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Catalogues

niie

Mud Minnows WitK

Notes on tKe Order Haplomi

i

i

DR.

Upper and

lower

figures

of the

same specimen of Umbra pygmaea

Reproduction of phorograpKs made

how the

We

W. SHUFELDT, C. M.

R.

fish rests

bj)

upon

North American hsh fishes, which have been associated in an order, Haplomi, by several of our most eminent have

in the

fauna a group of pike-like

classifiers

brata.

contain

of this branch of the verte-

This order has been created to four very

interesting

families,

namely, the Umbridae, the Lucidae, the

and the Auihlyopsidae, and I have paid some little attention to each

Poecilidae,

tke author. its

fins

and

Note

bilineata;

Z. S.

natural size, from

life

in the lower figure

on the bottom

all

of them.

They vary enormously

wdth respect to the number of genera and species each contains, as the

Mud

Umbridae

when Jordan and Evermann published their work on the

or

Minnows,

Fishes of North America, in 1896, in only genus Umbra is represented by

its

*Read at a regular meeting of the Aquarium Society of Washington, on Thursday evening, the 15th of March, 1917.

; :

Aquatic litt

138

but two species, namely Umbra limi and U. pygmaea; the Lucidae, with the sin-

keenly appreciated and sought after.

gle genus Lucius, or the pikes contained the Poecilidae or in some seven species

are found in Austria and in this country.

Killifishes includes some twenty genera, with an enormous number of species.

they

;

we have

Finally

the Amblyopsidae,

or

blind fishes of the caves, with three gen-

some

era and

Of

have paid more atten-

I

tion to the pikes their structure

anatomy and the

host of forms,

is,

tell

we know something

the truth, while

the

that

;

in so far as

concerned, and, to

is

we

of

relationships of this

most

are, for the

As

part,

genus Umbra

fishes of the

a genus, according to Doctor Jordan,

by

having

no

lateral line; the scales are of

medium

size

characterized

are

and unstriated (cycloid type), with external

characters

studied

easily

my

in

Umbra pygmaea,

photographs of

five dififerent species.

these

all

The mud

speci-

mens of which I have kept in aquaria for months together, in that I might study the habits of the species and make photographs of them. Two of the latter, made by me from life in February, 19 17, are here reproduced to illustrate the present

know

of but two species of

woefully ignorant of nearly everything concerning it. Dr. David Starr Jordan,

article.

in touching upon this matter, has said "While our knowledge of the osteology and embryology of most of the families

as belonging in our fish fauna, that

of fishes

is

very incomplete,

it is

evident

that the relationships of the groups can-

not be shown in any linear series, or by any conceivable arrangement of orders

and sub-orders. The living teleost fishes have sprung from many lines of descent their relationships are extremely diverse, their differences are of every pos-

and sible

degree of value."

This

and we

difficulty

will

remain

will

ever confront us,

in the

dark as

to the

vast majority of the relationships of extinct

and living forms of teleostean

— indeed

of

all

fishes, until

we

are

fish,

more

familiar with their structure or morphology. It has been and is now shamefully

For many years past

neglected.

collected osteological materials of

of our best-known bony

I

have

many

and phoIn some in-

fishes,

tographed their skeletons. stances descriptions have been written out

;

but

all

my

eft'orts,

in

many

tions, failed of publication in

States.

At

direc-

the United

this writing there

seems

to

be very considerable hope that a good part of

it

will

be published in Australia,

where the value of such information

is

Umbra U.

I

that have thus far been described

limi,

of

central

the

of

section

is,

the

United States and lower Canada, with the form very closely related to it, the above mentioned U. pygmaea, which has

Mud Minnow. from Long Island to the Neuse River, being often abundant been called the Eastern It is

said to range

My

locally.

specimens of

Umbra

are

from swampy holes along the Potomac River, near Washington, where I captured them myself.

Recently I have made some studies of Umbra limi and Umbra pvgmaea, and carefully compared them.

Most of the material studied by of

collection

Fishes

of

fishes

Dr.

Barton

division,

United

the

Museum, and

me in

I

A.

am

belongs to the the

Division of

National

States

greatly indebted to

Bean,

curator

of

that

for his kindness in placing

all

that material before me, as well as for inviting

my

attention

various

to

pub-

lished accounts of these different species

of

mud minnows

considered.

I

of the genus here to be have also studied living

specimens of the form of in the District of

Umbra found

Columbia,

in

one of the

aquaria belonging to Mr. James E. Benedict, Jr.,

of Washington, D.

C,

to

which

—

Siquatic JLitt

he kindly invited

my

There

attention.

is

also an interesting living specimen of the

same

from the same

species,

locality, in

Edward S. Schmid, Washington, D. C, who has kindly

the possession of Mr.

of

me

examine it.

While I have seen the specimens of the Austrian form (U. umbra) belonging to the United States National Museum, I have not very critically studied allowed

them.

It

to

quite nearly related to the

is

we have here

species

and

States,

it

in

United

the

common

presents the

gen-

eric characters.

Coming

to the

found

is

it

literature of

the

more or

less

to be

extensive, especially in view of the fact that the family

is

and the have no economic In some waters these so very small,

species contained in

value whatever.

Mud Minnows

it

are

York." by James E. there

1842),

is

Umbra pygmaea is

preyed

upon

a (p.

De Kay brief

214)

;

by

New

In the "Zoology of

larger fishes.

(Albany,

is

account

of

of no value whatever, the

being

coloring

entirely

incorrect

the

;

form wrong, and the specimen only T^.j cms. long.

I have examined all that Jordan and Evermann say in their "Fishes of North and Middle America." fish's

In Part

IV

give a cut

which

is

work these authors of Umbra pygmaea (Fig. 268) of that

and which I take example of that species.

10.9 cms. long,

to be a typical

agrees with the description given in

It

Part

I,

page 624, to which reference

made

be

There

will

further on. are

good

accounts

of

these

Umbrids

in the

which

have carefully read and com-

pared I.

the

I

(

Umbra

limi),

being the aforesaid cut

it

from Jordan pygmaea.

Evermann

and

of

2. "Catalogue of the Fishes of York," by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean,

New York

60, Zool. 9,

State

U.

New Bull.

Museum,

Albany, 1903 (p. 287). Brief scientific and popular account of the American

Umbra.

"The Fishes of New Jersey," by Henry W. Fowler. Ann. Rep. New Jersey State Museum, 1905, pp. 180-183, pi. 16.

Plate 16 is of the Mud Minnow, species of

following works,

all

of

Umbras," by Theodore

of Fishes Gill

(Smith-

sonian Miscel. Coll., \o\. 45, pub. April II, Five figures, pp. 295-305.

1904).

figure,

of Jor-

brought up

to 18 cms. in length (about seven inches),

which grows

much

is

to be.

larger than the fish ever

gives 38 scales instead

It

of 35, and 12 dorsal rays instead of 13; it has too many anal rays.

As

a matter of fact, none of the de-

scriptions of the external characters of

Mud

these

Minnows,

authors

various

as

given by the

seem

above,

cited

to

As already pointed out. Gill figtally. ured Umbra pygmaea for Umbra limi.

Fowler, who goes quite exhaustively into the external

pygmaea 30

180-181),

"D

II, 12,

in lateral series to

three lot

measurements,

(pp.

other things:

more on

of

A

etc.,

in

U.

says,

among

III, 6.

Scales

base of caudal and

latter,"

and so on with a

measurements.

This

does

not

Evermann given Dr. Tarleton H. Bean calls above.

Umbra pygmaea the "Striped Mud Minagree with Jordan and

now," and agrees with Jordan and Everin the number of fin rays and

mann

scales.

:

"A Remarkable Genus

Umbra pygmaea, an enlargement dan and Evermann's

but the plate

not numbered, and the colored figure

of the fish

This brief paper gives a good cut of the European Umbra (U. umbra), and three of U. pygmaea, of which Fig. 38 is given incorrectly as the Western Umbra

3.

first

Unibridae,

139

It

is

not unusual to find these

particular points in agreement in U. limi

and U. pygmaea.

Bean gives for U.

For example. Doctor 9., and

limi D. 14; A.

scales in lateral line 35.

;;

j9quatic HiCe

140

The

Mud

these

of

habits

Minnows,

U. pygmaea, in na-

especially those of

Chesapeake Bay)

(Trib.

Maryland)

ture and in aquaria, have been quite fully

(Eastern

described in the articles cited above by

Island, N. Y., 6 specimens)

Doctor

Bean;

Doctor

and

Gill

my own

agree with

they

observations,

and

Inthey are surely quite remarkable. deed, the European Umbra (dogfish)

was described as sigli), and again these

to

L.

the

best

(1899).

and

See also "Fishes of Illinois," Forbes and Richardson, pp. 203-205.

There is one point worthy of notice others.

here that

in part,

will,

account for the

remarkable dififerences to be found

Some

in

Mud Minnow

given

by the authors mentioned above. In the first place, the fish changes its coloration to a wonderful degree when placed in alcohol and other preservative fluids.

specimens

fully adult

in life, the

Then,

—

young

(4 to 4^ inches long) change their color to such an extent too the

ones,

—

as fish

appear

to ;

like

an entirely

different

this is particularly true of

The changes

pygmaea. similar

to

Umbra

are due to causes

those that produce them in

as Anolis. or any of the Sometimes it will be of a deep umber brown, with all the markings when, again, it will in strong relief

some

lizards,

chameleons.

;

have a general color of a pale clay tint, with all the markings, or most of them, more in evidence. These facts still should be borne in mind, and I have failed to find

them

stated in

any of the

have read of the fish.

As stated above, at the U. S. National Museum I examined many specimens of Umbra umbra, U. limi, and U. pygmaea,

accounts

I

and among the

last

4 juv.)

;

of these specimens agreed, in the

named Nos.

16,896

of

scribers

the

Mud Minnow

Eastern

more than

have, for

a century, been so

we

thoroughly satisfied that

Umbra

species of

find but one

Eastern United

in the

every one taken has been

that

States,

referred to

it,

whether

agreed with

it

published descriptions of that species or not.

Now

the descriptions of the external coloration of the Eastern

large,

Umbra pygmaea as given by Jordan and Evermann, while others by no means did.

It would seem that all collectors and de-

since,

Kathariner

i

67,455 (Laurel, Md., 2 specimens), and 60,797 (pool near Chain Bridge, D. C.)

(Kramer),

known account having been rendered by Heckel and Kner (1858), C. C. Abbott (1884),

I.,

(Long

35,971 (E.

main, with the figure and description of

naturalists have re-

fishes

L.

;

1726 (Mar-

1756

in

many

while a great ferred

early as

Lake Patchoque,

27,481

;

68,321

;

(one

72,442

;

one small. Laurel, Md.)

large,

two

the larger specimen of the

72,442 of the above list has a length of 8.2 cms. it is marked like one living in

;

in

my

one of

tudinal

There

aquaria

stripes

are

—that

is,

the longi-

practically

absent.

a single, whitish stripe running

is

the entire length on either side, mesially the general color

brown,

is

brown on

a

rather pale clay

dark

with

mottled

distinctly

There are dark markings on the side of the head one heavy one through the eye and one below it chin very light. D. 14 A. 9. the

back.

—

;

;

This specimen hardly agrees

in a single

particular with Jordan and

Evermann's

description of U. pygmaea.

This

is

also

true of No. 68,321 (the largest specimen, also largely so the smaller ones).

It

has

and is not markedly while the above described whit-

a length of 7 cms., striped,

ish stripe

is

D. 14; A.

8.

conspicuous

;

chin pale gray.

No. 60,797, length 10 cms.,

caudal spot white, bordered with black mid-lateral

longitudinal

D.

chin pale gray.

other specimen, or

I.

white

stripe

14

rath'^^r

;

A.

8.

An-

two specimens.

Continued on page 14/.

Fundulus Chr3)sotus ERNEST LEITHOLF

i

The Golden Fundulus southeastern

the

South

is

Carolina

a native of

Notwith-

Florida.

to

from

ranging

States,

name Fundulus,

standing

the

which

derived from the Latin "fun-

is

generic

dus," meaning bottom, this species

pronounced

surface

means golden.

The male and female are both tively

Were

each other. ity

in

very

but

colored,

shape, one

it

a

At times he

are interesting. directly lently,

above her,

be at her side.

will

swim

trembling vio-

or,

When

ready to

deposit an egg they will approach, swim-

ming

side by side, the place selected, which may be a protruding stone, the

attrac-

from

distinct

not for the similar-

would be inclined

As

think them separate species. ter of history,

is

Chrysostus

fish.

perature of 75 degrees, Fahrenheit. The antics of the male in courting his mate

to

a mat-

Jordan described the fein the Proceedings

male as a new species, of the

U.

calling

it

National

S.

Museum,

1879,

Even

Zygonectes henshalli.

may

The speckled with reddish brown

authorities

err

male

!

is

or wine-

colored spots on a glistening ground of

bronze green, suggesting upright parallel lines.

The

efifect

variable, being

of the spots

very

is

pronounced on some

and on others entirely absent. The gill covers are adorned with a large shining green spot; dorsal, anal and caudal fins ventrals and pecwith reddish spots female upon a torals colorless. The warm, mellow olive ground color dis;

plays glistening silver spots, these in a certain light

The

assuming a greenish

'ihe

cast.

gill

are green.

Other than by coloration, the

though

in the it

is

aquarium

is

of

roots

floating

not

diffi-

such

closely to the

vehement

trembling and sidelong twisting an egg expelled and fertilized. to

as

During the

side of the female, then with

This

may

is

occur

twenty times daily for a week

My

largest day's find has not

exceeded ten eggs, but qo doubt some were devoured and others overlooked.

The eggs hatch days' incubation.

well to maintain a tem-

plants,

Water Hyacinth.

orgasm the male presses

from ten

anal and dorsal fins of the male.

Breeding

the

I

Salvinia or

or more.

sexes can be distinguished by the larger

cult,

Generally

warm

covers, like those of the male,

aquarium or a group of plants. have found them to prefer

side of the

efifect.

cool silver in contrast with the

background produces a striking

Fundulus chrysotus

fish

are

!

after ten to fourteen

Beautiful babies they

Examine one with an ordinary

hand magnifying glass and

it

appears as

— —

!9quatic JLitt

142

if studded with tiny sparkling diamonds.

After a few days these radiant spots disappear, but reappear on the females as they approach maturity. The males de-

velop the reddish spots.

that

it

harbors countless myriads of pro-

tozoans

(infusorians,

The

main requirement

had specimens for three or more years.

as possible.

present any particular

little

Riccia Fluitans

in those

days

I

as

The little

in a glass-

in the sunlight, or

have grown Algae are

half-pint jars.

in

do well

it

with

fine

clumps

its

serious

enemies, and a contest between the two

There was a time when Riccia was considered of little value aquarium, but

sunlight.

difficulties.

to disturb

is

will

It

covered aquarium

JACOB MERGET

etc.),

cultivation of this plant does not

Considered from all viewpoints, the Golden Fundulus is worthy of a place in every collection. It endures well I have

—

rotifers,

which is the necessary food of the resulting young fish. The oxygenating power of such a mass is not inconsiderable.

fluitans

usually results in the ultimate disappearin

the

ance of Riccia. atten-

little

was given to the exotic fishes. The books gave it passing mention, with the tion

While the species

may

is

a native,

and thus

be collected in ponds and ditches,

must be introduced it may come some of the pests that work havoc among young fishes. It will be better to start with a little secured from a fellow aquarist, or, if the pond plants are collected, to take them in small lots, examine carefully, and then place in "quaranRiccia was named in tine" for a time. honor of P. F. Ricci. an Italian nobleman, patron of the botanist Micheli. this

wild

material

with caution, as with

Riccia fluitans

information that

it

was

a

poor oxygen-

ator.

Riccia

a liverwort, one of the so-

is

called flowerless plants,

the

The

mosses.

and

plant

is

of

consists

a

bright green, expanded and irregularly

forked thallus. floating at the surface of the water with the tips thrust above.

Growth is by repeated branching and ball-like

clusters

are gradually

formed.

These when broken by the activities of the fishes, or otherwise, form nuclei for other

balls,

green

is

until

literally

finally

a

blanket

of

and

when we breed

posit their eggs near the

these tion.

it

Not

an

less in

Many

a

close

do

life

fishes resemble

and love of

resemblance

off-

obtains.

are nest builders, erecting struc-

tures quite as complicated as those of

'some birds, and hardly less elaborate in and finish. Dr. Thomas G.

design

Gentry. the easiest thing in the world for

It's

a

man

to deceive himself.

I

very

much

pleased

fishes,

to a fuller appreciation of

surface.

To

ideal place for oviposi-

importance

am

which de-

certain

particularly those species

offers

spring

home

Aquatic LikS and fully With its assistance issue.

value of such a covering becomes

evident

in color

In the

birds.

thrown over the sur-

face of the water in the aquarium.

The

Not alone

related to

is

the fact

with

enjoy every I have come an aquarium,

and have been able to make the large one in my office more attractive and of greater interest.

Russell T. Neville.

Belonesox Belizanus WALTER LANNOY

This peculiar aquarium

name

specific

means

name

Silver

fish is a native

Honduras

of Belize, British

;

helizanus ;

Gar-pike.

base of the

hence the

tain

Belonesox

a

Though

this

suggests relationship to the pike

and pickerel family, the connection is net particularly close, and it is probably as closely akin to our favorite Gaiiibusia affinis holbrooki, which is also live-bear-

tail

A

;

seven

females,

inches.

The live-bearing pickerel, for such we may call it for sake of popularity, partakes of

the

our native

of

disposition

method of feeding and choice of foods. A tender, young fish is pickerel

in

its

it

From

demands.

a hid-

not re-

ing place amongst the plants

dull grayish-olive

on the

out to capture and swallow (all practi-

back or dorsal region shades to a bluish

cally in

leaden tint on the sides

luckless

;

Males attain

finish.

length of six inches

is

In point of color Belonesox

markable.

F. Z. 5.

gives the species a cer-

neatness and

the racy tidbit

ing.

whitish

BRIKfD,

j

gill-covers

;

abdominal area

with a shimmer of

it

will

one movement) any small

enough

to

venture

glance at the illustration

is

near.

a wholesome conception of power of the alligator-like jaws of

male being modified into a conspicuous

rapacious rascal.

All the fins are watery-

intromittent organ.

A

black spot at the

give

A

fish

A

sufficient to

olive or transparent, the anal fin of the

metallic green.

rush

the this

temperature of 70 to 75 degrees.

—

SlquatU

144

mu

Fahrenheit, seems to meet the needs of this fish, though it is not particularly

above and

delicate in this respect.

Sudden changes, from high to low, are injurious to this and all other warm water fishes, and must be carefully avoided. Belonesox is ovoviviparous, and in breeding

hatch,

especially

afternoon.

should be treated ness

it

rather

is

other

the

like

Due

bearing species.

to

its

to

difficult

live-

voracioussave

the

morning, the eggs will

in the early

warm

on a

More on account

of

peculiar form

its

and greedy habits does this fish appeal to and particularly to those having an over-abundance of young

the aquarian,

fishes with which to sate its appetite I prefer to pass it up; such maintenance I

day, by two in the

The wigglers

are very active,

breathing at the surface, descending for

The wiggler moults

food.

three times,

maturity and transforms to a

reaches

pupa in a minimum of seven days, in hot weather in cool weather this takes much longer.

The pupa stage lasts two days, ;

when

the skin

and the adult mosquito emerges.

Gayne T. K. Norton in Nature-Study splits

Reviezv.

The

larvae of

mosquitoes form a food

for aquarium fishes that superior,

enough

too costly.

from below.

white

longer in cool weather,

babies.

is

Laid

silvery

is

equal,

daphne for consume them.

those

to

to

A

not

if

large

number

of

successful goldfish breeders ascribe the

The Mosquitoes The mosquitoes, family Culicidae, do form a large insect group, but are an important one. They are a pest, and carry They range from the tropics to disease.

They Alaska, Lapland and Greenland.

rapid growth of their youngsters to the They may abundant use of wigglers.

often be collected in quantity in pools, or

not

in

bays of slow-moving streams.

When

using a rubber hose to syphon the

are true air-breathers, but are born in stagnant water. They breed rapidly, and

sediment from the bottom of an aquarium

pass through several generations a year; the adults hibernating in outhouses, cel-

with precision.

lars

and cold

The main purpose

garrets.

of the adult seems to be propagation of the species its life to be dependent only ;

upon

this opportunity.

mally

plant-feeders,

very

different

from

Females are normouth-parts

their

the

flesh-sucking

males.

Five genera are represented in this country: Anopheles, Aides, Megarhinus, Psorophora and Culex. Most of our species

belong

to

the

genus

Culex.

Those of the genus Anopheles carry maThose of the genus Mdes are very small those of Megarhinus and Psoro-

laria.

;

phora are large

— known

it

is

a difficuh matter to guide

To overcome

about

it

the

diffi-

wood, a piece of an old box sandpapered smooth, measuring one inch wide and six inches longer than the aquarium is deep.

Fasten the hose to the rod with three rubber bands culty take a strip of

bottom, middle and

at

a

point

several

from the upper end of the tod.

After the syphon is started by a slight suck at the end of the hose, the other inches

end,

in

the

aquarium,

about as desired.

If

may plants,

be

moved

snails

stones are caught, a pressure of the

or fin-

gers on the hose will stop the syphon and the object will drop, after

which a release

of the pressure will again start the water.

as gallinippers.

Hggs, numbering from 200 to 400, are laid in a raft-like mass, gray-brown from

Promises may get you friends, but nonperformance will turn them into enemies.

A

Histor})

WILLIAM

E.

Culture

of FisK

MEEHAM.

Director, PKiladelpKia

Public

Aquarium

y^W-^

CALICO TELESCOPE GOLDFISH Ouned

now

It is

by Geo.

E.

Wilt

PhotograpK hS H.

generally accepted as a fact

that fish life in fresh water streams

and

other bodies of fresh water can no longer be

maintained,

except

in

very

remote

by natural propagation. The steady growth in population, and the re-

places,

increased

sultant

demand

for

W.

Sclimid

would have long since been exter-

fishes

minated.

The ods

of

fish culturist

employs three meth-

propagation

in troughs with water running over and under wire netting trays by keeping the eggs revolving :

;

in glass jars filled

with water; in ponds

food, has caused a greater drain on the

in w^hich the fishes

are allowed to spawn

supply than the fishes

naturally,

Hence,

come.

in

in

tish

for

nature can over-

order that the demand

it became necessary to assist nawhat is termed artificial propagaIf it were not for what is being

both mature and young

being guarded from their

many

be met,

Only very heavy

ture by

trout and salmon, are hatched by

tion.

of the troughs and trays.

accomplished by the direction,

our

it

is

fish

enemies.

eggs, like those of the

means

Semi-buoyant

fish cultui-ist in this

eggs and those which are yielded in vast

many of food and game

quantities are hatched by the jar method.

safe to say that

famihar and best

Pond

culture

is

reserved for those fishes

!

<aquattc 2.i(f

146

from which eggs cannot be taken

at

all,

In the middle of the seventh century,

or from which they can only be taken

Count Jacoby, a German nobleman,

with much

discovered

trouble or possible injury to

In this class are placed a

the culturist.

hatching

of

trout

Curiously

eggs.

few nest-building species that take vigi-

enough, his hatching apparatus was

lant care of both eggs and young, and

most

where

fertilization

by natural methods

even better than by

Pond

culture

is

artificial

is

expression.

the oldest of the three

methods. The practice dates back to very ancient times. The Romans, the Greeks raised fish by that

and the Egyptians all So did the Chinese. Indeed there is reason to believe they were the first.

There are records showing that more than five hundred years before Christ a Chinese built a pond and dotted it with The avowed idea being to fool islands. the fish and make them believe they were in their natural environments, and that means.

The cute Chinaman placed about twenty fish in At the end of the first year the pond. the pond contained several thousand fine the islands were continents.

by the close of the second, several hundred thousand, and at the end of the third there were so many that this pioneer fish culturist couldn't count them That this man did business there is no fish

;

o.oubt,

sion

but

we

are forced to the conclu-

that he either

outclassed Ananias

or did better than any culturist since his time, for nowadays a man may count

every

he can raise by pond culture. pond culture produces less fish

fish

In fact,

than any other method.

The artificial expression of eggs from fishes

was discovered by

France during

a

Jesuit

in

the latter part of the fif-

teenth century.

He

fertilized trout eggs

and hatched them in a hatching box which he invented. His discovery made no stir and was forgotten after his death.

This important feat was not learned until many years after, and then only by the accidental discovery of old records in the

monastery

in

which he had

lived.

re-

and

fertilization

artificial

al-

identical with that of the obscure

Jacoby was a scientific man and his experiments and results.

priest.

published

The pamphlet was

translated into several

languages, and excited widespread scientific

interest, but

no one seemed

to think

there would be any practical use for It

was not

until after

1840 that

it.

fish

culture by artificial expression and fertilization of eggs was put a practical use, and it is a curious fact it didn't come through the discovery of Jacoby.

His work, like that of the priest, had been forgotten. The world owes practical fish culture to two Breton fishermen. These two peasants became interested in watching trout spawn, and they made what to them was an amazing discovery, that the eggs of the trout were not fertilized until after they left the body of the female.

Wondering

if

the eggs could be pressed

from the female, they

They devised

cess.

tried

it

with suc-

a hatching appara-

tus which proved successful, and then communicated their discovery to the French government. The officials were profoundly impressed and appointed one of the men, Gehin by name, a commis-

sioner to instruct others in the

Gehin's

partner

Remy, was forced

in

to

this

new

work,

art.

Mons.

drop out because of

illness.

An American was among

those

who

from Gehin, and he imparted his knowledge to a Dr. Garland, of Cleveland.

Dr. Garland became enthusiastic, and fertilized and hatched a A few years lot of salmon-trout eggs. early sixties, William Ainslater, in the Yorker, started commerworth, a New a cial trout hatchery.

He was followed almost immediately by Seth Green, and took

lessons

;

147

^aquatic JLitt

commercial

the

United

industry

trout

became

States

a

the

in

accom-

fact

This specimen appears to be a typical or nearly typical Uuibra pygmaea.

The

phshed.

Seth Green was not satisfied to keep within one groove, and investigated other

The outcome was

fishes.

the successful

seem

U

longitudinal stripes in

run from 10 to 14

to

pygmaea

.

number,

in

with an included median white or whitish

one

;

the

number

of rays in the dorsal

propagation of shad, whitefish and pike-

and anal

fins

and the invention of the jar system, which now enables the National and State governments to hatch billions of valuable food fishes annually, and all from eggs which would otherwise be ab-

cated.

have yet to find a specimen

perch,

solutely wasted.

say wasted advisedly,

I

fishes taken in

the nets for market.

is

the greatest advances, consequently the

United States leads the world

in

fish

culture.

The Mud Minnows No. 67,455 of the above list, are also like large living specimens taken

those in

D.

II.

one

y."/

my 8

Columbia, including

of

District

aquaria

;

larger one 8.8 cms.,

imperf.); A.

(fin

D.

cms.,

14;

A.

8.,

smaller

Both are

8.

mottled on the back, and have the usual whitish

or

white

lateral

longitudinal

stripe. list

has a length of

10 longitudinal stripes, seventh

one from belly nearly white and runs over top of percle to the eye D.

snout blunt.

14;

A.

8.

;

ish

A.

middle

;

8.

I

tion for them.

From my study I am inclined

fishes

Same

white.

species

as the

one present)

(

;

D.

of

Umbra

pxgmaea, another form of these Mud Minnows, which may easily be recognized by its external characters. In form, structure and general habits, it doubtless does not depart from its near relative. Umbra pygmaea, while it does do so very markedly in its coloration.

This form a sub-specific one I be-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

and

I

find

characters

:

been heretofore described,

it

to

present the

General contour as

following in

Umbra

pygmaea, D. 14. A. 8. Dorsum olive brown, spotted and mottled with black sides somewhat lighter; lower parts very whitish, broken yellowish-olive light ;

extending from eye to base of

tail.

Running along immediately below

this

line

another of double the width, and

of a deep olive or

more or

less spotted

yellowish white

;

brown

color.

Sides

with small spots of

fins of

a pale yellowish

without markings of any kind

an

oblique whitish bar beneath either eye

D.

II.

last.

14.

No. No.

12 stripes, the usual white

chin pale.

of

Scales 34.

16,896, length II cms., striped as in

27,481 above

family

this

range

eastern

the

in

of

to believe that there

olive,

cm., striped; chin dark-

stripe

genus of cannot be

chin light,

Agrees almost exactly with Jordan and Evermann's description and figure. No. 35,971, length

difi^erences

attributed to sexual ones as an explana-

line is

No. 27,481 of above iicms.,

indi-

the coloration

sexes in this

Umbrids, the above

lieve has not

marked the

above

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Continued from page 140.

in

two

alike in the

is,

While fish culture was not discovered in the United States, Americans have given it the greatest attention and made

As

with a "black chin."

because the eggs of the whitefish, shad

and pike-perch are from

I

also vary, as

I.

13.

A.

8.

chin pale yellowish white

;

eye black

;

;

a

vertical white area at base of tail, bor-

dered both in front and behind by black; borders of

fins

rounded.

Other charac-

ters are those of the genus.

I

propose for this new sub-species the

name

of

Umbra pygmaea

bilineata,

in

reference to the two longitudinal stripes

Slquatic lilt

148

:aquattc ILitt An

international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of native, exotic, gold and domesticated fishes, other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.

A. POYSER JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN

Editor

W.

Publisher

542 E. Girard Avenue. Philadelphia.

September

Entered as second-class matter, 2,

1915,

at the

Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa.,

under Act of March

3,

1879.

Practical articles and notes on topics pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium are always wanted for Aquatic Life. Readers of the magazine are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help, and to contribute The to it any ideas that may occur to them. pages are always open for anyone who has anything helpful and practical to say. Manuscripts, books for review and general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.

Aquatic Life has

the largest circulation

of

any magazine in the world devoted to this It presents to adbranch of nature-study. market that can be reached a vertisers through no other medium. Rates made known on application. $1.00

Yearly Subscription Foreign Subscriptions

1.35

10

Copy

Single

Payments may be made by money

order, draft

Foreign remittances letter. registered or If should be by international money order. local checks are sent, ten cents should be

added for

collection charges.

which was formerly the dominant gasteropod in the aquarium. In activity it is only equaled by the American Planorbis trivolvis.

These snails ravenously devour unconsumed fish food, vegetable matter, and especially the conferva that develops on the sides of the aquarium.

Both species can be easily propagated in an aquarium or tub, fishes being excluded, as they would devour the snails as hatched.

The eggs, numbering twenty or more, are deposited in a round, gelatinous mass, attached to the plants or

The young

sides of the receptacle.

appear

in

according

leaves or turnip tops.

Red

If the

July,

red

color

be

Figure

lost.

from twelve

No. 11

side,

there being

to fourteen in U.

while the lateral markings in

pygmaea,

Umbra

liiiii

are vertical.

In the same family (Linmaeidae) with the foregoing are

two other

a favorite, the other

species,

one

The

first

used.

misnamed African snail, The common name,

sadly

the

is

little

Lymnaea

auricularia.

African,

seems

be

to

aquarists' world.

peculiar

Inasmuch

as

time to give

is'

entific

the

snail

Snails of

it

the proper

Why

name.

Ear Snail

is

Figure

tration.

not

is

should be called

it

quite evident in the illusi.

The

spire of the shell

The body and

is

the

with a darker shade.

is

the shell are horn-

color, the shell being attractively

today

common

very short, while the body-whorl

large.

The popular

the

to it

name. Ear Snail, the vernacular of the conchologist, and a translation of the sci-

is

Aquarium

answers

5

equally well for both species.

from Africa, being a native of Europe,

1917

running down either

Snail

and the native species are kept together they will interbreed, and much of the

it II

Food

temperature.

the

to

should be provided in the form of lettuce

Copyright 1917 by Joseph E. Bausman

Vol.

will

about twenty to thirty days,

This snail

marked is

quite

Copenhagen, Coral or Red Ramshorn, this last the better common name, properly Planorbis corneus rubra, of Europe.

an industrious feeder, but is short-lived.

However, it is readily propagated like

The demand

Great Pond Snail, L. stagnalis, Figure 4, has an extremely long shell, which may

due to it

is

its

for the species

brilliant red color,

is

not alone

but because

a good "worker," and excells the

Japanese

Snail,

Viviparus

malleatns,

the

Red

Snail.

The

allied

Niagara or

reach a length of two inches, and largest fresh water species.

It is

is

our

com-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Aquatic fiiU

mon

Europe and North America, though its range is restricted and it canIn the aquarium not always be found. to both

does not confine

it

and

algae,

For

it

higher plants.

plants

should be provided

floating plants,

and but one or two

specimens should be placed

in a tank.

The Red Ramshorn, American Ramshorn, Ear and Niagara snails belong to the

inactivity

order PuIvMONata, which includes

The full-grown

fishes.

much

individuals spend

large,

with abundant food, such as the com-

mon

aquarium with

the

appetite to

will attack the

reason

this

its

149

of the time in

upon the bottom, and, being

are

of

use in keeping the

little

from

free

being particularly

the

algse,

Ramshorns

work, and negligible weight.

The Potomac and Japanese snails are provided with a gill, hence do not rise to the surface for air, have an operculum or horny plate by which

due

efficient for this

to their activity, small size

the shell

when

closed

is

the animal re-

and various other anatomical details which prove their affinity to certain marine snails.

Every aquarium should contain a tires within,

small mussel or two. They can do little harm, and may accomplish much good.

Figure 3 shows a tiny species, with the foot by which it moves and the inhalent

and

exhalent

Through

apertures

one

extended.

water is drawn, the fod of the mussel extracted, and then it is passed out through the aperture

the

Raking up the mud and plants in pond or slow stream will usually reveal a few specimens. other.

a

land and fresh water snails.

All are pro-

vided with a lung chamber and are without gills, so it is necessary for them to

Three kinds of Paradise Fishes are

known

to aquarists

occasionally rise to the surface of the

water for air. The species described are hermaphrodites, both sexes being present in

an individual.

The Potomac figure

2,

closely related.

breed

if

Snail,

Pahidina contecta,

and the Japanese

The

sexes are

and the males may be

dis-

tinguished by the unequal size of the tentacles,

the

the

common body

form, a

and

red

and Macropodis opercularis hav-

ing a caudal fin resembling Haplochilus

or Belonesox

ored one.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the

C. J

.

most beautifully Heede.

col-

"He who buys had need to have a hundred eyes, but one is enough for him that sells the stufif." Benjamin Franklin.

the right one being shorter than

left.

The eggs

the female,

are hatched within

and the young retained for

some time, being perfect size of a

reason

stripes,

:

reddish

are

In fact, they will inter-

placed together.

separate,

snail

with

variety

it

snails about the

pea when expelled. is

possible to raise

For this them in an

We

don't believe that an

man saw

Allentown

a snake sixteen feet long. Probably a fishworm that somebody dropped on their way home from a day's angling in the

Lehigh.

—

:

;

^aquatic litt

150

Society

The June meeting in

20th,

Saull's

attacked a chicken dinner in full force.

News of the Philadelphia

Goldfish Fanciers' Society the

—

;

Hall,

was held on 802

Girard

The menu comprised chicken, chicken, still more chicken, and while the members are all temperate, none refused

and

famous Princetown mince

the

avenue.

The competition was for novices members who have not at any time received an award in competition. Judges, William Hartman, Dr. F. C. Leffman and R. L. Harding make the following awards Scaled Telescopes—Siiver cup, Samuel W. Burgess; blue ribbon, William J.

Hodges

;

red ribbon. Dr. Louis

bein; yellow ribbon, A.

J.

W. Reh-

Hoag,

Jr.

ribbon, Telescopes— ^\n& Scaleless Samuel ribbon, red McDevitt; James A. W. Burgess; yellow ribbon, Elmer E.

Hazlett.

—

Scaled Japs Blue and red ribbons.

Dr. Louis W. Rehbein. A yellow ribbon

was not awarded.

Scaleless /a/^.y— Blue and red ribbons, Harry H. Mills; yellow ribbon, B. Mc-

Quade.

Nezv members F. S. Walton, John Krause and Paul R. Koehler.

A motion was passed at this meeting increasing the monthly dues to twenty

—

cents.

No

meetings will be held during

Each member wore a club button and "Old Glory," and attention was divided between singing patriotic songs, led by Mr. T. R. Wilson, and talking "fish."

The members present included John W. Kershner, Ray C. Lash, Oscar A. Becker, G. R. Wilson,

W.

Scott Slegel,

Theo H. Abelen, George

S.

W. H.

Yeager, Mor-

ris

Himmershitz, L

F. Kissinger,

writer.

that

it

W.

S.

Breneiser,

A. Barber and the

The dinner was such a success was decided to hold another at the

same place next

year.

—

S.

O. MellErt,

Secretary.

The

Aquarium

Milwaukee

Society

annual meeting on Wednesday,

held

its

June

6th,

cers

for

and elected the following offithe coming year President, Paul W. Roth; Vice-President,

Rev.

Dean

:

Semmann

Liborius

Secretary,

sponding

Recording

;

Hemsing;

George Secretary,

Treasurer, George rian,

July and August.

pie.

Enthusiastic good fellowship prevailed.

J.

Corre-

Simon

Arthur C. Stefifen

;

Libra-

Jacob Merget; Custodian, Alfred

H. Schroeder Directors, Ed. F. Kieckhefer and Rev. G. Keller Rubrecht. ;

Fred Richardson, Secretary.

Arthur Simon, Secretary.

At

the recent annual meeting of the

Chicago Aquarium Society the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Dr. H. G. Champlin vice president, Miss Helen A. Loomis;

The

Kensington

Philadelphia,

is

Goldfish

rapidly

Fanciers residing in this section of the

Secretary, N. G. Hitchcock; Treasurer,

Quaker City should

Walter C. Schroeder; Board of Governors, W. H. Hitchcock, St. Elmo Linton, Austin N. Niblack and H. W. Keedy.

H.

J.

street,

The The members

of the Reading Aquar-

ium Society recently journeyed to Pricesome fourteen miles away, and

town,

Society,

forging ahead

get in touch with

Mackrell, president, 2816 Jasper

and become members.

Aquarium

Specialty

Company,

Joseph Taubles, manager, has moved to

more commodious quarters Tremont avenue, New York

at

414 East

City.

"AQUARIA FISH" A

Otto Walter

work on care and breeding of Aquarium, Greenliouse and outdoor I'onds. Finely illustrated. Every one practical in

(ish

tlie

86 5u3)dam Street

:: Brooklyn, KJ. Near Evergreen Avenue L Station

interested in keeping fish should send for copy of this book. Price. $1.

Four-Horned Snails (Ampullaria Gigas) deposit a mass of large coral red eggs out of the water, the little snails droit into the water as they hatch. These snails are invaluable for destroying Hydra in the aquarium. a

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:

:

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of Pets Plants

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3

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Calico Japs and Telescopes Good Quality as Low as $3, $4 and $5 Dozen A few Lionheads reasonably priced want YOU on my mailing list I 29 Claremont

Place

Mount Vernon, N. Y.

HERMAN RABENAU,

Aquarist

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life must be seen

& Terraria

shell.

Benefits the fish. Box of Six Powders, 25c. For sale at Pet Stock stores.

to be appreciated

Welcome

Visitors

New

Myrtle Avenue,

Safe and effective.

Brooklyn.

N.

Y.

Station K.

Philadelphia

THE BRUCE FISHERIES Breeder, Importer, Wholesale

MEANING ALSO -

Rot,

REGENIA CHEMICAL CO.

B- Ys! **BEST

Tail

Congestion in fancy fishes also white spots on Tropical fishes.

Box of Six Powders, 25c.

Near Broadway.

(BE WISEj

Fungus,

Constipation,

Relieves

;

Varieties received

regularly 1163

Remedy

Violet-Ray Fish

Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of

Use Regenia Aquarium Salts To replace the natural salts in your aquarium as absorbed by the fishes and snails.

Excellent for plants. Help the snails form

Comets a

and adopt at onre a "BEST YET" Tropical Aquarium

ELGIN

Retail Dealer in

Kinds of Goldfish

All

YET"

&

Specialty

BRUCE, THORNBURG,

K.

lA.

FRANKLIN BARRETT EVERYTHING COMPLETE FOR THE AQUARIUM, POND AND LAKE jt Wyoming Avenue, & C Street, PKila., SEND FOR PRICE LISTS

Pa.

THE TERMINAL PET SHOP which affords tropical conditions for Trop-

PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND

ical Pishes.

Send for my free circnlar on this and "Best Yet" Fishfood, accessories and specialties.

Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty

"DOMESTICATED FISH"

HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING

The

All

Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines

first and only illustrated book on tropiand Goldfish. Price $2.60 (includpayment on supplement). Without sup-

Concourse,

New York

cal tish ing;-

plement, $2.08.

New Importation

W.

BRIND, Aquarist

L.

449 W. 20«th

Phone before

Fine

of Brilliant Tropical Fishes

Street,

Correspondence Solicited

New York

calling, St. Nicholas

Telescopes BLACK & CALICO

Broaa-tail

GEORGE

S4is

WILT. 1519 M. 62nd

Street

PHILADELPHIA

EVERYTHING IS FISH THAT COMES TO THE NET OF A NATURALIST

Wiinners

Don't paddle

»Iy

Telescope

Broad-tail

awarded

Goldfish

were

eyes.

water with one hand and be blind with both words "keep your eyes open" for all nature.

in the

In other

and three

Our Magazine

special prizes at the last annual exhibition of the Aquarium Socicity held in the American Museum of firsts

Natural History,

from these line coming season.

New fish

York.

for

Young

sale

stock

during the

Watch my future

W^t

ads.

(BuiDe to i^ature Will Help You

is edited by EDWARD F. BIGELOW. who fishes in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth.

It

Four months'

Otto Gneiding's GoldfisK Hatchery?

31

—37

Depot Ave., Ridgefield Park, N.

J.

trial,

25c.

One

year, $1.00

THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION ArcAdi.A

Sound Beach

Connecticut

!

New Aquarium Book GOLDFISH

AND

VARIETIES

TROPICAL AQUARIUM FISHES fVm.

^3' This work of

is

Fisheries

T.

I fines

endorsed by the U.

aud

leading-

S.

Bureau

fanciers.

It

is

thoroughly practical in every respect, and is written so plainly that a beginner may easily understand every point.

170 beautiful illustrations, mostly from life, includly chapters. ing prize winning- Goldfishes, Gives alphabetical list of 300 aquarium fishes,

breeding-, in detail.

tiieir

aud care

foods,

temperatures

Sent anywhere upon receipt of PricÂŤ $S.OO

Perefect Photograph of the Best Moor Goldfish Life-size, Natural,

We

Extremely Handsome

Price 50c

enclose one of these prints with each copy of our new Ijook, "Goldfish Varieties and Tropical Aquarium Pishes," where we send two or more books at retail to one address. will

INNES & SONS, PubHshers 129 135 N. 12th Street -

Philadelphia 3C=3o8

TEN VARIETIES OF BEAUTIFUL AQUARIUM PLANTS for $1.00 Postpaid J.

Hknri Wagner, 1909 North Capitol Washington, D. C.

f

What's the Object?

See you later

AQUARIUM STOCK CO 150 Chambers Street

Aquarium

::

New York

City

Specialists

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, SNAILS, ETC. Combination Natural Fish Food - Sample Can 10c Sample Can 15c Imported Shrimp Fish Food Imported Wafer Fish Food Large Sample Box 10c Special Prices on Qgantity Lots

Cash With Order

Catalogue Sent Upon Request

Orders amounting $2 delivered Mail

orders

postpaid.

promptly attended

to.

000(

)OOOC

1210 N. Warnock

street, Philadelphia,

X

Plants

Aquarium Supplies

n

times.

South 52nd

Street

8

Philadelphia

Aquarium Fishes

Supplies

Wholesale and Retail

J

U

8

Q

Green River Baby Fish Food

n

20c Box

GOOD

A

most

one of the

is

things

essential

—tnnru

innn.

innrv

innni

-.nnni

u

innni

reeaers Breed A

large assortment of splendid Telescope groldfish at reasonable prices.

Fine Assortment of Lionheads

JAPANESE GOLDFISH

Shipping Cans,

Japan

Young Young

Blues, Blacks

&

45

Cents.

Calicos

Veiltails or Broadtails

HARRY

P.

$1.50 Doz $5.00 Doz

PETERS

WARNOCK

STREET PHILADELPHIA

1210 N.

lOOOOOOOOCC

300C00000CC

oooooooooc

300C00000CC0CCrZ!00C00C000l

GREEN RIVER FISH FOOD R 8 9 n

Awarded Gold and

Silver

Medals

U 8

Panama-Pacific International Exposilion

p San Francisco, 1915

§

ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES Price Lists Furnished to the Trade Only

iOOOOOO(

—

)OOOC

DCXXX

)000000000'

Due to the constant increase in costs of ingredients, boxes and printbecome necessary to init has crease the price of these foods to 15 and 20 cents. When conditions again become normal the old prices will again prevail. ing,

HARRY 1210 North

P.

PETERS,

Warnock

Street,

Philadelphia, Pa. oocr;';ooooooooocz30ocoocooooooc=r30oooocooc

g n

§ fj

o 9 U

8 U H n

—nR

130000000001

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Dealers

in

FOOD

FISH

necessary to After the fish in good health. keep p S test of years Green River stands out It U as the best food on the market.

8 keeps the fish in good color by proIt n moting a healthy, robust growth. § will not sour or cloud the water. Ask Lvour dealer or send for it today.

uinnnnnt

Direct From Breeders

^ g n «

and Jap :

all

15c Box

1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal

and

and

Snails

kinds at

all

MANUFACTURER OF

Nippon Goldfish Co :

of

Green River Fish Food

8

All Kinds of Aquatic Plants

every variety,

of

§

8

n

Importers

Pa

BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish

[]

58th and Walnut

innoi

PETERS |

8

ooooooooocz^oooc

)000

p.

FLORISTS

&

DOCXX

HARRY §

Aquaria

—

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)(

GOLDFISH BREEDERS

Streets

110

)000<