Aquatic life 4 1918

^OjQ^r

Jacob C. Cassel 915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa Manufacturer of

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WE OFFER FOR THE A

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new york

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GOLDFISH BREEDING SEASON

collection of fine Broad-tail Calicos, Japs

and Telescopes, to send Spawn,

Orandas and Jap Fringetails. We are prepared Myriophyllum and Water Hyacinths by mail.

Our Stock

and Domestic Wild Fishes

of Foreign

More

is

Complete and Larger Than Ever Aquaria, Plants, Snails, Glassware and Nets in profusion.

Natural, Universal and Copenhagen fish foods, dried Shrimp,

Daphnia, Enchytrae, Tubifex and meal-worms.

live

AQUARIUM SPECIALTY

CO.,

414

E.

Tremont Avenue

New York

::

City

Largest Manufacturers of Aquaria, Vivaria, Terraria and Fountains

JOSEPH TAUBLES,

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W. H. HEIMBACH

Breeder and Importer of Snails

FISH

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Remedy

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U

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Funj^us, Tail Hot, Congestion in fancy fishes; also white spots on Tropical fishes. Box of Six Powdprs, 25c. Safe and effective.

q g n

REGENIA CHEMICAL CO.

8

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North Tenth Street AllEntown, Pa. .nrv-i/

Violet-Ray Fish

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FINE FISH

FOR SALE AT ALL TIMES 413

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To replace the natural salts in your aquaras absorbed by the fishes and snails.

Oium Excellent for plants. Help the snails form 8 shell. Benefits the fish. Box of Six Powo ders. 25c. For sale at Pet Stock stores.

Are Looking for Something Extra Fine in Broad -tail Telescopes Don't Forget

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Qne Optimum EDGAR

The

Bond

"Libertj^

F. L. S.

Director, SoutK Australian

Museum

much

the individual

is

concerned,

the same as though each

man

were supplied with a separate pint. From this we might not unnaturally argue that, as concerns the well-being of the individual, an equal result would be obtained by keeping two fishes in a quart of water as by keeping one fish in a pint. Though theoretically the argument would appear to be sound, in practice

it is

proved to be

otherwise.

For

their

ing beings

normal development require

amount of space and,

as

we

ing with aquatic animals, that

all

all

liv-

minimum now dealwe may say

certain

a

are

need their optimum of water.

By keeping

R.

Famous Red, WKite and Blue Carp

the original ^ater color by tne owner

If you place a quart of ale before two men, and each man drinks half, the re-

is

Water

WAITE,

FisK," Franklin Barrett's

From

sult, as far as

of

the tadpole of a frog in a

water I have been development that it has remained as a larva for over a year, and similar result is within the experilimited quantity of able to so retard

its

ence of others also.

Though food may be plied, a fish kept in less

plentifully sup-

than a certain

volume of water will never reach its normal development, while successive generations, reared under similar conditions, will

be permanently dwarfed.

"Minia-

ture goldfish" are produced in this

man-

ner.

If one gallon of water be the minimum volume required for a certain fish, it does not follow that two such fishes would require two gallons of water such quantity might satisfactorily support three or ;

four fishes

;

the reason

fact remains.

is

obscure, but the

jSlquattc JLitt

98

On

the Aquarium:

An

Exception

the establishment

When

the aquarium

is

doing nicely,

enough alone.

All that is necessary is the removal of the accumulated sediment by means of

the wise plan

to let well

is

each ten gallons of Salt should be held in

a

when really needed fish or when parasites

loss of water, only sufficient

salt to

reserve and only used in treating a sick

when taken from

of one aquarian to another.

While I enjoyed the article on the "Care of Aquaria," by George A. Schenk number), I consider the weekly ( January addition of one and one-quarter teawater excessive.

manifestly the

is

cause of the death of apparently healthy fish

ERNEST LEITHOLF

spoonfuls of

This

water changes.

the Care of

are present in a tank.

Fishes become

when

continually pres-

rubber hose,

or

siphon

or

dip-tube

which can be accomplished with

little

new water

being added to bring the water back to its

former

level.

accustomed to it ent, and fail to respond to its influence Experience has conwhen diseased.

Keen competition ruled the March show of the West Philadelphia Goldfish

that the excessive use of salt "on general principles" is detrimental to

5909 Market

vinced

me

and snails. A few grains of salt dropped on a red snail will kill it, while plants will succumb when sprinkled fishes, plants

with the saline solution.

In a heated aquarium holding ten gallons there will be a weekly loss of one to two quarts of water through evapora-

which further increases the salinity.

But when we This, however, is slight. teaspoonfuls one-quarter and add one weekly, and only replace half of the water with fresh, it can readily be understood that the salinity of the water is growing denser by weekly steps, and it is

tion,

impossible

not

for

it

to

eventually be

transformed from a fresh water aquarium to one of brackish or salt water.

Leaving the salt question aside, the weekly removal of one-third to one-half of the water in a balanced aquarium, and its replacement with new, raw water is a mistake and

may work more harm

than

impurity, chemical and otherwise. cities

any

!

Few

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

favored with uniformity if Not a few aquarians have at times are

suffered

serious

losses

resulting

fine telescopes less

The

entered.

and William

ist, at

Some remarkably

street.

than a year old were

judges. Joseph E.

Bausman

made

decisions

J.

Christy,

as follows

Novice Class Blue ribbon on a Black :

Broadtail to E. Weinrich

;

blue ribbon

for a Calico Broadtail to B. Fogel.

Black BroadProfessional Class blue and yellozv ribbons, J. A. Krause red, M. Moylan. Transparent:

tails

;

scaled Broadtails red,

blue, Charles

H. E. Demuth

bruster.

;

yellozv,

Hinkel

G.

Arm-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; C. C. Vowinkll, Secretary.

more than one

Broadtail Telescopes,

year old, engaged the attention of the

Kensington Goldfish Society at the February meeting.

Ribbons were won by following

Scaled ter; red,

Blue ribbon, Gus Armbrus-

:

W.

J.

Christy; zvhite, Charles

Harris.

Transparent-scaled Bhie ribbon, H. Kempner; red, M. Moylan; zvhite, H. Kempner.

The Society holds its meeting and exhibitions in Tyler's Hall, 2824 Kensington avenue, Philadelphia, on the fourth :

recommendations fail to take into consideration that water supplied towns for domestic purposes is of many kinds and degrees of purity and

Such

good.

Fanciers' Association, held on the

from

Wednesday

of the month.

An

invitation

extended to all aquarists.

Charles Harris, Secretary.

to attend

is

ACARA TETRAMERUS WALTER LAMMOY BRIMD,

I

member

This handsome lidse

family

is

of the Cich-

a native of Northern South

America, ranging from British Guiana to

Amazon

the

region

occurs in rivers and

of

still

Brazil.

It

water, and

is

particularly partial to flooded tracts of tropical

forests,

such

River affords when

the

as it

Amazon

inundates hun-

dreds of square miles of the low-lying forests that skirt

esteems

state, to

The

The

native

as one of the best of

it

growing, as

fishes,

shores.

its

it

many

F. Z. 5.

as 1200 eggs will be deposited on

the side of the aquarium, on a flower pot or a conveniently placed large stone.

About four days later the young hatch, and are then placed by the parents, who carry them in their mouth, in holes previously excavated in the sand.

After a

few days, the yolk-sac having been absorbed, the

fry are able to eat,

from the bottom

in a

rising

school around the

food

does, in the wild

a length of eight inches.

general color

brown on

greenish

is

olive green to

dark

the back, shading to

bluish gray or light rosy red on the sides,

with a violet suffusion near the throat.

There

is

a dusky spot under the eye,

and

another surrounded by a ring of white spots

at

the

top

of

the

caudal.

The

and lighter in the centre.

The anal, ventral and dorsal fins taper toward the rear, which is more evident in the male than in the female.

The tail scales are large,

or caudal

ground

fin is

color,

coloration anal,

round, with a light olive

with darker mottling, this

extending to the dorsal and

while the pectorals are large and

Sexual differences are not very eviIn

general

parents, seeking infusorians.

Although young at slight provocation, they must be left with them for quite a while, as they prethe old fish are prone to devour the

pare food for the young by chewing into small particles.

clear.

dent, as in

Acara tetramerus

most members of the family. the

female

is

pale,

more

lids,

species

this

does not

plants, a feature that

aquarian

who

is

it

Unlike other cichdisturb

commends

it

the

to the

partial to large fishes.

rounded in body, and the fins are not so prolonged as in the male.

Large specimens are inclined to fight,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; â&#x20AC;&#x201D; while small

so the sexes should be kept separate until

ished, too.

ready to breed, and when placed together they should be watched carefully, and again separated if one is inclined to be

raw meat.

The fry will do well on Daphne after the infusoria stage has been

too violent.

When

they do spawn, as

Large insects are favored foods of the adults mealworms, mosquito larvje, etc. rain

worms

In a pinch

it

will

be

rel-

will eat scraped

passed and until large enough to take the foods given the adults.

iaquattc JLitt

100

some oatmeal and corn meal

Regarding temperature, 75 degrees, Fahrenheit, suits this fish best, with a fluctuation of 5 degrees higher or lower

a paste, mixing

as the Hmits of safety.

a

The

generic Acara

given this

group of

is

based on a name

fishes

by the natives

of Brazil; tetramerus means divided into four parts, doubtless given because, to

I

boiled

it

few days the "Daph" were as numerous I also found that cottonseed as before. meal sprinkled on the water was apparently eaten by the Daphne.

The

furnished

cistern

continuous

a

supply of

to divide the fish into parts.

throughout the summer, and saved

many

W.

I

goldfish fancier

for

Daphne

therefore

made

or "garden variety" of

The ordinary

often at his wits' end

is

for his

breed

young

it

in

fish.

Why

not,

back yard?

the

Methods that have been described in the past are beyond the reach of the average individual because they involve too much Last year I solved the problem space. ill

so far as space

is

concerned, and man-

Daphne to aged to propagate goldfish. supply the needs of 700 secured a cistern measuring six feet and two feet deep. On the diameter in three inches of garden spread I bottom a galvanized prepared I Then soil.

I

layer

in

each

the following

manure,

of

manner: A wheat bran,

ground oatmeal (about 10 quarts), then a few pieces of old meat and some garbage from the kitchen and a final layer The tub so prepared was of manure. placed in the cistern and covered with a piece of one-fourth inch

mesh wire

net-

This was weighted to hold the conting. tents down and prevent interference

when

weary it

trip

my young

for

when

the sun

Daphne. The cistern with water, and a portion

it

was

fish

me hot.

covered with mosquito netting, safe

transfer

to

insects

and

Daphne

the

direct to the rearing tanks without fear

among

of introducing enemies

This method city

man

is

lots

recently furnished small

of eggs of the chinook and

back salmons for display This aquarium

is

thousands of people.

&

Co., Chicago,

visited

On

hump-

aquarium

at the

maintained by Rothschild 111.

the fishes.

well worth a trial by the

with a small yard.

The Bureau

sufficient

wash tub

a

kept

Daphne

which excluded obnoxious

SCHAUMBERG

E.

In

of water before putting in the tank.

the describer, the dark markings seemed

Propagating Daphne

to

with about ten gallons

the

by

daily

troughs

the eggs memoranda were showing the estimated pack of these species for the present season and information as to the value of canned salmon as food as compared with meats.

containing placed,

On November

26 a miscellaneous assort-

ment of over 8co Mississippi

fishes

native to

River was turned

good condition

to the

with

conducted

from

(Minn.)

station.

the the

in

Rothschild aqua-

rium, the collection having been

connection

the

over

rescue

made

in

operations

Bureau's

Homer

Fisheries Service Bul-

letin.

collecting the

was then filled of Daphne placed therein to start the good work.

Within a week the cistern was literally When from constant alive with them netting they showed signs of diminishing. !

A man may

be self-possessed and

still

not have any taxes to pay.

When

the fish gets your bait

and you

don't get the fish you are entitled to re-bait.

s

^fci

GEORGE

A.

SCHENK

W^fc Br^fcaa-^fcO^fc^y^fc* >y

jglquattc

102

fourth thoroughly rotted cow manure or one quart of bone meal to each bushel of If the manure is not thoroughly soil. rotted It is

it

ferment and foul the water.

will

Cover

safer to use the bone meal.

the soil with an inch of sand to prevent

For smaller

discoloration of the water.

choose varieties adapted to

receptacles

tub culture, and plant in large

sible.

with

the

small

sizes

that

fact

it

to-

provides

Preference

given to

is

same volume of

the

Small tanks are

less liable to

permit closer

number.

sorting of the fish by size, with the resultant reduction of competition for food,

In

checking

before

disease

of

making wooden tanks the

it

sides are

rabbeted to a depth of three-eighths of

WATER

\V

//

when

leak, are easier to handle,

spreads.

lily,

an inside depth of twelve

water can be obtained by using a larger

of the water

necessary shade during the hot midsum-

C

feet long, with

to fifteen inches.

permit

each pot, and give gether

pots

comnion use range from eighteen inches wide by from three to eight

to three feet

Use but one plant in as much soil as pos-

or suitable boxes.

The charm

lily

mtt

OP TANK

BOTTOIA

-^

C

mer, makes

it

the peer of outdoor plants

for every aquarist. cultural directions specialists.

phia, J.,

Catalogs and

may

full

be obtained from

Henry A. Dreer,

of Philadel-

and William Tricker, Arlington, N. and will gladly

are leaders in this line,

send their catalogs to those seriously

in-

an inch to receive the bottom and end boards, and the end boards are rabbeted

same depth to receive the bottom.

The groove or rabbet should be one and one-half inches from the outer edge of the board. If it is necessary to use more than one board in making the bottom, to the

they should be tongued and grooved, or

terested.

For rearing

fine goldfish the successful

slip-tongued and grooved, the latter

breeder uses tubs or wooden tanks. These

ing a superior joint.

are placed out-of-doors in locations pro-

coat of thin white lead, following

from the hot sun, or shade is afforded by water lilies or other means.

another coat twenty-four hours

tected

Provision

Wooden

is

made

for

running water.

tanks of cypress, one and one-

quarter or one and one-half inches thick, are best. individual

The

size

may

be varied to meet

requirements,

but

those

in

Give

all

mak-

joints a it

with

later.

In assembling slip the bottom into the

grooves in the end boards, and then put the sides in place.

joined

together

screws,

using

eighths

for

Small tanks with

screws

one and

may

galvanized three

by

one-quarter

be lag

three-

inch

aquatic boards, and three and one-half by one-

and on-half inch boards. A metal washer of the proper size should be used to prevent the head of the screw drawing into the wood. To prevent half for one

splitting-,

a hole should be bored for each

Don't

screw, using a bit one size smaller.

screw to its limit at once. Insert all the holes and tighten each one in turn

set a

in

a

little

at a time,

which

will

draw

the tank

fLitt

103

or more, the longer and

more often

longer

chemicals fatal to aquatic organisms.

When the weather has settled, and all danger of the water dropping below 60 degrees has passed,

it is

safe to place fish

weeks old outdoors, giving them a small drip of water.

The water should six

not

fall directly into

the tank, but

together with an even, continuous pres-

a piece of glass below the faucet,

sure.

breaks

Lag screws have

great

pulling

and

holding power, and for tanks up to lOO

its

force and tempers

still

water

is

when

larger sizes the sides

Daphne, the

together by one-quarter or three-eighths iron rods, threaded at both ends to take

These are shown

nuts and washers.

in

the accompanying sketch.

Inasmuch as a

constantly into the tank,

overflow must be provided. let

made from

can be

iron pipe

A.

and

This

is

some sort of A good out-

three-quarter inch

shown by

fittings as

inserted

figure

through the end

board and held by nuts and washers. By raising or lowering the pipe any water level

can be maintained

prevent the

fish

from entering the

the end at the bottom

arrangement shown consists of

and

in the tank.

D, which merely

two triangular pieces of wood

a scrap of brass wire-cloth, held in

place by a couple of thin brads.

C

is

pipe,

covered by the

is

at

To

Figure

a "constant level syphon," which

automatic in action

;

B

figure

is

requires no

explanation.

vide partitions of

wood

it is

well to pro-

or ground glass,

which can be removed permit sorting while the

will.

These

fish are

small,

at

and do not require much space.

Wooden

tanks should be well seasoned

before being placed in use, giving several

changes of water over a period of a week

slight

enough

trickle

to take

decidedly

is

promoting growth. average goldfish six weeks old will have a body half an inch long, fins have beneficial in

An

to

and

develop,

color will be evident.

breeder

should

At

discard

spiked dorsals, single

tails

its

shape and

this period the all

those

with

and other mal-

formations, setting aside the best of the

remainder for particular attention. At the age of three months the youngsters will be lusty, healthy individuals, with well-

rounded bodies, good fins and telescope and with the colors pronounced.

eyes,

Young

goldfish require a large

of food, and they must have

Live

foods,

first

infusoria

amount

to

grow.

and

then

it

Daphne and Cyclops, should be in the water at all times.

They cannot consume a large amount at any one time, but, practically speaking, they are always eat-

Daphne consume oxygen, and un-

ing. less

In large rearing tanks

and feeding on infusoria, conceded to be best, but

the fish are large

started

of water runs

trickle

it.

upon which While

in the fry stage

gallons are sufficient in themselves.

For should be drawn

the

Concrete pools require a much time for the neutralization of

better.

it

is

abundant they quickly

pollute the water, so

plenish the

Daphne

it is

die

and

advisable to re-

several times daily,

rather than put in a day's supply at one time.

In addition to live foods, don't

overlook the benefits of oatmeal, mentioned

in

the

previous

article.

When

enough the fish may also have chopped earthworms, raw chopped fish, large

aquatic lilt

104

clams, mosquito larvae, and an occasional

promising

feeding of prepared dry foods.

ordinary attention.

Some

brother

who

receives

only

culturists succeed in developing

more rapidly than others same length of time. This is in

in the

Ten known

or

more

to

science.

water while in the fry stage, volume of

of Danio are Four of them, D. analipunctatus, albolineatus and rerio, inalaharicus, have been bred by American

water per

aquarians.

their fish

proportion

to

fish,

feeding,

direct

temperature

of

inherited predisposition to

A

Few

of Wilt's

Baby Goldfish.

Photo hy H.

Your

W.

species

Schmid

Aquatic

size from parent stock, and last, but by no means least, the thought and intelligent attention they have received. Grant-

a great acquisition to our library, and will

ing this, the importance can be realized

interested in aquaria, as well as to the

making short work of all undesirables, and concentrating full effort and attenPertion on the few picked specimens. mit me to emphasize this point by saying

scientist.

of

that a fish with only fair possibilities can,

delightful

Lii^E will be

be of great interest and value to

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; H.

E.

members

Finckh, Honorary

Li-

brarian, Royal Zoological Society of Ne\\

South Wales.

A

good college text-book of zoology

by exceptional care and feeding, be de-

should be in the library of every pro-

veloped into a better adult than his more

gressive aquarian.

.-^-^..f

Our

Interesting

Friend tke Snail

REV. FREDERICK CKicago Aquarium

Every observer of nature has

some

at

R.

WEBBER

Societj)

Little

Eva

disposition,

are

time or other waded into pond or stream

among

and captured a supply of snails. At the time he may not have been vitally interBut then the day came ested in them. when said observer's home was filled There were aquaria in with aquaria. every window, aquaria on the library

these have been imported

fish in the

aquaria in the kitchen,

table,

laundry tubs.

At

this stage in his career, the fish fan

has

dishpan and

fish in the

paused during his expedition for fleas and corethra larvae, to gather a few snails and experiment with them in his tanks.

He has found some of them to be just as good as a 15-cent department-store snail, while others from his catch have worked with the proverbial perseverence worthy of a better cause, eating his imported plants.

At about

game

this stage in the

the aquarium fiend has

dug up his old order to read up on the

school zoology in snail family.

The

old

probably

text

revealed

the

astonishing fact that his snails, like ancient

Gaul and modern

gall,

are divided

Lym-

into three parts, the right-handed

naea, the left-handed Physa, and the

was

Plcnorbis, which their right nor watch spring.

It

is

left,

but

coiled

snails

may

observed

by

comparing

downward, with

screw, which writing.

a

be either

right-handed or left-handed. point

like

true that, like the long-sufifering

monkey wrench, be

flat

alleged to be nei-

is

But not

a

This the

may shell,

common wood-

right-handed at present all

Lymnaea

are

handed, although the majority of

handed Lvmnaea,

like children

leftleft-

with the

the departed.

found only

Several species of

from Hawaii, and have even been reported to have been found in America. We have also heard of right-handed Physa.

And

one examine Planorbis

closely,

he will

discover that, although

flat

if

and wound

aquatic

106

Right-handed

JLitt

Le[thQaded

Ph\j5a

LjiniiQCtt

Planovbis

Sat ures

Parietal wall

6rowHi-l

CampcToma sub soli Aam.

[MS

pjeut-ocera

^^^^^^"*^

Operculum

Lip

Growtk

Umbilica'

Peristome

fe QquQrium peat 'Red yiaaorbis

C^'fln.

5triped Potomac

corneus)

8

(Vivipara

Four- Horned Snail

contc^ctbiies)

(Attipullana.

show the various operculate snail.

parts of the shell of an Snails, like

men, have

mouth, eyes, gullet, stomach, intestines, heart, one or more kidneys, sometimes a lUng, one or more sexual organs, a foot,

and some

a muscular system, a nervous system a sense of touch. cases,

are

Their senses,

not acute.

For

in

instance,

a

snail

the

is

not keen sighted.

At

he

On

fish,

is

near-sighted.

hand, his sense of touch

is

gigas)

least, like

the other

good.

The

writer has found that the slightest touch will

cause the four-horned snail to drop

instantly

to

operculum.

the

bottom, and close his

The

sense of smell must also

be good, for every aquarian knows the

â&#x20AC;˘aquatic quickness of the snail to discover a dead The sense of hearing is probably fish. not acute. the eye

is

In the case of the land-snail, at the end of a tapering, tubu-

resembling the finger of a

lar organ,

This eye can be pulled

glove.

as in pulling

much

in,

a glove, the tip might

ofif

stick to the finger.

As

pond

a rule, the

culum,

or

monly plant and

has no oper-

They

com-

are

They

algae eaters.

matter,

vegetable

eat

snail

trap-door.

will

living

either

or

dead, and will eat flesh from necessity

from

or

A

choice.

and placed

from a

can,

"big tank."

in the writer's

it

joker

practical

recently cleaned a sardine

In a very short time the sardine was alive

with

They surrounded

snails.

was no room for the

there

until

it

comers.

late

But we observed that they did not fight for places in the circle.

Late comers waited patiently until there was an opening.

There was no sign of eagerness, or of the larger ones displacing the smaller.

The

tongue

snail's

like in structure.

Across

like.

it

is

described as

It is flat

file-

and ribbon-

run a series of bilaterally

symmetrical teeth, arranged

in patterns.

These patterns vary as widely in different snails as colors and shapes vary in tropical fishes. species,

Each

class, order,

genus,

and even sometimes different same genus, differ in this These varying tongue-patterns

species in the respect.

are valuable to scientists in classifying

specimens, where exact

Some

is

desired.

snails are lung-breathers, while

breathe

others

work

by

gills.

The

lung-

breather comes to the surface for his

He

rises

air.

suddenly to the surface, extends

a tube-like organ above the surface film

with an audible sound, and collects a supply of

air, to

consumed

be taken to the bottom and

leisure.

Operculates live on the bottom and breathe by gills. Those without an operculum are commonly air-

at

HUe

107

breathers.

Water is not always necessary for the Land snails do not require it for their habitat.

River and pond snails, when dry weather comes, and the pond or stream dries up, bury themselves from snail.

two to four inches in the bottom. Some have even been found i8 inches in the mud.

Every now and again some aspirant for membership in the already crowded Ananias Club will record the fact that river and pond snails have been known to live for years in a tin box, or glued to

a cardboard mount.

But no conchologist would preserve a snail without first removing the body. River and pond snails will live for several days packed in wet

They have even lived in such a condition for two months, according to som.e authorities. One scientist mentions moss.

45 days out of water as a remarkable

in-

Some of the Lymnaeidae family have been known to live for some time cident.

without

rising

And

if

to

the

surface

for

air.

one were to seal a snail in a bottle filled with water, he would soon yet

die.

It is interesting to collect shells

of dead

from the bottom of one's aquaria, and clean them by gently brushing with a weak solution of oxalic acid and a toothbrush, being careful not to remove what epidermis remains. Or if one wishes snails

to collect live snails, they

killed

by plunging them

It's cruel,

yet scientific.

may

be quickly

in

hot water.

Upon examining

the snail's shell one will observe

more or

on the and rings on the operculum. These are growth rings. The snail adds growth rings after the fashion of a tree. Every now and then we will notice a dark line, or even a section of the shell, showing a different color.

Some writers have held less

vertical,

parallel

striations

shell,

the opinion that this difiference in sculp-

jaquatic flite

108 ture

How-

due to varying food supply.

is

due to Most of our

ever, the best authorities think

it

a change in environment. readers hold with the latter authorities.

The

Some

bearing.

while

that

dites,

some females,

are males,

normally hermaphro-

are

others

possessing both male and

is,

One

female functions.

writer records

difference in waterâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; acidity, salinity

the fact that he observed a snail exercis-

the

ing the male function with a female, and

bed, or

the female function with a male at the

or alkalinityâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; or the

difference

character of the river

bed, pond

aquarium bottom,

in

probably the true

is

same

time.

Still

another

instance

is

explanation of these differing sections of

recorded of two snails mutually exercis-

the shell.

ing the reproductive function.

epidermis,

The periostracum, or thin,

The

shell.

is

covering

substance,

skin-like

color of the shell

is

a

the

in this

fertilization is said to be

Even

self-

found among

them.

Generally speaking, snails provided with an operculum are not harmful to plants in an aquarium. The four-horned

Ampullaria gigas, is an exception. of the Chicago Aquarium Society recently, at our advice, dropped snail,

A Bulmnea meciasoma

5tagnali5

Members

Six

epidermis.

6alba

iialba

pana

dalK

When

it is

muddy

We

Lymnaedae

removed the

shell

clear yellowish or

taken from a pond with bottom, with abundant decay-

nature, shells

waxy

it

In

almost black.

is

the

Chicago

declares that

they will eat baled hay

The

writer once experimented with the

The

A

large

four-

can crawl, shell downward,

rise to the top, or sink to the

like a rock,

simply by adjusting

snails lay eggs

They

others are live-

could not

were very required patience to remove snails

and it But every day we made it a part of the program to remove twelve snails.

Before we had finished we had a layer a quarter of an inch deep, covering the bot-

small,

them.

tom of

a six-inch tobacco jar!

of this snail.

He

Beware

eats the green tissue

out of the plants, leaving only an unsightly yellow skeleton.

And

he's almost

impossible to eliminate, unless one re-

move

all

the water, burn the plants, scout

the tank and begin anew.

For the aquarium, the beginner find the Striped

:

snail.

We

"chinch-bug" of Kansas. get rid of them.

their specific gravity.

Some

One of the members of Aquarium Society positively

One much eroded

white.

on the surface film of the water. The Paper Shell can sometimes be observed doing this. Other snails spin threads and suspend themselves from a plant, or even from the surface film. Still others can

bottom

result

that in a

multiplied in the tank like the proverbial

mucus behind him.

suddenly

The

few days every plant in the (small) tank was destroyed completely.

was

at

a snail crawls, he leaves a trail

snails

remove them

to

minute wide-mouthed pond

horned snail, having escaped from a tank for some reason undiscovered, was traced across the room by a trail of shiny mucus.

Some

him

to

in the water.

of

tell

the hydra were gone.

range from dark brown

the spire indicates acidity locally present

When

into a hydra-infested tank.

forgot to

when

When

ing vegetation,

almost

two of them

In a clean aquarium, a

will be bright,

brownish. a

Galha capemta

of the Family

becomes chalky. shell

Acella haldemani

member

will

Potomac, Vivipara con-

tectoides; the Jap, Vivip, malleatns; the

109

jaquatic %itt

Red

Planorbis, Planorbis corneus rubra,

the Paper Shell, Lymnea auricularia; and the commoner river operculates of Snails in a small tank

value in his tanks.

fewer emerging plants, more of a

rent,

rocky bottom, and a

dififerent

type of

Then comes a condition still farupstream, of more current, rocky or

snail.

ther

the concentration of certain salts in the

sandy bottom, vegetation only along the Farther on we find a shallowetc. water condition, more current, protrud-

water, as the water evaporates and fresh

ing rocks, and

The same is more with fishes. Ergo siphon a

fishes

soon deteriorate in

much

ably not so

is

This

size.

or less true little

:

from the bottom

and add a

little

prob-

due to inbreeding as to

added.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; always

is

water

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;occasionally,

lime (plaster of paris)

for shell structure.

And now

a

word or two on

ecology.

Snails are distributed in communities.

In

banks,

here and there. The and snails here are yet different.

At the head of the stream is a springbrook condition, with all the animal life that goes with

riffles

it.

It is said that if

stream, that they will gradually return to

a city

their original habitat.

nity,

we have the Gold Coast commuthe German district, Swedish dis-

such as dams or deep pools,

trict,

Irish section, ghetto, Italian colony

local

and Polish community.

An

wise.

illustration

With shows

tion of a stream at a bend.

side of the

bend

is

snails like-

the

upstream snails be brought downstream, and the downstream snails brought upLocal obstructions,

may

cause a

condition.

On

the other hand,

a hard layer of rock

may

cause a rapids

pond

a cross-sec-

condition well toward the river's mouth.

On

The

the out-

a steep bank, deep

here are of the respective

snails

kinds found in pools and in rapids.

water, current and large stones on the

bottom.

It is

clinging to these stones that

the long river snail, Pleurocera elevatum, Lorj

may

be found.

lower

In midstream, with shal-

Small bivalve

Viviparous Snail Canjpi-lomu inte-fru-iK

c , / Optiaenum ifaminaeuui

w^ater, less current, smaller stones

and some gravel, we

Campeloma

find the live-bearing

integT^nn.

On

the inside of

the bend, with shallow water, rent,

^M,Sna.l

^/euroceriL e!e\iufiui.

bottom of

fine

little

cur-

sand and gravel,

we

find the small bivalve Sphacriuin stami-

neum.

The

longitudinal section of a river

is

At and near the mouth we normally find a pond condition and animals of the pond community. Here we interesting.

find sluggish water,

sedimentary bottom,

vegetation of the emerging and floating type,

tom. the

and decaying vegetation on the botThe snails and fishes here are of still-water

Lymnaea

or sluggish

water type.

stagnaUs, with black shell,

is

found here, and other eaters of decaying vegetation.

As we go upstream we

find

more

cur-

Cross Section of a Sluggish Stream at a Curve, Showing Distribution of Snails (By the Author,

after Shelford)

Young ponds, with bare bottom, and no plants but possibly char a, contain very few snails. Older ponds, of the submerged vegetation

association, with bul-

rushes on the border, and other aquatics

become the homes of a few These snails are of the gill-breathing type, contain no operculum, and may be relied upon to eat In mature ponds, say of the plants. coming

in,

varieties of snails.

aquatic EiCe

110

scopes, bred in 1917,

international monthly magazine devoted native, to the study, care and breeding of exotic, gold and domesticated fishes, other animals and plants in the home aquarimn and terrarium.

An

A. POYSER JOSEPH E. BAUSMAN

Editor Publisher

W.

and scaled Telecompeted for the Board of Directors Cup and the usual ribbons.

Judges, H. E. Demuth, J. A. McDevitt and F. S. Leffman, made awards as follows Transparent-scaled Telescopes Cup, blue and red ribbons to George E. Transparent-scaled

:aquat(c ILitt

542 E. Girard Avenue, Philadelphia.

:

Wilt Entered as second-class matter, September Philadelphia, Pa., 2 1915, at the Post Office, under Act of March 3, 1879. perPractical articles and notes on topics are taining to the aquarium and terrarium always wanted for Aquatic Life. Readers in makof the magazine are invited to join to ing it a medium of mutual help, and contribute to it any ideas that may occur to them. The pages are always open for anyone who has anything helpful and practical and to say. Manuscripts, books for review general correspondence should be addressed to the editor.

Aquatic Life has the largest circulation of any magazine in the world devoted to this branch of nature-study. It presents to advertisers a market that can be reached through

no

known on

other

Rates

medium.

April

Ill

No. 8

1918

J.

Hannig.

membership Elected to Herman Kempter, Samuel MacFeeters, Robert B. Cathcart and Francis J. Rowe. :

The competition

at the

next meeting,

April 17th, will be for Japs, scaled and transparent-scaled, under one year.

C.

Hannig Cup and

J.

awarded.

The

six ribbons will be

Officers for the ensuing year

will be elected.

made

Copyright 1918 by Joseph E. Bausman

Vol.

Charles

At the February meeting

application.

$1.00 Yearly Subscription 1-35 Foreign Subscriptions 10 Single Copy Payments may be made by money order, Foreign remitdraft or registered letter. tances should be by international money If local checks are sent, ten cents order. should be added for collection charges.

yellozv ribbon, Charles Hinkle.

;

Scaled Telescopes: Blue and yellow ribbons to George B. Smith; red ribbon,

tail

the Ribbon-

Japs and Telescopes were judged by

George E. Wilt, John Eck and Thomas Ayling.

Result

Scaled Telescopes: Blue and yellozv ribbons, Gustav Armbruster; red, Charles C. Hampel.

Transparent-scaled Telescopes: Blue, Dr. L. W. Rehbein red, H. E. Demuth yellozv, William J. Christy.

Scaled Japs: Blue, Dr. F. C. Leffman red and yellozv, John Krause.

Transparent-scaled Japs: Blue and ;

;

vegetation

emerging bulrushes,

cat-tails,

with

type,

floating

reeds,

spirodela

Lemna minor, etc., and an abundance of rotting vegetation on the

polyrhisa,

bottom, are the homes of nalis,

Lymnaea

reflexa,

Lymnaea

stag-

and some species

of Planorbis and Physa.

Observation on the part of the

snail-

much

inter-

seeker will be rewarded by esting information.

friend snail

is

A

;

red. Dr. L.

closer study of

well worth the

efl^ort.

Carnivorous

regular meeting of the Philadel-

phia Goldfish Fanciers' Society was held at

802

Girard

avenue,

March

20th.

Rehbein;

yellozv,

C. C.

fishes are usually charac-

terized by a short intestine, while that of

the

The

W.

Hampel.

At this meeting Mr. William Lynn.

Jr., Philadelphia, was elected to membership.

Fred Richardson, Secretary.

is

omnivorous and vegetarian species long.

In

Xiphophorus is

the helleri,

familiar

Swordtail,

the intestinal tract

about twice the length of the body.

innrn

rmrii

innnrv-K-K

inncii

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PETS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND KIND

by

ASA^ YOUR

DEALER FOR IT

Wholesale Goldfish, Foods

BERT

J.

PUTNAM, 490 Buffalo,

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Washington

St.

N.Y. 3000(

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HARRY

P.

1210 N. Warnock

Street, Philadelphia,

PETERS Pa

GOLDFISH BREEDERS

BREEDER AND IMPORTER Rare and Fancy Fish

FLORISTS

Plants of every variety, Snails and Afjuarium Supplies of all kinds at all times.

MANUFACTURER OF

58th and Walnut Streets

110 South 52nd

Green River Fish Food

Street

15c Box

Green River Baby Fish Food

Philadelphia

20c Box

Aquarium Fishes

A

GOOD

most

&

Supplies

Wholesale and Retail I

things

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HERMAN RABENAU,

Aquarist

at

Welcome

Reasonaoie Prices.

Pme

Plants and Tropical Fish a Specialty Importations of

Assortment of Lionheads Shipping Cans 50c

New

Varieties received

HARRY

regularly

1210 North

lies Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Near Broadway.

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>300C:

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Blacks and Calico Telescopes and Japs

to be appreciated

Visitors

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Largest Assortment of Splendid Blues,

& Terraria

Aquatic Life must be seen

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reeaers Breed

PERMANENT DISPLAY OF

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is

necessary to keep fish in good health. After the test of years Green River stands out It as the best food on the market. keeps the fish in good color by promoting a healthy, ro1)ust growth. It Ask will not sour or cloud the water. your dealer or send for it today.

All Kinds of Aquatic Plants

Aquaria

FOOD

FISH

essential

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P.

PETERS,

Warnock

Street,

Philadelphia, Pa.

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Sample Box 10c

Imported Shrimp Fish Food

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Sample Can 15c

Imported Wafer Fish Food

Large Sample Box 10c

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Nippon Goldfish Go

GOLDFISH, FOODS, PLANTS, DIP NETS Combination Natural Fish Food

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1749 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, Cal

Importers

:

and

:

Dealers

Mai/ Onhrs Promptly Attended to

JAPANESE GOLDFISH

Orders Amounting $2 Deliver ED Postpaid

DiRFXT From Breeders in Japan

Special Prices on Quantity Lots.

Cash With Order.

Catalogue

Sent

Awarded Gold and o

Upon Request.

AQUARIUM STOCK CO 150 Chambers Street

::

New York

City

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Pacific International cisco, 1915.

Silver M.^dals.

Exposition,

Panama-

San Fran-

ALL KINDS OF AQUARIA AND SUPPLIES