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STUDY GUIDE AND SELECTED SOLUTIONS MANUAL Karen Timberlake

Mark Quirie Algonquin College

BASIC CHEMISTRY Sixth Edition

» Pearson 330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013

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Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department.

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1 2019

@ Pearson

ANOAZIES ISBN 13: 978-0-134-98711-8

Contents Preface To the Student Using This Study Guide and Selected Solutions Manual I

Chemistry in Our Lives Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Chemistry and Measurements Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Matter and Energy Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Selected Answers to Combining Ideas from Chapters 1 to 3 Atoms and Elements Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Electronic Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends

Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

103

Ionic and Molecular Compounds

108

Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Chemical Quantities

128

Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

143

Selected Answers to Combining Ideas from Chapters 4 to 7

167

Chemical Reactions

169

Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

178

Chemical Quantities in Reactions

181

Study Guide

Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

195

Bonding and Properties of Solids and Liquids

203

| Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems Selected Answers to Combining Ideas from Chapters 8 to 10

224

231

Contents

Gases Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Solutions

Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Acids and Bases

Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Selected Answers to Combining Ideas from Chapters 11 to 14

Oxidation and Reduction

Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Nuclear Chemistry Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Selected Answers to Combining Ideas from Chapters 15 and 16

Organic Chemistry Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Biochemistry Study Guide Selected Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

Selected Answers to Combining Ideas from Chapters 17 and 18

478

Preface This Study Guide and Selected Solutions Manual is intended to accompany Basic Chemistry, sixth edition. The purpose of this Study Guide is to provide you with additional learning resources to increase your understanding of the key concepts. Each section in this Study Guide is correlated with a chapter section in the text. For every section in each chapter, there are Learning Goals, Sample Problems with Solutions, and Learning Exercises with Answers that focus on problem solving, which in turn promote an understanding of the chemical principles. A Checklist of Learning Goals and a Prac-

tice Test with Answers provide a review of the chapter content. In the Selected Solutions, we have included the answers and worked-out solutions to all the odd-numbered problems in the text. We hope that this Study Guide and Selected Solutions Manual will help in the learning of chemistry. If you wish to make comments or corrections, or ask questions, you can send us an email message at khemist@aol.com Karen and William Timberlake

Mark Quirie

To the Student One must learn by doing the thing; though you think you know it, you have no certainty until you try.

—Sophocles

Here you are in a chemistry class with your textbook in front of you. Perhaps you have already been assigned some reading or some problems to do in the book. Looking through the chapter, you may

see words, terms, and pictures that are new to you. This may very well be your first experience with a science class like chemistry. At this point you may have some questions about what you can do to learn chemistry. This Study Guide and Selected Solutions Manual is written with those considerations in mind.

Learning chemistry is similar to learning something new such as tennis or skiing or driving. If I asked you how you learn to play tennis or ski or drive a car, you would probably tell me that you would need to practice often. It is the same with learning chemistry; understanding the chemical ideas and successfully solving the problems depends on the time and effort you invest in it. If you practice every day, you will find that learning chemistry is an exciting experience and a way to understand the current issues of the environment, health, and medicine.

Manage Your Study Time I often recommend a study system to students in which you read one section of the text and immediately work the practice problems at the end of that section. In this way, you concentrate on a small amount of information and use what you learn to solve the problems. This helps you to organize and review the information without being overwhelmed by the entire chapter. It is important to understand each section, because they build like steps. Information presented in each chapter proceeds from the basic to the more complex. Perhaps you can only study three or four sections of the chapter. As long as you also practice doing some problems at the same time, the information will stay with you.

Some Strategies for Learning Chemistry Learning chemistry requires you to place new information in your long-term memory, which allows you to remember those ideas for an exam, a process called retrieval. You can develop new study habits that help you successfully recall new information by connecting it with your prior knowledge. This can be accomplished by doing a lot of practice testing. You can check how much you have learned by going back a few days later and retesting. Another useful learning strategy is to study different ideas at the same time, which allows you to connect those ideas and to differentiate between them. Although these study habits may take more time and seem more difficult, they help you find the gaps in your knowledge and connect new information with what you already know.

Form a Study Group I highly recommend that you form a study group in the first week of your chemistry class. Working with your peers will help you use the language of chemistry. Scheduling a time to meet each week will help you study and prepare to discuss problems. You will be able to teach some things to other

students in the group, and sometimes they will help you understand a topic that puzzles you. You

won't always understand a concept right away. Your group will help you see your way through it. Most of all, a study group creates a strong support system when students help each other successfully complete the class.

To the Student

Go to Office Hours Try to go to your tutor’s and/or professor’s office hours. Your professor wants you to understand

and enjoy learning this material. Often a tutor is assigned to a class or there are tutors available at

your college. Don’t be intimidated. Going to see a tutor or your professor is one of the best ways to

clarify what you need to learn in chemistry.

Vil

Using This Study Guide and Selected Solutions Manual Now you are ready to sit down and study chemistry. Let’s go over some methods that can help you

learn chemistry. This Study Guide is written specifically to help you understand and practice the chemical concepts that are presented in your class and in your text. The following features are part of this Study Guide and Selected Solutions Manual:

1. Learning Goals The Learning Goals give you an overview of what each section in the chapter is about and what you can expect to accomplish when you complete your study and learning of that section.

2. Chapter Sections Each chapter section begins with a list of the important ideas to guide you through each of the learning activities. When you are ready to begin your study, read the matching section in the textbook and review the Sample Problems in the text. Included in the text are the Key Math Skills and Core

Chemistry Skills, which are the most important concepts in each chapter.

3. Learning Exercises The Learning Exercises give you an opportunity to practice problem solving related to the chemical principles in the chapter. Each set of Learning Exercises reviews one chemical principle. Since the answers are conveniently found immediately following each Learning Exercise, use a piece of paper to cover up the answers while working on the Learning Exercises. The answers are found immediately following each Learning Exercise. Check your answers right away. If they don’t match the answer in the Study Guide, review that section of the text again. It is important to make corrections before

you go on. Chemistry involves a layering of skills such that each one must be understood before the next one can be learned.

4. Key Terms Key Terms appear throughout each chapter in the Study Guide. As you match each Key Term with its description, you will have an overview of the topics you have studied in that chapter. Because many of the Key Terms may be new to you, this is an opportunity to review their meaning.

5. Checklist Use the Checklist to check your understanding of the Learning Goals. This Checklist gives you an overview of the major topics in each section. If something does not sound familiar, go back and review it. One aspect of being a strong problem-solver is the ability to evaluate your knowledge and understanding as you study.

6. Practice Test A Practice Test is found at the end of each chapter. When you feel you have learned the material in a

chapter, you can check your understanding by taking the Practice Test. The Practice Test questions are keyed to the Learning Goals, which allows you to identify the sections you may need to review.

Answers are found at the end of the Practice Test. If the results of the Practice Test indicate that you know the material, you are ready to proceed to the next chapter.

7. Selected Answers and Solutions The Selected Answers and Solutions to the odd-numbered problems for each chapter in the text follow each Practice Test. For certain chapters, Selected Answers to the Combining Ideas for groups of chapters are included.

Vill

I Chemistry in Our Lives After a female victim, Gloria, is found dead in her home, samples of her blood and stomach contents are sent to Sarah,

who is a forensic scientist. After using a variety of chemical tests, Sarah concludes that Gloria was poisoned when she ingested ethylene glycol. Because the initial symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning are similar to those of alcohol intoxication, the victim was unaware of the poisoning. When ethylene glycol is oxidized in the body, the products can cause kidney failure and may be toxic to the body. Two weeks later, police arrest Gloria’s husband after finding a bottle of antifreeze containing ethylene glycol in the laundry room of the couple’s home. How does this result show the use of the scientific method? 2 ss eyigs

Credit:

LOOKING AHEAD 1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals 1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist

1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry 1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry

1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation

The Health icon indicates a question that is related to health and medicine.

1.1

Chemistry and Chemicals

Learning Goal: Define the term chemistry, and identify chemicals. *

Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.

Achemical is any substance that always has the same composition and properties wherever it is found.

Learning Exercise 1.1 y

Is each of the following a chemical?

ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

time for a radioisotope to lose half its activity

sodium fluoride in toothpaste

amoxicillin, an antibiotic

distance of 2.5 mi walked on a treadmill during exercise

carbon nanotubes used to transport medication to cancer cells

Answers

a. yes

b. no

c. yes

d.yes

eno.

f. yes