Finding Our New Home

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To Those People Who Work In The Final frontier For The Greater Good of Humanity.

Planet Earth

Global Warming

Causes Pollants The Air

About two-thirds of landfill waste contains biodegradable organic matter from households, business and industry. As this material decomposes, it releases methane gas. As a potent greenhouse gas, methane traps up to 20 times more heat in the atmosphere compared with carbon dioxide the EPA states.

“The bad effect of air pollution is increasing day by day because of the release of various harmful gases from industries, factories and vehicles..�

In the U.K., much of that methane from landfill sites produce electricity, with carbon dioxide as a by-product, which has a weaker global warming effect.

Oftentimes the air surrounding landfill sites smells unpleasant, due to the decaying organic waste.

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Tempature Keeps Rising

Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. There is great debate among many people, and in the news, on whether global warming is real (some call it a hoax).

But climate scientists looking at the data and facts agree that our planet is warming.

The scientific consensus on climatic changes related to global warming is that the average temperature of the Earth has risen between 0.4 and 0.8 °C over the past 100 years.

Earth’s average yearly surface temperature even a small amount. Behind the seemingly small increase in global average surface temperature over past century is a significant increase in accumulated heat. That extra heat is driving regional and seasonal temperature extremes, reducing snow cover and sea ice, intensifying heavy rainfall, and changing habitat ranges for plants and animals—expanding some and shrinking others.

Adding to the evidence of direct temperature measurements, studies by independent teams of researchers indicate that the planet is undergoing one of the largest climate changes in Earth’s history, and also one of the fastest in the past 65 million years.

Not only that, the current warming is projected to occur at a rate 10 times faster than any change over.

Scientists from NASA and other research institutions around the world have been routinely collecting temperature data from a wide number of locations all over the planet. Their records of Earth’s average temperature go back to the 1880s, the earliest year for which reliable instrumental records were available worldwide. The National Climatic Data Center, which is part of the National Oceanic and the Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has maintained global average monthly and the annual records of combined land and ocean surface temperatures for more than 130 years.

“The nations of the world have a narrow path to preventing global temperatures from overshooting the most ambitious target.”

On Tip Melting Ice Causes The Polar Bear In Brink of Extinction

Climate change is heating up the Arctic faster than anywhere else, and sea ice is shrinking 14 percent per decade. Even today, in the cold Arctic winter, satellites show there is about 770,000 square miles less sea ice than the 1981 to 2010 median If these results hold up, then it shows that the loss of sea ice may have a bigger impact on the bears than previously thought, said Amstrup, a popular former USGS polar bear expert. Amstrup’s own 2010 study projected that continued decline in sea ice would reduce the global population of bears by two thirds, to less than 10,000 by 2050.

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of Th The significance of the polar bear decision has not been missed by those who stand to benefit from a continuation of the administration’s head-in-the-sand approach to the global warming. Once protection for the polar bear is finalized, federal agencies and other large greenhouse gas emitters will be required to ensure that their emissions do not jeopardize the species. And the only way to avoid jeopardizing the polar bear is to reduce emissions.

Iceburg

“Sea-level rise is likely a much bigger problem for our future generations Even we cut these emissions drastically.�

CORE SAMPLES, TIDE gauge readings, and, most recently, satellite measurements tell us that over the past century, the Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) has risen by 4 to 8 inches. However, the annual rate of rise over the past 20 years has been 0.13 inches (3.2 millimeters) a year, roughly twice the average speed of the preceding 80 years.

Over the past century, the burning of fossil fuels and other human and natural activities has released enormous amounts of the heat-trapping gases into atmosphere. These emissions have caused the Earth’s surface temperature to rise, and the oceans absorb about 80 percent of this additional heat.

The rise in sea levels is linked to three primary factors, all induced by this ongoing global climate change When sea levels rise rapidly, as they have been doing, even a small increase can have devastating effects on the coastal habitats. As seawater reaches farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion, wetland flooding, aquifer, agricultural soil contamination, lost habitat for fish, birds, and plants.

I Gaze Upon Used To

Stars

Our Place And Wonder In Galaxy

Where Is

Space Travel

“The earth is the cradle of mankind, one cannot remain in the cradle forever.”

We Are Pioneers

The opening voiceover by William Shatner probably still gives you goose bumps: “To explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before.”

We all know that real space travel and space colonization will not be achieved without the hard work, passion, and courage of people willingly taking risks for the greater good of our humanity.

However, we can put all our hearts into deep space missions but won’t succeed unless we also provide the technological innovations needed.

Let’s say, that thermal radiation isn’t our biggest enemy in space (literally roasting and melting our astronauts), speed and time are still affecting us the most. Mars, which is only a mere six months of travel time away from Earth, is certainly manageable, but getting to the outer parts of our own solar system already took some 10 years to accomplish it.

Enthralling as that notion may be, to most people, it probably seems like a sci-fi writer’s wishful thinking. While astronauts have ventured as far away as the Moon and, over the last few decades, have routinely orbited Earth, they’ve yet to venture to other planets in our solar system, let alone into the vast emptiness between our solar system and those of other stars.

“Space trips to the other planets would require months of travel through the vacuum of space.”

So, it’s obvious why sci-fi avoids any further questioning by putting space explorers in sleep mode. In reality, shutting down humans is hard to do, whereas keeping a body alive in suspension mode is tricky, to say the least. Making space work for humans, is one thing that the engineers from Spaceworks are trying to master. The company is led by John A. Bradford, who even was known for “therapeutic hypothermia.”

The process has already use in the medical world and seems to be perfect starting ground for real-life hibernation chambers. The bodies of patients and explorers are cooled below the normal temperature to slow down heart rates and blood pressures, thus enabling them to experience stasis for about 2–4 days with intervals that can be stretched out to almost two weeks. Spaceworks is confident that they can create the technology needed to automate this process and achieve months of the hibernation, ultimately applying it for deep-space missions.

Cryogenic State As we never know what’s really out there, one of the main problems is the additional automation of all the ship’s processes, thus leaving no margin for error whatsoever once in deep space. In order to minimize the associated risks, Spaceworks is thinking of an open chamber that allows the crew to go into stasis in shifts. It also makes a lot of sense from an economical point of view, as it decreases the overall ship mass and brings down the amount of food, water or air needed for longer journeys. While artificial gravity may be too expensive to accomplish in the upcoming years, making sure the crew exercises a lot is far more proven and reasonable, even more so in stasis.

“We have ideas how to exercise them,” Bradford said, calling for an approach involving “neuromuscular electrical stimulation, [basically triggering muscles to contract]” with already “very promising results in using this technique on comatose patients to prevent muscle atrophy,” combined with drugs fending off all kinds of osteoporotic symptoms.

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Traveling to other star systems is a big dream, but achieving it may require going ultrasmall. Blasting tiny, waferlike sailing spacecraft with powerful lasers could slash interstellar flight times from thousands of years to mere decades, one researcher says. Human excursions to the stars are cursed by math. To get there in any reasonable amount of time, spacecraft must go very fast but fast travel requires carrying more propellant.

Some researchers have found a loophole in this dilemma by imagining a solar, laser or microwave sail. An interstellar craft that surfed on the sun’s photons or on a beam shot from Earth orbit wouldn’t have to carry a propulsion source with it. But to propel a large probe, humanity would need an extraordinarily large orbiting laser, and possibly a sail the size of Texas. Philip Lubin, a researcher at the UC Santa Barbara’s Experimental Cosmology Group, hopes to get around such problems with tiny waferlike spacecraft.

Hitchhiking Other Stars

Many of these methods of FTL travel are rooted in science fact, and may even be possible from a modern standpoint in physics. They have inspired us to believe that we may be well on our way to colonizing the galaxy within the next millennium.

But what if warp drives can’t exist?

What if wormholes are impossible to manufacture? What if the laws of physics are so strict, that we are indeed tied to the dreaded speed of light forever? These ever present possibilities would seem to make interstellar travel within human lifespans a romantic fantasy. As I was contemplating that thought, an idea occurred to me: what if we could use other stars as the interstellar starships to ferry ourselves across the cosmos?

“A hypervelocity star which defined as a star that has exceeded the escape velocity of the galaxy.”

Habitable Planet

“A spacesuit can protect the astronaut from the radiation in space.�

Future of The Spacesuit

This is the current suit NASA astronauts wear on the ISS (the Russian and the Chinese space agencies use different suits.) It’s a pressurized suit designed to be worn for as long as seven hours in the vacuum of space, and the various parts come in different sizes so you can mix-and-match to fit any astronaut.

There are 14 layers between the astronaut and death by space exposure, in three main segments: a liquid cooling garment (3 layers), a pressure garment (4 layers), and a thermal micrometeroid layer (7 layers).

The liquid cooling garment provides the astronaut with a nice cool work environment, circulating water to prevent overheating. The pressure garment is like a bladder, made of urethane coated nylon, that maintains proper pressure inside the suit. And the thermal micrometeroid garment protects the astronaut from the heat of the sun, as well as the tiny bits of space dust that are whizzing by at thousands of miles per hour.

Coated Sun Visor Temperature Control Valve

The Tool Connector

Glove Mirror

Helmet Camera

Oxygen Release User Arm Interface Controls

Water

Life Can’t Be Without the

“A star that is 40 light-years from Earth may have too much water to support life.”

Requirements of A Habitabel Planet

Hope was ignited in the science community when researchers discovered that three of the seven Earth-size planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1, a cool red dwarf about 40 light-years from Earth, are within the star’s habitable zone and could have water on their surfaces.

But while the presence of the water undoubtedly increases chance of habitability for these planets, it doesn’t automatically make them safe havens for life. In fact, TRAPPIST-1 system actually has too much water to support any form of life.

TRAPPIST-1’s planets are roughly the size of Earth and are tightly packed together, with all of their orbits keeping them closer to their host star than Mercury is to the Sun. While the exoplanet’s are similar in size to Earth, measurements of their masses and volumes show that they are less dense.

They’re too light to be rocky and, unlike other low-density planets of similar size, too compact to be primarily composed of atmospheric gas.

To find out, research team, developed software called ExoPlex, which merged all of thedata for the TRAPPIST-1 system into one platform. By analyzing the host star’s chemical composition, along with the mass and radius of each planet, the software estimated that the two innermost planets (marked “b” and “c” on the image below) have less than 15 percent water by mass, while two of the outer planets (marked “f” and “g”) have over 50 percent water by mass. Keeping in mind that Earth is just 0.02 percent water by mass, the difference is substantial.

Escape From The Surface of The Planet It is a well known fact that the planets of the Solar System vary considerably in terms of size. For instance, the planets of the inner Solar System are smaller and denser than the gas/ice giants of the outer Solar System. And in some cases, planets can actually be smaller than the largest moons. But a planet’s size is not necessarily proportional to its mass. In the end, how massive a planet is has More to do with the composition and density.

A planet with low mass is not suitable for habitation because low mass means low gravity. Low gravity means that the planet won’t be able to retain an atmosphere, as constituent gases will easily reach escape velocity and be lost in open space.

Lower The Mass Is,easier The Gas Will

So, Yes. We Are Still Searching For Our New Home.

As Right Now We Stuck On

Earth.

Typeface:

Paper:

Gotham DIN Pro

MOAB Lasal Photo Matte

Image:

pexels.com Unsplash.com

Text:

medium.com Nationalgeographic.com nasa.gov scienceabc.com space.com

Course:

GR 425 Visual System 2