Global Status report on road safety by Kimvong

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0

World Health Organization Department of Violence & Injury Prevention & Disability (VIP) 20 Avenue Appia Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: trafямБc@who.int www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY WHO

TIME FOR ACTION

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY TIME FOR ACTION

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Global status report on road safety: time for action. 1.Accidents, Traffic - statistics and numerical data. 2.Accidents, Traffic - trends. 3.Wounds and injuries - epidemiology. 4.Safety - statistics and numerical data. 5.Data collection. I.World Health Organization. Dept. of Violence and Injury Prevention. ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0

(NLM classification: WA 275)

Suggested citation: Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009 (www.who.int/violence_ injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009). © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: permissions@who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in Switzerland. Designed by L’IV Com Sàrl.

Made possible through funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies.

Contents Preface

Acknowledgements

Executive summary

vii

1. Background An international response to road trafямБc injury prevention

1 4

2. The need for a global assessment of road safety Methodology

7 8

3. The state of road safety around the world Road trafямБc injuries remain a global public health problem t -PX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT IBWF the highest burden and road trafямБc death rates t /FBSMZ IBMG PG UIPTF EZJOH PO UIF XPSME T SPBET BSF vulnerable road users

11 11 12 14

'FX DPVOUSJFT IBWF DPNQSFIFOTJWF SPBE TBGFUZ MBXT UIBU BSF XFMM FOGPSDFE t 4QFFE t %SJOLJOH BOE ESJWJOH t 6TF PG NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFUT t 4FBU CFMU VTF t 6TF PG DIJME SFTUSBJOUT t -FHJTMBUJPO TVNNBSZ

'FX DPVOUSJFT IBWF SFMJBCMF EBUB PO SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT t %BUB PO GBUBMJUJFT t %BUB PO OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT t %BUB PO FDPOPNJD DPTUT t %BUB PO NPOJUPSJOH BOE FWBMVBUJPO

4. Conclusions 4USFOHUIT BOE XFBLOFTTFT PG UIJT TVSWFZ ,FZ NFTTBHFT BOE SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT

References

Country proямБles

Statistical annex

227 iii

Preface The Global status report on road safety reafямБrms our understanding of road trafямБc injuries as a global health BOE EFWFMPQNFOU QSPCMFN .PSF UIBO NJMMJPO QFPQMF EJF PO UIF XPSME T SPBET FWFSZ ZFBS BOE BT NBOZ BT NJMMJPO PUIFST BSF JOKVSFE 0WFS PG UIF EFBUIT PDDVS JO MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT #FZPOE UIF FOPSNPVT TVGGFSJOH UIFZ DBVTF SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT DBO ESJWF B GBNJMZ JOUP QPWFSUZ BT DSBTI TVSWJWPST BOE UIFJS GBNJMJFT TUSVHHMF UP DPQF XJUI UIF MPOH UFSN DPOTFRVFODFT PG UIF FWFOU JODMVEJOH UIF DPTU PG NFEJDBM DBSF BOE SFIBCJMJUBUJPO BOE BMM UPP PGUFO GVOFSBM FYQFOTFT BOE UIF MPTT PG UIF GBNJMZ CSFBEXJOOFS 3PBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT BMTP QMBDF B IVHF TUSBJO PO OBUJPOBM IFBMUI TZTUFNT NBOZ PG XIJDI TVGGFS GSPN XPFGVMMZ JOBEFRVBUF MFWFMT PG SFTPVSDFT )JTUPSJDBMMZ NBOZ PG UIF NFBTVSFT JO QMBDF UP SFEVDF SPBE USBGmD EFBUIT BOE JOKVSJFT BSF BJNFE BU QSPUFDUJOH DBS PDDVQBOUT )PXFWFS BT UIJT SFQPSU TIPXT OFBSMZ IBMG PG UIPTF LJMMFE FBDI ZFBS BSPVOE UIF XPSME BSF QFEFTUSJBOT NPUPSDZDMJTUT DZDMJTUT BOE QBTTFOHFST JO QVCMJD USBOTQPSU UIJT mHVSF JT FWFO IJHIFS JO UIF QPPSFS DPVOUSJFT BOE DPNNVOJUJFT PG UIF XPSME The Global status report on road safety ESBXT PVS BUUFOUJPO UP UIF OFFET PG BMM SPBE VTFST o JODMVEJOH UIFTF NPTU WVMOFSBCMF HSPVQT 5IFZ UPP NVTU CF DPOTJEFSFE BOE HJWFO FRVBM QSJPSJUZ XIFO QPMJDZ EFDJTJPOT PO SPBE TBGFUZ land use and urban planning are made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o EJSFDUMZ PS JOEJSFDUMZ o JNQBDU PO UIF TBGFUZ PG UIPTF PO JUT SPBET 5IFTF QBSUOFST NVTU VTF UIF QPXFS PG UIF FWJEFODF JO IBOE UP FODPVSBHF UIPTF JNQMFNFOUJOH SPBE TBGFUZ JOJUJBUJWFT BOE BEPQUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH MFHJTMBUJPO UP BMJHO UIFJS FGGPSUT XJUI CFTU QSBDUJDF GSPN UIF mFME With the Global status report on road safety XF IBWF GPS UIF mSTU UJNF BO BTTFTTNFOU PO UIF TUBUVT PG SPBE TBGFUZ BSPVOE UIF HMPCF 5IJT VOJRVF BOE DPNQBSBCMF TFU of data conямБrms the relevance of this issue to the societal challenges of today. It JEFOUJmFT DMFBS HBQT BOE PQQPSUVOJUJFT BOE JOTQJSFT VT UP BDUJPO /PX JT UIF UJNF

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Executive summary conducted in 2008. The results provide a benchmark that countries can use to assess their road safety position relative to other countries, while internationally the data presented can collectively be considered as a global â&#x20AC;&#x153;baselineâ&#x20AC;? against which progress over time can be measured. The Global status report presents a number of key ďŹ ndings: t -PX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF countries have higher road trafďŹ c fatality rates (21.5 and 19.5 per 100 000 population, respectively) than high-income countries (10.3 per 100 000). Over 90% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fatalities on the roads occur in low-income and middle-income countries, which have only 48% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s registered vehicles.

Over 90% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fatalities on the roads occur in low-income and middle-income countries, which have only 48% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vehicles.

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ver 1.2 million people die each year on the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roads, and between 20 and 50 million suffer non-fatal injuries. In most regions of the world this epidemic of road trafďŹ c injuries is still increasing. In the past ďŹ ve years most countries have endorsed the recommendations of the World report on road trafďŹ c injury prevention which give guidance on how countries can implement a comprehensive approach to improving road safety and reducing the death toll on their roads. To date, however, there has been no global assessment of road safety that indicates the extent to which this approach is being implemented. This Global status report on road safety is the ďŹ rst broad assessment of the status of road safety in 178 countries, using data drawn from a standardized survey

vii

%FBUI SBUFT IBWF CFFO EFDMJOJOH over the last four to ďŹ ve decades in NBOZ IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT &WFO JO UIFTF DPVOUSJFT SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT SFNBJO BO JNQPSUBOU DBVTF PG EFBUI injury and disability. t "MNPTU IBMG PG UIPTF XIP EJF JO SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT BSF QFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT PS VTFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXP XIFFMFST o DPMMFDUJWFMZ LOPXO BT iWVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFSTw o BOE UIJT QSPQPSUJPO JT higher in the poorer economies of the XPSME 'PS FYBNQMF XIJMF JO UIF IJHI income countries of the Americas 3FHJPO PG SFQPSUFE SPBE EFBUIT BSF BNPOH WFIJDMF PDDVQBOUT UIJT TJUVBUJPO JT WFSZ EJGGFSFOU JO UIF MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT PG UIF 8FTUFSO 1BDJmD 3FHJPO XIFSF PG SFQPSUFE SPBE EFBUIT BSF among vulnerable road users. The report suggests that not enough is being done to meet the needs of UIFTF WVMOFSBCMF HSPVQT 'PS JOTUBODF TQFFE JT B LFZ SJTL GBDUPS GPS JOKVSZ BNPOH QFEFTUSJBOT BOE DZDMJTUT BOE ZFU POMZ PG DPVOUSJFT NFFU basic criteria for reducing speed in VSCBO BSFBT XIJMF MFTT UIBO of countries rate the enforcement of their speed limits as effective. TrafďŹ c DBMNJOH NFBTVSFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ XIFSF different groups of road users are not TFQBSBUFE JOGSBTUSVDUVSF BOE QPMJDZ NFBTVSFT UIBU BMMPX SPBE VTFST UP XBML BOE DZDMF TBGFMZ BOE NFBTVSFT UIBU JNQSPWF UIF RVBMJUZ PG BOE BDDFTT UP QVCMJD USBOTQPSU BSF BMTP MBDLJOH .BOZ PG UIF NFBTVSFT TIPXO UP CF effective at reducing road traffic injuries among vulnerable road users can also have other effects on health such as improved respiratory IFBMUI BT B SFTVMU PG SFEVDFE FYIBVTU FNJTTJPOT BOE UIF QPTJUJWF FGGFDUT BTTPDJBUFE XJUI JODSFBTFE QIZTJDBM activity.

viii

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

t 5IF BEPQUJPO BOE FOGPSDFNFOU PG USBGmD MBXT BQQFBST JOBEFRVBUF JO many countries. The development and effective enforcement of legislation is DSJUJDBM JO SFEVDJOH ESJOLoESJWJOH BOE FYDFTTJWF TQFFE BOE JO JODSFBTJOH UIF VTF PG IFMNFUT TFBU CFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT 5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU GFXFS UIBO IBMG UIF DPVOUSJFT IBWF MBXT UP BEESFTT BMM GJWF PG UIFTF SJTL GBDUPST XIJMF POMZ IBWF MBXT UIBU DBO CF DPOTJEFSFE comprehensive in scope. 1 0WFS PG DPVOUSJFT IBWF TPNF LJOE PG OBUJPOBM ESJOLoESJWJOH MBX ZFU POMZ PG DPVOUSJFT TUJQVMBUF B MFHBM blood alcohol concentration limit PG MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP HSBNT QFS EFDJMJUSF BT SFDPNNFOEFE JO the World report 4JNJMBSMZ POMZ PG DPVOUSJFT IBWF B NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU MBX UIBU DPWFST CPUI SJEFST BOE QBTTFOHFST BOE NBOEBUF UIBU helmets should meet a specific national or international standard. 0OMZ PG DPVOUSJFT SFRVJSF TFBU belts to be used by passengers in both GSPOU BOE SFBS TFBUT BOE XIJMF PG IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT IBWF B MBX SFRVJSJOH ZPVOH DIJMESFO JO DBST UP CF SFTUSBJOFE XJUI BQQSPQSJBUF DIJME SFTUSBJOUT POMZ PG MPX JODPNF DPVOUSJFT IBWF TJNJMBS SFRVJSFNFOUT &OGPSDFNFOU TDPSFT GPS BMM UIFTF SJTL GBDUPST JT HFOFSBMMZ MPX TVHHFTUJOH UIBU SPBE TBGFUZ MBX FOGPSDFNFOU OFFET UP CF JNQSPWFE 5IJT SFRVJSFT QPMJUJDBM XJMM BOE FOTVSJOH UIBU MBX enforcement agencies are given sufficient human and financial resources to mount sustainable and effective enforcement activities. t "EESFTTJOH SPBE TBGFUZ JO B comprehensive manner necessitates UIF JOWPMWFNFOU PG NVMUJQMF TFDUPST

1 The criteria used to deďŹ ne â&#x20AC;&#x153;comprehensiveâ&#x20AC;? in relation to laws on speed, drinkâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;driving, and use of helmets, seat-belts and child restraints are described in the main text.

TVDI BT IFBMUI USBOTQPSU BOE police. A coordinated response to the problem includes the development and implementation of a multisectoral strategy on SPBE USBGmD JOKVSZ QSFWFOUJPO XJUI sufficient finances for planned BDUJWJUJFT UP CF BDIJFWFE XJUIJO B specified timeframe. While many DPVOUSJFT IBWF UBLFO QPTJUJWF TUFQT UPXBSET JNQSPWJOH UIF JOTUJUVUJPOBM GSBNFXPSLT OFFEFE UP TVQQPSU SPBE TBGFUZ FGGPSUT NBOZ DIBMMFOHFT SFNBJO 0OMZ POF UIJSE PG DPVOUSJFT have a national road safety strategy UIBU JT FOEPSTFE CZ UIF HPWFSONFOU UIBU JODMVEFT TQFDJmD UBSHFUT BOE that has funding allocated for its implementation. t 'JOBMMZ UIF SFQPSU TIPXT UIBU IVHF HBQT SFNBJO JO UIF RVBMJUZ and coverage of the data that

countries collect and report on road trafďŹ c injuries. Reliable data PO GBUBMJUJFT BOE OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT are needed by countries to assess the scope of the road trafďŹ c injury QSPCMFN UP UBSHFU SFTQPOTFT UP JU BOE UP NPOJUPS BOE FWBMVBUF the effectiveness of intervention NFBTVSFT 6OEFSSFQPSUJOH PG SPBE traffic fatalities remains a big QSPCMFN JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT BOE UIF TJUVBUJPO JT FWFO XPSTF XJUI SFHBSE UP OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF MBDL PG IBSNPOJ[BUJPO PG UFSNJOPMPHZ CFUXFFO DPVOUSJFT BOE FWFO CFUXFFO TFDUPST XJUIJO UIFN MJNJUT DPNQBSBCJMJUZ PG EBUB 'PS JOTUBODF WBSZJOH UJNF QFSJPET CFUXFFO UIF crash and death are used to deďŹ ne a SPBE USBGmD EFBUI BOE UIF EFmOJUJPO PG B TFWFSF OPO GBUBM JOKVSZ BMTP WBSJFT +VTU PG DPVOUSJFT IBE information on the extent of their

8)0 QSFEJDUT UIBU road trafďŹ c injuries XJMM SJTF UP CFDPNF the ďŹ fth leading cause of death by

Leading causes of death, 2004 and 2030 compared TOTAL 2004 RANK

LEADING CAUSE

TOTAL 2030 %

RANK

LEADING CAUSE

Ischaemic heart disease

12.2

Ischaemic heart disease

12.2

Cerebrovascular disease

9.7

Cerebrovascular disease

9.7

Lower respiratory infections

7.0

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

7.0

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

5.1

Lower respiratory infections

5.1

Diarrhoeal diseases

3.6

Road trafďŹ c injuries

3.6

HIV/AIDS

3.5

Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

3.5

Tuberculosis

2.5

Diabetes mellitus

2.5

Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

2.3

Hypertensive heart disease

2.3

Road trafďŹ c injuries

2.2

Stomach cancer

2.2

Prematurity and low birth weight

2.0

HIV/AIDS

2.0

Neonatal infections and other

1.9

Nephritis and nephrosis

1.9

Diabetes mellitus

1.9

Self-inďŹ&#x201A;icted injuries

1.9

Malaria

1.7

Liver cancer

1.7

Hypertensive heart disease

1.7

Colon and rectum cancer

1.7

Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

1.5

Oesophagus cancer

1.5

Self-inďŹ&#x201A;icted injuries

1.4

Violence

1.4

Stomach cancer

1.4

Alzheimer and other dementias

1.4

Cirrhosis of the liver

1.3

Cirrhosis of the liver

1.3

Nephritis and nephrosis

1.3

Breast cancer

1.3

Colon and rectum cancers

1.1

Tuberculosis

1.1

Source: World health statistics 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.html)

SPBE USBGmD JOKVSZ QSPCMFN UIF DPTUT incurred by their health sector or UIFJS OBUJPOBM FDPOPNJFT BOE UIF data needed to monitor and evaluate interventions accurately. 5IFSF JT B HSPXJOH CPEZ PG TPVOE scientiямБc evidence on the steps necessary UP JNQSPWF SPBE TBGFUZ 5IF MBTU GFX years have seen an increase in political XJMM JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT XJUI B OVNCFS PG UIFTF NFBTVSFT JNQMFNFOUFE XJEFMZ XIJMF SPBE TBGFUZ IBT SFDFJWFE JODSFBTJOH international attention and support. )PXFWFS UIF SFTVMUT QSFTFOUFE JO UIJT Global status report TIPX UIBU NVDI NPSF needs to be done. Key recommendations GSPN UIJT SFQPSU BSF t (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP UBLF JOUP consideration the needs of all road VTFST XIFO NBLJOH QPMJDZ EFDJTJPOT that impact on road safety. To EBUF UIF OFFET PG WVMOFSBCMF SPBE users have been neglected in many countries and should be given SFOFXFE FNQIBTJT QBSUJDVMBSMZ XIFO decisions are made about road JOGSBTUSVDUVSF MBOE VTF QMBOOJOH and transport services.

t 5IF FOGPSDFNFOU PG DPNQSFIFOTJWF BOE DMFBS MFHJTMBUJPO XJUI BQQSPQSJBUF penalties and accompanied by QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT JT B critical factor in reducing road trafямБc JOKVSJFT BOE EFBUIT &OGPSDFNFOU PG BMM SPBE TBGFUZ MBXT OFFET UP CF CPUI improved and sustained. t (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP FOTVSF UIBU UIF institutions nominated as responsible for action on road safety are fostering multisectoral collaboration and have the necessary human and ямБnancial resources to act effectively. t (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP FODPVSBHF DPMMBCPSBUJPO CFUXFFO UIF EJGGFSFOU sectors involved in collecting and reporting data on road trafямБc injuries. 5IJT JOWPMWFT JNQSPWJOH EBUB MJOLBHFT CFUXFFO QPMJDF USBOTQPSU BOE IFBMUI TFSWJDFT BT XFMM BT JODSFBTJOH IVNBO DBQBDJUZ UP VOEFSUBLF EBUB collection.

This Global status report TIPXT UIBU OP DPVOUSZ DBO BGGPSE UP TJU CBDL BOE BTTVNF UIBU JUT SPBE TBGFUZ XPSL JT DPNQMFUF 4JHOJmDBOU QSPHSFTT JO OBUJPOBM SPBE TBGFUZ SFRVJSFT DMPTF DPMMBCPSBUJPO t (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP FOBDU CFUXFFO SFMFWBOU MFBEFST BOE BHFODJFT DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT UIBU SFRVJSF BMM XIPTF QPMJDJFT o EJSFDUMZ PS JOEJSFDUMZ road users to be protected through o JNQBDU PO UIF TBGFUZ PG UIPTF PO UIF enforcement of speed limits that are roads. The international community must appropriate to the type and function also play its part in halting and reversing PG UIF SPBE UISPVHI UIF TUJQVMBUJPO the current global trend of increasing of blood alcohol concentration limits SPBE USBGmD EFBUIT CZ SFDPHOJ[JOH SPBE UP SFEVDF ESJOLoESJWJOH BOE UISPVHI trafямБc injuries as an important health and the use of appropriate occupant development problem and by intensifying QSPUFDUJPO NFBTVSFT &YJTUJOH support for prevention. MFHJTMBUJPO TIPVME CF SFWJFXFE BOE BNFOEFE UP DPOGPSN XJUI HPPE practices that are based on sound evidence of effectiveness.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

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oad transportation provides beneямБts both to nations and to individuals by facilitating the movement of goods and people. It enables increased access UP KPCT FDPOPNJD NBSLFUT FEVDBUJPO SFDSFBUJPO BOE IFBMUI DBSF XIJDI JO UVSO have direct and indirect positive impacts PO UIF IFBMUI PG QPQVMBUJPOT )PXFWFS the increase in road transportation has also placed a considerable burden on QFPQMF T IFBMUI o JO UIF GPSN PG SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT SFTQJSBUPSZ JMMOFTTFT BOE UIF IFBMUI DPOTFRVFODFT UIBU FOTVF GSPN

a reduction in physical activity. There are BEEJUJPOBM OFHBUJWF FDPOPNJD TPDJBM BOE FOWJSPONFOUBM DPOTFRVFODFT UIBU BSJTF from the movement of people and goods PO UIF SPBET o TVDI BT BJS QPMMVUJPO HSFFOIPVTF HBT FNJTTJPOT DPOTVNQUJPO PG mOJUF SFTPVSDFT DPNNVOJUZ TFWFSBODF and noise. "DDPSEJOH UP 8)0 T (MPCBM #VSEFO PG %JTFBTF 1SPKFDU GPS SPBE trafямБc crashes caused over 1.27 million EFBUIT UIBU ZFBS o B TJNJMBS OVNCFS UP

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those caused by many communicable diseases . Road trafямБc injuries affect BMM BHF HSPVQT CVU UIFJS JNQBDU JT NPTU TUSJLJOH BNPOH UIF ZPVOH 5BCMF TIPXT that road trafямБc injuries are consistently one of the top three causes of death for QFPQMF BHFE CFUXFFO BOE ZFBST

JOKVSFE JO SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT JO IBE B TVCTFRVFOU EJTBCJMJUZ XIJMF in India an estimated 2 million people have a disability that results from a road trafямБc crash # $ 4JUVBUJPOT MJLF UIFTF IBWF JNQPSUBOU DPOTFRVFODFT PO UIF demand for services needed to address disability.

While road trafямБc death rates in many IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT IBWF TUBCJMJ[FE PS EFDMJOFE JO SFDFOU EFDBEFT EBUB TVHHFTU UIBU JO NPTU SFHJPOT PG UIF XPSME the global epidemic of trafямБc injuries is still increasing. It has been estimated UIBU VOMFTT JNNFEJBUF BDUJPO JT UBLFO SPBE EFBUIT XJMM SJTF UP UIF mGUI MFBEJOH DBVTF PG EFBUI CZ SFTVMUJOH JO an estimated 2.4 million fatalities per year .

The road trafямБc injury epidemic also has considerable impact on the economies PG NBOZ DPVOUSJFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT UIBU BSF GSFRVFOUMZ TUSVHHMJOH XJUI other development needs. The global losses due to road trafямБc injuries are FTUJNBUFE UP CF 64 CJMMJPO1 and DPTU HPWFSONFOUT CFUXFFO BOE PG UIFJS HSPTT OBUJPOBM QSPEVDU o NPSF than the total amount that these countries *O BEEJUJPO UP GBUBMJUJFT NBOZ MFTT TFWFSF receive in development assistance " % . JOKVSJFT BSF DBVTFE CZ SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT CFUXFFO BOE NJMMJPO OPO GBUBM Persons from poor economic settings are injuries are estimated to occur annually disproportionately affected by road trafямБc BSPVOE UIF XPSME ! " 5IFTF OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT FWFO JO IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT injuries are also an important cause of 'PS JOTUBODF B TUVEZ JO /FX 4PVUI 8BMFT disability " TUVEZ JO 5VSLFZ FTUJNBUFE "VTUSBMJB GPVOE UIBU DIJMESFO PG SFMBUJWFMZ UIBU PG BQQSPYJNBUFMZ QFPQMF 1 A billion here is used to refer to one thousand million.

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GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

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Table 1. Leading causes of death by age, world, 2004 RANK

0â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4 YRS

5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;14 YRS

Perinatal causes

Lower respiratory infections

15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;29 YRS

30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;44 YRS

45â&#x20AC;&#x201C;69 YRS

70+ YRS

TOTAL

Tuberculosis

Ischaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease

Tuberculosis

Road trafďŹ c injuries

HIV/AIDS

Ischaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Lower respiratory infections

Drownings

Violence

Ischaemic heart disease

Tuberculosis

Measles

Meningitis

Self-inďŹ&#x201A;icted injuries

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Congenital anomalies

Diarrhoeal diseases

Lower respiratory infections

Violence

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

Ischaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Lower respiratory infections Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

Road trafďŹ c injuries

HIV/AIDS

Lower respiratory infections

Road trafďŹ c injuries

HIV/AIDS

Diarrhoeal diseases

Malaria

Diabetes mellitus

Diarrhoeal diseases

HIV/AIDS

Drownings

Cirrhosis of the liver

Hypertensive heart disease

HIV/AIDS

Whooping cough

Tuberculosis

Fires

Lower respiratory infections Cerebrovascular disease

Road trafďŹ c injuries

Stomach cancer

Tuberculosis

Meningitis

Proteinâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;energy malnutrition

War and conďŹ&#x201A;ict

Cirrhosis of the liver

Lower respiratory infections

Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

Tetanus

Fires

Poisonings

Diabetes mellitus

Measles Leukaemia

Stomach cancer

Drownings

Congenital anomalies

Abortion

Liver cancer

Road trafďŹ c injuries

Trypanosomiasis

Oesophagus cancer

Fires

Falls

Cirrhosis of the liver

Stomach cancer

Tuberculosis

Epilepsy

Diarrhoeal diseases

War and conďŹ&#x201A;ict

Breast cancer Hypertensive heart disease Nephritis and nephrosis

Malaria Hypertensive heart disease Self-inďŹ&#x201A;icted injuries

Leukaemia Cerebrovascular disease

Maternal haemorrhage Fires Nephritis and nephrosis Drownings

Self-inďŹ&#x201A;icted injuries

Proteinâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;energy malnutrition Syphilis

Maternal haemorrhage Ischaemic heart disease Poisonings

Colon and rectum cancers Nephritis and nephrosis Alzheimer and other dementias Tuberculosis

InďŹ&#x201A;ammatory heart diseases

Cirrhosis of the liver

Endocrine disorders

Leishmaniasis

Falls

Oesophagus cancer

Breast cancer

Violence

Meningitis

Diarrhoeal diseases

Colon and rectum cancers

Prostate cancer

Upper respiratory infections Iron deďŹ ciency anaemia

Nephritis and nephrosis Colon and rectum cancers

War and conďŹ&#x201A;ict

Nephritis and nephrosis

Liver cancer

Poisonings

Falls

Liver cancer

Epilepsy

Poisonings

Malaria

Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

Mouth and oropharynx cancers

Road trafďŹ c injuries

Violence

Breast cancer

Perinatal causes

Road trafďŹ c injuries Diabetes mellitus

>V]b] Â&#x2022; > EWZYS`a]\ 0WUAb]QY>V]b] Q][

Source: WHO (2008), Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update.

Teenage drivers are at increased SJTL PG SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT

CENTRE While the ямБgures on road trafямБc deaths point to UIF FYUFOU PG UIF QSPCMFN BSPVOE UIF XPSME UIFZ GBJM to tell the full story and to reямВect the devastation and TVGGFSJOH UIBU FBDI PG UIFTF EFBUIT CSJOHT UP UIF GBNJMZ friends and community of those affected.

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Those physically disabled as a result of a motor vehicle collision often face stigma and discrimination XIJDI DBO MFBE UP TPDJBM FEVDBUJPOBM PDDVQBUJPOBM BOE mOBODJBM EFQSJWBUJPO *O BEEJUJPO NBOZ IBWF NFOUBM IFBMUI DPOTFRVFODFT TVDI BT QPTU USBVNBUJD TUSFTT EJTPSEFS QIPCJBT BOYJFUZ BOE EFQSFTTJPO

PHOTO LEFT

"T XFMM BT UIF QFSTPOBM DPTUT SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT place a huge demand on health services.

RIGHT

Road trafямБc injuries TIPX B TUFFQ socioeconomic HSBEJFOU XJUI those from more disadvantaged CBDLHSPVOET BU IJHIFS SJTL UIBO UIFJS NPSF afямВuent counterparts.

MPXFS TPDJPFDPOPNJD TUBUVT XFSF BU IJHIFTU SJTL PG B SPBE USBGmD JOKVSZ & . 4JNJMBSMZ SFTFBSDI GSPN #BOHBMPSF *OEJB GPVOE UIBU NPSUBMJUZ GSPN SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT XBT BOE QFS JO UIF QPPSFS TPDJPFDPOPNJD groups of urban and rural populations SFTQFDUJWFMZ DPNQBSFE UP BOE QFS BNPOH UIFJS NPSF afямВuent urban and rural counterparts ' "T XFMM BT CFJOH BU JODSFBTFE SJTL disadvantaged families are hardest hit by the ямБnancial pressure resulting from road trafямБc crashes. Poor families are less MJLFMZ UP IBWF UIF mOBODJBM SFTPVSDFT UP pay the direct and indirect costs related to a road trafямБc crash. Many families are driven deeper into poverty by the loss of B GBNJMZ CSFBEXJOOFS GVOFSBM DPTUT UIF expenses of prolonged medical care and SFIBCJMJUBUJPO PS UISPVHI FBSOJOHT MPTU XIJMF DBSJOH GPS TPNFPOF XIP JT JOKVSFE or disabled .

demand placed on health professionals. *O ,FOZB GPS FYBNQMF SPBE USBGmD JOKVSZ QBUJFOUT SFQSFTFOU CFUXFFO o PG BMM BENJTTJPOT UP TVSHJDBM XBSET . 4JNJMBSMZ TUVEJFT JO *OEJB TIPX UIBU SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT BDDPVOU GPS o PG FNFSHFODZ SPPN SFHJTUSBUJPOT o PG IPTQJUBM BENJTTJPOT BOE o PG QFPQMF IPTQJUBMJ[FE XJUI USBVNBUJD CSBJO injuries .

An international response to road trafямБc injury prevention

The need to reduce road trafямБc deaths BOE JOKVSJFT IBT CFFO BDLOPXMFEHFE CZ UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT TZTUFN BOE JUT .FNCFS 4UBUFT GPS OFBSMZ ZFBST 3PBE TBGFUZ XPSL IBT CFFO DBSSJFE PVU CZ WBSJPVT HMPCBM BOE SFHJPOBM PSHBOJ[BUJPOT JODMVEJOH UIF 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO 8)0 UIF 8PSME #BOL UIF 6OJUFE Road trafямБc injuries place a huge strain /BUJPOT 3FHJPOBM $PNNJTTJPOT BOE B on health care services in terms of number of the regional development mOBODJBM SFTPVSDFT CFE PDDVQBODZ BOE CBOLT

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

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*O UIF 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO BOE UIF 8PSME #BOL KPJOUMZ MBVODIFE the World report on road trafямБc injury prevention " . This document stressed the role of many sectors in the prevention of road trafямБc injuries. It also described the fundamental concepts of road trafямБc injury QSFWFOUJPO UIF NBHOJUVEF BOE JNQBDU PG SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT UIF NBKPS EFUFSNJOBOUT BOE SJTL GBDUPST BOE FGGFDUJWF JOUFSWFOUJPO strategies. The World report concluded XJUI TJY SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT UIBU DPVOUSJFT TIPVME GPMMPX UP JNQSPWF UIFJS SPBE TBGFUZ TJUVBUJPO OBNFMZ 1. Identify a lead agency in government to guide the national road trafямБc safety effort. "TTFTT UIF QSPCMFN QPMJDJFT BOE institutional settings relating to road trafямБc injury and the capacity for road trafямБc injury prevention in each country. 1SFQBSF B OBUJPOBM SPBE TBGFUZ strategy and plan of action.

4. Allocate financial and human resources to address the problem. *NQMFNFOU TQFDJmD BDUJPOT UP QSFWFOU SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT NJOJNJ[F JOKVSJFT BOE UIFJS DPOTFRVFODFT BOE FWBMVBUF the impact of these actions. These BDUJPOT JODMVEF NFBTVSFT UP SFEVDF FYDFTTJWF BOE JOBQQSPQSJBUF TQFFE UP SFEVDF ESJOLoESJWJOH BOE UP JODSFBTF UIF VTF PG NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFUT TFBU belts and child restraints. 4VQQPSU UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG national capacity and international cooperation. The World repor t promoted a comprehensive approach to road safety XIJDI JOWPMWFT JEFOUJGZJOH UIF JOUFSBDUJPOT CFUXFFO UIF SPBE VTFS UIF WFIJDMF BOE UIF SPBE FOWJSPONFOU o J F UIF QPUFOUJBM BSFBT GPS JOUFSWFOUJPO 5IJT BQQSPBDI PGUFO DBMMFE UIF TZTUFNT BQQSPBDI recognizes that the human body is highly vulnerable to injury and that humans NBLF NJTUBLFT " TBGF SPBE USBGmD TZTUFN is therefore one that accommodates and

compensates for human vulnerability and GBMMJCJMJUZ 'JHVSF 5P BEPQU B TZTUFNT approach necessitates the involvement and the close collaboration of a number PG TFDUPST o USBOTQPSU QPMJDF IFBMUI JOEVTUSZ DJWJM TPDJFUZ BOE TQFDJBM JOUFSFTU groups. Fundamental to implementing this approach is the collection of accurate data on the magnitude of road trafямБc DSBTIFT BOE PO SJTL GBDUPST 5IF DPVOUSJFT that have made the most progress in road safety are those that have adopted this comprehensive approach.

5IF GPMMPXJOH NPOUI UIF 8PSME )FBMUI "TTFNCMZ BEPQUFE SFTPMVUJPO 8)" PO i3PBE TBGFUZ BOE IFBMUIw XIJDI DBMMFE PO 8)0 .FNCFS 4UBUFT UP QSJPSJUJ[F SPBE TBGFUZ BT B QVCMJD IFBMUI JTTVF BOE UP UBLF TUFQT UP JNQMFNFOU NFBTVSFT UIBU BSF LOPXO UP CF FGGFDUJWF JO SFEVDJOH SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT 4VCTFRVFOU 6OJUFE /BUJPOT (FOFSBM "TTFNCMZ SFTPMVUJPOT UIBU XFSF BEPQUFE JO CPUI BOE SFJOGPSDFE UIF DBMM GPS .FNCFS 4UBUFT UP increase the attention paid to road trafямБc JOKVSZ QSFWFOUJPO JO HFOFSBM BOE UP UIF implementation of the recommendations *O "QSJM TPPO BGUFS UIF MBVODI PG of the World report in particular.1 This the World report UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT document reports on the progress (FOFSBM "TTFNCMZ BEPQUFE SFTPMVUJPO made in implementing some of the PO i*NQSPWJOH HMPCBM SPBE recommendations of the World report. TBGFUZw XIJDI SFDPHOJ[FE UIF World report and endorsed its recommendations. 1 For the full text of these resolutions, see http://www.who.int/roadsafety/about/resolutions/ en/index.html.

Figure 1. The systems approach to road safety

Source: Adapted from reference 13.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

The need for a global assessment of road safety

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s more countries begin or &YBNQMFT PG TVDI BTTFTTNFOUT JODMVEF t SFHVMBS DPNQBSJTPOT PG SPBE TBGFUZ DPOUJOVF UP UBLF TUFQT UPXBSET performance on a number of addressing their national road JOEJDBUPST JO &VSPQFBO DPVOUSJFT TBGFUZ QSPCMFN JU IBT CFDPNF BQQBSFOU DPOEVDUFE CZ UIF &VSPQFBO 3PBE that regular global assessments of road 4BGFUZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ TBGFUZ BSF OFFEFE 5IFTF BSF SFRVJSFE t SFHJPOBM SFQPSUT PO UIF JOTUJUVUJPOBM OPU POMZ UP NFBTVSF HMPCBM QSPHSFTT road safety capacity of member but also to enable countries to compare DPVOUSJFT TVDI BT UIPTF DPOEVDUFE UIFJS SPBE TBGFUZ TJUVBUJPO XJUI PUIFS CZ UIF "TTPDJBUJPO PG 4PVUIFBTU "TJBO DPVOUSJFT 4VDI B HMPCBM BTTFTTNFOU /BUJPOT BOE UIF "TJBO %FWFMPQNFOU SFRVJSFT B TUBOEBSEJ[FE NFUIPEPMPHZ #BOL UIBU DBO QSPWJEF HPWFSONFOUT EPOPST t UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM 3PBE 5SBGmD BOE QSBDUJUJPOFST QMBOOFST BOE SFTFBSDIFST "DDJEFOU %BUBCBTF XIJDI VTFT XJUI UIF JOGPSNBUJPO UIBU UIFZ OFFE UP a comparable methodology to NBLF FWJEFODF CBTFE EFDJTJPOT DPMMFDU EBUB PO PWFS SPBE USBGmD WBSJBCMFT BNPOH NFNCFS A number of regional mechanisms provide DPVOUSJFT comparable data to assist national policy formulation and drive regional policy.

8JUI BO BHFJOH QPQVMBUJPO IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT XJMM OFFE UP MPPL again at their road safety strategies to address their vulnerabilities.

5P EBUF IPXFWFS OP TVDI HMPCBM assessment of road safety exists. Previous FGGPSUT XIJMF JOGPSNBUJWF IBWF CFFO limited to the analysis of aggregated EBUB PO QBUUFSOT BOE USFOET PS IBWF painted a largely illustrative picture by SFMZJOH QSFEPNJOBOUMZ PO DBTF TUVEJFT or have focused on speciямБc aspects of SPBE TBGFUZ SBUIFS UIBO QSPWJEJOH B TFU "T XFMM BT BMMPXJOH OBUJPOBM EFWFMPQNFOUT PG DSJUFSJB BHBJOTU XIJDI DPVOUSJFT BSF JO UIF BSFB PG SPBE TBGFUZ UP CF WJFXFE measured regularly " # . In other PWFS UJNF BOE XJUIJO BO JOUFSOBUJPOBM areas of health and development such DPOUFYU UIFTF BTTFTTNFOUT BSF FTTFOUJBM BTTFTTNFOUT BSF SFMBUJWFMZ DPNNPO UIF in providing the data needed to advocate DPNNVOJUJFT XPSLJOH PO DMJNBUF DIBOHF for standardized deямБnitions and measures EFWFMPQNFOU BMDPIPM UPCBDDP DPOUSPM and tuberculosis all have tools and XJUIJO SFHJPOT JOEJDBUPST UIBU BMMPX UIFN UP BTTFTT UIF global status of their particular topic on a regular basis. t UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT &DPOPNJD $PNNJTTJPO GPS &VSPQF T SFWJFXT PG MFHJTMBUJPO PO QBSUJDVMBS SJTL GBDUPST such as speed and blood alcohol DPODFOUSBUJPO MJNJUT BOE t UIF JO EFQUI SPBE TBGFUZ BTTFTTNFOUT DPOEVDUFE CZ UIF 8PSME #BOL JO JUT focus countries.

Methodology *O "VHVTU 8)0 CFHBO UP EFWFMPQ the Global status report on road safety (4334 UP BEESFTT UIJT EBUB HBQ BOE UP BTTFTT SPBE TBGFUZ BSPVOE UIF XPSME

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The specific objectives of the project XFSF t to assess the status of road safety JO BMM 8)0 .FNCFS 4UBUFT VTJOH B core set of road safety indicators and B TUBOEBSEJ[FE NFUIPEPMPHZ t UP JOEJDBUF UIF HBQT JO SPBE TBGFUZ t UP IFMQ DPVOUSJFT JEFOUJGZ UIF LFZ priorities for intervention and to stimulate road safety activities at a national level.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

" TFMG BENJOJTUFSFE RVFTUJPOOBJSF XBT developed using the recommendations of the World report as a basis for its content. 5IF NFUIPEPMPHZ XBT EFWFMPQFE JO DPOTVMUBUJPO XJUI BO FYQFSU DPNNJUUFF PG road safety researchers and practitioners BOE XBT XJEFMZ SFWJFXFE CZ SFQSFTFOUBUJWFT of international and regional road TBGFUZ PSHBOJ[BUJPOT HPWFSONFOUBM BOE

OPOHPWFSONFOUBM PSHBOJ[BUJPOT BOE academic institutions.1 5IF GPMMPXJOH BSFBT XFSF BEESFTTFE JO UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF 2 t institutional settings and policies FYJTUFODF PG B MFBE BHFODZ PO SPBE TBGFUZ B OBUJPOBM TUSBUFHZ PO SPBE TBGFUZ BOE BMMPDBUJPO PG GVOEJOH GPS UIF BDUJWJUJFT PG CPUI t EBUB SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUJFT OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT EBUB PO DPTUT PG SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT t FYQPTVSF UP SJTL TVDI BT UIF existence of policies to encourage OPO NPUPSJ[FE NPEFT PG USBOTQPSU and public transport and strategies UP BDIJFWF UIFTF BOE MFWFMT PG NPUPSJ[BUJPO t vehicle and infrastructure standards UIF FYJTUFODF PG NBOVGBDUVSJOH TUBOEBSET SFRVJSFNFOUT GPS TBGFUZ audits of road infrastructure QSPKFDUT BOE WFIJDMF JOTQFDUJPO SFRVJSFNFOUT t legislation on some of the main CFIBWJPVSBM SJTL GBDUPST TQFFE ESJOLoESJWJOH VTF PG NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFUT VTF PG TFBU CFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT BOE QFSDFQUJPOT PG enforcement levels relating to each PG UIFTF SJTL GBDUPST t QSF IPTQJUBM DBSF FYJTUFODF PG B GPSNBM QVCMJDMZ BWBJMBCMF QSF IPTQJUBM DBSF TZTUFN BOE PG FNFSHFODZ BDDFTT UFMFQIPOF OVNCFST

Figure 2. Methodology

(MPCBM BOE SFHJPOBM MFWFM DPPSEJOBUJPO

/BUJPOBM %BUB $PPSEJOBUPS JO FBDI DPVOUSZ BSFB

(SPVQ PG o SFTQPOEFOUT DPNQSJTJOH B NVMUJTFDUPSBM HSPVQ Â&#x2030; EJGGFSFOU NJOJTUSJFT IFBMUI QPMJDF USBOTQPSU FUD OPOHPWFSONFOUBM PSHBOJ[BUJPOT BDBEFNJDT

/BUJPOBM DPOTFOTVT NFFUJOH

1 national dataset

Global Status Report

trained and then facilitated a consensus meeting involving a multisectoral group of up to eight road safety experts. The NFUIPEPMPHZ TUJQVMBUFE UIBU UIF IFBMUI transport and enforcement sectors should be represented among the respondents JO FBDI DPVOUSZ XIJMF BMTP FODPVSBHJOH the involvement of nongovernmental PSHBOJ[BUJPOT BDBEFNJDT BOE PUIFS SPBE TBGFUZ QSBDUJUJPOFST &BDI SFTQPOEFOU XBT BTLFE UP DPNQMFUF UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF4 The methodology used for data collection independently and then discuss each of JT TIPXO JO 'JHVSF *U JOWPMWFE UIF UIF BOTXFST BU UIF DPOTFOTVT NFFUJOH identiďŹ cation in each participating country XIFSF UIF FYQFSUT XPVME BHSFF BT B HSPVQ PG B /BUJPOBM %BUB $PPSEJOBUPS TFF PO POF mOBM DPVOUSZ SFTQPOTF XIJDI XBT 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY XIP XBT UIFO TVCNJUUFE UP 8)0 1 See Acknowledgements section, page v. 2 For the questionnaire and accompanying instruction booklet see www.who.int/violence_ injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009 3 This survey reports â&#x20AC;&#x153;perceptions of enforcementâ&#x20AC;?, as agreed by the group of respondents in the consensus meeting. Note that the eight countries that did not hold a consensus meeting did not answer these questions, while some groups of respondents could not come to a consensus on these scores and so left the enforcement questions blank.

4 In the Eastern Mediterranean Region questionnaires were administered during face-to-face interviews. 5 More details on the methodology can be found at www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/ road_safety_status/2009

%BUB DPMMFDUJPO CFHBO JO .BSDI BOE XBT DPNQMFUFE JO 4FQUFNCFS BGUFS XIJDI UIF EBUB XFSF WBMJEBUFE JO B EJBMPHVF CFUXFFO 8)0 TUBGG BOE UIF /BUJPOBM %BUB $PPSEJOBUPST UP SFTPMWF BOZ JODPOTJTUFODJFT 7BMJEBUFE EBUB XFSF then sent for government clearance. 'JOBM EBUB XFSF SFDFJWFE GSPN QBSUJDJQBUJOH DPVOUSJFT BOE BSFBT Ă&#x2019; 8)0 .FNCFS 4UBUFT BOE "TTPDJBUF .FNCFS 4UBUFT BOE OPO NFNCFS BSFBT 5BCMF 5IFTF DPVOUSJFT BOE BSFBT BDDPVOU GPS PWFS PG UIF XPSME T QPQVMBUJPO

Most of the data collected through this project are reported in this document. The main text contains an BOBMZTJT PG BHHSFHBUFE JOGPSNBUJPO XIJMF UIF DPVOUSZ QSPGJMFT EFTDSJCF the main variables reported by each participating country using a standard UFNQMBUF 5IF 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY JODMVEFT DPVOUSZ CZ DPVOUSZ SFTVMUT GPS NPTU WBSJBCMFT *ODPNQMFUF EBUB BOE MBDL of comparability on some variables affected the ability to analyse and report some of the information received from countries.

Table 2. Participation in the survey, by WHO region and income groupa NUMBER OF MEMBER STATES AND ASSOCIATE MEMBER STATES

WHO REGION

COUNTRIES/AREAS PARTICIPATING

NON-PARTICIPATING MEMBER/ASSOCIATE MEMBER STATES AND % OF REGIONAL POPULATION

AFRICAN REGION

41 (0 HIC, 11 MIC, 30 LIC)

REGION OF THE AMERICAS

36b

32 (31 Member and Associate Member States, 1 non-member area) (6 HIC,c 26 MIC)

Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, St. Kitts & Nevis (1.1%)

SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION

10 (0 HIC, 6 MIC, 4 LIC)

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1.4%)

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION

20 (19 Member States, 1 non-member area) (5 HIC, 12 MIC, 3 LICd)

EUROPEAN REGION

49 (25 HIC, 21 MIC, 3 LIC)

Andorra, Denmark, Luxembourg, Monaco (0.7%)

WESTERN PACIFIC REGION

28e

26 (6 HIC, 15 MIC, 5 LIC)

Niue, Tokelau (< 1%)

GLOBAL

195 Member and Associate Member States

178 (176 Member and Associate Member States, 2 non-member areas) (42 HIC, 91 MIC, 45 LIC)

HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries a See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classiďŹ cations. b Includes one Associate Member State, Puerto Rico. c Includes one non-member area, the British Virgin Islands. d Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. e Includes one Associate Member State, Tokelau.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Algeria, CĂ´te d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea (8.8%)

Djibouti, Somalia (1.7%)

19 (accounting for 1.7% of population of the 195 Member and Associate Member States)

The state of road safety around the XPSME

Road trafďŹ c injuries remain a global public health problem

XIJDI VTFT WJUBM SFHJTUSBUJPO EFBUI DFSUJmDBUF EBUB JSSFTQFDUJWF PG UIF UJNF QFSJPE CFUXFFO DPMMJTJPO BOE EFBUI estimates that 1.27 million people died Road trafďŹ c injuries remain an important as a result of a road trafďŹ c collision in QVCMJD IFBMUI QSPCMFN BU HMPCBM SFHJPOBM that year . The total number of deaths and national levels. While steps are being reported in this survey is approximately UBLFO JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT UP JNQSPWF SPBE VTJOH B EBZ EFmOJUJPO TBGFUZ NVDI TUJMM OFFET UP CF EPOF JG UIF indicating vast underreporting. When rising trend in road trafďŹ c deaths is to be UIFTF EBUB BSF NPEFMMFE TFF 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY UIF UPUBM EBZ OVNCFS GPS UIF halted or reversed. 178 countries included in the study is 0WFS UIF QBTU GFX ZFBST B SBOHF PG NJMMJPO "MNPTU BMM EBUB TPVSDFT methods has been used by different TIPX UIBU BCPVU UISFF RVBSUFST PG SPBE organizations to estimate the number of trafďŹ c deaths are among men and that HMPCBM SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUJFT 5IF 8)0 the highest impact is in the economically (MPCBM #VSEFO PG %JTFBTF QSPKFDU active age ranges.

Figure 3. Population, road trafďŹ c deathsa, and registered motorized vehicles, by income group Population

Road trafďŹ c deathsa HIC 8.5%

HIC 15.6% LIC 36.7%

LIC 41.9% MIC 47.8%

MIC 49.6%

Registered vehicles LIC 9.2%

MIC 38.7%

HIC 52.1%

30-day deďŹ nition, modelled data. HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries

Low-income and middle-income countries have the highest burden and road trafямБc death rates

0WFS PG UIF XPSME T GBUBMJUJFT PO the roads occur in MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT XIJDI IBWF less than half of the

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XPSME T WFIJDMFT

BOE EPFT OPU HJWF BO BTTFTTNFOU PG SJTL JU OPOFUIFMFTT HJWFT BO JOEJDBUJPO PG XIFSF intervention could help signiямБcantly to .PTU PG UIF XPSME T GBUBMJUJFT PO UIF reduce the total number of road trafямБc SPBET PDDVS JO MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF deaths at a global level. JODPNF DPVOUSJFT XIJDI IBWF POMZ From a public health perspective and for PG UIF XPSME T SFHJTUFSFE WFIJDMFT UIF QVSQPTF PG NBLJOH DPNQBSJTPOT UIF "QQSPYJNBUFMZ PG SFQPSUFE SPBE VTF PG SBUFT QFS QPQVMBUJPO JT USBGmD EFBUIT PDDVS JO DPVOUSJFT o XIJDI a more useful measure of the size of a JO PSEFS PG NBHOJUVEF BSF *OEJB $IJOB QSPCMFN UIBO BCTPMVUF OVNCFST BOE JT UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT UIF 3VTTJBO 'FEFSBUJPO also useful for assessing performance #SB[JM *SBO .FYJDP *OEPOFTJB 4PVUI over time and for giving an indication of "GSJDB BOE &HZQU o BOE BDDPVOU GPS SJTL "T XFMM BT BDDPVOUJOH GPS UIF IJHIFTU PG UIF XPSME T QPQVMBUJPO )PXFWFS BCTPMVUF CVSEFO PG SPBE USBGmD EFBUIT CBTFE PO NPEFMMFE OVNCFST UIF fatality rates relative to population are DPVOUSJFT XJUI UIF IJHIFTU OVNCFS PG BMTP IJHIFTU JO MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF EFBUIT BSF $IJOB *OEJB /JHFSJB UIF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT 5BCMF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT 1BLJTUBO *OEPOFTJB UIF 3VTTJBO 'FEFSBUJPO #SB[JM &HZQU BOE *U JT FWJEFOU UIBU BMUIPVHI UIF IJHIFTU SBUFT &UIJPQJB TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM BSF JO MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF "OOFY 8IJMF UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG EFBUIT DPVOUSJFT SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT SFNBJO WFSZ is clearly related to both the population SFMFWBOU UP IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT BT XFMM BOE NPUPSJ[BUJPO MFWFMT XJUIJO B DPVOUSZ " OVNCFS PG IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT IBWF

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Table 3. Modelled road trafﬁc injury fatality rates (per 100 000 population),a by WHO region and income group WHO REGION b

AFRICAN REGION

REGION OF THE AMERICAS

HIGH-INCOME

MIDDLE-INCOME

LOW-INCOME

TOTAL

—

32.2

32.3

32.2

13.4

17.3

—

15.8

SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION

—

16.7

16.5

16.6

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION

28.5

35.8

27.5

32.2

EUROPEAN REGION

7.9

19.3

12.2

13.4

WESTERN PACIFIC REGION

7.2

16.9

15.6

GLOBAL

10.3

19.5

21.5

18.8

30-day deﬁnition. No high-income countries. c No low-income countries. b

Figure 4. Trends in road trafﬁc fatality rates in selected high-income countries 30

Rate per 100 000 population

25 20 15 10 5

0 198 1 198 2 198 3 198 4 198 5 198 6 198 7 198 8 198 9 199 0 199 1 199 2 199 3 199 4 199 5 199 6 199 7 199 8 199 9 200 0 200 1 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7

198

197

Year Australia

Canada

road traffic injury fatality rates well above the average for this income group. For instance, high-income countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region have a modelled road traffic injury fatality rate of 28.5 per 100 000 population, which is well above the global average for countries in this broad income group, as shown in Table 3. Similarly, while a number of high-income countries have managed to reduce their road traffic fatality rates in recent decades, in other high-income countries the downward trends in road traffic fatalities that began

France

Japan

Sweden

United States of America

in the 1970s and 1980s have started to ﬂatten, suggesting that extra steps are needed to reduce these rates further (see Figure 4). The 10 countries with the lowest modelled road trafﬁc fatality rates are almost all high-income countries, where rates vary between 3.4 and 5.4 deaths per 100 000 population. While these countries, the Netherlands, Sweden and United Kingdom for instance, may be top performers globally with regard to road safety, they too still have considerable

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1FEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT and drivers of NPUPSJ[FE UXP XIFFMFST BOE UIFJS passengers account for almost half of global road trafďŹ c deaths.

SPPN GPS JNQSPWFNFOU 'PS FYBNQMF road trafďŹ c injuries are still an important DBVTF PG EFBUI JO 4XFEFO EFTQJUF B SFMBUJWFMZ MPX SBUF PG SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUJFT and the successful implementation of a comprehensive approach to the QSPCMFN *O 4XFEFO SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT BSF SFTQPOTJCMF GPS PG EFBUIT PG DIJMESFO BHFE CFUXFFO BOE $ . 4JNJMBSMZ UIF SPBE USBOTQPSU TZTUFN JO 4XFEFO JT SFTQPOTJCMF GPS NBOZ NPSF EFBUIT o OPUBCMZ PG DIJMESFO BOE ZPVOH BEVMUT o UIBO PUIFS GPSNT PG USBOTQPSU TVDI BT BWJBUJPO PS SBJM USBWFM 5IVT FWFO DPVOUSJFT XIJDI BQQFBS UP CF QFSGPSNJOH XFMM BU UIF HMPCBM MFWFM IBWF B MPOH XBZ UP HP UP BDIJFWF B USVMZ TBGF SPBE transport system.

Nearly half of those dying on the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roads are vulnerable road users *O NPTU MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF countries the majority of road users are WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST o QFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT BOE UIPTF VTJOH NPUPSJ[FE UXP PS UISFF XIFFMFST 5IFTF HSPVQT PG SPBE users do not have a protective â&#x20AC;&#x153;shellâ&#x20AC;? around them and are therefore more at

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

SJTL UIBO UIPTF JO WFIJDMFT 1VCMJD USBOTQPSU VTFST NBZ BMTP CF WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST QBSUJDVMBSMZ XIFSF QVCMJD USBOTQPSU WFIJDMFT BSF VOTBGF PWFSDSPXEFE PS VOSFHVMBUFE TFF #PY Vulnerable road users are at additional SJTL XIFSF UIFJS OFFET IBWF OPU CFFO UBLFO into consideration during the planning of land use or road construction. In many countries roads are planned and built to BMMPX NPUPS WFIJDMFT UP USBWFM GBTUFS XIJMF insufďŹ cient thought is given to the needs PG QFEFTUSJBOT BOE DZDMJTUT XIJDI NFBOT that these vulnerable road users face JODSFBTJOH SJTLT JO VTJOH BOE DSPTTJOH UIF roads % & . 5IJT HMPCBM TVSWFZ TIPXT UIBU QFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT BOE SJEFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXP XIFFMFST BOE UIFJS QBTTFOHFST BDDPVOU GPS BSPVOE PG HMPCBM SPBE USBGmD deaths. 1 7VMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST NBLF up the highest reported proportion of UPUBM EFBUIT JO UIF 4PVUI &BTU "TJB BOE 8FTUFSO 1BDJmD SFHJPOT 'JHVSF 8JUIJO regions the proportion of deaths among 1 If users of unsafe public transport are included as vulnerable road users then this ďŹ gure of 46% is likely to be an underestimate: in this survey data on public transport fatalities was not collected separately from data related to other four-wheeled vehicles.

Box 1: Unsafe public transportation 0WFSDSPXEFE BOE VOTBGF NPEFT PG QVCMJD USBOTQPSU DPOUSJCVUF UP SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT BOE EFBUIT QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT $IPJDF PG USBOTQPSU NPEFT JT GSFRVFOUMZ SFMBUFE UP TPDJPFDPOPNJD TUBUVT XJUI UIPTF XIP DBO BGGPSE JU BWPJEJOH UIFTF VOSFHVMBUFE BOE VOTBGF WFIJDMFT " TUVEZ JO ,FOZB GPVOE UIBU CVTFT BOE matatusa BSF UIF WFIJDMFT NPTU GSFRVFOUMZ JOWPMWFE JO GBUBM DSBTIFT BOE UIBU QBTTFOHFST JO UIFTF WFIJDMFT BDDPVOU GPS PG UIF UPUBM SPBE EFBUIT ' 5IJT NBZ CF FYQMBJOFE JO QBSU CZ EFSFHVMBUJPO JO UIF QVCMJD USBOTQPSU NBSLFU XJUIPVU DPODVSSFOU SFHVMBUJPOT PO TBGFUZ NFBTVSFT *O 4SJ -BOLB GPS FYBNQMF QVCMJD USBOTQPSU CVTFT BSF FJUIFS PXOFE CZ UIF HPWFSONFOU PS QSJWBUFMZ PXOFE XJUI TUVEJFT TIPXJOH BO JODSFBTFE SJTL BTTPDJBUFE XJUI USBWFM PO QSJWBUFMZ PXOFE CVTFT (PWFSONFOU CVTFT BSF NBJOUBJOFE CZ UIF .JOJTUSZ PG 5SBOTQPSU BOE SFHVMBUFE UP FOTVSF TBGFUZ XIJMF SFHVMBUJPOT BSF NVDI MFTT TUSJOHFOU GPS QSJWBUF PXOFST SVOOJOH QBSBMMFM QVCMJD CVT TFSWJDFT 'PS JOTUBODF UIFSF are almost no restrictions on driver eligibility or on the maintenance of privately operated public transportation vehicles .

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8IJMF MJCFSBMJ[BUJPO PG UIF QVCMJD USBOTQPSU NBSLFU DBO JODSFBTF UIF TVQQMZ PG WFIJDMFT QSPUFDUJPO PG QVCMJD TBGFUZ OFFET UP CF BO FTTFOUJBM GFBUVSF PG UIJT NBSLFU .BYJNJ[BUJPO PG QSPmUT NVTU OPU CF BMMPXFE UP MFBE UP B reduction in safety standards. Matatus are small-scale public transport service vehicles in Kenya.

Figure 5. Reported deaths by type of road user (%), by WHO region and income groupa AFRICAN REGION

REGION OF THE AMERICAS

SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION

LIC MIC MIC HIC LIC MIC LIC MIC HIC

EUROPEAN REGION

LIC MIC HIC

WESTERN PACIFIC REGION

LIC MIC HIC 0%

20% Vulnerable road users

40%

60%

Occupants of four-wheeled motorized vehicles

80%

100% Others

See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classiямБcations. HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries

PHOTO TOP Poor

infrastructure and MBDL PG QBWFNFOUT BOE MJHIUJOH BSF BNPOH UIF SFBTPOT XIZ pedestrians have to share the SPBET XJUI DBST CVTFT UBYJT BOE other modes of transportation.

PHOTO BOTTOM Police enforcement and automatic speed enforcement are highly effective measures used to enforce speed limits.

vulnerable road users varies considerably. Results of this survey suggest that as *O UIF 4PVUI &BTU "TJB 3FHJPO GPS motorization increases globally many JOTUBODF WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST BSF countries are not giving sufficient SFQPSUFE UP BDDPVOU GPS PWFS PG UIPTF attention to the needs of vulnerable LJMMFE PO UIF SPBET JO 5IBJMBOE XIJMF JO groups of road users in their transport OFJHICPVSJOH .ZBONBS UIF mHVSF JT policies. Many of the proven interventions *O $PMPNCJB (VBUFNBMB BOE 1FSV PWFS being implemented globally â&#x2C6;&#x2019; such as PG GBUBMJUJFT BSF BNPOH WVMOFSBCMF VTF PG TFBU CFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT SPBE VTFST XIJMF JO PUIFS DPVOUSJFT PG UIF WFIJDMF TUBOEBSET BOE DSBTI UFTUT o BSF SFHJPO o TVDI BT UIF %PNJOJDBO 3FQVCMJD relevant to car occupants. More research )POEVSBT PS UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT o UIF is needed on interventions that address QSPQPSUJPO JT DPOTJEFSBCMZ MPXFS BU MFTT WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST XIJMF MBOE VTF planning and road design should also UIBO UBLF UIF OFFET PG UIFTF SPBE VTFST JOUP consideration.

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3FEVDJOH TQFFE XJMM IBWF BO JNQBDU PO both vehicle occupants and vulnerable SPBE VTFST 4FUUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH appropriate speed limits is essential. 5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU POMZ PG countries rate their speed enforcement BT NPSF UIBO PO B TDBMF PG UP TFF QBHF

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

3FEVDJOH FYQPTVSF UP UIF SJTL PG JOKVSZ PS death on the road can also be achieved by reducing the total amount of motorized SPBE USBOTQPSU 5IJT JO UVSO SFRVJSFT considerable investment in infrastructure UIBU BMMPXT QFEFTUSJBOT BOE DZDMJTUT UP XBML BOE DZDMF TBGFMZ TFF #PY Reducing the volume of trafďŹ c on roads being used by vulnerable road users can BMTP SFEVDF FYQPTVSF UP UIF SJTL PG B DSBTI PDDVSSJOH QSPWJEFE UIBU MPX TQFFET DBO CF NBJOUBJOFE 1PMJDZ NBLFST OFFE UP BEESFTT UIF BCJMJUZ PG SPBE VTFST UP XBML BOE DZDMF TBGFMZ FOTVSF UIF BWBJMBCJMJUZ PG BGGPSEBCMF BOE TBGF QVCMJD USBOTQPSU BOE TFFL XBZT UP SFEVDF EFQFOEFODZ on the use of private cars. This survey GPVOE UIBU POMZ POF UIJSE PG UIF XPSME T DPVOUSJFT IBWF OBUJPOBM PS MPDBM QPMJDJFT UIBU QSPNPUF XBMLJOH and cycling as an alternative to motorized transport. 'PSUZ GPVS QFS DFOU PG DPVOUSJFT EP OPU IBWF QPMJDJFT FJUIFS OBUJPOBM PS MPDBM

Box 2: Land use and transport planning 1SJPSJUJ[JOH UIF OFFET PG WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST JODMVEFT SFDPHOJ[JOH UIF JNQPSUBODF PG UIF CVJMU FOWJSPONFOU XIFO NBLJOH QPMJUJDBM BOE QMBOOJOH EFDJTJPOT 4PNF PG UIF TPMVUJPOT MJF JO BQQSPQSJBUF NPEJmDBUJPOT UP UIF QIZTJDBM SPBE FOWJSPONFOU BOE TFUUJOH VQ B TVQQPSUJWF QPMJDZ GSBNFXPSL SBUIFS UIBO GPDVTJOH POMZ PO IVNBO CFIBWJPVS BT UIF QSJNBSZ DBVTF PG SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT 5IF FYBNQMFT QSFTFOUFE CFMPX TIPX FGGPSUT JO GPVS TFUUJOHT UP JODPSQPSBUF UIF needs of vulnerable road users in planning for land use and transport.

Swedenâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s model of road safety is GSFRVFOUMZ DJUFE BT HPPE QSBDUJDF The â&#x20AC;&#x153;Vision Zeroâ&#x20AC;? road safety QPMJDZ BEPQUFE JO UIF MBUF T JT based on an understanding that the environment needs to be modiďŹ ed UP UBLF BDDPVOU PG IVNBOT MBDL PG tolerance to mechanical forces and

UIF IVNBO UFOEFODZ UP NBLF FSSPST 4XFEFO T TVTUBJOBCMF SPBE TUSBUFHZ thus aims to modify the environment XIJMF QSPUFDUJOH SPBE VTFST GSPN VOBDDFQUBCMF MFWFMT PG SJTL "T XFMM as building bicycle and pedestrian MBOFT UVOOFMT BOE DBS GSFF QMBZ BSFBT PUIFS FOWJSPONFOUBM TPMVUJPOT are being implemented to separate and protect these road users. Where SPBE VTFST DBOOPU CF TFQBSBUFE UIF TUSBUFHZ BDLOPXMFEHFT UIF OFFE UP give pedestrian safety priority over DBS USBGmD o QBSUJDVMBSMZ CZ SFEVDJOH speed.

Delhi *OEJB IBT SFDFOUMZ DPNQMFUFE UIF mSTU QIBTF PG B DPSSJEPS XJUI TFHSFHBUFE QFEFTUSJBO CJDZDMF BOE bus lanes on a major arterial road of the city. The pedestrian lane has CFFO EFTJHOFE XJUI EVF DPODFSO GPS UIF OFFET PG UIF FMEFSMZ DIJMESFO BOE QIZTJDBMMZ DIBMMFOHFE QFSTPOT 4JODF TUSFFU WFOEPST BSF BO JOUFHSBM QBSU PG VSCBO TUSFFUT JO %FMIJ TQFDJBM consideration has been given to QSPWJEJOH TQBDF GPS UIFN XJUIPVU EJTUVSCJOH UIF nPX PG CJDZDMFT BOE

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Bogotaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s high-capacity bus system.

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Cable barriers are used in a number of high-income countries and have been shown to be cost effective at reducing head-on collisions on highways.

QFEFTUSJBOT *O UIF mSTU NPOUIT PG PQFSBUJPO UIFSF XFSF OP DBS motorcycle or bicycle fatalities in the corridor .

Lagos /JHFSJB JT UIF TJYUI MBSHFTU DJUZ JO UIF XPSME XJUI B QPQVMBUJPO PG NJMMJPO QFPQMF 'PS ZFBST UIF DJUZ IBT HSPXO SBQJEMZ BOE TUSVHHMFE XJUIPVU SFMJBCMF QVCMJD transportation. The public transport system largely consists of minibuses BOE UBYJ NPUPSDZDMFT NBOZ PG XIJDI BSF OPU SPBEXPSUIZ BOE DPOUSJCVUF substantially to pollution and road USBGmD DSBTIFT *O UIF TUBUF government created an agency DBMMFE UIF -BHPT .FUSPQPMJUBO 5SBOTQPSU "VUIPSJUZ -"."5" XJUI the mission to â&#x20AC;&#x153;transform the state transport system by facilitating BO FOBCMJOH FOWJSPONFOUw 0OF JOJUJBUJWF PG -"."5" BOE UIF TUBUF HPWFSONFOU XBT UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG B CVT SBQJE USBOTJU TZTUFN XIJDI XBT completed and launched in March 5IJT TZTUFN QSPWJEFT -BHPT DPNNVUFST XJUI B DMFBO BGGPSEBCMF reliable and safe means of getting around the city ! " . Designed spaces for street vendors in Delhi, India, are part of a new initiative that gives road space to different groups of vulnerable road users.

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Bogota UIF DBQJUBM PG $PMPNCJB implemented land use and transport measures intended to meet the OFFET PG UIF DJUZ T OPO NPUPSJ[FE road users and to improve public USBOTQPSU JO UIF QFSJPE o 5IF NFBTVSFT JODMVEFE CVJMEJOH TQFDJmD DZDMJOH BOE QFEFTUSJBO POMZ SPVUFT JODMVEJOH B DBS GSFF SPVUF excluding cars from the city centre BU QFBL UJNFT JO UIF NPSOJOH BOE BGUFSOPPO EFWFMPQJOH B IJHI capacity bus system at a cost of 64 NJMMJPO UIBU DBSSJFT BCPVU QFPQMF B EBZ 5IFTF measures contributed to reducing the number of road trafďŹ c fatalities GSPN JO UP JO They also improved access to jobs and created a more liveable urban environment " % .

0OMZ PG countries report their enforcement of speed limits as over 7 on a scale PG UP

that encourage public transport as an BMUFSOBUJWF UP DBS USBOTQPSU SFnFDUJOH B similar neglect in meeting the needs of OPO NPUPSJ[FE SPBE VTFST TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 5IFTF mHVSFT BSF perhaps surprising given that decreased dependency on the use of private cars can have other positive impacts such as JNQSPWFE SFTQJSBUPSZ IFBMUI BT B SFTVMU PG MFTT USBOTQPSU SFMBUFE BJS QPMMVUJPO BOE SFEVDFE MFWFMT PG PCFTJUZ BT B SFTVMU PG NPSF QIZTJDBM BDUJWJUZ BTTPDJBUFE XJUI XBMLJOH BOE DZDMJOH

Few countries have comprehensive road safety laws that are well enforced

Speed What is known? t An increase in average speed is EJSFDUMZ SFMBUFE CPUI UP UIF MJLFMJIPPE of a crash occurring and to the TFWFSJUZ PG UIF DSBTI DPOTFRVFODFT # $ . t " JODSFBTF JO BWFSBHF TQFFE MFBET UP BO BQQSPYJNBUFMZ JODSFBTF JO DSBTIFT UIBU DBVTF JOKVSJFT BOE B JODSFBTF JO GBUBM DSBTIFT % . t 1FEFTUSJBOT IBWF B DIBODF PG TVSWJWJOH B DBS DSBTI BU LN I PS CFMPX CVU MFTT UIBO B DIBODF PG TVSWJWJOH JNQBDUT PG LN I PS above % & . t 4BGF TQFFE UISFTIPMET WBSZ BDDPSEJOH UP EJGGFSFOU UZQFT PG SPBE EJGGFSFOU types of collision and different SPBE VTFST XJUI UIFJS JOIFSFOU WVMOFSBCJMJUJFT &GGFDUJWF TQFFE NBOBHFNFOU OFFET UP UBLF UIFTF BOE other variables into account % . t ;POFT PG LN I DBO SFEVDF DSBTI SJTL BOE JOKVSZ TFWFSJUZ BOE BSF SFDPNNFOEFE JO BSFBT XIFSF vulnerable road users are particularly BU SJTL % ' . t Apart from reducing road traffic JOKVSJFT BOE EFBUIT MPXFSJOH UIF average trafďŹ c speed can have other positive effects on health outcomes F H CZ SFEVDJOH SFTQJSBUPSZ QSPCMFNT BTTPDJBUFE XJUI DBS FNJTTJPOT %

&OBDUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH MFHJTMBUJPO PO B OVNCFS PG SJTL GBDUPST GPS SPBE traffic injuries and deaths is critical JO JOnVFODJOH FYQPTVSF UP SJTL DSBTI PDDVSSFODF JOKVSZ TFWFSJUZ BOE QPTU crash injury outcomes. Comprehensive BOE DMFBS MFHJTMBUJPO FOGPSDFE XJUI appropriate penalties and accompanied CZ QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT IBT CFFO TIPXO UP CF B DSJUJDBM GBDUPS JO reducing road trafďŹ c injuries and deaths BTTPDJBUFE XJUI TQFFE ESJOLoESJWJOH BOE UIF OPO VTF PG PDDVQBOU QSPUFDUJPO NFBTVSFT IFMNFUT TFBU CFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT 5IF SFTVMUT PG UIF HMPCBM survey suggest that the legislation on UIFTF SJTL GBDUPST JT OPU DPNQSFIFOTJWF What this survey found JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT BOE FOGPSDFNFOU JT Research on effective speed management PGUFO MBDLJOH 4JNJMBSMZ NBOZ DPVOUSJFT indicates that the speed limits on urban MBDL UIF JOTUJUVUJPOBM NFDIBOJTNT SPBET TIPVME OPU FYDFFE LN I BOE SFTPVSDFT UIBU XPVME BMMPX UIFN While there remains a fairly high fatality to implement planned activities in SJTL BU UIJT TQFFE PS FWFO MPXFS GPS B DPPSEJOBUFE GBTIJPO o JODMVEJOH QFEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT BOE PUIFS WVMOFSBCMF BEPQUJOH BOE FOGPSDJOH MBXT Ă&#x2019; XIJDI SPBE VTFST NBOZ DPVOUSJFT XJUI HPPE may result in a â&#x20AC;&#x153;piecemealâ&#x20AC;? approach road safety records have adopted this to road safety efforts that is seen in many SFDPNNFOEBUJPO XIJMF BMTP HJWJOH DPVOUSJFT TFF #PY QSPWJODJBM PS MPDBM EFDJTJPO NBLFST UIF authority to reduce these national speed MJNJUT *O UIJT XBZ USBGmD DBMNJOH NFBTVSFT

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Box 3: A coordinated approach to road safety The World report on road trafямБc injury prevention EFWFMPQFE CZ 8)0 BOE UIF 8PSME #BOL SFDPNNFOET UIBU DPVOUSJFT JEFOUJGZ BO BHFODZ XJUI UIF BVUIPSJUZ BOE SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ UP NBLF EFDJTJPOT BOE DPPSEJOBUF SPBE TBGFUZ BDUJWJUJFT BDSPTT NVMUJQMF TFDUPST BOE XJUI BEFRVBUF mOBODFT GPS SPBE TBGFUZ BDUJWJUJFT 5IF World report also recommends that each country should prepare a multisectoral national road safety TUSBUFHZ XJUI UBSHFUT GPS UIF BDIJFWFNFOU PG TQFDJmD PVUDPNFT BOE XJUI SFTPVSDFT allocated to ensure implementation of relevant activities. "MUIPVHI DPVOUSJFT SFQPSU IBWJOH B MFBE BHFODZ GPS SPBE TBGFUZ UIJT TVSWFZ XBT VOBCMF UP PCUBJO JOGPSNBUJPO PO UIF QSFDJTF SPMF PS FGGFDUJWFOFTT PG UIFTF BHFODJFT JO GVMmMMJOH UIF GVODUJPOT SFRVJSFE TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY *OEFFE JO UIF RVBMJUBUJWF DPNNFOUT PG UIF TVSWFZ SFTQPOEFOUT IJHIMJHIUFE UIF DPOTJEFSBCMF difямБculty that they had during the consensus meetings in identifying the lead agency for road safety in their country.

0OMZ PG countries have urban speed limits PG LN I PS CFMPX BOE BMMPX MPDBM authorities to reduce them further.

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5IF HMPCBM TVSWFZ BMTP GPVOE UIBU XIJMF O PG DPVOUSJFT SFQPSU IBWJOH B OBUJPOBM TUSBUFHZ PO SPBE TBGFUZ POMZ DPVOUSJFT PG UIF UPUBM IBWF HPWFSONFOU FOEPSTFNFOU PG UIJT TUSBUFHZ TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 'VSUIFSNPSF POMZ O PG DPVOUSJFT IBWF HPWFSONFOU FOEPSTFNFOU PG B TUSBUFHZ UIBU IBT CPUI QSFDJTF UBSHFUT BOE FBSNBSLFE GVOEJOH 5IFTF SFTVMUT TVHHFTU UIBU UIF IJHI QPTJUJWF SFTQPOTFT PCUBJOFE PO MFBE BHFODJFT BOE OBUJPOBM TUSBUFHJFT NBZ CFMJF XFBLFS JOTUJUVUJPOBM GSBNFXPSLT XJUI JOTVGmDJFOU mOBODJBM SFTPVSDFT UP TVQQPSU FJUIFS UIF FGGFDUJWF GVODUJPOJOH PG UIFTF BHFODJFT PS UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG UIFJS BDUJWJUJFT

The results suggest that urban speed management is poor in many countries. 8IJMF PG DPVOUSJFT IBWF TQFFE MJNJUT >90 km/h (2%) PO VSCBO SPBET PG MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP LN I UIFTF DPVOUSJFT BDDPVOU GPS IBMG PG UIF XPSME T QPQVMBUJPO +VTU PWFS IBMG PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH DPVOUSJFT BMMPX local authorities to reduce national speed <50 km/h (62%) MJNJUT TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 5IF HMPCBM TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU POMZ of participating countries meet both UIFTF DPOEJUJPOT o J F UIFZ IBWF TQFFE MJNJUT PG LN I PS CFMPX PO VSCBO SPBET BOE UIFZ BMMPX MPDBM BVUIPSJUJFT UP reduce the national speed limits. Figure TIPXT UIF QSPQPSUJPO PG DPVOUSJFT XJUI EJGGFSFOU TQFFE MJNJU SBOHFT TVHHFTUJOH that in most countries additional efforts UIBU IBWF CFFO TIPXO UP CF WFSZ FGGFDUJWF BU to reduce urban speed limits are still reducing road trafďŹ c injuries can be made needed. and implemented at the subnational level BT OFFEFE o GPS FYBNQMF JO SFTJEFOUJBM 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF SFTVMUT PG UIF HMPCBM BSFBT PS OFBS TDIPPMT *O UIF BOBMZTJT PG TVSWFZ TIPX UIBU POMZ PG DPVOUSJFT SBUF the results of this survey the criteria used the enforcement of their national speed for assessing urban speed management MJNJUT BU NPSF UIBO PO B TDBMF PG UP TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 5IJT XFSF UIFSFGPSF t speed limits on urban roads are set TVHHFTUT UIBU FWFO JO DPVOUSJFT XIFSF TQFFE MJNJUT NBZ CF NPSF SFTUSJDUJWF BU MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP LN I t MPDBM BVUIPSJUJFT BSF BCMF UP MPXFS FOGPSDFNFOU JT GSFRVFOUMZ MBDLJOH UIFTF TQFFE MJNJUT XIFSF OFDFTTBSZ

Figure 6. Proportion of countries by urban speed limit range in 174 countries

71â&#x20AC;&#x201C;90 km/h (6%)

51â&#x20AC;&#x201C;70 km/h (29%)

WHAT CAN BE DONE

4 Countries need to set speed limits that reďŹ&#x201A;ect the function of individual roads. In doing so, they should consider the types of vehicles using the road, the nature and purpose of the road, roadside activities, provision of facilities for vulnerable road users, and the frequency of use by pedestrians and cyclists. Increased priority should be given to vulnerable road users, notably in urban areas, where speed limits should not exceed 50 km/h. 4 Local authorities need to be given the authority, resources and political support to implement measures to reduce speed limits to levels that may be lower than national limits where vulnerable road users are particularly at risk. 4 Programmes put into place to address speeding need to foster a public awareness and understanding of the effects of speeding and the reasons for enforcing speed limits.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Drinking and driving What is known?

ESJOLoESJWJOH )PXFWFS POMZ DPVOUSJFT IBWF B ESJOLoESJWJOH MBX UIBU VTFT B #"$ MJNJU PG MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP H EM BT SFDPNNFOEFE JO UIF World report TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 8IJMF NPTU DPVOUSJFT JO UIF &VSPQFBO SFHJPO IBWF #"$ MBXT JO MJOF XJUI UIJT SFDPNNFOEBUJPO JO PUIFS SFHJPOT PG UIF XPSME NPTU DPVOUSJFT FJUIFS do not have BAC limits or have limits that BSF BCPWF H EM TFF 'JHVSF

t %SJOLJOH BOE ESJWJOH JODSFBTFT CPUI UIF SJTL PG B DSBTI BOE UIF MJLFMJIPPE UIBU EFBUI PS B TFSJPVT JOKVSZ XJMM result " . t 5IF SJTL PG JOWPMWFNFOU JO B DSBTI increases signiямБcantly above a blood BMDPIPM DPODFOUSBUJPO #"$ PG H EM ! ! . t -BXT XIJDI FTUBCMJTI MPXFS #"$T CFUXFFO [FSP BOE H EM GPS ZPVOH OPWJDF ESJWFST DBO MFBE UP :PVOH PS OPWJDF ESJWFST BSF BU B NVDI SFEVDUJPOT PG CFUXFFO BOE JODSFBTFE SJTL PG IBWJOH B SPBE USBGmD in the number of crashes involving DSBTI XIFO VOEFS UIF JOGMVFODF PG BMDPIPM $POTFRVFOUMZ UIF World report young people ! . t &OGPSDJOH TPCSJFUZ DIFDLQPJOUT BOE advised that BAC limits for this group SBOEPN CSFBUI UFTUJOH DBO MFBE UP CF TFU MPXFS UIBO MJNJUT GPS UIF HFOFSBM SFEVDUJPOT JO BMDPIPM SFMBUFE DSBTIFT QPQVMBUJPO 0OMZ PG UIF DPVOUSJFT PG BCPVU BOE IBT CFFO TIPXO XIJDI IBWF #"$ MJNJUT GPS UIF HFOFSBM QPQVMBUJPO IBWF TUJQVMBUFE MPXFS #"$ UP CF WFSZ DPTU FGGFDUJWF !! !" . MJNJUT GPS UIFTF ZPVOH BOE OPWJDF ESJWFST and most of these countries are in the What this survey found /JOFUZ TJY QFS DFOU O PG &VSPQFBO 3FHJPO participating countries report having FJUIFS OBUJPOBM PS TVCOBUJPOBM MBXT PO

Figure 7. Blood alcohol concentration limits (g/dl) by country/area

b 0.05 > 0.05 Laws at subnational level No limit stipulated No law No data

Alcometers are part of the Mexican HPWFSONFOU T QSPHSBNNF UP SFEVDF ESJOLoESJWJOH

CENTRE )FMNFUT BSF FGGFDUJWF BU SFEVDJOH UIF SJTL PG IFBE injuries but do not prevent a crash from occurring. 4FQBSBUJOH NPUPSDZDMJTUT GSPN PUIFS NPUPSJ[FE WFIJDMFT JT POF XBZ UP SFEVDF UIF MJLFMJIPPE PG DSBTIFT involving motorcyclists from occurring.

*O 7JFU /BN XIFSF DIJMESFO GSFRVFOUMZ SJEF NPUPSDZDMFT UP BOE GSPN TDIPPM B NBOEBUPSZ IFMNFU XFBSJOH MBX JT BDDPNQBOJFE CZ QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT campaigns and extensive helmet distribution.

RIGHT

-FTT UIBO IBMG PG DPVOUSJFT XPSMEXJEF IBWF ESJOLoESJWJOH MBXT CBTFE PO B CMPPE alcohol concentration MJNJU UIBU JT FRVBM UP PS MFTT UIBO H EM

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3BOEPN CSFBUI UFTUJOH BOE QPMJDF Use of motorcycle helmets DIFDLQPJOUT BSF JNQPSUBOU FOGPSDFNFOU What is known? NFDIBOJTNT UIBU IBWF CFFO TIPXO t Wearing a motorcycle helmet UP SFEVDF BMDPIPM SFMBUFE DSBTIFT DPSSFDUMZ DBO SFEVDF UIF SJTL PG EFBUI 4FWFOUZ OJOF QFS DFOU PG DPVOUSJFT CZ BMNPTU BOE UIF SJTL PG TFWFSF report that they use one or both of these JOKVSZ CZ PWFS !# . NFUIPET PG FOGPSDFNFOU )PXFWFS POMZ t 8IFO NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU MBXT BSF DPVOUSJFT SFQPSU BO FOGPSDFNFOU FOGPSDFE FGGFDUJWFMZ IFMNFU XFBSJOH SBUJOH PG PWFS PO B TDBMF PG UP SBUFT DBO JODSFBTF UP PWFS TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 5IJT !$ !% . SFQSFTFOUT PG IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT t The effectiveness of motorcycle PG NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT BOE helmets in reducing head injuries KVTU PG MPX JODPNF DPVOUSJFT 5BLFO JT JO QBSU B SFTVMU PG UIF RVBMJUZ PG UPHFUIFS UIFTF mOEJOHT TIPX UIBU POMZ UIF IFMNFUT 3FRVJSJOH IFMNFUT UP PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH DPVOUSJFT DPWFSJOH meet a recognized safety standard PG UIF XPSME T QPQVMBUJPO IBWF CPUI is important to ensure that helmets BEFRVBUF ESJOLoESJWJOH MBXT BT EFmOFE can effectively reduce the impact of CZ B #"$ MJNJU PG MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP a collision to the head in the event H EM BOE FOGPSDFNFOU SBUJOHT PG of a crash !& . over 7.

What this survey found WHAT CAN BE DONE

4 All countries should have a drinkâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;driving law and should strictly enforce it. 4 Drinkâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;driving laws should be based on blood alcohol concentration, or the equivalent breath alcohol content limits, which should be 0.05 g/dl or below. 4 All countries should set limits of 0.02 g/dl or below for young/novice drivers.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

0WFS O PG DPVOUSJFT participating in this global survey IBWF MBXT TFU BU FJUIFS UIF OBUJPOBM PS TVCOBUJPOBM MFWFM UIBU SFRVJSF IFMNFUT UP CF XPSO CZ VTFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXP XIFFMFST )PXFWFS MFHJTMBUJPO JT incomplete in many of these countries. 'PS JOTUBODF TPNF DPVOUSJFT NBLF FYDFQUJPOT GPS NPUPSDZDMJTUT VTJOH MPX

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QPXFSFE FOHJOFT XIJMF PUIFS DPVOUSJFT FYFNQU BMM QBTTFOHFST PS QFSTPOT XJUI religious headgear. This survey found UIBU PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH DPVOUSJFT IBWF IFMNFU MBXT UIBU BSF DPNQSFIFOTJWF JO TDPQF J F UIBU SFRVJSF CPUI ESJWFST BOE QBTTFOHFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXP XIFFMFST UP XFBS IFMNFUT PO BMM SPBET BOE SFHBSEMFTT of engine type1 TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM

"OOFY 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF SFTVMUT TIPX UIBU IFMNFU TUBOEBSET BSF MBDLJOH JO B IJHI QSPQPSUJPO O PG DPVOUSJFT UIVT DBMMJOH JOUP RVFTUJPO UIF BCJMJUZ PG B MBX PO IFMNFU XFBSJOH UP BDIJFWF JUT QVSQPTF 5BLFO UPHFUIFS UIFTF mOEJOHT NFBO UIBU POMZ O PG DPVOUSJFT IBWF DPNQSFIFOTJWF IFMNFU MBXT and SFRVJSF IFMNFUT UP NFFU B TQFDJGJD TUBOEBSE TFF 'JHVSF

0OMZ PG DPVOUSJFT have a comprehensive IFMNFU MBX BOE SFRVJSF helmets to meet a speciďŹ c standard.

1 Some of these have exceptions, such as exempting those for medical reasons or for religious reasons.

Figure 8. Motorcycle helmet laws and helmet standards by country/area

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â

Has a law and standard Has a law but no/unknown standards Laws at subnational level No law No data

&WFO XIFSF DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT BSF JO QMBDF FOGPSDFNFOU JT MPX JO NPTU DPVOUSJFT 0OMZ O PG DPVOUSJFT SBUF UIFJS FOGPSDFNFOU PG IFMNFU VTF MBXT BT IJHIFS UIBO PO B TDBMF PG UP TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 'JOBMMZ UIF JNQBDU PG IFMNFU MBXT UIBU are in place is also difямБcult to ascertain JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT 0OMZ PG DPVOUSJFT IBWF EBUB PO IFMNFU XFBSJOH SBUFT BOE both the reliability and the generalizability PG UIF SFTVMUT WBSZ DPOTJEFSBCMZ TFF QBHF

WHAT CAN BE DONE

4 All countries should have mandatory laws on helmet use on motorized two- and three-wheelers. 4 These laws should cover all riders who are legally allowed to ride on motorized twoor three-wheelers, all engine types and all road types. 4 Countries need to enact laws requiring helmets to meet a national or international standard. 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of helmet-wearing.

Seat-belt use What is known? t 8FBSJOH B TFBU CFMU SFEVDFT UIF SJTL PG B GBUBMJUZ BNPOH GSPOU TFBU QBTTFOHFST CZ o !'o" . t 4UVEJFT TVHHFTU UIBU TFBU CFMUT DBO SFEVDF GBUBMJUJFT BNPOH SFBS TFBU DBS PDDVQBOUT CZ o !' " t .BOEBUPSZ TFBU CFMU MBXT UIFJS FOGPSDFNFOU BOE BQQSPQSJBUF QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT IBWF CFFO TIPXO UP CF WFSZ FGGFDUJWF JO JODSFBTJOH SBUFT PG TFBU CFMU XFBSJOH " !' "! .

What this survey found 8IJMF TFBU CFMU MBXT BSF XJEFTQSFBE o XJUI O PG DPVOUSJFT QBSUJDJQBUJOH in the global survey reporting national or TVCOBUJPOBM MBXT o JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT UIF MBX EPFT OPU BQQMZ UP BMM DBS PDDVQBOUT J F UP GSPOU BOE SFBS TFBU PDDVQBOUT 0OMZ O PG DPVOUSJFT SFRVJSF BMM DBS PDDVQBOUT UP XFBS TFBU CFMUT BOE UIJT mHVSF JT NVDI IJHIFS JO IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT UIBO JO NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT PS MPX JODPNF DPVOUSJFT TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY

0OMZ PG MPX income countries and PG NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT SFRVJSF TFBU belts to be used in cars

SFBS TFBU QBTTFOHFST

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

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CZ CPUI GSPOU TFBU BOE

5XFMWF QFS DFOU O PG DPVOUSJFT IBWF OP TFBU CFMU MBX BU BMM TFF 'JHVSF &OGPSDFNFOU PG TFBU CFMU MBXT JT XFBL JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT 0OMZ O PG DPVOUSJFT SBUF FOGPSDFNFOU PG UIFJS TFBU CFMU MBXT BCPWF PO B TDBMF PG UP 0OMZ PG DPVOUSJFT O IBWF B TFBU CFMU MBX UIBU BQQMJFT UP BMM PDDVQBOUT and an enforcement rating of greater UIBO PO B TDBMF PG UP TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY The ability to ascertain the effectiveness PG UIFTF MBXT JT EJGmDVMU JG SFMFWBOU EBUB BSF OPU BWBJMBCMF JO UIJT TVSWFZ PWFS of countries reported having no data PO SBUFT PG TFBU CFMU VTF JO GSPOU TFBUT BOE SFQPSUFE OP EBUB PO SBUFT PG XFBSJOH SFBS TFBU CFMUT 4FBU CFMU MBXT DBOOPU CF FGGFDUJWF JG MBSHF OVNCFST PG DBST BSF OPU mUUFE XJUI TFBU CFMUT BT JT UIF DBTF JO NBOZ MPX income countries. Although the survey

EJE OPU DPMMFDU JOGPSNBUJPO PO TFBU CFMU SFRVJSFNFOUT GPS JNQPSUFE DBST EBUB GSPN UIF TVSWFZ TIPX UIBU PG UIF countries that manufacture or assemble DBST PWFS POF RVBSUFS EP OPU SFRVJSF TFBU CFMUT UP CF mUUFE JO CPUI GSPOU and rear seats. WHAT CAN BE DONE

4 Vehicle manufacturers and assemblers should be required to ďŹ t seat-belts in both front and rear seats of all vehicles, irrespective of the end market. 4 Seat-belt laws must be improved to cover all occupants. 4 Enforcement efforts must be strengthened in many countries and must be equally applied to the occupants of both front and rear-seats in cars. 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of seat-belt use. 4 Enforcement efforts must be backed by intensive mass-media education programmes that highlight the risk of injury when not wearing a seat-belt and increase the perceived likelihood of being detected and penalized.

Figure 9. Seat-belt laws by country/area

National law applies to all car occupants Law at subnational level No law or law does not apply to all car occupants No data

Use of child restraints What is known? t $IJMESFO XIP BSF VOSFTUSBJOFE JO B DBS BSF BU JODSFBTFE SJTL PG JOKVSZ and death in the event of a collision. "QQSPQSJBUF DIJME SFTUSBJOU TZTUFNT XIJDI JODMVEF DIJME TFBUT GPS JOGBOUT BOE CPPTUFS TFBUT GPS PMEFS DIJMESFO BSF EFTJHOFE XJUI UIF DIJME T developmental stage in mind. They XPSL UP TFDVSF UIF DIJME JO B XBZ UIBU reduces the chance of a severe injury occurring. t *G DPSSFDUMZ JOTUBMMFE BOE VTFE DIJME restraints reduce deaths among JOGBOUT CZ BQQSPYJNBUFMZ BOE EFBUIT PG TNBMM DIJMESFO CZ CFUXFFO BOE !' "" . t .BOEBUPSZ DIJME SFTUSBJOU MBXT BOE their enforcement lead to an increase in the use of child restraints " "" .

DIJME SFTUSBJOUT TFF 'JHVSF )PXFWFS this ямБgure hides considerable variation CZ SFHJPO BOE JODPNF TUBUVT TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY .PSF UIBO PG IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT IBWF OBUJPOBM MFHJTMBUJPO PO DIJME SFTUSBJOUT XIJMF UIF QSPQPSUJPO JO MPX JODPNF DPVOUSJFT JT POMZ

&WFO XIFSF MFHJTMBUJPO JT JO QMBDF the results of the survey suggest that FOGPSDFNFOU PG DIJME SFTUSBJOU MBXT JT WFSZ MPX JO NPTU DPVOUSJFT POMZ PG UIPTF DPVOUSJFT XJUI OBUJPOBM MFHJTMBUJPO on the use of child restraints report enforcement as being above 7 on a TDBMF PG UP 5IJT NFBOT UIBU POMZ of all participating countries have a child SFTUSBJOU MBX and rate its enforcement as PWFS PO B TDBMF PG UP BOE UIFTF BSF BMM IJHI JODPNF PS NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT "T XFMM BT XFBL MFHJTMBUJPO BOE QPPS FOGPSDFNFOU QSFWJPVT SFTFBSDI What this survey found The global survey found that just under indicates that the prohibitive cost of child IBMG PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH DPVOUSJFT O restraints in many countries is also an report any legislation at all on the use of important factor that affects usage.

+VTU VOEFS IBMG PG DPVOUSJFT IBWF B MBX SFRVJSJOH UIF VTF PG child restraints for young children in

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vehicles.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Figure 10. Child restraint legislation by country/area

National child restraint laws Laws at subnational level No law No data

WHAT CAN BE DONE

4 Child restraint laws need to be enacted and enforced. These laws should specify the type of restraint, the childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s age for which each restraint is appropriate, and the seating position. 4 Mechanisms should be established to improve access to affordable child restraints. 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of child restraint use. 4 Programmes to increase use of child restraints need to address social norms and encourage a culture of safety. The public needs to be aware of the safety beneďŹ ts of using child restraints.

Legislation: summary

DPVOUSJFT 8IFSF MBXT PO UIFTF SJTL 8IJMF QPTJUJWF TUFQT UPXBSET FOBDUJOH GBDUPST FYJTU UIFZ BSF PGUFO JOBEFRVBUFMZ BQQSPQSJBUF MFHJTMBUJPO IBWF CFFO UBLFO FOGPSDFE o QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO MPX JODPNF JO BMM SFHJPOT PG UIF XPSME NVDI SFNBJOT BOE NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT to be done. (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP FOBDU BOE FOGPSDF Although all countries reported national DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT UIBU SFRVJSF BMM or subnational legislation related to road users to be protected by means BU MFBTU POF PG UIF mWF LFZ SJTL GBDUPST of appropriate occupant restraints and TQFFE ESJOLoESJWJOH IFMNFUT TFBU to respect alcohol and speed limits that CFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT POMZ PG SFEVDF UIF SJTL PG B SPBE USBGmD DSBTI countries have national or subnational 5IFTF MBXT OFFE UP FOTVSF UIBU MFHBM MBXT SFMBUJOH UP BMM mWF SJTL GBDUPST *O loopholes are avoided that could exempt BEEJUJPO MFHJTMBUJPO PO SJTL GBDUPST JT QBSUJDVMBS SPBE VTFST &OGPSDFNFOU FGGPSUT still incomplete in its coverage in many NVTU CF IJHIMZ WJTJCMF XFMM QVCMJDJ[FE

TVTUBJOFE BOE JNQMFNFOUFE CZ UIF VTF 0OMZ PG BMM DPVOUSJFT SFTQPOEJOH UP of appropriate measures and penalties UIF TVSWFZ IBE t EBUB PO GBUBM BOE OPO GBUBM SPBE GPS JOGSJOHFNFOU /POHPWFSONFOUBM USBGmD JOKVSJFT QMVT organizations and other civil society t FTUJNBUFT PG UIF DPTU UP UIF FDPOPNZ groups can play an important role in plus generating public and political support for t data on monitoring and evaluation FWJEFODF CBTFE SPBE TBGFUZ NFBTVSFT indicators such as rates of helmet BOE TFBU CFMU VTF &OGPSDFNFOU JT NPTU FGGFDUJWF XIFO TVQQPSUFE CZ JOUFOTJWF QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT campaigns that both highlight the safety Data on fatalities CFOFmUT PG DPNQMZJOH XJUI UIF MFHJTMBUJPO $PNQBSJOH EBUB BDSPTT OBUJPOT SFRVJSFT and also increase the perception of a standardized deďŹ nition of a road trafďŹ c CFJOH EFUFDUFE BOE QFOBMJ[FE XIFO GBUBMJUZ )PXFWFS DPVOUSJFT SFQPSU B XJEF OPU DPNQMZJOH XJUI UIF MBX "T XFMM BT range of deďŹ nitions for a road trafďŹ c JODSFBTJOH BXBSFOFTT PG UIF MBXT o BOE death. These deďŹ nitions use different time of the penalties for not respecting them QFSJPET CFUXFFO B SPBE DSBTI BOE EFBUI o QVCMJD BXBSFOFTT DBNQBJHOT OFFE UP and include or exclude different types of XPSL UPXBSET CVJMEJOH B DVMUVSF PG TBGFUZ road users. The same deďŹ nitions are also TP UIBU UIF HFOFSBM QVCMJD BSF BXBSF PG OPU BMXBZT VTFE DPOTJTUFOUMZ JO UIF TBNF UIF TBGFUZ SFBTPOT CFIJOE UIFTF MBXT country " .

Few countries have reliable data on road trafďŹ c injuries %BUB PO UIF NBHOJUVEF PG UIF QSPCMFN BOE UIF SJTL GBDUPST JOWPMWFE BSF FTTFOUJBM to developing a systems approach to road safety. A comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of road trafďŹ c injuries should consider not only mortality but also OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT BOE SFTVMUJOH EJTBCJMJUZ BT XFMM BT UIF FDPOPNJD DPTU PG SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT BOE UIF DPTU FGGFDUJWFOFTT of interventions. " OVNCFS PG PUIFS JOEJDBUPST DBO JG NPOJUPSFE BDDVSBUFMZ BOE SFHVMBSMZ provide essential information to governments in targeting their interventions and in evaluating the effectiveness of their current national road safety programmes. These include the proportion of road trafďŹ c deaths that BSF BUUSJCVUFE UP BMDPIPM BT XFMM BT IFMNFU BOE TFBU CFMU VTF SBUFT

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

The current recommended deďŹ nition of a road trafďŹ c fatality for harmonization of surveillance purposes is â&#x20AC;&#x153;any person killed immediately or dying within 30 days as a result of a road trafďŹ c injury accidentâ&#x20AC;? "# 5IF DIPJDF PG EBZT XBT CBTFE PO SFTFBSDI XIJDI TIPXFE UIBU NPTU QFSTPOT XIP EJF BT B SFTVMU PG B DSBTI TVDDVNC UP UIFJS JOKVSJFT XJUIJO EBZT PG TVTUBJOJOH UIFN BOE UIBU XIJMF FYUFOTJPO PG UIJT EBZ QFSJPE SFTVMUFE JO B NBSHJOBM JODSFBTF JO OVNCFST JU SFRVJSFE B EJTQSPQPSUJPOBUFMZ MBSHF increase in surveillance efforts % . "MUIPVHI UIFSF BSF NPWFT XJUIJO TPNF SFHJPOT UP NBLF UIJT EBZ EFmOJUJPO UIF TUBOEBSE UIF SFTVMUT PG UIJT TVSWFZ indicate that this goal remains largely unattained. The time periods used in EFmOJUJPOT PG SPBE USBGmD SFMBUFE EFBUIT range from â&#x20AC;&#x153;died at the scene of the DSBTIw UISPVHI B EBZ QFSJPE BOE B EBZ QFSJPE UP BOZ EFBUI UIBU SFTVMUT from a road trafďŹ c crash regardless of the time that has elapsed. At the global level

6OEFSSFQPSUJOH IBT CFFO BDLOPXMFEHFE for many years as another important SFBTPO XIZ JU JT EJGmDVMU UP DPNQBSF SPBE USBGmD DSBTI EBUB CFUXFFO DPVOUSJFT 4PNF DPVOUSJFT IBWF UBLFO TUFQT UP BEESFTT UIJT JTTVF BOE UP BEKVTU UIFJS PXO EBUB PS MJOL UIFJS EJGGFSFOU EBUBCBTFT CVU NBOZ IBWF OPU 'BDUPST UIBU DBO BGGFDU UIF RVBMJUZ PG EBUB SFQPSUFE JODMVEF QPMJUJDBM JOnVFODFT competing priorities and availability of resources.

POMZ DPVOUSJFT VTF B EBZ EFmOJUJPO GPS B SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUZ TFF 'JHVSF &WFO XJUIJO UIF &VSPQFBO 3FHJPO XIJDI IBT NBEF DPOTJEFSBCMF FGGPSUT UP CSJOH DPVOUSJFT JO MJOF XJUI UIF EBZ EFmOJUJPO PG B SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUZ UIFSF JT XJEF WBSJBUJPO "MUIPVHI definitional issues can be overcome CZ BQQMZJOH DPSSFDUJPO GBDUPST GPS harmonization and comparison purposes JU XPVME CF FBTJFS JG BMM DPVOUSJFT VTFE UIF same deямБnition.

Figure 11. Time period used to deямБne a road trafямБc fatality by country/ area and income group Other Within 1 year Within 30 days Within 7 days Within 24 hours On the scene 10

Number of countries HIC

MIC

LIC

HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries

90 4JNQMF DBTVBMUZ SFHJTUFST DBO be used to obtain a minimum EBUBTFU XIJDI QSPWJEFT JOGPSNBUJPO PO OPO GBUBM injuries.

>V]b] ┬Х ; >SRS\ E6=

The extent of underreporting is also JOnVFODFE CZ t UIF TFDUPS UIBU SFDPSET UIF JOGPSNBUJPO t UIF QSPQPSUJPO PG DSBTIFT JOWPMWJOH WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST JO NBOZ countries these types of crashes are NPSF MJLFMZ UP CF VOEFSSFQPSUFE t QPPS PS BCTFOU MJOLT CFUXFFO QPMJDF USBOTQPSU BOE IFBMUI TFSWJDF EBUB XIJDI NFBOT UIBU mHVSFT GPS QFPQMF XIP EJF BGUFS BENJTTJPO UP IPTQJUBM NBZ OPU CF SFnFDUFE t FYFNQUJPOT GSPN SFQPSUJOH DFSUBJO DSBTIFT TVDI BT UIPTF JOWPMWJOH OPO NPUPSJ[FE PS NJMJUBSZ WFIJDMFT and t XIFUIFS TBNQMJOH TUSBUFHJFT BSF employed and extrapolated.

in data collected by the police and transport sectors compared to health TFDUPS EBUB XIJDI TVHHFTUT UIF OFFE GPS MJOLT UP JNQSPWF EBUB RVBMJUZ "$ . 5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU POMZ PG countries used health data as a source PG UIFJS GBUBMJUZ JOGPSNBUJPO FJUIFS BMPOF PS JO DPNCJOBUJPO XJUI EBUB GSPN BOPUIFS TPVSDF 'JHVSF )BMG PG UIF DPVOUSJFT reported data on road trafямБc fatalities on the basis of police records only.

All the above complexities limit USBOTOBUJPOBM DPNQBSJTPOT $POTFRVFOUMZ a number of mechanisms have been developed to try to address some of the JTTVFT PG VOEFSSFQPSUJOH BOE UP NBLF data more comparable. In this global TVSWFZ XF VTFE B UIF 4NFFE $PFGmDJFOU "% UP BEKVTU BMM DPVOUSJFT SPBE USBGmD 'JOBMMZ BO JNQPSUBOU GBDUPS JO UIF RVBMJUZ GBUBMJUZ EBUB UP B EBZ EFmOJUJPO BOE PG B DPVOUSZ T IFBMUI EBUB JO HFOFSBM JT C EFWFMPQFE B TQFDJBM NPEFM VTJOH UIF FRVBMJUZ PG BDDFTT PG JUT QFPQMF UP OFHBUJWF CJOPNJBM SFHSFTTJPO TFF 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY GPS NPSF JOGPSNBUJPO health care facilities. 5BCMF TIPXT UIF SFQPSUFE EBUB BOE 0OF XBZ PG JNQSPWJOH UIJT QSPCMFN SBUF QFS QPQVMBUJPO WFSTVT UIBU JT UP MJOL EBUB TPVSDFT 4UVEJFT IBWF PCUBJOFE CZ UIF NPEFM JOEJDBUJOH B TIPXO IJHIFS MFWFMT PG VOEFSSFQPSUJOH difference globally.

Figure 12. Proportion of countries using different data sources for road trafямБc fatalities No data (2%)

Health (7%)

Other (15%) Police (50%) Statistics (9%)

Linked to health/ other sector (7%)

Transport (11%)

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Table 4. Road trafďŹ c deaths by WHO region using reported and modelled data REPORTED DATAa WHO REGION

AFRICAN REGION

MODELLED DATAa

RATE PER 100 000 POPULATION

52 302

7.2

234 768

32.2

REGION OF THE AMERICAS

139 466

15.5

142 252

15.8

SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION

143 977

8.4

285 020

16.6

76 912

14.1

175 668

32.2

EUROPEAN REGION

113 346

12.8

117 997

13.4

WESTERN PACIFIC REGION

135 316

7.6

278 321

15.6

661 319

10.1

1 234 026

18.8

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION

GLOBAL a

Adjusted for 30-day deďŹ nition.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

4 Encourage the use of the 30-day deďŹ nition of road trafďŹ c fatality for harmonization across data sources. 4 Improve data linkages between police, transport and health sectors. 4 Increase human capacity to undertake data collection, analysis and interpretation. 4 Improve the use of ICD1 coding in vital registration to adequately reďŹ&#x201A;ect road trafďŹ c deaths. 1

The International ClassiďŹ cation of Diseases (ICD) is used to classify diseases and other health problems recorded on many types of records, including death certiďŹ cates and health records. The most recent (10th) revision of the ICD codes came into use in 1994 but some countries still use previous versions.

Data on non-fatal injuries *O BEEJUJPO UP NPSUBMJUZ EBUB JOGPSNBUJPO PO OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT JT JNQPSUBOU CFDBVTF it provides a complete picture of the JNQBDU PG SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT GPS QPMJDZ NBLJOH *U DBO GPS FYBNQMF HVJEF IPTQJUBM TUBGGJOH EPDUPS BOE OVSTF USBJOJOH BOE BMMPDBUJPO PG GVOET GPS hospital admissions and rehabilitation. )PXFWFS JU JT OPU BMXBZT FTTFOUJBM UP TFU up a sophisticated injury information TZTUFN XIFO SFTPVSDFT BSF TDBSDF TPNF type of â&#x20AC;&#x153;casualty registerâ&#x20AC;? or repeated TVSWFZT DBO CF FRVBMMZ VTFGVM

employ hospital staff to code injuries XIFO UIF QBUJFOU JT EJTDIBSHFE GSPN DBSF o VTJOH B TUBOEBSEJ[FE TDPSJOH NFUIPE TVDI BT UIF "CCSFWJBUFE *OKVSZ 4DBMF *OKVSZ 4FWFSJUZ 4DPSF PS UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM $MBTTJmDBUJPO PG %JTFBTFT DPEFT o BOE UIFO MJOL UIFTF EBUB UP QPMJDF USBOTQPSU databases "&o# .

)PXFWFS JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT UIF MFWFM of severity of an injury is recorded by the police at the site of the crash. This results in less reliable categorization of JOKVSJFT 5IF MBDL PG IBSNPOJ[BUJPO JO UFSNJOPMPHZ VTFE BMTP NBLFT DPVOUSZ 1SPCMFNT SFMBUJOH UP UIF RVBMJUZ BOE DPNQBSJTPOT EJGmDVMU *O TPNF DPVOUSJFT SFMJBCJMJUZ PG EBUB PO OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT iTFSJPVTw JT EFmOFE BT iSFRVJSJOH IPTQJUBM are probably even more complex BUUFOUJPOw XIJMF JO PUIFST JU JT iJOQBUJFOU than those relating to data on deaths. DBSF GPS BU MFBTU IPVSTw XIJMF ZFU Reliable assessment of the severity of others have longer admission times. JOKVSZ SFRVJSFT TPNF DMJOJDBM FYQFSJFODF 5IFSF JT VTVBMMZ MJUUMF MJBJTPO CFUXFFO PS NFEJDBM FYQFSUJTF " GFX DPVOUSJFT UIF QPMJDF BOE IFBMUI GBDJMJUJFT UP USBDL

Training police in Addis Ababa on data DPMMFDUJPO JT POF NFBTVSF VTFE CZ UIF &UIJPQJBO government to improve estimates of road trafďŹ c injury fatalities.

CENTRE " OVSTF BUUFOET UP B NPUPSDZDMJTU XJUI B IFBE JOKVSZ JO $IJBOH .BJ 5IBJMBOE

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PHOTO LEFT

3FNFNCFSJOH UIPTF LJMMFE JO SPBE USBGmD DSBTIFT in France.

RIGHT

The majority of countries do not have robust data on OPO GBUBM SPBE USBGmD injuries.

IPX MPOH B QBUJFOU JT BENJUUFE GPS BOE so the category of serious can range GSPN B GFX DVUT BOE CSVJTFT UP TFWFSF IFBE JOKVSJFT 5P DPNQPVOE UIJT JO NPTU IJHI JODPNF DPVOUSJFT UIPTF JOWPMWFE JO B DSBTI XJUI BOZ UZQF PG JOKVSZ BSF VTVBMMZ seen in an accident and emergency room GPS JOTVSBODF QVSQPTFT XIJMF JO MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF DPVOUSJFT UIJT EFQFOET PO BDDFTT UP DBSF B HPPE QSF IPTQJUBM DBSF TZTUFN mOBODFT BOE PUIFS WBSJBCMFT TFF #PY

5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXFE B SBUJP CFUXFFO EFBUIT BOE TFWFSF JOKVSJFT *G UIJT XFSF applied to the global total of 1.27 million EFBUIT JU XPVME NFBO UIBU BQQSPYJNBUFMZ NJMMJPO QFPQMF BSF JOKVSFE TFWFSFMZ enough to be seen in an emergency room. This supports previous estimates PG UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT BMM TFWFSJUZ MFWFMT BT CFUXFFO BOE million " % .

WHAT CAN BE DONE

4 The data collected by the health sector need to be improved. This is particularly true with regard to data on non-fatal injuries. This can take the form of discharge data using ICD coding, injury surveillance systems or, where this is not feasible, intermittent surveys or â&#x20AC;&#x153;casualty registersâ&#x20AC;? which collect only minimum data # . 4 There is a need for standard deďŹ nitions of levels of severity of non-fatal injuries to allow them to be accurately recorded and collated. The deďŹ nitions should be simple enough to be administered by both health and non-health personnel. 4 Countries should be encouraged to link all data sources on road trafďŹ c injuries in order to help address underreporting.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

>V]b] ┬Х ; >SRS\ E6=

>V]b] ┬Х E6=

Box 4: Pre-hospital care .VDI DBO CF EPOF UP MPXFS UIF CVSEFO PG EFBUI BOE EJTBCJMJUZ GSPN SPBE trafямБc injuries by strengthening trauma care services across the spectrum GSPN QSF IPTQJUBM DBSF UISPVHI UP SFIBCJMJUBUJPO 5IF DIBJO PG TVSWJWBM TUBSUT BU UIF TDFOF PG UIF JODJEFOU 1SPNQU HPPE RVBMJUZ QSF IPTQJUBM DBSF DBO save the lives of many injured persons.

5IF RVJDL BSSJWBM PG FNFSHFODZ SFTQPOTF UFBNT JT BO JNQPSUBOU GBDUPS JO SFEVDJOH BEWFSTF IFBMUI DPOTFRVFODFT PG B DSBTI "MUIPVHI NPTU DPVOUSJFT IBWF POF VOJWFSTBM QSF IPTQJUBM DBSF BDDFTT UFMFQIPOF OVNCFS DPVOUSJFT IBWF VQ UP UISFF EJGGFSFOU OBUJPOBM UFMFQIPOF OVNCFST BOE B GVSUIFS DPVOUSJFT IBWF MPDBM PS SFHJPO TQFDJmD OVNCFST 5IJT DBO CF DPOGVTJOH GPS UIF MBZ QFSTPO XIP IBT UP SFNFNCFS UIF EJGGFSFOU OVNCFST BOE UIFO EFDJEF XIJDI OVNCFS UP VTF 'PS FYBNQMF JO 4PVUI "GSJDB JG ZPV BSF VTJOH B NPCJMF QIPOF ZPV BSF SFRVJSFE UP EJBM XIJMF PO B MBOEMJOF UIF OVNCFS JT 5P DPNQPVOE NBUUFST B OVNCFS PG private ambulance companies cannot be accessed unless one has medical JOTVSBODF XIJDI DPWFST UIJT TFSWJDF

>V]b] ┬Х E6=

5IJT HMPCBM TVSWFZ TIPXFE UIBU PG UIF DPVOUSJFT IBWF GPSNBM QSF IPTQJUBM DBSF TZTUFNT 5IF RVBMJUZ PG UIFTF TZTUFNT IPXFWFS XBT OPU FWBMVBUFE 5IFZ DPVME SBOHF GSPN TPQIJTUJDBUFE TZTUFNT XJUI IJHIMZ RVBMJmFE TUBGG UP UIPTF UIBU SFMZ POMZ PO mSTU SFTQPOEFST F H CZTUBOEFST

Where no pre-hospital trauma care system exists, trained community members can provide ямБrst aid.

5IF NPTU DPNNPO QSF IPTQJUBM DBSF BDDFTT OVNCFS VTFE JT VTFE CZ DPVOUSJFT GPMMPXFE CZ VTFE QSFEPNJOBOUMZ JO UIF "NFSJDBT BOE VTFE QSFEPNJOBOUMZ JO "GSJDB TFF 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY "T JOUFSOBUJPOBM USBWFM JODSFBTFT JU XJMM CF JODSFBTJOHMZ JNQPSUBOU UP XPSL UPXBSET POF HMPCBM PS SFHJPOBM QIPOF OVNCFS 'PS JOTUBODF UIF &VSPQFBO 6OJPO JT NPWJOH UPXBSET UIF BEPQUJPO PG POF VOJWFSTBM OVNCFS GPS BMM JUT NFNCFS countries.

Data on economic costs

t 8 I J M F D P V O U S Z M F W F M D P T U J O H studies are important for internal DPNQBSJTPOT BU B HMPCBM MFWFM UIFZ IBWF DPOTJEFSBCMF MJNJUBUJPOT XJUI regard to comparisons in terms of the EJGGFSFOU NFUIPEPMPHJFT FNQMPZFE the different currencies used and the EJGGFSFOU ZFBST JO XIJDI UIF TBNQMFT XFSF DPMMFDUFE

Considerable economic and social costs SFTVMU GSPN EFBUIT JOKVSJFT BOE EJTBCJMJUZ caused by road trafямБc crashes. The survey SFTVMUT TIPXFE UIBU t -FTT UIBO IBMG PG BMM QBSUJDJQBUJOH countries have conducted a study on UIF DPTU PG SPBE USBGmD EFBUIT BOE PS JOKVSJFT TFF 5BCMF t Most surveys are not national but based on a sample and are usually conducted in a teaching IPTQJUBM %BUB ESBXO GSPN UIFN XIJMF VTFGVM UIFSFGPSF IBWF MJNJUFE generalizability. t (SPTT PVUQVU NFUIPEPMPHZ JT UIF most common method used to assess costs. While this type of costing is VTFGVM GPS IFBMUI TFSWJDFT JU TIPXT POMZ UIF UJQ PG UIF JDFCFSH -PTT PG QSPEVDUJWJUZ EBNBHFT SFEVDFE RVBMJUZ PG MJGF BOE PUIFS GBDUPST BSF important indirect costs that need to be included if the true cost to society is to be calculated.

)PXFWFS UIJT UZQF PG JOGPSNBUJPO BU country level is extremely important GPS TIPXJOH UIF JNQBDU PG SPBE USBGmD crashes on all the sectors involved and for convincing politicians to invest in QSFWFOUJPO ,OPXJOH UIF FGGFDUJWFOFTT PG JOUFSWFOUJPOT BOE DPOTFRVFOU DPTUo CFOFmU SBUJPT XPVME CF NPTU CFOFmDJBM to countries. WHAT CAN BE DONE

4 Countries should be encouraged to conduct national studies on the costs of road trafямБc crashes as well as on the cost-effectiveness of interventions they put into place. 4 Where possible, costing should include both direct and indirect costs.

Table 5. Countries with one or more studies on the economic cost of road trafямБc crashes by WHO region

WHO REGION

DEATHS AND INJURIES

DEATHS ONLY

INJURIES ONLY

OTHER TYPES OF STUDIES

COUNTRIES REPORTING AT LEAST 1 STUDY

AFRICAN REGION

REGION OF THE AMERICAS

SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION

EUROPEAN REGION

WESTERN PACIFIC REGION

ALL

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

12 27

Data on monitoring and evaluation 0OMZ PG UIF DPVOUSJFT TVSWFZFE IBWF B OBUJPOBM SPBE TBGFUZ TUSBUFHZ XIJDI JODMVEFT UBSHFUT 0WFS POF UIJSE PG UIFTF DPVOUSJFT BSF JO &VSPQF XIFSF B &VSPQFBO 6OJPO UBSHFU XBT TFU TPNF ZFBST BHP GPS BDIJFWFNFOU CZ TFF 5BCMF 0UIFS SFHJPOT MJLF "GSJDB IBWF BMTP recently adopted targets although these have yet to be reďŹ&#x201A;ected at country level.

Table 6. Countries with targets included in their road safety strategies by WHO region and income level WHO REGION

AFRICAN REGION

MIDDLE-INCOME

HIGH-INCOME

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGIONa

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION

EUROPEAN REGION

WESTERN PACIFIC REGION

GLOBAL

No high-income countries. No low-income countries.

Figure 13. Levels of motorcycle helmet wearing in 60 countriesa % motorcycle helmet wearing (range)

17%

â&#x2013; 0â&#x20AC;&#x201C;24% 3%

While some countries have put into QMBDF MFHJTMBUJPO UP BEESFTT UIFTF SJTL GBDUPST GFX DPVOUSJFT IBWF FTUBCMJTIFE systems to collect data on monitoring or evaluating the success of these measures at a national level. *O UIJT TVSWFZ POMZ PG DPVOUSJFT SFQPSUFE EBUB PO NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU XFBSJOH SBUFT XJUI UIF MFWFMT PG IFMNFU XFBSJOH SFQPSUFE WBSZJOH XJEFMZ BT TIPXO JO 'JHVSF BOE 5BCMF " JO UIF 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY )PXFWFS UIF NFUIPEPMPHJFT VTFE UP EFUFSNJOF UIFTF mHVSFT XFSF OPU FWBMVBUFE BT QBSU PG UIJT TUVEZ XIJMF GPS TPNF DPVOUSJFT UIF IFMNFU XFBSJOH SBUFT SFQPSUFE XFSF SFTVMUT PG TNBMM TUVEJFT JO QBSUJDVMBS HFPHSBQIJD BSFBT XIJDI MJNJU their generalizability.

â&#x2013; 25â&#x20AC;&#x201C;49% â&#x2013; 50â&#x20AC;&#x201C;74% â&#x2013; 75â&#x20AC;&#x201C;100%

% of countries 59%

22%

In 51 countries this estimate was based on an observational study, the source of which is noted in the country proďŹ les. In 9 countries the estimated wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.

Figure 14. Seat-belt wearing rates in 95 countriesa % seat-belt wearing (range)

18%

21%

â&#x2013; <30% â&#x2013; 30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;49% 7%

-FWFMT PG TFBU CFMU XFBSJOH BNPOH GSPOU TFBU PDDVQBOUT XFSF SFQPSUFE GPS DPVOUSJFT BOE SBOHF GSPN VOEFS UP PWFS TFF 'JHVSF BOE 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY -JNJUBUJPOT PG UIF methodologies used are similar to those

TOTAL

REGION OF THE AMERICASb

Targets are not the only method of monitoring or evaluating progress. Pages o EFTDSJCF UIF FWJEFODF PO B OVNCFS of proven interventions that are critical to improving road safety. These include SFEVDJOH TQFFE BOE ESJOLoESJWJOH BOE JODSFBTJOH UIF VTF PG IFMNFUT TFBU CFMUT and child restraints.

LOW-INCOME a

â&#x2013; 50â&#x20AC;&#x201C;69% â&#x2013; 70â&#x20AC;&#x201C;89%

% of countries

â&#x2013; >90% 14% 40%

In 86 countries this estimate was based on an observational study, the source of which is noted in the country proďŹ les. In 9 countries the estimated seat-belt wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.

PG IFMNFU XFBSJOH EBUB 'PSUZ TFWFO QFS cent of countries reported having no data PO SBUFT PG TFBU CFMU VTF JO GSPOU TFBUT BOE SFQPSUFE OP EBUB PO SBUFT PG XFBSJOH SFBS TFBU CFMUT The proportion of deaths related to alcohol reported in this study varies from DPVOUSJFT XIFSF UIJT mHVSF JT VOEFS UP UIPTF XIFSF BMDPIPM DPOUSJCVUFT UP PWFS

IBMG PG BMM SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUJFT TFF 'JHVSF BOE 5BCMF " JO 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY )PXFWFS POMZ IBMG PG QBSUJDJQBUJOH countries have any data on the proportion of road traffic deaths attributable to BMDPIPM o BOE UIPTF UIBU EP GSFRVFOUMZ only have data from more sophisticated UFSUJBSZ IPTQJUBMT XIJDI MJNJUT UIF QPTTJCJMJUZ PG NBLJOH HFOFSBMJ[BUJPOT PO the basis of the information.

Figure 15. Proportion of alcohol-related fatal crashes in 93 countriesa % alcohol-relatedness (range)

11% 3%

28%

â&#x2013; <5% â&#x2013; 5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;9% â&#x2013; 10â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19%

15%

â&#x2013; 20â&#x20AC;&#x201C;29%

% of countries

â&#x2013; 30â&#x20AC;&#x201C;39% â&#x2013; 40â&#x20AC;&#x201C;49% 11%

17%

â&#x2013; >50%

15%

In 90 countries this estimate was based on ofďŹ cial data, the source of which is noted in the country proďŹ les. In 3 countries the proportion given is the opinion of the consensus group.

WHAT CAN BE DONE

4 Countries need to step up efforts to collect robust data on a number of intermediate indicators that relate to road trafďŹ c injury prevention and that can be used for monitoring and evaluation research. These include: t rates of helmet use; t rates of seat-belt use; t the proportion of drivers with blood alcohol concentration over the legal limit; t rates of child restraint use. 4 While high-income countries often use sophisticated survey methodology, basic helmet and seat-belt wearing surveys are relatively simple and cheap to conduct. Surveys are essential for comprehensive monitoring to take place. 4 These data are pivotal to making policy decisions based on evidence, and to evaluating measures that are put in place. 4 The health sector should play an important role in research related to risk factors.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Conclusions

Strengths and weaknesses of this survey

BTTFTTNFOUT BMMPX DPVOUSJFT UP NPOJUPS their progress over time compared to that of other countries.

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5IJT TVSWFZ JT B mSTU TUFQ UPXBSET B CSPBE global assessment of road safety. It brings 5IF TVSWFZ NFUIPEPMPHZ XBT EFTJHOFE UP UPHFUIFS B VOJRVF TFU PG EBUB PO B OVNCFS increase the accuracy and completeness PG SPBE TBGFUZ WBSJBCMFT GPS DPVOUSJFT PG UIF EBUB UIBU XFSF TVCNJUUFE UP 8)0 BDDPVOUJOH GPS PWFS PG UIF XPSME T CZ SFRVJSJOH SFTQPOEFOUT GSPN NVMUJQMF population. It brings road safety into line TFDUPST UP UBLF QBSU BOE SFBDI DPOTFOTVT XJUI PUIFS JTTVFT TVDI BT DMJNBUF DIBOHF PO UIF GJOBM BOTXFST "O BEEJUJPOBM UPCBDDP BOE UVCFSDVMPTJT XIFSF SFHVMBS CFOFmU PG UIF NFUIPEPMPHZ XBT UP GPTUFS

NVMUJTFDUPSBM DPMMBCPSBUJPO CZ MJOLJOH SPBE TBGFUZ QSBDUJUJPOFST XPSLJOH JO UIF TBNF DPVOUSZ 4PNF /BUJPOBM %BUB Coordinators reported that the consensus HSPVQ NFFUJOH XBT UIF mSTU UJNF UIBU practitioners from different sectors had met to discuss road safety. As a result of UIF SFHJPOBM USBJOJOH XPSLTIPQT IFME BT QBSU PG UIJT QSPKFDU OFUXPSLT PG /BUJPOBM %BUB $PPSEJOBUPST IBWF CFFO EFWFMPQFE and are already being used to facilitate regional collaboration. /POFUIFMFTT BT XJUI BOZ TUVEZ UIFSF BSF B OVNCFS PG MJNJUBUJPOT OBNFMZ t 5IF DPNQBSBCJMJUZ PG EBUB BDSPTT DPVOUSJFT JT TPNFXIBU MJNJUFE CFDBVTF PG EJGGFSFOU JOUFSQSFUBUJPOT PG UFSNT VTFE JO UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF F H XIBU DPOTUJUVUFT B SVSBM SPBE PS B IJHIXBZ EJGGFST CFUXFFO DPVOUSJFT DPVOUSJFT reporting data from different years PS BOE EJGGFSFOU TPVSDFT PG EBUB VTFE GPS WBSJBCMFT F H GBUBMJUZ data in some countries came from the QPMJDF TFDUPS BOE JO PUIFST GSPN UIF IFBMUI TFDUPS XIJDI IBT JNQMJDBUJPOT PO DPNQMFUFOFTT t 5IF TVSWFZ GPDVTFE PO OBUJPOBM MFWFM EBUB 5IJT NFBOU UIBU GPS UIF DPVOUSJFT XIFSF SJTL GBDUPS MFHJTMBUJPO JT FOBDUFE BU UIF TVCOBUJPOBM MFWFM UIF EFUBJMT PO UIFTF WBSJBCMFT XFSF OPU SFDPSEFE 4JNJMBSMZ XIJMF NBOZ MBXT PO SPBE USBGGJD SFMBUFE SJTL factors are enacted at national MFWFM FOGPSDFNFOU BOE SFHVMBUPSZ measures are often carried out at the subnational or local level. t 'JOBMMZ EBUB DPMMFDUJPO JO UIJT QSPKFDU JOWPMWFE UIF VTF PG TFMG BENJOJTUFSFE RVFTUJPOOBJSFT XIJDI DBO JOUSPEVDF a number of potential biases. In BEEJUJPO B EFHSFF PG TVCKFDUJWJUZ XBT JOUSPEVDFE BT SFTQPOEFOUT XFSF BTLFE UP SBUF UIFJS perception of enforcement of the legislation on SJTL GBDUPST JO UIFJS DPVOUSZ

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Key messages and recommendations This survey covered the magnitude of road USBGmD JOKVSJFT BT XFMM BT UIF FYJTUFODF PG JOTUJUVUJPOT QPMJDJFT MFHJTMBUJPO BOE EBUB DPMMFDUJPO TZTUFNT BOE QFSDFJWFE MFWFMT of enforcement of legislation at a country level. The main ямБndings are summarized BT GPMMPXT t 3PBE USBGmD GBUBMJUJFT SFNBJO B NBKPS QVCMJD IFBMUI QSPCMFN XJUI UIF IJHIFTU GBUBMJUZ SBUFT QFS QPQVMBUJPO JO NJEEMF JODPNF BOE MPX JODPNF DPVOUSJFT 1FEFTUSJBOT DZDMJTUT BOE VTFST PG NPUPSJ[FE UXP PS UISFF XIFFMFST iWVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFSTw UPHFUIFS BDDPVOU GPS approximately half of all road trafямБc EFBUIT BSPVOE UIF XPSME 7VMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST BSF QBSUJDVMBSMZ BU SJTL JO MPX JODPNF BOE NJEEMF JODPNF countries in Asia. t 8IJMF NBOZ DPVOUSJFT IBWF B CBTJD MFHJTMBUJWF GSBNFXPSL JO QMBDF GPS SPBE TBGFUZ POMZ IBWF MBXT SFMBUJOH UP BMM UIF mWF LFZ SJTL GBDUPST SFWJFXFE o TQFFE ESJOLoESJWJOH IFMNFUT TFBU CFMUT BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOUT 'VSUIFSNPSF UIFTF MBXT BSF GSFRVFOUMZ OPU DPNQSFIFOTJWF JO their scope. t &OGPSDFNFOU PG MBXT SFMBUJOH UP UIFTF SJTL GBDUPST GPS SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT JT perceived to be suboptimal in many countries. t *OTUJUVUJPOBM GSBNFXPSLT BSF insufямБciently developed or resourced in many countries to be effective. 'PS JOTUBODF XIJMF PG DPVOUSJFT report the existence of a national SPBE TBGFUZ TUSBUFHZ POMZ POF UIJSE of countries report government endorsement of the strategy that has both precise targets and sufямБcient GVOEJOH GPS JUT JNQMFNFOUBUJPO o CPUI PG XIJDI BSF JNQPSUBOU GPS UIF success of a strategy.

t 5IFSF BSF TFWFSBM MJNJUBUJPOT JO UIF data that countries collect and report PO SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT 6OEFSSFQPSUJOH PG SPBE USBGGJD EFBUIT o B DSVDJBM indicator in terms of assessing NBHOJUVEF o JT B NBKPS QSPCMFN JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT *O BEEJUJPO POMZ PG BMM DPVOUSJFT JOEJDBUFE UIBU UIFZ IBE EBUB PO GBUBM BOE OPO GBUBM SPBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT FTUJNBUFT PG UIF DPTU UP UIFJS FDPOPNZ BOE EBUB PO monitoring and evaluation indicators TVDI BT SBUFT PG IFMNFU VTF BOE TFBU CFMU XFBSJOH 5IF SFTVMUT QSFTFOUFE TVHHFTU UIBU XIJMF NPTU DPVOUSJFT IBWF UBLFO TUFQT UPXBSET BEESFTTJOH SPBE TBGFUZ BEEJUJPOBM FGGPSUT BSF OFFEFE (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP UBLF JOUP consideration the needs of all road VTFST XIFO NBLJOH QPMJDZ EFDJTJPOT that impact on road safety. To EBUF UIF OFFET PG WVMOFSBCMF SPBE users have been neglected in many countries and should be given SFOFXFE FNQIBTJT QBSUJDVMBSMZ XIFO decisions are made about road EFTJHO BOE JOGSBTUSVDUVSF MBOE VTF planning and transport services.

FGGPSUT NVTU CF XFMM QVCMJDJ[FE TVTUBJOFE BOE JNQMFNFOUFE UISPVHI the use of appropriate measures and penalties for infringement. 4. Countries need to encourage collaboration among different sectors involved in collecting and reporting road trafямБc injury data. This involves JNQSPWJOH EBUB MJOLBHFT CFUXFFO QPMJDF USBOTQPSU BOE IFBMUI TFSWJDFT IBSNPOJ[BUJPO PG DBTF EFmOJUJPOT BT XFMM BT JODSFBTJOH IVNBO DBQBDJUZ UP VOEFSUBLF EBUB DPMMFDUJPO (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP FOTVSF UIBU UIF institutions that have been nominated BT SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UBLJOH BDUJPO on road safety have the necessary human and ямБnancial resources to act effectively. The evidence suggests that the development and endorsement PG B OBUJPOBM TUSBUFHZ XJUI SFBMJTUJD UBSHFUT BOE FBSNBSLFE GVOEJOH for implementation are important GBDUPST UPXBSET NFFUJOH MPOH UFSN road safety goals.

The results of this survey can be used as a tool to inform policy decisions in DPOKVODUJPO XJUI PUIFS JOUFSOBUJPOBM BOE OBUJPOBM TUVEJFT BOE QSPHSBNNFT o GPS (PWFSONFOUT OFFE UP FOBDU FYBNQMF UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 3FHJPOBM DPNQSFIFOTJWF MBXT UP QSPUFDU BMM $PNNJTTJPOT QSPKFDU PO TFUUJOH SPBE road users by setting speed limits USBGGJD DBTVBMUZ SFEVDUJPO UBSHFUT PS that are appropriate to the type and alongside implementation and evaluation GVODUJPO PG UIF SPBE TUJQVMBUJOH of the good practice manuals developed blood alcohol concentration limits UISPVHI UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 3PBE 4BGFUZ UIBU IFMQ SFEVDF ESJOLoESJWJOH BOE Collaboration. The results can also be SFRVJSJOH UIF VTF PG BQQSPQSJBUF used to leverage political support and QSPUFDUJPO NFBTVSFT &YJTUJOH resources for safer road transportation for MFHJTMBUJPO TIPVME CF SFWJFXFE BOE BMM SPBE VTFST JODMVEJOH JO JOUFSOBUJPOBM BNFOEFE UP DPOGPSN XJUI HPPE GPSVNT 0OF LFZ NJMFTUPOF JO JOUFSOBUJPOBM practices that are based on sound SPBE TBGFUZ FWFOUT XJMM CF UIF 'JSTU (MPCBM .JOJTUFSJBM $POGFSFODF PO 3PBE 4BGFUZ UP evidence of effectiveness. CF IFME JO .PTDPX JO /PWFNCFS &OGPSDFNFOU PG BMM SPBE TBGFUZ MBXT %VSJOH UIF $POGFSFODF EFMFHBUFT BSF OFFET UP CF JNQSPWFE &OGPSDFNFOU MJLFMZ UP DBMM GPS B Decade of Action

on Road Safety 4IPVME UIJT QSPQPTBM EP PDDVS BOE DPVOUSJFT IBWF UBLFO NBOZ CF FOEPSTFE CZ NFNCFS DPVOUSJFT TUFQT UPXBSET QVUUJOH JO QMBDF FWJEFODF such a decade could be an important CBTFE JOUFSWFOUJPOT UP NBLF SPBET opportunity to further catalyse action. TBGFS "U UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM MFWFM IJHI The results of this Global status report level commitment has been evidenced and the gaps it has identiямБed should by various international resolutions and TFSWF BT LFZ FMFNFOUT JO UIF EJTDVTTJPOT DPMMBCPSBUJWF QSPKFDUT 5IJT TVSWFZ TIPXT during the Ministerial Conference on IPXFWFS UIBU NVDI NPSF SFNBJOT UP 3PBE 4BGFUZ BT XFMM BT GPS QMBOOJOH UIF CF EPOF /P DPVOUSZ DBO BGGPSE UP TJU activities envisaged in the context of the CBDL BOE BTTVNF UIBU JUT SPBE TBGFUZ XPSL JT DPNQMFUF BOE UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM Decade of Action. community must continue to recognize An increasing body of research road trafямБc injuries as an important health EFNPOTUSBUFT XBZT UP QSFWFOU DSBTIFT PS and development issue and intensify UP SFEVDF UIF TFWFSJUZ PG JOKVSJFT XIFO UIFZ support for their prevention.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

References 1. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQ XXX XIP JOU IFBMUIJOGP HMPCBM@CVSEFO@EJTFBTF (#%@SFQPSU@ VQEBUF@"OOFY" QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM 2. World health statistics 2008 (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQ XXX XIP JOU XIPTJT XIPTUBU FO JOEFY IUN BDDFTTFE "QSJM .VSSBZ $+- FU BM The Global Burden of Disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources (1& %JTDVTTJPO 1BQFS /P (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO 1FEFO . FU BM FET World report on road trafямБc injury prevention (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQ XXX XIP JOU WJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPO QVCMJDBUJPOT SPBE@USBGmD XPSME@SFQPSU FO JOEFY IUNM BDDFTTFE "QSJM &TJZPL # FU BM Road trafямБc accidents and disability: A cross-section study from Turkey. Disability and Rehabilitation o (VSVSBK ( Road trafямБc injury prevention in India #BOHBMPSF /BUJPOBM *OTUJUVUF PG .FOUBM )FBMUI BOE /FVSP 4DJFODFT 1VCMJDBUJPO /P IUUQ XXX OJNIBOT LBS OJD JO FQJEFNJPMPHZ EPD FQ@GU QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM +BDPCT ( 5IPNBT "" "TUSPQ " Estimating global road fatalities $SPXUIPSOF 5SBOTQPSU 3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ 53- 3FQPSU IUUQ XXX USBOTQPSU MJOLT PSH USBOTQPSU@MJOLT mMFBSFB QVCMJDBUJPOT @ @53- QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM 3FBEJOH 3 "SFB TPDJPFDPOPNJD TUBUVT BOE DIJMEIPPE JOKVSZ NPSCJEJUZ JO /FX 4PVUI 8BMFT "VTUSBMJB Child Care Health and Development "FSPO 5IPNBT " FU BM The involvement and impact of road crashes on the poor: Bangladesh and India case studies QSPKFDU 113 $SPXUIPSOF 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN 5SBOTQPSU 3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ IUUQ XXX HSTQSPBETBGFUZ PSH UIFNFT EFGBVMU QEGT 5IF 1PPS@mOBM mOBM SFQPSU QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM Guidelines for estimating the cost of road crashes in developing countries QSPKFDU 3 -POEPO 5SBOTQPSU 3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ %FQBSUNFOU GPS *OUFSOBUJPOBM %FWFMPQNFOU IUUQ XXX USBOTQPSU MJOLT PSH USBOTQPSU@MJOLT mMFBSFB QVCMJDBUJPOT @ @3 1%' BDDFTTFE "QSJM 0EFSP 8 FU BM 3PBE USBGmD JOKVSJFT JO ,FOZB NBHOJUVEF DBVTFT BOE TUBUVT PG JOUFSWFOUJPO Injury Prevention and Safety Control o (VSVSBK ( 3PBE USBGmD EFBUIT JOKVSJFT BOE EJTBCJMJUJFT JO *OEJB DVSSFOU TDFOBSJP The National Medical Journal of India o /FXUPO + Road safety тАУ Partnership program. Shared responsibility 8FTUFSO "VTUSBMJB 0GmDF PG 3PBE 4BGFUZ IUUQ XXX PGmDFPGSPBETBGFUZ XB HPW BV EPDVNFOUT +BNFT/FXUPO3PBE4BGFUZ1BSUOFSTIJQ1SPHSBN QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM 1BVMP[[J -+ FU BM &DPOPNJD EFWFMPQNFOU T FGGFDU PO SPBE USBOTQPSU SFMBUFE NPSUBMJUZ BNPOH EJGGFSFOU SPBE VTFST B DSPTT TFDUJPOBM JOUFSOBUJPOBM TUVEZ Accident Analysis & Prevention o ,PQQJUT & $SPQQFS . 5SBGmD GBUBMJUJFT BOE FDPOPNJD HSPXUI Accident Analysis & Prevention o 178. 4XFEJTI (PWFSONFOU )FBMUI BOE 8FMGBSF 4UBUJTUJDBM %BUBCBTF IUUQ FQDGT JOEFY BTQ LPE FOHFMTLB BDDFTTFE "QSJM 7BTDPODFMMPT &" Urban transport, environment and equity: The case for developing countries -POEPO &BSUITDBO 1VCMJDBUJPOT ,IBZFTJ . -JWBCMF TUSFFUT GPS QFEFTUSJBOT JO /BJSPCJ UIF DIBMMFOHF PG SPBE USBGmD BDDJEFOUT World Policy and Practice o 0EFSP 8 3PBE USBGmD BDDJEFOUT JO ,FOZB BO FQJEFNJPMPHJDBM BQQSBJTBM East African Medical Journal o

%IBSNBSBUOF 4% 4UFWFOTPO . 1VCMJD SPBE USBOTQPSU DSBTIFT JO B MPX JODPNF DPVOUSZ Injury Prevention o 1Fร BMPTB & 5IF QPMJUJDT PG IBQQJOFTT Planners Tabloid "VHVTUo4FQUFNCFS IUUQ XXX TBDUPBQB PSH OFXTMUS OFXT QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM 5JXBSJ ( 4FMG PSHBOJ[JOH TZTUFNT BOE JOOPWBUJPO JO "TJBO $JUJFT *O +POTPO ( 5FOTUSPN & FET Urban transport development: a complex issue #FSMJO BOE )FJEFMCFSH 4QSJOHFS 7FSMBH o .PCFSFPMB % 4USFOHUIFOJOH VSCBO USBOTQPSU JOTUJUVUJPOT B DBTF TUVEZ PG -BHPT TUBUF Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program %JTDVTTJPO 1BQFS /P IUUQ XXX XPSMECBOL PSH BGS TTBUQ 3FTPVSDFT 44"51 %JTDVTTJPO1BQFST EQ QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM 4VC 4BIBSBO "GSJDB 5SBOTQPSU 1SPHSBN 1PMJDZ 44"51 %FWFMPQJOH OFX GSPOUJFST UP JNQSPWF VSCBO NPCJMJUZ SSATP Newsletter no 6 +BOVBSZ IUUQ HP XPSMECBOL PSH ).$& 2) BDDFTTFE "QSJM /JMTTPO ( Traf๏ฌ c safety dimension and the power model to describe the effect on speed safety -VOE -VOE *OTUJUVUF PG 5FDIOPMPHZ 'JODI %+ FU BM Speed, speed limits and accidents 1SPKFDU 3FQPSU $SPXUIPSOF 5SBOTQPSU 3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ 27. Transport Research Centre. Speed management report 1BSJT 0&$% 1VCMJTIJOH 1BTBOFO & Ajonopeudet ja jalankulkijan turvallisuus [Driving speeds and pedestrian safety] &TQPP 5FLOJMMJOFO LPSLFBLPVMV -VJLFOOFUFLOJJLLB (SVOEZ $ FU BM The effect of 20 mph traf๏ฌ c speed zones on road casualties in London, 1986โ 2006 -POEPO -POEPO 4DIPPM PG )ZHJFOF BOE 5SPQJDBM .FEJDJOF JO QSFTT $PNQUPO 31 FU BM $SBTI SJTL PG BMDPIPM JNQBJSFE ESJWJOH *O .BZIFX %3 %VTTBVMU $ FET Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traf๏ฌ c Safety, Montreal, 4โ 9 August 2002 .POUSFBM 4PDJยนUยน EF M BTTVSBODF BVUPNPCJMF EV 2VยนCFD o IUUQ XXX TBBR HPVW RD DB U BDUFT QEG B QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM .PTLPXJU[ ) FU BM .FUIPEPMPHJDBM JTTVFT JO FQJEFNJPMPHJDBM TUVEJFT PG BMDPIPM DSBTI SJTL *O .BZIFX %3 %VTTBVMU $ FET Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traf๏ฌ c Safety, Montreal, 4โ 9 August 2002 .POUSFBM 4PDJยนUยน EF M BTTVSBODF BVUPNPCJMF EV 2VยนCFD o IUUQ XXX TBBR HPVW RD DB U BDUFT QEG B QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM 4IVMUT 3 FU BM 3FWJFX PG FWJEFODF SFHBSEJOH JOUFSWFOUJPOT UP SFEVDF BMDPIPM JNQBJSFE ESJWJOH American Journal of Preventive Medicine o 1FFL "TB $ 5IF FGGFDU PG SBOEPN BMDPIPM TDSFFOJOH JO SFEVDJOH NPUPS WFIJDMF DSBTI JOKVSJFT American Journal of Preventive Medicine o &MEFS 38 FU BM &GGFDUJWFOFTT PG TPCSJFUZ DIFDLQPJOUT GPS SFEVDJOH BMDPIPM JOWPMWFE Traf๏ฌ c Injury Prevention o -JV # FU BM )FMNFUT GPS QSFWFOUJOH JOKVSZ JO NPUPSDZDMF SJEFST The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews JTTVF ,SBVT +' 1FFL $ 8JMMJBNT " $PNQMJBODF XJUI UIF $BMJGPSOJB NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU VTF MBX American Journal of Public Health o 4FSWBEFJ ' FU BM &GGFDU PG *UBMZ T NPUPSDZDMF IFMNFU MBX PO USBVNBUJD CSBJO JOKVSJFT Injury Prevention o Helmets: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQ XXX XIP JOU WJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPO QVCMJDBUJPOT SPBE@USBGmD IFMNFU@NBOVBM QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM &MWJL 3 7BB 5 The handbook of road safety measures "NTUFSEBN &MTFWJFS 4DJFODF Seat-belts and child restraints: increasing use and optimising performance #SVTTFMT &VSPQFBO 5SBOTQPSU 4BGFUZ $PVODJM

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

41. Motor vehicle occupant protection facts 2006 8BTIJOHUPO %$ /BUJPOBM )JHIXBZ 5SBGmD 4BGFUZ "ENJOJTUSBUJPO IUUQ XXX OIUTB HPW TUBUJDmMFT %05 /)54" 5SBGmD *OKVSZ $POUSPM "SUJDMFT "TTPDJBUFE 'JMFT QEG BDDFTTFE PO "QSJM ;IV . FU BM "TTPDJBUJPO PG SFBS TFBU TBGFUZ CFMU VTF XJUI EFBUI JO B USBGmD DSBTI B NBUDIFE DPIPSU TUVEZ Injury Prevention o Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners -POEPO '*" 'PVOEBUJPO GPS UIF "VUPNPCJMF BOE 4PDJFUZ IUUQ XXX XIP JOU SPBETBGFUZ QSPKFDUT NBOVBMT TFBUCFMU TFBU CFMU QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM ;B[B 4 FU BM 3FWJFXT PG FWJEFODF SFHBSEJOH JOUFSWFOUJPOT UP JODSFBTF VTF PG DIJME TBGFUZ TFBUT American Journal of Preventive Medicine o &DPOPNJD $PNNJTTJPO GPS &VSPQF *OUFSTFDSFUBSJBU 8PSLJOH (SPVQ PO 5SBOTQPSU 4UBUJTUJDT Glossary of transport statistics SE FE /FX :PSL /: 6OJUFE /BUJPOT &DPOPNJD BOE 4PDJBM $PVODJM 53"/4 81 IUUQ XXX VOFDF PSH USBOT NBJO XQ QEGEPDT HMPTTFO QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM %FSSJLT ). .BL 1. IRTAD special report. Underreporting of road trafямБc casualties 5IF )BHVF /FUIFSMBOET .JOJTUSZ PG 5SBOTQPSU 1VCMJD 8PSLT BOE 8BUFS .BOBHFNFOU IUUQ XXX XIP JOU SPBETBGFUZ QVCMJDBUJPOT JSUBE@VOEFSSFQPSUJOH QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM 4NFFE 3+ 4PNF TUBUJTUJDBM BTQFDUT PG SPBE TBGFUZ SFTFBSDI Journal of the Royal Statistical Society o +PJOU $PNNJUUFF PO *OKVSZ 4DBMJOH The Abbreviated Injury Scale: 1990 revision $IJDBHP *- "TTPDJBUJPO GPS UIF "EWBODFNFOU PG "VUPNPUJWF .FEJDJOF $PQFT 84 FU BM 5IF *OKVSZ 4FWFSJUZ 4DPSF SFWJTJUFE The Journal of Trauma o International statistical classiямБcation of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision 7PMVNF 5BCVMBS MJTU 7PMVNF *OTUSVDUJPO NBOVBM 7PMVNF *OEFY (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO )PMEFS : FU BM Injury surveillance guidelines (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO

Country proямБles &YQMBOBUPSZ OPUFT

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&YQMBOBUPSZ OPUFT Background The country proямБles in this section present a selection of information about road safety as reported by each of the QBSUJDJQBUJOH DPVOUSJFT BSFBT "EEJUJPOBM OBUJPOBM EBUB DBO CF GPVOE JO UIF 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY 5BCMFT " o " 5IF DPVOUSZ TVSWFZ UPPMT NBZ CF EPXOMPBEFE GSPN UIF GPMMPXJOH XFCTJUF XXX XIP JOU WJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPO SPBE@TBGFUZ@TUBUVT

Methodological variations 0OF IVOESFE BOE TFWFOUZ FJHIU DPVOUSJFT BSFBT QBSUJDJQBUFE JO UIF TVSWFZ GPS UIF Global status report on road safety TFF 5BCMF PO QBHF 8IJMF NPTU DPVOUSJFT BSFBT GPMMPXFE UIF TUBOEBSEJ[FE NFUIPEPMPHZ TFF QBHFT o for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

Terminology and interpretation 5IF GPMMPXJOH UFSNT BOE JTTVFT TIPVME CF DPOTJEFSFE XIFO SFWJFXJOH UIF JOEJWJEVBM DPVOUSZ QSPmMFT t 5IF RVFTUJPOOBJSF BTLFE GPS JOGPSNBUJPO PO B OVNCFS PG UPQJDT XJUI GPMMPX VQ RVFTUJPOT FYQMPSJOH FBDI UPQJD JO GVSUIFS EFUBJM 'PS NBOZ UPQJDT SFTQPOEFOUT XFSF BTLFE UP TLJQ follow-up questions depending on their BOTXFS UP UIF UPQ MFWFM RVFTUJPO $POTFRVFOUMZ UIF DPVOUSZ QSPmMFT EP OPU SFQPSU JOGPSNBUJPO GSPN GPMMPX VQ RVFTUJPOT JG UIFTF TIPVME IBWF CFFO TLJQQFE )PXFWFS JG UIFTF RVFTUJPOT XFSF BOTXFSFE UIF SFTQPOTFT BSF SFDPSEFE JO UIF 4UBUJTUJDBM "OOFY t Road classiямБcations JO QBSUJDVMBS UIF EFmOJUJPO PG BO VSCBO SPBE B SVSBM SPBE BOE B IJHIXBZ WBSZ HSFBUMZ GSPN DPVOUSZ UP DPVOUSZ 3FTQPOEFOUT XFSF BTLFE UP SFQPSU PO UIF TQFFE MJNJUT PG EJGGFSFOU LJOET PG SPBE according to the deямБnitions used in the country concerned. t 3FTQPOEFOUT XFSF BTLFE BT JOEJWJEVBMT UP SBUF UIF effectiveness of enforcement of various elements of OBUJPOBM SPBE TBGFUZ MFHJTMBUJPO PO UIF CBTJT PG UIFJS QSPGFTTJPOBM PQJOJPO PS QFSDFQUJPO " TDBMF PG UP XBT VTFE XIFSF XBT iOPU FGGFDUJWFw BOE XBT iIJHIMZ FGGFDUJWFw 5IF HSPVQ PG SFTQPOEFOUT UIFO USJFE UP reach consensus on an enforcement score. These scores are therefore subjective and should be seen only BT BO JOEJDBUJPO PG IPX FOGPSDFNFOU JT QFSDFJWFE JO UIF DPVOUSZ .BOZ SFTQPOEFOUT FYQSFTTFE EJGmDVMUZ JO BTTFTTJOH MBX FOGPSDFNFOU BU B OBUJPOBM MFWFM TJODF JU PGUFO WBSJFT GSPN SFHJPO UP SFHJPO XJUIJO B DPVOUSZ BOE the intensity of the enforcement may vary at different times. t Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits refer to the maximum amount of alcohol that is legally acceptable JO UIF CMPPE PG B ESJWFS PO UIF SPBE o J F UIF CMPPE BMDPIPM MFWFM BCPWF XIJDI B ESJWFS NBZ CF QVOJTIFE CZ MBX 'PS UIF QVSQPTFT PG UIJT SFQPSU UIF #"$ MJNJU JO DPVOUSJFT XIFSF BMDPIPM DPOTVNQUJPO JT QSPIJCJUFE IBT CFFO SFDPSEFE BT [FSP XJUI BO FYQMBOBUPSZ GPPUOPUF 47

t 8IFSF SFTQPOEFOUT QSPWJEFE FYQMBOBUPSZ JOGPSNBUJPO PO rates of helmet wearing and/or seat-belt use o GPS JOTUBODF B EFTDSJQUJPO PG UIF NFUIPEPMPHZ PS HFPHSBQIJDBM DPWFSBHF o UIJT JOGPSNBUJPO JT SFQPSUFE JO footnotes. t " motorcycle helmet law JT BTTFTTFE BT iBQQMJFT UP BMM SJEFST o ZFTw JG UIF MBX SFRVJSFT ESJWFST BOE QBTTFOHFST CPUI BEVMUT BOE DIJMESFO UP XFBS B IFMNFU -BXT XJUI FYDFQUJPOT PO UIF HSPVOET PG SFMJHJPO NFEJDBM DPOEJUJPOT PS PUIFS SFBTPOT BSF JOEJDBUFE XJUI UIF GPPUOPUF iTPNF FYDFQUJPOTw t 3FTQPOEFOUT XFSF BTLFE UP SFQPSU PO vehicle standards SFRVJSFE GPS DBS NBOVGBDUVSFST PS BTTFNCMFST JO UIF DPVOUSZ 5IFSFGPSF OP JOGPSNBUJPO JT JODMVEFE PO WFIJDMF TUBOEBSET GPS DPVOUSJFT XIFSF NBOVGBDUVSF PS BTTFNCMZ EP OPU UBLF QMBDF 4PNF DPVOUSJFT BQQMZ TUSJOHFOU TUBOEBSET UP JNQPSUFE WFIJDMFT CVU EBUB PO TVDI TUBOEBSET XFSF OPU DPMMFDUFE BT QBSU PG UIJT TVSWFZ t 7BSJBCMFT IBWF CFFO DPEFE i%BUB OPU BWBJMBCMF o w JG UIF JOGPSNBUJPO XBT OPU QSPWJEFE UISPVHI UIF OBUJPOBM data collection process.

Presentation of data Country proﬁles contain data PO SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUJFT BOE OPO GBUBM JOKVSJFT BT reported CZ DPVOUSJFT BSFBT t %BUB GSPN EJGGFSFOU DPVOUSJFT BSF OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ DPNQBSBCMF BT EJGGFSFOU EFmOJUJPOT BOE UJNF GSBNFT IBWF been used. t %VF UP TQBDF DPOTUSBJOUT JO GPPUOPUFT UIF EBUB TPVSDF IBT CFFO TVNNBSJ[FE BT 1PMJDF 5SBOTQPSU PS )FBMUI JG UIF EBUB BSF GSPN UIF .JOJTUSZ PG *OUFSJPS .JOJTUSZ PG 5SBOTQPSU PS .JOJTUSZ PG )FBMUI SFTQFDUJWFMZ t 5IF QSPQPSUJPO PG EFBUIT XIFSF UIF TFY JT VOLOPXO IBT OPU CFFO SFQPSUFE JO UIF QSPmMFT In the charts presenting data on deaths by road user category QSPQPSUJPOT NBZ OPU TVN UP EVF UP SPVOEJOH 4PNF DPVOUSJFT DMBTTJGZ SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUJFT BDDPSEJOH UP UIF WFIJDMF PS SPBE VTFS iBU GBVMUw SBUIFS UIBO BDDPSEJOH UP XIP EJFE PS VTF DBUFHPSJFT EJGGFSFOU GSPN UIPTF SFRVFTUFE JO UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF *O UIFTF DPVOUSJFT EFBUIT BNPOH WVMOFSBCMF SPBE VTFST BSF FWFO NPSF MJLFMZ UP CF VOEFSSFQPSUFE The standard colour coding of the pie charts VTFE UP SFQSFTFOU UIF SPBE VTFS DBUFHPSJFT SFRVFTUFE JO UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF JT TIPXO CFMPX "EEJUJPOBM DBUFHPSJFT BSF SFQSFTFOUFE CZ OPO TUBOEBSE DPMPVST

● %SJWFST PG XIFFMFE WFIJDMFT ● 1BTTFOHFST PG XIFFMFE WFIJDMFT ● 0DDVQBOUT ESJWFST QBTTFOHFST XIFFMFE WFIJDMFT ● 3JEFST ESJWFST QBTTFOHFST PG NPUPSJ[FE PS XIFFMFST

● Cyclists ● Pedestrians ● 0UIFS ● 6OTQFDJmFE

Trend graphs BSF TIPXO FJUIFS BT SPBE USBGmD EFBUI SBUFT QFS QPQVMBUJPO PO B HSFFO CBDLHSPVOE PS BT BO BCTPMVUF OVNCFS PG SPBE USBGmD EFBUIT PO B CMVF CBDLHSPVOE EFQFOEJOH PO XIJDI mHVSFT XFSF TVQQMJFE CZ UIF DPVOUSZ %VF UP TQBDF DPOTUSBJOUT BO BSCJUSBSZ DVU PGG QPJOU PG XBT BQQMJFE UP UIF GFX DPVOUSJFT UIBU provided many decades of trend data. Where the primary source of information GPS CPUI UIF QJF BOE USFOE HSBQIT XBT OPU TUJQVMBUFE UIF TPVSDF IBT CFFO SFQPSUFE BT A$PVOUSZ RVFTUJPOOBJSF Information about the number of vehicles in the country includes only registered vehicles BOE QSPQPSUJPOT PG WBSJPVT UZQFT PG TVDI WFIJDMFT 5IFTF QSPQPSUJPOT NBZ OPU TVN UP EVF UP SPVOEJOH *O TPNF DPVOUSJFT respondents noted that a substantial proportion of the vehicle ﬂeet may not be registered.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

AFGHANISTAN Population: 27 145 275 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $319

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Yes Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

1 835c 3 212d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b

Yes Yes 50 km/h 10

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes —

10 No n/a n/a — n/a

A AIL

O AN

No n/a — n/a No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

O AN

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

VEHICLE STANDARDS

A AIL

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

731 607 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

59% 12% 20% 1% 8%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

ALBANIA Population: 3 190 012 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 290

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Interministerial Committee of Road Safety No No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

384d (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

1 344e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

9 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 5%b 8

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes 30% Frontc

Enforcementa

b c

Yes

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: 2006, Ministry of Transport

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Internal Affairs Ministry (Directory of Road Police). 1996, Citizen Society of Road Safety, data from pilot cities.

10 8 6 4 2 0

Yes No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (9%)

Cyclists (6%)

Child restraints law a

Passengers 4-wheelers (22%)

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (24%)

Pedestrians (40%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Drink–driving law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (Road Police Directory) and Ministry of Transport (General Directory of Road Transport)

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes No

349 646 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

68% 7% 8% 12% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

ANGOLA Population: 17 024 084 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 560

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

1 814c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

National Directorate of Road Trafﬁc Yes

— Costing study available

Not formally endorsed by government. c

Transport data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

— — — — — —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500

No n/a

Enforcementb

2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0

Yes Yes

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: National Directorate of Road Trafﬁc

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a — n/a

Child restraints law

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

O AN

A AIL

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes Yes —

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a

671 060 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

ARGENTINA Population: 39 531 115 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $6 050

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Agency Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

4 063d (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

174 339e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 40–60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —

Yes Yes Yes 13%b

Yes Yes 48%b, c

No n/a

4 500

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2005, Argentina National Risk Factor survey. Front seats only.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

4 000 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Year Source: The Health Statistics and Information Ofﬁce, the Department of Policies, Regulation, and Institutes at the National Ministry of Health, Argentina

No (subnational) No

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Enforcementa

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Source: Ministry of Health Argentina, 2006

Child restraints law

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Riders motorized 2-wheelers (10%)

Cyclists (6%)

Seat-belt law

b c

Pedestrians (19%)

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Occupants 3- and 4-wheelers (42%)

Unspeciﬁed (23%)

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Health data, deﬁned as died at the scene of the crash. National Registry of Transit Records (RENAT) reported 4 175 deaths in 2007. Health data.

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes No

12 399 887 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

ARMENIA Population: 3 002 271 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 640

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia Funded in national budget Yes

Lead agency

No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

371c (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 720d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, no speciﬁed time period. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 6%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Pedestrians (39%) Drivers 4-wheelers (34%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (26%) Cyclists (<1%)

5 Source: 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes — 3

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

600

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia.

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Yes

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

500 400 300 200 100 0 1992

1994

1996

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Year

No No

Source: Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia

REGISTERED VEHICLES POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

366 836 total (2007) Motorcars Buses Other

79% 7% 15% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

AUSTRALIA a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 20 743 179 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $35 960 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government Yes

DATA Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 1 616i (73% males, 27% females)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2005–2006)

31 204j NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Costing study available

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

No (subnational) 0.05 g/dlc 0.0–0.02 g/dld n/a 30%e n/a

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

No (subnational) Yesf Yesf — n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Enforcementb

c d e f g h

Transport data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health and Transport data, hospitalized cases only.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (13%) Cyclists (3%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (21%)

No (subnational) n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No national limit, but all states and territories have a consistent BAC limit of 0.05 for general population. For young provisional drivers, all states and territories have a zero BAC requirement, with exception of one territory with a BAC limit of 0.02 g/dl. 1999–2003, Transport data. No national law, but all states and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and compliance with a helmet standard. No national law, but all states and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants. 2006, Transport data, national survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

Source: 2007, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government: “Monthly Road Death Series”

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

Year

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Drivers 4-wheelers (49%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (15%)

No (subnational) Yesg 97% Front, 92% Rearh n/a

Child restraints law b

i j

Deaths per 100 000 population

Seat-belt law

Yes (deaths and injuries)

No (subnationally) n/a n/a n/a

Speed limits set nationally

Yes Yes

Source: 2008, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

14 774 921 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

78% 4% 15% 3% <1%

Data cleared by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government.

AUSTRIA Population: 8 360 746 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $42 700

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Austrian Road Safety Council Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

691e (77% males, 23% females)

Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

53 211f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Statistics Austria, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Statistics Austria.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Motorcycle helmet law

Cyclists (5%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%) Passengers 4-wheelers (14%)

Yes Yes 89% Front, 49% Reard

Yes

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on No Yes

2 500 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

VEHICLE STANDARDS

2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1982

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Statistics Austria. Some exceptions. 2007, Austrian Road Safety Board survey.

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs & Statistics Austria

Enforcementa

b c d

Pedestrians (16%)

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (45%)

Yes Yesc Yes 95%d

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (3%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.01 g/dl Yes 8%b 9

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No Yes

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Statistics Austria

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

5 796 973 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

73% 11% 14% <1% 2%

Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health, Family and Youth.

AZERBAIJAN Population: 8 467 167 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 550

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA State Road Police Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1 107c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

3 432d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Yes Yes 60 km/h 9 Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 3%b 9 Yes Yes No —

Drivers 4-wheelers (28%)

Cyclists (1%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (31%)

Source: 2007, Head Department of State Road Police

Yes Yes — 9

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes

1 400

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, State Road Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Pedestrians (38%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)

Enforcementa a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No No

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Speed limits set nationally

1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Year

Yes Yes

Source: Azerbaijan Republic. Trend Data on Road Trafﬁc Accidents in 1998–2006

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

784 018 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

77% <1% 2% 16% 4% <1% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BAHAMAS Population: 331 278 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $18 570

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA Road Trafﬁc Department Yes

Lead agency

Funded in national budget

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

50d (90% males, 10% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2005)

1 682e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year and 1 day. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 48 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 5%b 3

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes Yes 10–15%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (42%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (14%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (22%)

Source: Country questionnaire

0 Yes TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

100

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, from hospital reports. Estimation by consensus group.

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Cyclists (22%)

Yes Yes —

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

60 40 20 0 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Source: Ministry of Health

REGISTERED VEHICLES — —

27 058 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport.

— Data not available.

BAHRAIN Population: 752 648 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $20 610

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA General Directorate of Trafﬁc Yes Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

91e (91% males, 9% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

3 415f Costing study available

Yes (deaths only) e f

Police data, defined as any death caused directly by road traffic injury, regardless of time period. General Directorate of Traffic data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb No 8%c

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

Enforcementa

b c d

Pedestrians (29%)

Cyclists (7%) Passengers 4-wheelers (20%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Source: 2007, General Directorate of Trafﬁc

Yes No 22%d

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (39%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2007, General Directorate of Trafﬁc. 2008, Ministry of Works.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1998

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

14 Deaths per 100 000 population

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yes

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: 2007, General Directorate of Trafﬁc

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

382 977 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

81% 1% 13% <1% 2% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BANGLADESH Population: 158 664 959 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $470

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 3 160c (89% males, 11% females)

National Road Safety Council No

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2003)

Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

403 000d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes No 25 km/h

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Respondents concerned this ﬁgure greatly underestimates the true number of deaths, citing example of Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2003, which estimated the annual number of deaths to be 13 200. 2003, Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (9%)

Drink–driving law

Passengers 4-wheelers (22%)

Yes Noneb Noneb No —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) Cyclists (3%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)

Yes Yes No —

Pedestrians (54%)

Seat-belt law

No n/a — n/a

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: “National Road Trafﬁc Accident Report 2006”, Bangladesh Road Transport Authority

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Child restraints law

No n/a

a b

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

4000 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Enforcementa

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

No No

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Source: “National Road Safety Action Plan 2008–2010,” National Road Safety Council

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

1 054 057 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

15% 62% 10% 6% 3% 4%

Data cleared by the Directorate General of Health Service.

BARBADOS Population: 293 891 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $11 290

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

No n/a

Funded in national budget

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

38c (62% males, 37% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 372d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Actual data collected by Royal Barbados Police Force.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

5 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes —

Pedestrians (18%) Drivers 4-wheelers (24%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%)

Yes Yes Yes —

Passengers 4-wheelers (50%)

8 Yes Yes —

Source: 2007, Royal Barbados Police Force

8 Yes

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS

N TA

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

IL VA

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

126 262 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

82% 2% 8% 4% <1% 4%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, National Insurance and Social Security.

BELARUS Population: 9 688 795 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 220

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Standing Committee by Council of Ministers of Republic of Belarus, Ensuring Road Safety No Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1 517c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

7 991d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Ministry of Home Affairs, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Ministry of Home Affairs data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 13%b 7

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (9%)

Yes

Source: 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

20 15 10 5 0 1989

Yes Yes

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%)

Child restraints law

Passengers 4-wheelers (23%)

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (24%)

Pedestrians (40%)

Seat-belt law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Deaths per 100 000 population

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

3 147 625 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses

74% 12% 12% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BELGIUM Population: 10 457 343 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $40 710

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Interministerial Committee for Road Safety Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1 067d (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

65 850e Costing study available

No d e

Statistics Belgium, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Statistics Belgium estimate.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 3

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yesb Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Occupants 4-wheelers (56%)

Pedestrians (10%) Cyclists (8%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (15%)

Source: 2007, Statistics Belgium

Enforcementa

b c

Other (5%)

Yes Yes 79% Front, 46% Rearc

Child restraints law a

Unspeciﬁed (6%)

Yes

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. Belgian Road Safety Institute: 2007 observational study (front seats), 2006 self-report survey (rear seats).

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

35 Deaths per 100 000 population

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1971

No No

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Year Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

6 362 161 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Buses Trucks Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

79% 6% <1%% 10% 4%

Data cleared by the General Directorate for Mobility and Road Safety.

BELIZE Population: 287 699 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 800

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Committee No Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

68c (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

652d Costing study available

No c d

Health data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data reported 47 deaths in 2006. Belize Institute of Statistics.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 3

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes No —

No n/a

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions.

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Source: Belize Institute of Statistics

Enforcementa

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Passengers (51%)

Child restraints law

Drivers (13%)

Yes Yesb Yes —

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (23%)

Cyclists (13%)

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Unit

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

54 225 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BENIN Population: 9 032 787 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $570

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Centre for Road Safety Yes Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

605b Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

3 251c Costing study available

No b c

Transport data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Transport data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

2 Yes None None Yes —

Yes Yes No —

Cyclists (3%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (37%)

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: 2007, Centre National de Sécurité Routière

No (subnational) n/a — n/a

Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementa Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 800 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Seat-belt law

Passengers 4-wheelers (24%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (11%) Pedestrians (25%)

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1991

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year Source: National Road Safety Centre Database

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

1993

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

222 850 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

67% 7% 11% 5% <1% 10%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BHUTAN Population: 658 479 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 770

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Road Safety and Transport Authority Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006 – 2007) 111c (93% males, 7% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006 – 2007)

724d Costing study available

No c d

Police data for 12-month time period, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data for 12-month time period.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes No 30 km/h

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No —

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

A AIL

O AN

Seat-belt law

Yes Yes — 4

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcementa a

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

O AN

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number b

No Yesb

For free ambulance transport to hospital.

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

35 703 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

55% 21% 2% 13% <1% 9%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BOLIVIA (Plurinational State of) Population: 9 524 568 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 260

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Inter-institutional Road Safety Council No

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1 073d Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

13 481e Costing study available

No d e

National Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. National Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (10%)

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes —

Yes Yes No — No consensusc

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa

b c

Pedestrians (35%)

Seat-belt law

Other (1%)

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

Source: 2007, National Police data

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%)

No n/a n/a n/a No n/a

Passengers 4-wheelers (49%)

Cyclists (1%)

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

2000

No No

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: National Police, National Statistics Institute

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

699 646 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

25% 5% 56% 11% 1% — 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Sports and the Bolivian National Police.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Population: 3 934 816 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 790

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Ministry of Communication and Transport of Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yesa Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Formally approved in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only (not in the Republic of Srpska).

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

428e Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

11 647f Costing study available

No e

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Pedestrians (24%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (23%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%)

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Drivers 4-wheelers (38%)

Cyclists (6%)

Seat-belt law

Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska. Data for Republic of Srpska only

Child restraints law

Other (5%)

Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 7%c 6

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Enforcementb

Institute for Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (deﬁned as died at the crash scene), and Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska (deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash). Data from multiple sources.

Yes 5 TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards ond

N TA

IL VA

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation d

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

Data for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only.

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

675 063 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

85% 1% 9% 1% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Civil Affairs.

BOTSWANA Population: 1 881 504 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 840

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

Funded in national budget

Department of Road Transport and Safety Yes

497d (72% males, 28% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

7 142e Costing study available

No d e

Transport data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Transport data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Road Trafﬁc Crash Database, based on occasional, non-comprehensive surveys. 2007, National Road Trafﬁc Crash Database, rate among drivers and rear-seat passengers involved in a crash.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

35 Deaths per 100 000 population

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1982

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: National Road Trafﬁc Crash Database

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Passengers 4-wheelers (48%)

Source: 2007, National Road Trafﬁc Crash Database

Child restraints law

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)

Yes No 75%c

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Cyclists (2%)

Seat-belt law

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (23%)

Pedestrians (26%)

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 1%b 7

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

293 755 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

39% 1% 44% 5% <1% 10%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BRAZIL Population: 191 790 929 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 910

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

National Trafﬁc Department (DENATRAN) Yes Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 35 155c (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

407 685d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60–80 km/h 6

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes Yes 88% Front, 11% Rear 7

Passengers 4-wheelers (5%)

Other (37%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (20%)

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

Cyclists (5%)

Pedestrians (28%)

Yes Yes 60%b

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (5%)

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2006, Ministry of Health Mortality Information System

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Yes

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Data from Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No No

25 20 15 10 5 0 1981

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

30 Deaths per 100 000 population

Motorcycle helmet law

Health data (Mortality Information System), defined as died anytime after the crash. State Traffic Departments, National Traffic Department, Ministry of Cities data.

No No

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Year Source: Ministry of Health Mortality Information System

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

49 644 025 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

61% 22% <1% 10% 4% 1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS a

Non WHO member-area.

Population: 23 000 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $43 686 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

No n/a

Funded in national budget

No (subnational) n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

6d (67% males, 33% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

132e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash. Police records.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 32 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 4%c —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes 80%c

Source: 2007, Police department

Child restraints law

Passengers 4-wheelers (50%)

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Drivers 4-wheelers (33%)

Yes — No —

Seat-belt law

Enforcementb

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%)

Yes TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police observational data.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

— —

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Source: Royal Virgin Islands Police Force

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

14 505 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Development.

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Population: 390 056 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $30 580

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Brunei Darussalam Road Safety Council — Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

54c (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

556d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Yes No 80 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yes Yes 98%b

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law

Source: Department of Investigations and Trafﬁc Control, Royal Brunei Police Force

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

60 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police data.

50 40 30 20 10 0

No No

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Department of Investigations and Trafﬁc Control, Royal Brunei Police Force

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No —

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

304 432 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Passengers 4-wheelers (30%)

Yes No 70% Frontb

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%)

Seat-belt law

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Drivers 4-wheelers (46%)

Cyclists (2%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Pedestrians (9%)

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 3.7%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Other (2%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

83% 4% 4% 1% <1% <1% 7%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Communications.

BULGARIA Population: 7 638 831 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 590

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA State-Public Consultative Commission on the Problems of Road Safety Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1 006c (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

9 827d

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (26%)

Cyclists (4%)

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: 2007, Trafﬁc Police Department, Ministry of Interior

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes

1 800 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Trafﬁc Police Department, Ministry of Interior.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Occupants 4-wheelers (65%)

Seat-belt law

Other (2%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 5%b 7

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Unspeciﬁed (2%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Trafﬁc Police Department, Ministry of Interior

No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

2 628 680 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

75% 3% 10% 1% 10% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BURKINA FASO Population: 14 784 291 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $430

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Ofﬁce of Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

619c (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

7 359d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Police and Health data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1

Other (13%)

Yes Noneb Noneb — —

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes Yes —

Pedestrians (34%) Source: Gendarmerie Nationale

No n/a — n/a

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementa

Occupants 4-wheelers (53%)

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

O AN

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

VEHICLE STANDARDS

A AIL

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

515 453 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other

30% 31% 18% 9% 12%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

BURUNDI Population: 8 508 232 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $110

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

65d 2 718e Costing study available

No d e

Health data, deﬁned as died anytime after the crash. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.1 g/dl 0.1 g/dl Yes 70%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

O AN

No (subnational) n/a 95% Front, 0% Rearc

Enforcementa

A AIL

Child restraints law a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2005, Police Spéciale de Roulage et de la Sécurité Routière. Source and methodology not speciﬁed.

N TA

IL VA

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

59 486 total (1998 – June 2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Non-motorized vehicles

26% 19% 31% 5% 19%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control.

CAMBODIA Population: 14 443 679 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $540

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 1 545f (79% males, 20% females)

National Road Safety Committee Yes

25 858g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government. f g

Data from multiple sectors, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Data from multiple sectors.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl n/ac — n/ac

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

Passengers 4-wheelers (11%)

Pedestrians (13%) Cyclists (5%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (63%)

Seat-belt law

Yes No 0%e

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Source: 2007, Road Trafﬁc Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

Yes

1 800

1 600 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

c d e

Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)

Yes No No 21%d

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Other (4%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes No 40 km/h

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Regulations are in place, but not yet enforced. 2006, Ministry of Health observational study in Phnom Penh. Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

800 600 400

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

1 200 1 000

200

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1 400

No No

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year Source: 1995–2005, Ministry of Interior/Trafﬁc Police; 2006–2007, Road Trafﬁc Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

154 389 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Buses Trucks

9% 84% 4% <1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

CAMEROON Population: 18 549 176 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 050

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Ministry of Transport Yes

Funded in national budget

Yes No Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

990b Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 471c Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) b c

Police data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

Drivers 4-wheelers (15%) Cyclists (18%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes No —

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (40%)

Seat-belt law

Source: Consensus group estimate, based on 2001 data

Yes No —

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementa Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1 600 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (10%)

Drink–driving law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0

No Yes

1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

Year

1992

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

1996

2000

2005

d d

Data for 2002 not provided. Source: Ministry of Transport

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

312 259 total (2005) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles

56% 21% 9% 8% 5% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport.

CANADA Population: 32 876 047 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $39 420

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

Road Safety Directorate, Transport Canadaa Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

DATA

2 889h (68% males, 32% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

199 337i

With support and collaboration by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators and its members.

Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) NATIONAL LEGISLATION No (subnationally) Yes up to 70 km/h n/a

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

Motorcycle helmet law

No (subnational) Yesd Yesd 99%e n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0–0.04 g/dl Yes 30%c

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Seat-belt law

h i

Other (1%) Pedestrians (13%)

Drivers 4-wheelers (54%)

Cyclists (3%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (7%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (22%)

No (subnational) Yesf 93% Front, 87% Rearg n/a

Source: Police-reported records of trafﬁc collisions that occurred on public roads during 2006

Enforcementb b c d e f g

No (subnational) n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Coroners data compiled by Traffic Injury Research Foundation. No national law, but all provinces and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and compliance with a national helmet standard. 2006, Transport Canada’s National Traffic Collision Data file, rate among drivers and passengers involved in crashes occurring on public roads. No national law, but all provinces and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants. 2006, Transport Canada, Average for Rural and Urban Roads Surveys.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 Deaths per 100 000 population

Child restraints law

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Year

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No Yes

Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No (subnational) No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

20 065 000 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

52% 3% 43% 3% <1%

Data cleared by the Public Health Agency of Canada.

CAPE VERDE Population: 530 437 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 430

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA General Directorate of Road Transport Yes Yes No Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

49d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

899e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

7 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 3

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Nob No 90%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law

b c

Yes No 80%c

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

O AN

Seat-belt law

Enforcementa

A AIL

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 6

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Exceptions include children and the armed forces. Estimation by consensus group.

YEAR

NUMBER OF DEATHS

2006 2007

73 49

Source: Direçao Geral dos Transportes Rodoviários

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

— —

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

54 158 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

66% 8% 20% 5% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Internal Administration.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Population: 4 342 735 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $380

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Directorate of Transport and Road Safety Yes Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 583d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

225e Costing study available

Not formally endorsed by government.

d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash, from capital (Bangui) only. Transport data based on police reports.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 40–60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Child restraints law

Enforcementb b c

O AN

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

A AIL

Yes Yesc Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes No — TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

3 No (subnational) n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions.

N TA

IL VA

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

5 834 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks

21% 77% <1% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Population and HIV/AIDS and the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation.

CHAD Population: 10 780 571 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $540

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Commission on Road Safety Yes Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

840d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

4 536e Costing study available

Not formally endorsed by government. d e

Transport and Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Directorate General for Surface Transport.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 0

Yes Yes No 51%d

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Yes Yes 1% Front, <1% Rearc TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

Enforcementb

O AN

Seat-belt law

A AIL

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Estimation by consensus group.

O AN

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

124 088 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Non-motorized vehicles

16% 52% 20% 9% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

CHILE Population: 16 634 760 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 350

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

National Trafﬁc Safety Commission (CONASET) Yes Yes No Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

2 280e (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

50 010f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Health data, deﬁned as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes 0.5 g/dl 0.5 g/dl Yes 21%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes Yes 100%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (3%) Cyclists (6%)

Pedestrians (40%)

Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry

Yes Yes 50% Front, 42% Reard

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 4

Deaths per 100 000 population

Enforcementa

b c d

Other (27%)

Child restraints law a

Passengers 4-wheelers (13%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (12%)

Drink–driving law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. National Police of Chile data for 2007. National Trafﬁc Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2005 for greater Santiago only. National Trafﬁc Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2007 conducted in multiple cities.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

No car manufacturers

1991

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Year

No Yes

Source: National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

2 824 570 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

61% 2% 28% 5% 2% 2% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

CHINA Population: 1 336 317 116 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 360

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Inter-Ministerial Convention on Road Trafﬁc Safety Funded in national budget Yes

Lead agency

Yes No Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

89 455e (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

431 139f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yes 30-50 km/h

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

8 Other (14%)

Drink–driving law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

8 Yes Yes Yes 16%c No consensus

Enforcementa

b c d

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No consensus Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Cyclists (9%) Source: Trafﬁc Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Riders motorbikes (28%)

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Police data. Zhang J, Zhuo J, Chen NA. Study of motorcycle helmet use in Guangxi. Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention, 2004, 8(6):512–515. 2005–2006, Study in Guangzhou City and Nanning City.

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Pedestrians (26%)

Yes Yes 50%d No consensus

Child restraints law a

Passengers of cars (17%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Motorcycle helmet law

Drivers passenger vehicles (5%)

Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 4%b

Source: Trafﬁc Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

145 228 994 total (2006) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

COLOMBIA Population: 46 155 958 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 250

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Ministry of Transportation Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2001)

5 409d (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

38 727e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Other (5%)

Yes 0.04 g/dl 0.04 g/dl Yes 3%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (11%) Pedestrians (34%)

Yes Yes Yes 97%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (36%)

Seat-belt law

Cyclists (8%)

Yes Yes 82%c

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law

Source: 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 25

Deaths per 100 000 population

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (6%)

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences.

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Transportation (SIAT-RNAT). 2007–2008 Road Prevention Fund. Use of helmets that meet a regulatory standard: 70%.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

20 15 10 5 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

No Yes

Source: Ministry of Transportation, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Road Prevention Fund

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes —

REGISTERED VEHICLES

4 951 225 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

36% 39% 17% 4% 3% <1% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Protection.

COMOROS Population: 839 187 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $680

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Directorate for Road Safety, Circulation and Regulation Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

12d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

120e Costing study available

No d e

Military Police data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Military Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 30 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes 4%c

Drivers 4-wheelers (17%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%)

No n/a n/a — n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Passengers 4-wheelers (58%)

No n/a — n/a

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementa

b c

Pedestrians (17%)

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Gendarmerie

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

O AN

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

IL VA

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

22 378 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks

86% 6% 5% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Solidarity and Gender Equality.

CONGO Population: 3 768 086 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 540

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

Funded in national budget

Directorate General for Land Transport Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

214b (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 506c Costing study available

No b c

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 40–60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl — — —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

N TA

Yes No — 3

Child restraints law

Enforcementa a

A AIL

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

O AN

A AIL

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

100 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

56% 3% 31% 5% <1% 4%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Social Affairs and Family and the Ministry of Security and Public Order.

COOK ISLANDS Population: 13 325 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $13 098

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Police Department Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

5b (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

382c Costing study available

No b c

Health data (Rarotonga only), deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Police and health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Yes 0.04 g/dl 0.04 g/dl — —

No n/a n/a — n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementa Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1991

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Source: 2007, Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Bulletin

No n/a — n/a

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Pedestrians (40%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (60%)

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year Source: Country questionnaire, Rarotonga only

REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a

10 692 total (2006–2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

COSTA RICA Population: 4 467 625 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 560

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Council on Road Safety (COSEVI) Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

710c (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

19 903d Costing study available

No c d

Judicial Branch data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. National Institute of Insurance.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes No 40 km/h 6

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —

Yes Yes No —

Source: 2007, Judicial Branch

Yes 6

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. National survey conducted in 2004.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Cyclists (9%)

Child restraints law

Passengers 4-wheelers (18%)

Yes Yes 82%b

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (33%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (20%)

Seat-belt law

Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (20%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Deaths per 100 000 population

Speed limits set nationally

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

No No

Yeare e Data for 2001 not provided. Source: Council on Road Safety (COSEVI). National Institute for Statistics and Census (Vital Statistics)

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

797 902 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport.

CROATIA Population: 4 555 398 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $10 460

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Yes Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

619d 25 092e Costing study available

— d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (5%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (19%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (21%)

Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes

1 800

5 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

b c

Pedestrians (20%)

Yes Yes 45%c

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Enforcement

Drivers 4-wheelers (29%)

Seat-belt law

Other (7%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 30%b 7

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0

Yes Yes

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

2002

2007

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

1997

Source: Ministry of Interior

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

1 949 936 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

77% 8% 9% <1% 6%

Data cleared by the National Institute of Public Health.

CUBA Population: 11 267 883 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 571

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

National Highway and Transportation Commission Funded in national budget No

Lead agency

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 994f (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

7 507g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f g

Health data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. National Transportation Directorate data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 30%c 4

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes No 95%d 8

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Enforcementa

b c d e

Occupants 4-wheelers (18%)

Other (8%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (12%)

Bus passengers (3%)

Cyclists (14%) Pedestrians (33%)

Yes No 70% Fronte

Child restraints law a

Unspeciﬁed (12%)

8 No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not deﬁned by BAC limit. 2007, Forensic Medicine Institute, Ministry of Public Health. 2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs. 2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs, only applies to cars with seatbelts or those manufactured after 2001.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 25 20 15 10 5 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: 2007, Ministry of Health

Deaths per 100 000 population

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1972

No No

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: National Statistics Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, 2006–2007

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

658 003 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

36% 33% 13% 13% 3% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

CYPRUS Population: 854 671 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $24 940

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

Road Safety Council Yes

Funded in national budget

89f (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

2 119g Costing study available

Yes (deaths only) f g

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h 6

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 18%b 6

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yesc Yes 68% Driversd

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (3%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (28%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (14%)

Source: 2007, Police records

Yes Yes 81% Front, 9% Reare

Enforcementa

b c d e

Drivers 4-wheelers (37%)

Child restraints law a

Pedestrians (18%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes

180

3 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police records. Some exceptions. 2007, Police in cooperation with the Government Statistical Service, 56% passengers. 2007, Police records, national observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

No car manufacturers

1971

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

160

No Yes

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Year Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

592 480 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

69% 7% 18% 2% 1% 4%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

CZECH REPUBLIC Population: 10 186 330 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $14 450

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

Ministry of Transport Yes

Funded in national budget

1 222e (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

23 060f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (10%)

Yes Yes Yes 97% Driversc

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%)

Source: 2007, Police Presidium of the Czech Republic, Directorate of Trafﬁc Branch

8 Yes

Enforcementa

b c d

Passengers 4-wheelers (18%)

Yes Yes 90% Front, 80% Reard

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (41%)

Pedestrians (19%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Czech Police. 2007, Czech Police, 85% for passengers. 2006, Transport Research Centre.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Deaths per 100 000 population

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (1%)

Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 3%b 9

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1972

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

1977

1982

1987

1992

Yes No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

2002

2007

Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

1997

Year

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

5 455 110 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

75% 15% 9% <1% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Population: 62 635 723 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $140

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Committee Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

281c (61% males, 31% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

3 478d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene, Kinshasa only. Police and health data, Kinshasa only.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (35%) Pedestrians (59%)

Yes No 80% Front, 40% Rearb

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (5%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (1%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Road Trafﬁc Police, National Road Safety Committee

7 No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, estimated based on ﬁnes given out by the Road Trafﬁc Police.

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No car manufacturers

Yes Yes

N TA

IL VA

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a

311 781 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Population: 9 759 664 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 550

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 1 414d (83% males, 17% females)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

1 121e Costing study available

No d e

National Police and General Ground Travel Bureau data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 35 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law

Yes — Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (42%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (45%)

Yes No 55–60% Frontc

Source: 2007, General Ground Travel Bureau

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

b c

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%)

Seat-belt law

Pedestrians (5%)

Drink–driving law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a

VEHICLE STANDARDS

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS YEAR

DEATHS

2005 2006 2007

1 366 1 386 1 414

No car manufacturers Source: Country questionnaire

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

2 121 244 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

28% 44% 8% 16% 2% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance.

ECUADOR Population: 13 341 197 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 080

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

The National Commission of Ground Transit and Transportation Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 1 801c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2005)

9 511d

— — —

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

National Institute of Statistics and Census data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. National Institute of Statistics and Census data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Occupants 4-wheelers (14%)

Drink–driving law

Yes Yes 30% Front, 10% Rearb

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No No

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

2003

2004

2006

Year

e No data supplied for 2002. Source: National Directorate of Transit, Department of Archives and Statistics; Guayas Transit Commission

REGISTERED VEHICLES

No n/a

961 556 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

2005

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

2 000 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 2001

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Directorate of Ground Transit and Transportation.

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics and Census

Enforcementa

Pedestrians (43%)

Child restraints law a

Cyclists (<1%)

Yes Yes No —

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (42%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 9%b

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

38% 9% 43% 8% 1% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

EGYPT Population: 75 497 913 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 580

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Council for Road Safety Yes Yes No No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 12 295d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

154 000e Costing study available

No d e

Health data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. 2007, Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Noneb Noneb No —

Yes No No 70% Passengersc 6 Yes No 70% Driversc

Enforcementa

b c

Occupants 4-wheelers (48%)

Other (30%)

Child restraints law a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Pedestrians (20%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (<1%)

Cyclists (2%)

Source: 2005, National Information Center for Health & Population

7 No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No No

O AN

A AIL

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

VEHICLE STANDARDS

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

4 300 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

60% 19% 18% 2% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Population.

EL SALVADOR Population: 6 857 328 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 850

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Deputy Ministry of Transportation Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 1 493c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes No No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

11 655d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 4%b

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%)

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (4%)

Seat-belt law

2008, Institute of Forensic Medicine, compared with data of the National Civil Police and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare

Yes No —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 0

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Assistant Director’s Ofﬁce of Ground Transportation, National Civil Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

25 20 15 10 5 0

Yes No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

30 Deaths per 100 000 population

Passsengers 4-wheelers (18%)

Pedestrians (63%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Drivers 4-wheelers (9%)

Other (4%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

Forensic Medicine, Police and Health data, deﬁned as died anytime after the crash. Health data.

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Data for 1970 to 1998, General Bureau of Statistics and Census. Data for 1999 to 2007, Forensic Statistics Section of the Institute of Forensic Medicine.

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

630 638 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

45% 7% 38% 7% 1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance.

ERITREA Population: 4 850 763 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $230

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Ministry of Transport and Communication Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

84d (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

1 453e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 1.2%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 2

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

b c

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

O AN

A AIL

Yes Yesc No — 9

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1992

1995

1998

2001

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

2007

Source: Land and Transport Department

No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

2004

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Motorcycle helmet law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a

REGISTERED VEHICLES

60 849 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

51% 5% 21% 16% 3% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

ESTONIA Population: 1 335 333 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $13 200

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

The Road Safety Committee of the Government of the Republic of Estonia Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

196d (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

3 270e

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

Estonian National Road Administration data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Estonian National Road Administration data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h 6

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 48%b 8

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (27%)

Source: 2007, Estonian National Road Administration

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 8

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Estonian National Road Administration. 2007, “Trafﬁc Behaviour Monitoring”.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (6%)

Enforcementa

b c

Cyclists (9%)

Yes Yes 90% Front, 68% Rearc

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (39%)

Pedestrians (19%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Estonian National Road Administration

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

708 794 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

74% 2% 11% 1% 12%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Affairs.

ETHIOPIA Population: 83 099 190 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $220

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

National Road Safety Committee Yes

2 517d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

24 792e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data adjusted by comparing with health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Other (1%)

Drink–driving law

Yes Noneb Noneb No 10%c

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (55%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Cyclists (<1%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Deaths per 100 000 population

4.0

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: 2007, Federal Police Commission Annual Report

No n/a

No No

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1998

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Passengers 4-wheelers (37%)

No (subnational) n/a 20%c n/a

Enforcementa

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (6%)

No (subnational) n/a n/a 60%c n/a

Child restraints law a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

No No

Source: Country questionnaire

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

244 257 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

29% 3% 34% 27% 7%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport and Communications.

FIJI Population: 838 698 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 800

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Yes Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

59e (78% males, 22% females) 663f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 27%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes Yes 90%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (49%)

Yes Yes 95% Front, 70% Reard

Enforcementa

Source: 2007, Fiji Police

9 Yes TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

120

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Fiji Police. Estimation by consensus group. 2007, Fiji Police.

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

b c d

Pedestrians (25%)

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (26%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

100 80 60 40 20 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Source: Fiji Police

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

100

78 833 total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Women and Social Welfare.

FINLAND Population: 5 276 892 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $44 400

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Ministry of Transport and Communications of Finland Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

380f (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

8 446g

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Yes Yes 50 km/h 7

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 24%b 8

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yesc Yes 95% Driversd

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (18%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes Yes

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1986

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: “Road Trafﬁc Accidents 2007,” Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Trafﬁc Safety in Finland

Yes

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%)

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Drivers 4-wheelers (52%)

Cyclists (6%)

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Road Traffic Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland. Some exceptions. Estimation by consensus group. 2007, Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland, data for rear-seat passengers apply to urban areas only.

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Pedestrians (13%)

Yes Yes 89% Front, 80% Reard

Enforcementa

b c d e

Other (1%)

Child restraints law a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Deaths per 100 000 population

Seat-belt law

“Road Traffic Accidents 2007,” Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. “Road Traffic Accidents 2007,” Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland.

Yes Yes

101

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

Year Source: “Road Trafﬁc Accidents 2007,” Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Trafﬁc Safety in Finland

REGISTERED VEHICLES

4 656 370 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

61% 8% 2% <1% 29%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.

FRANCE Population: 61 647 375 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $38 500

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Interministerial Road Safety Task Force Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

4 620e (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

77 007f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yesc Yes 95%d

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (3%)

Drivers 4-wheelers (43%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (25%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (16%)

Yes Yes 98% Front, 83% Rearb

Yes TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR). Some exceptions. 2006, ONISR, Observational study, data apply to motorcyclists (99% for moped riders).

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

Deaths per 100 000 population

Enforcementa

Source: 2007, Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR)

Child restraints law

b c d

Pedestrians (12%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Other (1%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 27%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Seat-belt law

Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR) data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR) data.

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1972

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes No

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

102

REGISTERED VEHICLES

39 926 000 total (2006–2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

77% 6% 14% 1% <1% 1%

Data cleared by the Interministerial Road Safety Task Force.

GAMBIA Population: 1 708 681 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Roads Authority Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

56c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

387d Costing study available

No c d

Police and health data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Actual data from the Gambia Police Force and Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes —

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcementa

Yes Yes —

Child restraints law a

N TA

A AIL

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a

O AN

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

103

14 450 total (2007) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

61% 12% 6% 7% 14%

Data cleared by the Department of State for Works, Construction and Infrastructure.

GEORGIA Population: 4 395 420 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 120

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

Transport Commission —

737c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

7 349d Costing study available

No c d

Ministry of Internal Affairs data, deﬁned as died within 20 days of the crash. Ministry of Internal Affairs data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h 8

Speed limits set nationally

Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl No 37%b

Yes Yes No —

Yes No —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes

Enforcement

1 400

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia

Child restraints law

Unspeciﬁed (72%)

Seat-belt law

Pedestrians (28%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (<1%)

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Drink–driving law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No No (subnational)

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

104

567 900 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses

83% <1% 10% 7%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs.

GERMANY a

Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt (no consensus meeting).

Population: 82 599 471 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $38 860

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Federal Ministry for Trafﬁc, Building and Housing Funded in national budget Yes

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

4 949e (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes No Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

431 419f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Federal Statistics Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Federal Statistics Office data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h —

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 12%c —

Yes Yes Yes 97% Drivers, 96% Passengersd —

Enforcementb

Pedestrians (14%)

Yes —

Drivers 4-wheelers (43%)

Cyclists (10%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (18%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (15%) Source: 2006, Federal Statistics Ofﬁce

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16

Enforcement score represents professional opinion of BASt, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Federal Statistics Ofﬁce. 2007, Federal Highway Research Institute.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Deaths per 100 000 population

c d

Other (1%)

Yes Yes 95–96% Front, 88% Reard —

Child restraints law b

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1991

No Yes

1994

1997

2000

Source: Federal Statistics Ofﬁce

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

2006

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2003

Yes Yes

105

REGISTERED VEHICLES

55 511 374 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

84% 7% 8% <1% 1%

Data cleared by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt.

GHANA Population: 23 478 394 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $590

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Commission Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

1 856b (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

14 492c Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) b c

National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports), deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports).

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law

Drivers 4-wheelers (11%)

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: National Road Safety Commission, “Road Trafﬁc Accident Statistics 2006”

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Yes

12 Deaths per 100 000 population

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%)

Cyclists (4%)

Seat-belt law

Passengers 4-wheelers (35%)

Pedestrians (42%)

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (2%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Yes No

10 8 6 4 2 0 1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Source: Building and Road Research Institute

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

106

931 642 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

53% 16% 8% 9% 13% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transportation.

GREECE Population: 11 146 918 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $29 630

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

Yes Yes No

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

1 657e (82% males, 18% females) 20 675f Costing study available

No e f

National Statistical Service data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Drivers 4-wheelers (35%)

Cyclists (1%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (30%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (15%)

Yes Yes 75% Front, 42% Reard

Enforcementa

Source: 2006, National Statistical Service

Child restraints law

b c d

Pedestrians (16%)

Yes Yesc Yes 58% Drivers, 32% Passengersd

Seat-belt law

Other (2%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 7.2%b

Yes 6

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Road Traffic Police and Port Police Authorities, drivers involved in fatal crashes. Some exceptions. 2006, Road Traffic Police and Port Police Authorities, includes only people involved in reported road traffic crashes.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

2 500 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0

Yes —

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

1996

2001

2006

Year Source: National Statistical Service

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

107

7 212 236 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

65% 17% 17% <1% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity.

GUATEMALA Population: 13 353 911 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 305

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Ministry of the Interior, Department of Transit of the National Civil Police Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2004) 581b (74% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2004)

2 586c

No (subnational) n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

No b c

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: 2004, National Civil Police, Institute of National Statistics

Yes No —

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

400

No n/a

Enforcementa a

Passengers and unspeciﬁed (49%)

Yes Yes No —

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers (28%)

Pedestrians (23%)

No (subnational) n/a n/a n/a — n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes 10–90 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records), deﬁned as died at the crash scene. National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records).

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

2000

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year Source: Vital Statistics

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

108

REGISTERED VEHICLES

1 613 796 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other Unspeciﬁed

28% 24% 11% 7% 5% <1% 23% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance.

GUINEA-BISSAU Population: 1 695 043 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $200

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

117c — Costing study available

No c

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Noneb Noneb No — 3

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

No n/a n/a — n/a

N TA

A AIL

No n/a — n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law a

Enforcement a b

No n/a

N TA

VEHICLE STANDARDS

IL VA

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

109

57 839 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses

73% 9% 17% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

GUYANA Population: 737 906 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 300

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA Ministry of Home Affairs Yes

Lead agency

Funded in national budget

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 207c (74% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

1 356d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Police data, deﬁned as death resulting from injuries due to a road accident event (time period not speciﬁed). Ministry of Home Affairs data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Passsengers 4-wheelers (25%)

Pedestrians (30%)

Cyclists (16%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (16%)

Seat-belt law

Yes No —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: 2007, Guyana Police Force – Trafﬁc Headquarters

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 0

250

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions.

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Drivers 4-wheelers (10%)

Yes Yesb No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (3%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes No 48 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No Yes

150 100 50 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

200

Source: Trafﬁc Headquarters

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes n/a

110

127 825 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other

35% 29% 15% 7% 14%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

HONDURAS Population: 7 106 001 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 600

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Council Yes Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 974e (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

3 156f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

National Transit Bureau data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Ministry of Security and Ministry of Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Other (9%)

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.07 g/dl 0.07 g/dl Yes 8%b

Yes Yes No 60% Drivers, 40% Passengersc 5

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Enforcementa

b c d

Drivers 4-wheelers (21%)

Cyclists (5%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%)

Passsengers 4-wheelers (51%)

Yes Yes 80% Front, 10% Reard

Child restraints law a

Pedestrians (9%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Transit Bureau, proportion of fatal crashes due to alcohol. 2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security. 2007, National Transit Bureau.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: 2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

2003

Yes Yes

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Forensic Medicine Bureau/Public Ministry

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes No

111

REGISTERED VEHICLES

786 682 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

62% 12% 11% 10% 4% 1% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of State Health.

HUNGARY Population: 10 029 683 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $11 570

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Interministerial Committee for Road Safety Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1 232e (74% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

27 452f Costing study available

Yes (deaths only) e f

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yes Yes 95%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (34%)

Cyclists (12%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (10%) Passengers 4-wheelers (21%)

Yes Yes 71% Front, 40% Reard 4

Source: 2007, Trafﬁc Accidents 2006 Yearbook

Child restraints law

Yes 4

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Central Statistical Ofﬁce. Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers. 2007, Observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

Deaths per 100 000 population

Enforcementa

b c d

Pedestrians (23%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Other (1%)

Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 12%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Seat-belt law

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

25 20 15 10 5 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1970

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No Yes

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

112

REGISTERED VEHICLES

3 625 386 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

83% 4% 12% 1% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

ICELAND Population: 301 006 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $54 100

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA The Road Trafﬁc Directorate Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

30e (67% males, 33% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

2 092f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e

NATIONAL LEGISLATION f

Yes Yes 50 km/h 7

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 20%b 7

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes No 95%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (10%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%)

Drivers 4-wheelers (53%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (32%)

Yes Yes 88% Front, 68% Reard 8

Source: The Road Trafﬁc Directorate yearly report 1998–2007

Yes

Enforcementa

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, The Road Trafﬁc Directorate. Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers. 2007, National telephone survey conducted by Capacent Gallup.

18 Deaths per 100 000 population

b c d

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Child restraints law a

Statistics Iceland Mortality Coding Register data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Icelandic Accident Register data.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1972

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes No

1977

1982

1987

1992

2007

Source: Road Trafﬁc Directorate

No (subnational) No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

2002

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

1997

Yes Yes

113

REGISTERED VEHICLES

293 299 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

71% 5% 7% 3% <1% 14%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

INDIA Population: 1 169 015 509 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $950

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Department of Road Transport and Highways Yes Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

No (subnationally) Yes n/a n/a

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

Passenger cars and taxis (15%)

Other (29%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (27%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yesc Yes —

Pedestrians (13%)

Cyclists (4%)

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Unspeciﬁed (11%)

Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Speed limits set nationally

Source: “Road Accidents in India 2006.” Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways

Yes Yes —

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementb

452 922e

Not formally endorsed by government.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No No

120 000 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 105 725d (84% males, 16% females)

100 000 80 000 60 000 40 000 20 000 0 2002

2003

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

2006

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

2005

Source: National Crime Records Bureau

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2004

Year

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Yes Yes

114

72 718 000 total (2004) Trucks and Lorries Light motor vehicles (goods and passengers) Buses Two wheelers Cars, jeeps and taxis Tractors and trailers Other

3% 5% 1% 71% 13% 6% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

INDONESIA Population: 231 626 978 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 650

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 16 548e (73% males, 23% females)

National Cabinet Yes

Funded in national budget

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

66 040f Costing study available

Yes (deaths only) e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yes 70 km/h

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Other (4%)

Drink–driving law

No n/a n/a n/a — n/a

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yesb Yes 93%c

Passengers 4-wheelers (4%)

Pedestrians (15%)

Cyclists (13%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (61%)

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (3%)

Yes No 85%d

Source: 2008, National Police. Based on data collected in 3 provinces, deaths at the crash scene only

Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementa

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS b c d

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. 2007, National rate estimated from study of helmet wearing in 31 cities in 10 provinces. 2005, Jakarta survey.

18 000

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes No

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

16 000 14 000 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

Year Source: National Police

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

115

63 318 522 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses

15% 73% 8% 4% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

IRAN (Islamic Republic of) Population: 71 208 384 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 470

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Headquarter for Transportation and Fuel Management Funded in national budget Yes

Lead agency

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007–2008 Iranian Calendar) 22 918e (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007–2008 Iranian Calendar)

685 611f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) NATIONAL LEGISLATION

e f

Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (16%)

Yes Yes Yes 13–15%c 6

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law a

Enforcement

b c d

Unspeciﬁed (11%)

Pedestrians (33%)

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1

Forensic Medicine data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data.

Yes Yes 75–80%d 8

Passengers 4-wheelers (29%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%) Source: 1998, Forensic Medicine Organization

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2008, Trafﬁc Police, 20–25% drivers, 3–4% passengers. 2007, Trafﬁc Police.

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

VEHICLE STANDARDS

O AN

A AIL

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

116

REGISTERED VEHICLES

17 000 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

48% 37% <1% 5% <1% 9%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education.

IRAQ Population: 28 993 374 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 646

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Supreme Council Road Safety No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No (subnational) n/a n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2005) 1 789b (83% males, 17% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2005)

7 467c Costing study available

No b

Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police Statistics, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash, excludes Kurdistan region. Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police Statistics, excludes Kurdistan region.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 100 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law a

Enforcement

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

A AIL

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 25 20 20 15 10 5 0

No No

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year Source: Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, data since 1990 exclude Kurdistan region

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

N TA

No n/a n/a — n/a Yes Yes — 8

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Deaths per 100 000 population

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

No Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

117

2 242 269 total (2006) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

35% 53% 7% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

IRELAND Population: 4 300 902 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $48 140

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA Road Safety Authority Yes

Lead agency

Funded in national budget

Yes Yes —

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

365d (72% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

8 575e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

Road Safety Authority data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Road Safety Authority data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h No consensus

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes — — No consensus

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Enforcementa

b c

Yes No consensus

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Based on Bedford D, McKeown N, Vellinga A, Howell F (2006) “Alcohol in fatal road crashes in Ireland in 2003” – Population Health Directorate, Health Service Executive. 2006, Road Safety Authority Seat Belt Wearing Survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

Cyclists (3%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%)

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Passengers 4-wheelers (22%) Source: “Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006”

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year Source: “Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006”

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

— Data not available.

Drivers 4-wheelers (40%)

Pedestrians (20%)

Yes Yes 86% Front, 63% Rearc No consensus

Child restraints law a

Other (8%)

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Seat-belt law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 37%b No consensus

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes

118

REGISTERED VEHICLES

2 444 159 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

76% 2% 16% 2% <1% 4%

Data cleared by the Department of Transport.

ISRAEL Population: 6 927 677 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $21 900

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA National Road Safety Authority Yes

Lead agency

Funded in national budget

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

398e (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

2 079f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 8%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes No 95%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Enforcementa

b c d

Passengers 4-wheelers (27%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (9%)

Yes Yes 94% Drivers, 88% Front passengers, 45% Reard

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (31%)

Cyclists (2%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 800

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Israeli Police. 2006, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority, drivers and passengers. 2007, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (32%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1972

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

119

REGISTERED VEHICLES

2 283 634 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

78% 4% 14% 2% 1% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

ITALY Population: 58 876 834 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $33 540

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA General Directorate for Road Safety Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

5 669d (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

332 995e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Drivers 4-wheelers (32%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (26%) Passengers 4-wheelers (17%)

Yes Yes 65% Front, 10% Rearc

Enforcementa

Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Ofﬁce) and ACI (Automobile Club d’Italia)

7 Yes 7

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. 2007, SISTEMA ULISSE Monitoraggio Nazionale sull’uso dei dispositivi di sicurezza.

8 000

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Child restraints law

b c

Pedestrians (13%) Cyclists (6%)

Yes Yesb Yes 60%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (6%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes No consensus

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Seat-belt law

ISTAT (National Statistics Ofﬁce) and ACI (Automobile Club d’Italia) data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. ISTAT and ACI data.

7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Ofﬁce) and ACI (Automobile Club d’Italia)

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

120

43 262 992 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses

83% 13% 3% <1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

JAMAICA Population: 2 713 779 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 710

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Council Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 350c (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

14 069d Costing study available

No c c

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes Yes 7% Drivers, 6% Passengersb 3

Enforcementa

Cyclists (8%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Source: 2007, Police Trafﬁc Headquarters, Jamaica Constabulary Force

Yes

VEHICLE STANDARDS

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Passsengers 4-wheelers (29%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (9%)

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2000, Healthy Lifestyle Survey.

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Pedestrians (31%)

Yes Yes 69% Drivers, 62% Passengersb 5

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (23%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force

REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a

121

320 000 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

JAPAN Population: 127 966 709 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $37 670

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Central Trafﬁc Safety Policy Council Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

6 639f (68% males, 32% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

1 034 445g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law

Enforcementb a b c d

Yes Yes n/aa No consensus Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes 8%c No consensus Yes Yes Yes — No consensus

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Passengers 4-wheelers (9%) Cyclists (13%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (18%)

Yes Yes 95%–99% Driversd No consensus Yes No consensus

Different system of road classiﬁcation used. Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police data. 2007, National Police Agency/Japan Automobile Foundation.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Source: 2006, Police data

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 25 20 15 10 5

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

1971

1991

1996

2001

2006

REGISTERED VEHICLES No consensus Yes

Some irregular or informal safety checks are conducted.

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

1986

Noe Noe

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

1981

Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1976

Year

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Drivers 4-wheelers (28%)

Pedestrians (32%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Speed limits set nationally

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Vital statistics data (2006): 8 195 deaths, defined using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Police data.

Yes Yes

122

91 378 636 total (2006h & 2008i) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other h i

63% 14% 18% <1% 5%

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (data on motor-driven cycles and small-sized special motor vehicles). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

JORDAN Population: 5 924 245 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 850

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA Road Safety Council No

Lead agency

Funded in national budget

992d (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

17 969e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government.

d e

Public Security Directorate/Jordan Traffic Institute data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Public Security Directorate/Jordan Traffic Institute data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50–80 km/h 6

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl — —

Source: Country questionnaire

Yes No 65% Drivers, 10% Front passengersc

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Jordan Trafﬁc Institute.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1989

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Deaths per 100 000 population

Enforcementb

Passengers 4-wheelers (39%)

Child restraints law b

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (<1%)

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Drivers 4-wheelers (36%)

Pedestrians (25%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No No

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

123

841 933 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

65% <1% 12% 18% 2% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

KAZAKHSTAN a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 15 421 861 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 060

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Road Police Department Yes Yes No Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

4 365d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

32 988e Costing study available

— d e

Ministry of Internal Affairs, Health Ministry and Statistics Agency, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 3%c

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa

b c

Unspeciﬁed (84%)

Seat-belt law

Pedestrians (16%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs

Yes Yes — 7 Yes

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not deﬁned by BAC limit. 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

O AN

A AIL

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

124

3 105 954 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles

79% 2% 13% 3% 4%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Traumotology and Orthopedics Scientiﬁc Research Institute.

KENYA Population: 37 537 716 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $680

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Ministry of Transport Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

2 893c (72% males, 28% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

12 470d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Drivers 4-wheelers (9%)

Yes Noneb Noneb No —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law

Passengers 4-wheelers (33%)

Pedestrians (47%)

No n/a n/a — n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)

Cyclists (9%)

Seat-belt law

Yes Yes —

Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b

Source: 2007, Trafﬁc Police

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No No

3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

1970

Yes No

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

Year Source: Kenya Trafﬁc Police Department

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

No n/a

1 004 243 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

125

56% 18% 11% 10% 2% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation.

KIRIBATI Population: 95 067 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 170

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Kiribati Police Service No

Funded in national budget

Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

7c (84% males, 16% females)d Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

— Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. 1999–2006, health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

No n/a n/a — n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (44%) Passengers 4-wheelers (13%)

Source: 2007, Emergency Accident Record Book, Ministry of Health and Medical Services

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Yes

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2003–2008, Kiribati Police Service.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

18 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Drivers 4-wheelers (38%)

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 30%b

Motorcycle helmet law

Pedestrians (6%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Kiribati Police Service, data for South Tarawa, Betio and referral cases from other islands

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

126

16 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

60% 13% 22% 5% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Medical Services.

KUWAIT Population: 2 851 144 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $40 114

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 482c (62% males, 38% females)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

8 584d Costing study available

No c d

Health data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 45 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes No —

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcementa

Yes No —

Child restraints law a

N TA

A AIL

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

O AN

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

127

1 364 790 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

55% <1% 35% 7% 2% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

KYRGYZSTAN Population: 5 316 543 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $590

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Commission of Trafﬁc Accident Prevention to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic No Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1 252c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

6 223d Costing study available

No c d

Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Pedestrians (43%)

Yes Yes No — 7

Seat-belt law

Yes No — 5

Child restraints law

Enforcementb

Drivers (23%)

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (1%)

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Passengers (32%)

Cyclists (1%)

Source: 2007, Central Administration of Road Safety to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republican Medical Information Center to the Ministry of Public Health of the Kyrgyz Republic

No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

YEAR

NUMBER OF DEATHS

2006 2007

1 051 1 252

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

128

318 581 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Executive Director of Road Safety Under the Kyrgyz Government.

LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Population: 5 859 393 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $580

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Ministry of Public Works and Transport No Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

608f Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

8 714g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f g

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 48%b

Enforcementa

Yes Yes — n/ae

450

No n/a

VEHICLE STANDARDS

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

Year

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

400

No car manufacturers

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Source: Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction

REGISTERED VEHICLES No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2000–2007, Police data. Some exceptions. 2007, Handicap International Belgium, survey conducted in Vientiane. Law not yet enforced.

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

IL VA

Child restraints law

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

N TA

Yes Yesc No 77% Drivers, 87% Passengersd

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

b c d e

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Motorcycle helmet law

Police data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data.

No n/a

129

641 081 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

2% 79% 14% 3% 1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

LATVIA Population: 2 277 040 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $9 930

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Road Trafﬁc Safety Council Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

407e (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

5 404f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Road Safety Directorate data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Road Safety Directorate data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes Yes No 93%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

b c d

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%)

Source: 2006, Road Safety Directorate, “Statistics of Road Trafﬁc Accidents in Latvia 2007”

7 Yes

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, “Statistics of road accidents in Latvia,” Road Traffic Safety Directorate. 2006, research by Road Traffic Research, LTD. Drivers and passengers of motorcycles in Riga and Riga region. 2006, Observational studies by Road Traffic Research, LTD and Data Serviss, LTD.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

Deaths per 100 000 population

Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (19%)

Cyclists (8%)

Yes Yes 77% Front, 32% Reard

Child restraints law a

Pedestrians (37%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (31%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 21%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1986

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

1991

1996

2001

2006

Year Source: Road Safety Directorate

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No (subnational) No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

1 062 935 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

77% 4% 11% 1% 7% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

130

LEBANON Population: 4 099 115 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 770

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 497d (80% males, 20% females)

Yesa n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

6 266e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government.

d e

Internal Security Forces data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Internal Security Forces data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 100 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 1

O AN

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Yes No 15%c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

Enforcementb

A AIL

Yes Yes No —

Seat-belt law

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Internal Security Forces.

N TA

IL VA

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

1 400 000f total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available f

Estimation by consensus group. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

131

LESOTHO Population: 2 007 833 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 000

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Road Safety Department Yes Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

402c (52% males, 15% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 427d Costing study available

Yes (deaths only)

Not formally endorsed by government.

c d

Road Safety Department data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (<1%)

5 Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Unspeciﬁed (49%)

Pedestrians (34%)

Seat-belt law

Yes No —

Source: “Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007,” Road Safety Department

Child restraints law

Enforcementb

No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

500

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

— Yes

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Passengers 4-wheelers (13%)

Yes 0.10 g/dl 0.10 g/dl Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

400 300 200 100 0

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

Year Source: “Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007,” Road Safety Department

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

132

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

LIBERIA Population: 3 750 261 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $150

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

— — Costing study available

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

No Yes No —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Nob No — TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

O AN

Seat-belt law

A AIL

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No laws but national regulations enforced by Liberia National Police.

O AN

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

133

11 086 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

67% 3% 18% 7% 5% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA (the) Population: 6 160 483 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $9 010

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 138d (65% males, 35% females) 6 850e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

General Traffic Department data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. General Traffic Department data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb No 2%c

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes No No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (28%)

Cyclists (5%)

Source: 2008, General Trafﬁc Department

Yes Yes 5%c 4

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No n/a

Enforcementa

b c

Pedestrians (15%)

Seat-belt law

Drivers 4-wheelers (32%)

Unspeciﬁed (20%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

2 500 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1995

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

1997

1999

2001

2005

2007

Source: General Trafﬁc Department

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2003

Year

No No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes No

134

1 826 533 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

76% 2% 12% 5% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Environment.

LITHUANIA Population: 3 389 937 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $9 920

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

State Trafﬁc Safety Commission No

759c (72% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

8 254d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes 0.04 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 12%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

Cyclists (7%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (26%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%)

Source: 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior)

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Yes

35 Deaths per 100 000 population

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior).

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Pedestrians (32%)

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (28%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Other (3%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Year Source: Police Department (Ministry of Interior)

Yes No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

135

1 781 686 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

89% 1% 8% 1% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

MADAGASCAR Population: 19 683 358 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

Yes Yes No

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

550b 5 190c Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) b c

Police data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h —

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

Yes — Yes —

Yes No — 6

Child restraints law

Enforcementa a

A AIL

O AN

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

O AN

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

136

197 981 total (2006) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

52% 23% 16% 9%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

MALAWI Population: 13 925 070 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $250

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Council Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

839c (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 130d Costing study available

No c d

Malawi Traffic Police and Road Safety Council data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Malawi Traffic Police & Road Safety Council data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

Seat-belt law

Pedestrians (45%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)

Cyclists (18%)

Yes No 45%b

Source: 2007, National Road Council/ Malawi Trafﬁc Police

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (28%)

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (8%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (<1%)

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Data source not available.

No car manufacturers

N TA

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

IL VA

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

137

130 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

41% 8% 30% 16% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

MALAYSIA Population: 26 571 879 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $6 540

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Cabinet Committee on Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

6 282e (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

21 363f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (3%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (58%)

6 Yes No 70% Frontd

Source: 2007, Royal Malaysian Police

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

b c d

Passengers 4-wheelers (10%)

Yes Yesb Yes 90% Drivers, 70% Passengersc

Seat-belt law

Drivers 4-wheelers (13%)

Pedestrians (10%)

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. 2007, Malaysian Institute on Road Safety Research. 2003, International Association of Trafﬁc and Safety Sciences Research Vol 28 No. 1 (published 2004).

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1994

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Deaths per 100 000 population

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (6%)

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 6

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Year Source: Road Safety Department Malaysia

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

138

16 825 150 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Other

45% 47% 5% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport.

MALDIVES Population: 305 556 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 200

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Road Trafﬁc Police of Maldives Police Service No Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

8b (88% males, 12% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

— Costing study available

No b

Police data, deﬁned as died at the scene of the crash.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 30 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a n/a n/a — n/a

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (75%) Cyclists (25%)

No n/a n/a — n/a No n/a — n/a

Source: 2007, Maldives Police Service

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

N TA

IL VA

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

139

33 807 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other

8% 79% 7% 1% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

MALI Population: 12 336 799 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $500

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

National Directorate for Land, Sea and River Transport Funded in national budget Yes

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

659c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

— Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c

Police and Health data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 2

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005

Yes Yes

Yeard d Data for 2002 not provided Source: Direction de la Régulation de la Circulation et des Transports Urbains du District de Bamako, data for Bamako district only

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

5 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Yes Yes —

Child restraints law

Enforcement

A AIL

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

N TA

Yes Yes Yes —

Seat-belt law

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

140

167 245 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other

52% 6% 9% 7% 26%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Equipment and Transport.

MALTA Population: 406 582 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $14 575

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Malta Transport Authority Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

14c (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

1 195d Costing study available

No c d

Police data (deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash) and Health data (using ICD-10 codes). Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (29%)

Source: 2007, Malta Police, published by the National Statistics Ofﬁce

Yes Yes 96% Front, 21% Rearb

Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (7%)

Child restraints law a

Pedestrians (36%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Malta Transport Authority survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No No

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (29%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

25 20 15 10 5 0 1987

No No

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

346 118 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

141

76% 6% <1% 17% <1% 1%

Data cleared by the Parliamentary Secretary for Health.

MARSHALL ISLANDS Population: 59 286 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 070

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Department of Public Safety Yes Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1f (male) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

35g Costing study available

Not formally endorsed by government.

f g

Police data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Yes Nonec Nonec Yes 70%d 6

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

No n/a 5% Front, 0% Reard n/a

Enforcementb

c d e

DEATHS 1 driver of 4-wheeled vehicle

Child restraints law b

YEAR

2007

Yes Yese No 95%d

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

O AN

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

2 487 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

142

63% 1% 27% 4% 2% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

MAURITANIA Population: 3 123 813 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $840

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Department of Road Safety Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

202d Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

7 838e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Police data supplemented with a study (not referenced).

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 80 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb — —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

b c

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Yes

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

150 100 50

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year Source: Direction des Transports et de la sécurité routière

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

200

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

250

1 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Yes Yes —

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

O AN

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes No 50% Driversc

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

A AIL

REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a

143

350 000 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.

MAURITIUS Population: 1 261 641 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 450

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Trafﬁc Management and Road Safety Unit Yes

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 140e (86% males, 14% females)

2 915f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government.

e f

Central Statistics Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Central Statistics Office data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (36%)

Cyclists (9%)

9 Source: 2007, Trafﬁc Management and Road Safety Unit and the Police Road Safety Unit

Yes Yes 94% Front, 10% Reard

Enforcementb

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Forensic Science Laboratory. 2004, Survey conducted by the Trafﬁc Management and Road Safety Unit.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

16 Deaths per 100 000 population

Child restraints law

c d

Passengers 4-wheelers (14%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Pedestrians (29%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 24%c

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Drivers 4-wheelers (11%)

Drink–driving law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes No 40–80 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1998

Yes Yes

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: “Road Transport and Road Trafﬁc Accident Statistics, 2007”

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

334 125 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

43% 43% 7% 5% 1% <1% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life.

144

MEXICO Population: 106 534 880 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 340

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

National Council of Injury Prevention (CONAPRA) Funded in national budget Yes

Lead agency

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 17 003c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

603 541d Costing study available

No c d

National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 40–80 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Other (1%)

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes n/ab n/ab Yes — 3 Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

Yes TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

6 000

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. BAC limits are set at the subnational level (0.08 g/dl in the Federal District and most cities).

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information

Child restraints law a

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (6%)

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Occupants 4-wheelers (68%)

Pedestrians (21%)

Cyclists (4%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No Yes

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Source: Vital Statistics

No (subnational) No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes No

24 970 879 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses

66% 3% 30% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

145

MICRONESIA (Federated States of) Population: 111 117 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 470

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

No n/a

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No (subnational) n/a n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1–2d Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

50e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police, estimate for an average year.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

No (subnationally) n/a n/a n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a n/a 90%b n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a 100%b n/a

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

No n/a

Enforcementa

b c

Police estimate that 10% of road trafﬁc deaths are pedestrians, 30% are drivers of motorcars, and 60% are passengers in motorcars.

No n/a 10%c n/a

Child restraints law a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Source: Country questionnaire

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police and Transport data. Police estimate for average year.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

O AN

A AIL

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

146

REGISTERED VEHICLES

4 217 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

42% <1% 48% 3% 4% 3%

Data cleared by the Department of Health and Social Affairs.

MONGOLIA Population: 2 628 840 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 290

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Committee of Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 562d (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

932e Costing study available

No d e

Health data, time period not speciﬁed in deﬁnition. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 4%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Occupants 4-wheelers (65%)

Source: 2007, National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health

Yes Yes 70–80% Driversc

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Yes

25 Deaths per 100 000 population

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%)

Seat-belt law

Pedestrians (18%)

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (<1%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007 Police data, proportion of road trafﬁc deaths involving drunk drivers. 2008, Police estimate, 10–20% front-seat passengers, 5–10% rear-seat passengers.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

20 15 10 5

No car manufacturers 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

2002

Yes Yes

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

147

REGISTERED VEHICLES

161 989 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles

68% 1% 2% 21% 8% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

MONTENEGRO Population: 597 983 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 180

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

122b (82% males, 18% females) 2 796c Costing study available

No b c

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —

Yes Yes No —

Source: 2007, Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control

Enforcementa

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Passengers 4-wheelers (27%)

Yes Yes —

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (48%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%)

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (20%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Speed limits set nationally

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

148

199 014 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

90% 2% <1% 6% <1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Welfare.

MOROCCO Population: 31 224 137 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 250

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Interministerial Committee of Road Safety No

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 3 838e (81% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

89 264f Costing study available

No e f

Transport data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Transport data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

5 Nob n/a n/a n/a 3%c n/a

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Yes No Yes 67% Driversd

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes 75% Front, 19% Reard

Enforcementa

b c d

Drivers 4-wheelers (16%) Pedestrians (28%) Passengers 4-wheelers (30%) Cyclists (7%)

Child restraints law a

Other (3%)

No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on No Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: 2007, National Road Administration

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption is prohibited. 2007, National Road Administration, Ministry of Equipment and Transport. 2007, National Committee of Prevention from Trafﬁc Accidents, urban areas only.

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (16%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1974

No Yes

1979

1984

1989

1994

1999

2004

Year Source: National Road Administration, and National Statistic Administration

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

2 284 060 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

149

72% 1% 23% 1% 3% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

MOZAMBIQUE Population: 21 396 916 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Institute of Trafﬁc Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 1 502b (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

7 065c Costing study available

No b c

Police data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h 9

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.06 g/dl 0.06 g/dl Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a

Drivers 4-wheelers (18%) Pedestrians (68%) Passengers 4-wheelers (14%)

7 Yes Yes No —

Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior

7 Yes No — — No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 400 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Speed limits set nationally

1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0

Yes No

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Source: Ministry of Interior

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

150

258 680 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Other

60% 15% 22% 3% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

MYANMAR Population: 48 798 212 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $281

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Trafﬁc Rules Enforcement Supervisory Committee Funded in national budget No

Lead agency

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1 638d (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

12 358e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Other (2%)

Yes 0.07 g/dl 0.07 g/dl Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yesb Yes 60%c 6

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (14%)

Pedestrians (30%) Passengers 4-wheelers (33%)

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (10%)

— — — —

Source: 2007, Road Trafﬁc Administration Department

— —

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 800

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes No

1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Cyclists (12%)

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Police, Transport and Health data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police and Transport data.

1998

Yes Yes

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes No

151

REGISTERED VEHICLES

1 045 105 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

26% 65% 2% 3% 2% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

NAMIBIA Population: 2 074 146 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 360

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Council Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

368c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

6 137d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

8 Yes Yes 55% Front, 1% Rearb

a b

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

Yes 2

Deaths per 100 000 population

Seat-belt law

O AN

A AIL

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, study on seat belt compliance by Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP Namibia).

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2002

2003

2004

2005

Year

No No

Source: National Road Safety Council, “Road Collision Statistical Report 2005”

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

239 612 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

152

45% 2% 43% 6% 1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Services and the Ministry of Works and Transport.

NAURU Population: 10 152 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $7 842

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Nauru Police Force Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Multiple n/a n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 1b (male) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

9c Costing study available

No b c

Police and Health data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police and Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes No 40 km/h — Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — —

Motorcycle helmet law

No n/a n/a — n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

No n/a — n/a

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

A AIL

O AN

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcementa a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

O AN

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

153

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

NEPAL Population: 28 195 994 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $340

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Department of Road Yes Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

962e (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 653f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government.

e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 35 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Drink–driving law

Yes Nonec Nonec Yes —d

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Yes No — 4

Enforcementb

4.0

No n/a

VEHICLE STANDARDS

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0

No car manufacturers

2001–2002 2002–2003 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Deaths per 100 000 population

Child restraints law

c d

Seat-belt law

O AN

A AIL

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yearg

No No

Data collected by ﬁnancial year Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

154

REGISTERED VEHICLES

617 305 total (2007) Motorcars, jeeps, vans Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, pick-ups, mirobuses Trucks, cranes Buses Other

14% 69% 2% 5% 3% 7%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Population.

NETHERLANDS Population: 16 418 824 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $45 820

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management Directorate-General Passenger Transport, Road Safety Division Funded in national budget Yes

Lead agency

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 791f (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

16 750g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f g

Deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash, “Road Safety in the Netherlands. Key Figures 2008.” Transport data. Hospitalized cases.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h No consensus

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 25%b No consensus

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yesc Yes 92% Drivers, 72% Passengersd No consensus

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (12%)

Cyclists (24%)

Enforcementa

Yes No consensus

Passengers 4-wheelers (14%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (18%)

Yes Yes 94% Front, 73% Reare No consensus

Child restraints law

Drivers 4-wheelers (32%)

Source: 2007, SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research and Statistics Netherlands

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 9

b c d e

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Case-control study in Tilburg police district. Some exceptions. Applies to mopeds only. 2006 data, “Road Safety in the Netherlands. Key Figures 2008.”

Deaths per 100 000 population

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

No No

Year Source: Statistics Netherlands/Ministry of Transport, 2007

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

155

REGISTERED VEHICLES

8 862 935 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

82% 6% 2% <1% 10%

Data cleared by the SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research; Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport; Bureau of Trafﬁc Law Enforcement; Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works.

NEW ZEALAND Population: 4 178 525 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $28 780

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA Ministry of Transport Yes

Lead agency

Funded in national budget

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

423d (67% males, 33% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

16 013e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

Transport data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Transport data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yesc Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (9%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (28%)

Yes Yes 95% Front, 87% Rearb

Enforcement

9 Yes

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Transport data. Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport

Deaths per 100 000 population

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (48%)

Child restraints law a

Pedestrians (10%)

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes 31%b 6

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (3%)

Drink–driving law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Yes Yes

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Country questionnaire

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

156

3 189 131 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Buses Trucks

82% 3% 1% 15%

Data cleared by the National Road Safety Management Group.

NICARAGUA Population: 5 603 190 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $980

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

National Police, Special Trafﬁc Safety Unit Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 522c (78% males, 22% females)d Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

4 614e Costing study available

— c d e

Police data, deﬁnition not speciﬁed. 2006 Police data. Police and Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Drivers 4-wheelers (44%)

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 12%b 3

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes — No —

Source: National Police, Statistical Yearbook 2007

Child restraints law

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (13%)

Yes No —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (8%)

Seat-belt law

Enforcementa

Pedestrians (35%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Yes

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. National Police, year not speciﬁed.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

12 Deaths per 100 000 population

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes 45 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

10 8 6 4 2 0

Yes Yes

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Source: National Police

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

157

382 707 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

31% 16% 39% 8% 2% 4%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

NIGER Population: 14 225 521 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $280

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Commission No Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 528d (72% males, 28% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

9 094e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data from urban areas.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Noneb Noneb No 1%c

Drivers (20%) Pedestrians (33%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes No —

Passengers (47%)

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport

No n/a — n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcementa a b c

No n/a

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

450 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Child restraints law

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

No Yes

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

158

76 061 total (2005) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

76% 15% 1% 3% 4%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation.

NIGERIA Population: 148 092 542 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $930

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Federal Road Safety Commission No

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 4 673d (66% males, 33% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

17 794e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes <10%b

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Federal Road Safety Commission data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Federal Road Safety Commission data.

N TA

Yes Yesc Yes <5%b

IL VA

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes 70% Frontb 6

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

b c

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Source not speciﬁed. Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

— —

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

12 000 a

10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

Year

Yes Yes

Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes No

159

7 600 000 total (2007) Motorized 4-wheelers Motorized 2-wheelers Trucks

60 40 <1% Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health.

NORWAY Population: 4 698 097 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $76 450

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Ministry of Transport and Communications Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

233c (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

11 755d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Statistics Norway data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Statistics Norway data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h 6

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 20–30%b

Yes Yes Yes 100% Drivers and passengersb

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (47%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (20%)

Source: 2007, Statistics Norway

6 Yes

Enforcementa

Cyclists (3%)

Yes Yes 93% Front, 85% Rearb

Child restraints law a

Other (3%) Pedestrians (10%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 9

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Norwegian Public Roads Administration.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

9 Deaths per 100 000 population

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1998

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2006

2007

Source: Statistics Norway

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2005

Year

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

160

2 599 712 total (2007) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

80% 16% 3% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Care Services.

OMAN Population: 2 595 133 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $11 275

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Yes Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 798c (84% males, 16% females)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

8 531d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 120 km/h 6

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes No 95% Front, 1% Rearb

Enforcement

9 No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Estimation by consensus group, based on 4% of trafﬁc offences relating to seat-belts.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Yes Yes

Year Source: Directorate General of Trafﬁc Services of the Royal Oman Police

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Child restraints law a

IL VA

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

N TA

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

161

629 670 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

72% 1% 12% 6% 4% 6%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

PAKISTAN Population: 163 902 405 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $870

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Secretariat No Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

5 565c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

12 990d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene or anytime after the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 70 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes No No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes No — 3

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

N TA

A AIL

Seat-belt law

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

O AN

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

A AIL

No No

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

5 287 152 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Unspeciﬁed

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

162

27% 51% 11% 4% 5% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

PALAU Population: 20 314 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 210

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Patrol Division, Ministry of Justice Yes Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 3d (100% males) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

91e Costing study available

No d e

Justice data, deﬁned as died from injuries or complications resulting from a crash. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Yes No 40 km/h

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.10 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 100%b

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (1)

Yes Yesc Yes —

Passengers 4-wheelers (1)

Seat-belt law

Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice

No n/a — n/a

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementa

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (1)

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Country questionnaire. Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

O AN

A AIL

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

163

5 530 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks

33% 14% 24% 29%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

PANAMA Population: 3 343 374 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 510

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Trafﬁc and Ground Transport Authority Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 425b (82% males, 18% females)c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2005)

— — —

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

11 383d Costing study available

No b c d

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Yes No 80 km/h 7

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.01 g/dl 0.01 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (24%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 40 Deaths per 100 000 population

Yes 3

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year Source: Comptroller General of the Republic

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available.

Source: 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic

Child restraints law

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)

Cyclists (4%)

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Pedestrians (46%)

Seat-belt law

Drivers 4-wheelers (25%)

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Enforcement

Other (<1%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Comptroller General of the Republic data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic data. Comptroller General of the Republic data.

Yes No

164

REGISTERED VEHICLES

671 085 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

65% 3% 17% 9% 3% 3% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA Population: 6 331 010 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $850

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Council No No (subnational) n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

237d Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

1 210e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

5 Yes Yes Yes — 7

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Passengers 4-wheelers (49%) Cyclists (1%)

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law

Source: 2007, Motor Vehicle Insurance LTD

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No

250 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (11%)

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 66%c

Motorcycle helmet law

Pedestrians (39%)

Drink–driving law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

VEHICLE STANDARDS

200 150 100 50

No car manufacturers 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1991

No No

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Year Source: Trafﬁc Directorate, Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

— —

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

165

REGISTERED VEHICLES

59 645 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

64% 2% 1% 18% 11% 4%

Data cleared by the Department of Health and Social Affairs.

PARAGUAY Population: 6 127 077 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 670

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 845c (83% males, 17% females)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

11 806d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, time period not speciﬁed in deﬁnition. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Passsengers 4-wheelers (1%)

No (subnational) n/a n/a n/a — n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a — n/a

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Journal of the Paraguayan Touring and Automobile Club. No. 103/2007, Asunción only.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Pedestrians (37%)

Source: 2006, Database of the Vital Statistics Subsystem, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Cyclists (1%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No n/a

Enforcementa

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (24%)

Other (35%)

Yes Yes 31% Frontb

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (2%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year Source: Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare; National Police (Statistics Department)

No No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes No

166

576 167 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Unspeciﬁed

38% 19% 28% 8% 2% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare.

PERU Population: 27 902 760 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 450

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Council for Road Safety Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 3 510d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

49 857e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (8%)

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 11%b

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (3%)

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes 85% Front, 25% Rearc

No n/a

Enforcementa

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 4 000

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Police. 2007, National Council for Road Safety.

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Source: 2007, Institute of Legal Medicine

Child restraints law

b c

Pedestrians (78%)

Yes Yes Yes —

Seat-belt law

Passengers 4-wheelers (10%)

3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: National Police

No No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

167

1 442 387 total (2007) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

64% 23% 10% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

PHILIPPINES Population: 87 960 117 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 620

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Department of Transportation and Communication Funded in national budget No

Lead agency

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

1 185c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

5 870d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Transport data, national roads only, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Transport data, national roads only.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

No n/a n/a n/a — n/a

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

No (subnational) n/a n/a 34%b n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

37% 12% 51%

Source: 2006, Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No n/a

Enforcementa

371 Deaths total Drivers (of mechanically propelled vehicle or pedal cycle) Passengers (of mechanically propelled vehicle) Pedestrians

Yes Yes 52% Driversb

Child restraints law a

ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS IN METRO MANILA, 2006

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2000, Health data, survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

O AN

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

A AIL

No No

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes No

168

REGISTERED VEHICLES

5 515 576 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibus, van, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

17% 48% 29% 5% 1% <1%

Data cleared by the Department of Health; the Department of Transport and Communications; and the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority.

POLAND Population: 38 081 971 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $9 840

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA The National Road Safety Council Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

5 583e (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

63 224f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 14%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yesc Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Source: 2007, Police, Motor Transport Institute

7 Yes

Enforcementa

b c d

Passengers 4-wheelers (21%)

Yes Yes 74% Front, 45% Reard

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (30%)

Cyclists (9%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police. BAC is measured in all fatal and injury crashes. Some exceptions. 2006, National Road Safety Council observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

Deaths per 100 000 population

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (35%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

20 15 10 5 0 1975

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

1979

1983

1987

1991

1995

1999

2003

2007

Year Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes No (subnational)

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

169

REGISTERED VEHICLES

18 035 047 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

75% 4% 13% 1% 7%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure.

PORTUGAL Population: 10 623 031 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $18 950

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Authority for Road Safety Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

854d (81% males, 19% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

46 318e Costing study available

No d e

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 31%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Passengers 4-wheelers (19%) Source: 2007, National Authority for Road Safety

Yes 8

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

30 Deaths per 100 000 population

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine. 2004, Prevenção Rodoviária Portuguesa, urban roads (2005 PRP data estimate 93% and 64% on motorways).

25 20 15 10 5 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1981

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Year Source: The National Statistics Institute (INE)

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (22%)

Enforcementa

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (35%)

Pedestrians (16%)

Yes Yes 86% Front, 28% Rearc

Child restraints law a

Other (4%)

Cyclists (4%)

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Seat-belt law

National Authority for Road Safety data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene or on the way to health services. National Authority for Road Safety data.

No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

Yes Yes

170

5 948 269 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses

88% 9% 2% <1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

PUERTO RICO a b

a,b

Associate WHO Member State. Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 3 991 000 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $14 720

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Department of Transportation and Public Works Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 452f (81% males, 19% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries 39 888g (July 2007–July 2008)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f g

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Automobile Accident Compensation Administration data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementc Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementc

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 42%d —

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementc Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementc Child restraints law

Enforcementc

d e

Yes Yes Yes — —

Pedestrians (32%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (14%)

Cyclists (2%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%) Source: 2007 Annual Report, Trafﬁc Department, Puerto Rico Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes —

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Drivers 4-wheelers (34%)

Yes Yes 93%e —

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). 2006, US Department of Transportation/National Highway Trafﬁc Safety Administration.

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Other (1%)

18 Deaths per 100 000 population

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes No 40 km/h —

Speed limits set nationally

No Yes

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Institute of Forensic Science of Puerto Rico; Age-adjusted death rates per 100 000 population, Puerto Rico 2000 Census population

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

171

3 165 543 total (July 2006 – July 2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

90% 4% 2% <1% 3%

Data cleared by the Department of Health.

QATAR Population: 840 635 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $66 063

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 199d (93% males, 7% females)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

1 053e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

Hamad Medical Corporation and Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Hamad Medical Corporation data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 100 km/h 7

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.00 g/dl 0.00 g/dl No — 6

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (25%)

5 Yes No 50% Frontc

Enforcementa

b c

No n/a

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1982

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 45

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: 2007, Trafﬁc and Patrols Department

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Trafﬁc and Patrols Department. 2008, Trafﬁc and Patrols Department study.

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Drivers 4-wheelers (44%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%)

Yes Yes No 90%b

Child restraints law a

Cyclists and pedestrians (27%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Trafﬁc and Patrols Department

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

172

605 699 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA Population: 48 223 853 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $19 690

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

6 166e (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

335 906f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

Transport data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Transport data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 16%b 7

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law c

Yes Yes Yes 85%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Cyclists (5%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (21%)

Source: “Road Trafﬁc Accidents in Korea 2007,” Road Trafﬁc Authority

8 Yes 2

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Trafﬁc Accidents in Korea 2007, Road Trafﬁc Authority. 2007, National Police Agency. Observational study in 33 cities, drivers and passengers. 2005, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Deaths per 100 000 population

Child restraints law

b c d

Drivers 4-wheelers (26%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (11%)

Yes Yes 77% Frontd

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (37%)

Seat-belt law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1992

Yes Yes

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

Year Source: Road Trafﬁc Authority

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

18 213 228 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

173

66% 10% 6% 17% <1%

Data cleared by the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs.

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Population: 3 793 604 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 260

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Trafﬁc Safety Board No

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

589c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

2 985d Costing study available

No c d

National Bureau for Statistics (compiles Police and Health data), deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. National Bureau for Statistics data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h No consensus

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 17%b

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes No — 1

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes — No consensus

Child restraints law a

Enforcement a b

Other (2%) Drivers 4-wheelers (25%) Pedestrians (34%)

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Passengers 4-wheelers (33%)

Cyclists (2%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%) Source: 2007, Trafﬁc Police database

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Traffic police database (traffic deaths with alcohol detected / number of road traffic deaths per year).

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

35 Deaths per 100 000 population

Speed limits set nationally

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Yes Yes

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2004

2007

Year Source: Country questionnaire

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

174

448 202 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

74% 6% 3% 16% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

ROMANIA Population: 21 437 887 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $6 150

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

The Interministerial Council for Road Safety Yes

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 2 712e (86% males, 14% females)

29 832f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government.

e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Drink–driving law

Yes Yes Yes 90% Drivers, 65% Passengersd 6

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb b

Enforcement b c d

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%)

Passsengers 4-wheelers (23%)

Yes Yes 80% Front, 20% Rearc 5

Child restraints law

Drivers 4-wheelers (52%)

Cyclists (7%)

Source: 2007, National Road Trafﬁc Police Directorate

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 3 000

3 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Pedestrians (11%)

Yes 0.00 g/dl 0.00 g/dl Yes 2%c 8

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Road Traffic Police Directorate. 2007/2008, Unofficial Road Traffic Police estimation for motorcycle riders.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

Yes Yes

Source: National Road Trafﬁc Police Directorate

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

175

REGISTERED VEHICLES

4 611 362 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

79% 1% 11% 3% <1% 4% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION Population: 142 498 532 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $7 560

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

The Commission of the Government of Russian Federation for Road Safety No

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 33 308c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

292 206d

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Ministry of Internal Affairs data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Ministry of Internal Affairs data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h 6

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes 10%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

6 Yes Yes Yes No consensus

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drivers 4-wheelers (34%)

Pedestrians (36%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%)

Passsengers 4-wheelers (28%)

6 Source: 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes 33% Frontb

Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 8

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

35 000 30 000 25 000 20 000 15 000 10 000 5 000 0 1991

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

40 000 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Seat-belt law

Yes Yes

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year Source: The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

176

REGISTERED VEHICLES

38 695 996 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

72% 8% 13% 2% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

RWANDA Population: 9 724 577 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Commission Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

308d Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 158e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes 30–40 km/h 9 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b c

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (4%) Other (10%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (12%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (16%)

8 Nob n/a n/a — n/a Yes Yes 80%c 9

Pedestrians (40%) Cyclists (18%)

Source: Trafﬁc Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

600 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Speed limits set nationally

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No law, but a police directive requires helmet use by all drivers and passengers of motorized 2-wheeled vehicles. Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

500 400 300 200 100

No car manufacturers 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1995

Yes Yes

1997

1999

2001

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

No n/a

61 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

2005

2007

Source: Service de Sécurité Routière

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2003

Year

177

35% 37% 22% 4% 1% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure.

SAINT LUCIA Population: 164 924 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 349

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA Road Transport Board No

Lead agency

Funded in national budget

No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

30b (83% males, 17% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

590c Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) b c

Traffic Department (Police), defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Traffic Police.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 32 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes — —

Pedestrians (11%) Drivers 4-wheelers (50%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (39%)

8 Yes No —

Source: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force

7 No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

O AN

A AIL

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

178

49 700 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

60% 2% 13% 23% <1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services, Family Affairs, National Mobilization and Gender Relations.

SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 120 402 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 210

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Ministry of National Security Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

9e (86% males, 14% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

168f Costing study available

No e f

Health data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Police Force, Trafﬁc Department, Health Planning Unit, Statistical Unit.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 32 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

Yes Nonec Nonec — — —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

Cyclists (22%)

Yes No 90%d

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Child restraints law

c d

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

No No

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year Source: Trafﬁc Department, Police Headquarters

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

No n/a

24 334 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Source: 2007, Police Force, Trafﬁc Department

Yes

Enforcement score based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not deﬁned by BAC limit. Estimated by respondents.

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Pedestrians (33%)

Seat-belt law

Drivers 4-wheelers (11%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (33%)

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

179

38% 5% 44% 9% <1% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Environment.

SAMOA Population: 187 023 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 430

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Land Transport Authority Yes

Funded in national budget

Yes No No

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (average year) 20c (76% males, 24% females, 2004–2007) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006–2007)

178d Costing study available

No c d

Accident Compensation Corporation data, deﬁnition unknown. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes — — Yes 50%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

Yes Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2004-2007, Accident Compensation Corporation.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

20 15 10 5 2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Accident Compensation Corporation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

2004

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes No —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

A AIL

Seat-belt law

N TA

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

180

15 903 total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

SAN MARINO Population: 30 926 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $41 044

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Yes No

Funded in national budget

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

1b Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

431c Costing study available

No b c

Health data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

5 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 6

Motorcycle helmet law

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (20%)

Source: 2004–2007 (5 deaths), Emergency Service

Yes Yes — 6

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (60%)

Seat-belt law

Enforcementa

Pedestrians (20%)

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes 6

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

No car manufacturers

O AN

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

181

51 590 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

66% 22% 7% <1% 5%

Data cleared by the Secretariat of State for Health and Social Security.

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE Population: 157 638 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $870

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Department of Land Transport Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

20d (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

408e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police and Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 30–40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b c

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY No n/a n/a n/a — n/a

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Law entered into force July 1, 2008, therefore enforcement could not be assessed at the time of the consensus meeting. Estimation by consensus group.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

A AIL

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2000

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

N TA

Yes Yes No — —b No n/a <1%c n/a

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yes

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Ministério da Defesa e Ordem Interna

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

182

1 219 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other

25% 66% 2% 1% 6%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

SAUDI ARABIA Population: 24 734 533 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $15 440

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA High Council for Trafﬁc Yes Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

6 358b (86% males, 14% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

36 025c Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) b c

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 80 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl No —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes No No —

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Child restraints law a

O AN

A AIL

Seat-belt law

Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes 2

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

YEAR

NUMBER OF DEATHS

2006 2007

5 883 6 358

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

7 398 600 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

183

SENEGAL Population: 12 378 532 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $820

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Directorate of Land Transport Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

320b Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

— Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) b

Directorate of Land Transport data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Drivers (19%)

Drink–driving law

Yes — — Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 0 Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes No —

Source: 2007, Directorate of Land Transport

Yes No — 6

Child restraints law

Enforcementa a

Passengers (46%)

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (35%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

800 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

No No

2002

2003

2004

2005

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2006

2007

Year Source: Country questionnaire

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

184

280 594 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

67% 4% 12% 6% 5% 6%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Preventive Medicine.

SERBIA Population: 9 858 424 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

No n/a

Funded in national budget

962d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

22 201e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Other (1%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 6%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

2 000 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1982

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

1987

1992

1997

2007

Source: Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior (data from 1999 to 2007 exclude Kosovo)

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

2 235 389 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

185

2002

Year

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No (subnational) n/a

VEHICLE STANDARDS

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Source: 2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior. 2006, Pilot research of the Academy for Crime Prevention and Police Affairs, observational study.

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Passengers 4-wheelers (22%)

Yes Yes 50–60% Front, 4–5% Rearc

Enforcementa

b c

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (6%)

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (37%)

Cyclists (9%)

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (25%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

68% 1% 1% 8% <1% 22%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Infrastructure.

SEYCHELLES Population: 86 606 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 960

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Land Transport Division Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 14c (69% males, 31% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

370d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Police and Health data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police and Transport data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drivers 4-wheelers (36%)

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 80%b 3

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (28%)

Cyclists (7%)

Yes Yes No 95%b

Passsengers 4-wheelers (29%)

9 Source: 2007, Seychelles Police Department and Ministry of Health

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b

Yes No 65%b 8 No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

N TA

No car manufacturers

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

IL VA

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

186

14 880 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

59% 1% 29% 10% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Development and the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Transport.

SIERRA LEONE Population: 5 865 872 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $260

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Sierra Leone Road Transport Authority Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

71d (65% males, 35% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

298e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 70 km/h 6

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

b c

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (20%)

Passsengers 4-wheelers (60%)

Yes Yesc —

Source: 2007, Sierra Leone Police Annual Statistical Analysis

Child restraints law a

Pedestrians (15%)

Seat-belt law

Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (5%)

Yes Nob Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes 1

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No provision in law for child riders. Occupants over the age of 18 years.

N TA

No car manufacturers

IL VA

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

No n/a

REGISTERED VEHICLES

39 038 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

42% 21% 32% 4% 1% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Aviation.

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

187

SINGAPORE a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 4 436 281 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $32 470

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Land Transport Authority/Trafﬁc Police Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 214f (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

10 352g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f g

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40–70 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 7%c

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Passengers 4-wheelers (4%)

Pedestrians (27%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yesd Yes 56%e

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Cyclists (10%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (48%)

Seat-belt law

Yes Yes 50%e

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Child restraints law

Source: 2007, Trafﬁc Police Department

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 7

Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police data. With some exceptions. Source not speciﬁed.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

6 Deaths per 100 000 population

Enforcementb

c d e

Drivers 4-wheelers (11%)

Drink–driving law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

5 4 3 2 1 0 1998

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: “Monthly Digest of Statistics Singapore,” May 2008

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

188

851 336 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Buses Other

61% 17% 2% 21%

Data cleared by the Land Transport Authority.

SLOVAKIA Population: 5 390 035 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $11 730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Road Safety Council Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 627c (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

11 310d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Yes Yes 60 km/h 7 Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 4%b

Yes Yes Yes —

Cyclists (8%)

Passsengers 4-wheelers (17%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%)

8 Yes Yes —

Source: 2007, Statistical-evidence system of road trafﬁc accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)

8 TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes 9

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Vehicle Register in the Slovak Republic, Ministry of Interior (SR).

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Drivers 4-wheelers (32%)

Pedestrians (34%)

Enforcementa a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes

700 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Speed limits set nationally

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

2002

Yes Yes

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: Statistical-evidence system of road trafﬁc accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

2 039 745 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available.

189

72% 3% 1% 11% <1% 12%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

SLOVENIA Population: 2 001 506 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $20 960

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Interministerial Working Group on Road Trafﬁc Safety Funded in national budget Yes

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 293d (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

16 449e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes Yes — 7

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Enforcementa

b c

Source: 2008, Ministry of Interior, Police

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

25 20 15 10 5 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

Year Source: Statistical Ofﬁce of the Republic of Slovenia

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available.

Passsengers (22%)

Yes

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Drivers motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (18%)

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Drivers 4-wheelers (43%)

Cyclists (6%)

Yes Yes 85% Front, 50% Rearc 7

Child restraints law a

Pedestrians (11%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (<1%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 38%b 6

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes

190

REGISTERED VEHICLES

1 286 903 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

79% 6% 6% <1% 9% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

SOLOMON ISLANDS Population: 495 662 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Police – Trafﬁc Division — — — —

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

19e (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

606f Costing study available

No e f

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene or during (hospital) admission. Data for Honiara only, source not speciﬁed.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 55%c

Yes Yes Yes 100%d

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa

b c d

A AIL

O AN

Seat-belt law

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a — n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

N TA

IL VA

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a

191

10 000 total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

SOUTH AFRICA Population: 48 576 763 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 760

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Road Trafﬁc Management Corporation Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 14 920f (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

219 978g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 60%b

Yes Yesc Yes 95% Drivers, 90% Passengersd

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

b c d e

Drivers 4-wheelers (25%) Pedestrians (39%)

Passsengers 4-wheelers (32%)

Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%)

Yes Yes 50% Front, 8% Reare

Source: 2007, Road Trafﬁc Management Corporation

2 Yes 2

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 40

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Department of Transport. BMW C1 motorcycle exempt due to design. 2008, Road Trafﬁc Management Corporation. 2007, Road Trafﬁc Management Corporation, observational study.

Deaths per 100 000 population

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

Road Traffic Management Corporation data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Road Traffic Management Corporation and Medical Research Council data.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Department of Transport

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

9 237 574 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

63% 4% 26% 4% <1% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

192

SPAIN Population: 44 279 180 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $29 450

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA General Directorate of Trafﬁc Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 4 104d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

143 450e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h 8

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes —

Yes Yesb Yes 98% Drivers, 92% Passengersc

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (42%)

Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (19%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (20%)

Source: 2006, General Directorate of Trafﬁc database

8 Yes

Enforcementa

b c

Other (1%) Pedestrians (15%)

Yes Yes 89% Front, 69% Rearc

Child restraints law a

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. 2007, General Directorate of Trafﬁc, observational study.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Motorcycle helmet law

General Directorate of Traffic estimate, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. General Directorate of Traffic data.

10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1970

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year Source: General Directorate of Trafﬁc database

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

31 441 152 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

67% 14% 7% 9% <1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs.

193

SRI LANKA Population: 19 299 190 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 540

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Council for Road Safety No Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 2 334d (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

31 688e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government. d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Yes No 50 km/h 5

Pedestrians (33%)

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Yes Yesc Yes —

Passengers (26%) Source: Trafﬁc Police, 2006

Seat-belt law

No n/a — n/a

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementb

Drivers and riders (41%)

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. With some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

2 000 1 500 1 000 500

No car manufacturers 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

2004

No No

2005

2006

Year Source: Trafﬁc Police

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No Yes

194

3 125 794 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

12% 63% 6% 8% 3% 8%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition.

SUDAN Population: 38 560 488 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $960

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

No n/a

2 227c (76% males, 24% females)

No (subnational) n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

21 329d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Police data, deﬁned as doctor report states that death was due to the crash. Data exclude South Sudan states. Police data, exclude South Sudan states.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b

Yes Yes 50 km/h 7

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Occupants 4-wheelers (31%)

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb No — 10 Yes Yes Yes — 7

Other (56%) Pedestrians (13%)

Yes No — 7 No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Yes Yes

O AN

A AIL

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

195

REGISTERED VEHICLES

1 200 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

64% 3% 13% 12% 1% 7%

Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health.

SURINAME Population: 457 964 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

90c (75% males, 25% females) — Costing study available

No c

Ministry of Justice and Police and Department of Health data, deﬁned as died anytime after the crash.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes No 90%b

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Enforcement

Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of Trafﬁc Information Education and Statistics)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

7 Yes 3

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Observational studies conducted by Ministry of Justice and Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1991

No Yes

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Year Source: Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of Trafﬁc Information Education and Statistics)

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Passengers 4-wheelers (20%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (31%)

Yes Yes 70% Front, 30% Rearb

Cyclists (3%)

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (23%)

Pedestrians (22%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

196

151 441 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Buses

54% 27% 17% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Justice and Police.

SWAZILAND Population: 1 141 427 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 580

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Swaziland Road Safety Council Yes Yes No Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

235c (72% males, 28% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

4 584d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h 6

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 3%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes No 80%b

Cyclists (2%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (42%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%)

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

7 No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Royal Swaziland Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police

Yes Yes —

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (35%)

Seat-belt law

Drivers 4-wheelers (20%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

2000

Yes Yes

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

116 050 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Unspeciﬁed

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

197

45% 3% 30% 6% 7% 4% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

SWEDEN Population: 9 118 955 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $46 060

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Swedish Road Administration Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 471f (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

26 636g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f g

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yesc Yes 95%d 1 Yes Yes 96% Front, 90% Reare

b c d e

Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses, Road Trafﬁc Injuries 2006 (Vägtraﬁkskador 2006)

Yes TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1972

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

1977

1982

1987

1997

2002

2007

Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses, Road Trafﬁc Injuries 2007 (Vägtraﬁkskador 2007)

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

5 500 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

198

1992

Year

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Passengers 4-wheelers (18%)

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Estimate based on autopsies of drivers killed in crashes. Some exceptions. 2007, Estimate provided by consensus group. 2006, Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute observational studies.

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (16%)

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (47%)

Cyclists (6%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (12%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

Other (1%)

Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 20%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Transport data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

77% 8% 9% <1% 6%

Data cleared by the Swedish Road Administration.

SWITZERLAND Population: 7 483 973 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $59 880

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA Federal Roads Agency Yes

Lead agency

Funded in national budget

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 370g (76% males, 24% females)

26 718h Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government.

g h

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Swiss Council for Accident Prevention data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h 7

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 16%c

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yesd Yes 100%e 9

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

e f

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (22%)

Source: 2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes

Enforcementb

c d

Cyclists (9%)

Yes Yes 86% Front, 61% Rearf

Child restraints law b

Occupants 4-wheelers (48%)

Pedestrians (21%)

1 200 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention. Some exceptions. 2006, Sinus-Report 2007 der bfu, motorcycle drivers. 2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

1 000 800 600 400 200 0

No car manufacturers

1990

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Year

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

Source: Unfallgeschehen in der Schweiz, bfu-Statistik 2007

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

5 356 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

72% 14% 10% 1% 3%

Data cleared by the Federal Ofﬁce of Public Health.

199

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC Population: 19 928 516 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 760

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Committee for Road Safety No

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

2 818c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

16 145d Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene or in hospital. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 45–60 km/h 8

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl No —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes No 81% Frontb

Enforcementa

IL VA

Child restraints law a

N TA

Yes Yes No —

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Syrian Society for Road Accident Prevention.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Yes No

14 Deaths per 100 000 population

Seat-belt law

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

Source: Country questionnaire

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

1 389 346 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

200

55% 9% 25% 7% 3% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

TAJIKISTAN Population: 6 735 996 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $460

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Department of the State Automobile Inspection (Ministry of Internal Affairs) Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 464c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 048d

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

No c d

Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes 5%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Pedestrians (44%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (30%)

Seat-belt law

Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan

Child restraints law

Yes

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

600

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan.

500 400 300 200 100 0 1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)

Cyclists (6%)

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (18%)

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Other (1%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes 60 km/h 8

Speed limits set nationally

No No (subnational)

Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

201

268 018 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

72% 4% 7% 15% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

THAILAND Population: 63 883 662 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 400

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Road Safety Operation Center Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 12 492f (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

973 104g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f g

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Yes Yes 80 km/h 2

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 4%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

c d e

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (70%)

Yes No 56% Front, 3% Reare 5 No n/a

Enforcementa

Passengers 4-wheelers (7%)

Cyclists (3%)

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)

Yes Yesc Yes 27%d

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Pedestrians (8%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Based on sentinel surveillance. Deaths in hospital only, does not include deaths at the crash scene. Some exceptions. 2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System. 2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (data for front-seat occupants); 2005, Asian Institute of Technology (data for rear-seat occupants).

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No No

Source: 2007, Injury Surveillance (sentinel sites), Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 Deaths per 100 000 population

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Health data.

25 20 15 10 5 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Source: Police Information System Center, Royal Thai Police

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

REGISTERED VEHICLES No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

202

25 618 447 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

14% 63% 19% 3% <1% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Population: 2 038 464 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 460

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Republic’s Council for Road Trafﬁc Safety Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

140e (83% males, 17% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

6 133f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) e f

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Other (10%)

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 5%b 6

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Passengers 4-wheelers (12%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%)

Cyclists (4%)

Yes No 16%d

Source: 2006, State Statistical Ofﬁce

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Analysis, Research and Documentation. 2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Information Technology, data relate to motorcycle riders involved in a crash. 2002, PhD thesis by F. Tozija, survey of injured drivers and passengers treated in hospital.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Deaths per 100 000 population

Pedestrians (34%)

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (29%)

Yes Yes No 2%c

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

State Statistical Ofﬁce data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2002

Yes Yes

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year Source: State Statistical Ofﬁce

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

203

REGISTERED VEHICLES

259 421 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other

86% 2% 8% 1% 3% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

TIMOR-LESTE Population: 1 154 775 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 510

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Directorate of Land Transport Yes Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

46d Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

1 686e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died as a result of injuries sustained in crash. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes No 50 km/h DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 0 Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes No 70% Drivers, 30% Passengersb

a b c

Yes Yes 5–10% Front, <1% Rearc 0

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

O AN

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

A AIL

Yes 0

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 70% drivers, 30% passengers, consensus group estimate, 2007. Consensus group estimate, 2007.

N TA

IL VA

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

204

26 649 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Buses Trucks

6% 72% 14% <1% 8%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

TOGO Population: 6 585 147 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $360

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

No n/a n/a

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

472e 1 824f Costing study available

No e f

Police data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

No n/a n/a n/a — n/a

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Nob Yes No 1%c

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

N TA

A AIL

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

No n/a 0%d n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b c d

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No law, but there is a regulation that is enforced. 1998, Road Safety Togo. Estimation by consensus group.

O AN

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

48 234 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

205

22% 71% 4% <1% <1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Togolese Road Safety Organization.

TONGA Population: 100 336 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Trafﬁc Department, Ministry of Police Yes No n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 8e (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

— Costing study available

No e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year and one day of the crash.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Yes No 40 km/h

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 25%c 5

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: 2006–2007, Ministry of Police

No n/a <1%d n/a No n/a

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1987

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Cyclists (6%)

Enforcementa

b c d

Passengers 4-wheelers (19%)

Yes Yes No —

Child restraints law a

Drivers 4-wheelers (31%)

Pedestrians (44%)

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

Year

Yes Yes

Source: Report by Dr G. Anthony Ryan: WHO STC to Tonga, 1995

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

No n/a

2 226 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

206

36% 1% 57% <1% <1% 5%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Population: 1 333 272 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $14 100

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

— —

Funded in national budget

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

214b (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

2 918c Costing study available

No b c

Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2

3 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%) Source: 2007, Trafﬁc and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

6 Yes 6

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

280

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No No

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Passengers 4-wheelers (28%)

Yes No —

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (34%) Pedestrians (32%)

Cyclists (4%)

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

240 200 160 120 80 40 0

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

1972

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year Source: Trafﬁc and Highway, Patrol Branch

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

207

490 987 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

TUNISIA Population: 10 327 285 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 200

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

National Observatory for Information, Training, Documentation and Study on Road Safety Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 1 497c (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

14 559d

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Lead Agency and Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 1%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

3 Yes Yes Yes —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (14%)

Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development

Yes No —

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcementa

No n/a

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Deaths per 100 000 population

Child restraints law

Passsengers 4-wheelers (28%)

Seat-belt law

Drivers 4-wheelers (23%)

Pedestrians (32%)

Cyclists (3%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

4 3 2 1 0

No car manufacturers

2003

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

No Yes

Source: “Statitiscs of Road Accidents”, Ministry of Interior and Local Development

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

1 244 918 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

208

62% 1% 24% 4% 1% 8% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

TURKEY Population: 74 876 695 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 020

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Board of Road Trafﬁc Safety Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 4 633d (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

169 080e Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) d e

Turkish Statistical Institute data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene. Turkish Statistical Institute data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h 8

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 2%b

Yes Yes Yes 12% Driversb

Pedestrians (19%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (31%)

Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%)

5 Yes Yes 70%c

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: 2006, Security General Directorate

Child restraints law

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Yes

Enforcementa

b c

Drivers 4-wheelers (24%)

Seat-belt law

Other (16%)

Deaths per 100 000 population

Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2005–2007, Security Directorate. 2007, Security Directorate, intercity (rural) roads only. For urban roads, 20%.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, “Trafﬁc Accident Statistics (Road) 2007”

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No (subnational) Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

209

REGISTERED VEHICLES

13 311 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

50% 15% 18% 6% 2% 1% 9%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

TURKMENISTAN Population: 4 965 278 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 234

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

No n/a

Funded in national budget

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

650c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

1 606d Costing study available

No c d

Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h 9

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 7%b

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Cyclists (5%)

Pedestrians (29%) Other (66%)

10 Yes Yes No — 8 Yes No —

Source: Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

7 No n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2008, Department of Road Police Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

No car manufacturers

N TA

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

A AIL

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

— Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

210

651 564 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses

62% 18% 16% 4%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

TUVALU Population: 10 530 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 441

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2003–2006) 1 per yeard (all males)

Yes No No

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries e

˜12 per year

Costing study available

No d e

Health data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police estimate.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Yes No 64 km/h 6

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Yes Noneb Noneb Yes —

Motorcycle helmet law

No n/a n/a 0%c n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

No n/a 0%c n/a

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementa a b c

YEAR

VEHICLE STANDARDS

1 1 1 1

pedestrian pedestrian pedestrian pedestrian

Source: Princess Margaret Hospital, Ministry of Health

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2

0 1999

No car manufacturers

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

DEATHS

2003 2004 2005 2006

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Source: Country questionnaire

No No

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

211

REGISTERED VEHICLES

906 total (2005–2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles

7% 66% 5% 4% 1% 17%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

UGANDA Population: 30 883 805 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $340

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA National Road Safety Council Yes Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006–2007)

2 838b (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006–2007)

12 058c Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) b c

Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Data collected by financial year. Police data, collected by financial year.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Pedestrians (35%)

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

3 Yes Yes —

Source: 2006-2007 (ﬁnancial year), Uganda Police

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

No (subnational) n/a

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

2 500

No car manufacturers

2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

1991

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (7%)

Cyclists (10%)

Seat-belt law

Passengers 4-wheelers (43%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

1993

1995

1997

No No

Year d

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Methodology for data collection changed in 2006 Source: Uganda Police

REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a

212

363 658 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Works and Transport.

UKRAINE a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 46 205 382 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 550

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Ministry of Public Health Yes

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

9 921c (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

40 887d Costing study available

No c d

Health data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Data source not speciﬁed.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 60 km/h —

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes — —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drivers/passengers motorized vehicles (44%)

Pedestrians (56%)

No n/a n/a — n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law

Yes No — —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law

Source: State Medical Statistics Centre

No n/a

Enforcementb

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 10 000

Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No No

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes No

9 000 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 2003

2004

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2005

2006

2007

Year

No No (subnational)

Source: State Medical Statistics Centre

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

213

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Data not available Data were not cleared by the government of the Ukraine in time for publication of this report.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Population: 4 380 439 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $41 082

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Ministry of Interior and National Transport Authority Funded in national budget Yes

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 1 056c (87% males, 13% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

11 155d Costing study available

Yes (deaths only) c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

7 Yes 0.10 g/dl 0.10 g/dl Yes — 8

Motorcycle helmet law

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior

Yes No 61% Frontb

Enforcementa

Passsengers 4-wheelers (29%)

Child restraints law a

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%)

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (41%)

Pedestrians (28%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Abu Dhabi National Campaign for seat-belt use.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

12 000 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Drink–driving law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes 60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0

Yes Yes

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

Source: Ministry of Interior

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2004

Year

Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

214

1 754 420 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

86% 1% 2% 7% 2% 3%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

UNITED KINGDOM Population: 60 768 946 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $42 740

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Funded in national budget National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

No n/a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 3 298f (76% males, 24% females)

Yes Yes Yes

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

264 288g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f g

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 48 km/h No consensus

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No 17%b No consensus

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (36%) Pedestrians (21%)

Cyclists (4%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yesc Yes 98%d No consensus

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes 91% Front, 84–90% Reare No consensus

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

b c d e

Yes No consensus

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Yes Yes

8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 9 000

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. “Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report.” Some exceptions. 2006 Estimation by Department for Transport. 2006–2007, Department for Transport, observational studies.

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Passengers 4-wheelers (19%)

Source: “Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report” “Road Trafﬁc Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006”

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (19%)

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2005

2006

Year

Yes Yes

Source: “Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report” “Road Trafﬁc Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006”

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

215

REGISTERED VEHICLES

34 327 520 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

84% 4% 9% 1% 1% 2%

Data cleared by the Department for Transport.

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Population: 40 453 513 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $400

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

National Road Safety Council of Tanzania No Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

2 595e (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

16 308f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government.

e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 2%c

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 2 Motorcycle helmet law

Yes No No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Enforcement

c d

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Source: 2007, Tanzania Police

3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 590 0

No No

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year Source: Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (7%)

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

Cyclists (17%)

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Tanzania Police. Estimation by consensus group.

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Pedestrians (37%)

Yes No 30% Front, 5% Rearc

Child restraints law b

Passengers 4-wheelers (33%)

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Drivers 4-wheelers (6%)

Drink–driving law

Seat-belt law

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

No n/a

216

REGISTERED VEHICLES

577 949 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

14% 9% 57% 7% 4% 9%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Population: 305 826 246 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $46 040

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 42 642f (70% males, 30% females)

Funded in national budget

National Highway Trafﬁc Safety Administration (US DOT/NHTSA) Yes Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

3 305 237g Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries) f

NATIONAL LEGISLATION

No (subnationally) n/a n/a n/a

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

No (subnational) 0.08 g/dlb 0.0–0.02 g/dlc n/a 32%d n/a

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

No (subnational) n/a n/a 58%e n/a

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

No (subnational) n/a 82% Front, 76% Reare n/a

US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data.

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (4%) Pedestrians (11%) Cyclists (2%)

Drivers 4-wheelers (51%)

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%)

Passengers 4-wheelers (21%) Source: 2006, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System

Enforcementa a b c d e

No (subnational) n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia have a BAC limit of 0.08 for general population. No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia specify BAC limits of 0.02 or less for young/novice drivers. 2006, US DOT/NHTSA study. 2007, US DOT/NHTSA National Occupant Protection Use Survey.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 24 Deaths per 100 000 population

Child restraints law

20 16 12 8 4 0 1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

Year

No Yes

Source: US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Yes Yes

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

217

REGISTERED VEHICLES

251 422 509 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

54% 3% 39% 4% <1%

Data cleared by the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Transport’s National Highway Trafﬁc Safety Administration.

URUGUAY Population: 3 339 700 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $6 380

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

National Road Safety Agency (UNASEV) Yes Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

427e (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

20 729f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government.

e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Police and Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 45–75 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 38%c

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 1 Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

Child restraints law b c d

Seat-belt law

Enforcementb

O AN

A AIL

Yes Yes No 50%d

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Yes

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

200

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Faculty of Humanities – Technical Forensics Institute. Study by Advanced Trauma Life Support Course in Uruguay.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

No No

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 2000

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year Source: National Highway Administration Directorate, based on information from Departmental Police Headquarters

No No REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

218

952 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks

48% 44% 1% 7%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.

UZBEKISTAN a

Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).

Population: 27 372 260 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $730

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA The State Motor-Vehicle Inspectorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs Yes

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

2 034c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries

—

Yes Yes —

Costing study available

No c

Ministry of Internal Affairs data, deﬁned as died at the crash scene.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law

Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes None None Yes —

N TA

IL VA

Yes Yes No — 9 Yes Yes — 10 — —

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 2000

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

2 500 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Yes No 70 km/h 7

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year

— —

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

219

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

VANUATU Population: 226 180 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 840

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

No n/a

Funded in national budget

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

8c Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2005)

52d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 35–60 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Noneb Noneb Yes —

Yes No — TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Child restraints law

No n/a

Enforcementa

O AN

Seat-belt law

A AIL

Yes Yes No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

N TA

IL VA

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes

15 461 total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

220

VENEZUELA (Bolivarian Republic of) Population: 27 656 832 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $7 320

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

People’s Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA) Yes Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 6 218c (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

40 968d Costing study available

No c d

Health data, deﬁned as died within 1 year of the crash. People’s Ministry of Infrastructure.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 40 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Other (1%)

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes Yes Yes 55%b

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Yes Yes —

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

Source: 2007, People’s Ministry of Infrastructure

Child restraints law

Passengers 4-wheelers (1%)

Seat-belt law

Drivers 4-wheelers (73%)

Pedestrians (25%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes 5

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, People’s Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA).

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

Yes Yes

Deaths per 100 000 population

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

20 15 10 5 0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Source: People’s Ministry of Health

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

4 044 013 total (2007) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses

73% 7% 19% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of People’s Power for Health and Social Welfare.

221

VIET NAM Population: 87 375 196 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $790

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yesa n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded a

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 12 800e (79% males, 21% females)

National Trafﬁc Safety Committee Yes

10 266f Costing study available

Yes (deaths and injuries)

Not formally endorsed by government. e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data. Health data reports 445 048 non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries in 2007.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Drink–driving law

Motorcycle helmet law

Yes Yes Yes 85%d

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

Enforcement

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2001, Forensic Medicine data. 2008, National Trafﬁc Safety Committee estimate.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Yes Yes

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

No n/a

c d

Yes No —

Child restraints law b

A AT

IL VA

Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

14 000 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 34%c

12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

Yes Yes

Source: 2007, National Trafﬁc Safety Committee

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

Yes Yes

222

22 926 230 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers

5% 95% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP a

Non WHO member-area.

Population: 4 018 000 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 422 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

DATA

Lead agency

No n/a

Funded in national budget

No (subnational) n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006)

188d (76% males, 23% females)e Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

5 838f Costing study available

No d e f

Police data, deﬁned as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data 2007. Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Palestine.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes No 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb

Drink–driving law

Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl No —

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 1

Seat-belt law

Yes Yes — 3

Child restraints law

Yes 1

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2002

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

Number of road trafﬁc deaths

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb

N TA

Yes Yesc No —

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb

IL VA

Motorcycle helmet law

Enforcementb

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year

No No

Source: General Commissariat of the Palestinian Police, data for remaining West Bank and Gaza Strip

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

78 609 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

223

76% <1% 6% 15% 1% <1% 1%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

YEMEN Population: 22 389 169 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $870

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA

The National Committee for Road Safety No

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007) 2 781c (86% males, 14% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

19 253d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes —

Speed limits set nationally

Drink–driving law

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa a b

Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb — — —

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Year

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

Source: Country questionnaire

No No

REGISTERED VEHICLES

POST-CRASH CARE

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

No n/a

No car manufacturers

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

N TA

IL VA

No n/a — n/a

VEHICLE STANDARDS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

No n/a n/a — n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Deaths per 100 000 population

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes Yes

224

777 734 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Population.

ZAMBIA Population: 11 921 999 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $800

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Road Transport and Safety Agency Yes

Measurable targets Funded

1 266d Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2007)

Yes Yes Yes

National road safety strategy

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2007)

9 258e Costing study available

No d e

Police data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 50 km/h

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 50%b

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law

Pedestrians (50%)

Seat-belt law

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%)

Cyclists (11%)

Yes Yes —

Source: 2007, Zambia Police Service

Child restraints law

Enforcementa

No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Zambia Police Service and Road Transport and Safety Agency. 2007, Zambia Road Transport and Safety Agency.

VEHICLE STANDARDS

No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 400 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

b c

Passsengers 4-wheelers (25%)

Yes Yes No 100%c

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa

Drivers 4-wheelers (11%)

Drink–driving law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

Yes Yes

1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

2002

2007

Source: Zambia Police Service

— No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

1997

Year

Yes Yes

REGISTERED VEHICLES

222 188 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

59% 3% 21% 13% 2% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.

225

ZIMBABWE Population: 13 349 434 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $131

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency

Funded in national budget

DATA Trafﬁc Safety Council of Zimbabwe No Multiple n/a n/a

National road safety strategy

Measurable targets Funded

Reported road trafﬁc fatalities (2006) 1 037c (71% males, 29% females) Reported non-fatal road trafﬁc injuries (2006)

13 819d Costing study available

No c d

Police data, deﬁned as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police and Health data.

NATIONAL LEGISLATION Yes Yes 60 km/h 8

Speed limits set nationally

Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law

Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law

Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law

Enforcementa

Occupants any motorized vehicle (63%) Pedestrians (26%)

Motorcycle helmet law

Other (5%)

Yes Yes — —

Cyclists (5%)

9 Yes No —

Source: 2006, Zimbabwe Police

8 No n/a

Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Zimbabwe Republic Police.

VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on

Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats

Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%)

No No

TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500 Number of road trafﬁc deaths

BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road trafﬁc deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa

Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes <1%b

DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY

2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0

ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure

1971

Yes Yes

PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT

National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation

— Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable.

1981

1986

1991

2001

2006

Source: Zimbabwe Police General Headquarters, Planning and Development Statistics Bureau

REGISTERED VEHICLES

Yes Yes

1 556 586 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other

226

1996

Year

No No

POST-CRASH CARE

Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number

1976

78% 7% 5% 7% 1% 2%

Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare.

Statistical annex 1. Explanatory notes

t #BDLHSPVOE

t %BUB QSPDFTTJOH

t 5ZQFT PG EBUB VUJMJ[FE 3FQPSUFE EBUB "EKVTUFE EBUB .PEFMMFE EBUB

t 3FGFSFODFT

5BCMFT A.1

/BUJPOBM EBUB DPPSEJOBUPST CZ DPVOUSZ BSFB BOE 8)0 SFHJPO

A.2

7FIJDMFT SPBE USBGm D EFBUIT BOE QSPQPSUJPO PG SPBE VTFST CZ DPVOUSZ BSFB

A.3

%SJOLJOH BOE ESJWJOH MBXT FOGPSDFNFOU BOE SPBE USBGm D EFBUIT BUUSJCVUFE UP BMDPIPM CZ DPVOUSZ BSFB

A.4

4FBU CFMU BOE DIJME SFTUSBJOU MBXT FOGPSDFNFOU BOE XFBSJOH SBUFT CZ DPVOUSZ BSFB

A.5

4QFFE MBXT BOE FOGPSDFNFOU CZ DPVOUSZ BSFB

A.6

)FMNFU MBXT FOGPSDFNFOU BOE XFBSJOH SBUFT CZ DPVOUSZ BSFB

A.7

3PBE TBGFUZ NBOBHFNFOU TUSBUFHJFT BOE QPMJDJFT CZ DPVOUSZ BSFB

A.8

1SF IPTQJUBM DBSF TZTUFNT CZ DPVOUSZ BSFB

Explanatory notes Background 5IF EBUB QSFTFOUFE JO UIF GPMMPXJOH QBHFT XFSF PCUBJOFE UISPVHI B TFMG BENJOJTUFSFE RVFTUJPOOBJSF JNQMFNFOUFE JO UIF DPVOUSJFT BOE BSFBT UIBU QBSUJDJQBUFE JO UIF mSTU HMPCBM TVSWFZ PO SPBE TBGFUZ JO 5IF TVSWFZ GPDVTFE PO UIF SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT PG UIF World report on road trafямБc injury prevention BT UIF CBTJT GPS JUT TUSVDUVSF BOE DPOUFOU .PTU DPVOUSJFT VTFE UIF TBNF NFUIPEPMPHZ GPS EBUB DPMMFDUJPO BT PVUMJOFE JO B TVSWFZ QSPUPDPM EFWFMPQFE GPS UIF TUVEZ *O PWFS PG UIF DPVOUSJFT UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG UIF TVSWFZ XBT DPPSEJOBUFE CZ B /BUJPOBM %BUB $PPSEJOBUPS /%$ JEFOUJmFE CZ UIF DPVOUSZ BOE XBT DPNQMFUFE CZ UFBNT PG ├Т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t 5BCMF " JODMVEFT UIF MJTU PG /%$T XIP JO DPMMBCPSBUJPO XJUI OBUJPOBM BVUIPSJUJFT QMBZFE B LFZ QBSU JO DPOEVDUJOH UIF TVSWFZ t 5BCMF " QSPWJEFT EFUBJMFE EBUB PO UIF EBZ BEKVTUFE OVNCFS BOE SBUFT QFS QPQVMBUJPO PG SPBE USBGmD EFBUIT BOE PO UIF QSPQPSUJPO PG SPBE VTFST CZ DPVOUSZ BSFB 5IF UBCMF BMTP JODMVEFT NPEFMMFE SPBE USBGmD EFBUI OVNCFST XIJDI IBWF CFFO HFOFSBUFE " TIPSU EFTDSJQUJPO PG UIF QSPDFTT JT QSFTFOUFE CFMPX t 5BCMFT " o" QSPWJEF JOGPSNBUJPO PO UIF TUBUVT PG MBXT UIF FOGPSDFNFOU PG MBXT BOE UIF DPWFSBHF XFBSJOH SBUFT SFMBUJOH UP UIF mWF SPBE USBGmD SJTL GBDUPST BMDPIPM TFBU CFMUT DIJME SFTUSBJOUT TQFFE BOE IFMNFUT t 5BCMF " DPOUBJOT EBUB PO QPMJDZ SFMBUFE SFTQPOTFT t 5BCMF " JODMVEFT JOGPSNBUJPO SFMBUFE UP UIF BWBJMBCJMJUZ PG QSF IPTQJUBM DBSF 5IF GPMMPXJOH TFDUJPO HJWFT B CSJFG EFTDSJQUJPO PG UIF EBUB QSPDFTTJOH UIF DPNNFOUT PO UIF PCUBJOFE SFTVMUT TQFDJmDBMMZ PO UIF SFQPSUFE BEKVTUFE BOE NPEFMMFE DPVOUSZ MFWFM EFBUI EBUB BOE UIF NFUIPE VTFE UP EFWFMPQ UIF NPEFM

Data processing 5IF EBUB QSPDFTTJOH JOWPMWFE DPNQMFUJPO PG UIF TVSWFZ JOTUSVNFOU BOE EBUB FOUSZ BU B DPVOUSZ MFWFM BOE WBMJEBUJPO BU B SFHJPOBM MFWFM %BUB DMFBOJOH BOBMZTJT BOE SFQPSU XSJUJOH XFSF EPOF BU 8)0 IFBERVBSUFST JO (FOFWB

Reporting of country-level data 5IF mOBM DPVOUSZ SFTQPOTFT XFSF FOUFSFE CZ /%$T JOUP BO POMJOF EBUBCBTF TQFDJBMMZ QSFQBSFE CZ 8)0 GPS UIJT QSPKFDU /%$T BMTP VQMPBEFE TVQQPSUJOH EPDVNFOUT XIFSF BQQMJDBCMF BOE BWBJMBCMF %BUB XFSF UIFO WBMJEBUFE BU B SFHJPOBM MFWFM 0ODF mOBMJ[FE BOE BQQSPWFE CZ 3FHJPOBM %BUB $PPSEJOBUPST 3%$T UIF EBUB XFSF UIFO FYQPSUFE JOUP .JDSPTPGU &YDFM GPS DMFBOJOH "U UIJT TUBHF FBDI DPVOUSZ T EBUB XFSF FYBNJOFE GPS BDDVSBDZ DPOTJTUFODZ BOE WBMJEJUZ PO B RVFTUJPO CZ RVFTUJPO CBTJT 8IFSF OFDFTTBSZ /%$T XFSF DPOUBDUFE BOE BEEJUJPOBM TVQQPSUJOH EPDVNFOUT XFSF SFRVFTUFE UP DMBSJGZ JODPOTJTUFODJFT " DPQZ PG UIF TVSWFZ JOTUSVNFOU BOE TUVEZ QSPUPDPM DBO CF GPVOE BU XXX XIP JOU WJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPO SPBE@TBGFUZ@TUBUVT

"T QBSU PG UIF EBUB DMFBOJOH BOE WBMJEBUJPO QSPDFTT FYQMPSBUPSZ BOBMZTJT XBT EPOF VTJOH 45"5" 5IF TBNF TPGUXBSF XBT VTFE GPS BMM BOBMZTJT BOE SFTVMUT QSFTFOUFE JO UIF FBSMJFS TFDUJPOT PG UIJT SFQPSU

Types of data utilized 5ISFF UZQFT PG EBUB BSF VTFE JO UIJT SFQPSU t SFQPSUFE EBUB GSPN DPVOUSJFT BOE TFDPOEBSZ TPVSDFT t EBUB BEKVTUFE GPS UIF EBZ EFmOJUJPO PG B SPBE USBGmD EFBUI JO PSEFS UP GBDJMJUBUF DPNQBSBCJMJUZ t NPEFMMFE OVNCFST

Reported data *O BEEJUJPO UP UIF EBUB PCUBJOFE EJSFDUMZ GSPN DPVOUSJFT TFDPOEBSZ EBUB TPVSDFT XFSF VTFE UP t DMBTTJGZ DPVOUSJFT JOUP JODPNF DBUFHPSJFT t HFOFSBUF SPBE TBGFUZ JOEJDBUPST TVDI BT UIF BEKVTUFE SPBE USBGmD EFBUIT BOE NPEFMMFE SPBE USBGmD EFBUI SBUFT XJUI B DPOmEFODF JOUFSWBM BT SFQPSUFE JO 5BCMF " 1PQVMBUJPO BOE JODPNF EBUB GSPN UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 1PQVMBUJPO %JWJTJPO ! BOE UIF 8PSME #BOL " XFSF VTFE GPS UIJT BOBMZTJT 1PQVMBUJPO FTUJNBUFT GPS BSF SFQPSUFE JO 5BCMF " 8IFSF UIFSF XBT OP FTUJNBUF BWBJMBCMF GPS B DPVOUSZ GPS UIBU ZFBS QVCMJTIFE EBUB GPS UIF MBUFTU ZFBS XFSF VTFE 'PS UIF NPEFMMJOH QSPDFTT QPQVMBUJPO FTUJNBUFT DPSSFTQPOEJOH UP UIF ZFBS PG SFQPSUJOH XFSF VTFE " . *O 5BCMF " 8PSME #BOL "UMBT NFUIPE HSPTT OBUJPOBM JODPNF QFS DBQJUB (/* GPS # PS MBUFTU BWBJMBCMF ZFBS XBT VTFE UP DBUFHPSJ[F DPVOUSJFT JOUP t MPX JODPNF PS MFTT t NJEEMF JODPNF UP t IJHI JODPNF PS NPSF .PSF EFUBJMFE TVCHSPVQJOHT XFSF VTFE JO UIF NPEFMMJOH QSPDFTT

Adjusted data "T EJTDVTTFE JO UIF mSTU TFDUJPO PG UIJT SFQPSU TFF QBHF VOEFSSFQPSUJOH IBT CFFO BDLOPXMFEHFE GPS NBOZ ZFBST BT BO JNQPSUBOU SFBTPO GPS UIF EJGmDVMUZ JO DPNQBSJOH SPBE USBGmD DSBTI EBUB CFUXFFO DPVOUSJFT "EEJUJPOBMMZ UIF MBDL PG IBSNPOJ[FE EFmOJUJPOT GPS SPBE USBGmD EFBUIT UIF VTF PG EJGGFSFOU EBUB TPVSDFT BOE UIF RVBMJUZ PG UIF SFQPSUJOH TZTUFN IBWF BMTP CFFO EPDVNFOUFE $POTFRVFOUMZ B OVNCFS PG NFDIBOJTNT XFSF FNQMPZFE UP BEESFTT TPNF PG UIFTF JTTVFT JO PSEFS UP NBLF EBUB NPSF DPNQBSBCMF 5IJT HMPCBM TVSWFZ FNQMPZFE UIF GPMMPXJOH UXP NFUIPET t UIF &VSPQFQFBO $POGFSFODF PG .JOJTUFST PG 5SBOTQPSU &$.5 TUBOEBSEJ[FE EBZ SPBE DSBTI GBUBMJUZ GBDUPST $ UP BEKVTU BMM SFQPSUFE DPVOUSZ BSFB EBUB t B NPEFM VTJOH OFHBUJWF CJOPNJBM SFHSFTTJPO TFF QBHF 5IF iSFQPSUFEw EBUB JO 5BCMF " IBWF CFFO BEKVTUFE UP UIJT EBZ EFmOJUJPO TFF 5BCMF GPS BEKVTUNFOU GBDUPST BOE UIF OFX BEKVTUFE OVNCFS JT UIFSFGPSF VTFE JO UIF DPSSFTQPOEJOH NPEFM BOE JUT SFTVMU JT QSFTFOUFE JO 5BCMF A.2.

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Table 1. ECMT standardized 30-day road crash fatality adjustment factors 30-DAY TOTAL

ADJUSTMENT FACTOR

ON THE SCENE/1 DAY

77%

1.30

3 DAYS

87%

1.15

6 DAYS

92%

1.09

7 DAYS

93%

1.08

30 DAYS

100%

1.00

365 DAYS

103%

0.97

Modelled data Developing a model #FGPSF UIF NPEFMMJOH FYFSDJTF TJNQMF FYQMPSBUPSZ BOBMZTFT XFSF EPOF UP FWBMVBUF UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG UIF SFQPSUFE EBUB UP JEFOUJGZ QPUFOUJBM PVUMJFST BOE UP EFUFSNJOF UIF FYUFOU PG NJTTJOH EBUB %FDJTJPOT BT UP XIFUIFS UP JODMVEF UIFTF PVUMJFST JO UIF BOBMZTFT PS XIFUIFS UP FYDMVEF UIFN XFSF UBLFO BU TFWFSBM TUBHFT PG UIF BOBMZTJT 8IFSF BQQSPQSJBUF JNQVUBUJPO XBT EPOF UP DPNQFOTBUF GPS NJTTJOH JOGPSNBUJPO

Completeness of data )BWJOH BEKVTUFE UIF SFQPSUFE EBUB UP B EBZ EFm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roup 1 DPVOUSJFT JODMVEF IJHI JODPNF NJEEMF JODPNF BOE MPX JODPNF DPVOUSJFT 5BCMF %BUB GSPN UIFTF DPVOUSJFT XFSF VTFE BT B SFGFSFODF JO DPOTUSVDUJOH UIF OFHBUJWF CJOPNJBM NPEFM "T TVDI OP FTUJNBUJPO XBT EPOF GPS UIFTF DPVOUSJFT Group 2 DPVOUSJFT JODMVEF IJHI JODPNF NJEEMF JODPNF BOE MPX JODPNF DPVOUSJFT &TUJNBUFE EBUB CBTFE PO UIF QSFEJDUJPO NPEFM EFTDSJCFE BCPWF BSF QSPWJEFE GPS UIFTF DPVOUSJFT $PVOUSJFT BSFBT XJUI QPQVMBUJPOT PG MFTT UIBO BOE XIJDI UIVT IBWF MPX OVNCFST PG EFBUIT XFSF BMTP FYDMVEFE GSPN UIF NPEFMMJOH QSPDFTT 5BCMF 5BCMF " HJWFT UIF EBZ BEKVTUFE OVNCFS PG EFBUIT GPS BMM DPVOUSJFT BOE GPS HSPVQ DPVOUSJFT UIF NPEFMMFE OVNCFS PG EFBUIT XJUI B DPOmEFODF JOUFSWBM 5IPTF XJUIPVU B SBOHF BSF (SPVQ BOE UIF DPVOUSJFT JO 5BCMF XIFSF OP NPEFMMJOH XBT EPOF

231

Table 2. Countries/areas in Group 1 COUNTRY/AREA

INCOME LEVEL

COUNTRY/AREA

INCOME LEVEL

Argentina

MIC

Panama

MIC

Australia

HIC

Poland

MIC

Austria

HIC

Portugal

HIC

Bahamas

HIC

Qatar

HIC

Bahrain

HIC

Republic of Korea

HIC

Barbados

MIC

Republic of Moldova

MIC

Belarus

MIC

Romania

MIC

Belgium

HIC

Russian Federation

MIC

Belize

MIC

Saint Lucia

MIC

Bosnia and Herzegovina

MIC

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

MIC

Brazil

MIC

Serbia

MIC

Brunei Darussalam

HIC

Singapore

HIC

Bulgaria

MIC

Slovakia

HIC

Canada

HIC

Slovenia

HIC

Chile

MIC

South Africa

MIC

Colombia

MIC

Spain

HIC

Costa Rica

MIC

Sweden

HIC

Croatia

MIC

Switzerland

HIC

Cuba

MIC

Thailand

MIC

Cyprus

HIC

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

MIC

Czech Republic

HIC

Tonga

MIC

Estonia

HIC

Trinidad and Tobago

HIC

Fiji

MIC

Ukraine

MIC

Finland

HIC

United Kingdom

HIC

France

HIC

United States of America

HIC

Georgia

MIC

Uruguay

MIC

Germany

HIC

Uzbekistan

LIC

Greece

HIC

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

MIC

Hungary

HIC

Iceland

HIC

LIC = low-income countries MIC = middle-income countries HIC = high-income countries

Ireland

HIC

Israel

HIC

Italy

HIC

Japan

HIC

Kazakhstan

MIC

Kuwait

HIC

Kyrgyzstan

LIC

Latvia

MIC

Lithuania

MIC

Malaysia

MIC

Malta

HIC

Mauritius

MIC

Mexico

MIC

Montenegro

MIC

Netherlands

HIC

New Zealand

HIC

Norway

HIC

232

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Table 3. Countries/areas with population size less than 100 000 COUNTRY/AREA

INCOME LEVEL a

British Virgin Islands

HIC

Cook Islands

HIC

Kiribati

MIC

Marshall Islands

MIC

Nauru

MIC

Palau

MIC

San Marino

HIC

Seychelles

MIC

Tuvalu

MIC

Non-member area. MIC = middle-income countries HIC = high-income countries

Variables used in the model 5BCMF TVNNBSJ[FT UIF JOEFQFOEFOU WBSJBCMFT VTFE JO UIF NPEFM BOE UIF EBUB TPVSDF

Table 4. Independent variables used in modelling process VARIABLE

SOURCE OF INFORMATION

Income (GNI)

World Bank " #

Income level

World Bank #

Population

COMMENTS

Grouping used: low, middle, lower middle, upper middle, high. Designation based on 2000â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2004 World Bank data, corresponding to year of income level used Estimated ďŹ gures from UN Population Division !

Vehicle density: Number of cars per population

Number of vehicles: This GSRRS survey Population: World Bank !

Road density: Total road per land area

2000â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2006 World Road Statistics, International Road Federation, 2008 '

Total road/land km2 Corresponding or latest year data

Existence of national helmet law

This GSRRS survey

WHO questionnaire

National policies that encourage walking and/or cycling

This GSRRS survey

WHO questionnaire

National policies that support investment in public transport

This GSRRS survey

WHO questionnaire

National speed limits on urban roads

This GSRRS survey

WHO questionnaire

National speed limits on rural roads

This GSRRS survey

WHO questionnaire

Alcohol consumption

World Health Statistics, 2008

Alcohol consumption among adults aged >15 years for 2003

Strength of health system

World Health Statistics, 2008

Hospital beds (per 10 000 population)

GSRRS = Global Status Report on Road Safety GNI = Gross National Income per capita

Estimation method 5IF UIJSE TUBHF VTFE EBUB GSPN (SPVQ DPVOUSJFT UP EFWFMPQ B TUBUJTUJDBM NPEFM UP QSFEJDU SPBE USBGmD EFBUIT QPJOU FTUJNBUFT GPS (SPVQ DPVOUSJFT JODMVEJOH DPOmEFODF MJNJUT 5IF GSBNFXPSL VTFE UP QSFEJDU SPBE USBGmD NPSUBMJUZ XBT DPOTUSVDUFE VTJOH TFMFDUFE WBSJBCMFT JEFOUJmFE UISPVHI B MJUFSBUVSF SFWJFX XIJDI IBWF EJSFDU SFMBUJPOTIJQ UP UIF PVUDPNF WBSJBCMF SPBE USBGmD EFBUI 5IFTF WBSJBCMFT XFSF MBUFS HSPVQFE JOUP UISFF DBUFHPSJFT FYQPTVSF GBDUPST &j SJTL PS QSFWFOUJWF GBDUPST 3j BOE NJUJHBUJOH GBDUPST .j (SPTT OBUJPOBM JODPNF *j IBT BO JOnVFODF PO UIF mSTU UXP DBUFHPSJFT 'JHVSF *O UIJT GSBNFXPSL UIF SPBE USBGmD NPSUBMJUZ PVUDPNF :j JT B GVODUJPO PG B TFU PG JOEFQFOEFOU WBSJBCMFT EFTDSJCFE BT FYQPTVSF GBDUPST &j SJTL PS QSFWFOUJWF GBDUPST 3j NJUJHBUJOH GBDUPST .j BOE HSPTT OBUJPOBM JODPNF *j 5IJT DBO CF FYQSFTTFE BT GPMMPXT Yj= f (Rj, Mj, Ij, Ej). 5IF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO UIF PVUDPNF BOE UIF JOEFQFOEFOU WBSJBCMFT JT B OPOMJOFBS GVODUJPO 5IF OVNCFS PG EFBUIT :j JT B OPO OFHBUJWF JOUFHFS DPVOU EBUB UIVT UIF TUBOEBSE BQQSPBDI UP CF VTFE JT UIF 1PJTTPO SFHSFTTJPO PS BOPUIFS GPSN PG SFHSFTTJPO CBTFE PO UIF 1PJTTPO 5IF NPTU DPNNPOMZ VTFE SFHSFTTJPO NPEFM GPS DPVOU EBUB USFBUT UIF SFTQPOTF : BT B 1PJTTPO WBSJBCMF *O UIF 1PJTTPO SFHSFTTJPO NPEFM UIF NFBO FRVBMT UIF WBSJBODF DPOEJUJPOBM PO FYQMBOBUPSZ WBSJBCMFT *O QSBDUJDF IPXFWFS UIJT BTTVNQUJPO XBT OPU TBUJTmFE 'PS UIJT SFBTPO B OFHBUJWF CJOPNJBM SFHSFTTJPO NPEFM XBT DIPTFO XIFSF UIF BTTVNQUJPO GPS UIF EFQFOEFOU WBSJBODF BOE 1PJTTPO T QBSUJDVMBS DBTF PG OFHBUJWF CJOPNJBM NPEFM BSF BEFRVBUFMZ TBUJTmFE

233

Figure 1. Framework for determinants of road trafямБc mortality

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"U UIF FOE B OFHBUJWF CJOPNJBM SFHSFTTJPO NPEFMMJOH UFDIOJRVF VTJOH 45"5" TPGUXBSF XBT VTFE UP QSFEJDU UIF OVNCFS PG SPBE USBGmD GBUBMJUJFT XJUI QPQVMBUJPO TJ[F BT BO FYQPTVSF GBDUPS 5IF NPEFM XBT DPOTUSVDUFE PO UIF CBTJT PG SFQPSUFE EBUB GSPN UIF (SPVQ DPVOUSJFT BSFBT NFOUJPOFE JO 5BCMF 5IF GVMM JO EFQUI EFTDSJQUJPO PG UIF NFUIPEPMPHZ BOE GPSNVMBT GPS UIF NPEFMMJOH QSPDFTT BSF BWBJMBCMF BU UIF GPMMPXJOH XFCTJUF XXX XIP JOU WJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPO SPBE@TBGFUZ@TUBUVT

234

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

References 1FEFO . FU BM FET World report on road trafďŹ c injury prevention (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQ XXX XIP JOU WJPMFODF@JOKVSZ@QSFWFOUJPO QVCMJDBUJPOT SPBE@USBGmD XPSME@SFQPSU FO JOEFY IUNM BDDFTTFE "QSJM 2. STATA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Data analysis and statistical software IUUQ XXX TUBUB DPN BDDFTTFE "QSJM 3. World population prospects: the 2006 Revision. Highlights /FX :PSL 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 1PQVMBUJPO %JWJTJPO 4. World development indicators 8BTIJOHUPO %$ *OUFSOBUJPOBM #BOL GPS 3FDPOTUSVDUJPO BOE %FWFMPQNFOU 5IF 8PSME #BOL 5. GNI per capita 2007: Atlas method and PPP 8BTIJOHUPO %$ 5IF 8PSME #BOL IUUQ TJUFSFTPVSDFT XPSMECBOL PSH %"5"45"5*45*$4 3FTPVSDFT (/*1$ QEG BDDFTTFE "QSJM +BDPCT ( 5IPNBT "" "TUSPQ " Estimating global road fatalities 53- 3FQPSU $SPXUIPSOF 5SBOTQPSU 3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZ IUUQ XXX USBOTQPSU MJOLT PSH USBOTQPSU@MJOLT mMFBSFB QVCMJDBUJPOT @ @ 53- QEG BDDFTTFE +BOVBSZ 7. Global Burden of Disease, 2004 update (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQ XXX XIP JOU IFBMUIJOGP HMPCBM@CVSEFO@EJTFBTF @SFQPSU@VQEBUF FO JOEFY IUNM BDDFTTFE "QSJM .BUIFST $% FU BM $PVOUJOH UIF EFBE BOE XIBU UIFZ EJFE GSPN BO BTTFTTNFOU PG UIF HMPCBM TUBUVT PG DBVTF PG EFBUI EBUB Bulletin of the World Health Organization o World road statistics 2008 (FOFWB *OUFSOBUJPOBM 3PBE 'FEFSBUJPO World health statistics 2008 (FOFWB 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ[BUJPO IUUQ XXX XIP JOU XIPTJT XIPTUBU FO JOEFY IUNM BDDFTTFE "QSJM $BNFSPO "$ 5SJWFEJ 1, Regression analysis of count data &DPOPNFUSJD 4PDJFUZ .POPHSBQI /P /FX :PSL $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT

235

Table A.1: National data coordinators by country/area and WHO region

COUNTRY/AREA

Afghanistan

Eastern Mediterranean Qarizadah, Wassima Europe

Bozo, Maksim

Angola

Africa

Chicola, Felix

Americas

Abriata, Graciela

Armenia

Europe

Australia

Western Paciﬁc

Austria

Europe

Kisser, Rupert

Azerbaijan

Europe

Talishinskiy, Rustam

Americas

Rolle, Garlon

Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh

Avetisyan, Lilit Goldsworthy, John

Eastern Mediterranean Obeid, Amjad South-East Asia

Rahman, AKM Fazlur

Barbados

Americas

Taylor, Denise Carter

Belarus

Europe

Pikirenia, Ivan

Belgium

Europe

Meerkens, Anne

Americas

Andrewin, Aisha

Belize Benin

Africa

Bhutan

South-East Asia

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana

Americas Europe Africa

Imorou Karimou, Yacoubou Karma, Doma Angulo Martinez, Augusto Kovacevic, Jasminka; Seranic, Alen Mmutle, Marvin Golekoamang

Brazil

Americas

Alves da Silva, Marta Maria

British Virgin Islandsa

Americas

George, Ivy

Brunei Darussalam

Western Paciﬁc

Saidon, Rozaly

Bulgaria

Europe

Kovacheva, Irina

Burkina Faso

Africa

Cisse, Ahmad Nassourou

Burundi

Africa

Nzeyimana, Claire

Cambodia

Western Paciﬁc

Raingsey, Prak Piseth

Cameroon

Africa

Missimikim, Martial

Canada

Americas

Jonah, Brian

Cape Verde

Africa

Santos, Antonio

Central African Republic (the)

Africa

Gondamovo, Paul

Chad

Africa

Gocké, Mahamat

Chile

Americas

Rajs, Danuta

China

Western Paciﬁc

Duan, Leilei

Colombia Comoros (the)

Americas Africa

Congo (the)

Africa

Cook Islands

Western Paciﬁc

Costa Rica Croatia

Americas Europe

Gaitán Rodríguez, Yazmín Yahaia, Mohamed Kouni-Okogna, Jean Roger Herman, Josephine Guzmán Duarte, Teresita Brkic Biloš, Ivana

Cuba

Americas

Cyprus

Europe

Antoniades, Costas; Kalakouta, Olga

Czech Republic (the)

Europe

Benesova, Veronika

Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)

Valdés Lazo, Francisco

Africa

Musaﬁri, Masuga

Dominican Republic

Americas

Pérez, Simon Luis

Ecuador

Americas

Naranjo, Sara

Egypt GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)

Albania Argentina

236

WHO REGION

Eastern Mediterranean Saad, Rania

COUNTRY/AREA

El Salvador

WHO REGION

Americas

NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)

Morán de García, Silvia

Eritrea

Africa

Abraham Tesfamichael, Ghirmay

Estonia

Europe

Kedars, Ursel

Ethiopia

Africa

Asrat, Abebe

Fiji

Western Paciﬁc

Tuiketei, Timaima

Finland

Europe

Jääskeläinen, Petri

France

Europe

Laumon, Bernard

Gambia (the)

Africa

Camara, Abdoulie

Georgia

Europe

Kheladze, Kakha

Germany

Europe

Schleh, Rosemarieb

Ghana

Africa

Afukaar, Francis

Greece

Europe

Efthymiadis, Dimitrios

Guatemala Guinea-Bissau

Americas Africa

Morales Sandoval, Salvador Vera Cruz De Oliveira, Golda Sayonara

Guyana

Americas

Anderson, Lucy

Honduras

Americas

Cerrato Cruz, Orlin Javier

Hungary

Europe

Bényi, Mária

Iceland

Europe

Thorsteinsdóttir, Rósa

India Indonesia

South-East Asia

Kumar, Ashok

South-East Asia

Yusharmen

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Eastern Mediterranean Moghisi, Alireza

Iraq

Eastern Mediterranean Khalil, Sundus Shoki

Ireland

Europe

Hayes, Declan

Israel

Europe

Peleg, Kobi; Levi, Sarit

Italy

Europe

Lecce, Maria Giuseppina

Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan

Americas

Grant, Andriene

Western Paciﬁc

Nakahara, Shinji

Eastern Mediterranean Mujahed, Jamil Europe

Batpenov, Nurlan

Kenya

Africa

Githinji, Wilfred Mwai

Kiribati

Western Paciﬁc

Rubeiariki, Mweritonga

Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Lithuania

Eastern Mediterranean Al-Otaibi, Hamed Europe

Toimatov, Samatbek

Western Paciﬁc

Phoutsavath, Phisith

Europe

Feldmane, Jana

Eastern Mediterranean Akl, Ziad Africa

Rangoako, Thabiso

Africa

Kekula, Joseph

Eastern Mediterranean Jabeal, Ibrahim Ali Europe

Meižiene, Ramune

Madagascar

Africa

Rasamilalao, Désiré

Malawi

Africa

Chirwa, James Mathewes

Malaysia

Western Paciﬁc

Ramly, Rosnah

Maldives

South-East Asia

Naaz, Aishath

Mali

Africa

Sylla, Assa

Malta

Europe

Calleja, Neville; Galea, Audrey

Marshall Islands (the)

Western Paciﬁc

Edwards, Russell

237

(Table A.1 continued)

COUNTRY/AREA

Mauritania Mauritius Mexico

Traoré, Abdallah Mohamed Khairou

Africa

Jewon, Mahmad Saeed

Americas

Rosas Osuna, Rodrigo

Western Paciﬁc

Mongolia

Western Paciﬁc

Sakhiya, Ariuntuya

Europe

Stojanovic, Svetlana

Morocco Mozambique

Skilling, Vita

Eastern Mediterranean Boulaajoul, Benaceur Africa

Sithoe, Paulo Jorge

Myanmar

South-East Asia

Namibia

Africa

Shigwedha, Laina

Nauru

Western Paciﬁc

Dowiyogo, David

Nepal

South-East Asia

Netherlands (the) New Zealand Nicaragua

Europe Western Paciﬁc Americas

Lwin, Thit

Baral, Prabha Vis, Martijn Brown, Jennifer Torres Araica, Francisca

Niger (the)

Africa

Bagoudou, Chekarao

Nigeria

Africa

Labinjo, Mariam

Norway

Europe

Linhave, Jakob; Vind, Signe

Oman

Eastern Mediterranean Al-Wahaibi, Salim

Pakistan

Eastern Mediterranean Khan, Shahzad Ali

Palau Panama Papua New Guinea

Western Paciﬁc Americas Western Paciﬁc

Aguon, Ismael Castañedas, Enrique Kanguma, Peri

Paraguay

Americas

Maldonado de González Cabello, Mercedes

Peru

Americas

Loayza, Manuel

Philippines (the)

Western Paciﬁc

Magturo, Theodora Cecile

Poland

Europe

Król, Barbara

Portugal

Europe

Amann, Gregória Paixão von

Puerto Ricoc

Americas

Lopez Charneco, Magdalena

Qatar Republic of Korea (the)

Eastern Mediterranean Almusleh, Abdulwahab Western Paciﬁc

Kim, Young-Taek

Republic of Moldova (the)

Europe

Gornea, Filip

Romania

Europe

Arafat, Raed

Russian Federation (the)

Europe

Kipor, Gennady

Rwanda

Africa

Rurangirwa, Dominique

Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa

Americas

Jaime, Alina

Americas

Duncan, Roger

Western Paciﬁc

Vasa, Ponifasio

San Marino

Europe

Gualtieri, Andrea

Sao Tome and Principe

Africa

Lima, Antonio

Saudi Arabia

Eastern Mediterranean Al Enizy, Faisal

Senegal

Africa

Coulibaly, Siaka

Serbia

Europe

Paunovic, Milena

Seychelles

Africa

André, Patrick

Africa

Yansaneh, Ahmed

Sierra Leone Singapore

Western Paciﬁc

Slovakia

Europe

Smrek, Martin

Europe

Košir, Matej

Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Africa

NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)

Micronesia (Federated States of) Montenegro

238

WHO REGION

Western Paciﬁc Africa

Ho, Seng Tim; Lee, Alvin

Ogaoga, Divinol Mosako, Magdeline

COUNTRY/AREA

Spain Sri Lanka Sudan (the) Suriname

WHO REGION

Europe South-East Asia

NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)

Lizarbe, Vicenta Jayatillaka, Jayalath Pushpakumara

Eastern Mediterranean Idries, Amjad Americas

Forster, Allan

Swaziland

Africa

Maphanga, Muzi

Sweden

Europe

Lekander, Thomas

Switzerland

Europe

Graz, Bertrand

Syrian Arab Republic (the)

Eastern Mediterranean Hamdan, Ahmad

Tajikistan

Europe

Razzakov, Abduvali

Thailand

South-East Asia

Siriphanich, Tairjing

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste

Europe South-East Asia

Togo

Africa

Tonga

Western Paciﬁc

Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia

Americas

Tozija, Fimka Ximenes, Rafael dos Santos Fatonzoun, Innocent Mawutoe Akau'ola, Siale Ruiz, Carla

Eastern Mediterranean Somrani, Naoufel; Frigui, Aﬁf

Turkey

Europe

Inan, Huseyin Fazil

Turkmenistan

Europe

Ovezklichev, Begklich

Tuvalu

Western Paciﬁc

Kaitu, Kakee Pese

Uganda

Africa

Kwamusi, Paul

Ukraine

Europe

Fedenko, Irina

United Arab Emirates (the)

Eastern Mediterranean Altair, Yousef

United Kingdom (the)

Europe

Bellis, Mark; Hughes, Sara

United Republic of Tanzania (the)

Africa

Mang'enya, Rosa

United States of America (the)

Americas

Dellinger, Ann

Uruguay

Americas

Borba, Norberto

Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam

Europe Western Paciﬁc Americas Western Paciﬁc

Azizov, Mirhakim; Kasimova, Gulnora Taura, Ben Hernández, Fedor Nguyen, Thi Hong Tu

West Bank and Gaza Stripa

Eastern Mediterranean Naji, Basem

Yemen

Eastern Mediterranean Alraiby, Jamila

Zambia

Africa

Mwali, Mutaba

Zimbabwe

Africa

Magirigide, Nyasha

a b c

Non member-area. Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt). Associate WHO Member State.

Table A.2: Vehicles, road trafďŹ c deaths and proportion of road users by country/area

GENERAL INFORMATION

Afghanistan

Income levelc

27 145 275

319f

Albania

3 190 012

Angola

Number of registered vehicles

Low

731 607

3 290

Middle

349 646

17 024 084

2 560

Middle

671 060

Argentina

39 531 115

6 050

Middle

12 399 887

Armenia

3 002 271

2 640

Middle

366 836

Australia

20 743 179

35 960

High

14 774 921

Austria

8 360 746

42 700

High

5 796 973

Azerbaijan

8 467 167

2 550

Middle

784 018

331 278

18 570f

High

27 058

752 648

High

382 977

Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh

20 610

158 664 959

470

Low

1 054 057

Barbados

293 891

11 290f

Middle

126 262

Belarus

9 688 795

4 220

Middle

3 147 625

Belgium

10 457 343

40 710

High

6 362 161

Belize

287 699

3 800

Middle

54 225

Benin

9 032 787

570

Low

222 850

Bhutan

658 479

1 770

Middle

35 703

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

9 524 568

1 260

Middle

699 646

Bosnia and Herzegovina

3 934 816

3 790

Middle

675 063

Botswana

1 881 504

5 840

Middle

293 755

191 790 929

5 910

Middle

49 644 025

British Virgin Islands

23 000

43 686

High

14 505

Brunei Darussalam

390 056

30 580f

High

304 432

7 638 831

4 590

Middle

2 628 680

Brazil h

Bulgaria Burkina Faso

14 784 291

430

Low

515 453

8 508 232

110

Low

59 486

Cambodia

14 443 679

540

Low

154 389

Cameroon

18 549 176

1 050

Middle

312 259

Canada

32 876 047

39 420

High

530 437

2 430

Middle

54 158

4 342 735

380

Low

5 834

Burundi

Cape Verde Central African Republic (the)

20 065 000

Chad

10 780 571

540

Low

124 088

Chile

16 634 760

8 350

Middle

2 824 570

China

1 336 317 116

2 360

Middle

145 228 994

46 155 958

3 250

Middle

4 951 225

Colombia Comoros (the)

839 187

680

Low

22 378

Congo (the)

3 768 086

1 540

Middle

100 000

Cook Islands

13 325

13 098f

Middle

10 692

4 467 625

5 560

Middle

797 902

Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic (the)

GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars

Population numbersa for 2007

COUNTRY/AREA

VEHICLES

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

4 555 398

10 460

Middle

1 949 936

11 267 883

4 571f

Middle

658 003

854 671

24 940

High

592 480

10 186 330

14 450

High

5 455 110

ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

ROAD USER DEATHS (%)

Modelled number of road trafﬁc deathse Reported number of trafﬁc deathsd

90% Conﬁdence interval

Point estimate

Drivers/ passengers of 4-wheeled vehicles

Drivers/ passengers of motorized 2- or 3-wheelers

45.3

9.0

5.7

40.0

13.7

41.7

9.5

6.2

19.4

13.9

60.3

0.3

39.4

Estimated road trafﬁc death rate per 100 000 populatione

Cyclists

Pedestrians

Other or unspeciﬁed users

1 779

10 593

6 234–22 894

39.0

499

445

366–522

13.9

2 358

6 425

4 376–9 803

37.7

5 281

5 427

371

417

1 616

7.8

70.2

14.8

2.5

12.5

691

8.3

59.0

17.4

5.4

15.6

2.6

1 195

1 099

13.0

59.7

1.2

0.9

38.1

0.1

14.5

64.0

14.0

22.0

0.0

12.1

59.4

5.5

6.6

28.6

4 108

20 038

12.6

26.2

8.2

2.6

53.7

12.2

73.7

7.9

0.0

18.4

1 517

15.7

47.3

3.8

9.1

39.8

1 067

10.2

56.0

15.2

8.2

9.7

0.0

12.8

23.4

37.0

3.0

25.0

352–489

900–1 319

14 882–29 155

15.6

63.8

653

2 815

2 080–3 871

31.2

35.0

111

72–115

14.4

1 394

1 594

1 214–2 348

428

482

636

35 155

23.2

9.3

11.0

16.7

59.0

4.0

1.0

35.0

1.0

10.9

61.0

4.7

5.8

23.7

4.8

33.8

70.9

0.8

1.6

26.0

0.7

35 155

18.3

9.8

20.0

4.6

27.9

37.7

425–968

21.7

83.0

17.0

0.0

13.8

75.8

11.1

1.9

9.2

2.1

1 006

13.2

65.0

0.0

4.5

26.3

4.2

804

4 595

3 241–5 937

31.1

53.0

34.0

13.0

1 989

1 425–2 898

23.4

1 668

1 749

1 385–2 410

12.1

14.9

62.8

4.7

13.3

4.2

1 069

5 206

4 060–6 880

28.1

55.0

17.0

18.0

10.0

2 889

8.8

76.3

7.3

2.5

13.2

0.7

133

96–187

25.1

565j

1 399

975–2 091

32.2

2 549–5 482

13.7

24.3

2.6

6.5

40.1

26.6

16.5

22.6

28.1

9.5

26.0

13.8

11.7

17.2

36.1

7.7

33.6

5.5

75.0

8.0

17.0

60.0

40.0

814

3 696

2 280

96 611

220 783

5 409

183 428–333 623

34.3

254

163–602

30.3

207

1 084

752–1 575

28.8

45.0

688

15.4

38.3

20.0

619

13.6

49.9

964

8.6

18.0

10.4

1 222

12.0

8.6

33.1

18.8

4.5

20.0

6.8

12.0

14.0

33.0

23.0

50.6

28.1

3.4

18.0

59.4

11.4

9.5

19.2

0.5

241

(Table A.2 continued)

COUNTRY/AREA

Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)

Population numbersa for 2007

GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars

VEHICLES

Income levelc

Number of registered vehicles

62 635 723

140

Low

311 781

9 759 664

3 550

Middle

2 121 244

Ecuador

13 341 197

3 080

Middle

961 556

Egypt

Dominican Republic

75 497 913

1 580

Middle

4 300 000

El Salvador

6 857 328

2 850

Middle

630 638

Eritrea

4 850 763

230

Low

60 849

Estonia

1 335 333

13 200

High

708 794

Ethiopia

83 099 190

220

Low

244 257

838 698

3 800

Middle

78 833

Finland

5 276 892

44 400

High

4 656 370

France

Fiji

61 647 375

38 500

High

39 926 000

Gambia (the)

1 708 681

320

Low

14 450

Georgia

4 395 420

2 120

Middle

567 900

Germany

82 599 471

38 860

High

Ghana

23 478 394

590

Low

931 642

Greece

11 146 918

29 630

High

7 212 236

Guatemala

13 353 911

2 305f

Middle

1 613 796

Guinea-Bissau

55 511 374

1 695 043

200

Low

57 839

737 906

1 300

Middle

127 825

Honduras

7 106 001

1 600

Middle

786 682

Hungary

10 029 683

11 570

High

3 625 386

Guyana

Iceland

301 006

54 100

High

293 299

1 169 015 509

950

Low

72 718 000

231 626 978

1 650

Middle

63 318 522

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

71 208 384

3 470

Middle

17 000 000

Iraq

28 993 374

1 646f

Middle

2 242 269

Ireland

4 300 902

48 140

High

2 444 159

Israel

6 927 677

21 900

High

2 283 634

Italy

58 876 834

33 540

High

43 262 992

2 713 779

3 710

Middle

127 966 709

37 670

High

India Indonesia

Jamaica Japan Jordan

320 000 91 378 636

5 924 245

2 850

Middle

841 933

Kazakhstan

15 421 861

5 060

Middle

3 105 954

Kenya

37 537 716

680

Low

1 004 243

95 067

1 170

Middle

Kiribati

242

GENERAL INFORMATION

16 000

Kuwait

2 851 144

40 114

High

1 364 790

Kyrgyzstan

5 316 543

590

Low

318 581

Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)

5 859 393

580

Low

641 081

Latvia

2 277 040

9 930

Middle

1 062 935

Lebanon

4 099 115

5 770

Middle

1 400 000

Lesotho

2 007 833

1 000

Middle

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Liberia

3 750 261

150

Low

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)

6 160 483

9 010

Middle

1 826 533

Lithuania

3 389 937

9 920

Middle

1 781 686

Madagascar

19 683 358

320

Low

197 981

Malawi

13 925 070

250

Low

130 000

Malaysia

26 571 879

6 540

Middle

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

11 086

16 825 150

ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

ROAD USER DEATHS (%)

Modelled number of road trafﬁc deathse Reported number of trafﬁc deathsd

90% Conﬁdence interval

Point estimate

Estimated road trafﬁc death rate per 100 000 populatione

Drivers/ passengers of 4-wheeled vehicles

Drivers/ passengers of motorized 2- or 3-wheelers

Cyclists

Pedestrians

Other or unspeciﬁed users

59.0

1.0

365

20 183

14 263–29 458

32.2

40.0

1 838

1 691

1 375–2 058

17.3

87.0

8.0

2 341

1 559

1 198–2 119

11.7

13.5

0.8

15 983

31 439

19 411–47 668

41.6

47.5

0.1

1 493

865

727–1 051

12.6

26.4

2.5

2 350

1 301–3 961

48.4

196

14.7

66.0

6.0

9.0

19.0

2 441

29 114

35.0

42.8

1.3

0.5

7.0

75.0

380

7.2

70.3

10.8

5.8

12.6

0.5

4 620

7.5

59.2

25.0

3.1

12.1

0.6

625

737

16.8

0.0

0.3

27.7

72.0

4 949

6.0

18.0

10.0

14.0

1.0

1 856

6 942

1 657

755

1 968

152 207

19 562–44 710

420–897

5 129–9 892

5.0 0.5

43.2

42.0

1.9

20.1

30.4

4.2

63.1

3.8

54.8

0.6

25.0

36.6 58.0

29.6

46.0

5.0

4.5

42.0

2.5

14.9

50.3

30.2

1.3

16.1

2.1

1 701–2 446

14.7

77.5

0.0

22.6

583

383–1 209

34.4

147

104–198

19.9

34.7

15.9

30.0

3.4

1 266

959

794–1 187

13.5

72.0

5.0

9.0

1 232

12.3

54.4

10.1

11.7

22.7

1.1

10.0

85.0

5.0

105 725

196 445

155 727–266 999

16.8

15.1

27.4

4.3

12.6

40.5

16 548

37 438

29 785–65 158

16.2

7.0

61.0

13.0

15.0

4.0

22 918

25 491

18 726–34 337

35.8

44.9

11.4

33.3

11.0

1 932

11 059

6 933–21 500

38.1

365

8.5

61.9

7.9

2.5

20.0

7.7

398

5.7

57.6

9.3

1.5

31.6

5 669

350

334

6 639

992

2 027

4 714

3 760

12 918

270–397 1 407–3 188

10.0

9.6

49.0

26.0

5.5

13.4

12.3

52.0

9.0

8.0

31.0

5.0

37.1

17.6

12.8

32.3

34.2

75.2

0.1

16.2

34.4

42.8

1.2

7.4

51.0

44.0

482

16.9

1 214

22.8

656

1 075

407

536

1 170

837–1 625

28.5

402

537

407–728

26.7

—

1 235

770–2 668

32.9

2 138

2 497

1 518–3 760

40.5

60.0

759

22.4

594

6 641

4 680–9 859

33.7

839

3 614

2 599–5 064

6 282

864–1 328

55.0

0.2

24.7

30.6 7 459–29 191

6.1

9.0

83.8

47.0 6.0

1.0

43.0

1.0

18.3 17.9

50.4

4.2

8.1

37.3

17.6

0.2

0.0

34.0

48.2

5.0

15.0

20.0

53.7

4.5

6.9

31.9

3.0

26.0

36.0

0.8

18.0

45.0

0.2

23.6

23.3

58.0

3.0

10.1

5.6

243

(Table A.2 continued)

COUNTRY/AREA

Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands (the)

Population numbersa for 2007

GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars

VEHICLES

Income levelc

Number of registered vehicles

305 556

3 200

Middle

33 807

12 336 799

500

Low

167 245

406 582

14 575

High

346 118

59 286

3 070

Middle

Mauritania

3 123 813

840

Low

350 000

Mauritius

1 261 641

5 450

Middle

334 125

106 534 880

8 340

Middle

24 970 879

Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of)

2 487

111 117

2 470

Middle

4 217

2 628 840

1 290

Middle

161 989

597 983

5 180

Middle

199 014

Morocco

31 224 137

2 250

Middle

2 284 060

Mozambique

21 396 916

320

Low

258 680

Myanmar

48 798 212

281

Low

1 045 105

Namibia

2 074 146

3 360

Middle

239 612

Nauru

10 152

7 842

Middle

Nepal

28 195 994

340

Low

617 305

Netherlands (the)

16 418 824

45 820

High

8 862 935

New Zealand

4 178 525

28 780

High

3 189 131

Nicaragua

5 603 190

980

Middle

382 707

Niger (the)

14 225 521

280

Low

76 061

Nigeria

148 092 542

930

Low

7 600 000

Norway

4 698 097

76 450

High

2 599 712

Oman

2 595 133

11 275f

Middle

629 670

163 902 405

870

Low

5 287 152

Mongolia Montenegro

Pakistan Palau

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

20 314

8 210

Middle

5 530

Panama

3 343 374

5 510

Middle

671 085

Papua New Guinea

6 331 010

850

Low

59 645

Paraguay

6 127 077

1 670

Middle

576 167

Peru

27 902 760

3 450

Middle

1 442 387

Philippines (the)

87 960 117

1 620

Middle

5 515 576

Poland

38 081 971

9 840

Middle

18 035 047

Portugal

10 623 031

18 950

High

5 948 269

3 991 000f

14 720

High

3 165 543

840 635

66 063f

High

605 699

48 223 853

19 690

High

18 213 228

Puerto Ricoj Qatar Republic of Korea (the) Republic of Moldova (the) Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda

3 793 604

1 260

Middle

448 202

21 437 887

6 150

Middle

4 611 362

142 498 532

7 560

Middle

38 695 996

9 724 577

320

Low

61 000

Saint Lucia

164 924

5 349

Middle

49 700

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

120 402

4 210

Middle

24 334

Samoa

187 023

2 430

Middle

15 903

30 926

41 044

High

51 590

157 638

870

Low

1 219

Saudi Arabia

24 734 533

15 440

High

7 398 600

Senegal

12 378 532

820

Low

280 594

Serbia

9 858 424

4 730

Middle

2 235 389

San Marino Sao Tome and Principe

244

GENERAL INFORMATION

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

ROAD USER DEATHS (%)

Modelled number of road trafﬁc deathse Reported number of trafﬁc deathsd

90% Conﬁdence interval

Point estimate

Estimated road trafﬁc death rate per 100 000 populatione

Drivers/ passengers of 4-wheeled vehicles

Drivers/ passengers of motorized 2- or 3-wheelers

0.0

75.0

25.0

0.0

3.4

35.7

28.6

0.0

35.7

1.7

100.0 36.4

9.3

29.3

5.5

4.4

21.2

1.1

37–105

18.3

711

3 959

2 695–5 936

32.1

262

1 109

140

11.1

25.0

22 103

20.7

67.9

760–1 595

Cyclists

Pedestrians

Other or unspeciﬁed users

35.5

12–20

14.4

90.0

562

507

366–719

19.3

64.9

16.7

0.4

17.9

10.0

122

20.4

75.4

4.1

0.0

20.5

0.1

3 838

8 850

6 273–12 783

28.3

45.7

16.3

7.1

27.9

3.0

1 952

7 432

5 161–10 872

34.7

31.9

1 638

11 422

6 905–16 883

23.4

46.7

9.6

11.5

30.3

368

594

424–667

28.6

3 453–5 288

15.1 4.8

46.0

18.0

24.0

12.0

68.1

962

4 245

791

423

10.1

76.0

9.0

2.0

10.0

506

797

627–1 004

14.2

44.0

13.0

8.0

35.0

570

5 357

3 645–8 074

37.7

67.0

4 532

47 865

34 165–78 249

32.3

233

798

553

347–920

21.3

7 234

41 494

28 379–76 695

25.3

1.9

9.9

5.0

67.0

3.0

33.0 17.0

3.0

10.0

3.0

14.8

66.7

425

12.7

48.3

1.2

3.9

46.1

308

901

684–1 249

14.2

59.9

0.0

0.8

39.3

854

1 206

896–1 710

19.7

2.8

24.2

1.1

36.9

35.0

18.0

3.0

78.0

1.0

3 510

6 001

3 872–8 672

21.5

1 185

17 557

12 457–33 741

20.0

5 583

1 110

452

511

404–665

33.3

14.7

51.0

5.0

9.0

35.0

10.4

54.6

22.1

3.5

16.1

3.7

12.8

48.2

17.3

1.6

31.9

1.1

4.0

27.0

36.6

20.7

4.9

37.4

0.5 1.9

199

23.7

69.0

6 166

12.8

571

15.1

57.3

4.1

2.4

34.3

2 712

12.7

74.5

8.0

6.8

10.8

35 972

25.2

62.0

2.1

308

3 077

31.6

16.0

15.8

18.5

40.0

17.6

89.3

6.6

44.0

0.0

22.0

33.0

60.0

20.0

1 972–7 079

0.5

20–29

12.8

34–72

33.0

3.2

6 358

7 166

5 535–9 544

29.0

345

4 023

2 797–6 034

32.5

65.3

962

9.8

58.6

35.9 9.7

10.7 1.0

20.0

34.7 5.6

9.2

25.1

1.5

245

(Table A.2 continued)

COUNTRY/AREA

GENERAL INFORMATION

Population numbersa for 2007

Seychelles

Income levelc

Number of registered vehicles

86 606

8 960

Middle

14 880

Sierra Leone

5 865 872

260

Low

39 038

Singapore

4 436 281

32 470

High

851 336

Slovakia

5 390 035

11 730

High

2 039 745

Slovenia

2 001 506

20 960

High

1 286 903

495 662

730

Low

10 000

South Africa

48 576 763

5 760

Middle

9 237 574

Spain

44 279 180

29 450

High

31 441 152

Sri Lanka

19 299 190

1 540

Middle

3 125 794

Sudan (the)

38 560 488

960

Middle

1 200 000

Suriname

457 964

4 730

Middle

151 441

Swaziland

1 141 427

2 580

Middle

116 050

Sweden

9 118 955

46 060

High

5 500 000

Switzerland

7 483 973

59 880

High

5 356 000

Solomon Islands

Syrian Arab Republic (the)

19 928 516

1 760

Middle

1 389 346

Tajikistan

6 735 996

460

Low

268 018

Thailand

63 883 662

3 400

Middle

25 618 447

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

2 038 464

3 460

Middle

259 421

Timor-Leste

1 154 775

1 510

Middle

26 649

Togo

6 585 147

360

Low

48 234

Tonga

100 336

2 320

Middle

2 226

Trinidad and Tobago

1 333 272

14 100

High

490 987

Tunisia

10 327 285

3 200

Middle

1 244 918

Turkey

74 876 695

8 020

Middle

13 311 000

4 965 278

1 234

Middle

651 564

10 530

2 441f

Middle

906

Uganda

30 883 805

340

Low

Ukraine

46 205 382

2 550

Middle

Turkmenistan Tuvalu

363 658 â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

4 380 439

41 082

High

1 754 420

United Kingdom (the)

60 768 946

42 740

High

34 327 520

United Republic of Tanzania (the)

40 453 513

400

Low

577 949

305 826 246

46 040

High

251 422 509

United Arab Emirates (the)

United States of America (the) Uruguay

3 339 700

6 380

Middle

27 372 260

730

Low

226 180

1 840

Middle

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

27 656 832

7 320

Middle

4 044 013

Viet Nam

87 375 196

790

Low

22 926 230

4 018 000f

1 422f

Middle

78 609

Yemen

22 389 169

870

Low

777 734

Zambia

11 921 999

800

Low

222 188

Zimbabwe

13 349 434

131f

Low

1 556 586

Uzbekistan Vanuatu

West Bank and Gaza Striph

c d e

246

GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars

VEHICLES

Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2007). E]`ZR ^]^cZObW]\ ^`]a^SQba( BVS $ `SdWaW]\ VWUVZWUVba. New York: United Nations. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is the dollar value of a countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ďŹ nal income in a year divided by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, revised 17 October 2008. World Development Indicators database: Low-income is $935 or less, middle-income is $936 to $11 455, high-income is $11 456 or more. Adjusted for 30-day deďŹ nition of a road trafďŹ c death. Modelled using negative binomial regression. Data from countries with complete vital registration and countries with a population of less than 100 000 were not included in the model (see explanatory notes on page 231). GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

2007 data not available. Latest available used from http://data.un.org/ Passengers and drivers of any motorized vehicle; includes category "unspeciďŹ ed". Non-member area. i For capital city only. j Associate WHO Member State. k Cyclists and pedestrians. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Data not available. g

952 000 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 15 461

ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS

ROAD USER DEATHS (%)

Modelled number of road trafﬁc deathse Reported number of trafﬁc deathsd

90% Conﬁdence interval

Point estimate

Drivers/ passengers of 4-wheeled vehicles

18.5

65.0

28.3

65.0

20.0 47.7

10.3

27.1

1 661

214

4.8

14.9

815

15.1

49.6

293

14.6

64.5

16 113

4 104

2 334

2 603

2 185–3 097

13.5

2 227

13 362

8 820–19 143

34.7

31.5

1 207–2 441

64–118

Drivers/ passengers of motorized 2- or 3-wheelers

Estimated road trafﬁc death rate per 100 000 populatione

Cyclists

7.0

Pedestrians

Other or unspeciﬁed users

28.0 15.0

8.0

8.5

33.9

18.1

5.8

11.3

0.3

16.9 33.2

56.8

1.8

2.3

39.1

9.3

62.0

19.0

2.0

15.0

1.0

32.8

2.0

12.7

55.8 0.1

65.2

63–120

18.3

43.3

31.1

3.3

22.2

235

300

218–405

26.3

62.0

2.0

35.0

471

5.2

65.0

16.0

6.0

12.0

370

4.9

48.0

22.0

9.0

21.0

3 663

6 552

5 024–8 684

32.9

464

951

767–1 196

14.1

48.7

1.1

6.0

43.6

0.7

12 492

19.6

11.0

69.7

2.8

8.3

8.2

140

6.9

41.4

10.7

3.6

34.3

10.0

186

143–255

16.1

613

1 851

1 298–2 557

28.1

6.3

43.8

7.0

50.0

1.0

207

15.5

62.2

1.9

3.7

32.2

1 497

3 568

2 555–4 948

34.5

50.8

14.4

2.6

32.0

0.3

6 022

10 066

8 394–11 839

13.4

55.0

8.0

1.8

18.9

16.3

702

926

694–1 343

18.6

4.6

28.9

66.5

2 838

7 634

10.4

35.3

0.1

9 921

1 056

1 626

3 298

2 595

13 886

42 642

9.5 5 578–11 007

24.7

47.2

21.5

44.3

37.1

70.0

1.5

5.4

55.0

19.0

4.0

21.0

1.0

34.3

38.3

7.2

16.8

36.8

0.9

42 642

13.9

71.6

11.3

1.8

11.2

4.1

24.6

0.7

912–2 570 9 596–21 504

145

4.3

2 644

9.7

29–58

7.0

55.7 28.5

18.6

6 031

12 800

14 104

11 987–16 387

21.8 16.1

74.7

188

896

627–1 287

4.9

3 003

6 553

4 021–15 797

29.3

1 645

3 056

2 194–4 291

25.6

35.4

1 348

3 669

2 749–5 127

27.5

62.8

4.2

10.6

49.8

1.0

5.3

26.0

4.9

247

Table A.3: Drinking and driving laws, enforcement and road trafﬁc deaths attributed to alcohol by country/area HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

Physician certiﬁcate

Breath content

Afghanistan

Yesa

Yes

Albania

Yes

—

Yes

Angola

—

n/a

Argentina

Yes

—

Armenia

Yes

—

Yes

—

COUNTRY/AREA

248

Australia

Subnational

Austria

Yes

—

Yes

Azerbaijan

Yes

Bahamas (the)

Yes

—

Bahrain

Yes

—

Yes

Bangladesh

Yesa

—

Yes

—

Barbados

Yesc

—

Yes

—

Belarus

Yes

Belgium

Yes

—

Yes

Belize

Yes

—

Yes

Benin

Yes

—

Yes

Bhutan

Yes

—

Yes

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Yes

—

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Yes

Botswana

Yes

—

Yes

Brazil

Yes

British Virgin Islandsd

Yes

—

Brunei Darussalam

Yes

—

Yes

Bulgaria

Yes

Burkina Faso

Yes

—

Burundi

Yes

—

Yes

Cambodia

Yes

—

Yes

Cameroon

Yes

—

Canada

Yes

—

Cape Verde

Yes

—

Yes

Central African Republic (the)

Yes

—

Chad

Yes

—

Chile

Yes

—

Yes

China

Yes

—

Colombia

Yes

—

Comoros (the)

Yesa

—

Yes

—

Congo (the)

Yes

—

Cook Islands

Yes

Costa Rica

Yes

—

Croatia

Yes

Cuba

Yes

—

Yes

—

Cyprus

Yes

—

Yes

Czech Republic (the)

Yes

—

Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)

Yes

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT RANDOM BREATH TESTING (RESPONDENT OR POLICE CHECK POINTS CONSENSUS) USED FOR ENFORCEMENT (SCALE 0–10)

NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS For the general population (g/dl)

For young or novice drivers (g/dl)

For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl)

PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%)

Yes

0.00

—

Yes

0.05

5.2

—

n/a

—

Yes

0.05

0.00

—

Yes

0.08

6.1

Yes

n/a

0.05

0.02

0.05

30.0

Yes

0.05

0.01

8.1

Yes

0.00

2.7

Yes

0.08

5.0

0.00

7.7

—

0.00

—

Yes

—

Yes

0.05

12.9

Yes

0.05

—

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

—

0.08

—

Yes

—

Yes

0.03

0.00

6.7

Yes

0.08

0.8

Yes

0.02

—

Yes

—

0.08

4.0

Yes

0.08

3.7

Yes

0.05

4.7

—

Yes

0.10

70.0

—

0.05

—

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.08

0.04

0.08

30.0

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.05

20.9

Yes

0.02

4.2

Yes

0.04

2.6

Yes

0.00

4.0

—

0.08

—

0.04

—

Yes

0.05

—

Yes

0.05

0.00

30.0

Yes

—

30.0

Yes

0.05

18.0

Yes

0.00

3.4

Yes

0.05

—

(Table A.3 continued) NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

Physician certiﬁcate

Breath content

Dominican Republic

Yesc

—

Yes

Ecuador

Yes

—

Egypt

Yes

—

El Salvador

Yes

—

Eritrea

Yes

Estonia

Yes

Ethiopia

Yes

—

Fiji

Yes

Finland

Yes

—

Yes

France

Yes

—

Yes

Gambia (the)

Yes

—

Georgia

Yes

Germany

Yes

—

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

Ghana

Yes

Greece

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

n/a

—

Yes

—

Guatemala Guinea-Bissau

Yes

Guyana

Yes

Honduras

Yes

—

Hungary

Yes

—

Yes

Iceland

Yes

—

Yes

India

Yes

—

Indonesia

n/a

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

Iraq

Yes

—

Ireland

Yes

—

Israel

Yes

—

Italy

Yes

—

Yes

Jamaica

Yes

—

Yes

Japan

Yes

—

Yes

Jordan

Yes

Kazakhstan

Yes

—

Yes

—

Kenya

Yesc

—

Yes

—

Kiribati

Yes

Kuwait

Yes

—

Kyrgyzstan

Yesc

—

Yes

Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)

Yes

—

Latvia

Yes

—

Lebanon

Yes

—

Lesotho

Yes

Liberia

Yes

—

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)

HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED

Yes

Lithuania

Yes

—

Madagascar

Yes

—

Yes

Malawi

Yes

Malaysia

Yes

—

Yes

Maldives

n/a

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT RANDOM BREATH TESTING (RESPONDENT OR POLICE CHECK POINTS CONSENSUS) USED FOR ENFORCEMENT (SCALE 0–10)

NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS For the general population (g/dl)

For young or novice drivers (g/dl)

For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl)

PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%)

Yes

—

Yes

0.08

9.1

—

Yes

0.05

3.5

Yes

0.05

0.03

1.2

Yes

0.02

48.0

—

10.0

Yes

0.08

0.00

27.0

Yes

0.05

23.9

Yes

0.05

27.0

Yes

—

0.02

37.0

Yes

—

0.05

0.00

0.05

12.0

Yes

0.08

0.00

0.08

—

Yes

0.05

0.02

7.2

n/a

Subnational

—

Yes

—

0.08

—

Yes

0.07

8.0

Yes

0.00

12.0

Yes

0.05

20.0

Yes

0.03

—

n/a

—

Yes

0.00

—

0.08

—

Yes

No consensus

0.08

37.0

Yes

0.05

7.5

Yes

0.05

No consensus

0.08

—

Yes

No consensus

0.03

8.3

—

0.08

—

Yes

—

3.2

—

Yes

0.08

30.0

Yes

0.00

—

Yes

—

Yes

0.08

48.0

Yes

0.05

0.02

0.05

20.6

Yes

0.05

—

Yes

0.10

—

Yes

0.05

—

0.00

2.0

Yes

0.04

0.02

11.7

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.08

—

n/a

—

251

(Table A.3 continued) NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

Physician certiﬁcate

Breath content

Mali

Yesc

—

Yes

Malta

Yes

—

Yes

Marshall Islands (the)

Yes

—

Mauritania

Yesa

—

Mauritius

Yes

—

Yes

Mexico

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

Micronesia (Federated States of)

Subnational

n/a

Mongolia

Yes

—

Yes

Montenegro

Yes

Morocco

n/a

Mozambique

Yes

—

Yes

Myanmar

Yes

—

Yes

Namibia

Yes

—

Yes

Nauru

Yes

—

Nepal

Yesc

—

Netherlands (the)

Yes

—

Yes

New Zealand

Yes

—

Yes

Nicaragua

Yes

—

Yes

Niger (the)

Yesc

—

Nigeria

Yes

Norway

Yes

—

Yes

Oman

Yes

Pakistan

Yesa

—

Yes

—

Palau

Yes

—

Yes

Panama

Yes

Papua New Guinea

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

n/a

Paraguay Peru

Yes

—

Philippines (the)

n/a

Poland

Yes

—

Yes

—

Portugal f

Yes

—

Yes

Qatar

Yes

—

Republic of Korea (the)

Yes

—

Puerto Rico

252

HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED

Republic of Moldova (the)

Yes

Romania

Yes

Russian Federation (the)

Yes

—

Yes

Rwanda

Yes

—

Yes

Saint Lucia

Yes

—

Yes

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Yesc

—

Samoa

Yes

—

San Marino

Yes

—

Sao Tome and Principe

n/a

Saudi Arabia

Yes

—

Senegal

Yes

—

Serbia

Yes

Seychelles

Yes

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT RANDOM BREATH TESTING (RESPONDENT OR POLICE CHECK POINTS CONSENSUS) USED FOR ENFORCEMENT (SCALE 0–10)

NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS For the general population (g/dl)

For young or novice drivers (g/dl)

For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl)

PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%)

Yes

—

0.08

—

Yes

—

70.0

—

0.00

—

Yes

0.05

24.3

Yes

Subnational

—

n/a

Subnational

90.0

Yes

0.05

3.7

Yes

0.05

0.00

—

n/a

3.0

Yes

0.06

—

Yes

0.07

—

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

—

0.05

—

Yes

—

Yes

No consensus

0.05

0.02

0.05

25.0

Yes

0.08

0.03

0.08

31.0

Yes

0.05

12.0

—

1.0

Yes

0.05

<10.0

Yes

0.02

20.0–30.0

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.00

—

Yes

0.10

0.00

100.0e

Yes

0.01

—

Yes

—

66.0

n/a

Subnational

—

Yes

0.05

10.8

n/a

—

Yes

0.02

14.0

Yes

0.05

31.4

Yes

—

0.08

0.00

0.02

41.7

0.00

—

Yes

0.05

16.1

Yes

0.05

17.0

Yes

0.00

1.5

Yes

0.03

9.7

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

—

50.0

Yes

0.05

—

n/a

—

0.00

—

Yes

—

Yes

0.05

0.00

6.0

Yes

0.08

80.0

253

(Table A.3 continued)

HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

Physician certiﬁcate

Breath content

Sierra Leone

Yes

—

Yes

Singapore

Yes

—

Yes

Slovakia

Yes

—

Yes

Slovenia

Yes

—

Yes

Solomon Islands

Yes

—

South Africa

Yes

Spain

Yes

—

Yes

Sri Lanka

Yes

Sudan (the)

Yesa

—

Yes

Suriname

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

Swaziland

Yes

Sweden

Yes

—

Yes

Switzerland

Yes

—

Syrian Arab Republic (the)

Yes

—

Yes

Tajikistan

Yes

Thailand

Yes

—

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Yes

—

Timor-Leste

Yes

—

Yes

Togo

n/a

Tonga

Yesc

—

Yes

—

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

—

Tunisia

Yes

—

Turkey

Yes

—

Yes

Turkmenistan

Yes

Tuvalu

Yes

—

Uganda

Yes

—

Yes

Ukraine

Yes

—

Yes

United Arab Emirates (the)

Yes

—

United Kingdom (the)

Yes

—

United Republic of Tanzania (the)

Yes

—

United States of America (the) Uruguay

Yes

—

Uzbekistan

Yes

Vanuatu

Yes

—

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Yes

—

Yes

Viet Nam

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Yemen

Yes

Zambia

Yes

Zimbabwe

Yes

—

Yes

Alcohol is prohibited. Laws set subnationally, but they all have the same limits. Not deﬁned by BAC or no standardized deﬁnition. d Non-member area. e Refers to only 3 deaths. f Associate WHO Member State. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable. b c

254

Subnational

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT RANDOM BREATH TESTING (RESPONDENT OR POLICE CHECK POINTS CONSENSUS) USED FOR ENFORCEMENT (SCALE 0–10)

NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS For the general population (g/dl)

For young or novice drivers (g/dl)

For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl)

PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%)

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.08

7.0

Yes

0.00

4.3

Yes

0.05

0.00

38.4

Yes

—

55.0

Yes

0.05

0.02

60.0

Yes

0.05

0.03

—

Yes

0.08

—

0.00

—

Yes

0.05

—

Yes

0.05

3.0

Yes

0.02

20.0

Yes

0.05

16.0

0.05

—

Yes

0.03

5.0

Yes

0.05

4.0

Yes

0.05

0.00

4.6

Yes

0.05

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

25.0

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.05

0.7

Yes

0.05

0.00

2.0

Yes

0.05

7.4

Yes

—

Yes

0.08

0.00

—

Yes

—

0.00

—

Yes

0.10

—

Yes

No consensus

0.08

17.0

Yes

0.08

0.00

1.8

Yes

—

0.08

0.02

0.04

32.0

Yes

0.08

38.0

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

0.08

—

Yes

0.08

34.0

0.05

—

0.00

—

Yes

0.08

50.0

Yes

0.08

0.2

255

Table A.4: Seat-belt and child restraint laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area SEAT-BELTS

There is a national seat-belt law

The law applies to all occupants

Enforcement is applied to the following occupants

Afghanistan

n/a

Albania

Yes

All occupants

Angola

n/a

Argentina

Yes

All occupants

Armenia

Yes

All occupants

Australia

Subnational

Yes

All occupants

Austria

Yes

All occupants

Azerbaijan

Yes

All occupants

Bahamas (the)

Yes

All occupants

COUNTRY/AREA

Bahrain

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Bangladesh

n/a

Barbados

Yes

All occupants

Belarus

Yes

—

Belgium

Yes

All occupants

Belize

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Benin

Subnational

n/a

Bhutan

Yes

All occupants

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

n/a

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Yes

All occupants

Botswana

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Brazil

Yes

All occupants

Yes

All occupants

Brunei Darussalam

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Bulgaria

Yes

All occupants

Burkina Faso

n/a

Subnational

n/a

Cambodia

Yes

—

Cameroon

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Subnational

Yes

All occupants

Yes

Front seat occupants only

British Virgin Islands

Burundi

Canada Cape Verde

256

Central African Republic (the)

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Chad

Yes

All occupants

Chile

Yes

All occupants

China

Yes

All occupants

Colombia

Yes

All occupants

Comoros (the)

n/a

Congo (the)

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Cook Islands

n/a

Costa Rica

Yes

All occupants

Croatia

Yes

All occupants

Cuba

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Cyprus

Yes

All occupants

Czech Republic (the)

Yes

All occupants

Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)

Yes

Front seat occupants only

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

SEAT-BELTS

CHILD RESTRAINTS

Effectiveness of seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)

National seat-belt wearing rate

There is a national child restraint law

Effectiveness of child restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)

n/a

—

n/a

30% front seats

Yes

n/a

—

n/a

48%

n/a

—

Yes

n/a

97% front seats, 92% rear seats

Subnational

n/a

89% front seats, 49% rear seats

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

22%

n/a

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

Yes

79% drivers, 46% rear seats

Yes

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

Yes

74% drivers, 79% rear seats

n/a

88% front seats, 11% rear seats

Yes

80%

Yes

70% front seats

Yes

—

Yes

n/a

—

n/a

95% front seats, 0% rear seats

n/a

Yes

—

n/a

93% front seats, 87% rear seats

Subnational

80%

Yes

—

Subnational

n/a

1% front seats, <1% rear seats

n/a

50% front seats, 42% rear seats

Yes

No consensus

50%

n/a

82%

Yes

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

82%

Yes

45%

Yes

70% front seats

n/a

81% front seats, 9% rear seats

Yes

90% front seats, 80% rear seats

Yes

80% front seats, 40% rear seats

n/a

257

(Table A.4 continued)

There is a national seat-belt law

The law applies to all occupants

Enforcement is applied to the following occupants

Dominican Republic

Yes

Driver only

Ecuador

Yes

Front seat occupants only

COUNTRY/AREA

Egypt

Yes

Front seat occupants only

El Salvador

Yes

Driver only

Eritrea

Yes

All occupants

Estonia

Yes

All occupants

Ethiopia

Subnational

n/a

Fiji

Yes

All occupants

Finland

Yes

All occupants

France

Yes

All occupants

Gambia (the)

Yes

All occupants

Georgia

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Germany

Yes

All occupants

Ghana

Yes

All occupants

Greece

Yes

All occupants

Guatemala

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Guinea-Bissau

n/a

Guyana

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Honduras

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Hungary

Yes

All occupants

Iceland

Yes

All occupants

India

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Indonesia

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Iraq

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Ireland

Yes

All occupants

Israel

Yes

All occupants

Italy

Yes

All occupants

Jamaica

Yes

All occupants

Japan

Yes

All occupants

Jordan

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Kazakhstan

Yes

Driver only

Kenya

Yes

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Kiribati

Yes

Driver only

Kuwait

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)

Yes

Not yet enforced

Latvia

Yes

All occupants

Lebanon

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Lesotho

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Liberia

258

SEAT-BELTS

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)

Yes

All occupants

Lithuania

Yes

All occupants

Madagascar

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Malawi

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Malaysia

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Maldives

n/a

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

SEAT-BELTS

CHILD RESTRAINTS

Effectiveness of seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)

National seat-belt wearing rate

There is a national child restraint law

Effectiveness of child restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)

55%–60% front seats

n/a

30% front seats, 10% rear seats

n/a

70% driver only

n/a

—

Yes

—

Yes

90% front seats, 68% rear seats

Yes

n/a

20%

n/a

95% front seats, 70% rear seats

Yes

89% front seats, 80% rear seats

Yes

98% front seats, 83% rear seats

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

95%–96% front seats, 88% rear seats

Yes

—

Yes

75% front seats, 42% rear seats

Yes

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

Yes

80% front seats, 10% rear seats

n/a

71% front seats, 40% rear seats

Yes

88% front seats, 68% rear seats

Yes

—

n/a

85%c

n/a

75%–80%

n/a

—

n/a

No consensus

86% front seats, 63% rear seats

Yes

No consensus

88%–94% front seats, 45% rear seats

Yes

65% front seats, 10% rear seats

Yes

69% drivers, 62% front passengers

Yes

No consensus

91%–96% front seats, 9%–14% rear seats

Yes

No consensus

65% drivers, 10% front passenger

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

77% front seats, 32% rear seats

Yes

15%

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

45%

n/a

70%

n/a

—

n/a

(Table A.4 continued)

There is a national seat-belt law

The law applies to all occupants

Enforcement is applied to the following occupants

Mali

Yes

All occupants

Malta

Yes

All occupants

Marshall Islands (the)

n/a

Mauritania

Yes

All occupants

Mauritius

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Mexico

Yes

All occupants

Micronesia (Federated States of)

n/a

Mongolia

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Montenegro

Yes

All occupants

Morocco

Yes

Driver only

Mozambique

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Myanmar

—

Namibia

Yes

All occupants

Nauru

n/a

Nepal

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Netherlands (the)

Yes

All occupants

New Zealand

Yes

All occupants

Nicaragua

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Niger (the)

n/a

Nigeria

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Norway

Yes

All occupants

Oman

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Pakistan

Yes

Driver only

Palau

n/a

Panama

Yes

All occupants

Papua New Guinea

Yes

All occupants

Paraguay

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Peru

Yes

All occupants

Philippines (the)

Yes

All occupants

Poland

Yes

All occupants

Portugal

Yes

All occupants

Puerto Ricog

Yes

All occupants

Qatar

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Republic of Korea (the)

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Republic of Moldova (the)

Yes

All occupants

Romania

Yes

All occupants

Russian Federation (the)

Yes

All occupants

Rwanda

Yes

All occupants

Saint Lucia

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Samoa

Yes

Front seat occupants only

San Marino

Yes

All occupants

Sao Tome and Principe

n/a

Saudi Arabia

Yes

All occupants

COUNTRY/AREA

SEAT-BELTS

Senegal

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Serbia

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Seychelles

Yes

Front seat occupants only

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

SEAT-BELTS

CHILD RESTRAINTS

Effectiveness of seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)

National seat-belt wearing rate

There is a national child restraint law

Effectiveness of child restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)

—

Yes

96% front seats, 21% rear seats

Yes

n/a

5% front seats, 0% rear seats

n/a

—

Yes

94% front seats, 10% rear seats

n/a

—

Yes

n/a

100% front seats, 0% rear seats

n/a

70%–80% drviers

Yes

—

n/a

75% front seats, 19% rear seats

n/a

—

n/a

—

55% front seats, 1% rear seats

Yes

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

No consensus

94% front seats, 73% rear seats

Yes

No consensus

95% front seats, 87% rear seats

Yes

—

Yes

n/a

—

n/a

70% front seats

n/a

93% front seats, 85% rear seats

Yes

95% front seats, 1% rear seats

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

31% front passengers

85% front seats, 25% rear seats

n/a

52% drivers only

n/a

74% front seats, 45% rear seats

Yes

86% front seats, 28% rear seats

Yes

—

93%

Yes

No consensus

50% front seats

n/a

77% front seats

Yes

No consensus

—

n/a

80% front seats, 20% rear seats

Yes

33% front seats

Yes

80%

n/a

—

n/a

90%

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

n/a

<1%

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

50%–60% front seats, 4%–5% rear seats

Subnational

n/a

65%

n/a

261

(Table A.4 continued)

There is a national seat-belt law

The law applies to all occupants

Enforcement is applied to the following occupants

Sierra Leone

Yes

Yesh

All occupantsh

Singapore

Yes

All occupants

Slovakia

Yes

All occupants

Slovenia

Yes

All occupants

Solomon Islands

n/a

South Africa

Yes

Driver only

Spain

Yes

All occupants

Sri Lanka

n/a

Sudan (the)

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Suriname

Yes

All occupants

Swaziland

Yes

All occupants

Sweden

Yes

All occupants

Switzerland

Yes

All occupants

Syrian Arab Republic (the)

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Tajikistan

Yes

All occupants

Thailand

Yes

Front seat occupants only

COUNTRY/AREA

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Timor-Leste

Yes

All occupants

Togo

n/a

Tonga

n/a

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Tunisia

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Turkey

Yes

All occupants

Turkmenistan

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Tuvalu

n/a

Uganda

Yes

All occupants

Ukraine

Yes

Front seat occupants only

United Arab Emirates (the)

Yes

Front seat occupants only

United Kingdom (the)

Yes

All occupants

United Republic of Tanzania (the)

Yes

Driver only

United States of America (the)

Subnational

n/a

Uruguay

Yes

All occupants

Uzbekistan

Yes

All occupants

Vanuatu

Yes

—

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Yes

Driver only

Viet Nam

Yes

Front seat occupants only

West Bank and Gaza Stripa

Yes

All occupants

Yemen

n/a

Zambia

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Zimbabwe

Yes

Front seat occupants only

Non-member area. Guangzhou and Nanning cities only. Jakarta only. d No law but national regulations apply. e Asunción only. f On urban roads only. g Associate WHO Member State. h Over the age of 18 years. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable. b c

262

SEAT-BELTS

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

SEAT-BELTS

CHILD RESTRAINTS

Effectiveness of seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)

National seat-belt wearing rate

There is a national child restraint law

Effectiveness of child restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10)

—

Yes

50%

Yes

—

Yes

85% front seats, 51% rear seats

Yes

n/a

—

n/a

50% front seats, 8% rear seats

Yes

89% front seats, 69% rear seats

Yes

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

70% front seats, 30% rear seats

Yes

—

n/a

96% front seats, 90% rear seats

Yes

86% front seats, 61% rear seats

Yes

81% front seats

n/a

—

Yes

56% front seats, 3% rear seats

n/a

16%

n/a

5%–10% front seats, ≤1% rear seats

Yes

n/a

<1%

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

70%

Yes

—

n/a

—

Subnational

n/a

—

n/a

61% front seats

n/a

No consensus

91% front seats, 84%–90% rear seats

Yes

No consensus

30% front seats, 5% rear seats

n/a

82% front seats, 76% rear seats

Subnational

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

n/a

263

Table A.5: Speed laws and enforcement by country/area

MAXIMUM SPEED

SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL

SPEED LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL

LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE

On urban roads (km/h)

On rural roads (km/h)

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)

Afghanistan

Yes

Albania

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

Angola

Yes

Argentina

Yes

40–60

110

Armenia

Yes

Australia

Subnational

Yes

100

Subnational

Austria

Yes

100

Azerbaijan

Yes

Bahamas (the)

Yes

Bahrain

Yes

Bangladesh

Yes

Barbados

Yes

Belarus

Yes

—

Belgium

Yes

Belize

Yes

—

Benin

Yes

—

Bhutan

Yes

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Yes

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Yes

—

Botswana

Yes

120

Brazil

Yes

60–80

British Virgin Islandsa

Yes

Brunei Darussalam

Yes

Bulgaria

Yes

Burkina Faso

Yes

—

Burundi

Yes

Cambodia

Yes

Cameroon

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Cape Verde

Yes

Central African Republic (the)

Yes

40–60

60–90

Canada

Chad

Yes

Chile

Yes

100

China

Yes

30–50

40–70

Colombia

Yes

Comoros (the)

Yes

Congo (the)

Yes

40–60

50–110

Cook Islands

Yes

Costa Rica

Yes

Croatia

Yes

Cuba

Yes

Cyprus

Yes

Czech Republic (the)

Yes

Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)

Yes

264

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

MAXIMUM SPEED

SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL

SPEED LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL

LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE

On urban roads (km/h)

On rural roads (km/h)

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)

Dominican Republic

Yes

Ecuador

Yes

100

Egypt

Yes

El Salvador

Yes

—

Eritrea

Yes

Estonia

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

Ethiopia

Yes

Fiji

Yes

Finland

Yes

France

Yes

Gambia (the)

Yes

Georgia

Yes

Germany

Yes

100

—

Ghana

Yes

Greece

Yes

Guatemala

Yes

10–90

40–80

Guinea-Bissau

Yes

Guyana

Yes

Honduras

Yes

—

Hungary

Yes

Iceland

Yes

80–90

Subnational

Yes

—

Indonesia

Yes

100

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

Iraq

Yes

100

—

Ireland

Yes

No consensus

Israel

Yes

80–90

Italy

Yes

Jamaica

Yes

—

India

Japan

Yes

n/a

Jordan

Yes

50–80

n/a

No consensus

80–120

Kazakhstan

Yes

Kenya

Yes

100

Kiribati

Yes

Kuwait

Yes

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

—

Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)

Yes

Latvia

Yes

Lebanon

Yes

100

Lesotho

Yes

Liberia

Yes

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)

Yes

Lithuania

Yes

Madagascar

Yes

—

265

(Table A.5 continued)

MAXIMUM SPEED

SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL

SPEED LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL

LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE

On urban roads (km/h)

On rural roads (km/h)

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)

Malawi

Yes

Malaysia

Yes

Maldives

Yes

Mali

Yes

—

Malta

Yes

Marshall Islands (the)

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

Mauritania

Yes

Mauritius

Yes

40–80

Mexico

Yes

40–80

60–90

Subnational

Mongolia

Micronesia (Federated States of)

Yes

Montenegro

Yes

Morocco

Yes

100

Mozambique

Yes

Myanmar

Yes

Namibia

Yes

100–120

Nauru

Yes

—

Nepal

Yes

—

Netherlands (the)

Yes

No consensus

New Zealand

Yes

100

Nicaragua

Yes

100

Niger (the)

Yes

Nigeria

Yes

Norway

Yes

Oman

Yes

120

Pakistan

Yes

—

Palau

Yes

Panama

Yes

—

Papua New Guinea

Yes

Paraguay

Yes

Peru

Yes

Philippines (the)

Yes

Poland

Yes

Portugal c

Yes

—

Qatar

Yes

100

Republic of Korea (the)

Yes

Republic of Moldova (the)

Yes

No consensus

Puerto Rico

Romania

Yes

Russian Federation (the)

Yes

Rwanda

Yes

30–40

50–60

Saint Lucia

Yes

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Yes

Samoa

Yes

San Marino

Yes

Sao Tome and Principe

Yes

30–40

40–50

Saudi Arabia

Yes

—

266

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

MAXIMUM SPEED

SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL

SPEED LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL

LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE

On urban roads (km/h)

On rural roads (km/h)

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)

Senegal

Yes

Serbia

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

Seychelles

Yes

Sierra Leone

Yes

100

Singapore

Yes

40–70

n/a

Slovakia

Yes

Slovenia

Yes

Solomon Islands

Yes

n/a

South Africa

Yes

100

Spain

Yes

Sri Lanka

Yes

Sudan (the)

Yes

—

Suriname

Yes

Swaziland

Yes

Sweden

Yes

Switzerland

Yes

Syrian Arab Republic (the)

Yes

45–60

Tajikistan

Yes

Thailand

Yes

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Yes

Timor-Leste

Yes

Togo

Yes

Tonga

Yes

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

Tunisia

Yes

Turkey

Yes

Turkmenistan

Yes

Tuvalu

Yes

—

Uganda

Yes

Ukraine

Yes

—

United Arab Emirates (the)

Yes

United Kingdom (the)

Yes

100

No consensus

United Republic of Tanzania (the)

Yes

—

Subnational

n/a

Uruguay

Yes

45–75

—

Uzbekistan

Yes

Vanuatu

Yes

35–60

n/a

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Yes

—

Viet Nam

Yes

West Bank and Gaza Stripa

Yes

Yemen

Yes

—

United States of America (the)

Zambia

Yes

Zimbabwe

Yes

Non-member area. Different road classiﬁcation used. Associate WHO Member State. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable. b c

267

Table A.6: Helmet laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area

THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS THERE IS A NATIONAL HELMET LAW

Drivers

Adult passengers

Child passengers

Afghanistan

n/a

Albania

Yes

Angola

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

Argentina

Yes

Armenia

Yes

Australia

Subnational

Yes

Austria

Yes

Azerbaijan

Yes

Bahamas (the)

Yes

Bahrain

Yes

Bangladesh

Yes

Barbados

Yes

Belarus

Yes

Belgium

Yes

Belize

Yes

Benin

Yes

Bhutan

Yes

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Yes

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Yes

Botswana

Yes

Brazil b

British Virgin Islands

Yes

—

Brunei Darussalam

Yes

Bulgaria

Yes

Burkina Faso

Yes

Burundi

Yes

Cambodia

Yes

Cameroon

Yes

Canada

268

Subnational

Yes

Cape Verde

Yes

Central African Republic (the)

Yes

Chad

Yes

Chile

Yes

China

Yes

Colombia

Yes

Comoros (the)

n/a

Congo (the)

Yes

Cook Islands

n/a

Costa Rica

Yes

Croatia

Yes

Cuba

Yes

Cyprus

Yes

Czech Republic (the)

Yes

Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)

Yes

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

There are exceptions to the helmet law

The helmet law applies to all road types

The helmet law applies to all engine types

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)

n/a

—

EXCEPTIONS TO LAW

THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS

ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%)

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

n/a

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

10–15

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

No consensus

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

21c

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

100d

Yes

No consensus

Yes

16e

—

Yes

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

68a

Yes

97f

Yes

—

(Table A.6 continued) THERE IS A NATIONAL HELMET LAW

Drivers

Adult passengers

Child passengers

Dominican Republic

Yes

—

Ecuador

Yes

Egypt

Yes

El Salvador

Yes

Eritrea

Yes

Estonia

Yes

Ethiopia

Subnational

n/a

Fiji

Yes

Finland

Yes

France

Yes

Gambia (the)

Yes

Georgia

Yes

Germany

Yes

Ghana

Yes

Greece

Yes

Guatemala

Yes

Guinea-Bissau

n/a

Guyana

Yes

Honduras

Yes

Hungary

Yes

Iceland

Yes

India

Yes

Indonesia

Yes

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

Iraq

n/a

Ireland

Yes

Israel

Yes

Italy

Yes

Jamaica

Yes

Japan

Yes

Jordan

Yes

Kazakhstan

Yes

Kenya

n/a

Kiribati

n/a

Kuwait

Yes

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)

Yes

Latvia

Yes

Lebanon

Yes

Lesotho

Yes

Liberia

Noi

Yes

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)

Yes

—

Lithuania

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS

Madagascar

Yes

—

Malawi

Yes

Malaysia

Yes

Maldives

n/a

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

There are exceptions to the helmet law

The helmet law applies to all road types

The helmet law applies to all engine types

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)

Yes

EXCEPTIONS TO LAW

THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS

ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%)

—

Yes

—

Yes

70%

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

n/a

Yes

95f

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

97f

Yes

—

Yes

58f

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

93g

Yes

13–15

n/a

—

Yes

No consensus

—

Yes

No consensus

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

n/a

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

77f

Yes

93h

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

90f

n/a

—

271

(Table A.6 continued) THERE IS A NATIONAL HELMET LAW

Drivers

Adult passengers

Child passengers

Mali

Yes

Malta

Yes

Marshall Islands (the)

Yes

Mauritania

Yes

Mauritius

Yes

Mexico

Yes

Subnational

n/a

COUNTRY/AREA

Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia

Yes

Montenegro

Yes

Morocco

Yes

Mozambique

Yes

Myanmar

Yes

Namibia

Yes

Nauru

n/a

Nepal

Yes

Netherlands (the)

Yes

New Zealand

Yes

Nicaragua

Yes

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Niger (the)

Yes

Nigeria

Yes

Norway

Yes

Oman

Yes

Pakistan

Yes

Palau

Yes

Panama

Yes

Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

n/a

Yes

Qatar

Yes

Republic of Korea (the)

Yes

Republic of Moldova (the)

Yes

Puerto Rico

272

THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS

Romania

Yes

Russian Federation (the)

Yes

Rwanda

n/a

Saint Lucia

Yes

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Yes

Samoa

Yes

San Marino

Yes

Sao Tome and Principe

Yes

Saudi Arabia

Yes

Senegal

Yes

Serbia

Yes

Seychelles

Yes

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

There are exceptions to the helmet law

The helmet law applies to all road types

The helmet law applies to all engine types

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)

Yes

—

EXCEPTIONS TO LAW

THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS

ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%)

Yes

—

Yes

50f

Yes

—

Yes

—

n/a

100

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

67f

Yes

—

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

Yes

No consensus

Yes

92f

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

100

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

n/a

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

90f

Yes

No consensus

n/a

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

273

(Table A.6 continued)

COUNTRY/AREA

THERE IS A NATIONAL HELMET LAW

Drivers

Adult passengers

Child passengers

Sierra Leone

Yes

Singapore

Yes

Slovakia

Yes

Slovenia

Yes

Solomon Islands

Yes

South Africa

Yes

Spain

Yes

Sri Lanka

Yes

Sudan (the)

Yes

Suriname

Yes

Swaziland

Yes

Sweden

Yes

Switzerland

Yes

Syrian Arab Republic (the)

Yes

Tajikistan

Yes

Thailand

Yes

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Yes

Timor-Leste

Yes

Togo

Yes

Tonga

Yes

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

Tunisia

Yes

Turkey

Yes

Turkmenistan

Yes

Tuvalu

n/a

Uganda

Yes

Ukraine

n/a

United Arab Emirates (the)

Yes

United Kingdom (the)

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania (the)

Yes

Subnational

n/a

Uruguay

Yes

Uzbekistan

Yes

Vanuatu

Yes

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Yes

United States of America (the)

Viet Nam

Yes

West Bank and Gaza Stripb

Yes

Yemen

n/a

Zambia

Yes

Zimbabwe

Yes

Law lax or not enforced. b Non-member area. c Phnom Penh only. d Metropolitan area only. e Guangxi province only. f Drivers only. g Survey conducted in 10 provinces and 31 cities. h Riga only. i No law, but regulations enforced. j Associate WHO Member State. k Montevideo only. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Data not available. n/a Data not applicable.

274

THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

There are exceptions to the helmet law

The helmet law applies to all road types

The helmet law applies to all engine types

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10)

Yes

EXCEPTIONS TO LAW

THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS

ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%)

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

100

Yes

95f

Yes

98f

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

100

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

70f

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

12f

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

—

Yes

No consensus

Yes

—

n/a

Yes

50k

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

n/a

—

Yes

100

Yes

—

275

Table A.7: Road safety management, strategies and policies by country/area

LEAD AGENCY

A lead agency is present

COUNTRY/AREA

STRATEGIES

Lead agency status

The lead agency is funded

There is a national road safety strategy

The strategy includes measurable national targets

The strategy is funded

Afghanistan

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Albania

Yes

Interministerial

n/a

Angola

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Yesa

n/a

Argentina

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Armenia

Yes

Other

Yes

n/a

Australia

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Austria

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Azerbaijan

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Bahamas (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Bahrain

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Bangladesh

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Barbados

n/a

Multiple strategies

n/a

Belarus

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Belgium

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Belize

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Benin

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Bhutan

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Botswana

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Brazil b

n/a

Subnational

n/a

Brunei Darussalam

Yes

Governmental

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Multiple strategies

n/a

Bulgaria

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Burkina Faso

Yes

Governmental

Yes

British Virgin Islands

Burundi

n/a

Cambodia

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Yesa

n/a

Cameroon

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Canada

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Cape Verde

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Central African Republic (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Chad

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

n/a

Chile

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

China

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Colombia

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Comoros (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Congo (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Cook Islands

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Costa Rica

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Croatia

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Cuba

Yes

Interministerial

Multiple strategies

n/a

Cyprus

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Czech Republic (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

276

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

POLICIES

AUDITS

DRIVING TESTS

There are national policies to promote walking and cycling

There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation

Written

Practical

Medical

VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Formal audits on Regular audits on new roads existing roads

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

No consensus

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

277

(Table A.7 continued)

COUNTRY/AREA

LEAD AGENCY

A lead agency is present

Lead agency status

STRATEGIES

The lead agency is funded

There is a national road safety strategy

The strategy includes measurable national targets

The strategy is funded

Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Dominican Republic

n/a

Ecuador

Yes

Governmental

Yes

—

Egypt

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

El Salvador

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Eritrea

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Estonia

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Ethiopia

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Fiji

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Finland

Yes

Governmental

Yes

France

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Gambia (the)

Yes

Other

Yes

n/a

Georgia

Yes

Other

—

Yes

Germany

Yes

—

Yes

Ghana

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Greece

n/a

Yes

Guatemala

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Subnational

n/a

Guinea-Bissau

n/a

Guyana

Yes

Other

Yes

n/a

Honduras

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Hungary

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Iceland

Yes

Governmental

Yes

India

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Yesa

n/a

Indonesia

Yes

Other

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

Other

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Iraq

Yes

Governmental

Subnational

n/a

Ireland

Yes

Other

Yes

—

Israel

Yes

Other

Yes

Italy

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Jamaica

Yes

Other

Yes

Japan

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Jordan

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Kazakhstan

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Kenya

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Kiribati

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Kuwait

n/a

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

Interministerial

Multiple strategies

n/a

Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Latvia

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Lebanon

n/a

Yes

n/a

Lesotho

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Yesa

n/a

Liberia

n/a

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)

n/a

Lithuania

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Madagascar

n/a

Yes

Malawi

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

278

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

POLICIES

AUDITS

DRIVING TESTS

There are national policies to promote walking and cycling

There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation

Written

Practical

Medical

VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Formal audits on Regular audits on new roads existing roads

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

No consensus

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

(Table A.7 continued)

LEAD AGENCY

STRATEGIES The strategy includes measurable national targets

A lead agency is present

Lead agency status

The lead agency is funded

Malaysia

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Maldives

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Mali

Yes

Governmental

Yes

COUNTRY/AREA

There is a national road safety strategy

The strategy is funded

Malta

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Marshall Islands (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Yesa

n/a

Mauritania

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Yes

n/a

Mauritius

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Mexico

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Micronesia (Federated States of)

n/a

Subnational

Mongolia

Yes

Other

Yes

Montenegro

n/a

Morocco

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Mozambique

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Myanmar

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Namibia

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Nauru

Yes

—

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Nepal

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Yesa

n/a

Netherlands (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

New Zealand

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Nicaragua

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Niger (the)

Yes

Interministerial

Multiple strategies

n/a

Nigeria

Yes

Other

Multiple strategies

n/a

Norway

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Oman

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

n/a

Pakistan

Yes

Governmental

Multiple strategies

n/a

Palau

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Panama

Yes

Governmental

Yes

—

Papua New Guinea

Yes

Governmental

Subnational

n/a

Paraguay

n/a

Peru

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Philippines (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Poland

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Portugal

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Puerto Ricod

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Qatar

n/a

Republic of Korea (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Republic of Moldova (the)

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

n/a

Yes

Romania

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Russian Federation (the)

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Rwanda

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Saint Lucia

Yes

Governmental

n/a

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Samoa

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

San Marino

Yes

Interministerial

Multiple strategies

n/a

Sao Tome and Principe

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Saudi Arabia

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

POLICIES

AUDITS

DRIVING TESTS

There are national policies to promote walking and cycling

There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation

Written

Practical

Medical

VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Formal audits on Regular audits on new roads existing roads

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Noc

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

281

(Table A.7 continued)

COUNTRY/AREA

LEAD AGENCY

A lead agency is present

Lead agency status

STRATEGIES

The lead agency is funded

There is a national road safety strategy

The strategy includes measurable national targets

The strategy is funded

Senegal

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Serbia

n/a

Multiple strategies

n/a

Seychelles

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Sierra Leone

Yes

Other

Yes

n/a

Singapore

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Slovakia

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Slovenia

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Solomon Islands

Yes

Governmental

—

South Africa

Yes

Other

Yes

Spain

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Sri Lanka

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Sudan (the)

n/a

Subnational

n/a

Suriname

n/a

Swaziland

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Sweden

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Switzerland

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Yesa

n/a

Syrian Arab Republic (the)

Yes

Interministerial

Multiple strategies

n/a

Tajikistan

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Thailand

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Yes

Other

Yes

n/a

Timor-Leste

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Togo

n/a

Tonga

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Trinidad and Tobago

—

Multiple strategies

n/a

Tunisia

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Turkey

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Turkmenistan

n/a

Multiple strategies

n/a

Tuvalu

n/a

Yes

Uganda

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Ukraine

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

United Arab Emirates (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

United Kingdom (the)

n/a

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania (the)

Yes

Interministerial

Yes

n/a

United States of America (the)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Uruguay

Yes

Other

Uzbekistan

Yes

Governmental

Yes

—

Vanuatu

n/a

Multiple strategies

n/a

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Yes

Governmental

Yes

Multiple strategies

n/a

Viet Nam

Yes b

Governmental

Yes

n/a

Subnational

n/a

Yemen

Yes

Interministerial

Multiple strategies

n/a

Zambia

Yes

Other

Yes

Zimbabwe

Yes

Governmental

Multiple strategies

n/a

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Not formally endorsed by government. b Non-member area. c Required in some States. d Associate WHO Member State. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable.

282

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

POLICIES

AUDITS

DRIVING TESTS

There are national policies to promote walking and cycling

There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation

Written

Practical

Medical

VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Formal audits on Regular audits on new roads existing roads

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

Subnational

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Noc

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

—

Yes

283

Table A.8: Pre-hospital care systems by country/area

FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM

COUNTRY/AREA

UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER National

Regional

TELEPHONE NUMBER(S)

Afghanistan

n/a

—

Albania

Yes

2253364

Angola

n/a

—

Argentina

Yes

—

Armenia

Yes

—

103

Australia

Yes

—

000

Austria

Yes

—

144

Azerbaijan

Yes

103

Bahamas (the)

—

Bahrain

Yes

—

999

Bangladesh

n/a

—

Barbados

Yes

—

511

Belarus

Yes

—

103

Belgium

Yes

—

100

Belize

Yes

—

911

Benin

n/a

—

Bhutan

Yes

n/a

112

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Yes

—

110

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Yes

124

Botswana

Yes

—

997

Brazil

Yes

—

192

British Virgin Islands

Yes

—

911

Brunei Darussalam

Yes

—

Bulgaria

Yes

—

150

Burkina Faso

Yes

—

Burundi

n/a

—

Cambodia

Yes

—

119

Cameroon

Yes

—

19, 119

Canada

Yes

911

Cape Verde

n/a

—

Central African Republic (the)

n/a

—

Chad

n/a

—

Chile

Yes

—

131

China

Yes

—

120

Colombia

Yes

—

Comoros (the)

n/a

—

Congo (the)

n/a

—

Cook Islands

n/a

—

Costa Rica

Yes

—

911

Croatia

Yes

—

112

Cuba

Yes

106

Cyprus

Yes

199, 112

Czech Republic (the)

Yes

—

112, 155

Democratic Republic of the Congo (the)

n/a

—

Dominican Republic

Yes

—

911

284

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

COUNTRY/AREA

FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM

UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER National

Regional

TELEPHONE NUMBER(S)

Ecuador

n/a

—

Egypt

Yes

—

123

El Salvador

n/a

—

Eritrea

n/a

—

Estonia

Yes

—

112

Ethiopia

n/a

—

Fiji

Yes

—

000

Finland

Yes

—

112

France

Yes

—

112

Gambia (the)

Yes

—

116

Georgia

Yes

—

Germany

Yes

112

Ghana

Yes

—

193

Greece

Yes

—

166

Guatemala

n/a

—

Guinea-Bissau

Yes

—

118

Guyana

Yes

913

Honduras

Yes

—

Hungary

Yes

—

112

Iceland

Yes

—

112

India

Yes

102

Indonesia

Yes

—

118

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

—

115

Iraq

Yes

—

122

Ireland

Yes

—

999,112

Israel

Yes

—

101

Italy

Yes

—

118

Jamaica

n/a

—

Japan

Yes

—

119

Jordan

Yes

—

199

Kazakhstan

Yes

—

Kenya

n/a

—

Kiribati

Yes

—

28100

Kuwait

Yes

—

777

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

—

103

Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)

n/a

—

Latvia

Yes

—

112

Lebanon

n/a

—

Lesotho

n/a

—

Liberia

n/a

—

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the)

Yes

151,191,193

Lithuania

Yes

—

112

Madagascar

n/a

—

Malawi

n/a

—

Malaysia

Yes

—

999

285

(Table A.8 continued) FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM

COUNTRY/AREA

UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER National

Regional

TELEPHONE NUMBER(S)

Maldives

n/a

—

Mali

Yes

—

18, 112

Malta

Yes

—

112

Marshall Islands (the)

Yes

—

6258444

Mauritania

n/a

—

Mauritius

Yes

—

114

Mexico

Yes

066

Micronesia (Federated States of)

n/a

—

Mongolia

Yes

103

Montenegro

Yes

—

124

Morocco

Yes

—

115

Mozambique

n/a

—

Myanmar

Yes

01500005

Namibia

Yes

2033282, 10111

Nauru

Yes

—

4443883

Nepal

n/a

—

Netherlands (the)

Yes

—

112

New Zealand

Yes

—

111

Nicaragua

Yes

128, 115

Niger (the)

Yes

—

18, 17

Nigeria

Yes

—

Norway

Yes

—

113

Oman

Yes

—

9999

Pakistan

Yes

—

Palau

Yes

—

911

Panama

Yes

—

Papua New Guinea

Yes

—

111

Paraguay

Yes

206206, 911, 132

Peru

n/a

—

Philippines (the)

Yes

—

Poland

Yes

—

112

Portugal

Yes

—

112

Yes

—

911

Qatar

Yes

—

999

Republic of Korea (the)

Yes

—

119

Republic of Moldova (the)

Yes

—

903

Romania

Yes

—

112

Puerto Rico

Russian Federation (the)

Yes

—

Rwanda

n/a

Saint Lucia

Yes

—

911

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

n/a

Samoa

Yes

—

996, 995

San Marino

Yes

—

118

Sao Tome and Principe

n/a

Saudi Arabia

Yes

—

997

Senegal

Yes

—

1515, 1516, 1517, 1518

Serbia

Yes

286

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM

COUNTRY/AREA

UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER National

Regional

TELEPHONE NUMBER(S)

Seychelles

Yes

—

Sierra Leone

n/a

Singapore

Yes

—

995

Slovakia

Yes

112

Slovenia

Yes

—

112

Solomon Islands

n/a

South Africa

Yes

—

10177, 112

Spain

Yes

—

112

Yes

110

Sri Lanka

Sudan (the)

n/a

Suriname

Yes

—

113

Swaziland

Yes

—

933

Sweden

Yes

—

112

Switzerland

Yes

—

144

Syrian Arab Republic (the)

Yes

—

110

Tajikistan

Yes

—

Thailand

Yes

—

1669

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Yes

—

194

Timor-Leste

Yes

—

110

Togo

Yes

—

17, 18

Tonga

n/a

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

—

811

Tunisia

Yes

—

198

Turkey

Yes

—

112

Turkmenistan

Yes

—

Tuvalu

Yes

—

911

Uganda

n/a

Ukraine

Yes

—

United Arab Emirates (the)

Yes

—

999

United Kingdom (the)

Yes

—

999

United Republic of Tanzania (the)

n/a

United States of America (the)

Yes

—

911

Uruguay

n/a

Yes

n/a

Uzbekistan

Yes

—

Vanuatu

Yes

—

112

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Yes

—

171

Viet Nam

Yes

—

115

Yes

—

101

Yemen

Yes

195

Zambia

Yes

—

991

Zimbabwe

Yes

—

991

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Free ambulance service only. b Non-member area. c Associate WHO Member State. d Some areas have a pre-hospital care system. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable.

287