Aquatic life 5 1919

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Jacob C. Cassel 915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa Manufacturer

oj

AQUARIUMS Aquarium Ornaments Floral Terra Cotta, Etc. Fish Globes

Goldfish

and

*t>

aquatic JUfe May 1919

Vol. IV.

"

No. 9

,

international monthly magazine devoted to the studv, care and breeding of fishes and other animals and plants in the home aquarium and terrarium.

An

W. A. POYSER JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN

EDITOR PUBLISHER

542 East Giraxd Avenue

Philadelphia

Fish

Food

aquarium requisites.

Send for Catalog.

all

KXOCXX)OOOOCXXXX>OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC=SH'

Wm. Importer

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Breeder

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Entered as second-class matter, September 2d, 1915, at the Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., tinder Act of March 3d, 1879.

Popular and scientific artic*es and notes on subjects pertaining to the aquarium and terrarium. and to the habits of fishes in general, are always wanted for "Aquatic Life." Readers are invited to join in making it a medium of mutual help by contributing to it the results of their studies. The pages are always open to anyone having information of interest to the aquarist and student of Manuscripts, books for review aquatic biologv. and general correspondence should be addressed to

1119 Folsom Avenue

the editor.

"Aquatic Life" has the largest circulation of anv magazine in the world devoted to aquatic It offers to advertisers a market nature-study. that can be readied through no other medium.

Kates made known on application.

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Payments should be made by money order, draft If local checks are sent, ten or 'registered letter.

Forcents should be added for collection charges. eign remittances should be by international money order. „ „ Copyright 1919 by Joseph E. Bausman

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but* a

gladsome

the

THE BOOK OF WATER GARDENING will

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n

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The book contains 140 illustrations, more than enough to give you a comprehensive idea of the The decorative possibilities of water plants. price is $2.65.

THE BOOK DEPARTMENT Philadelphia

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AQUATIC LIFE

KENTUCKY

4

Nanostomus Eques

I

WALTER LANNOY

BRIND,

F.

Z.

—

Jtw^fc**

—

call

it

Nanostomus

ago,

Poecilobrycon marginatus

you prefer the

latest

tematic ichthyologist

S.

i

About nine years eques if

j

dictum of the sys-

— was brought

to the

attention of aquarists in four small speci-

mens, an inch long, taken in the Amazon.

These were thus half-grown, the maximum size being usually recorded as two It is one of the characins, the inches. dominating group of fishes in South America.

The sexes seem quite alike, though there is some difference in the anal fins.

A dark red stripe runs from the snout back through the eye to the caudal fin, there meeting the same color in the lower lobe this is bordered above with a golden band. On the sides are two broad, dark,

nuptial addresses,

and clear, pure water, would be most apt to induce spawning, provided the temperature

is

maintained

around 80 degrees and ample live food, such as Daphne, is given consistently.

When commerce with South America becomes normal, we should be able to secure this fish from Brazil, and, if some one is fortunate in having it spawn, it will be well to immediately remove the par-

;

vertical bands,

one just in front of the

dorsal and the other behind

sometimes

and

tail

almost

fins

;

the latter

The

invisible.

are carmine, which

is

anal par-

when the fish is viewed The intensity of the light.

ticularly evident

by

artificial

colors

is

subject to variation, being influ-

enced by

temperature and other

light,

conditions.

The back

is

grayish-brown,

On

the

back, between the dorsal and caudal

fins,

the

is

abdominal

regions

white.

situated the adipose dorsal or fat-fin

characteristic of the family.

plished.

Eventually

Should

it

it

ents to another tank, rather than transfer

the plants with the adhering eggs, thus

saving

in con-

should be accom-

breed like

its

of the aquarium with

grees.

familiar goldfish.

A

the case

large,

its

body pointing

an angle of forty-five deThis probably concerns its feedat

ing habits.

relatives

leaves of water plants, or their rootlets, in

peculiar in possessing a

is

habit of "standing" stationary in a corner

Many

the eggs will be placed on finely divided

adhering singly as

all.

This species

upwards

Nanostomus has not been bred finement.

Nanostomus eques

of

a

man

pins his faith to a star,

only to discover that

it is

a

firefly.

the

Some

sunny aqua-

people are born lucky.

rium, well planted with Myriophyllum,

every fellow

but with a clear space for play and pre-

on

his feet.

who

can

fall in

It isn't

love and land

— •aquatic JLitt

114

The Water

forming the necessary functions.

Horse-tail

J. CHARLES WOBLER

During the Carboniferous Age, ferns and allied plants were the dominant fea-

The

tures of the landscape. mite,

now known

solely

giant cala-

from

its

fossil

remains, grew as large as our presentday forest trees, and is the prototype of

our scouring rushes or horse-tails

—the

EquiS£Tacea£. These vary in height from a few inches to thirty feet, and are seldom greater than two inches in diamThe average American species is eter. but a few feet high, and as thick as a About twenty lead pencil, often less. species are known, mostly from the temperate zones, North America containing

more than half of the species in the world.

The name Equisetum is from two Latin words meaning "horse" and "bristle."

While

its

parent,

application

is

not always ap-

some kinds have many slender

branches that render the plant not unlike the

tail

catkins, at the tips of the stems.

stems are

Horse-tail, Equisetum fluNorth America extends from Virginia northward and westward occurring in Europe and Asia, it belts the earth

fertile,

Each spore has two hairappendages attached by the middle.

When moist they coil around the spore.

As the catkin matures and dries, the elators uncoil and assist the spores to float about in the air.

Too, they are equally important in entangling two or

more spores together, as the development of two spores in close proximity is necessary to reproduction. The actions of the

may

elators

magnifying

readily be observed with a glass.

The Water in

name

grown

Horse-tail might be

a pan or box in a breeding tank.

winter

is

In

should require no attention

it

the water does not freeze solid.

if

If this

apt to happen, place the pan in a cold

keeping

it

moist.

The **Guppy"

in

zone perhaps a thousand miles wide.

its

all

like

It

was

The

newspaper. sick.

in Golf

the office of the great sporting

;

in a

Not

but end in a whip-like

prolongation.

cellar,

of a horse.

The

stems are produced from the nodes of the creeping root-stock.

Spores are born in cone-like spikes or

The Water

viatile,

As

;

:

The

was home, was doing the

golf editor

baseball editor

golf stuff. implies,

it

prefers the water,

growing in the sand and mud of shallow ponds and ditches. With its root-stock protected by the unfrozen mud, it early feels the vernal impulse and shoots its stems upward.

The root-stock and stems are made up of sections or joints quite unlike any other plant. One writer likens them to a line of drain pipe, each section of which fits into the flaring end of the one below.

Growth consists merely of the lengthening of the sections or internodes. flaring top of each section

is

The

composed

"Which in

is

wrote

the better course,"

a Constant Reader, "to fuzzle one's

putt or to fetter on the tee ?"

The b. smoked a

b.

ed. tilted

cigarette

back

in his chair,

and wrote

"Should a player snaggle

his iron,

it

him to fuzzle his putt but a better plan would be to drop his guppy into the pringle and snoodle it out The Guide to Nature. with a niblick." is

permissible for

At the twenty-eighth meeting of the Aquarium Society of Washington, held in

the

Zoological

Laboratory

Washington

of

the

May

of a circle of teeth that are said to be the

George

remains of leaves which were present in an ancestral form. Existing species bear no leaves, the stems and branches per-

ioth, Dr. R. W. Shufeldt read a paper on the Basses of the waters of the District of Columbia.

University,

Observations on the Chelonians I

i

of DR.

R.

North America.

W. 5HUFELDT,

II.

C. M. Z.

5.

Right Lateral View of Lesueur's Terrapin

In

my

first article

of this series of brief

contributions on our native chelonians, a

was presented of

Bell's

Terrapin of the genus Chrysemys.

This

short

account

kohnii)

;

Maur's Terrapin (M. pulchra)

;

Lesueur's Terrapin (M. lesu urii), and the Ocellated Terrapin (M. oculifera^.

While these six species differ considersome instances, do not depart so very much from certain species of the

group will be taken up again later, as it embraces many interesting species of

ably, in

wide distribution for the present they are passed by, in that a more or less nearly related genus may be touched upon. This is the genus Malacoclemniys, which up to date is said to comprise some

genera Chrysemys.

Popularly, as in the

case of the

they are

;

half a dozen species.

of good

size,

Generally they are

the largest forms attaining a

and they are sold our markets under that name, "sliders,"

known many

in

a

as

of

prominent

contradistinction being seen in the "Dia-

mond-back," large examples of which often sell at the stalls for no less than

Besides the' length of a foot or more. famous and very widely known Diamond-

eight dollars.

backed Terrapin (M. palustris), we have in this interesting assemblage such elegant types as the Geographic Terrapin (M. geographica) Kohn's Terrapin (M.

rarely seen

;

latter,

One is

of the species of this genus

away from

its

is

but

range, and that

Lesueur's Terrapin, listed above. ReMr. Edward S. Schmid has re-

cently

ceived a large consignment of these from

Aquatic

116 Illinois,

where they are abundant, and he me with both living and dead

ILitt

somewhat

different

in

individuals.

has favored

Blackish-brown splotches, one on each

specimens of several sizes. Of the forI have made a number of photographs, a very good one of which is here

shield, are

mer

reproduced size,

tail in

me

cost

Figure

and was a most

photograph

and

in

—that

full sight.

is

difficult

with

is,

It

i.

its

natural

subject to

head, limbs

This achievement

nearly six hours spent in con-

less

distinctly seen.

come out

but they unfortunately do not in these

tron

is

photographs.

Below, the plas-

of a grayish yellow, and sometimes

presents a deeper marbling near the mar-

The

gins of the scutes (Fig. 3).

limbs and olive,

secutive trials.

more or

In some cases they are very well marked,

head,

are of a deep brownish

tail

figured

various ways by fine

in

dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 2

lines of yellow, with a sharply defined

and 3) are from a specimen that had been

small area of the same color on either

The

side

of

the

either eye.

—

head back of and above median stripe of yellow

A

runs the length of the

one above and

tail,

one below.

The median this species

length of the carapace in

may sometimes

be found to its width

measure nearly ten inches and

over seven.

Lesueur's Terrapin is an abundant species throughout the valley of the Mississippi, and may be found as far to the east-

ward

as

Ohio

;

it

is

sold in

numbers

in

Chicago markets.

It is a delicate form by nature and does not bear cap-

the

tivity well.

Its habits

are

much

the

same

as those of any of the ordinary fresh-

water terrapins of

its

own

and oc-

size,

curring in the same locality. As a rule, in the species of this genus the females are larger than the males markedly so

—

in

Lesueur's Terrapin

dead but a few hours previous to my photographing it. These cuts present many of the specific, as well as generic char-

is

and

special attention

invited to the large feet

and long

tail,

down

the median line of the carapace seen on

view

in

Figure

writing

I

on either side, as well as in similar and opposite them, in the upper jaw.

These gringing surfaces are accurately opposed to each other that is, the pair above and the pair below so that dible

—

;

adult

1.

In several specimens before

to

Lesueur's Terrapin feeds largely upon fresh-water snails and other small mollusca, and such food they can easily crush through the use of the broad, hard surface just within the margin of the manlocalities,

as well as the tuberculated ridge

side

tails

are very conspicuous, this latter character being particularly noticeable in the males.

Superior and Ventral Views of

acters of this form,

some examples, while the long

me

at this

find the color of the carapace

be of a deep olive brown, varying

individuals

of

this

terrapin

are,

through their use, quite capable of crushing the shells of ordinary snails and other small molluscs.

I

I

I

I

Became

I

a

Fancier

EDITH PROCTOR

I To

plan and lay out a garden, build a

fountain, and thereafter* 'Idulge delights of raising water

lilies

the

ir

and othex

aquatic plants had long been a smolder-

Some

ing ambition.

time ago

I

purchased

a property which, while not large, proved

well adapted to

week

a

the

fulfil

my

Within

desires.

warm June sunshine. As I stood there, lost in profound admiration, the opening lines of Thanatopsis flashed ing in the

through

my mind "To him who

love

Nature holds communion with

of

:

in the

her visible forms, she speaks a various language."

ground was broken for a pond In

twelve feet in diameter.

its

construc-

were provided for fresh water, with an adequate outlet, while an

two

tion

inlets

additional line of pipe ran to the centre to supply the fountain.

The pond was

of

concrete.

Now my

attention turned to the selec-

tion of water

Large white, pink,

lilies.

red and yellow ones were chosen and set

boxes under eighteen inches of water. later I was rewarded with

in

Four weeks

three beautiful blooms and, though

I have had as many as twenty-five in a sinday, none have seemed as wonderful

since gle

as that

first

success.

But, beautiful though water be,

lilies

species are not to be despised. five miles

pond.

I

may

one needs other plants, and our native

from town

I will

came upon

unknown

to

I

never forget this spot, so

man.

I

About

discovered a large

my

delight as

wild and almost

have

visited

famous

gardens from coast to coast, and not even Santa Catalina, with its wonderful marine gardens, could vie with this pool.

Water From

Many

Lily

Bisset's

times

I

(Nymphaea)

"Water Gardening" visited

the pond,

and

inland

thus the pool in the city grew more lovely.

The surface was covered by lilies, Homwort,

The snails multiplied and strange insects began to inhabit the water. A little turtle appeared and, later in the season, as unceremoniously disappeared. Then came a frog and still another, and again six baby

little

with Arrowheads, Anacharis,

Starwort and mosses in profusion, each seeming to strive to excel the others in daintiness and beauty. Saucy green frogs blinked from the lily pads, seemingly proud of the hundreds of tadpoles bask-

frogs.

With these we parted as soon as Four sprightly goldfish com-

possible.

— •aquatic ILiiz

118

other

pleted the ensemble.

One morning shout from

my

see the funny

I

was

little little

startled to hear a

son,

"Mother Come !

things in the water.

And, sure enough, like fish." of baby goldfish. hundreds were there

They look Let

me

say, for the benefit of the inex-

I had never before seen In planning the life goldfish. young a endeavored I had to repropond the for duce natural conditions. The result was a rank growth of submerged plants, lilies

perienced, that

is

ills

and natural enemies, but there fish among the hundreds I

not a sick

have

The secret is to simulate The same principles have been

at present.

nature.

applied to a larger pool, fifty feet long

and four

feet wide, constructed

became too small

original pool

the

number

when

the

to handle

of fishes needed.

They were looking

at the

kangaroo

at

the "zoo," says the Boston Transcript,

when an Irishman asked

his

neighbor

in

The Author's Garden Pool and cat-tails, among which the young fish had hidden and found protection. The babies were all of six weeks old, and had subsisted entirely on the foods naturally found in the water. About four hundred were successfully reared.

That was the beginning of four successful years.

A market was found and the demand now exceeds the supply. But this has not been without ups and downs, for I have battled congestion, fungus and

the group: tell

"Beg pardon,

me phwat

sor; can you

kind of a crature

is

that?"

"That," said the man, "is a native of Australia."

"Good

me

hivins

sister Julia

!"

exclaimed Pat.

married wan

o'

"And

thim."

The Youths' Companion.

Those who boast water devil

may

that they never take

find themselves

and the deep

sea.

between the

A

Peculiar Planorbis

CHARLES A a

tank containing

number

of local

among

pond

Sp.) of rather small

other things

snails (Planorbis

size,

was taken by

the writer as a prize, during December, 1917, at a drawing held by the Essex County Aquarium Society. These molluscs were very prolific, the aquarium soon becoming the home of numerous offspring. But having on hand more atractive species with which to grace this tank, they were pooled with some Jap snails, Viviparus malleatus, in a large aquarium used for rearing young exotic fishes, and no notice was taken of them for more

M. BREDER, JR

what

it

may, there

is

evident weakness or

lack of resistance at the apex of the shell,

and

this

has been noted in a large

Such

of species.

when

died

snails

number

have invariably

the etching perforated the shell

and thus exposed the body of the animal, being especially the case with the red

this

variety of Planorbis corneus.

The unusual feature of the eroded local Planorbis

that the animals live

is

and appear

than a year.

one

Recently

drew

condition that

rather

odd

individual

Apparently the

attention. is

common

responsible for the ero-

sion of the shells of snails

had eaten a

hole completely through the centre of the

and the animal was still alive and in health.

Further examination dis-

shell,

good

closed that half of the individuals of the

were in the same condition literdoughnuts The perforations varied from pinholes to ones making the animal suggest the mentioned pastry. species

;

ally living

It

is

snails

!

reasonable to believe that as the

grow and

the shells increase in size,

the water becomes deficient in lime.

Co-

to

enjoy perfect health.

race

of

power

snails

to render

is

Can

it

be that a

thus developing with

innocuous

this ordinarily

incidentally the water dissolves parts of

fatal

the shells previously built up, usually the

along this line would be interesting, and some sort of result could be expected when it is considered how

oldest

portion

— the

spire

— which

for

some reason is less resistant to its action than the more recently formed body whorl. the

It

should follow that the greater

number

of snails to a given

body of

water, the greater the degree of erosion.

From is

the observations of the writer this

generally substantiated.

Be

the cause

condition?

Experiments

in

artifi-

cial selection

readily these univalves adapt themselves to

changed conditions.

The following experiment will serve to show the effect of environment on a pond snail.

Eggs of Physa heterostropha were allowed to hatch and develop

in a small,

— aquatic

120 tightly sealed jar,

which contained a body

of water an inch and a half deep and

two inches

Six were thus

in diameter.

grown, and in due time reached maturity and spawned, though measuring but a sixteenth of an inch across the widest part. One deposit contained five ova, and to remove it the jar was opened for the The eggs were hatched in a first time. much larger vessel and eventually the resulting animals grew to the normal size for the species.

when

Later,

placed with

other and normal specimens, they could not be distinguished.

It must be mentioned that the annular Planorbis grew in company with normal

Jap

snails,

as

well

as

with the

ever-

Attached to the plants are many small tint.

These bladders serve two purposes as buoys to the leaves and as traps for small aquatic anibladders of a purple

—

mals.

The

desired Japs, and, of course, the others likewise profited.

From

fact

this

it

is

evident that there must have been a weakness of shell peculiar to the Planorbis.

Biologists have conducted experiments similar to that with Physa,

and the

results

with other organisms have been similar.

Bearing

fact in mind, the aquarist

this

with a limited purse should not hesitate to

purchase small specimens for breeding

if

the stunting has been brought about by

small quarters.

Succeeding generations need not inherit the dwarfish size, and dealers naturally will not charge as much for such small individuals.

have

in

water-plants

England two

known

as

bladderworts,

For-

and

other

for

tiny

fish

fry

minute aquatic animals, they are somewhat rare and local. On the other hand, as they inhabit ponds and gentle streams, they are particularly well placed to do the

maximum amount

of mischief.

is

No

out.

in

such a manner

particularly easy eel trap is

;

not

more cun-

An

eel-trap

void of

life

a

is

human

and power

ing a capture.

contrivance de-

to assist in effect-

The bladderwort

is

a thing

possessing vitality and cunning.

There are many traps on each plant,

and if an examination be made it will be found that all or nearly all contain a victim.

The

Many

plant never lacks for food.

long and careful investigations

have been made respecting the harmfulness of the bladderworts, and in cases every trap contained a

some

little fish.

Fishing Gazette. •*

Trainer Simpkins was telling some admiring ladies how he first discovered that

Teddy, the famous Mack Sennett dog, "I had an armchair in which I always liked to sit," he said, "but Teddy, even as a pup, also showed a fondness for it, and it became a habit that I had to drive him from the chair in order that I might sit down. One day I had a bright hunch, so, stepping to the window, and, peering out intently, I cried has brains.

cats Teddy made a bound window and I grabbed the chair. few days later came the sequel. I was the chair reading a book when Teddy

out, 'Cats

!'

!

for the

room. He looked at me, and then ambled over to the window.

Suddenly his fur ruffled up stiff and he began to growl. I tossed my book aside and dashed to the window, and, will you believe it, that dog made one leap and strolled into the

varieties of

both of them veritable death-traps. tunately

formed

is

ningly devised.

in

We

way

so the

A

The Bladderworts

trap

that an entrance

present Physa, neither of which exhibited

any departure from the type. Lime in the form of plaster of paris had been added from time to time for the benefit of the

JLitt

landed

in

my

chair."

Too many men size of their

are measured by the bank accounts.

Association and Color Discrimination

Mudminnows and

in

Sticklebacks

GERTRUDE M. WHITE,

Ph. D.

i

Jh

Observations were made on the ties

of the

mudminnow, Umbra

activi-

paper, or objects above the surface of the

and

water both are stimulated by shadows or an increase in the amount of illumination.

limi,

the stickleback, Bucalia inconstans, with

;

A

special reference to the acuteness of their

sense organs, their ability to form asso-

and

ciations

patterns.

on

to

discriminate colors and

The experiments were

carried

in the Zoological Laboratories of the

In these fishes the senses of sight and smell are most used in seeking food. displays

more

using both senses, and a

The

alertness

much

in

higher de-

gree of acuteness of the sense of smell.

This was tested as follows

:

Cloth packets

which contained meat and the one were suspended at opposite cotton, other aquarium.

The mudminnows the ends of of

did not

show

that they perceived either

packet though they

swam

in close

prox-

imity to both.

The

sticklebacks

behaved differently

series of

to discover

experiments were carried whether these fishes pos-

sess color vision.

The

general problem

presented to them was that of learning to associate food with a certain color,

the

University of Wisconsin.

Stickleback

on

and at same time associate unpalatable sub-

stances, such as paper, with another color.

In order that there might be no chance to smell the food, the bait

was not drop-

ped into the water, but the fishes were taught to leap out of water and take it from forceps. Repeated trials determined that the fishes were not able to distinguish between the imitation baits and the food when both were offered out of water under the same conditions.

In the first set of experiments colored papers were used. Discs cut 7.3 cm. in diameter and stiffened with cardboard.

since the appearance of the packets at-

An

tracted them at once. Those fishes which went towards the packet containing meat darted furiously upon it, and pulled at it with great excitement, but those which

large enough to allow the discs to be slip-

swam

in the direction of the packet of

aperture was cut in the centre of each

ped down over the ends of the forceps from which the fishes were fed. After a mudminnow had been given food in this way for some time, the appearance of

became a

cotton stopped about 4 cm. away, and

a colored disc

Only turned off in another direction. once or twice did they actually snap at

fish to

of water after food.

When

this associa-

Then, perceiving the struggles of the rest of the fishes with the other packet, they swam over and

tion with one color

seemed

to be thor-

oughly established, a disc of another color was substituted, with paper closely resem-

joined them.

bling the food in color

the cotton packet.

In the use of the sense of sight the

mudminnow compares more

favorably

with the Stickleback, though the latter Both pursue movreacts more quickly. ing objects without odor, such as bits of

signal for the

dart to the surface and spring out

and appearance in snapped at the paper, but soon came to avoid it, and refused to snap at paper or food under the disc with which it had come to associate unpalatable substances, though it

the forceps.

The

fish first

— Aquatic

122

continued to take food under the colored disc beneath which it had first been fed. red and blue, and red and

way

In this

violet papers

JLitt

periment indicates that the color of the food which Sticklebacks take habitually

makes an impression

were distinguished.

This ex-

no positive response.

elicited

difficult to eradicate.

Since colored papers are never spec-

Since the theory has been proposed that

were

fishes see colors as shades of gray, as a

pure,

trally

monochromatic

lights

human

in order to make more accurate tests.

The following lights were discriminated by mudminnows, as was shown by associations formed with them: Red and

totally color-blind

green, red and blue, yellow and green.

Varying the intensity of the red and

ments described above, they ought to be able to form associations of food and un-

green lights did not affect such discrimi-

palatable substances with gray lights as

nation, indicating that the reactions of the fishes were to color rather than to inten-

they had done with the colored lights.

Sticklebacks also disinguished between red and green lights forming asso-

"fogged" to different shades of gray and food offered on the appearance of one shade and paper on another. No asso-

used

sity.

ciations of food

An

and paper with them. was

interesting piece of evidence

from an aquarium containing fourteen Sticklebacks. These fishes were under observation for several kept months, during which they were reguobtained

them,

formed.

being perceives

were were reacting

experiments

further

If the fishes

perto in-

tensity rather than to color in the experi-

Accordingly

ciations

photographic

plates

were formed by the

were

fishes, since

they attempted in the same manner to

larly fed,

whatever was offered with both which supports the conclusion that the discriminations in the experiments cited were due to the wave length of the

liver

light.

and became very tame. Calves' was given to them nearly every day from forceps. It was very amusing to see all fourteen of them dart to the top

at

a

slight

of any one near

movement

them and begin

sticking their noses out

water in anticipation of food. food was held a slight distance out of the water, they would with one accord leap out after it, and at times hang on so tightly that they could be lifted several inches out of water before letting go

of

the

When

their hold.

On

one occasion, after the

take

plates,

Only negative experiments to

them empty.

None

of the fishes ap-

proached the forceps, but the merest of dark red liver

was

bit

sufficient to attract

Small pieces of bright red and dark red paper rolled into balls and substituted for the food were at once at-

them.

lavender which had a pinkish tinge was snapped at twice, while tan yellow, yellow, dark blue, gray and green tacked

;

were obtained

in

ferences in background by mudminnows and sticklebacks, suggesting that such discrimination does not have a very im-

portant function in their search for food. color and movement seems to be of the most importance.

Author's abstract of paper in the February, 1919, number of The Journal of Ex-

The perception of

perimental Zoology.

Sticklebacks had been given a small piece of calves' liver, the forceps were held out to

results

test the perception of dif-

The "one-time" of

public

immature

forgetfulness plant.

abandons and the weeds

advertiser

the field right after sowing,

To

exceptions to this rule.

grow over

his

be sure, there are

Some

"one-time"

advertisements are highly productive, just as

some seeds grow

practically

planting. rule.

into fine plants with

no care or attention after the However, these only prove the

<7Ke

HAY

INFUSION MICROCOSM

LORANDE LOSS WOODRUFF Professor of Biology in Tale University \

Since the days of Leeuwenhoek and Joblot hay infusions have been a prolific

source of material for amateur and promicroscopists,

fessional

been relatively

there

but

little scientific

has

study of the

sequence and interrelations of the various organisms which abound in them. As a matter of fact there

is

probably no better

introduction to microscopic organisms in

respectively to

relatively

high and low

acidity.

When liquid,

infusions are

though

first

made up

slightly colored,

is

the

trans-

parent, but within a day or so

markedly

turbid,

it becomes due to the development

of countless bacteria. first

are

about

The

equally

bacteria at distributed

general, or indeed to general biology, than

throughout the medium, but soon a scum appears on the surface, and gradually in-

a careful study day by day of the kaleido-

creases in

scopic series of changes which an infusion

the bottom

presents from

some

its

inception until

it

reaches

amount

until

and another

it

finally falls to

formed.

In however, after reaching its thickness, it merely thins out is

cases,

a stage of sterility or, in the presence of

maximum

sunlight, of practically stable equilibrium

and disappears.

The hay and smaller amount of oxygen at the bottom and the more abundant supply of oxygen at the

which animals and green plants become so adjusted that a veritable microcosm

in

exists.

top, offer attractions for different

Hay, tap water and of the

of an infusion, but in order

life

for study

is

it

with

better to "seed" the

small

a

and water from the a pond.

forms

representative series of

to get a

terial

air are all sources

amount of

ma-

debris

superficial slime of

Divide the infusion into several

equal parts and put each into a large battery jar, weighting the hay

down

so that

forms

of bacteria, with the result that approximately the same number are to be found in each region.

After the surface scum has fallen or disappeared the centre of

bacterial life

is at the bottom amongst the remnants of disintegrating hay.

As soon as the bacteria have become numerous, there occurs the great growth of Protozoa saprophytic, herbivorous,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Cover the jars loosely with glass plates and stand them near a window where they will get but little

carnivorous and omnivorous forms rapidly succeeding each other in dominance, and illustrating within the confines of a

direct sunlight.

drop that struggle for existence which is one of the fundamental facts of biology.

it

does not

float.

When

hay and water are combined a complex series of physical, chemical and biological

phenomena are

liquid rapidly

initiated.

The

becomes straw colored, and

within a few days, depending largely on temperature, bubbles of gas rise to the

It is this phase of the life of the infusion which we shall emphasize.

After the period of greatest protozoan fauna has passed, rotifers become numer-

Gradually the liquid appears darker, until a brownish color is assumed.

ous, and as the diatoms, desmids and filamentous blue-green and green alga; flourish under proper conditions of illumina-

The

tion,

surface.

lighter

and darker shades are due

various species of aquatic worms.

aquatic

124

etc., are more or less abundant.

This condition of the fauna and flora merges imperceptibly into a condition of

Crustacea,

nearly stable equilibrium, in which green plants and animals, under optimum condi-

and temperature, are so ad-

tions of light

justed that for a considerable period a

microcosm

self-supporting

practically

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;but

with the balance of nature established neither Protozoa nor Bacteria exists

can

ever again

maximum

their

attain

Turning now of the infusion.

to the protozoan

No

fauna

one, of course, can

what forms or what the sequence of forms will be in any given just

infusion, since both are the result of so

many are

Although there

variables.

But

if

several infusions

been "seeded"

studied which have

with representative material from a number of sources, the general results can be

is

this

fairly

definite

sequence of typical protozoan forms at the surface of infusions, the data at

hand

does not indicate any definite sequence in

The midseems to be more or less neutral territory, which is encroached upon by animals from the top and bottom regions.

The bottom protozoan fauna is also, until the middle or bottom regions. dle

late in the life of the infusion, relatively

meagre above,

abundance.

predict

ILitt

main

the

;

with

types

exception

the

emphasized of

certain

Amoebae being essentially surface dwellers, and seldom resorting to bottom, except during or after a period of great

development at the top. However, there is no invariable correlation between a fall in numbers at the top and a rise in numbers of the same organism at the bottom, and it seems clear that, in the majority of cases, when a form declines in one

and various closely related hypotrichous Vorticella and Paramecium, forms, Amoeba, because all these organisms are

most of the animals encyst or die. is certainly true for Paramecium, because many hundreds of passive and dying individuals, affording a feast for Coleps, sometimes may be seen at the bottom among the debris. Again, myriads of cysts of hypotrichous forms are frequently found at the bottom as the surAmoebae among face decline proceeds. the general types mentioned give some evidence of migrating from the surface to the bottom, which is their chief abode.

On the whole, the bottom dwellers are

present in practically every infusion.

largely independent of those at the sur-

foretold with reasonable accuracy.

The

variety

which appear that

it

is

in

of

species

of

such infusions

necessary, at

concentrate attention

first

Protozoa is

so great

at least, to

on a few typical

forms, and neglect the

many

transient

which appear apparently at random. The groups or genera to be considered first are Monads, or simple flagellates, Golpidwm and Colpoda, Oxytricha species

These forms ordinarily succeed each other in maximum numbers at the surface of infusions in the order in which they are named above. That is, first there is a great growth of monads, rising to a sharp maximum and then declining as Colpidum and Colpoda gradually assume the ascendancy. like

Then creeping

ciliates,

Oxytricha and Stylonychia, devour

the Colpidia and flourish.

Paramecium, which feeds chiefly on bacteria, comes next and so the series proceeds.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

region,

The

face,

latter

though

it

is

usually possible to find

there a few struggling individuals which

have survived from an earlier prosperous surface population.

It

is

impossible to discuss briefly the

factors determining the relative

number

and sequence of the Protozoa. Chief among these are, however, food conditions, chemical changes due to bacteria, the excretions of the Protozoa themselves, and the relative reproductive powThe compeers of the different forms.

:

Aquatic tition

between the various organisms is and the cycle is so rapid that even

so keen

daily observations are hardly sufficient to

though now and then some prominent case of competition, such as between Paramecium and Didinium is forced upon the attention and the reason for the extinction of one form is clear The premature elimination of study the factors involved

hay infusion microcosm becomes the

Photograph

the

source of

"in-

food for

newly hatched fishes.—£af.)

disturb there-

The South Side Aquarium Club was March 16th, at a meeting called for the purpose at the home of the organized on

of Vorticella

671

writer,

Parnell

1

avenue.

Fifteen

aquarists were present, the following cers

were elected for the

Paramecium

Didinium

tank,"

fusoria

;

!

Paramecium obviously may

125

ILiit

initial

Amoeba

Vorticella

by Philip O. Gravelle; others

offi-

year

at Yale University

after the "normal" cycle of such infusion.

President,

M.

But enough has been said to indicate the possibilities which hay infusions offer for becoming acquainted with many of the fresh water Protozoa. And by becoming acquainted, I do not mean learn-

treasurer,

A.

larly

on the

ing their names, but rather, getting an

The

secretary will be glad to furnish in-

inside glance, as

it

were, at the daily

life

"world of the infinitely world beyond the ken of unaided vision but within that of any one with a compound microscope at his dis-

and

strife in the

little"

posal.

Stubbs A.

and

secretary

;

Maima

;

importation

Carson, Zemke and Maina.

Aquatic Life becomes the official organ

committee,

of the club.

Meetings first

will

be held regu-

Thursday of each month.

formation to aquarists desiring to become affiliated.

— A. A. Maina, Secretary.

—a

— By

illustration,

permission, with courtesy of

from The Guide

to

Nature,

organ of the Agassiz Association.

(In the language of the aquarian the

You

wouldn't

making an bray so

ass

know many

a fellow

of himself

if

much about

it.

Likewise

so

many

would be credited with knowing more about fishes if he didn't talk

a fellow a lot

was

he didn't

much on

"meetin' night."

——

—— Aquatic

126

A

was given on Aquarium So-

ciety,

Anglers' Casting Club, Chicago Fly

and Bait Casting Club, and the Lincoln Park Casting at the Hotel Breevoort.

According to reliable reports, in the batthe fish culturists cleaned the boards

tle,

JLitt

"get together" dinner

April 22d by the Chicago

would

I

many have

that

For an unbiased account of the affair see Communicated.

any one

G. Hammerschlag, of the Essex

(Referred

County Aquarium Society, says Newark, New Jersey, is far and away in the lead

The slogan of the city is "Newark Knows How." To substantiate the assertion Mr. Hammerschlag sends all

cities.

program of a

the

local theatre,

which

announces that the orchestra will play "Excerpts from Xiphophorus Helleri" and "Gems from Platypoecilus Rubra."

Colorful music.

Mr. William T. Innes, Twelfth and Cherry streets, Philadelphia, is one of those fortunate individuals who seldom have sick goldfish. This places him in a quandary.

To

continue

his

researches

and cures of the diseases of goldfish he must have patients.

To this end he will be glad to have Philadelphia aquarists turn over to him all their sick goldfish, except those suffering from constipation, and is especially interested into the causes

in

cases of dropsy.

Fishes restored to

health will be returned to owners.

me how

—"Why

you advertise?"

Town Storekeeper "No, siree I did once, and it pretty near ruined me." don't

—

;

—

so?"

— "Why, "How people come

Visitor

near

all

the stuff

I

Town in

had."

Storekeeper

appar-

"Love

Ed.)

to readers.

dear

like a

is

Can

to prevent or kill

F. S. Boston.

gled the sweet

born blind."

little

kitten," gur-

young thing of 45. "It is "But it takes a kitten only

nine days to get

its

eyes open," replied

the masculine brute.

"There are some queer ways about operations."

"How do you mean ?" "When a man wants to expand his building for business reasons he calls in a contractor."

Baltimore American. building

Blobbs

men

— "Doolittle

is

a miserable speci-

of humanity, and yet he

boasting of his ancestry."

many

man

a

is

is

Slobbs

forever

— "Oh,

completely cast in the

shade by his family tree."

If

you want

to kill

an aquarium society

member monopolize

let a

the floor, meet-

ing after meeting, with a talk,"

fishes.

of "small

*

are often asked

so-and-so in

lot

but remotely connected with the

study of

We

Visitor

find a

I is

ently responsible for the condition. tell

in-

told

to a lack of lime in the

organism, which

this parasite?

of

was

I

water, but under a microscope small white

Max

many

a great

in

eaten through.

is

it

was due

it

have found that

I

white spots on different parts

of the shell and, stances,

information con-

like a little

cerning red snails.

under the leadership of Fred Orsinger.

Jamison, the bait man.

—

many

fish

Don't

does

know

It depends upon the genand demand, and how anxious

cases.

eral supply

you are

how much

cost a pair.

to possess

it.

and bought durn Judge.

"What

away from your more efficient way of

Instead of running

work, try to find a doing it. That is the secret of success.

is

the connecting link between

and vegetable asked the teacher. the

animal

"Hash voice.

!"

yelled

the

kingdoms?"

class

with

one

.

:

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April.

The Surinam Toad (Deckert) Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Brind) Keeping (Innes) Beware the Living Food Alive Dragonfly (Gordon) An Electrolytic Aerator

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Fine Blue Veiltail Telescope Spawn

Don't paddle in the water with one hand and be blind wPth both eyes.

In other words, "keep your eyes open" for all nature.

Magazine

Our

W&t

3O00GTX30OC

tOOOC

$ 1.00 per Dozen

(Buiae to j|$aturr Will Help You

$7.50 per Hundred

is edited

by EDWARD F. IUOELOW, who in the heavens and earth, as well as the waters under the earth.

Four months' trial. 2,">e.

One year, $1.00.

It

fishes

From

Established Strain of

THE AOASSIZ ASSOCIATION

"Blues"

AreAdiA Sound Beach

Connecticut

Franklin Barrett SILVER

S.

&

Wyoming Avenue

Pa

C. Street, Phila.,

Fancier and Breeder of Tropical Fishes Splendid healthy stock at reasonable Haplochilus cameronensis, Betta rubra, etc.

All kinds of live-bearing

35c Extra for Shipping

prices.

Can

v

Cash With Order

fishes.

NEW YORK

235 East 11th

Street (Between 2d and 3d avenues)

CITY

am now booking orders for early shipment. $6.00 per dozen, including can.

Money order must accompany all requests (not less than one dozen sold).

Shipments by express at purchaser's

I

(5

© -a ©

risk.

GEORGE W. PRICE,

2145 South Lee Street,

Philadelphia

THE BEST BOOK AQUARIUM

ffi

ftffiffi

&

"Goldfish Varieties Tropical Aquarium Fishes", by Wm.T.Innes former President of the Aquarium Society of Phila.; 250 pages, 195

is

Tells all about the fancy varieties of the Goldfish and nearly 300 tropicals ; how to breed

illustrations.

HENRY

KISSEL, JR.

Breeder & Fancier of Broadtail Telescopes Booking

Tropical Fishes, Plants and Snails. orders now for spawn and fry

etc., etc.

or the

advanced expert.

A

complete, practical, handsome sent postpaid anywhere for $3.00. t Enlarged edition now ready. book,

Telephone 461 Cliffside

Filhes, Plants, etc.. Sold at Conservatory

For the beginner

them,

241 Walker Street, Cliffside, N.

INNES

J.

& SONS

-

133 N. 12th

Phila

St.

OOOOOOcf

Charles E. Visel

The Paradise Fish We

have

the

per

Large, $4

stock

largest

dozen

the

in

medium,

:

$3

Broad-tail

country.

per

Blacks, Blues

Gambusia Holbrooki Extra large females.

Shipping: Cans, Vallisneria Vallisneria

(narrow leaf) (wide leaf)

(floating)

Cabomba (giant) Anacharls Potomogeton Horn wort Kgyptian Lotus (pink)........

(Postage paid on

The best

215

Fine colored males.

30 doz. plants 50 doz. plants $1.00 doz. plants 75 doz. plants 50 doz. plants 75 doz. bunches 75 doz. bunches 75 doz. bunches 75 doz. bunches

all

.50

work on care and breeding of fish the aquarium, greenhouse and outdoor ponds.

Finely illustrated. practical

i"

Everyone interested in keeping copy of this book.

Price

for a

each

Tappan's Natural Fish Food.

fresh water fine, $1.00 per

KKJOC

Street,

fish

should send

$1.00.

Three boxes, post-

25c.

is

Add postage

New

Guinea Pigs and Thoroughbred Collie Pups, beautifully marked. Write for prices.

to

CRESCENT FISH FARM 1624 Mandeville

N: Y.

"AQUARIA FISH" *

plants.)

food in the world

shrimp.

Coarse, medium and pound, Sample box, 15 cents. your zone.

iCXXX

Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn,

paid, fish

and Parti-colors

each 35c. and 60c.

Water Poppy Water Lettuce Frogbit

Telescopes and Japs

dozen,

Orleans, La

F. L. \ g

30O0O0OC=3OOOC=3O0OOCXXi

Route 2,

TAPPAN Hopkins, Minn.

3o8

n

-w

«imu

v»'»

m«»»

-

—

JtMH'M

SCRIMSHAW'S FISH

HATCHERY 1431 N. Clark

Street, Chicago,

111.

Telephone, Superior 4415

Auto

vwv

>(

x—nxXV

HARRY

P.

1210 N. Warnock

Street, Philadelphia,

"8

PETERS Pa

BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish

Delivery-

Plants

every variety,

of

Aquarium Supplies of Importer and

M.MMM— vvvir-

of a Large

Breeder

Snails

and

kinds at

all

all

times.

MANUFACTURER OF

Variety of Gold and Tropical Fishes

Green River Fish Food AQUARIUMS KEPT

IN

STOCK & MADE TO ORDER

Aquatic Plants and Snails

Green River Baby Fish Food

Baby Alligators Aquarium Cement

20c Box

Everything for the Aquarium-Pond and Aquariums stocked, maintained Lake.

and repaired.

Thirty-six Kinds of Fishes Wholesale and Retail Food and Supplies

Cages

Warbling Canaries

15c Box

Out-of-Town Customers name County when Ordering

A GOOD FJSH FOOD most

one of the

is

necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out It as the best food on the market. keeps the fish in good color by promoting a healthy, robust growth. It will not sour ot cloud the water. Ask your dealer or send for it today. things

essential

=>oooc=>c

toe

r HERMAN RABENAU,

Aquarist

& Terraria

Aquatic Life must be seen

Welcome

Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty

New

Importations of

Varieties received

regularly T

1163 Myrtle Avenue. Brooklyn, N

.

8°° mm ywv

xmrv-

DOOCH

Shipping Cans,

>OOOC

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food

•

Sample Box 10c

Japanese Shrimp Fish Food

-

Sample Can 15c Sample Box 15c

Baby Fish Food

15c, 25c 35c Each

Glass Feeding Rings

PETERS,

300000QOOCX

>OCXX30OO0OO00C=3O00O0O*oooczxx

St.,

Phila.,

MUEATA,

Proprietor.

19-21 Bush Street, San Francisco, Cal

Importers and Dealers Dried Shrimp, Birds, Cages and

AQUARIUM STOCK CO K..M- HUVtt-

New York

PLANTS

SNAILS

AH

Supplies

Upon Request.

::

i

Nippon Goldfish Co

GOLDFISH

Sent

Pa.

x-nryrnrwiri

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.

Cash With Order.

273 Greenwich Street »».»

P.

Mail Orders Promptly Attended to

Catalogue

<»

50c.

3000000000C

J. •

of

Warnock mnm x

1210 North

DOOOC

3000C

Colors

Fine Assortment of Lionheads

HARRY

Y.

Near Broadway. toe 3000C

Veiltails, All

Blues, Blacks and Calico Telescopes and Japs at Reasonable Prices.

to be appreciated

Visitors

Young

$ 5.00 Dozen Up BREEDERS— Largest Assortment

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF

City

NEW STOCKS ARE COMING! Price List Sent on Request

30C3OOOO0OOOOC=3OOOOOOOOO0OOC

»

*