Aquatic life 7 1918

W'^

Jacob C. Cassel 915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa Manufacturtr of

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>OCXDC

WATER BIOLOGY WARD GEORGE WHIPPLE and

C.

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS All interested in aquatic biology will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water bodies, together with data on their life histories, habits and range.

This work is the first complete and accurate record of North American aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms among both plants and animals excluding the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent. comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species.

Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed Biological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also out. given.

Fresh-Water Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, Avith 1547 illustrations. Price, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds. ;

A

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p g n [)

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Aquarium BiocKemistry EDGAR

R.

WAITE.

Presiaent, Soutn Australian

F. L. S.

Aquarium

Society

-Âť

A

Pile of Goldfisk

Ashore and

(right) others

Gasping

at

the Surface of the

Water

Photographs hy the Author

Most people know

that water

is

com-

posed of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen, in

They

know

also

oxygen

proportion of two to one.

the

that fishes breathe in

regenerate their blood,

to

and

they imagine, perhaps not unnaturally, that the fishes obtain nation.

it

from the combi-

This they cannot do, for as soon

as the correct proportion of the is

two gases

disturbed, water no longer exists.

We

must, in the

first place,

appreciate

the difference between the chemical ex-

pressions "mixture" and "combination."

formed of a mixture of two gases, nitrogen and oxygen, and we can vary the normal proportion (of Atmospheric

air

is

about 79 to 21), within certain limits, without destroying the use of the mixture for respiratory purposes.

other hand,

is

Water, on the

produced, not by a mix-

upset in the ordinary course of events if

the proportions are changed, say by

means of

electricity, resulting in the ab-

straction of a certain

amount of oxygen,

then twice that quantity of hydrogen also set free,

is

and a corresponding meas-

ure of water, as such,

is

destroyed.

It

will be evident, therefore, that fishes can-

not breathe the oxygen which stituent of the

Water has

water

in

is

a con-

which they

live.

the property of absorbing

and retaining a certain amount of free oxygen, this amount varying under different conditions, especially of temperature, the

hold.

warmer

the water the less

it

can

Fishes cannot, therefore, live in

water that has been recently boiled, because most of the breathable oxygen has

been driven cooling,

ofT.

will

This boiled water, while

gradually reabsorb atmos-

ture, but

by a chemical combination of

pheric oxygen, and the greater area of

two gases

in certain definite proportions,

water exposed the more rapidly

as already mentioned, which cannot be

sorption take place.

Hence

will ab-

the process

aquatu

140

is

if

accelerated

the water be agitated, or

if

be passed into

air

known

it,

a proceeding

water

not artificially aerated

is

the upper layer only can act as an actual absorber, whence the oxygen is diffused

Under

throughout.

conditions of oxygen

starvation (due to heating, or too many animal breathers), the surface layer re-

mains richest

in

oxygen, and the fishes

crowd

to the top, not to breathe atmos-

pheric

air,

many

as

mostly gold carp, formerly spread over

by pumping out the water, As the water further reduced it provided in-

acres, were,

confined to a deep drain.

as aeration.

If the

lilt

imagine, but to ex-

tract the dissolved oxygen,

where

it

is

was

still

oxygen for the tens of thou-

sufficient

sands of carp, a few of which were photographed,

gasping at the

all

This drain was over a mile

surface.

in length,

the fishes were gathered from the

and

pump-

intake pool at the rate of five tons daily

for a whole week.

Abstracted from the

inaugural address

ivriter's

South

to the

Australian Aquarium Society.

most abundant.

In the goldfish-globe days, and unhapwholly a thing of the

On Memorial Day

pily they are not

bers

past, the assembling of the gasping fish

York

was taken as an indication "wanted changing," but water that the tender-hearted fancier and fair the often until this change was that did not realize at the surface

were undergoing that inflicted on the

effected, the little fishes

torture comparable to

poor wretches of the historic "black-hole

of

a number of memThe Aquarium Society, New

City,

held

Morris Canal,

under the Dorn.

an

leadership

Many

along

outing

New

Little Falls,

Mr.

of

specimens of

the

Jersey,

Richard

fishes, turtles

and plants were secured.

No

regular meetings of the Society will

be held during July and August.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Ht/f/o C. Nelles.

of Calcutta."

Nowadays we make good

with-

the

The Aquarium Stock Company has

drawal of oxygen from the water by the

cepted the agency

introduction of aquatic plants, and the use of the term "balanced aquaria" often

and are now

leads people to suppose that an actual

One

and

delicate balance,

of plant and animal

between the amount life, must be main-

tanks

in

an improvement over the

the corner cones

may

disturbing the

tank

the secret of success

than

water

the

passes into the is

plenty

is

they give off more oxygen

if

required in

can

absorb

it

simply

and as more oxygen warmer weather to counair,

terbalance the feebler absorptive

power

salesrooms.

form, with a superimposed fern receptable, is quite

aquarium. so,

unique

of the several styles, a hexagonal

usual six-sided tank.

Not

these

New York

their

ac-

"Art Aquaria,"

displaying

tained for the successful conduct of an

of plants,

for

From

another type

be removed without

when

becomes Art nickel, enamel it

necessary to have them replated. aquaria are furnished in

and aluminum, and will appeal to those who want small tanks that are out of the ordinary.

of the water, the plants automatically de-

velop increased energy and so supply

The accompanying photographs trate a similar condition, but

digious scale.

A

large area of

it.

illus-

on a pro-

submerged

land was being reclaimed, and the fishes,

An ingenious Spaniard says that rivers and the inhabitants of the water element were made for wise men to contemplate, and fools to pass by without consideration.

Walton.

^iixe

MoutK

Breeder

-

CHARLES M. BREDER,

Jr.

i

Commonly known

vernacular as

in the

the mouth-breeder, Haplochromis

gem

strigi-

has long been a favorite because of

beautiful coloration and intensely in-

its

Their scaly

breeding habits.

teresting

sides display a riot of color, scintilating in the light, as they

move about

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;usually

with some definite object in view. impossible

well-nigh

It is

describe

to

the

ing than the colors.

In nature the fish

prepares a nest by removing

all

the debris

from a circular patch on the bottom, in this somewhat following the custom of our common sunfish, Enponwtis gibbosus, but

is

smaller as befits a fish that

seldom more than two inches long. In the aquarium this nest is often omitted, the tendency being seemingly correlated is

no well defined pattern, each scale seeming to have a comFor this reaplete complement in itself. son they have often been justly described colors, as they lay in

appearing to be

as

with

set

precious

In addition to these prismatic

stones.

is a dull band running laterfrom a highly-colored spot on the

colors there ally

opercule

where

The

it

back to the caudal peduncle, blends into the colors of the

pectorals and ventrals are practically

without color, but the dorsal and anal fins are

as brilliantly

proper.

The

hued as the body

sexes vary only slightly in

color and size, the female being

somewhat

and lacking the vermillion tip on the anal, which is usually present on the duller

male.

This sexual mark

in the

accompanying

well

shown

illustration.

After

is

a female has bred the lower jaw remains rather distended.

The mouth-breeder fish,

is

truly a tropical

inhabiting the streams of Egypt and

the Congo, so should not be subjected to

They

do very well at 72 degrees, while for breeding purposes it is well to raise it a few degrees. It is not necessary to keep as high as 80 degrees, but

will be secured

The breeding

with the

size

of

the

receptable.

The

smaller the tank the greater the possibility

of

A

being passed by.

it

certain pair

when they spawned in a tank 18 by 12 by 12 inches, made no attempt at nestbuilding, but when placed in a tub 24 inches in diameter, a nest a foot in diameter

was hollowed

cleared of

in

the

centre

and

The

con-

foreign matter.

all

were likely more natural in the body of water, with the added advantage that they were not disturbed by the sight of people moving about, as ditions

larger

a temperature less than 65 degrees.

it

Haplochromis strigigena

tail.

around that

good

results

point.

habits are no less strik-

in the case of a glass tank.

After the eggs have been laid and ferfemale gathers them into her

tilized the

mouth, there bation,

to carry

them during incu-

and the resulting fry

until they

have reached the free-swimming stage.

During this period the female abstains

from

all

food.

As many

as twenty days

j^qaattc S,iU

142

may

be consumed in the process, but with

the examples under my observation, the average seemed to be ten to twelve. I believe that, within reasonable limits, the

higher the temperature the shorter this period. Of course, this is an advantage, as

it

Her

shortens the fast of the female.

abstinence from food while carrying the eggs and fry is a serious tax on her strength, and may affect future spawns, so

any method

assumed and successfully consummated At this writing I the role of mother. have a dozen little fellows that never wri8:gled about in the maternal mouth they are none the wiser and none the worse for the reversal. They seem just as sturdy as the previous

about fifteen

of shortening the process

from

litter.

The

par-

ents were young and rather small, which accounts for the number, there being in the litter originally.

There must have been "considerable

that viewpoint.

discussion" over the custody of the eggs,

After the female has taken charge of the eggs the male should be removed. His

judging by the appearance of both adults.

further presence will only serve to annoy

some manner was ripped from its anchorage and protruded from under the This I thought would finish gill cover.

is

well worth while

her.

The number sometimes usually

of

young

as

many

be

much

it is

in a litter will

as

fifty,

It is best

less.

but

not to

A

branchiostegal ray of the female in

her, but she lived to kill the

male that

did the damage.

breed a female more than twice during a year, but a male may be bred successively

feeding helps to prevent "scraps," and

to several females.

the actions of

After

all

the care given the fry by the

mother, after they are liberated to shift for themselves, she will be found as cannibalistic as the

more

vicious species of

fishes.

She should therefore soon as the young are as removed be

acjuarium

swimming

free.

see

sight to

a

It

is

really

a

pitiful

following

school

their

unconscious of her

mother dangerous tendency, disappear one by one down her ample throat.

The fry, after separation from the after release,

The

editor suggests that very liberal

my young

fish

tend to con-

As an experiment I feeding double portions, and now

firm this opinion. tried

find that

I

have no trouble

direction, but the tank

in the fight

must be watched

no neglected food sours in the However, I believe that a great deal depends upon the temperament of the individual, and accounts for the wide

to see that

water.

difi:erence in opinion

regarding the dis-

position of the species. large female

owned by

A

particularly

the editor would

carry the eggs several days and then eject

mother, should be treated like other speFeed them liberally on infusoria cies.

them, eating them several hours

enough daphne and other foods.

the eggs, but to reject

to take small

until they are large

If

prepared

foods are used rather rich ones should be selected.

The

pair that

and spawned

made such

in the

a large nest

tub took a notion to

change the order of procedure. After much evident fighting and fin-mauling, I

found the female male

in

in a

possession

sad

of

state,

the

and the

eggs

!

He

It is

later.

not unusual for a female to swallow

them first is pecuShe should have been muzzled These few notes give a slight idea of the great variations and peculiarities that may be found in the habits of individuals liar.

of a species.

They suggest

the greater

pleasure of the study of the behavior and T:ology of our aquarium inmates. Breed, therefore,

numbers.

not

merely

for

increased

^»

«»'^»^^i-«»'^»^«

»

ll^

BREEDING THE CHAMCHITO DWIGHT WINTER

THE CHANCHITO /.-^

The Chanchito, Cichlasoma facetum found in the ponds and slow streams which are tributary to the La Plata River, South America. In (syn. Heros),

shape

very

rather compact,

is

it

is

much our

In color

it is

local basses

resembling

and

sunfishes.

glossy green to yellow, vary-

ing in different individuals, with broad

black vertical bars, the color extending

onto the dorsal and anal dorsal fins dark

becoming

;

reddish

;

caudal and

eyes greenish yellow,

brown

during

the

During the periods of sexual excitement the colors become more pronounced and beautiful. Wild breeding season.

specimens

may

reach a length of nine

the sexes, in fact,

more often

reaches to the beginning of the anal It is

dominal

line of the female is more rounded, but this is very hard to detect, except in very old fish.

With the ap-

proach of the breeding season the female becomes much larger and thicker, and is then quite easy to distinguish from the male.

Owing

to its hardiness

—

it

great deal of knocking about

can stand a

—the chan-

chito has always been a great

finement seldom exceed five inches.

water as low as 40 deg. to be

I

commended.

favorite

have kept them

with aquarists.

not always possible to distinguish

fin.

asserted by one writer that the ab-

inches or more, but those reared in con-

It is

impossible,

and shapes of the fins are alike in both.

However, in full-grown males, the ventral is slightly longer and

as the colors

A

F.,

but this

is

in

not

temperature be-

iftqnattc

144

Hit water about

tween 60 and 70 deg. suits them better.

During breeding activities the temperature must be not less than 70 deg., pref-

them.

In four or five days the parents

move

the eggs to a nest previously pre-

erably higher.

pared; a mere hollow

Breeding pairs should be provided with large tank, with plenty of sand fairly a Plants to excavate the nests. which in are not necessary, as they will persist-

The South American

ently uproot them.

natives

call

the

the

fish

shoat,

which

means pig, probably because they root about continually. The aquarium should contain two

or three large stones or a

flower pot laid on

its side,

on which they have found a

will deposit the eggs. flower pot useful because it affords a shelter for the female should the male I

become aggressive. sometimes

It is

difficult to

mate a

pair,

a

constant

When

circulation

of

in the sand.

the fry emerge

from the eggs

they are unable to swim, but manage to

wriggle around in the nest, presumably

The brood

searching for food.

new

several times to

is

moved

nests, being carried

mouths of the parents. This moveprobably due to the exhaustion

in the

ment

is

of the food, infusorians, in the region

After several days the

about the nest.

young swim

freely,

and follow the par-

At

this stage the adults

ents in a shoal.

become very aggressive, and anything they think

will attack

may harm

Both parents are active babies and return them

the young.

in the care of the

to the nest

every

as the male will not always accept the

night.

female provided by the owner. I have found that the best way to prevent dis-

male when the young are two or three

sension

is to

divide the aquarium with a

Some days

aquarists advocate removing the

old.

but

find that if well fed, both

I

piece of glass, placing the male in one

parents will take care of the brood until

compartment and the female in the other.

Thus they may see and become accustomed to one another. After a few days I remove the partition and leave them to-

they are seven or eight weeks old.

gether for a short time. the partition

If they scrap

replaced, the procedure

is

being repeated until they become amiable.

Having mated, they will proceed to dig holes

large

the

in

aquarium, which

is

all over an indication that

sand

the

young mature

meal worms.

usually select one of the larger stones or the flower pot, and carefully clean the absence of either

it.

In

have known them

I

on the side of the tank. having been carefully

to place the eggs

The

surface

cleaned,

upon

it,

the

female

deposits

dropping them

fertilization is effected

the

in a circle.

eggs

Then

will

breed

If these are not available,

they will eat the dry prepared foods used other

for

meeting

tropical

the

of

fishes.

Pittsburgh

Read at a Aquarium

Society.

How

the deposition of the eggs, they

and

when about nine months old.

Food should consist largely of animal matter, such as raw beef, rain worms and

they are ready to spawn.

For

rapidly,

The

in

long do "tropical" fishes survive

our aquaria?

to compile a

mum

list

length of

stances rerio

have

and

It

life in

been

confinement.

reported

Tetragonopteris

living five years. to

would be interesting

of species with the maxi-

communicate

of

In-

Danio

riihropictux

Readers are requested their

records

to

the

editor.

by the male. Both

adults guard the eggs in turn, hovering

above and fanning with their

fins to

keep

The wise

aquarist preserves

Life; for future reference.

Aquatic

Do you?

^

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4*^te^"^ta«*'^h^>'^to«l'

^»4V^te«»^te«

THE FAM-TAILED DARTER FRANK BAMFORD HANNA "The darter (Btheostoma

of darters

the fantail

Thus have Jordan and Copeland

writ-

Hardiest, wiri-

ten of the fish that deserves to be

more

is

flabellare).

est, wariest of them all, it is one which is most expert in catching other creatures, and the one which most surely evades your clutch. You can catch a weasel asleep when you put your finger on one

of these.

It

pirate-rigged

a

slim,

little

fish,

is

narrow, black, with

a

long,

among aquarists, and particularly who find pleasure in the study of our native species. The "darter of dart-

popular those

ers" has quite a wide distributions,

ranges from Quebec and

down lina,

and England South Caro-

New

the Atlantic coast to

westward by way of the Great

pointed head, and a projecting, prow-like

lower jaw.

It carries

ored

like the rocks

It is

dark brown

no

flag,

but

among which in hue,

col-

is

lives.

it

with a dusky

spot on each scale, so that the whole

body

seems covered with lengthwise stripes, and these are further relieved by cross bands of the same

color.

Its fins, espe-

fan-shaped caudal, are

cially the broad,

much checkered with The spines of the dorsal

likewise

spots of

black.

are very

low, and each of these in the male ends

pad of rusty-red

in a little fleshy

color,

the fish's only attempt at ornamentation.

The

fan-tailed darter chooses the coldest

and swiftest waters, and befits his

in

these,

as

;

and

rivers

lakes,

it

teeth.

large

Its

yellow-rimmed black

eyes are ever on the watch.

The

least

of a "fish" and the most of a darter, the fan-tailed is worthily left as a type of the genus Btheostoma, in which place by

its

it

was

discoverer, Rafinesque."

shows a preference

for small streams.

You small

catch

will

minnow

it

seine,

life.

snails

first

eastern half of the United States, the Gulf States excepted.

Look for it in cool, rocky brooks occasionally found in

form, he leads an active preda-

He is the terror of water and caddis worms, and the larvse of mosquitoes.

In the aquarium this darter is one of the most interesting of fishes, for, though plainly colored, it is very handsome, and in its movements is the most graceful of all the darters. Its mouth opens wider than that of any of the others, and it is fuller of bristling tory

Etheostotna flabellare

Lakes and the Ohio basin to Missouri and northeastern Iowa, and southward to northern Alabama. It is practically within reach of most aquarists residing in the

most readily in a though occasionally,

you are lucky, in a dip net. The colmust not be overcrowded, and should be kept as cool as possible. For a home, in your home, it asks a fairsized aquarium, the water but a. few inches deep some aquarists say not more if

lecting can

;

than four inches, but six will not be detrimental. Artificial aeration will be desirable, but if not possible, then half of the tank should be rather thickly planted with

Sagittaria

leaving

subulata,

the

small

species,

bottom space clear.

The bed of the aquarium should be of clean, sharp sand, with a few rocks in the open area.

If the tank is cool at the

rest

of

the

jaqaattc lilt

146

times,

all

The

may

fantail practically

haunts.

give

demands a it

diet

depends

in

During the summer months

mosquito larvse

it

at one

be expected.

of live food, for on such its

Hydra

and the food requirements met,

then success

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

it

will

exhibit

unexpected dexterity in catching them vary with small pond snails, which may be had in abundance, and with caddis

worms and daphne,

many

or with the

is

is

end

tubular in form, and attached

to

some object

by a number of eight.

A large

cles are

will

have a body the tenta-

discharged the minute stinging

which paralyze and cause the death of any minute animal coming in

threads,

when prey has been

to reach

end

surrounded

From

tacles of ecpal length.

supply of some of these foods, but it will be possible to get daphne and Corethra ice

is

three-quarters of an inch long, with ten-

contact with them.

even though

at the free

tentacles, usually six or

specimen

small larv?e from a neighboring creek or pond. Winter will bring to an end the

larva,

;

a hole, the mouth, which

The body and

tenta-

cles are capable of great contraction,

and

captured, the animal

must be broken

snails may be Though we have not

them a supply of ;

kept in other tanks.

them it will probably relish "enchyworms. High temperature will be main summer difficulty, and lack of

tried trse"

the

living food that of winter, but both can

The

be overcome.

fan-tail will eat the

dry foods, but they should be used sparingly, and only in a "pinch," in which

must be exercised to remove unconsumed particles before the development of fungi, and to otherwise keep the

Hydra Attached

to

Drawn by Frank

Duckweed

J.

Myers

appears as a small lump, with a coronet of very short tentacles.

In the aquarium the

case care

freely

Hydra reproduces

(alas! too freely)

by budding, a

small excrescence appearing on the side

bottom clean by the frequent use of the Changing a portion of the dip-tube.

of a mature individual, which gradually

be advantageous.

young Hydra may remain attached until nearly as large as the parent, and may

water occasionally

Hydra:

will

even

The Pest

pest of pests, in the opinion of the

aquarist,

is

the freshwater polyp.

gardless of care

it

may

Re-

be introduced

aquarium containing one's most valued fry, and woe betide them The Hydra is a relative of small marine jellyfishes, the Portuguese Man-of-war and some corals, and like them is abundantly provided with nettling organs with which

overcome

prey.

its

live-bearing

the third attack

fishes ;

Even the young succumb to

will

fry of egg-laying fishes

end their career with one.

all will

The

other method of reproduction is by which protrude as small globules from the lower portion of the animal.

After into

fertiliziation

these develop direct

new Hydra.

Many methods have

!

of

produce buds, but

eggs,

into the

to

in its turn

This

eventually become detached.

HARRY COLQUHOUN The

develops into a perfect organism.

been suggested to

Hydra from an infested aquaThe most satisfactory is to remove

eliminate

rium. all

the fishes and snails, and syphon out

the water, then refilling to the top with

new water

at a temperature of 104 deg.

This effectually kills the pest. Replace this with water of average temperature before returning the fishes.

mÂť^^^m^^Âť$

^"f

1^1

Breeding Habits of Krefftius adspersus, tKe Purple-striped

Gudgeon

ALBERT GALE Royal Zoological Society of NJe^ South Wales

The

purple-striped

gudgeons

in

my

aquarium, on which the following notes

various batches of eggs for ninety days.

The following observations are based

tween one thousand and two thousand

on one spawning only, that of February 17th.

The details were obtained twice each day, at 9 A. M. and 9 P. M., with

children during the breeding season of

occasional intermediate

are about five

are based,

They have become

They

1913-1914.

inches long.

the parents

first

were then three years

of be-

bred in 1912, and old.

There was

but one spawning in that year, and as a result of

I

it,

have sixteen yearlings from

adult

what

all

in length.

ited,

which clearly illuminated them, as

well

as

though the males are some-

fish,

placed on the side of the aquarium opposite that on which the eggs were depos-

the color markings of the

one and one-half to two inches

These have

visits.

The evening visits were most instructive, being made by the light of two or three candles

lighter in color than the females.

In October, 19 13, the coloration of a pair of

my

which

indicated

movements of the parent

the

fishes.

On the 15th and i6th, the male made preparations for the deposition of the ova

gudgeons became intensified, approaching fertility.

Accordingly, they were placed in an

by removing confervoid growths and all foreign matter from the selected site.

These he carefuly cleared away with his

aquarium which had been prepared for them during the previous autumn, and

mouth.

judiciously

fed,

but

otherwise

The tank was

turbed.

of

undis-

glass,

with

Meanwhile the female lurked

ited

and inspected the

perpendicular sides, and measured thir-

of

teen by fourteen inches on the surface of

position by

the

which was thirteen

water,

To make

inches

it, her abdomen lying at an angle of about 45 degrees, so that the

conditions as natural as

genital papilla

ova on to the

it

introduced

Early

.

in the

breeding season (15th No-

vember) the female deposited her first batch of eggs on the glass side of the aquarium, and others again on the i8th and 27th of December. In the following month, January, 1914, she spawned on the 7th, 17th and 30th, and now in March she has her tenth

lot of eggs.

Since last

October the male has been tending the

Approving

site.

she placed herself in a horizontal

it,

was well supplied with waterweeds' and pond-snails, and the anchorage for the plants was composed of shell-grit, sand and humus, no clayey matter being

deep.

possible

in

the weeds on the far side of the aquarium. At 9 A. M. on the i6th she vis-

gave

me

had free play glass.

Her

to eject the

position also

a clear view of her every

movemate had settled herself, the male drew near, and took up a position about one inch above her.

His head pointed in the opposite direction to

When

ment.

hers,

and

abdomen

prepared

to the

was

his

his

lay at right angles

site; his genital papilla

immediately

above

that

of

the

female.

On

morning of the 17th, the first was emitted, and immediately afterwards, two others followed. These the

ovum

were conjoined by a

fine hair-like film.

)8lqnatu JttCc

148

among

the weeds, where

and were closely followed by a string of She continued to eject strings of eight. eggs until a circular patch of about two

all

by two inches was covered. All the chains of eggs were placed horizontally, no one crossing another, and there were about

perature of the water at this time was

Each genatinous base by means of

twenty eggs to the

inch.

lineal

egg had a which it adhered to the glass. As the ova were being deposited, the male hovered over the female,

it

from the movements of the

that

spermatic

and

ejected,

being evident

his genital papilla fluid

was

There were no sterile eggs in the first few nests, the first one being observed

He

remained over

I suppose he obtained his food at night, as he was never feeding

In thirty-six at the time of my visits. hours the gelatinous base of each egg had into

a peduncle, the

eggs themselves being also larger, and provided with a globule of air on the

commenced

the third day he

increase

as

them continually by oscillating his These actions pectoral and caudal fins. kept the ova in a constant swirl, and were continued until the fry emerged and took shelter in the weeds.

the

morning of the 20th I noticed signs of eyes, and at 9 P. M. they

the

first

were

distinctly visible.

On

the 25th, at

9 A. M., the fry were emerging from the eggs, nine days after their deposition.

For a while they hung, head downwards, from the empty egg-capsules, by means of their tails, which were bent like the

The motions tremulous movement

curve of a fish-hook. respiration

and a

the pectoral fins were the

of

Re-

printed by permission from The;

Aus-

P.

the

tralian Zoologist'

"Mysterious Fish

caption,

the

Strange

Arabic

Inscriptions,"

a

recent magazine article presents a photo-

graph of Holacanthus nicobariensis (var. caught

Semicirculatus),

Zanzibar,

at

where it created quite a sensation. The markings of the caudal fin form two distinct inscriptions in Arabic, reading on one side, "The Work of God," and on the other, "God Alone."

The fish was bought in the market, and when the strange markings were noticed, it was taken to an Arabic scholar. It was afterwards shown to the Sultan, who also recognized the wording.

The

lettering

is

plain,

ery caused wonderment

Mohammedans. They

and the discov-

among

declare

it

the local

portends

something about to happen, possibly the end of the war. Fabulous prices were ofifered for the fish

by the superstitious,

came the Government

to rest, in formalin,

but in

it

finally

later placed

What

laboratory.

It

was

on public exhibition.

fishes

may

be associated

in

"happy family" or community aquarium

a ?

of

The experiences

of

me have a list of the species composing your "family," mentioning the size of the tank.

This is a point on which many

indications

when they came into the world.

M. the following day they had

life

At 8

first

to

season advanced.

to fan

On

eighth nest contained

and the number continued

With

cubation, and

become elongated

The

in the fourth.

thirteen,

with

the eggs for nine days, the period of in-

On

about 80 degrees.

the

once placed himself perpendicularly above the ova, frequently changing his position, his head being sometimes up, at others down.

The tem-

being

at

yolks.

for another twenty-four hours.

fertilization taking place.

The spawning being completed, male

dispersed

they were further guarded by the male

readers ask help.

of aquarists differ.

Editor.

Let

Part 3

Histor}? of IcKth3?ology.

MAJOR Passing from

R.

W. SHUFELDT,

Medical Corps. U. S. A.

his

time

progress of ichthyology received at the

This

is

hands of such men as

tematic treatise on the anatomy of fishes

such

influence

J.

the

as

Ray and we

F. Wil-

kighby, from 1628 to 1672,

pass to

a brief account of the achievements of

a

man who

them

far

outclassed

of

either

although what he did for the

;

and

its

(Bibliotheca

application to

sophia Ichthyologica). his

Ichthyologica).

followed by a wonderful and sys-

Genera Piscium,

taxonomy (Philo-Then he gave us

in

which no fewer

sci-

ence of fishes in his time was due to the

accomplishments of the two writers just Reference

mentioned.

made

is

the

to

labors of Peter Artedi.

Now, Artedi was born and

1705,

at the

Sweden

in

in

age of 29 he was acci-

drowned in one of the canals of Amsterdam, in 1734. In his brief lifedentally

span he not only studied under Linnaeus at Upsala, but

he seized upon the pub-

left by Ray and Wilwhose writings he thoroughly appreciated, and applied them to his own

material

lished

lughby,

various lines of research in ichthyology.

Owing all this

to his

sudden and early taking

was

manuscript

left in

tunately, there

was

take care of this

;

a friend at

off,

but, for-

hand

to

This was

for him.

Count Clifford, a wealthy Englishman, and the proof was edited by a no less dis-

Portrait of Carl Linne,

tinguished naturalist than Linnaeus him-

than

who

self,

of

was, as stated above, a friend

during

Artedi

the

latter's

brief

So important were the works of and so comprehensive for the time they were written, that many biographers refer to him as the father of ichthyology and it would seem that he

forty-five

ated, all of

which seems

to the present time

career.

diagnostic

Artedi,

Species Piscium

;

well deserves that distinction.

As gathered

together, his

prise five distinct treatises.

these

we

find

works comFirst

among

an exhaustive ichthyological

biography as well as bibliography up to

somewhat past middle age

piscine

genera are creto

have held up

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; so accurate were the

differences

defined.

In

we meet with most

cellent descriptions

his

ex-

of seventy-two spe-

which are quite as scientifically dealt with as his Genera; and, lastly, this remarkable authority compiled a great work on ichthyological synonomy (Synonymica Piscium), wherein we meet with a systematic arrangement of the works of all previous writers on cies of fish,

ItU

SiquAiit

150

up

fishes

Few

own

to his

day.

ceived the attention of

writers in biology have accom-

pHshed such an array of completed productions in so brief a period of time;

even Linnaeus, the best-known naturalist the world has ever seen, never succeeded

numerous pens

of authors skilled in comparative anat-

omy, wherein For example.

were not neglected.

Hunter worked on the nerves Camper and Haller took up other organs, but also paid some attention to fishes

;

but he applied correct binomial names to

neurology.

Munro produced a mass of excellent work on the general anatomy of fish, contrasting it with that of our own species.

Electrical fish were studied by Allamand, Walsh, Reaumur, Bancroft and others. Even as early at 1764, Fleditsch both understood and

in the twelfth

practiced the artificial rearing of salmon

in

overshadowing Ardeti, of

science

fishes

in so far as the

How-

concerned.

is

ever, Linnaeus did accomplish one great

task in this field

;

taking the correctly

for,

described species of fish by Artedi, he

not only added other species to the

Moreover, Linnaeus,

them.

list,

edition of his System, gives us a classifi-

cation of fishes which

is

a very thorough

considering the time

one,

it

appeared.

This part of the wonderful achievements of Linnaeus is too extensive to reproduce in a short article like the present one.

Almost immediately after the works of Artedi and Linnaeus appeared indeed, inspired by them this branch of zoological science took on a truly marvelous forward movement, which was

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

manifested

in

the rapid appearance of

many works on

fishes

from many pens

of writers of very different nationalities.

Omitting the feeble efforts of Klein and Gronow, both of whom were contempo-

we may name such writers as Thunberg; Brum(Mediterranean nich fishes) Kalm raneous authors with Linnaeus,

;

(American types) O. Fabricius (Greenland) Osbeck (Fishes of Japan and Forskal (Red Sea forms) China) Hasselquist (Palestine and Egyptian spe;

;

;

cies),

as

;

with a great

Duhamel,

many

Pennant,

others,

Muller,

such

Parra,

Cornide, Neidinger, and others of less

eminence. press

Next followed the great im-

made on ichthyology by

the writ-

and complications of such distinguished writers as M. E. Bloch (17231799), and Lacepede (1756- 1826) while ings

;

the morphological side of the science re-

piscine

and trout; and

just previous to this time

number of brochures appeared on what was being discussed under the gen-

a great

eral title of the

mystery of the

common

eel.

Another enormous impulse was given when Baron Cuvier entered the field 1769-1832) this was the study of fishes (

;

a time almost immediately after the

at

writings peared.

of It

Lacepede will

and

Bloch

ap-

be remembered that G.

Cuvier was the author of the great work, the

Regne Animal, and

his

interest

in

ichthyology hinged upon his employing it

in that

famous

treatise.

A. Valenci-

ennes was a pupil of Cuvier's, and in the

1820 the former commenced his well-known work on the Hirtoire Naturalle des Poissons, the first volume of which was published eight years thereafter.

Following Cuvier's death, Valenciennes continued the work, producing volume after volume, until the twentysecond one was out in 1848, which takes into consideration the salmon group of fishes or the Salmonidae.

Notwithstanding its extent, this series of volumes is by no means complete. This does not mean, however, that the student of ichyear

thyology can well dispense with

such

is

it,

for

not the case.

In a brief article like the present one

'UiZ'

t

'Jei

-i/l-

J %.!

d'_

aquatU

152

it is

quite out of the question to present

the various

proposed by

classifications

any of the above named ichthyologists, as that would occupy too much space. The readers of this short biographical history would gain nothing by it, for all of those

lilt

erosity of Col. C. C. McCulloch, Jr., of

librarian of the

Army

Mr. Cary R. Sage, that institution,

of modern times. The era between the years 1760 and i860 was filled in by

these

writers in this

the majority

field,

For

example, we find the works of Patrick Russel, F. Hamilton, E. Donovan, A. Risso, and finally, in 181 5, a work on the

New York by S. L. Mitchell.

Although only seventy years elapsed between the days of Linnseus and Cuvier, fishes of

is

assistant librarian of

who

their present use.

many

is

Museum

Medical

of the Surgeon General's Office, and to

classifications are, to a greater or less degree, now much modified by writers

being, however, pre-Cuvierian ones.

Army, who

the Medical Corps of the

them for

selected

In this library there

a wonderful gallery of portraits,

two of Carl Linne were

and

selected

from it, copies being made for me by Mr. Roy Reeve, the official photographer of the Museum.

In Fig. i we have a portrait of Linne, somewhat past middle life,

while in Fig. 2 he

younger,

is

considerably

or, as indicated in the legend,

about 41 years of age.

Historically, these

portraits are of great value,

and have not

appeared anywhere

in literature

the advances made in the science of ichthyology were simply enormous. These

graphical

for

were principally along the lines of the knowledge the accurate knowledge of the significance of taxonomic groups, based upon distribution in time and upon the upon characters morphological anatomy and physiology of fishes, and

ated by students of ichthyology in any part of the world where they may be

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

upon many of the in truth, that,

it

may

be said,

notwithstanding the

bril-

liancy of the light shed on scientific ich-

thyology by Artedi,

who preceded

Lin-

and the glorious contributions to the subject by Bloch, Lacepede and Cuvier, who followed him, it must be adnaeus,

mitted that the impetus given the study of fishes by the Systema of Linn?eus must ever be regarded as the great central

light

eighteenth

of the middle period of the

and

nineteenth

centuries.

we may

well devote

This being the case,

the illustrations of this part to the

illus-

Swede, who accomplished so much that redounds to the credit of biological science.

For the two portraits I

trious

here present of Linnaeus to the readers of

Aquatic Life

I

am

;

they cannot

fail

a

indebted to the gen-

or bio-

many

great

of being appreci-

seen.

The aquarian should scientific names of

at all times use

the

fishes

in

name; then there

pref-

common

erence to a manufactured or

extinct forms.

In concluding this part,

years

sketches

no mistaking

will be

the particular fish about which he

may

be talking.

A

little

fish

from

Africa,

recently

made known to science, bears the tonguetwisting name of Microstomatichthyoborus hashforddeani.

hand" the name long as the

Written

in

"long

just about twice as

is

fish.

Most exotic fish fanciers endeavor to breed a greater number of species than their equipment can handle.

The usual result

is

under-sized

fish,

due

to

crowd-

ing.

The waters which she Walton.

are nature's storehouse, in

locks

up

her

wonders.

;aquatic ILitt

YOU CAN JUDGE

An international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of native, exotic, gold and domesticated hshes, other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.

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Entered as second-class matter, September 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879.

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His slogan is "read, inark and learn." The elementary books are stepping stones Adtc the more technical works. vanced treatises assume that the student is grounded in the subject; the elementary takes nothing for granted.

Both are necessary; one an introduction to the other, and to success and pleasure. For your library we suggest the following:

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DOOOC

Franklin Barrett

3000

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Wyoming Avenue

THE TERMINAL PET SHOP

&

Pa

C. Street, Phila.,

PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND

50c Extra for Shipping

Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty All

Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines

HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING

8oc

New York

Concourse,

of 25roali

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THE BEST BOOK

WALTER BELL Breeder

Can

Cash With Order

tEeUscopetf

CALICOS BLACKS BLUES PHILADELPHIA 4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, Prices Reasonable

ON

AQUARIUM

THE

fu^c^?

&

"Goldfish Varieties Tropical Aqaarium Fishes", byWm.T.Innes, former President of the Aquarium Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195

is

Tells all about the fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner or the advanced expert.

illustrations.

ENCHYTRAE

(White Worms)

The

ideal live iish food which can be raised indoors all year round. Portion 50c (cash or money order) with instruction how to breed them.

CHARLES

JENNE

E.

1577 Paterson Plank Road, Secaucus, N.

No

Mail Orders

Bell

J.

INNES

& SONS

-

133 N. I2th

St.

-

Phila.,

& Tropicals

GEO. W. PRICE,

2145

Charles E. Visel Broad-tail

Lee Street

PhILADEIvPHIA

Telescopes and Japs

Blacks, Blues and Parti-colors

215

Putnam Avenue, Brookeyn, OOOOOOOCXDC^DCOOC

Doco(

—

Or Are You Having Bad Luck With

Brooklyn, N. Y. Near Central Avenue L Station ::

TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES Calicos

Japs

Fan-tails

Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants All Kinds of FisK Foods Fresh and Dried Daphnia

AQUARIA. UTENSILS

AND

?ooooooocx:i

Them— If So

Try

"BUG FOOD" Used

Breeder and Importer of

Telescopes

N. Y.

ARE YOUR GOLDFISH DYING

Otto Walter 86 5u>>dann Street

Pa

Phone

Broadtails

S.

A

complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $3.00. Enlarged edition now ready.

by Scientific Aquarists and Breeders the world over. Output last season over 100,000 boxes.

By Mail 13c & 18c Two Sizes 10 & 15c

ASK YOUR DEALER FOR IT Wholesale Goldfish, Foods

BERT

J.

PUTNAM, 490

SUPPLIES oooocooco:

—

&

vSupplies

Washington St

Buffalo, N. Y. loaoz.

:3QICCH

)000000000'

3000C=3C3C

HARRY 1210 N.

GOLDFISH BREEDERS

P.

Wamock

PETERS

Street, Philadelphia,

Pa

BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish Plants

FLORISTS

of

every variety,

Aquarium Supplies

of

and

Snails

kinds at

all

all

times.

MANUFACTURER OF

58th and Walnut Streets

110 South 52nd

Green River Fish Food

Street

15c Box

Green River Baby Fish Food

Philadelphia

20c Box

Aquarium Fishes

A GOOD FISH FOOD most

All Kinds of Aquatic Plants

Aquaria

&

Supplies

Wholesale and Retail -MMWw

irmnr-

3C=X{ "X

HERMAN RABENAU,

—

Aquarist

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF

& Terraria

Aquatic Life

IOC

YOUNG

and

Nymph

All

Broad-tails, Fringetails Telescopes and Japs, Colors, $1.00 per Dozen Up.

BREEDERS— Largest

Welcome

Shipping Cans,

Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of

New

Assortment of

Blues, Blacks and Calico Telescopes and Japs at Reasonable Prices.

must be seen to be appreciated Visitors

one of the

is

necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out as the best food on the market.

It keeps the fish in good color by promoting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask your dealer or serui for it today. things

essential

Varieties received

50c.

Pine Assortment of Lionheads

'

regularly 1163 Myrtle Avenue. Brooklyn, N.

HARRY

11.

Near Broadway.

1210 North

P.

PETERS,

Warnock

Phila.,

St.,

Pa.

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GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food

•

Sample Box 10c

Imported Shrimp Fish Food

•

-

Sample Can 15c

Imported Wafer Fish Food

Large Sample Box 10c

Mai/ Orders Promptly Attended to

Agents for

"ART AQUARIUMS"

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.

Cash With Order.

Catalogne

Sent

Upon

::

New York

1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal

Importers

:

and

Pealers

:

JAPANESE GOLDFISH Direct FroiA Breedws in Japan Silver Medals. PanamaInternational Exposition, San Fran-

Awarded Gold and Pacific

Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO 273 Greenwich Street

Nippon Goldfish Co

City

cisco, 1915.

ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES Price Lists Furnished Trade Only.

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