Shapulat Shaydullaev
2.2 Excavations in Sector 04 – preliminary report
tive cross-section of small finds comes from Sector 04. Given the nature of the contexts in which they were found, however, these finds – which include sensitive objects such as coins – are, with a few exceptions, not used for dating this part of the fortifications. Five loom weights were found in Sector 04, with holes ranging from 0.3–1.3 cm in size. The height of the preserved fragments varies between 4 and 12 cm, while the width of the bottom part is 1.5–4 cm. In the area of bastion no. 1 a group of three of these loom weights were found together, made of unfired clay. This suggests that the bastion may have had some secondary use for household activities such as weaving material. However, it is possible that the weights found their way here as rubbish when the inside of the bastion was being bricked up. Close to bastion no. 2 an intact loom weight was found, made of fired clay, which is considerably rarer than unfired. Several spindle whorls, hemispherical and discoid in shape, were also found, some made of stone (alabaster?) and some of unfired clay. The majority of whorls had diameters of between 2.3 and 3.0 cm, heights of around 1.6 cm and hole diameters of 0.5 cm on average. Kristýna Urbanová did not include this group in her analysis of objects used in textile production in Chapter 3.1. Four fragments of bone pins with no heads were also found, with a maximum length of 7–8 cm. From the corridor in the fortifications over the gate comes a bronze ring with a stone (04.000.I), from the area of the wall itself a carnelian bead (04.000.II) and from the area of bastion no. 1 a bronze nail or pin (04.000. III). All these finds are classified and described in more detail by Petra Belaňová in Chapter 3.3 (cat. nos. 32, 73, 90). The finds from Sector 04 also include an iron knife from bastion no.1 (04.000.XVIII) and three bronze arrow tips, common in the Achaemenid and GrecoBactrian period, which come from the upper layers and were therefore clearly deposited secondarily in these contexts (04.000.IV–VI). These finds, as well as other fragments of knives, are dealt with by Jan Kysela in Chapter 3.2. (cat. nos. 9–12 and 16–18). Coin finds in Sector 04 include a well-preserved bronze coin (04.000.XVII), minted under the early Kushan ruler so-called Soter Megas (c. 80–100 AD). It is a tetradrachm, probably minted in Bactria. On the obverse is the bust of a king in profile with rays eman-
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ating from him and a diadem, holding a sceptre, while on the reverse is a rider on a horse on the right, holding a whip, and the incomplete inscription ΕΩTHΡ. The Soter Megas coin is not the only one from Jandavlattepa. In their work, Rtveladze and Pidaev mention another, which clearly comes from collections made at the start of the 1970s. There is the bust of a king to the right on the obverse, with traces of a monogram behind his head, while the reverse shows the king on a horse, facing right, and standing on a line. Under it is part of a circular inscription, .... ΛΕΥΩΝ ΕΩ. It is 21 mm in diameter and 8.4 mm high. Another relatively well-preserved coin is an AE tetradrachm from the reign of Vima Kadphises (c. 100–127/8 AD) with a portrait of the king standing on the left by an altar on the head, and Shiva and a bull on the tail (04.000.XXII). It is a type relatively commonly found in the sites of northern Bactria.7 Our find is a significant chronological indicator, since it comes from the area of bastion no. 1 and was found under a layer of stored bricks. It suggests that the bastion, and thus the younger phase of the fortifications, must have been standing by the first quarter of the 2nd century. For the other finds of coins in this sector see chapter 3.5 in this volume, especially cat. nos. 14, 32 and 82. Bibliography Dolgorukov, V. C. (1984): Oboronitel’nye sooruzheniya Dil’ber djina, in: Drevnyaya Baktriya Vyp. 3. Materialy sovetsko ‑afghanskoy arkheologicheskoy ekspedicii, ed. Kruglikova, I. T., Moskva, pp. 58–92. Fussman, G. (1983): Surkh Kotal. Tempel der Kuschan-Zeit in Baktrien. München. Kaim, B. (2002): Architektura starożytnej Baktrii w okresie kuszańskim. Warszawa. Pugachenkova. G. A. (1984): Raskopki juzhnykh gorodskykh vorot Dilberdzhina, in: Drevnyaya Baktria, vyp. 3: Materialy sovetsko-afghanskoy arkheologicheskoy ekspedicii, I. T. Kruglikova (ed.), Moskva, pp. 93–111. Rtveladze, E. V. – Pidaev, Sh. R. (1981): Katalog drevnich monet yuzhnogo Uzbekistana. Tashkent. Sabirov, K. S. (1976): Kushanskaya fortifikaciya v svete raskopok na gorodishche Zar-tepa, in: Drevnyaya Baktriya. Moskva, pp. 49–52. Sverchkov, L. (2001): Raskopki v severo-vostochnoy chasti Kampyrtepa, in: Materialy tocharistanskoy ekspedicii, ed. Rtveladze, E. V., vyp. 2. Tashkent, pp. 47–64.
Rtveladze – Pidaev 1981, pp. 63–65.
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Reports of Czech-Uzbekistani Archaeological Mission in southern Uzbekistan vol. 1
JANDAVLATEPPA 2002–2006/1
2.3 Excavations in sector 081 Ladislav Boháč – Ladislav Stančo
The excavations of sector 08, conducted by present author, started on 7 October 2002 and lasted until 19 October 2002. Final documentation was completed on 20 and 21 October 2002. Sector 08 was situated approximately in the centre of western part of the tepa, about 30 meters to the east from the sector 06, in order to provide first information for understanding the inner layout of the settlement, respectively of the supposed living quarter. This sector comprises only one square excavation trench (08A) with dimensions 4 × 4 m. After removing a greyish-brown dusty layer (08A003) that covers the surface of the tepa, two mudbrick walls (Wall “1”) of the Kushano-Sasanian period, running at a right angle to one another, were revealed enclosing a small space/room. A “reinforcement” of uncertain purpose projected from the eastern mudbrick wall along the southern profile of the square. Evidently, mudbricks of two different dimensions were used, 32 × 32 cm, resp. 37–38 × 37–38 cm, the larger ones for the crossing of the northern and eastern walls and for the “reinforcement.”2 The mudbrick wall running parallelly to the northern profile of the square had been interrupted in its middle part by a recent grave pit (Pit “1”, context no. 08A012), approx. 1.60 m deep. Another pit (Pit “2”, context no. 08A002), possibly also intended for a burial, was found in the southeast corner of the square. Inner sides of the walls had been originally covered with a lime plaster (no traces of paint have been discovered yet). A pot of coarser fabric and with sharply articulated belly was found lying in situ on the lime floor of the room. Traces of burning preserved abundantly especially near the pot prove that the building had been destroyed by a fire.
An earlier phase of the room (building?) dating roughly to the Kushan period (1st – 3rd c. AD) showed the same disposition, except for the later added “reinforcement.” The mudbrick walls preserved to 0.70–0.80 m of their original height were also in this phase covered with lime plaster. The floor was paved with mudbricks of unusual dimensions (28 × 15 cm) that had been laid upright in regular courses (08A009). The room seems to have been abandoned and immediately filled with debris (08A008) (perhaps to give way for a modernisation?). On the same place there existed an even earlier predecessor with slightly shifted ground plan. The floor was covered with lime plaster and shows traces of heavy fire. The elevation of this floor varies from 370.92 to 371.12 m. This earliest phase has to be dated, according to the pottery material, to the 1st c. BC – 1st c. Ad. The coins of Soter Megas3 and Kanishka II4 were unearthed in the different layers of this square. tab. 2.3, 1 and 2.3, 2 List of small finds 08A002.I – s pindle-whorl (of limestone) – 07/10/2002 – south: 1.10 m, west: 2.15 m; see Chapter 3.1, Type 4c, “gradated”, fig. 3.1, 20. 08A003.I – Æ fragment – 08/10/2002. 08A012.I – Æ coin – filling of a recent grave pit – 10/10/2002. Coin of Kanishka II, see Chapter 3.5, cat. no. 54. 08A007.I – Æ coin – 10/10/2002. Coin of Soter Megas, see Chapter 3.5, cat. no. 16. 08A009.I – whetstone (of greyish-black stone) – 17/10/2002, see Chapter 3.2, cat. no. 33. 08A000.I – bead of cylindrical shape (made of greenish glass paste).
1 This chapter is a slightly reworked text, which has been published as a part of preliminary report in 2003, see Abdullaev – Stančo 2003, p. 167–168, actual excavations and documentation were led by L. Boháč. 2 The edges of mudbricks of the eastern wall were rather worn and indistinct giving an impression of a pisé rather than a mudbrick wall. 3 See Chapter 3.5 in this volume, cat. nos. 15 and 16. 4 See Chapter 3.5 in this volume, cat. no. 54.
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2.3 Excavations in Sector 08
Ladislav Boháč – Ladislav Stančo
Tab. 2.3, 1 Sector 08, Square 08A, north section and final ground plan, drawing by L. Boháč.
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