinics. By comparison of the development plans between the years 2001 and 2021 it is concluded that there is a rise in the residential settlelements in madukkarai and alot of the farmlands are being converted into these residential plots.In reality this residential sprawl increase over the years has been very subtle. Fig 1.13.1

LEGEND HOUSING COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL RELIGIOUS PUBLIC Source: RTI ACT Town Pts. MANUAL_DTP_ 1.04.2014

2001 34

FARMLANDS FOREST

Fig 1.13.2

Source: RTI ACT Town Pts. MANUAL_DTP_ 1.04.2014

2021 35

DEVELOPMENT PL ANS- INFERENCE RESIDENTIAL AREA The amount of people coming into Madaukkarai over the years has seen a subtle increase in the population due to which the residential sprawl has increased in the town and has spread from the highway edge to the inner parts of Madukkarai.

PUBLIC AREAS The increase in the population of Madukkarai over the years has also lead to increase in the number of public/semi public spaces that have been used by the public for various reasons such as festivals,functions,storage etc.

INDUSTRIES Initially when industries started coming up in Madukkarai there were different kinds that were present. The first industry that came up was the ACC cement industry and later on various other industries came up and functioned quite well.Madukkarai was proposed to have a alot more industrial spaces but in the current situation except for the acc cement industry ,no other industry functions seems to function properly.

LEGEND HOUSING COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL RELIGIOUS PUBLIC FARMLANDS FOREST

2001

2021

02 Morphology The Morphology of Madukkarai has seen a subtle development through the years. The main features being the Highway,Railway Station and the ACC cement industry that lead to the morphology of the town to evolve.

B U I L T / U N B U I L T.

Fig 2.1

MADUKKARAI MORPHOLOGY

This is a projection of how we think the neighbourhood of madukkarai came about. The evolution came in five stages. 1) The Coimbatore to Palakkad trade route (Pre 1800s) Madukkarai used to be a trade stop. 2) Construction of Railway line( which later formed a private deroute to ACC factory), making it a railway town. 3) Establishment of Madukkarai cement works of ACC due to limestone quarries available nearby 4)Military Camp during World War 2 5) Recent mostly residential development

EARLY 1900s Fig 2.2.3

PRE 1800s

LATE 1800s

Fig 2.2.1

Fig 2.2.2

MID 1900s Fig 2.2.4

RECENT GROWTH Fig 2.2.5

SWATCH MORPHOLOGY

METHODOLOGY To understand the morphology of the town, various swatches were selected within the town. These swatches were selected on the basis of important influences that could have affected the town as a whole. These influces are - the highway, the railway, administrative bodies like Panchayat, Pachayat unions, forest office,etc and religious bodies, instituational bodies, etc. The swatches identified are: 1) Gandhi Nagar and ACC parking swatch 2)Marapalam swatch 3)Anbu Nagar swatch Further, the establishment of these influnces were looked into and they are placed in a chronological order to understrand settlement growth. Also the settlement pattern were studied. This study was based on the roofing typology of the houses. This helped in identifying 1)The older village 2)The extension to the original village 3)The redevelopment of certain clusters of settlements.

SWATCH MORPHOLOGY

MARAPALAM SWATCH

Housing and mixed Government Reglious bodies Institution Farmlands Forest reserve Industry 46

1900

The original villages in Marapalam were situated on the higher ground close to the now forest reserve border. The influnces of the temple and the then trade route (now highway) has always existed. The introduction of the railway line might have divided the growing village

Fig 2.3.1

1900-1980s

Movement of migrants into the town took place and people started setting up businesses catering to the cement factory and military camp. A church got established along the army camp that held sunday masses. The commercial belt along the high grew and industries were set up close to it

Fig 2.3.2

1980-2021 The current cluster of Marapalam has seen the establishment of various educational institutes at the outskirts of the town. These are lands that cannot be cultivated and are sold to these institutes.The newer settlements that come up now are breaking the cluster pattern with the old settlements and are laid in a more definite grid. Fig 2.3.3

SWATCH MORPHOLOGY

ANBU NAGAR SWATCH

Housing and mixed Government Reglious bodies Commercial Farmlands Forest reserve Industry 48

2006

Fig 2.4.1

2021

Fig 2.4.5

The only gathering spaces for the residents of madukkarai have always been places of worship, thus these have become a cornerstone for the morphology growth patterns throughout the town. A noticeable number of places of worship located near the market road, lead to a rise in commercial activity due to the influx and movement of people in the area. Consequently, a rise in residential sprawl surrounding these regions was observed, eating into the previously agricultural land. 49

SWATCH MORPHOLOGY

GANDHI NAGAR SWATCH

Housing and mixed Government Reglious bodies Commercial Farmlands Forest reserve Industry 50

2006

Fig 2.5.1

2021

Fig 2.5.2

The main road connecting to Coimbatore City is a historically established trade route, This gave rise to commercial development along the road. Along with this, religious institutes like the St, Mary’s Church and Temple lead to growth of residential settlements in the westward direction at the fringes of the Forest. Administrative bodies like the police station and panchayat make Gandhi Nagar the center of the town. 51

03 ACC Factory ACC Madukkarai Cement Plant in Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu is one of the oldest cement manufacturers in India. It was established in 1934. It has been a very influential factor in the development of Madukkarai, in terms of infrastructure, economics and environmental impact. It is working under the company, Associated Cement Companies Limited.The annual production capacity of the plant is 1.18 million tonnes of cement. Some of the products manufactured in the company are Portland cement, precast products, Tiles and Ready Mixed Concrete. The Owner of the Cement Plant of Madukkarai in Coimbatore is Madukkarai Cement Works (MCW) of ACC Limited. The status of plant is running successfully.

CEMENT PLANT DETAILS: • Plant Name - ACC - Madukkarai Cement Plant • Company - Associated Cement Companies Limited • Plant Type - Cement Plant • Category – Cement Manufacturers • Capacity per annum - 1.18 million tonnes of cement • Manufacturing Products – Portland cement, Bulk Cement, precast products, Tiles, Ready Mixed Concrete • Owner of Cement Plant - Madukkarai Cement Works (MCW) of ACC Limited • Ownership Type – Private • Shareholders of Company - ACC Limited of India • Plant Status – Operating Fully • Established In - 1934 • Website – www.acclimited.com • Address – Madukkarai PO, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu • Pin Code – 641105 • Location Coordinates - 10.906135, 76.955553 • Nearest Town - Madukkarai • District – Coimbatore • State – Tamil Nadu

TIMELINE _ ACC CEMENT FACTORY

Fig 3.1

LAND OWNED BY ACC FACTORY

LIMESTONE QUARRYING “Madukkarai Limestone mine G.O. No-641” Owned by M/s. ACC Limited working since 1968, having an area 2.71 ha located at Kurichi village, Coimbatore Taluk and District, Tamil Nadu State. The mining lease was first granted on 19.08.1968. Later lease was renewed on 02.04.1990 for 10 Years (1988 to 1998). Subsequently the lease was further renewed for another 20 years in 2010, over an area of 2.71 ha. Commencing from 19.08.1998 for a period of 20 years, it will be extended up to 31.03.2030 as per new MMDR Act. This is an existing captive Madukkarai Limestone mine of M/s ACC Limited. The mine was in operation from 1968 to 2016. PP had mined about 239360 tons of Limestone in years 1997-98 to 2013-2014. Now the company intends to carry out 800 TPA of limestone from the existing Limestone mine. Nearest hospital is ACC Hospital, located at 1.73 Km SW from the lease area. All other community facilities like Post office, ATM, Police Stations are also available in Coimbatore.The lease area lies in the seismic zone III, which is moderate active zone. Analysis of proposal Total Manpower required for the existing project is 38 .Preferences have given to the locals in the mine depending upon the skill, job requirement and capability. Several other indirect employment opportunities created in the surrounding areas like Transport for men and for material, hotel operators, vehicle drivers and attendants, workshops, grocery and retail store, medical, etc.

SITE ANALYSIS Location and Connectivity: The lease area is non-forest private land. The Latitude 10°55’37.20”N, to 10°55’54.50”N, and longitude 76°57’35.10”E to 76°57’57.70”E, marks the lease area.

Topography of the area: . The leasehold area displays an undulating topography. The general slope of the area is towards NE to SW. The maximum and minimum elevations in the lease are 384 mRL and 368 mRL respectively. The lease area is nonorest private land. There is no perennial water body within the lease area.

Drainage The regional drainage is dendritic in pattern. The nearest water bodies is Munjar Nala located at adjacent to south western boundary of the lease area flows from NW to SE direction.

Geology of the area:

Regional and Local Geology of the area is briefly described as under:

Regional Geology: The limestone deposits of Madukkarai and Walayar are associated with metamorphic rocks and are considered to belong to the Middle Dharwars of Southern Peninsular Shield, with the following succession of rocks: Basic dykes, chiefly dolerites Felsites and porphyry dykes Charnockites Norite dykes Hornblende dykes Peninsular dykes This limestone deposit belongs to Madukkarai – Ettimadai belt. Local Geology: The limestone in Madukkarai area is white and light to dark gray in colour, crystalline and coarse to fine grained. It is generally observed that at the contact zone with calc granulite, the limestone is pink in colour. The limestone commonly shows inclusions of pyrite, biotite, muscovite and graphite.

Life of Mine:

Based on reserve estimation, the remaining life of mine is estimated to be about 7 years.

TOTAL QUARRIED AREA

Fig 3.2

COMPL AINTS AND PROTESTS ACC Cement fined Rs 45L for causing air pollution

DECEMBER 04, 2020, Source: The Hindu

Madukkarai Cement Works,the Coimbatore-based plant of cement major ACC Limited (ACC), paid an environmental compensation of 45 lakh for violating air pollution norms. The TNPCB order said that it investigated a telephonic complaint received from the residents of Kurumbapalayam village on June 6 and 18, this year. During investigation, TNPCB noticed fugitive emissions in the clinker storage yard during the unloading of clinker from wagon, fly ash silo, cement bag conveyor and all around the premises during vehicle movement, said the order.

Fig 3.3.1

cement

An inspection carried out on August 21 found particulate matter of clinker/ cement on the premises of a house in the village and a temple. During inspection of the unit, it was noticed that manual handling operations were carried out using excavator in open yard for clinker and fly ash.

smog surrounding factory

BJP members stage protest against ACC

Fig 3.3.3

SEPTEMBER 07, 2020, Source: TOI BJP members headed by the party’s south district president K Vasanthrajan on Sunday staged a protest against the ACC cement factory at Madukkarai for polluting the locality. Police had booked cases against several residents, mostly women, who raised voices against the plant a few days back, the protesters said. Demanding that the cases against the residents of Kurumbapalayam village be withdrawn and that the factory follow pollution norms, the cadres blocked the road towards the Palakkad highway. The cement plant is polluting the locality, Vasanthrajan said. “Flora in the locality is covered with a cement-coloured film. The plant has not installed pollution control devices. It has been dumping clinker, a raw material for making cement, in the open, which has been causing pollution.” Cases were filed against the residents of Kurumbapalayam for protesting against the plant, the BJP leader said. “Those cases should be withdrawn. Emissions from the plant have been affecting farmlands,” he said.

residents of madukkar

residents of madukkarai pro 60

Three Boys Drown in Quarry Pit: Case Filed against ACC Maddukarai JULY 02, 2019, Source: TO1 The Madukkarai police have registered a case against the Associated Cement Companies Limited (ACC), Madukkarai, in connection with the drowning of three boys in a quarry of the company on Monday.

t dust visibly collected on roof Fig 3.3.2

The police said that the case has been registered against the company under Section 304 Part II of the IPC (culpable homicide not amounting to murder) based on a complaint filed by the parents of the three deceased. After preliminary investigations, it was found that the company failed to cordon off the quarry or keep caution boards or post a security guard for public safety. The investigation found that the company has been using the water from the quarry for industrial purposes, said a senior police officer. The bodies were retrieved after prolonged hours of rescue operation by the Fire and Rescue Services personnel and the police.

Chronic Diseases in Workers APRIL 12, 2019, Source: The Hindu Rangasami (70) needs injections as he has turned to be a chronic asthma patient. He took voluntary retirement from the ACC factory in Madukkarai in 1994 which, he says, made him a chronic patient. Rangasami is just one among the many in the factory vicinity who are ill.

rai protest air pollution by ACC Fig 3.3.4

otest unregulated quarry 61

PROPOSED REMEDIATION

Green Belt/Afforestation:

Mining operations mainly contribute to generation of dust for which sprinkling of water is proposed. Vegetative barrier is proposed for dust suppression around areas directly affected by air pollution. Native species to be planted by forest department.

Water Management:

Quarry to be used as water reservoir to help collect rainwater. Ground water table should be monitored regularly to check for pollutants. Domestic waste water generated should be disposed in a soak pit to avoid contamination of local water bodies.

Solid Waste Management:

As per approved mining plan there will be no dumping in the dump yard only backfilling will be done at the worked out area.

Noise Level Management:

Blasting to be carried out only during day hours. Controlled blasting must be adopted. All mine employees must be provided with earplugs/earmuffs. All equipment must be maintained well and greased at regular intervals to reduce noise generation. Sharp drill bits must be used for drilling.

Air Quality Management:

Crusher should be enclosed in covered building to minimize air pollution. Controlled blasting with proper spacing, burden and stemming must be maintained. Non electric initiation system minimizes fly rocks.

ACC AND ITS IMPACT ON MADUKKARAI

Fig 3.4

A CONCEPTUAL COLLAGE

04 Waste Management Solid Waste Management will be one of the top most challenges from metros to small town. This Public Private Partnership has come together to solve one of the toughest and continuous problem of the community. This partnership model is unique and first of its kind implemented through Corporate Social Initiatives. The ACC Madukkarai Cement Works, Hand in Hand NGO along with Madukkarai Spl.Grade Panchya has evolved and launched the “Clean & Green Madukkarai”.This program is implemented by Thidakazhivu Melanmai Thittam – SHG Groups consisting of 55 women. The program aims in creating and strengthening the mechanism for effective disposal of solid and domestic waste of the community. The prime and at most success of this program lies in active community participation. The program aimed at bringing a behavioural change in the community for proper disposal of waste and to strengthen the existing Panchayat waste management program. The program helps the community to see the larger picture of Solid Waste Management and their due role and participation for making this initiative a successful model. After implementation of this initiative, Madukkarai Panchayat has turned out to be cleaner community. The community felt the difference; the streets are cleaner and bought loads of discipline in disposing of the waste.

TIMELINE _ WASTE MANAGEMENT

Fig 4.1

WASTE SEGREGATION UNIT IN EACH WARD

• Door to Door Awareness on Solid Waste Management • Dustbins where provided to all houses in community • Mass Rally & Human chains are formed to increase awareness of the program • Innovative “Silver for Tidy” community incentive program • Street Plays & Nukkad on Solid Waste Management • The educational institutions in the community repeatedly provided awareness on the disposal of waste

REDUCE

Segregation of garbage at source Food waste are disposed everyday

REUSE

Food waste converted to Bio-compost Used as fertilizer

RECYCLE

Plastic, cardboard, news papers, magazines sent for recycling Plastic used as alternative fuel to fossil fuel

RECOVER

THE PROCESS Every day the Green Friends are responsible of visiting every household and collect the daily household garbage. The garbage is separated at the source point itself, where the wet and dry garbage are segregated and collected in their respective bins. More than 55 Green Friends are divided among 18 wards of Madukkarai.

PLASTIC WASTE CONVERTING INTO FUELS

The collected garbage is transferred to the community dust bins which are strategically placed in every ward. The community dust bins are shifted to dump yard where the wet garbage is being converted into organic manure by vermin compost pits.

PROCESSES OF BIOWASTE COMPOSTING AND GEOCYCLE 72

ZERO LAND FILL SITES Fig 4.2

CHALLENGES Community-level: • The people focussed only on keeping their houses clean. • The community always believed that it’s the duty of Panchayat to maintain a clean community. • The people were rigid and resistance to change. • The entire garbage was simply disposed outside of the house. • The garbage choked the drain lines most often. • The streets were always filled with garbage. • The awareness level on waste segregation was very much limited to them.

Panchayat Administration-level: • The Panchayat council lacked knowledge about Solid Waste Management. • Lack of man power & funds in the administration. • The Panchayat was un willing to explore the options. • The administration focussed only on collection of garbage & disposing in land fill. • They were extremely hesitant and rigid in participating in this initiative. • They extremely feared on the failure part of the project.

Fig 4.3

Fig 4.4

IMPACT • 75% of the waste recycled and reduced reaching landfills. • 120 Tonnes of Waste effectively handled per month • 100% Door to Door Collection and segregation • 45 Tonnes of Organic Compost produced per month • 55 SHG women earn an average salary of Rs.4500/- per month

Fig 4.5

05 Public Life

The Madukkarai neighbourhood is a transitional neighbourhood with various older clusters still intact with growth in all directions. These clusters were observed to be mainly religious cluster, which had a religious body at the heart. So these religious bodies become the major spaces of congrugation and the source of their cultural lives. The the interaction between communties is a lot less. This is evident from the isolated nature of the settlement pattern. A few attempts were made by various religious heads to bring together various religous groups in the form of ‘Vinayak Chaturthi’ which was celebrated as a secular festival. Other than the religious spaces in the Madukkarai, cultural spaces are lacking. The schools in Madukkarai holds intraschool compitions at the local ground near ACC factory. The public park is not maintained well. Other than these, the people do not have any formal public space in the town. Recently, various nature trails are getting popularised and nature walks is becoming a trending activity in the town. Newer resturants are coming on the major roads of the town. These open up newer spaces for the people of Madukkarai to access

TIMELINE _ PUBLIC LIFE

Shri. Murugan Temple

CSI Christ Church ACC Laxminarayan Temple

Hidayathul Islam Sunnath Jamath Mosque

Mariamman Kovil Temple Madukkarai Church

Dharmalingamalai Shivan Temple Marapalam

St. Pius X Church

Fig 5.1

Gandhi Nagar

ACC quauters

Kurumbapalayam

Muslim Colony

Church Colony

Anbu Nagar

DHARMALINGAMALAI TEMPLE The Temple has been an important space for the people of Madukkarai. In 2005, the temple complex was renovated to make the way up easier with added covering to the pathway, assembly hall, kitchen, etc. Recently, people from Coimbatore have been flowing in to perform the pilgrimage of the temple and now it has turned into a important cultural marker of the town and also the city

CHITRA POORNIMA FESTIVAL On every full moon day, thousands of pilgrims come to Dharmalinga Malai temple to undertake the pilgrimage to the “temple on the hill” The pilgrimage starts from the temple adjoining the highway.The pilgrims do puja and various other activites and start the pilgrim to the temple through the the town.The town street is lit up with shops, hawkers and decorations for the pilgrims. At the foot hill temple, again some rituals are carried out.The pilgrim the continue to take a parikrama around the entire hill. This pathways is lined with barb wire to keep the animals away. FInally, they climb 800 steps to reach the top temple. Bhajans and Kirtan take place in the assembly hall at the foothill and then prasad is given to the pilgrims

Section throught the pathway leading to Dharmalinga Malia temple

Fig 5.4

Fig 5.3

Fig 5.2

Hidayathul Islam Sunnath Jamath Mosque The mosque was build during the reign of Tipu Sultan and is one of the biggest mosque built at that time. Currently, the mosque is the center of a small community called the Muslim Colony. The mosque holds most of the gathering of the colony

ST. Pius X Church In 1942, the army camp soldiers held sunday masses under the supervision of a priest. Further in 1960, a church was established on land near the army camp.The church colony then came about close to this church. The church helds weekly gathering and various programs to educate children of the coummunity.

ACC Laxminarayan Temple The temple was established near the bunglows of the executive offcers of ACC factory. The temple holds a lot of fairs and dramas, etc during the various festivals throughout the years

Fig 5.8

06 Ecology Thirteen kilometres away from the subdued bustle of Coimbatore city, the forest ranges of Madukkarai are quietly tucked in but at Certain intances one may encounter a wildlife animal.These human wildlife encounters often lead to alot conflicts .

The present diversity of lithophytic species in rocky habitats of Madukkari hills situated in Western Ghats of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu has a total of 121 species from which 116 are Angiosperms while the remaining 4 are Pteridophytes and one Bryophytic species. The Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae are the dominant families of in the Angiospermic flora of this region. The life forms are observed that, 14-species of trees, 19-shrubs, 16-climbers and 72-herbs

TIMELINE _ECOLOGY

HUMAN-WILDLIFE EQUILIBRIUM? In madukkarai the forest reserve plays an important role in providing habitat to the various species.In Madukkarai the boluvampatti forest reserve take a large chunk of the town;and being a part of the larger forest reserve it often has scenarios where there are human and wildlife interactions most of which occur with elephants.The reserve has a total area of 565.6 km2 and falls within the districts of Coimbatore. The reserve contains a diversity of vegetation types as a consequence of its varying climatic and geographic conditions.The population of the elephants is estimated to be 250-300 during offseason(September-December) and 600-700 during peak season(Januaray-August).

BOLUVAMPATI FOREST AREA

Source: https://isha.sadhguru.org/

Fig 6.1

CO-EXISTANCE Before 1995 the Madukkarai area had a balanced had balanced connection with the wildlife in the forest. During the pongal festival in January the forest department holds a gathering at the elephant camps towards coimbatore city which had captive elephants from the boluvampatti forest range as well.These elephants were treated to special foods to mark the occasion. 92

CONFLICT ARRIVAL The Maharaja rouge elephant, famously known as the Madukkarai Maharaja, had reportedly been frequently damaging crops in the area for the past three years and had killed two persons, including a forest watcher. The tusker was captured by doses of tranquiliser and three kumkis (trained elephants) from Topslip to haul him into a lorry. On the way to rehabilitation, he died. Reports of either overdose of their tranquiliser, or hitting his head in the lorry were doing the rounds in outrage posts, the shelf life of which was two days at best. Fig 6.2

Source: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/madukkarai-maharajs-reign-comes-to-end/articleshow/52827222.cms

Fig 6.3

FOREST RANGES DIVISION Wild elephants strayed into human habitats and agriculture fields in the Coimbatore forest division. 99 people were killed between 2004 and 2014 in the division, which consists of Madukkarai, Boluvampatti, Coimbatore, Periyanaickenpalayam, Karamadai, Mettupalayam and Sirumugai forest ranges. People have disturbed the migratory paths of the wild elephants, leading into human-elephant conflicts. 93

HUMAN INTERVENTIONS After 1995 there seemed to be a rise in the interactions between the wildlife and humans that lead to alot of conflicts .Alot of these issues arrised due to the farmers no longer depending on the monsoon season for irriagtion instead taking up water from reservoirs in the forest for irrigation that lead to the wildlife straying out in search of water.Other reasons for conflicts were due to rise of human interventons like the

HIGHWAY The highway in madukkarai that leads to the kerala state has oftenlead to alot of conflicts with the elephants and humans.Due to the highway being at the edge of the forest reserve it causes elephants to stary out during dry season and often causing accidents and traffic along the highway which are fatal to both the humans and the elephants.

ELEPHANT CROSSING PATHS

Fig 6.4

Fig 6.5

Fig 6.6

Source: https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/ feb/10/corridors-of-uncertainty-1936812.htm

Source: https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/feb/10/corridors-of-uncertainty-1936812.htm

RAILWAY The Sollakarai beat in the Navakkarai section is a part of Madukkarai forest where two railway lines, A and B, cut through the forest. Line A cuts through one and a half km of the reserve forest and line B passes through three kms of the forest area.This area also faces alot of accidents due to the inabaility to stop the train if an elephant appears without a warning from the forest department.

Fig 6.8

Fig 6.7 Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/elephant-escapes-after-brushing-against-goods-train-near-coimbatore/ article32309185.ece

FRINGES According to a research held by the Forest Department, human-induced pressures have reduced the forest peripheries, in turn reducing the buffer zone the elephants use regularly. All the small gaps in the corridors have been closed by human habitation. The conflict situations arise because developments have happened without understanding the intricacies of elephant movements. Development activities have caused irreversible damage even before elephant movement patterns could be understood.The forest area, as such, has not reduced. But developments on the fringes have increased. The land use changes were implemented without a clear idea about landscape management. 2021

1995

Fig 6.9

Fig 6.10

Source: http://www.maphill.com/india/tamil-nadu/coimbatore/madukkarai/maps/satellite-map/free/

ESTABLISHING CORRIDORS In 2005 a right to passage act was established that identifies all the elphant corriodors in india.Corridor is the path used by the elephant for migration from one place to another to meet their food, water and the reproductive requirements. These were analysed by developing a fact sheet as discussed in the methodology section. The fact sheet has been administered with the experts belonged to the Forest Department, Non-Governmental Organizations and the Scientists involved in Elephant research and monitoring. The facts were documented for individual corridors and the details were presented corridor wise. Though there were 20 corridors in Tamil Nadu, around 12 could be visualized from Coimbatore Forest Circle. Under the act it was also stated that the elephant corridors faced with obstructions in the form of schools, ashrams, patta lands filled with plantation crops, institutions and settlement villages and labour colonies which were to be removed in a phased manner through appropriate legal actions. the reserve forest boundary with the space of two chain lengths were presently with encroachment and those lands are to be secured from the farmers or institutions concerned.

Source: https://india.mongabay.com/2018/01/let-the-jumbos-passavoiding-elephant-and-human-deaths-around-coimbatore/

Source: https://isha.sadhguru.org/

Fig 6.12

Source: https://isha.sadhguru.org/

Fig 6.11

Fig 6.13

MADUKKARAI FOREST AREA COMES ALONG THE PATH OF THE ELEPHANT CORRIDORS

PARTS OF COIMBATORE FOREST RANGE AND WHOLE OF BOLUVAMPATI FOREST RANGE IN MADUKKARAI

Fig 6.14

ELEPHANT CORRIDORS 11.88%

88.12% Fig 6.15

OTHER FOREST RANGES

COIMBATORE FOREST RANGE Fig 6.16

PROTOCOLS The Tamil Nadu forest depart ment had conducted a survey on different forest reserves of the state and made some common protocols that needed to be followed in areas near the reserve.The protocols mainly contained: The anti-poaching squads perform multiple functions including driving of the crop raiding elephants (anti-depredation squads) and firewatchers. • Elephant-proof trenches are dug around the critical areas. They are used in conjunction with the solar powered fences and seem to be effective. • The power fences after erection are handed to the local people for future maintenance. This is generally done through a written contract. • The state government has developed a unique method, known as the “Dharmapuri Method” of driving elephants. A combination of sound and lights are used to guide the passage of the elephants. Ostensibly this can be used only during the dark hours, but I was surprised to know that the elephants actually use the light beam to see the passage. In rest of the country, the strong beam is used to temporarily blind the animal to stop its forward movement. Fig 6.17

Fig 6.18

Ramps built across tracks Source: https://india.mongabay.com/2018/01/let-the-jumbos-pass-avoiding-elephant-and-human-deaths-around-coimbatore/

Watch towers to keep an eye on elephant movements Source: https://india.mongabay.com/2018/01/let-the-jumbos-passavoiding-elephant-and-human-deaths-around-coimbatore/

SENSITIVE APPROACHES TO MADUKKARAI The tracks have been laid on a raised earthen bund built above the forest floor.Digging elephant-proof trenches, erecting solar fences and ramps for elephants, developing early warning systems and intensifying patrolling. The forest department worked with the railway officials to study, track and communicate where elephants were moving, whether it was an individual or a herd, and at what time were they expected to cross the railway tracks. Train drivers were trained on the procedure they needed to adopt if they saw elephants on the track. The forest department also set up an early warning system. With infrared sensors mounted on trees, they monitor elephant movement near the rail tracks. With the forest department, the railways and researchers working to prevent elephants being knocked down by trains, there is significant promise for improvement of the situation in the future. This together with efforts to reduce conflict along forest edges and farmlands, could help save the lives of elephants and humans.

Fig 6.19

Electric sensors to inform the train conductors the presence of wildlife

Fig 6.20

Source:https://india.mongabay.com/2018/01/let-the-jumbos-passavoiding-elephant-and-human-deaths-around-coimbatore/

Sign boards showcasing elephant movement area Source: https://india.mongabay.com/2018/01/let-the-jumbos-pass-avoiding-elephantand-human-deaths-around-coimbatore/

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Agriculture 07

Madukkarai had been a major contributor in the agricultural industry for the south coimbatore district, especially in horticulture and sericulture, But there has been a major decline in the over agricultural industry. Madukkarai town’s agricultural sustenance depends on its neighboring villages now, while the town itself progresses toward the secondary and tertiary sector and expands its influence to these villages as well.

101

T I M E L I N E _ A G R I C U LT U R E

102

103

DECLINE IN AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY Through the years, ther has been a general decline in the agricultural industry due to various reasons. The agricultural lands have been taken over by the urban fabric and this morphological pattern continues to grow. The youth pf Madukkarai tend to relocate into the Coimbatore city or out of the Madukkarrai town in general in search for better opportunities, thus there is a decline in the younger working population that could take over the farming sector, which leads to the older generations selling off their farmlands for residential use. Ever since the ACC cement factory has been established, there have been more job opportunities for people and agricultural practices have been neglected. There are other factors such as exploited ground water and polluted water table which have affected this farming industry as well.

2003 LAND USE MAP

Urban fabric Water bodies Barren land Vegetation Agriculture

104

2014 LAND USE MAP

Fig 7.1

105

DECREASE IN AGRICULTURAL LAND Land-use maps comparison from 2003 to 2014 shows a substantial takeover of agricultural lands for other uses, mainly urban fabric.

Agriculture 2003 Agriculture to Non-Agriculture 2014 Fig 7.2

‘Our lands have been acquired, but compensation yet to be paid’ OCTOBER 24TH, 2020. Source - The New Indian Express

Farmers of five villages in Madukkarai union whose lands were acquired for laying GAIL (India) pipeline have alleged that they have not received compensation even after the crops were removed from their lands a month ago.

Too long a wait for a word on compensation for Madukkarai farmers NOVEMBER 28TH, 2020. Source - The New Indian Express

Farmers from the Madukkarai union, whose lands have been acquired for laying GAIL pipeline, have alleged that the work has begun even before the compensation for crops and land was fixed. It has been almost two months since their crops were cleared for the project, but there has been no word on deciding the compensation, the farmers said at a grievance meet on Friday. 106

Major markets roads and weekly markets in Madukkarai.

Fig 7.3

107

108

Future Estimates 08 INFLUX OF POPULATION IN MADUKKARAI The coimbatore city expands and madukkarai becomes an emerging suburban area of the city. This expansion should not disrupt the existing community connections. at the same time, a sort of floating populus will create a lively space that promotes growth of newer commercial fronts and encourages growth of various public amenities in madukkarai

MADUKKARAI DEVELOPS INTO A CITY CENTER After understanding the functioning of the panchayat,madukkarai is a place that has the ability to mitigate a lot of the issues by inclusion of certain amenities in the areas hence making it less reliable to the city. Moreover the smaller villages towards the suburban area which were dependent on the city for resources would now see madukkarai having the same potential as the city.

SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES SCALES UP The solid waste management system can be exponentially thought of as the start of a self-sustaining system with additions of other systems like ground water cleaning, clean energy generation, etc.

MIGRATION PATTERN CHANGES The existing situation of the town is such that the adults and young adults would migrate outwards to various parts of the country, for the reasons of education, business, work, etc. it becomes a conscious effort to make madukkarai desirable for such residents of the town.

109

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL

110

ELEPHANT RESEARCH INSTITUTE

1.VETINARY CARE 2.AWARENESS WORKSHOP 3.MEETINGS TO SOLVE HUMAN/ANIMAL CONFLICT 4.TESTING LABS

WATER TREATMENT PLANT 1.WATER TREATMENT MACHINES 1.WASTE MANAGEMENT 2.CYCLE TRACK AROUND QUARRY

COMMUNITY SPACES

1. INFO/COMPLAIN DESH AND OFFICE 2. KNOWLEDGE CENTER 3. WORKSHOP SPACES FOR ACTIVITIES AND PROGRAMS BY NGO, ETC 4. WASTE SEGREGATION SPACES 5. DISCUSSION AND GATHERING SPACE FOR CONVERSATIONS AND DISCUSSION 6. HUMAN LIBRARY PROGRAM FOR EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE 7. ARCHIVAL OF STORIES AND NARRATIVES

URBAN PUBLIC REALM

1.SPORTS CENTER 2.GROUND 3.CYLING TRACK 4.WATER TREATMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANT 5.FILTRATION UNITS 6.GUIDED TOURS/WORKSHOPS 7.CYCLE TRACK AROUND QUARRY 8.FARMERS MARKET 9.INDOOR SAFE STORAGE 10.ADMIN 11.AIR POLLUTION TOWER 12.INTEGRATED GREENS 13.VIEWING DEC\

FARMERS WELFARE ASSOCIAITION

1.FARMER’S UNION OFFICES 2.AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 3.AGRI INTEX WORKSHOP (AGRO BUSINESS SUPPORT AND RESEARCH GROUP) 4.AGRICULTURAL AWARENESS WORKSHOPS DISTRIBUTION CENTER 5.SEED BANK 6.STORAGE FACILITIES FOR FARMERS (FOR FURTHER DISTRIBUTION INTO TOWN) 7.DISTRIBUTION OF COMPOST FROM THE GREEN FRIENDS WASTE MANAGEMENT TEAM

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM 1. SEPARATION YARD 2. BIO-WASTE PLANT 3. GEOCYCLE UNIT 4. GLASS AND PAPER RECYCLING UNIT 5. QUARRY TOURISM AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. WATER RESERVOIR

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09 Bibliography • Coimbatore district topographic map, elevation, relief (topographic-map.com) • Soil map of Coimbatore and Erode Districts | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) • Madukkarai - Google Maps • 8: Process of biowaste composting and odour related emissions... | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) • Case-Study-ACC-Coimbatore.pdf (indiasanitationcoalition.org) • Madukkarai Panchayat Office • Individual & Waste Plastic to Fuel Production Process Diagram (LDPE,... | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) • Case-Study-ACC-Coimbatore.pdf (indiasanitationcoalition.org) • https://issuu.com/winesisangiola/docs/coimbatore_city_planning • Madukkarai features in The Guinness Book Of World Records - Clean Future • Muskaan - An ACC Initiative For Women Empowerment and Child Development (acchelp.in) • https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=607 • https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/mosques-in-history/article5236875.ece • https://www.coimbatorediocese.org/st-piusx-church.php • https://in.worldorgs.com/catalog/madukkarai/coffee-shop/acc-madukkarailakshminarayan-temple • htps://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/oct/24/our-lands-have-beenacquired-but-compensation-yet-to-be-paid-2214351.html • https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/nov/28/too-long-a-wait-fora-word-on-compensation-formadukkarai-farmers-2229057.html • https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/farmers-in-coimbatore-districtseek-action-against-madukkarai-tahsildar/articleshow/74083086.cms

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A. ATHIRA_1801

athiraarun09nov@gmail.com

SHREYANSH ITALIA_1830

shreyansh.italia@gmail.com

MOHIT KATKE_1839

katke.mohit@gmail.com

DIYA BEJOY_1878

diyabejoy23@gmail.com

DALIKA DHAROD_0000

dalikadharod25@gmail.com

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