Úvod Předkládaná příručka odborné angličtiny v ošetřovatelství je určena studentům středních a vyššícr
zdravotnických škol a lékařských fakult, účastníkům speciálních kurzů jazykových škol a těm, kteří SE připravují na mezinárodní profesionální zkoušky pro zdravotní sestry. Kniha může sloužit dlouhodobě jakc doplněk učebnice pro zdravotní sestry. Učitelé angličtiny, kteří nejsou specialisty ve zdravotnictví vysocE ocení podrobné výklady odborných termínů ve slovnících. Vhodné je postupovat od pročtení slovíčel a zpětného překladu termínů v tabulkách k doplnění a kontrole správnosti textů. Po jejich překladu do češtin\ je pak možné vytvářet dialogy, interpretovat odborné poznatky a zaznamenat užitečná spojení a fráze dlE vlastního výběru studentů. Kniha Angličtina v ošetřovatelství obsahuje 1113 kazuistik. Studenti mají doplnit vhodné anglické termíny a svá řešení si zkontrolovat v Klíči na konci učebnice. Všechny texty jsou krátké, srozumitelné a vžd\ obsahují správnou odpověď (označenou -), takže jsou současně velmi vhodné pro samostudium a testován odborných znalostí sester. První část je rozdělena do 13 kapitol. Můžeme zde najít kazuistiky týkající se těchto témat: rozmanité stavy; kosterní a svalový systém; srdeční a oběhový systém; dýchací systém; nervový systém; zažívací systém. vylučovací systém; endokrinní systém; reprodukční systém; těhotenství; porodnictví; pediatrie; psychické problémy. V druhé části jsou čtyři kapitoly. Kazuistiky v první kapitole „Péče o dospělého" pokrývají následujíc témata: kardiopulmonární zástava; městnavé srdeční selhání; cirkulační problémy; chronické obstrukční plicn onemocnění; zápal plic; tuberkulóza; vředové onemocnění žaludku; zápal slepého střeva; zánět žlučníku; zánět slinivky; zánět jater; varixy jícnu; jaterní kóma; akromegalie; hyperpituitarismus; tyreoidektomie; diabetes mellitus; snížená funkce nadledvin; vylučování; infekce močového traktu; nezhoubné zvětšeni prostaty; ulcerózní kolitida; střevní neprůchodnost; kolostomie; rakovina tlustého střeva; zánět divertikulu; cévní
mozková
příhoda;
poranění
míchy;
popáleniny;
Parkinsonova
choroba;
roztroušená
skleróza;
záchvatovitá onemocnění; myastenie gravis; problémy se zrakem a sluchem; operace šedého zákalu; glaukom epistaxe, rakovina hrtanu; mobilita; zlomeniny; zlomenina kyčle; amputace; artritida; spinální fúze; buněčné odchylky; prevence rakoviny; léčba rakoviny a Hodgkinova nemoc. Druhá lekce „Péče v těhotenství a při porodu" se zabývá např: předporodní péčí; normálním porodem; rizikovým porodem; potratem; mimoděložním těhotenstvím; vcestným lůžkem a odloučením placenty; těhotenskou hypertenzí; cukrovkou; srdečními poruchami; těhotenstvím u dospívajících; péčí během porodu; normálním
a
rizikovým
porodem;
vyvoláním
porodu;
poporodním
krvácením;
drogovou
závislostí
a hepatitidou. Třetí kapitola „Péče o dítě" obsahuje kazuistiky týkající se např: cítění; vnímání; zánětu mandlí; zánětu mozkových blan; ochrnutí mozku; popálenin; Downova syndromu; rozštěpu páteře; záchvatů; péče při obstrukci dýchacích cest a tracheostomii; asthmatu; srpkovité anémie; hemofilie; tuberkulózy; vrozeného srdečního onemocnění;
výživy
a metabolismu;
rozštěpu
patra;
pylorické
stenózy;
cystické fibrózy;
glomerulonefritidy; zánětu slepého střeva, Hirschsprungovy nemoci; skoliózy; akutní lymfatické leukémie, a Wilmsova nádoru. Poslední lekce je věnována „Ošetřovatelské péči o pacienta s psychosociálními problémy a problémy, které se týkají duševního zdraví" a nacházejí se zde např. tato témata: úzkostné chování; fobie; obsesivně kompulzivní
chování;
anorexie;
psychosomatické
onemocnění;
manio-depresivní
chování;
deprese;
hyperaktivní chování; výtržnictví a agresivní chování. Irena Baumruková
3
Contents/ Obsah Unit 12 Paediatrics/ Pediatrie ............................................ 65 Vocabulary 12....................................................... 74
PART 1 Unit 1 Miscellaneous conditions/ Rozmanité stavy ............ 5 Vocabulary 1 .......................................................... 9
Unit 13 Mental problems/ Duševní problémy ..................... 78 Vocabu I ary 13....................................................... 85
Unit 2 Musculoskeletal system/ Muskuloskeletální systém ................................................................. 12 Vocabulary 2 ........................................................ 16
PART 2 Unit l
Unit 3 Cardiovascular system/ Kardiovaskulární systém ................................................................. 19 Vocabulary 3 ........................................................ 21
Nursing care of the adult/ Ošetřování dospělých ............................................................. 89
Vocabulary 1 ...................................................... l 70
Unit 4 Respiratory system/ Respirační systém ................. 23 Vocabulary 4 ........................................................ 25
Unit 2 Nursing care of the childbearing family/ Péče o rodinu a dítě .................................................... 194 Vocabulary 2 ...................................................... 221
Unit 5 Nervous system/ Nervový systém ......................... 27 Vocabulary 5 ........................................................ 29
Unit 3 Nursing care of the child/ Péče o dítě.................. 228 Vocabulary 3 ...................................................... 247
Unit 6 Gastrointestinal system/ Gastrointestinální systém ................................................................. 30 Vocabulary 6 ........................................................ 35
Unit 4 Nursing care of the client with psychosocial and mental health problems/ Péče o klienta s psychosociálními a psychickými problémy ........ 253
Vocabulary 4 ...................................................... 267 Unit 7 Urinary system/ Vylučovací systém ....................... 39 Vocabulary 7 ........................................................ 41
Anglicko-český slovník ....................................... 272 Předmětový rejstřík ............................................. 340
Unit 8 Endocrine system/ Endokrinní systém ................... 43 Vocabulary 8 ........................................................ 46
Klíč ke kazuistikám ............................................. 341
Unit 9
Literatura:
Reproductive system/ Reprodukční systém ........... 47
l. AJN/MOSHBY: Question and Answer Bock. For the NCLEX-RN Examination. St Luis 4th ed 1994. 342 p. 2. Velký lékařský slovník on line: http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ 3. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ 4. http://www.dictionary.com/
Vocabulary 9 ........................................................ 49 Unit lO Pregnancy/ Těhotenství ........................................ 50 Vocabulary 10 ...................................................... 53 Unit 11 Obstetrics/ Porodnictví ......................................... 55 Vocabulary l l ...................................................... 62
4
PART 1
Normal saline is used because it is an
Unit 1
4 ________ solution.
1. Miscellaneous conditions Case study 1
a. Sterile; b. isotonic; c. assembling equipment;
Which action is inappropriate when caring for the
d. solution
arteriovenous shunt? 1. Palpate to assess l _____ ____.
Case study 4
2. Apply a tight dressing to prevent cannula
The nurse must remain at the l _______ for l 5
2 ____________ .
3. Avoid blood pressure readings in the 3 ________ 4. Apply antibiotic 4 ________ to the shunt site. Blood flow must be maintained in the cannula to prevent S ________ . A tight dressing constricts flow.
minutes after blood is started to assess for any transfusion reaction. Which of the following is not found during a 2___________ ________7 l. 3 ______, fever, and dyspnoea. 2. Decreased blood pressure and increased
4 ----- ----·
3. Bleeding under the skin at the IV site. -
a. affected limb; b. clotting; c. ointment;
4.
d. dislodgement; e. blood flow
s _____ --- -------·
Bleeding under the skin at the IV site indicates 6____________ __ _______ around the site. Ali the other
Case study 2
options given are signs of a transfusion reaction.
When administering a blood transfusion, what is a nursing l _________ function requiring two nurses7
a. pulse rate; b. Hives and itching; c. transfusion
1. Check the type and crossmatch data, numbers on the 2___ _____, and the
information
on the blood with that on the
patient's
reaction; d. infiltration or leaking; e. bedside; f. Chills
blood band.
Case study 5
2. Check the type and 3 ______________ , numbers
Which of the following nursing actions must be taken if a transfusion reaction occurs7 l
-----------
on the lab slips, and the information on the blood with that on the
patienťs chart.
1. 2 ______ the physician.
3. Check for the best possible vein to ensure
2. Check the 3 _____ _____, and take a u rine
correct 4 ________.
sample.
4. Ensure that the patient is 5 ________ in order to
3. Stop the blood transfusion, and 4 ______
establish a baseline of behaviour.
norma! saline. -
This procedure is essential to prevent the
4.
administration of 6____________ blood, which could
s ____ ____ the rate of blood flow and continue
the assessment.
result in the patient's death. lt is essential to 7_____
lt is 6__________ that the blood be stopped and the IV
the patient's blood band on his arm. Just checking
needle be 7____ __ ____ and kept patent to administer
the chart does not ensure that the patient receives
fluids and medications to 8__________ the reaction.
the correct blood. Options 3 and 4 are important but
Option 2 is a second action, and 1 is a third action.
do not require two nurses.
a. vital signs; b. infuse; c. Slow down; d. counteract;
a. crossmatch data; b. incompatible; c. Mandatory;
e. left in place; f. Notify; g. imperative;
d. check; e. lab slips; f. infusion; g. rational
h. immediately
Case study 3
Case study 6
When l __________ ________ to start a blood
A 21 -year-old male patient l __ _________ to the
transfusion, which of the following solutions is used
postanaesthesia room. The nurse obtains taking vital
to start the IV?
signs of blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg, pulse l 00,
1. 2_______ water. 2. Norma! saline. -
and respiration 1 8. Which of the following actions would the nurse take?
3. l 0% dextrose in water.
1. Recheck the vital signs in 5 minutes. -
4. Lactated Ringer's 3 ________.
2. lncrease the rate of the IV slightly.
5
3. 2 _____ ___ ____ and elevate his feet.
a. nasogastric tube; b. appendectomy; c. drainage;
4. Cover him with a warm blanket.
d. venous stasis; e. facilitates; f. dressing
Movement of the patient from the 3 _________ ____ table to the postanaesthesia room may cause
Case study 9
a 4_________ ____ in blood pressure.
Before administering a patienĹĽs preoperative medication, which of the following nursing actions is
a. Place him fiat; b. transient drop; c. is admitted;
l ---- ---------?
d. operating room
1. Report to the physician the elevated 2 _____
Case study 7
2. Check to ensure that the laboratory has completed the 3 __________.
lt is now 7 hours after a male patienĹĽs l _________ _______. He complains of being unable to void, even
3. Ensure that the surgical consent form has been signed. -
though he has the 2 ____. Which nursing action is most appropriate?
4. Provide a quiet environment.
1. Obtain an order to 3 ___________ him.
After the patient has received 4____________ ________,
2. Help him to stand at the bedside to void.
he is no longer considered S _________ sign the
3. Wait one more hour before taking any action.
operative permit. The other options are true but
4. Explain to him that this is a 4 ______ _________
unrelated to preoperative medication.
postoperatively. S ________ _ ____ patient who is experiencing
a. competent; b. white blood cell count; c. most
postoperative 6 _______ _________ at the bedside may
essential; d. preoperative sedation; e. urinalysis
facilitate 7 _______. Waiting is not appropriate, and explanations will not solve the problem.
Case study 1 O
Catheterization may eventually be necessary but is
A patient is taken to the operating room, and
not the first step.
l ___________ ___ _______ begins. The circulating nurse's primary goal when positioning a patient on
a. voiding; b. common sensation; c. urge;
the operating room table is to achieve
d. abdominal surgery; e. urinary retention;
1. A 2 ___________ position for the patient.
f. Standing a male; g. catheterize
2. A position that is acceptable to the 3 _______. 3. A position that prevents 4 ________ and
Case study 8
promotes privacy.
lf a limited amount time available, the nurse
4. A position that avoids circulatory impairment
recognizes the need to include which of the following
and protects nerve function. -
in the preoperative teaching for a patient with acute
The circulating nurse is S ___________ ___ ensuring
appendicitis?
the safety of the patient and preventing any 6 ____
1. Leg exercises to prevent l ______ ______ . 2. Abdominal splinting for coughing and deep breathing. -
a. comfortable; b. preparation for surgery; c. harm
3. Explanation of the 2 ___________ ____ that he
from positioning; d. exposure; e. surgeon;
can expect postoperatively.
f. responsible for
4. Explanation of drainage on his 3 ________. The practice of abdominal splinting 4 ___________
Case study 11
postoperative performance of coughing and deep
A patienĹĽs laboratory values show l _____________ as
breathing. Practising leg exercises is inappropriate
a result of the adequate metabolism of which of the
because they would increase abdominal pain
following?
preoperatively. A nasogastric tube is usually not
l. Fat. -
required following a simple S ____________ . There is
2. Protein.
usually little wound 6 ________ as a result of a simple
3. 2 ______
appendectomy.
4. Glucose.
6
Fats are 3 ____________ metabolized, and calcium ions are bound to fats; thus 4 _______ ____ are not absorbed in normal amounts.
a. aplastic anaemia; b. deficiency; c. suppression; d. frequent cause
Case study l 5
a. calcium ions; b. hypocalcaemia; c. incompletely; d. Starch
To facilitate the l__________ of myasthenia gravis which is the most important information to discuss with a patient? l. No 2____ __________ medications are known to affect the action of anticholinesterase medications used in the treatment for myasthenia gravis. 2. Observe for symptoms of thyroid disease because patients with myasthenia gravis also experience 3 _______ ___________. 3. Planned rest periods throughout the day will maximize strength. 4. Good body mechanics will prevent 4 -5 ________ --------becomes worse on exertion and at the end of the day (as opposed to morning). Rest typically increases 6______ ________.
Case study l 2 Mr. Ray is admitted to the l _________ ____ with a stiff neck and temperature of l 02 ° F (3 8. 8 ° C). He has had an earache for l week, but has not sought treatment for it. Mr. Ray is placed on a hypothermia blanket. Twenty minutes following the start of hypothermia 2 __________ , what response would the nurse most likely expect to find? l. 3_______ vital signs. 2. Elevated vital signs. 3. Unchanged vital signs. 4. 4__________ __ hot and cold flashes The body will attempt to 5 __________ ___ hypothermia therapy, and the vital signs will initially become elevated; later, they decrease. a. compensate for; b. treatments; c. Lowered; d. emergency room; e. Complaints of
a. over -the-counter; b. Weakness; c. thyroid dysfunction; d. muscle strength; e. deformities; f. management
Case study l 3
Case study 16
A patient asks, what myasthenia gravis is. What is the pathophysiological principie upon which the nurse l. l would base a response? 2. Burns. l. lt is an l __________ process affecting nerves 3. Frostbite. and muscles. 2. lt is an autoimmune process 2_________ the 4. 2____ ----------· During 3 ___________ _______ the patienťs skin must myoneural junction. be protected from 4 _________ , most commonly 3. lt is a genetic defect that destroys 3 ______. caused by skin contact with the hypothermic 5 _______. 4. lt is a slow viral infection that attacks
A serious complication associated with hypothermic therapy is which of the following?
4 -------- ------
5 __________ ______ is caused by an autoimmune process that impairs receptor function at the myoneural junction.
a. Sunburn; b. hypothermic therapy; c. blanket; d. Heat exhaustion; e frostbite Case study 14 Which of the following is a l________ _____ of aplastic anaemia? l. Vitamin B12 malabsorption. 2. Drugs. 3. Folie acid 2__________. 4. Genetic factors. Many drugs can cause 3 ___________ of the bone marrow and 4 ________ _______.
a. skeletal muscle; b. affecting; c. autoimmune; d. Myasthenia gravis; e. myelin
Case study l 7 What side effect is a patient having external l _________ for lung cancer most likely to experience7 1. Alopecia. 2. Bone marrow suppression.
3. 2 ----------. 4.
7
Dyspnoea. -
The majority of 3 ____ _______ of external radiation
nothing is not an appropriate measure because
are dependent on the specific site being radiated.
S __________ will be increased.
Because the patienťs 4 ______ ____ is the tung, radiation will result in irritation of the S ____ ______,
a. ulcerated and infected; b. discomfort; c. Peroxide
resulting in dyspnoea.
solution; d. annoy; e. mouth care
a. Jung mucosa; b. cancer site; c. Stomatitis;
Case study 21
d. Radiation; e. side effects
Lucas is admitted to the emergency room with an abdominal gunshot wound. Towels can be used to
Case study l 8
pack the l_______ _____ because
Nursing management of a patienťs irradiated skin
l. The injury is usually 2 _____ .
will notinclude which of the following?
2. The wound is already grossly contaminated. ◄ 3. Towels 3 ______ more than ABD pads.
l. Applying A and D l________ prn to relieve dry skin.
4. The pacient is probably bleeding minimally. A gunshot wound is 4 _______ ____________, and an
2. 2 _________ the skin with tepid water and a soft cloth.
abdominal wound would bleed S _________; any clean towels would be appropriate.
3. Avoiding 3 ______ ________ to the sun. 4. Redrawing the skin markings if they are accidentally removed. ◄
a. absorb; b. fatal; c. profusely; d. grossly
4 ____ ________ must not be removed in any way. lf
contaminated; e. gunshot wound
they are inadvertently S ______ ___, markings are redrawn only by the radiation technician.
Case study 22 A male patient enters the emergency room with
a. Skin markings; b. washed off; c. Cleansing;
a knife protruding from his chest. The best l_______
d. direct exposure; e. Ointment
______ is to do which of the following? l. lmmediately remove the knife.
Case study l 9
2.
The nurse notes chat a patient with lymphoblastic
2 _____ the knife in until an operative setup is arranged. ◄
leukaemia has l _________; bleeding from his gums,
3. Clean the exposed 3 ______ _____ with
lips and nose, and 2 _______ on various parts of his
povidone-iodine solution.
body. Which one of the 3 __________ ________ would
4. Cover area with a sterile towel soaked in saline.
the nurse expect to find?
Removing or disturbing the knife in a 4 _____ _____
l. Low serum calcium level.
can cause severe damage or massive S ___________ .
2. Fau Ity thrombin production.
The knife acts as a tamponade to the affected sizes.
3. Decreased platelet count. ◄ 4. Elevated partial thromboplastin time.
a. haemorrhage; b. Leave; c. knife blade; d. nursing
Platelets are involved in 4 ________ ___ __________ and
action; e. chest wound
are S _________ in number because of leukocytosis.
Case study 2 3
a. clotting and coagulation; b. laboratory findings;
Select the most correct statement about
c. decreased; d. petechiae; e. bruises
subcutaneous emphysema. l. lt is caused by air sucked into the chest wall
Case study 20
from a l___________ wound.
When giving l_____ ____ to a client with cancer and
2. lt is caused by interna! injury. ◄
with mouth ulcers, what would the nurse use?
3. lt can always 2 __ _____ easily.
l. A toothbrush.
4. lt is not 3 ___________ by coughing.
2. 2 ________ --------·
Interna! injury leads to an air leak within the tissues,
3. A mild mouthwash solution. ◄
thereby causing 4 ____________ _________.
4. Nothing; it will only 3 _____ the patient. The toothbrush and peroxide solution might further damage an 4 _________ ___ ________ mouth. Doing
8
a. superficial; b. subcutaneous emphysema; c. exacerbated; d. be noted
a. Drowsiness; b. burn patient; c. congestive heart failure; d. intravenous site; e. Diuresis
Case study 24
Vocabulary l
Why is dexamethasone the corticosteroid drug of choice for l ____ ______ patients? l. lt is an antiinflammatory drug. 2. lt decreases the amount of 2 ______ _____ secreted. 3. lt crosses the blood-brain barrier.4. lt causes fewer side effects than any other 3 _______________ Dexamethasone is the only corticosteroid that crosses 4_____-_____ _______. lt is the most commonly used steroid in patients with neurological damage because of its S ________________ action.
absorbed /ab'n:bd/ absorbovaný, vstřebaný acceptable /ak'sept.a.b! / přijatelný, vhodný accidentally /,<Ek.sr'den.tal.i/ náhodně, náhodou achieve /ďtfi:v/ dosáhnout, docílit, uspět affected /ďfek.tid/ napadený, postižený alopecia /,;elďpi:Jra/ alopecie, vypadávání vlasů,
holohlavost, pleš anaemia /ďni:.mi.a/ anemie, chudokrevnost annoy /ďmr/ obtěžovat, trápit, rozčilit anticholineste rase /,<Entl,kolď nEsta, rerz/
anticholinesteráza, inhibitor cholinesterázy, potlačujE působení enzymu antiinflammatory/ ,<En.ti.rn'fl;em.a,nr.i/ protizánětliv� aplastic /ďpl;es.tik/ aplastický, nevytvořený appendectomy /,<Ep.an'dEk.ta.mi/ operace slepého střeva appendicitis /a,pen.dr'sar.trs/ zánět slepého střeva arrange /ďremd3/ sjednat, zařídit, uspořádat arteriovenous /a:.tia.ri.au'vi:.nas/ arteriovenózní, tepennožilní, týkající se tepny a žíly attack /ďt;ek/ záchvat, útok autoimmune /'J:.tau.r'mju:n/ autoimunitní, mající imunitní reakci k složkám vlastního organismu, činnost imunitního systému je zaměřena proti vlastním orgánům a tkáním, které jsou poškozovány avoid /ďvJrd/ vyhnout se, vyhýbat se, uchránit se, vyvarovat se band /b;end/ páska, pásek, proužek bedside /'bed,sard/ místo vedle lůžka bind /bamd/ vázat blade /blerd/ čepel, lopatka blanket /'bl<El].krt/ přikrývka blood /blAd/ flow /flau/ krevní tok bone /baun/ marrow /'m;er.au/ kostní dřeň breathing /'bri:.011]/ dýchání, dýchací burn /b3:n/ popálenina, hořet cannula /'k<En.ju.la/ pi cannulae kanyla, dutá jehla, trubička catheterize /'k;e6rta,rarz/ katetrizovat, cévkovat chart /tfa:t/ graf, diagram, schéma, nákres cleansing /'klen.ZIIJ/ čistění, čistící clotting /'klaJ.IIJ/ srážení coagulation /kau';eg.ju.ler.Jan/ koagulace, srážení, srážlivost comfortable /'kAmp .fa.ta.b! / pohodlně se cítící competent /'kom.pr.tant/ schopný, zdatný
a. spínal fluid; b. antiinflammatory; c. blood-brain barrier; d. head trauma; e. corticosteroids Case study 25
The victim of a car accident becomes confused during the night and falls quietly asleep. The nurse l _____ ___ _____ _____ and finds the blood pressure is 155/60 mm Hg, pulse is 64, and respirations are 18. The physician suspects increased 2 ____________ _______ (ICP). Which of the following nursing actions would be first? 1. Institute seizure precautions.2. Start an IV infusion. 3. Order a 3 _______ _______. 4. Start oxygen by cannula at 6L. Ali the choices listed are important, but instituting 4_______ ___________ is the priority. a. suction machine; b. intracranial pressure; c. seizure precautions; d. takes the vital signs Case study 26
Which symptoms indicate overhydration in a l ____ _______ after the first 24 hours? 1 . 2 --------. 2. 3 ----------. 3. Dyspnoea, moist rales.4. Warmth and redness around the 4___________ These symptoms are indicative of fluid overload resulting in S __________ ____ _______.
9