Aquatic life 6 1918

^-^0,^3

T

Jacob C. Cassel 915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa Manufacturer of

AQUARIUMS Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. Fish Food

Fish Globes

Goldfish

and

aquarium requisites.

Send for Catalog.

all

—

3000(

FRESH HENRY

By

B.

)OOOC

BIOLOGY WATER WHIPPLE GEORGE WARD and

C.

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 25 DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS All interested in aquatic biolog}' will find here answers to their queries on methods of study, conditions of existence, types of life, and inter-relations of the organisms that inhabit our fresh-water l^odies, together with data on their life histories, habits and range.

This work is the first complete and accurate record of North American aquatic life, especially the micro-organisms among both plants and animals excluding" the vertebrates, higher plants and bacteria, every form is described that has been reported from a fresh-water body on this continent. comprehensive general discussion of each group precedes the description of individual forms, which are arranged under a key to permit of rapid and accurate determination of the genera and species.

Nearly every form is illustrated, and its diagnostic features are pointed IHological data on its habits, frequence and distribution are also out. ;

A

gi\'en.

Fresh-\A^ater Biology is a big book of 1111 pages, with 1517 illusPrice, $6.00, plus postage on four pounds.

trations.

AQUATIC ^M

.

"•""^i

"

^fw"

LIFE, 542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. »

nnn r

i

nnn

w

nr

i

i

itifw

i

nnrv

rr^t

\

v^n^

— eraQO

u^nn i

OOCDC

IF

YOU

To

Are Looking for Something Extra Fine in Broad -tail Telescopes Don't Forget I

W. H. HEIMBACH

Breeder and Importer of Snails

FISH

u

Plants

FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES 413

—

FINE FISH

wyw

>-inrw

vnru

shell.

Benefits the fish. Box of Six Powders, 25c.

For sale at Pet Stock stores.

Violet-Ray Fish Relieves Constipation,

Remedy

Fungus,

Tail

Rot,

Congestion in fancy fishes; also white spots Box of Six Powders, on Tropical fishes.

25c. Safe and effective.

REGENIA CHEMICAL CO.

North Tenth Street AluEntown, Pa. lOfW-

!

replace the natural salts in your aqxiarimn as absorbed by the fishes and snails.

Excellent for plants. Help the snails form

Clementon ;

New

Jersey

^

THE PEARL DANIO

|

WALTER LAKINOY BRIND,

|

was formerly considered

It

quite an

Z.

F.

5.

ular as Danio alholineatus, not even

D.

accomplishment to breed the Pearl Danio,

relative,

Danio alholineatus, and many were the arguments as to the exact angle at which the sun's rays must strike the aquarium

general color, as the light strikes

to satisfy the requirements of the fish.

Be

this as

it

may, the

does require

fish

My most and plenty of it. successful spawning took place in a large, heated aquarium, 39 by 16 by 16 inches, in a southwest window, that stood sunshine

and a good "happy family"

literally

blazed

Such a large aquarium

day.

The

fish.

it, ;

is

at

another angle the blue turns to peacock green.

When

male

flushed with salmon pink.

is

in

breeding condition the

From

a point on the lateral line, just ahead of

the dorsal, a pink stripe, bordered below /^ t^jr^-rfei-^

-stpi^

all

not

is

Otto Klemmer succeeded

necessary.

its

hardy

a beautiful metallic turquoise blue

f syi

through which the sun

It is beautiful,

rerio.

in

securing spawn in a cylindrical all-glass

tank about 14 inches in dameter.

This

The

botwas placed in a south window. tom was covered with marbles, with a spray of Myriophyllmn added for ''appearance sake." The eggs, being heavy and non-adhesive, dropped among the marbles and beyond reach of the adults.

A

temperature of about 80 degrees maintained

should be

just

prior

to

a

spawning, and kept up for the eggs and

Mature fish do well an average of 75 degrees, and even 70.

fry at

some time

for this

is

after.

a "hardy exotic," but low tem-

peratures retard spawning.

The animal then

be

for about a week, and can

coaxed to take

dry prepared

must be as fine they have grown a

food, which

When

as possible. trifle

they

should be given the tiniest Daphne passed

through a screen that none large for

them

to swallow.

may be From

too this

time on, with abundant live food, they

can almost It is

be_

with bluish the

tail

violet,

seen to grow.

safe to say that no fish

alcohol the pink line becomes white. as the species

was probably

from

scribed

preserved

origin of the specific

The males

so pop-

lined,

material,

name is

And

originally de-

the

alholineatus,

evident.

more slender than the females and pinker. The anal fin of the male is longer and broader, are usually

with a deep rosy red horizontal stripe paralleled by dark green

low, though

all

less evanescent.

and canary yelmore or

these colors are

Both are

alike in size,

reaching a length of two inches.

Some rope a

is

runs back and through

In specimens preserved in

fin.

meaning white

fry require plenty of microscopic life

Danio albolineatus

years ago

fish that the

received from EuGermans then called

I

"der neue Danio aus

Singapore"

(the

aquatic Hilt

126

But when

new Danio from Singapore).

specimens were submitted to the great

used

scientific

the stamp of respectabihty, as

egg-floats or rafts.

be

to

the

receive

to

it

pore" differed mainly

and seemed

me

to

in the

coming warmer,

imagination less

H.

E.

Daphnia,

the

though

have

I

favorite

and,

food,

al-

way

am

only fairly successful in breeding quantities in tubs. I now feed suggested,

I

{Culex),

principally on mosquito larvae

finding this very desirable, easy to secure,

and easy

to handle.

once put a

they

float or raft of

eggs of

into a small jar to ascertain

would hatch and,

the

when

following

morning, was quite surprised at the quantity of minute larva (wrigglers) that had hatched in the interval. I emptied them into a tank containing quite small

Xipho-

had just added a feed of Daphnia, the young fish ate the wrigglers in preference, until all which

phorus, and although

I

could note had disappeared. This gave me the idea of using wrigglers for quite I

small I

To

fish.

proceeded First I

secure quantities of larvse,

in this

manner containing

which

I

made

stagnant with horse and pigeon manure,

having both handy.

When,

after a week,

had cleared, I added a handful of Lcnina (Duckweed), to afford the mosit

Now

spooned into

two

I

averaged quite a hunWhen the eggs

floats daily.

a float

said to contain

is

300 eggs and,

to

it

means

if

and

from

say 100 eggs

I collect

my

that

we

100 floats 10,000 a

fish eat

day.

the

in

far preferable to breed the pest

manner

outlined than to permit

the eggs to hatch in the tub, collecting the

wrigglers in a net, as

some

will

manage

it

is

inevitable that

to complete the

meta-

morphosis and escape to plague you and your neighbors. Then again, if you require them larger, place eggs in a large

and feed for a few days or

jar

desired size I

until the

reached.

is

certainly find

my

fishes

doing well on

and the method is less troublesome than collecting and sieving Daphnia, not to mention the lessened likelihood of introducing organisms that may be detri-

larvae,

mental to the

fish.

have reared young fishes quite successfully on artificial foods, but living food is better, not only because it is what nature provides, but because it must be sought by the fishes, and the exercise which is thereby taken cannot but be I

beneficial.

(The elongate eggs of

mosquito

the

are laid vertically, side by side, in raftlike

inch

established a tub,

fifteen gallons of water,

I

containing

merely pour the contents of the

I

It is

almost every

tried

These

jar into an aquarium.

daily,

Society

FINCKH, Royal Zoological of New South Wales

the

Later, the weather be-

to be conservative,

aware that to successfully We are much depends upon the fish rear young should be living food. it food, and that about propagating said Much has been

Culex

hatch

200

all

I

dred such

than the type, a native of India.

Mosquito Larvae for Fry

On

counted forty-seven

I

jars

glass

D. albo-

somewhat

to be

small

was pro-

The "new Danio from Singa-

lineatus.

two

inches of water.

local variety of

nounced a mere

brilliant

German

custom with

before the war,

aquarists

a

to rest while

laying their eggs in the water.

morning following

Museum

British

name and

upon which

quitoes a place

masses, which vary from Y^ to Y^ capillary diameter, though in

attraction

thus

may draw

making

individual float.

a

together,

several

seemingly

Light

larger

in color at first,

they become darker and soot-like as incubation proceeds. five or six days.

The

larvae

Editor.)

emerge

in

History) of IcKtKyology.

MAJOR

R.

W. SHUFELDT,

2

Part

Medical Corps, U.

S.

A.

»'

MONOCANTHUS

Among fishes

the writers of ancient times on

—and

who

knew

that of P. Belon,

Indeed,

—

known, perhaps, than

flourished over 1900 years after him.

Belon was

at the height of his

about the time his

duo appeared

De

in Paris,

the year 1553.

fame

at

aquatilibus lihri

which was during

Prior to the appearance

and

external

who folno name is better those

especially

lowed after Aristotle

THE

HISPIDU5

internal

He

though he rarely defined them. of his fishes were classified

many

according to

two groups that

quently

when he

— those

did

much

while he came

size,

nearer the truth those

structure.

the principal bones of the piscine

skeleton,

to

FILE -FISH

them

having blood and

not;

employed,

referred

and then

subse-

taxonomically,

such

work,

characters as he was familiar with, or

he had published several other less formal ones, they being based upon the specimens he had collected from 1547 to

had personally for the first time described. Sometimes he would supplement the description of a fish with an account

1550 along the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and in the rivers of

lishing his

of

this

celebrated

ichthyological

the countries bordering upon

Some one hundred and

it.

ten fishes are

described and figured by Belon, to which

he gives the entific

his

common

names

;

as well as the sci-

and he further paid,

in

work, considerable attention to both

of

its

habitat,

thus fully estab-

reputation

for adopting the

special

methods of the scientific naturalist whether of ancient or of modern times.

Following Belon, next in order of distinction was H. Salviani (1514-72), a Roman writer on the fishes of Italy (1554-57),

the

work

being

entitled

jftquAttc

128

Aquatilium animatiim historia. It was published in Rome, and at once came to be an authority on the subject of which it

however,

Little regard,

treated.

evi-

is

denced for the value of specific characany of the figures on the 76 plates of the work, in which 92 forms of fish ters in

was more or

able writer

work

fact, the

In

are described.

less

of this

popular in

style; and while it very materially advanced the science of ichthyology, in a

way to

it,

or rather

technical

conspicuous

author, did not resort

its

description in

—a

ample (1507-57), was

more

scien-

than Salviani, for he not only graduated as a doctor of medicine in tific

man

but

Paris,

he

passed

subsequently

through a thorough course under competent instructors.

in

anatomy

Still, as in

all his predecessors in ichRondelet failed to grasp the

the case of

thyology, true

of

principles

taxonomy;

upwards of a century they

indeed, for

continued to hold such a place in scientific

literature.

During

long period

this

however, no

in

history,

was

attention

little

paid,

from time to time, to the study of fishes.

These investigations were even carried to New World forms, and especially Among those of the American tropics. were Marcgrave and Piso; Malpighi devoted himself to the nervous system, and

Rondelet, for exa far

connection

the principal contributions to the science

formed writers on the subject who were contemporaries.

in

with that of Belon's, became the standard ichthyological treatises of the day;

so

preceded him, or as did the better inhis

work, as a whole, taken

who

feature

Belon

the case of

Hit

indeed,

throughout his two great works he employed the terms "genus" and "species" In 1554 appeared his synonomously.

Swammerdam Finally

the

was more or

fishes

system.

digestive

the

to

respiratory less

apparatus

in

systematically

studied by Duverney.

By

time

this

the

forms was more

skeleton

in

many

or less known, so that

more unusual types could all be named and their relations and articulations understood.

So true was this that even as odd a form, osteologically, as a file-fish (Monocanthus hispidus), shown in the accompanying cut,

the bones in the

was.

in

all

hended by

probability,

ichthyologists.

fully

compre-

The specimen

Libri de piscibus marinis, and during the

here shown was prepared by the writer

following year his more formal production, Universae aquatilium historiae pars

many

altera,

both being published at Lyons.

Here we

find

some 197 marine and 47

fresh water species described,

all,

with

but few exceptions, being from European waters in fact, a large percentage was

—

from the Mediterranean Sea. Rondelet's productions were an improvement upon those of Belon's eral respects, but

more

in sev-

particularly in the

matter of the accuracy of his pictorial

work.

It

was

distinctly his

aim

sent as attractively as possible

to preall

that

was known about every form he undertook to describe.

As

a consequence his

years ago at the

New York Aqua-

rium it was taken in Bermudan waters, and was for a long time on exhibition in one of the tanks of that famous institu;

tion.

Ichthyology received an enormous impetus from about 1648 to 1730, during

which era such astute naturalists as Ray, Willughby and Artedi came into the field.

The science received rich additions from their several pens

;

and for the

in zoological literature the true

of a "species"

was

time

meaning

fully defined.

too, the natural affinities of

better understood,

first

Then,

animals was

their affinities

(Continued on page 137.)

being

TKe

Japanese RancKu or

Maruko

K. ITO, Japanese Artist and IcKtKyologist

TRANSLATION BY MASA CHIBA ÂŤ'

RANCHU OR MARUKO

(LIONHEAD)

OWNED BY FRANKLIN BARRETT

t"^

The properly arranged aquarium containing beautiful

fishes

and

plants

is

really an object of art ecpally interesting

and poor, man and woman. All may and do enjoy it. Of all the aquatic to rich

animals the goldfish lends

best to

itself

dered

little

fish."

in

Japan

is

the

"the round-shoul-

In fact

it

is

the "ex-

clusive" goldfish, no other so appealing to the fancier,

who

many

characteristics.

lovable

silver yen, 75 cents) will be paid for a rare specimen.

In most large

considers that

it

Rich

has in

harmonious color, with a rather small, compact and symmetrical body, it is tame, intelligent and serene in its movements.

The commercial value of the Maruko is

cities

of Japan there

is

a goldfish society, or rather a ranchu or

maruko

the conditions of the aquarium.

The popular breed Maruko, which means

consequently high, and at times a few thousand yen (yen, gold, about 99 cents;

composed largely of peoand wealth. Though exclusive in character, any person interested in the goldfish and its culture may be admitted to membership. The organizations do not concern themselves with profits, and are purely interested in the society,

ple of influence

Maruko and

art.

as a priceless object of nature

The

nual occasion,

public exhibition, an anis

an important event to

the enthusiastic members.

Only

quali-

fHqutiUt lilt

130 second-year

fied

are displayed for

fish

These are

study and judgment.

classi-

according to the standard score card,

fied

thread-like

Daphne.

earthworm—and mijinko or The size of a meal to be fed

should not be larger than the head of a

At night

box

awards made, and the owners of the winning fish warmly congratulated. The fish shown are not ofifered for sale.

given

may here be permitted scribe how the Maruko is

to briefly de-

are about a hundred days old, the time of

reared in

coloring, a

I

native land. is

during the

The

its

usual spawning season

last of

June and the begin-

fish.

to avoid a possible

the

perature of the water.

and

all

strict

is

covered

change of the tem-

When

youag

the

examination

made,

is

but possibly three or four are dis-

carded for various reasons.

—

2.

Hooded.

Forms of the Maruko from a Sketch by the Author. 1. Smooth-headed.

5.

Malformed back; small caudal fin. 6. High shoulder; 4. Angular-headed.

Lion-headed. strong caudal fin. 7. Trypod tail. 8. Cherry flower tail. 9. Quarter tail. 10. Lobster tail. Figures 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are top views.

3.

ning of July, so the process pleasantly in the open carefully

the

first

seasoned

selected

fry,

is

more preferably from

or second brood, are placed in a rearing

box,

about

six

feet

square and one deep, containing seven or eight inches of water. in or

above ground

in a

This

is

placed

garden where

lation

much sunshine and a free circuof air.

The food consists of the

yolk

of

there

is

a

boiled

egg,

The

carried on

Fifty or

air.

Itamimiyu

—

ideal

realization.

Maruko seldom becomes It is

ten thousand or

not unusual, in a

more young, not

a single acceptable specimen. is

lot

a

of

to find

Preference

given to examples with a smooth, ten-

der caudal

fin,

which

is

pendant when

moving forward, fine bow-shaped hood, quiet color and even stay of the body when not in movement.

The opinion is generally held that the (Concluded on page 138.)

BUILDING THE

PI5CATOR BUGG

A.

A

few years ago the writer wanted a aquarium.

"real''

After

calling

the local pet shops, being

and "two by twice" wanted one four feet

at

all

shown globes

when he

tanks,

and getting

long,

man who used to

information that there used to be a there or elsewhere

here,

was dead, etc., this particular individual was about disgusted. Finally he met a friend who had a friend who had made several tanks.

This friend of a friend was indeed the fellow needed, and the informabuild them, though they thought he

tion

AQUARIUM

Bugg

he gave enabled the said

each other and 45 degrees with the outer edge of the strip. Cut out this with

V

a

hack saw (Fig. ib).

Set the corner

V

of the steel square into this

and vou

probably find that it is not true.

Straighten the edges until the square fits loosely at the open end of the V, but will

make

sure that

of the cut.

corner

it fits

It will

tight into the point

improve the finished

the point of the angle

if

slightly into the side

cut

is

(Figure id).

to

and one that is dilTtrent in construction and appearance. Since then twelve others have been built, ranging from three to six feet long, build a very successful tank,

wnth

success

in

The

each case.

called for a tank with

no frame

plan

at the

bottom, the glass setting into a groove

in

the base, which might be of marble, slate

or reinforced cement.

Frames for the more in length,

larger tanks, four feet or

from one-inch angle

iron, wdiile

for the smaller sizes ^-inch

was used,

are m.ade

the thickness of both sizes being

After deciding upon the

size

tank one proposes to build, the is

to lay out

is

to

inch.

of the

first

step

and cut the necessary parts

of the angle-iron frame. it

%

Assuming

that

measure 35 by 15 inches, cut a

Figure

Form

How

1.

the Angle Iron

is

Top Frame.

the

Cut to

Now

measure 35 inches from mark D Cut another this point. Then measure 15 inches,

for the side of the frame.

V

at

cutting another V.

and

a side.

other side,

This gives two ends Measure 35 inches for the and at this point cut another

mitre as at the other end, only reversed.

Now we have a length of angle iron with mitred ends and three V's or notches.

Put the iron it

in a

strong vise, clamping

about 1-32 of an inch to the

mark

D

reader, until the

the

two

left side

of

as the illustration appears to the

bending the iron

two

sides of the

at

V

this

meet.

sides together with a

notch

Drive

heavy ham-

mitre, 45 degrees, on the end of the strip

mer while bending with

of iron, which will then appear as at Fig-

ing the corner as scpare as possible.

Next measure from point A not from the end of the iron fifteen inches, and mark on the iron on the inside.

Then v/ith a steel square mark a \\ on the underside of what will be the top

you have cut the notch properly you will find that the sides close together, form-

ure

I.

—

of the frame, the sides of this

V

will, of course, be at an angle of 90 degrees to

the hand,

ing a perfect right angle.

If the

mak-

V

If

has

not been cut wide enough, the corner of the frame will not be square, which is

necessary;

if

cut too wide

rected in welding.

Cut

it it

can be cor-

wide rather

j^lquaUc

132

each

at

two remainmg then have a perfect the

of

notches; you will

oblong top frame.

Now cut four pieces of the angle iron, each fifteen inches long, with square ends, for the corner uprights (see Figure

Then buy four

2a).

2^

by

Now

Proceed as before and

than narrow.

bend

^

carriage bolts,

inches, threaded well

up

to the

mtt comes the

Take the frame and have

it

welded

to-

To

use mar-

ble or slate proceed as follows

Take the frame to a reliable man and have him lay out a base as shown in Figure 2, with corner as in Figure 3.

The base should be 1%

to

inches

ij/S

thick; the groove to receive the glass J4 inch wide and V-i inch deep, leaving the

base extend

head.

made

base. This can be

of marble, slate or cement.

inches beyond

13^2

At the corners

sides.

a ;^-inch

oft'set to

on

all

of the groove cut

receive the angle iron

uprights, and have holes drilled for the

To

bolts.

allow the nuts to be screwed

flush, the holes

should be countersunk on

the bottom or under side of the base.

It

make

so

is

necessary to

the frame

first,

that in case of slight variations the base

may

made

be

This insures

accordingly.

The

a true plane for the glass.

Figure

Marble Base, with

or

Slate

2.

Frame ready

Drop Into

to

Place.

gether, the corner uprights bntt-zvelded to the top

frame, and the bolts welded

to the lower ends of the uprights inside,

as

in

Figure

2b.

on the

should avoid making a ing

more

hump

or spread-

iron over the frame than

A

solutely necessary.

can easily be

little

it

sible to straighten

will it

care in the process.

;

is

ab-

surplus iron

If the

filed off.

not welded true

frame

is

be almost impos-

hence the need of Surplus iron at the

corners can be ground off on an emery

wheel or filed smooth. The frame is now complete and in one piece. This welding costs about two dollars.

Next paint the frame with red lead and boiled linsed oil, adding a little gold size fcT drier.

Red

have found that

The

lead

is

the only thing

I

will not peel off in time.

finishing coat of paint of the desired

color can be applied later.

outside

of

against

the

the

corner

marble

uprights

thus

tight

bringing

the

inner faces of the corner irons flush with the outside edge of the groove.

To

Caution the

welder to be sure to have the top frame square and the corner uprights square with the frame. In welding the bolts he

holes at

the corners should be drilled to bring the

assemble, place the bolts on the

uprights in the holes at the corners, being careful to get each in

frame

If the

is

its

proper place.

not true, and the base has

been made to meet the variation, the glass

have the right plane frame are reversed.

will not

of the

if

the ends

Lift

each

corner and press cement into the offset

and

bolt

hole.

Press the frame

down

firmly until the nuts catch the threads on

the bolts, then set the nuts tight

and cut

the bolts off flush with the bottom of the

Painting the groove with gold size

base.

before setting the frame will help the

cement

to stick.

When glass

glass

the frame

may

is

rigidly in place, the

None other than should be used. One can get be

set.

age glass very cheap; as

new

it

for the purpose

to select pieces free

from

is

if

just as

care

is

scratches.

plate salv-

good taken

Use

133

aquatic Hitc non-hardening cement mixed to the

a

consistency of glasses

Set the side

putty.

stiff

making sure they

first,

spreading the cement. sary to chip a

fit

before

be neces-

It will

the lower corners

little off

of the glasses in order to clear the bolts

welded

—

watch this must clear the obcut the glass and fill

the corner irons

to

carefully, as the glass

Now

struction.

lift

the groove in the base about half full of

cement, and with a putty knife lay a

little

on the inside edge of the corner uprights from top to bottom. None will be needed Place the lower edge

on the top frame.

and press down it securely and hard. squeeze the cement up on either side.

of glass into the groove

This will imbed

If necessary a light stick a

may

frame.

the top

lever against

be used as

Force

ground square, is best for this purpose, but you can use a piece of wood with thin end blunt, not chisel-edged. As an added precaution against leakage, roll cement into long pieces, a little thicker than a lead pencil, and press firmly from top to bottom in each corner where the sides and ends meet.

—

The aquarium Let

it

fill

now ready

is

slowly.

It will

for water.

be noticed that

the water against the

the pressure

of

glasses forces

them

tighter to the frame,

cement being forced up from the groove in the base and from the iron the

uprights.

The cement

the inside has receded.

stand

filled

in the

for an hour,

putty knife cut

away

groove on

Let the aquarium then with a

the surplus cement

go under the top frame, then press against the cement on the corner uprights and the glass is set.

from the outside even with the base, this coming away in a long string. Empty the aquarium and lay this string of cement in the depression in the groove on

Set the other long side in like manner.

the inside of the glass.

downward

Now

until

it

measure,

will

and

cut

set

the

end

fill

it.

Tamp down

the groove

is

It will just

about

thoroughly, so that

and the cement

full

flush

with the surface of the base inside, and then smooth with a putty knife.

cement

have

been

squeezed

Should

over

the

from beneath the upright corners Fill iron, trim it off even and smooth. the aquarium and go to bed

glasses

an aquarium with a cement base is desired, a form in which to mould it is In constructing it the bottom needed.

If

Figure

Details,

3.

Flat and Cross Sec-

Marble and Cement

Base.

must receive first consideration. It must be smooth and rigid, as it must not sag

These fit between the long sides and should set snug. The pressure of

with the weight of the cement. A simple plan is to use two pieces of dressed pine,

tion, of

Corner of

Slate,

glasses.

the water

when

the tank

is

press out the sides and give

filled

room

will

for

their expansion.

When

all

the glass

is

set,

tamp the

cement thoroughly into the base grooves on the inside. Don't bother about the I have found that a leaf outside now. of an old automobile spring, with end

2 by 4 inches, flat

and

and 4

parallel,

feet long.

Lay them

about 18 inches apart,

and nail across them 7/g by 6-inch tongued and grooved flooring, which has been cut into lengths of 28 inches. This makes a strong, smooth base 28 by 48 inches. Select two straight pieces, 2 by 2 inches by 4 feet for the sides, and two

134

jSlquatlc ISltti

Hqaattc Wliere

long.

rods

the

them securely

wire

intersect

to the wire cloth to hold

liU on

135

this, as it will

clean,

sharp

pay

in the

edges and

end

to

have

The

corners.

Not every intersection need be fastened, but just enough to keep the rods in place when the cement is poured.

The wire cloth is probably

mould should be filled level with the top and the surplus scraped off with a stick long enough to reach from one side of the mould to the other. When the cement

extra reinforcement, not absolutely neces-

has been smoothed, insert the

securely together.

all

sary, but

it

makes

a

good foundation for

the rods.

When it

in the

the reinforcing

mould and

the mould,

into

see that

Then

it is flat.

angle iron frame of the aquarium

set the

putting large nails or

through holes

bolts

complete, lay

is

each corner up-

in

right to hold or tie the

frame into the

A

cement, as indicated at

Figure

in

4.

%

by

inch strips previously prepared.

them down cement and

level

with the surface of the

and within the

close against

uprights of the aquarium frame as

Figure

^-

Press

shown

These strips are later removed, forming a groove for the glass, yi inch wide and inch deep. Use care not to insert them so as to make a groove in

5.

%

>4 inch deep.

The

should be ab-

strips

of the aquarium frame with wire run-

and not warped or bowed. Trowel and smooth the surface of the cement.

See that no surplus cement is left on top of the groove strips, and that they are pressed tightly against

ning from the top to the outside of the

the corner uprights.

you

If

^-inch

used

quarter- round

moulding, the corner upright irons ot the frame will each be one inch

or end of form.

mould

— drive mould

side of

Now

from

side

stay each corner

and

any cement that may have run over the top of the groove strips, which is im-

It

these

;

are inserted after the cement

is

poured

Use is

sharp sand 2 part, cement

Mix i

a rather thin mixture.

pails of

ample. the

you know

a standard cement that

fresh and perfectly good.

make

clean,

part,

Two

and

water

sand and one of cement will be Mix thoroughly and pour into

mould, tamping

well.

it

Work

it

thoroughly into the corners and edges by

puddling around the edge with a small stick of

wood.

not disturb the

(Fig. 4B), fasten wire to

pull very tight.

strips

Do

job for three days, except to clean off

within the long or side strips

fit

straight

screw-eye into out-

nail or

must be tight prevent any movement of the frame to when the cement is poured. Now prepare four strips of wood, ^ inch wide and ^ inch thick, of the proper length to fit between the corner uprights of the frame.

These form the groove in the cement base, and are shown in place in Figure 5.

Notice that the end pieces it

solutely

Spend

a

little

extra time

giiiin'

ii'n

\{

..lllhi.miii...^

jaqaattc lilt

136 groove lengthwise.

take about two pounds.

in

Should there be any objections to a cement base for the aquarium, it can be overcome by superimposing a glass bottom, setting with aquarium cement

There is a tool used wood carving that will do this quickly.

After the

strip

first

come more

easily,

straight grooves.

is

out,

the others

leaving clean, sharp,

After the grooves have proceed to

been painted with gold

size,

set the glass as directed

with the marble

or slate base. the

mould

Leave the cement base

until after the glass has

form or mould, with the reinforcing place and also the aquarium frame.

If

the aquarium

provide

for a

frame

in

spreading.

more

and the frame rigid than

visible

especially ar.d

the

frame

alone

when

is

are

stronger and

bolted or riveted,

glass

has an

No cement

absolutely

surface against which to

rest.

I

even

have

used Cassel's cement for these aquaria

and have never had a

A

leak.

It is

top

%

inch

by K. Ito

Ryukin

Shukin

between the glass and the base, when marble or slate is used,

hardening.

this drill a hole

Fringetail or

especially in the larger sizes. is

For

Maruko or Lionhead Oranda or Hooded Fringetail top

48

be safest to

across the

iron

Paintings

easier to construct than those with both I like the appearance top and bottom.

better

tie

measure

will

it

middle to prevent a possible

at the

TYPES OF JAPANESE GOLDFISH -Original

with

meets the glass

to

is

inches long, or more,

the

Aquaria

it

sides.

in

been

Figure 4 gives a complete plan of

set.

around the edge where

non-

tank 15 by 35 inches will

diameter and through the supper side

in

of the top frame in the centre and close to the inner edge.

Tap

it

to take a brass

machine screw. For the tie iron get a strip by inch and as long as the aquarium frame is wide. Drill and tap

^

it

to

^

correspond with the holes

in

the

frame of the aquarium and screw tight.

This piece can be welded in place when the frame is made, but it is better to make the

fit

The in the

after the glass has been strips of

cement

to

wood

set.

that are inserted

form the grooves for the

jftqaatU

may

glass

be painted with hot parafin,

which makes them more easily removed and less liable to stick to the cement.

The cement base which I have described

is

%iU

137

the institution.

Thousands of bugs are attracted by the glare, and no small pro-

portion of these drop into the water beneath.

American Angler.

very cheap, costing about $1.25.

The wooden mould

or form can be used

These waters are the home of the giant black sea bass and swordfish that weigh

over and over again.

from a hundred (Continued from page 128.) derived from a growing knowledge of their characters

evidenced

Of

all

and morphology, as was

in the writers of the times.

the researchers in this

the period referred

or even a

way

number

to,

no

of writers, could in any

rival the excellent

work of

—

He was

the great Nestor

of

science

the

and

field, in

single writer,

of

Artedi.

in fact, father

its

several departments,

and

all

especially

along the lines of taxonomy, morphology,

and what was meant exactly by the terms genus, species and subspecies.

Great as were the achievements of Peter Artedi, he was much beholden to the careful work of some of his predecessors, especially to that of Ray and Willughby.

Artedi also derived

from the

benefit

fact that he

with Linnaeus at Upsala.

much

had studied

Unfortunately,

was a very short one at the age of twenty-nine he was drowned in a canal at Amsterdam (1734), in which city he was engaged upon some ichthyological work for a wealthy Hollander by his life

the

name

all

to

over four hundred

taken with rod and

reel.

At hung on racks

the city pier these fish are

and photographed. A tourist seeing the huge fish for the first time looked a black sea bass of three hundred and fifty pounds over from fin to fin. Then, backing off he remarked: "The man who

caught

that

fish

is

a

Catalina

liar."

Islander.

Zoologically

fishes.

biologically speaking, he greatly fur-

thered the true ends of ichthyology in of

pounds,

;

of Seba.

In the next part, the Linnaean era in

Several varieties of fish living near the surface of the sea carry

light,

among

them being the "lantern fish" of the Malay Archipelago and another recently discovered in Jamaican waters.

have a

large,

All these

luminous organ just below

the eye, emitting a greenish-white light,

which

flickers at regular intervals.

deep-sea

Some

have the light attached to a long movable tip, while others, in addifish

tion to the chief light organ, are marked with patterns of smaller luminous spots of varied hues. Some of these are prob-

ably real lanterns, others decoys in the pursuit of prey, some protective, while

some perhaps only distinguish male from female or one variety of fish from another.

All

these

lights

are absolutely

something science has not yet produced. Popular Science Monthly. heatless,

the history of the science of fishes will

be taken up, and brief mention will be

made

of the writers on ichthyology of

those times.

Investigations on the subject of proto-

zoan parasites

at the

Bureau's biological

station at Fairport, Iowa, during the past

two summers have been productive of Electric lights, placed just above the

water of the ponds at a Kansas fish hatchery, help to reduce the food bills of

interesting

results,

promising to be of

practical service to fish culture.

H.

S.

Davis found that myxosporidia are quite

fHquAtit JLitt

138

death of young carp after transference

:aquat(c ILxft

from

international monthly magazine devoted to the study, care and breeding of native,

An

and domesticated fishes, other animals and plants in the home aquarium exotic, gold

and terrarium.

one

of

ponds

the

to

hatchery

troughs, as an exceptionally heavy infection of the intestines w^ith these parasites

was associated with a serious degree of Although infection of the pond fish with the ciliate parasites Ichthyophthirius, Chilodon, and Cyclochaeta was quite common, a much heavier mortality.

POYSER JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN W.

Editor Publisher

A.

542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia.

Entered as second-class matter, September 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879.

Practical articles and notes on topics pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium are always wanted for Aquatic Life. Readers of the magazine are invited to join m making it a medium of mutual help, and to contribute to it any ideas that may occur to them. The pages are always open for anyone who has anything helpful and practical to say. Manuscripts, books for review and general correspondence should be addressed 2

to the editor.

Aquatic Life has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to this branch of nature-study. It presents to advertisers a market that can be reached Rates made through no other medium. known on application. $1.00

Yearly Subscription Foreign Subscriptions

1-35

10

Copy Payments may be made by money

Single

order, Foreign remitdraft or registered letter. tances should be by international money If local checks are sent, ten cents order. should be added for collection charges.

Copyright 1918 by Joseph E. Bausman

Vol.

No. 10

June 1918

Ill

infection after transference of the fish

from the ponds

to the tank house, prob-

ably induced by change of environment,

would seem

to indicate that these para-

have been largely responsible for

sites

the previous heavy mortality of the fish in the tanks.

Fisheries Service Bidletin.

(Concluded from page 130.) is extremely delicate, but as a matter of fact, if carefully fed and kept

Maruko

water

in

at

an even temperature,

just as vigorous as other varieties

more

Under proper

interesting.

it

is

—and condi-

tions it will live and enjoy life the aquarium for ten years or more. I have not seen a really fine example of the Maruko in the United States.

Mr. Ito is a well-known Japanese artist, and is at present in the United States, executing a number of commissions for American institutions.

He is now working on a series of water colors in

(

depicting the various breeds of Japanese

common on

from the Mississippi

fish

goldfishes.

Portions of

four paintings

River, and evidence seems to prove that

are

they are to a degree seasonal in occurUnder certain conditions they rence.

originals can be purchased at a

may

of

cause serious injury to the host, but in the case of buffalo fish, and possibly of other species,

from

it

is

believed that danger

infection in ponds

might be

sened by a proper rotation of the

les-

fish as

become infected from the adults placed in the same pond to

the

young seem

to

shown elsewhere

figure.

Mr.

Ito

may

Aquatic Life.

in this issue.

The

moderate

be addressed in care

—Editor.)

Plenty of Daphne during the

warm

months, but none when the thermometer registers

zero.

Be

provident.

Start a

box of enchytraeid worms nozv. Next winter you will have an abundance.

spawn.

A

hitherto

Coccidia

is

undescribed

species

of

believed to have caused the

Even

the biggest fish began life on a

small scale.

m

,r

i

nnfM—:=^^000000<

ooocoooooooooooc

>OCO<=>OCO'

:DOOOOOOOOOCXX3CX30i

8r°'

MACK'S

Goldfisn Blue, Black

Food

Superior Fish

No.

GEORGE

For

spawning

2.

No.

3.

For

large tropical fish and

all

Goldfish.

this

Goldfish

For raising

is

16c.

superior

any

to

PER BOX

CANADIAN BIRD STORE West Van Buren

Fine

lOOQI

Ne^

Am

BLACK

At home

all

!

184th

fishes.

on account of day Sunday; Saturday

New York

St.,

EDWARD

S.

Emporium All

M.

varieties floating plants, grasses, 15 other varieties.

12

Street, N.

Red J.

Street,

City, N. Y.

of Pets

W., Washington, D. C. for Catalog

A practical work on care and breeding of fish in the aauarium. grreenhouse and outFinely illustrated. door ponds.

Every one interested in keepinsr fish should Price. $1.00. send for a copy of this book.

Taopan's Natural Fish Food.

Three boxes,

25c.

Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Puds.

Write for prices. beautifully marked.

F. L. Route

2,

Snails, $1.00 per

TAPPAN Hopkins, Minn.

Dozen.

North Capitol Washington, D. C.

SPAWN From

Telescope

and Jap BroaJ-tails

$2.00 per 100 Eggs I.

X. L. Fish Food 15c

W.

E.

WALP, 1309

oooi

"AQUARIA FISH"

varieties blade Retail only.

5

HENRI WAGNER, 1909

SCHMID

Send

Taxidermy

postpaid.

N. 62d

Large Collection for 15 Gallon Aquarium for $1.00 Postpaid

Kinds of Goldfishes and Aquatic Plants Water Lilies

712 Twelfth

15 19

AQUARIUM PLANTS

!

tropical

CARL LAZER West

Telescopes CALICO

PHILADELPHIA

after 2 P. M., other days after 6 P.

647

and

GEORGE WILT,

)OOOC

thirty-five species of forced to sell surplus

moving.

111.

Correspondence Solicited

York

DON'T MISS IT Over

Chicago,

Street.

Broad-tail

THE PEPTOAST COMPANY St..

Utility Fishfood)

lb.,

2139

Manufactured Only By

65 Grand

||

—nH

coarse 75c.

Ground fine, $1.00.

St. George's Natural Fish Food, $1.00 per lb.

Sample can, 15c. Aquarium Cement, 50c lb.

Add postage to your zone.

Per

Food.

PRICE,

-iryv-inrv-innnnnnnnrw

DRIED SHRIMP (The

;

Coarse:

§

young fry of

all

fish.

Fine: For all small fish such as Gupalso young Goldfish. pies, Danio Rerio, etc.

No.

SCHENK

A.

Claremont Place, Mt, Vernon, N. Y.

29

iryy-icirv-ii-yv-inrv-inrv-ii

In powder form;

1.

bearing- or

SPAWM

Please note that I am at home only on Saturday afternoon and Sunday morning. You are welcome then, but for your convenience I suggest that I have telephone connec.von telephone first. tions in both Jit. Vernon and New York City.

put up in three sizes:

live

Vari-Hued Calicos

AND YOUNG SENT ON REQUEST

This is indeed the best Fish Food ever put on It contains the proper amount of the market. powderized shrimp and is so prepared that it does not pollute the water like ordinary shrimp, which makes it so dangerous to feed pure shrimp. Mack's superior Fish Food is the result of years of experience, and Fish Fanciers will Superior Fish Food at once realize its merits. is

&

PRICE LISTS OF BREEDERS,

—

Box

2 Boxes 25c

N. 55th Street. Phila., Pa. infv-M

icxaoc

irmnr

SUMMER SPECIALS Paradise Fish Gambusia Holbrooki

....

Pigmy Sunfish

Pair $1.00 " .75 "

Doi. $4.00

Japanese Snails (small).. Each Japanese Snails (large)... " " Japanese Water Newts...

Am.ChameleonsdOO, $3.50) " " Cliameleon Tree Toads...

Sagittaria

(100,

Ten kinds

of

$5.00)...

aauarium plants,

Turtles, Alligators, etc. Largest dealers in South.

CRESCENT FISH FARM 1624 Mandeville

Street,

New

Orleans, La.

ZXXXX.

COe

l^atuce ^tuDp EetiieU)

Thousands

OFFICIAL JOURNAL

SOCIETY

$ 15.00 per Hundred

per copy.

N.

Mixed

In

for Canadian Postage 10 cents.

Foreign Postage, 20 cents.

With Aquatic Life, one year, ifl.50.

ITHACA.

Veiltail

$2.50 per Dozen

Add

DCX30C

Young

of

Stock in America.

for the coming school year will be filled with special articles from practical teachers dealing witli actual works, methods and suggestions for sdiool gardening, elementary agriculture and nature-study.

The nnmhers

15c.

DC=XO

3000<~~>000C

Telescopes from the Finest

AMERICAN NATURE-STUDY

$1.00 per year.

)OOOC

Colors,

Blues,

Calicos,

Blacks

Etc.

Y.

Franklin Barrett

3000I

Doocx:

Wyoming Avenue

THE TERMINAL PET SHOP

&

C. Street, Phila.,

Pa

PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND

50c Extra for Shipping

Manufacturing and Maintenance of Aquariums a Specialty All

Kinds of Cat and Dog Foods and Medicines

HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING

of IBtoaH

>

tail

tirelf0cope0

BLUES BLACKS CALICOS 4324 WYALUSING AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA Prices Reasonable

ENCHYTRAE The

(White Worms)

food which can be raised indoors all year round. Portion 50c (cash or money order) with instruction how to breed them. ideal live fish

CHARLES

JENNE

E.

1577 Paterson Plank Road, Secaucus, N.

No

Mail Orders

Bell

J.

ON THE is

&

AQUARIUM

GEO. W. PRICE,

"Goldfish Varieties

S.

Lec Street

Philadelphia

ALLIED

& Tropical

Aquarium Fishes", byWm.T.Innes, former President of the Aquarium Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195 illustrations.

Tells all about the fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals; how to breed them, etc., etc. For the beginner ot the advanced expert.

A

complete, practical, handsome book, sent postpaid anywhere for $3.00. Elnlarged edition now ready.

INNES

&

SONS

-

133 N. 12th

HUGO

Phone

& Tropicals 2145

>oooc

SUBJECTS

C.

For Tropical Fishes.

Broadtails

—

THE BEST BOOK

WALTER BELL Breeder

3000(

Socrsc

New York

Concourse,

Can

Cash With Order

Thirty-five species

mouth-breeding

St.

-

Phila., Pa,

NELLES He

Will Please You spawning and

— live bearing,

—on

hand.

Prices reasonable.

At home all day Sunday. By appointment, week days after 3 P. M. 1305 Third Avenue (76th Street Station. 3rd Avenue L) New York City

—>CXX3CXX)OOOCZDOOOC 3o&o<—jooocxxjoocx—mg ARE YOUR GOLDFISH DYING

out

u

Otto Walter Brooklyn, M. T. Near Central Avenue L Station

86 Su2?dam

Street

Breeder and Importer of

TROPICAL & GOLDFISHES Telescopes

§

Or Are You Having Bad Luck With

\ n

Used

::

Calicos

Japs

Fan-tails

Dealer in All Varieties of Aquatic Plants All Kinds of Fish Foods Fresh and Dried Daphnia

AQUARIA. UTENSILS

AND

y

8 Q 8

Them— If So

Try

8

"BUG FOOD"

by Scientific Aquarists and Breeders the would over. Output last

season over 100,000 boxes.

Two Sizes 10 & 15c

By Mail 13c

&

Wholesale Goldfish, Foods

§

BERT

J.

PUTNAM, 490

SUPPLIES

&

[J

H

Supplies

Washington

St.

Buffalo, N. Y. iOOOCXX)OOOC

[j

H R

18c

ASK YOUR DEALER FOR IT

g

I

ZXCOCZZXXOOaOQCO'

9

SbtJC

HARRY

P.

1210 N. Warnock

Street, Philadelphia,

GOLDFISH BREEDERS

PETERS Pa

BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish Plants

FLORISTS

every variety,

of

Aquarium Supplies

of

all

and

Snails

kinds at

all

times.

MANUFACTURER OF

58th and Walnut Streets

110 South 52nd

Green River Fish Food

Street

15c Box

Green River Baby Fish Food

Philadelphia

20c Box

Aquarium Fishes

A

GOOD

most

&

one of the

is

necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out It as the best food on the market.

All Kinds of Aquatic Plants

Aquaria

FOOD

FISH

Supplies

things

essential

keeps the

moting

fish

good color by pro-

in

a healthy, robust growth.

not sour ot cloud the water. your dealer or send for it today. will

Wholesale and Retail -

'

M'«-<rx

M-inrw

tt

—anB

It

Ask

D<rr50CX3c

ooc=c

HERMAN RABENAU,

YOUNG

Broadtails Fringetails and Telescopes and Japs. All Colors $1.00 per Dozen Up.

Aquarist

MympK

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF Aquatic Life must be seen

& Terraria

BREEDERS — Largest

to be appreciated

Visitors

Welcome

and Japs

Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of

New

Varieties received

HARRY 1210 North

Near Broadway.

W

—M

M-lf

GOLDnSH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food

•

Sample Box 10c

Imported Shrimp Fish Food

-

•

Sample Can 15c

Imported Wafer Fish Food

Large Sample Box 10c

Orders Promptly Attended

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.

Cash With Order.

CataIos:ue

Sent

'

mryy

1/-*:::

m

nt

t

Street. Phi x

>

nnnnf

Upon

::

iCt^TM

1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal

Importers

:

and

:

Dealers

Direct From Breeders in Japan Pacific

Request.

Silver Medals, PanamaInternational Exposition, San Fran-

cisco, 1915.

New York irmn.

Nippon Goldfish Co

Awarded Gold and

AQUARIUM STOCK CO 273 Greenwich Street

yyywirvYv

PETERS,

JAPANESE GOLDFISH

to

"ART AQUARIUMS"

Agents for

«f

P.

Warnock

}OOOOOOOCXX=r>OOOOOOOOOOOOC=DOOOOOOi

50CX)Cr3000C=>0tX>C

A/ciil

Reasonable Prices.

Shipping Cans 50c

1163 Myrtle Avenue. Brooklyn, N. Y.

M-K-irv

at

Fine Assortment of Lionheads

regularly

u-vrr\ ,

Assortment of and Calico Telescopes

Blues, Blacks

City

lonnr

ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES