City Reconsidered: Downtown Kansas City Recycling System Vision Study | Part 3

07 | LINKS STRATEGY 238 Concept 240 Site Conditions 252 Design Elements 260 Design Proposal

236 | Links

LINKS STRATEGY Design Application of the Links Strategy As explained in the vision framework there are three strategies of Clusters, Nodes, and Links addressing the vision and goals for KCDC’s Downtown Recycling Project. Links are street corridors that connect the areas of activity around the city with the design intent to engage people in the public right-of-ways through increased awareness and education as well as increased access to recycling.

FOR DOWNTOWN KANSAS CITY'S WASTE PROGRAM Design Goals

VISION FRAMEWORK FOR DOWNTOWN KANSAS CITY'S WASTE PROGRAM

• To engage the public and raise awareness about the need to recycle and compost[CONCEPTUAL SCENARIOS] • To increase recycling accessibility in public spaces downtown • To create a standard approach to downtown public infrastructure MUNICIPAL RE-PRIORITIZATION and amenities that cohesively includes recycling bins

[INTENT]

[TARGETS]

[CONCEPTUAL SCENARIOS]

[INTENT]

MUNICIPAL

RE-PRIORITIZATION

VISION

ORGANIC

INCORPORATION

THE VISION IS TO CREATE A MORE LIVABLE DOWNTOWN KC THROUGH A THRIVING MATERIAL WASTE SYSTEM, KNOWN FOR EFFICIENT, DATA DRIVEN, INNOVATIVE DESIGN.

LOCAL NEEDS REGIONAL SYSTEM BEST PRACTICES

TECHNOLOGICAL REINFORCEMENT

PROPERTY OWNER COOPERATION

ACCESS BY STANDARDS

COLLECTION LAYOUT/COLORS

EFFICIENCY

SINGLE HAULER

FOOD DISTRIBUTOR REQUIRED

COLLECTION OF ORGANICS

PUBLIC ACCESS

COMPOST LIFE CYCLE

SUSTAINABILITY

STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

PRIVATE REQUIRED/PUBLIC ACCESS

CLOUD STORAGE

DATA COLLECTION

THIRD PARTY MANAGEMENT

INFRASTRUCTURE

HIGH-TECH COLLECTION

PRIVATE REQUIRED/PUBLIC ACCESS

PROPERTY OWNER COOPERATION

ACCESS BY STANDARDS

COLLECTION LAYOUT/COLORS

I NV E S T I G A T I O N

PUBLIC USE

LINKS

TO ENGAGE

INCORPORATION

economic boost

CONTINUAL LOADS INTERMITTENT LOADS ORGANIC LOADS

EFFICIENCY

MATERIAL COLLECTION

AWARENESS

ACTIVATE GROUND PLANE/SIGNAGE

SINGLE HAULER

CLUSTERS

FOOD DISTRIBUTOR REQUIRED

PRIVATE - LOW-MID RISE

PARKING LOTS/ALLEY WAYS

TO COLLECT

COLLECTION EFFICIENCY

COLLECTION LOCATION/ACCESS CONTROL

NODES

PUBLIC USE

LARGE SCALE MATERIAL COLLECTION

NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

URBAN AGRICULTURE/SMRF

PUBLIC USE

MATERIAL COLLECTION

LAYERING ACCESS

MULTIPLE USES

FUNCTIONALITY

TO ACTIVATE

OF NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

MULTIPLICITY

COMPOST LIFE CYCLE

SUSTAINABILITY

SHOWCASE

STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

OF PROGRAMS + PEOPLE

RE-PURPOSED WASTE

ORGANICS

TECHNOLOGICAL • To “close the loop” on more materials manufactured and used REINFORCEMENT locally

TI ON

INFRASTRUCTURE

HIGH-TECH COLLECTION

MATERIAL COLLECTION ACTIVATE GROUND PLANE/SIGNAGE

PRIVATE REQUIRED/PUBLIC ACCESS

PROPERTY OWNER COOPERATION

PRIVATE - LOW-MID RISE ACCESS BY STANDARDS

PARKING LOTS/ALLEY WAYS COLLECTION LAYOUT/COLORS

COLLECTION EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY

COLLECTION LOCATION/ACCESS CONTROL SINGLE HAULER

FOOD DISTRIBUTOR REQUIRED

COLLECTION OF ORGANICS

FUNCTIONALITY

PUBLIC USE PUBLIC ACCESS

LARGE SCALE MATERIAL COLLECTION COMPOST LIFE CYCLE

NEW INFRASTRUCTURE SUSTAINABILITY

URBAN AGRICULTURE/SMRF STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

PRIVATE REQUIRED/PUBLIC ACCESS

CLOUD STORAGE

MULTIPLICITY

PUBLIC USE DATA COLLECTION LAYERING ACCESS INFRASTRUCTURE

MATERIAL COLLECTION THIRD PARTY MANAGEMENT

OF PROGRAMS + PEOPLE

SHOWCASE

PUBLIC USE

MATERIAL COLLECTION

AWARENESS

TEMPORARY INSTALLATIONS/PLAYFUL OBJECTS

PUBLIC USE

RIGHT OF WAY

PUBLIC USE ACCESS

MATERIAL COLLECTION

EDUCATION AWARENESS

TACTICAL GROUND URBANISM/URBAN AGRICULTURE ACTIVATE PLANE/SIGNAGE

OF NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

ORGANICS

TO ENGAGE

CLUSTERS

[TARGETS]

AWARENESS

RE-PURPOSED WASTE

LINKS

TACTICAL URBANISM/URBAN AGRICULTURE

ACCESS

TO COLLECT

TI ON

MATERIAL COLLECTION

RIGHT OF WAY

MUNICIPAL CLUSTERS RE-PRIORITIZATION

REINFORCEMENT

TEMPORARY INSTALLATIONS/PLAYFUL OBJECTS

THIRD PARTY MANAGEMENT

[INTENT]

TO ENGAGE

TECHNOLOGICAL

MATERIAL COLLECTION

PUBLIC USE EDUCATION

CLOUD STORAGE

PUBLIC USE

LINKS

TO ACTIVATE

AS NEW FOCUS

[SYSTEM STRATEGIES]

PUBLIC USE

AWARENESS

DATA COLLECTION

[CONCEPTUAL SCENARIOS]

NODES ORGANIC INCORPORATION

COLLECTION OF ORGANICS

PUBLIC ACCESS

PRIVATE REQUIRED/PUBLIC ACCESS

RIGHT OF WAY

ACCESS

FOR DOWNTOWN CITY'S WASTE PROGRAM • To spur local material recyclingKANSAS industries that bring jobs and an ORGANIC GOALS

AWARENESS INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS MEASUREMENT PARTICIPATION STANDARDS

[TARGETS]

PRIVATE REQUIRED/PUBLIC ACCESS

AS NEW FOCUS

[SYSTEM STRATEGIES]

MULTIPLE USES HIGH-TECH COLLECTION

PRIVATE - LOW-MID RISE

PARKING LOTS/ALLEY WAYS

TO COLLECT

COLLECTION EFFICIENCY

COLLECTION LOCATION/ACCESS CONTROL

NODES

PUBLIC USE

LARGE SCALE MATERIAL COLLECTION

NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

URBAN AGRICULTURE/SMRF

PUBLIC USE

MATERIAL COLLECTION

TO ACTIVATE

FUNCTIONALITY

OF NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

Links | 237

CONCEPT

238 | Links

Links | 239

EDGE CONDITIONS

SITE CONDITIONS

Grand Blvd

9th St

12th St

Main St

To achieve the goals discussed, the process began with a mapping series of the existing conditions on the intensity of use and physical conditions within the selected street corridors. The first two images to the right display the spaces and spatial edges which the links strategy explored.

Using the knowledge base from existing spatial conditions such as these, a series of placement strategies were developed to help guide how the new recycling infrastructure and the organization of existing infrastructure related to pedestrian movement and its frequency. The placement strategies are further explained later with the design solutions. Design strategies focused on the function of the new infrastructure and materiality.

From the functionality, a kit of parts was designed as a series of cohesive infrastructure pieces, which configure in multiple ways depending on the use needed and arranged based on the movement strategy associated. This process led to the design outcomes for prototypical sites associated with the movement strategy and a kit of parts.

0 100 200

Edges Along Links 240 | Links

VOIDS WITHIN THE LINKS

Grand Blvd

9th St

12th St

Main St

N 0 100 200

400

Voids Within Links Links | 241

Main St

Mapping Intensity of Use The intensities of activity within public spaces was first explored by mapping the zones around places that different types of visitors may go. For example, tourists to the Downtown may visit to the attractions, restaurants, hotels, and transit stops. During the lunch hours, many people may be found at restaurants, commercial areas, and parks. Third, temporal activity could also be tracked by mapping the event locations, residential areas, restaurants, and larger event walking radii.

Together these intensity maps create a composite map that shows the probably overall most highly used areas. These areas, shown in the darker shades of black in the final composite map, could be the most important areas to intervene because any design in these locations would reach the most amounts of people.

FACTORS

Attractions

Attractions

Restaurants Transit Stops

Restaurants

Hotels

Transit Stops

FACTORS

Restaurants

Restaurants

Offi ce Commercial

Office

Parks

High Intensity of Use

Commercial

High Intensity of Use

Low Intensity of Use INTENSITY OF USE - VISITORS

Low Intensity of Use INTENSITY OF USE - LUNCH HOUR

Hotels

Parks Grand Blvd

Grand Blvd

9th St 9th St

12th St 12th St

Low Intensity of Use

Intensity of Use - Visitors

Main St

Main St

High Intensity of Use

High Intensity of Use Low Intensity of Use

Intensity of Use - Lunch N

0 100 200

242 | Links

400

N 0 100 200

400

Main St

INTENSITY OF USE - COMPOSITE

FACTORS

Event Locations

Residential

Grand Blvd

9th St

Restaurants

Event Walking Radii

High Intensity of Use N

Low Intensity of Use 0 100 200

INTENSITY OF USE - TEMPORAL ACTIVITY

400

12th St

Main St

Transit Stops Grand Blvd

9th St

12th St

Main St

High Intensity of Use Low Intensity of Use

Intensity of Use - Temporal

N 0 100 200

400

High Intensity of Use Low Intensity of Use

Composite Areas with High Intensity of Use Links | 243 0 100 200

400

N

RIGHT OF WAY WITHIN THE LINKS

DISTANCE BETWEEN FACADES WITHIN THE LINKS BUILDING HEIGHTS W

Physical Condition Typologies

Grand Blvd

The four street segments chosen for the link strategy and design exploration were studied not only through a lens of activity and usage, but they were also studied spatially. The measurements of right-of-ways, distance between facades, and building heights along the chosen links were categorized into ranges shown in these first three maps. From there, numerical averages were made for each small segment to create an overall set of typologies for each area. This typology, or study of a set of types, allowed the researchers to understand the variety of spatial conditions in which the designs would occur.

9th St

12th St

Main St

Grand Blvd 9th St

9th St

40 - 60 ft ROW 60 - 70 ft ROW 70 - 80 ft ROW 80 - 90 ft ROW 90 - 100 ft ROW

40 - 60 ft ROW 60 - 70 ft ROW

100+ ft ROW

70 - 80 ft ROW 80 - 90 ft ROW

12th St Widths BUILDING Right-of-Way HEIGHTS WITHIN THE LINKS 90 - 100 ft ROW

DISTANCE BETWEEN FACADES WITHIN THE LINKS

N

100+ ft ROW

0 100 200

400

Main St Grand Blvd

Grand Blvd 9th St

9th St

12th St

12th St

Main St

Main St

0-60 ft Facade Distance

0-60 ft Facade Distance

160+ ft Building Height

60 - 100 ft Facade Distance

90 - 160 ft Building Height

100 - 210 ft Facade Distance

70 - 100 ft Building Height

210 - 250 ft Facade Distance

40 - 70 ft Building Height

160+ ft Building Height 250 - 310 ft Facade Distance

0 - 40 ft Building Height

90 - 160 ft Building Height

60 - 100 ft Facade Distance

Distance Between Facades

Building Height

210 - 250 ft Facade Distance

40 - 70 ft Building Height

250 - 310 ft Facade Distance

0 - 40 ft Building Height

310+ ft Facade Distance

No Buildings

310+ ft Facade Distance70 - 100 ft Building Height

100 - 210 ft Facade Distance

N

N 0 100 200

400

No Buildings

0 100 200

400

0 100 2

COMPOSITE TYPOLOGY OF PHYSICAL CONDITIONS WITHIN THE LINKS

Grand Blvd

9th St

12th St

Main St

Range 6 Range 5 Range 4 Range 3 Range 2 N

Range 1

Range of Typologies

0 100 200

400

Range of Physical Condition Typologies The range of spatial conditions along the links can also be shown through the set ofCONDITIONS sections, shown below. -The six typologies, or PHYSICAL TYPOLOGIES categories of different types, reveal the variety of distances and PHYSICAL CONDITIONS - TYPOLOGIES building heights along the links.

Sectional Changes PHYSICAL CONDITIONS - TYPOLOGIES

Sectional Changes Sectional Changes Range 1: Range 1: No Buildings Building Heights: Right of Way Width: ft Building Heights: No100+ Buildings Range 1: Width: Facade to Facade Right of Way Width: 100+310+ ft ft Building No Buildings Facade toHeights: Facade Width: 310+ ft Right of Way Width: 100+ ft Facade to Facade Width: 310+ ft

Range 2: Range 2:0 - 40 ft.

Building Heights: Right of Way Width: Building Heights: - 90 40 -ft.100 ft Range 2:0Width: Facade to Facade Right of Way Width: 90 - 250 100 -ft310 ft Building - 40 ft.250 - 310 ft Facade toHeights: Facade0Width: Right of Way Width: 90 - 100 ft Facade to Facade Width: 250 - 310 ft

Range 3: Building Heights: Range 3:40 - 70 ft Right of Way Width: Building Heights: -8070- ft90 ft Range 3:40Width: Facadeofto Facade Right Way Width: 80 - 210 90 ft- 250 ft Building - 70 ft Facade toHeights: Facade40 Width: 210 - 250 ft Right of Way Width: 80 - 90 ft Facade to Facade Width: 210 - 250 ft

Range 4: Range 4:70 - 100 ft Building Heights: Right of Way Width: - 80 Building Heights: -70100 ft ft Range 4:70Width: 246 | Links Facadeofto Facade Right Way Width: 70 - 100 80 ft- 210 ft Building - 100100 ft - 210 ft Facade toHeights: Facade70 Width: Right of Way Width: 70 - 80 ft Facade to Facade Width: 100 - 210 ft

Facade to Facade Width: 210 - 250 ft

Right of Way Width: 60 - 70 ft Facade to Facade Width: 60 - 100 ft

Range 4: Building Heights: 70 - 100 ft Right of Way Width: 70 - 80 ft Facade to Facade Width: 100 - 210 ft

Range 6: Building Heights: 160+ ft.

Right of Way Width: 40 - 60 ft Facade to Facade Width: 0-60 ft

Range 5: Building Heights: 90 - 160 ft Right of Way Width: 60 - 70 ft Facade to Facade Width: 60 - 100 ft

Range 6: Building Heights: 160+ ft.

Right of Way Width: 40 - 60 ft Facade to Facade Width: 0-60 ft

Links | 247

LINKS SPATIAL MOVEMENT

9th

9th St

12th St

Main St

12th

Grand Blvd

Main St.

Grand Blvd

5th St

Slowing Interrupting Maintaining Guiding Connecting

Links Spatial Movement

18th 18th St

STRATEGIC LINK INTERVENTIONS STRATEGIC LINK INTERVENTIONS

9th St

12th St

12th St

Main St

Main St

Unique

Grand Blvd

Grand Blvd

9th St

Unique

Engaging Engaging InteractiveInteractive BoundariesBoundaries Breadcrumbs Breadcrumbs N

N

ImmersiveImmersive

Strategic Link Interventions

100 200 0 100 200 0 400

400

FREQUENCY INTERVENTIONS FREQUENCY OFOF INTERVENTIONS

Grand Blvd

Grand Blvd

9th St

9th St

12th St

12th St

Main St

Main St

High Frequency of Use

High Frequency of Use Low Frequency of Use Low Frequency of Use Unique

UniqueEngaging Engaging Interactive Interactive Boundaries Boundaries Breadcrumbs N

Breadcrumbs Immersive Immersive

Frequency of Interventions

0 100 200

0 100 200

400

400

N

Main St Link

9th St Link

Grand Blvd Link

12th St Link

Bin Placement Intervals Along The Links Links | 251

DESIGN ELEMENTS Closing The Recycling Loop For HDPE Plastic High Density Polyethelene (HDPE) is a heavily used material included in packaging of many consumer products, such as milk cartons, laundry detergent, water bottles, playground equipment, industrial chutes and containers, railroad ties, and much more. Making products from 100% recycled content saves resources over mining and manufacturing virgin raw materials. Manufacturing both HDPE and steel with recycled materials requires 80% less energy in extraction, processing, and manufacturing processes. The value of HDPE is extremely low, as it is currently bundled and shipped to processing plants on the US coasts or overseas, and is therefore variable depending on the cost of fuel. By developing industry locally and within the immediate region, additional energy is saved and added costs of shipping and fuel is reduced.

Municipal Sources for HDPE Calculations show the KCMO Downtown Loop produces 3233 tons of plastic. Assuming a 40% (future) recycling rate, 1,293 tons will be diverted to recycling. Assuming 50%of this material consists of #2 HDPE plastics, a total of 1,293,000 pounds of HDPE material will be diverted to landfill from the Downtown Loop alone each year. This is enough to make over 600 standard corner bins.

Other Sources for HDPE Beyond municipal waste, there has been a large increase in construction waste diversion in Missouri. At a sample set of landfills across the state, over 8,000 tons of plastics were recycled from construction sites. The industry produces large amounts of recyclable materials, measured as 58,000 tons in 2007 in the same sample set of landfills. It is unclear what percentage of this total is HDPE.

Standard 100% Recycled HDPE • Available in green, grey, and black • Easily manufactured locally White & Other Colored 100% Recycled HDPE • Require use of clear and white HDPE recycled product • More expensive Recycled

10.3M 252 | Links

Landfilled

31M

Current HDPE Local Recycling Flows HDPE products are consumed Total recycling rate is currently around 27% of waste

HDPE products are manufactured outside of Kansas City and shipped in HDPE #2 Plastics

Processed material is bundled and shipped away primarily by rail.

Product value is extremely variable based on fuel prices

Material Recovery Facility

Freight Rail Shipping

Landfill

Proposed HDPE Local Recycling Flows Finished products are sold nationally and locally. Local demand provides cost stability for manufacturing

New products become locally available

HDPE Boards

HDPE processing and manufacturing facilities in Kansas City create dairy containers, pepsi bottles, and boards for local use

Freight Rail Shipping

Board product provides a new low-cost durable building and industrial construction material Board products are used to create additional recycling collection stations throughout Kansas City, further increasing material diversion to recycling

HDPE #2 Plastics Some of the new material .4 products will be sold locally, and some regionally, as capacity .increases

Material Recovery Facility

Landfill Links | 253

Materials

HDPE Density

The design focuses on HDPE plastic, as the equipment needed to process and press the material is relatively inexpensive, compared to steel smelting or rock and gypsum crushing. The development of this product would require a relatively small amount of investment and/or incentive on the part of the City, and would create an immediate return.

0.03 Pounds Per Square Inch

• PLASTICS - Use ongoing infrastructure improvements to seed a new market for recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) board and product manufacturing in Kansas City.

• METALS - Use locally milled steel using only 100% recycled content for all infrastructure improvements.

8

= 1 Pound of HDPE

2586

208

893

681

470

1012

2467

208

• AGGREGATE - For sidewalk and concrete paving improvements, use local concrete which contains 100% recycled aggregate and replace portland cement with steel slag.

• GYPSUM - Develop local farming soil improvements by partnering construction gypsum grinding with compost facilities • PAPER and PAPER-BOARD - Use organic matter tilled to a depth of 6” - 12” in all right of way planting to improve demand for compostable materials.

Plastics in general are used in a variety of local and regional manufacturing, and are a ready fuel-source for concrete forges as well. These materials, being light and of low value, are not commonly used locally, however, but are shipped by rail to the coasts and overseas. #2 plastics represent a specific opportunity market that is untapped in Kansas City, as dairy is regionally manufactured in HDPE gallon and half-gallon HDPE containers, Pepsi Co. has a regional bottling plant in South Kansas City, and both industrial and agricultural processes use HDPE boards for chutes and liners in their respective processes.The incorporation of a grey recycled board as the primary element of the Links “kit of parts” will establish an early demand for a material that can be made cheaply and locally using the material recovery process already in place. As the material recovery process adds additional capability to easily separate #2 plastics by color, the cost of creating more colorful and white boards will become much more affordable.

254 | Links

A Kit of Parts A “kit of parts� was created to be used in the links design strategies. A kit of parts, is here defined as a set of complex, predesigned components which can be assembled and disassembled in a variety of ways. They can be made through pre-fabrication which focuses on flexibility in assembly and efficiency of manufacturing, but they also have the capacity for deconstruction and simplified repair. This kit of parts includes: a transparent display box, a bike rack, a short sign, a tall sign, a bench, a table, a trash bin, and a recycling bin. The following pages show how they can be assembled in a variety of combinations and a variety of spatial arrangements along a streetscape.

Transparent Display

Bike Rack

Bench

Table

Short Signage

Trash Bin

Tall Signage

Recycling Bin

Multiple Configurations For Variety of Use When assembled together, the individual parts can create a new set of configurations, as shown below.

Configurations

Assembly

1

2

3

Management and Integrated Technology These new streetscape furniture configurations can be managed more easily with an integrated approach to event collection, technology, public education about recycling, and waste hauler management. The diagram below refers to the improved system of collection, in which public and private waste can be better managed. When the public is educated about recycling, they may take more pride in their efforts to recycle, while waste haulers, too, can reap the benefits of improved recycling infrastructure and sorted waste streams. Having strategically designed recycling infrastructure in the public realm is just one step towards a thriving material waste system in Kansas City.

Individual Collection

Event Collection

High-tech bins collect data.

Bin sensors identify waste material.

COLLECT Improves performance

Attendent

Private Collection

Public Collection

Enforcer

PERFORM

Optimizes management and education

MANAGE

Regulates waste management system

258 | Links

EDUCATE Reduces contamination rate

Branding Small images can be easily stamped into the sides of each new piece to show passersby the value recycled HDPE plastics.

When one understands how many pieces of typical trash items it takes to create a new piece of furniture, they may reconsider the value of recyclable materials.

Each piece of furniture will require a different amount of recycled material to be created and each will cost a different amount.

The pie charts below show how each item in the “kit of parts� is proportionally different in its massing and cost to produce.

Pounds of HDPE

Cost ($) Links | 259

LINKS SPATIAL MOV

DESIGN PROPOSAL Movement Strategies as a Base for Design The various spatial conditions along the links allowed the researches to begin exploring how movement could be guided in different and strategic ways. The following diagrams show the movement strategy explorations that led to the later designs.

9th St

Grand Blvd

Main St.

9th

12th

Slowing Interrupting Maintaining 18th

Guiding Connecting

Links Spatial Movement 260 | Links

INTERRUPTING

SLOWING Standard Strategy STANDARD

CONNECTI

MAINTAINING

•Two benches per block.

•Wayfinding/bin on each corner

GUIDING

Maintaining Strategy

STREET

STREET

Adjacent Open Space

STREET

STREET

STREET

SLOWING MAINTAININGINTERRUPTING GUIDING Guiding Strategy

CONNECTING STANDARD

Slowing Strategy

STREET

STREET

STREET

STREET

STREET

Adjacent Open Space

STREET

INTERRUPTING CONNECTING INTERRUPTING CONNECTING SLOWING Interrupting Strategy Connecting Strategy STREET

STREET

STREET

MAINTAINING

STANDARD

GUIDING

•Two benches per block.

•Wayfinding/bin on each corne

STREET

Adjacent Open Space

MAINTAINING

GUIDING Adjacent Open Space

STANDARD

STREET

STREET

Interventions Pedestrian Flow

STREET

STREET

•Two benches per block.

•Wayfinding/bin on each corner

Links | 261

INTERRUPTING Standard Strategy

Prototypical Placement For Movement Strategies

Connecting

STREET

The standard strategy is an approach to a typical city sidewalk and street infrastructure that provides a minimum baseline necessary access to recycling, way-finding, and seating amenities. This strategy focused on moving existing infrastructure into a designated zone near the street edge so that the pedestrian movements were uninterrupted.

With the recycling infrastructure as the focus comingled recycling bins paired with proportionally smaller trash bins are suggested for every 66 feet along a block. Bins with signage would be placed on corners at an angle to allow for access from multiple directions. The prototypical placement image on the far right depicts a prototypical Kansas City block length and how the new infrastructure would be strategically placed. The kit of parts is also depicted to show the physical configurations and the pairing of the receptacles with streetscape amenities such as benches and signage. Lastly, part of the standard strategy is painted ground plane strips to visually indicate the location and frequency of the recycling infrastructure. The increased access and visual indication are used to encourage the participation in recycling within the public realm.

CONNECTING

GUIDING

Guiding Maintaining Interrupting

STREET

Slowing Standard

Conceptual Placement Within Intervention Zones

STANDARD

•Two benches per block.

•Wayfinding/bin on each corner

Adjacent Open Space

Components • Benches

STREET

• Commingled recycling bins and trash bins on streetcorners or every 66’ along a block • Ground plane indications of bins

STREET

• Wayfinding and signage on streetcorners

• Existing infrastructure to be moved to a 2.5’ zone near curb

Drive Lanes Interventions Pedestrian Flow

262 | Links

Parking

Intervention Zones

Existing Infrastructure

Sidewalk

Building

Prototypical Placement Of Infrastructure For Standard Strategy

66’

“The addition of recycling bins along my route to work is great because I can recycle my coffee cup. It’s really appreciate that they don’t get into the right of way and hinder my walk.”

66’

-City Resident with a Destination 66’

66’

“These sidewalks are so organized.

I could recycle my to-go box without going out of my way.”

-Short Term Visitor Smart Bins Wifi

Links | 263

Existing Conditions at 12th St. and Broadway Blvd.

Continuous Frequency of Infrastructure Provides Increased Access to Recycling

0’

2.5’

5’

Broadway Blvd

12th St

Site Plan with Implementation of Infrastructure

N 0’

Example of Standard Pavement Pattern

Arrangement of Inventory Before and After

5’

10’

Scale: 1” = 5’

266 | Links

Links | 267

Slowing Strategy The slowing strategy occurs where the pedestrian right-of-way expands on one side of the road in an area of fairly wide overall right-of-way. These often occur along surface parking lots between destinations. The strategy is focused on slowing pedestrians down with amenities and stopping places where people can socialize and relax.

Configurations of benches, bar top seating, charging stations, and signage centralized around the recycling infrastructure. These arrangements allowed for small social places within the public right-of-way slowing the pedestrian movement to engage with educational signage. By creating these spaces, people are encouraged to stay where there is readily access to recycling bins and signage to teach them.

Prototypical Placement For Movement Strategies

Connecting Guiding Maintaining Interrupting Slowing Standard

Components • Benches in group seating areas • Co-mingled recycling bin and trash bins • Table with seating • Ground plane colors and solar pavers

INTERRUPTIN

SLOWING

STREET

STREET

Conceptual Placement Within Intervention Zones

Interventions Pedestrian Flow

Building Intervention Zones

268 | Links

Sidewalk

Existing Infrastructure

Parking

Drive Lanes

Prototypical Placement of Infrastructure for Slowing Strategy

“These high top tables are the perfect place to eat a quick meal before a concert.”

-Short Term Visitor

“These tables give my friends and I a place to relax outside in between meetings.”

-Long Term Visitor “These benches make me feel like I’m a real citizen, and that I have a right to be in this space.”

- Homeless

“The charging station gives me a quick place to give my phone a jolt while waiting on my next client.”

Smart Bins WiFi Charging Station

-City Resident with a Destination Links | 269

Existing Conditions at Grand Blvd. and 10th St.

Continuous Frequency of Infrastructure Provides Increased Access to Recycling

0’

2.5’

5’

Grand Blvd N

Site Plan with Implementation of Infrastructure

Example of Slowing Pavement Pattern

0’

Arrangement of Inventory Before and After

5’

10’

272 | Links

Links | 273

Interrupting Strategy The interrupting strategy is typically in areas of sudden setback along blocks with a narrow right of way. The infrastructure designs intentionally disrupt the path of pedestrians with kinetic objects meant to engage the public through interactive features. The prototypical placement image on the far right depicts this intentional placement and the series of parts. This set of infrastructure parts incorporate the typically amenities like seating and bike racks, but additional elements with eyecatching displays of light, spinning play equipment, and touch screen games were added to encourage recycling behaviors in engaging and creative ways.

For example, the relationships of a recycling bin with a smart touchscreen kiosk would activate a free game to play if someone properly recycled, which would be tracked through a bin sensor.

Prototypical Placement For Movement Strategies

Connecting Guiding Maintaining Interrupting Slowing Standard

Components • Benches • Signage • Commingled recycling bins and trash bins that use technology to count the items and display information

SLOWING

INTERRUPTING

CONNECTING

Conceptual Placement Within Intervention Zones

• Interactive touch screen and light games to educate people and make recycling fun

STREET

STREET

• Ground plane colors and solar pavers

STREET

Interventions Pedestrian Flow Building Interventions

274 | Links

Sidewalk

Existing Infrastructure

Parking

Drive Lanes

Prototypical Placement of Infrastructure for Interrupting Strategy

“I didn’t realize KC cares so much about recycling. I wouldn’t have known if this sign hadn’t been in the way.”

-City Resident with a Destination

“It’s refreshing to see how involved some cities are in recycling.”

“ I spend every day walking up and down these streets and it’s nice to do something engaging and active to break up the monotony. I even get to learn a little bit too.”

-Short Term Visitor

-Homeless

Smart Bins Wifi

Links | 275

Existing Conditions at 13th and Grand Blvd

Continuous Frequency of Infrastructure Provides Increased Access to Recycling

0’

2.5’

5’

Grand Blvd N

Site Plan with Implementation of Infrastructure

Example of Interrupting Pavement Pattern

0’

Arrangement of Inventory Before and After

5’

10’

278 | Links

Links | 279

INTERRUPTIN

SLOWING Maintaining Strategy

Connecting Guiding Maintaining Interrupting

Slowing Standard

MAINTAINING

Components • Linear style commingled recycling bins and trash bins

STREET

Prototypical Placement For Movement Strategies

STREET

The maintaining strategy focuses on the definition of urban space where parking lots create gaps between buildings, while also bringing attention to recycling through large ground plane info-graphics and signage. Signs, bike racks, planters, and edge defining elements maintain a defined sidewalk edge and can screen open or recessed space beyond.

These elements should orient pedestrian motion to the sidewalk and away from movement into the recessed space, aligning with adjacent building fronts and other defining urban features in order to create a clearer view of the interface between public space and private zones. The prototypical placement image on the far right illustrates how the placement of these street elements would define the edge with ground plane graphics. Additionally, the image depicts how the standard strategy would pick back up after the end of the open space. The kit of parts would utilize the extended recycling bin to encourage the people in motion to recycle due to a larger opening allowing them to maintain their forward movement.

GUIDING

Conceptual Placement Within Intervention Zones

Adjacent Open Space

• Bike racks • Tables • Signage STREET

STREET

• Ground plane colors and solar panels

Interventions Pedestrian Flow Building Intervention Zones

280 | Links

Sidewalk

Existing Infrastructure

Parking Drive Lanes

Prototypical Placement of Infrastructure for Maintaining Strategy

“I like that the waste bins and even the signs are on the edge of the sidewalk. I can find what I need on the street but it’s not in my way.”

-City Resident with a Destination

Smart Bins Wifi Links | 281

Existing Conditions at Grand Blvd. and 12th St.

Continuous Frequency of Infrastructure Provides Increased Access to Recycling

0’

2.5’

5’

Grand Blvd N

Site Plan with Implementation of Infrastructure

Example of Maintaining Pavement Pattern

0’

Arrangement of Inventory Before and After

5’

10’

284 | Links

Links | 285

Guiding Strategy

INTERRUPTING

CONNECTIN Connecting Guiding Maintaining

STREET

SLOWING

Prototypical Placement For Movement Strategies

Slowing

STREET

The guiding strategy focuses on guiding pedestrians into existing adjacent spaces that can further emphasize the importance and accessibility to recycling infrastructure. Guiding interventions claim additional space for public occupancy in the right of way where the built edge of the right of way recedes. Similar to Maintaining, these elements consist of bins, benches, tables, and signage. The primary difference is that Guiding elements shift away from typical sidewalk setback to claim additional land for public use as shown in the prototypical placement image on the far right. Also shown is that the standard strategy is still applied where the guiding strategy is not taking place.

Interrupting

Standard

STREET

Components • Benches • Bike Racks • Tables • Wayfinding and signage • Commingled recycling bin and trash bin • Ground plane activation with paint

MAINTAINING

STANDARD

GUIDING

Conceptual Placement Within Intervention Zones

STREET

STREET

STREET

Adjacent Open Space

Interventions Pedestrian Flow Adjacent Open Space Intervention Zones

286 | Links

Sidewalk

Existing Infrastructure

Parking

Drive Lanes

Prototypical Placement of Infrastructure for Guiding Strategy

“I thought it would be nice to site and read under the trees in this yard. I just never knew I could before.”

-Long Term Visitor

“I didn’t realize KC cares so much about recycling. I wouldn’t have known if this sign hadn’t been in my way.”

- City Resident

Smart Bins WiFi Charging Station Links | 287

Existing Conditions at 10th St. and Main St.

Continuous Frequency of Infrastructure Provides Increased Access to Recycling

0’

2.5’

5’

St 10th

Main St N

Site Plan with Implementation of Infrastructure

Example of Guiding Pavement Pattern

0’

Arrangement of Street Inventory Before and After

5’

10’

290 | Links

Links | 291

Connecting Strategy The connecting strategy is about education and engagement pieces, which connect open spaces on both sides of an intersection through visually striking and cohesive installations, each focused on raising awareness and public participation in recycling local materials that are produced in high volumes. The prototypical placement image on the far right shows the prototypical situation and its related kit of parts.The infrastructural pieces focus on signage and interactive kiosks that emphasize and direct people to the showcased recycling infrastructure. Extended recycling bins allow for the capability of larger collection paired with a containers that display the recycling commodity of the area. These recycling displays would house the actual commodity and have educational visuals about that commodity. The ground plane is painted in a large swath on both the road and sidewalks to create a connection of space and to encourage people to move from one recycling point to another.

Prototypical Placement For Movement Strategies

Connecting Guiding Maintaining Interrupting Slowing Standard

Components • Wayfinding and signage • Commingled recycling bins and trash bins • Educational display boxes that reveal the breakdown of recyclable material

OWING

INTERRUPTING

STREET

STREET

• Ground plane activation

292 | Links TAINING

Conceptual Placement Within Intervention Zones

CONNECTING

STREET

Interventions Pedestrian Flow

Sidewalk

Existing Infrastructure

Intervention Zones

GUIDING Adjacent Open Space

STANDARD

•Two benches per block.

•Wayfinding/bin on each corner

Drive Lanes

Parking

Existing Infrastructure

Sidewalk

Prototypical Placement of Infrastructure for Connecting Strategy

“I think the information kiosks are so cool! I get to lean something new about the city on each side of the street.”

-City Resident “You can learn a plethora of information just by walking down the streets in Kansas City. I couldn’t believe it has a place to compost downtown.”

- Long Term Visitor

Smart Bins WiFi Links | 293

40’

Existing Conditions at 12th St. and Holmes St.

Continuous Frequency of Infrastructure Provides Increased Access to Recycling

0’

2.5’

5’

Holmes St

12th St

N

Site Plan with Implementation of Infrastructure

Example of Connecting Pavement Pattern

0’

Arrangement of Inventory Before and After

5’

10’

296 | Links

Links | 297

A Model for Future Material Recycling Industries Using this material strategy as a model, this project proposes addressing local material economies through design, developing demand for products that can be manufactured locally and benefit other local businesses as well. Plastic, for example, is a product with wildly variable value, as it is primarily shipped to China and processing plants on the coasts. The recycling system proposed could utilize a 100% recycled plastic board material made from locally collected sources, process and manufacture the product into a new useable form, and be used to create more components of the collection system in an increasingly large area.

High Density Polyethelene (HDPE) is a heavily used material included in packaging of many consumer products, such as milk cartons, laundry detergent, water bottles, playground equipment, industrial chutes and containers, railroad ties, and much more. Making products from 100% recycled content saves resources over mining and manufacturing virgin raw materials.

Manufacturing HDPE with recycled materials requires 88% less energy in extraction, processing, and manufacturing processes.

The value of HDPE is extremely low, as it is currently bundled and shipped to processing plants on the US coasts or overseas, and is therefore variable depending on the cost of fuel. By developing industry locally and within the immediate region, additional energy is saved and added costs of shipping and fuel is reduced.

Consumable products are shipped in, purchased, consumed, and then either recycled or trashed. The recycled portion of the material is hauled to one of several local Material Recovery Facilities, where it is separated, shredded, bundled, and shipped by rail to a wide range of regional and coastal buyers, who process the material to be recycled into new products.

As Kansas City and its region include both dairy production and a regional Pepsi bottling plant, there is clear local demand for product that is being met by suppliers from outside the City and region. In addition to this demand, the implementation of the proposed public recycling collection system would establish

298 | Links

a steady demand for material which could easily grow as local industry and architectural needs build upon this demand. Any surplus product could continue to follow the current system of shipping by rail to regional and coastal buyers, though at a much lower rate than the current system.

Kansas City’s current recycling collection and processing would make it simple to isolate #2 plastics for local purchase, which would serve as excellent material stock for creating 100% recycled grey, green, and black HDPE boards. Creating white and colored HDPE boards, however, would be a capability that is currently beyond the local recycling processing abilities, as only clear and white HDPE must be collected, isolated from the rest.

At first, the new manufacturing industry would need to purchase this material from outside Kansas City, which will temporarily drive up the cost for white or colored HDPE material.

1# of HDPE product requires approximately 8 milk jugs. The weight of HDPE is measured at 0.03# per square inch. Using these statistics, each corner trash unit weighs approximately 250# and will require approximately 2500 milk jugs. As the blue material requires a more expensive product, this portion of the total Links system was minimized in order to limit costs.

Calculations based on local waste audits by land-use type show the KCMO Downtown Loop produces approximately 3233 tons of plastic, not including public or event collection volumes.

Assuming a 40% (future) recycling rate, 1,293 tons of plastic will be diverted to recycling. If 15%of this material consists of #2 HDPE plastics (the national product manufacturing average rate), a total of 387,900 pounds of HDPE material will be diverted to landfill from the Downtown Loop alone each year.

Beyond municipal waste, according to a number of State audits in Missouri, there has been a large increase in construction waste diversion in Missouri. At a sample set of landfills across the state, over 8,000 tons of plastics were recycled from construction sites. The industry produces large amounts of recyclable materials, measured as 58,000 tons in 2007 in the

CONCLUSIONS same sample set of landfills. These sources account for at least The Links strategy is a comprehensive approach to creating 10 million additional pounds of #2 material. improved recycling infrastructure in public spaces, while also establishing value in recycled plastic materials that could spur While the closed loop proposal may not include deep economic a strong local recycling industry. However, this strategy alone research into supply chains and the specific business cases will not solve the issues of recycling in Kansas City. Perhaps this for each product mentioned, the case clearly merits further design intervention is one of the first steps the City could take conversation and study between the City, local recycling haulers, to improve the current system. and manufacturers about opportunities to shorten supply chains and build up a local network that connects the waste products The Links strategy can fulfill its goals of engaging people in the of consumers and industry to the supply needs of other public right-of-ways through increased awareness and education manufacturing and industrial processes. as well as increased access to recycling through the completed design of a set of infrastructure pieces, strategic placement In order to build the business case more clearly, the annual waste strategies, and educational and branding details. These design audit the City collects from their haulers should be expanded solutions become a piece of the entire recycling system that the to include not just total volumes, but full material audits which studio set out to address the dilemmas of accessibility, education, identify composition of the waste being collected. Further, to and efficiency with the Links, Clusters and Nodes strategies. check the calculated totals, a waste benchmarking challenge should be issued to buildings over 50,000 square feet in Kansas City, matching the recently adopted energy benchmarking for buildings. This would provide much more accurate data than the students had to work with in creating the waste models that guided so much of the study.

Links | 299

08 | CONCLUSIONS

A RECYCLING SYSTEM FOR DOWNTOWN KANSAS CITY Taken together, Cluster, Node, and Link strategies can form the basis for a comprehensive recycling system for downtown Kansas City, one that by advancing a range of recycling and composting tactics fosters sustainable behavior while improving the city’s public realm.

302 | Conclusions

alm c Re i l b Pu

aterial M

Ri

Cl

Do w

M

rg OO a

Trash

Links

d Lan fill

Paper Plastic Cardboard Metal

nes

Trash

Organic Waste

Street Tre es

and Ev ent Sp ace

Org an

Re us

Show c

R

are Aw

Seating

ing ycl

Urban

n ow nt

Glass Organic Waste

nic

Rec

3D Video

Paper Plastic Cardboard Metal

Artist

Performance

2D

le Gla pp

ss

ting Art i ota

st

ffolding Sca ed

y

ters us

ode eN s a

c y Fa ilit

ov Rec er

e Nod ic

Composting Process

Trees

Heat Capture and Reuse

Micro greens

Sale

Stormwater Management

Conclusions | 303

CONCLUSION

Prototypical Designs The Clusters Design Strategy

City Reconsidered suggests aiming for 80% waste diversion in Kansas City, with 40% of waste captured via recycling and another 40% via composting.The study focuses on downtown Kansas City because of the intensity of land use (and hence waste production) in the district and because its preponderance of multifamily and commercial uses are not adequately addressed by current municipal recycling policy. Achieving 80% diversion will require the participation of a host of public, private, and civic actors, as well as actions that address accessibility to recycling infrastructure, efficient collection and processing systems, and public education, awareness, and marketing.

The vision framework articulated in City Reconsidered was informed by extensive research into production, collection, and reuse of waste, taking into consideration a host of concerns from design to policy and from incentives to enforcement. Some of the challenges in searching for better ways of managing Kansas City’s material waste system include the complexity of the system and the lack of good data, much of which is either nonexistent or in private hands. Kansas City Design Center produced original research to inform its conclusions and recommendations, including modeling both waste streams for a range of land uses and temporary events as well as logistics networks and supply chains for a range of recyclable and compostable material.

A system of Clusters, Nodes, and Links offers promising solutions to Kansas City’s recycling challenges. The strategies improve access to recycling infrastructure in the public and private realm, suggest ways of making recycling and composting feasible and more efficient, and build public support for sustainable behavior through education, engagement, and public art. They are creative proposals embodying outside the box thinking that helps us consider the challenges of sustainable waste management in new ways. Critically, they also address the public realm, demonstrating the possibilities of improving the city as a whole through solutions that address specific challenges and concerns.

Although the immediate objective of City Reconsidered involves increasing diversion of waste streams from landfill to recycling and composting, the larger goal involves a commitment to sustainability in our daily lives. This latter goal requires changes in habit and mind. By addressing recycling through creative design proposals that are compelling in their own right, City Reconsidered offers the means of addressing both the material and moral dimensions to sustainable behavior.

304 | Conclusions

2

The Organic Node Strategy

3

The Showcase Node Strategy

4

The Links Strategy

1

3

4 2

Conclusions | 305

09 | BIBLIOGRAPHY

Action. “Recycling at Work: Research to Infrom Improved Recycling in the Workplace.” Recyclingatwork.org, April 2015. http:// www.kab.org/site/DocServer/KAB_Recycling_Work_Research_April2015.pdf?docID=9421&AddInterest=1001.

Alexander, Ron. “Using Compost to Conserve Water,” January 21, 2015.

Bel, Germà, and Mildred Warner. “Does Privatization of Solid Waste and Water Services Reduce Costs? A Review of Empirical Studies.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52, no. 12 (October 2008): 1337–48. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.07.014.

Beniston, Joshua. “Assessing and Managing Soil Quality for Urban Agriculture.” Ph.D.,The Ohio State University, 2013. http://search. proquest.com.er.lib.k-state.edu/docview/1673638030/abstract/29831C9E58C24233PQ/221.

Berger, Alan. Drosscape Wasting Land in Urban America. New York, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.

Bridging The Gap. “Green Event Planning Guide.” Bridging The Gap, n.d.

Broadway, Michael. “Growing Urban Agriculture in North American Cities: The Example of Milwaukee.” Focus On Geography 52, no. 3/4 (Winter 2009): 23–30,73.

Calcott, Paul, and Margaret Walls. “Waste, Recycling, and ‘Design for Environment’: Roles for Markets and Policy Instruments.”

Resource and Energy Economics 27, no. 4 (November 2005): 287–305. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2005.02.001.

Cascadia Consulting Group. “California 2008 Statewide Waste Characterization Study.” California Inte-grated Waste Management Board, August 2009.

City of Fremont Environmental Services Division. “Waste Handling Guidelines,” July 2015. https://www.fremont.gov/ DocumentCenter/Home/View/1528.

City of Kansas City, MO. “Code of Ordinances.” City of Kansas City, MO, October 16, 2015. https://www.municode.com/library/ mo/kansas_city/codes/code_of_ordinances.

City of Melbourne. “Guidelines for Preparing A Waste Management Plan.” November 3, 2014. https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ BuildingandPlanning/Planning/formsfees/Documents/Guidelines_for_Waste_Management_Plan_2014.pdf.

City of Sunnyvale, California. “City of Sunnyvale Design Guidelines For Solid Waste and Recycling Facili-ties: Commercial/Mixeduse/Industrial.” City of Sunnyvale, California, June 2011.

Cox, Erin. “Annapolis Parks Could Go Trash Can-Free to Save Money.” The Baltimore Sun, 2012. http://articles.baltimoresun. com/2012-11-01/news/bs-md-ar-no-trash-cans-at-parks-20121031_1_trash-cans-national-parks-city-parks.

DeLind, Laura B. “Are Local Food and the Local Food Movement Taking Us Where We Want to Go? Or Are We Hitching Our Wagons to the Wrong Stars?” Agriculture and Human Values 28, no. 2 (2011): 273–83.

EPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Recycling Basics,” 2015. http://www2.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics 308 | Bibliography

Franciosi-Novozymes, Frank. “Keep Water Where It Falls,” n.d.

Freidrich, Heather. “Urban Agriculture, Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities.” Journal of Nutrition Education 29, no. 6 (December 1997): 361–62.

Gehl, Jan, and Lars Gemzoe. Public Spaces Public Life. Danish Architectural Press, 1996.

“Green Event Planning Guide: Keeping It Green When You Plan Special Events.” Bridging The Gap, n.d. https://www.bridgingthegap. org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/green-events-planning-guide-2011.pdf.

Griffin, Mary, Jeffery Sobal, and Thomas A. Lyson. “An Analysis of a Community Food Waste Stream.” Agriculture and Human Values 26, no. 1–2 (March 2009): 67–81. doi:http://dx.doi.org.er.lib.k-state.edu/10.1007/s10460-008-9178-1.

Gunders, Dana, and NRDC. “Wasted: How America Is Losig Up to 30 Percent of Its Food from Farm to Fork to Landfill.” NRDC, August 2012.

Gunnaseelan,VN. “Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass for Methane Production: A Review.” Biomass and Bioenergy 13, no. 1–2 (1997): 83–114.

Hou, Jeffrey, ed. Insurgent Public Space: Guerrilla Urbanism and the Remaking of Contemporary Cities. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2010.

Hudson, Berman D. “Soil Organic Matter and Available Water Capacity.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49, no. 2 (April 1994): 189–94.

Joseph, Kurian. “Stakeholder Participation for Sustainable Waste Management.” Habitat International, Solid Waste Management as if People MatterSolid Waste Management as if People Matter, 30, no. 4 (December 2006): 863–71. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.09.009.

Kansas City Planning and Development. “City of Kansas City, MO Overview,” 2015. http://kcmo.gov/planning/kcmo-overview/.

Keramitsoglou, Kiriaki, and Konstantinos Tsagarakis.“Public Participation in Designing a Recycling Scheme Towards Maximum Public Acceptance.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 70 (2013): 55–67.

Lane, Gordon W.S., and Travis P.Wagner. “Examining Recycling Container Attributes and Household Recycling Practices.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 75 (June 2013): 32–40. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.03.005.

Lerner, Jaime. Urban Acupuncture. 3 edition. Washington D.C. ; Covelo ; London: Island Press, 2014.

Lyons, Kristen, Carol Richards, Lotus Desfours, and Marco Amati. “Food in the City: Urban Food Movements and the (re)- Imagining of Urban Spaces.” Australian Planner 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 157–63. doi:10.1080/07293682.2013.776983.

Magdoff, Fred. Building Soils for Better Crops - Sustainable Soil Management. Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education / USDA, 2009.

Bibliography | 309

Maynard, Abigail A. “Reducing Fertilizer Costs with Leaf Compost.” BioCycle 40, no. 4 (April 1999): 54–55.

McDaniel, Lisa. “Generation Rates,” 2009.

McKenzie-Mohr, Doug. Fostering Sustainable Behavior: An Introduction to Community-Based Social Marketing. Third Edition edition. New Society Publishers, 2011.

Mendes, Wendy. “Using Land Inventories to Plan for Urban Agriculture: Experiences from Portland and Vancouver.” Journal of the American Planning Association 74, no. 4 (2008): 435–49.

Mueller,William. “The Effectiveness of Recycling Policy Options:Waste Diversion or Just Diversions?” Special Thematic Issue: Urban MiningUrban Mining 33, no. 3 (March 2013): 508–18. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.007.

Nordahl, Darrin. Public Produce : The New Urban Agriculture. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press, 2009. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10511989.MSTAR_929198964/29831C9E58C24233PQ/147?accountid=11789.

Norris, Greg. “Environmental Handprinting.” Trim Tab: The Magazine for Transformative People + De-sign, November 2014, 61–64.

Recology San Francisco. “Artist in Residence Program,” 2015. http://www.recologysf.com/index.php/about-air.

Ruben N. Lubowski, Marlow Vesterby, Shawn Bucholtz, Alba Baez, and Michael Roberts. “Major Uses of Land in the United States.”

USDA Economic Research Service, May 2006. http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economic-information-bulletin/eib14.aspx.

Russ, Winfried, and Roland Meyer-Pittroff. “Utilizing Waste Products from the Food Production and Processing Industries.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 44, no. 1 (2004): 57–62.

Saphores, Jean-Daniel M., and Hilary Nixon.“How Effective Are Current Household Recycling Policies? Results from a National Survey of U.S. Households.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 92 (November 2014): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.08.010.

SCS Engineers. “Long-Term Solid Waste Management Strategic Plan.” City of Kansas City, Missouri, February 12, 2008.

Seven Generations Ahead. “Zero Waste Event Planning Guide.” Seven Generations Ahead, 2008. http://sevengenerationsahead.org/ images/work/zerowaste/SGA_ZW_Event_Planning_Guide_FINAL.pdf Shannon, Kelly, and Marcel Smets. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. Rotterdam: NAI Publishers, 2010.

Speck, Jeff. Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time. Reprint edition. New York: North Point Press, 2013.

Sullivan, Preston. “Drought Resistant Soil (whitepaper) - Agronomy Technical Note.” NCAT Agriculture Specialist, November 2002.

Terracycle. “TerraCycle: About Us,” n.d. http://www.terracycle.com/en-US/pages/about-us.

310 | Bibliography

The City of Edinburg. “Waste Development Guidelines, Planning Standards and Requirements For Sold Waste,” April 2, 2012. http://www.cityofedinburg.com/pdfs/SWM%20Waste%20Development%20Guidelines%20Planning%20Standards%20and%20 Requirements%20for%20Solid%20Waste.pdf.

The Cor Team. “Greater Downtown Area Plan.” Kansas City, MO, 2010.

The Smart Growth Manual. 1 edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2009.

Topsoil Bylaws Toolkit. Okanagan Basin Water Board (www.obwb.ca), 2012. http://waterbucket.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ OBWB-and-PWSBC_Topsoil-Bylaws-Toolkit_2012.pdf.

Varnelis, Kazys. The Infrastructural City: Networked Ecologies in Los Angeles, n.d. Accessed September 25, 2015.

“Waste Characterization Study 2014 Final Report.” Sonoma County Waste Management Agency, Sep-tember 2014.

Weinberg,Adam S., David N. Pellow, and Allan Schnaiberg. Urban Recycling and the Search for Sus-tainable Community Development.

Princeton, NJ: Priceton University Press, 2000.

“Zero Waste Checklist For Events.” San Francisco Environment, 2014. http://sfenvironment.org/sites/default/files/fliers/files/sfe_ zw_events_checklist.pdf.

“Zoning and Development Code.” City of Kansas City, MO, June, 2015. http://online.encodeplus.com/regs/kansascity-mo/index. aspx.

Bibliography | 311