Redefining Transitional Housing for Homeless Veterans - An Architectural Thesis

Redefining Transitional Housing For Homeless Veterans Kathryn Santos Ball State University Professor: Michel Mounayar Advisor: Cesar Cruz

60,912 veterans in the United States will have no where to sleep tonight.

22 veterans will commit suicide today from untreated illnesses.

Introduction

Acknowledgments ... page 4 Abstract ... page 5

Thesis proposal

Issues and Positions ... page 6 Thesis Question, Statement, and Project Overview ... page 7 Program Outline ... page 8 Site Selection and Information ... page 9 Research Overview ... page 12

Design Process and Results

Design objectives ... page 34 Personal Stories ... page 35 Form Discovery ... page 36 Use of Cross-Laminated Timber ... page 37 Site Plan ... page 38 VA Facilities ... page 40 Unit Information and Construction ... page 44 Living Facility’s Floor Plans ... page 48

Reflections and Conclusions

Reflection ... page 54 Recommendations ... page 55

Resources

Bibliography ... page 56 Image List ... page 58

01 02 03 04 05

Acknowledgments Page 4

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my studio professor, Michel Mounayar, and my thesis advisor, Cesar Cruz. Their dedication, support,

scholarly

advice,

and

overall insight into the professional field

helped

possible.

make

Their

this

project

encouragement

throughout this process allowed me to keep striving and improving. My appreciation also goes to my family and friends who supported me during my college career and reminded me of my passion for architecture.

environment that cannot serve the

across the United States. There

basic needs of a large percentage of

are 553,742 people (about half the

veterans experiencing homelessness.

population of Maine) who experience homelessness on any given night.

The design of this typology should

60,912 of these people have served in

combat mental illness and social

the military. In fact, men and women

isolation. This thesis explores applying

who have served in the military

biophilic

are at a higher risk of experiencing

housing for homeless veterans to

homelessness

positively impact the mental health

than

any

other

the

design

to

inhabitants.

transitional

demographic. This is mainly because

of

The

design

of mental and physical trauma.

process also should utilize modular design to cut down on construction

The

demand

for

housing

costs and time.

The master plan

developments for veterans surpasses

for this facility will also use public

the supply. Although there have

spaces to combat social isolation.

been efforts made to alleviate this crisis, the existing process does not adapt to the needs of these veterans, involves costly construction, and is

inefficient

complications

with in

time. the

These current

construction process have created an

A b s t r a c t

Homelessness is a plague that spans

Page 5

s a l

i s

s o

e p

h o

T P r Page 6

Issues

Po s iti o n s

• Tr a n s i ti o n al h o u s i n g f o r h o m e l e s s v eter a ns d o e s n o t ad d r e s s m e n t al di s a bi l i t i e s l i k e P TSD , an x i e t y , s o c i a l i s o l at i o n , an d d e p r e s s i o n .

Th i s s pe ci f i c g r o u p o f p e o p l e i s a t a hi g h e r r i s k f o r t h e s e m e n t al i l l n es s es , b u t f aci l i t i e s d o n o t uti l i ze d e s i g n t o ai d i n t h e menta l h e al t h o f t h e i n h ab i t an t s .

• T h e de si gn f or th e se f a c i l i ti e s s h ou l d h av e a pos i ti v e i m pa c t on a pe rs on ’ s p s yc h e . Se v e ra l s c i e n ti f i c stu di e s h av e sh own th a t be i n g e m e rse d i n n at u re c a n l owe r bl ood pre s su re , r e d u c e stre ss , a n d l e ss e n th e e f f e c ts o f me n ta l i l l n e s se s. Th e re f ore , n a tu re s h ou l d be i n te gra te d i n to th e de si gn e i t h e r by u si n g n a tu ra l m a te ri a l s or b y c re a ti n g s m a l l gre e n s pa c e s th a t can be e n j oye d by th e c om m u n i ty.

• A r o un d 6 0 ,9 1 2 s e r v i ce m e n a n d w o m e n co u l d e x p e r i e n ce ho mel ess n e s s on an y given ni ght. T h i s v as t n u m b e r s h o w s the h i g h d e m an d an d n e e d for ho u s i n g .

Ho w e v e r , the tr a di ti o n al co n s t r u ct i o n p r o ce s s tha t i s u s e d f o r t h e s e f aci l i t i e s w a s te b o t h t i m e an d m o n e y bec a u s e of its i n e f f i ci e n cy .

• Instead of using traditional construction m e t h ods, tra n si ti on a l h ou s i n g f or h o me l e ss v e te ra n s s h ou l d c a pi ta l i z e on pre f a bri c a ti on and m odu l a r co n stru c ti on . M odu l a r l i v i n g u n i ts c a n b e c on stru c te d of f -si te i n a n a s se m bl y l i n e type f a s h i on wh i l e th e f ou n da ti on an d s tru c tu re a re be i n g bu i l t on -si te .

T h i s wi l l c u t down on th e c on stru c ti on co s t a n d ti m e f or e a c h f a c i l i ty.

• C u r r en t f l o o r p l an s o f t r an s i t i o n al ho u s i ng f o r h o m e l e s s v e t e r an s d o not fully serve people with physical di s a bi l i t i e s .

Although these f a c i l i ti es d o f o l l o w A DA co d e s , tha t i s n o t e n o u g h f o r s o m e o n e c o n f i n ed t o a w h e e l ch ai r t o l i v e c o mf o r t ab l y . Of t e n t i m e s t h e l a y o u ts f o r t h e l i v i n g u n i t s h av e ti gh t s p ace s t o m an e u v e r ar o u n d a n d s mal l o b s t acl e s s u ch as d o o r tr ea ds th at can b e co m e a n u i s an ce .

• F l o or pl a n s f or th i s typol ogy s h ou l d be spacious so that a person in a wheelchair can e a si l y m ov e a rou n d th e i r l i v i n g u n it. Un i ts s h ou l d u se poc ke t doors w i t h n o-s i l l th re s h ol ds to e l i m i n a te th e h ass l e of a door s wi n g a n d a l l ow e a si e r acce s s f rom room to room . I n ste a d of o n ly f ol l owi n g ADA c ode s , e v e ry s m a l l d e ta i l of th e de s i gn s h ou l d be c a te re d t o s om e on e wi th a ph ys i c a l di s a bi l i ty.

Thesis Ques t ion

H ow can arch i tec tu r e po s i ti vel y i m p act the l ives o f homel es s veter a ns ?

Thesis Stat e m ent

B iophilic and mo dul a r des i gn s h o u l d b e u sed in t ran s i ti o n a l ho u s i ng f o r homeless vet er a n s s o th ey c a n b e a ssist ed in o ver c o mi n g ph y s i c a l an d m ental disabi l i ti es .

P roj ect O ver view

T his project w i l l r edef i n e ho w tr an s i t i o n al housing fo r h o mel es s v eter a ns sh o u l d b e d esigned. It w i l l c r ea te new s ta n d ar d s b y cre a t ing spaci o us f l o o r pl a ns f o r p e o p l e w i t h p hysical disabi l i ti es , u s i ng bi o ph i l i c d e s i g n to reduce t he ef f ec ts o f men ta l i l l n e s s e s , a nd capitalizi ng o n mo dul a r desi g n f o r i t s tim e and co st ef f i c i enc y . Thi s pr o j e ct w i l l introduce VA f a c i l i ti es o n- s i te to al l o w f o r e a sier access to medi c a l tr ea tme n t . It w i l l integrat e t he l o c a l c o mmun i ty t h r o u g h outdoo r publi c s pa c es a nd c o mm e r ci al b uildings to enc o ur a ge th e i n ter act i o n of homeless v eter a ns a n d o ther s i n t h e com munit y. Th i s f a c i l i ty w i l l ma i n l y h o u s e single-unit dw el l i n gs bec a u s e 92 % o f homeless veter a n s a r e s i n gl e ma l e s . Ho w e v e r , there will be s o me tw o - bedr o o m u n i t s f o r the occasional bo n ded pa i r .

Page 7

P rogram o u t l ine C o mmunity Spa ce s C a fe - 1,554 s qf t J uice Bar - 1,660 s qf t Rest aurant (2) - 1, 853 s qf t Gym - 2,250 s qf t Retail (5) - 1,7 72 s qf t VA Facil iti es Physical Thera py - 3, 040 s qf t M e dical Clinic - 4, 790 s qf t C ounseling Ce nter - 4, 790 s qf t

Ho me l e ss Ve te ran Stati sti cs

51% have disab ilities

Living Units O ne Bedro o m ( 83) - 731 s qf t Two Bedroo m ( 24) - 1, 050 s qf t

68% live in ur ban areas

92% are single males Figure 1. Homeless Veterans Statistics Graphs.

Image by author in 2022.

Page 8

Si te Selec t io n and In f ormat ion Tex as is o ne o f th e to p thr ee s t at e s with the hig hes t h o mel es s v et e r an p opulatio n an d D a l l a s bei n g o n e of the to p 20 c i ti es i n A me r i ca.

A rou nd 900 veter a ns w i l l exper i e n ce homelessness o n a n y gi v en n i g h t .

T his is why th e pr o po s ed s i te w i l l b e locat ed in D a l l a s , Texa s . 68 % o f homeless vet er a ns a r e l o c a te d i n d ownto wn are a s bec a us e o f the e as y a ccess to basi c n eeds . Ther ef o r e , t h e p ropo sed sit e w i l l be i n do w n t o w n Da llas. Curren tl y , th e s i te i s a p ay to-park parking l o t o f f o f El m St r e e t a nd acro ss fr o m a pa r ki ng gar ag e .

Figure 2. Location of Dallas, Texas. Image by author in 2022.

Figure 3. Location of Proposed Site. Image by author in 2022.

Page 9

North of the site, across from Pacific Avenue, are three green spaces.

Northwest is Pacific Plaza which has a variety of different seating areas and some children’s playground equipment. North of the site is a bus station that utilizes green spaces and lawns. Northeast of the proposed site is John W. Carpenter Park.

This park is currently under construction, but it will feature green spaces, walking paths, and a dog park.

John W. Carpenter Park

Public Bus Station

Proposed Site Pacific Plaza

Figure 4. Site Context Diagram. Image by author in 2022.

The site will be located near several different transportation options.

Across the street is a bus station and three different Dallas DART stations are only a couple of blocks away.

Having easy access to transportation is important so that the inhabitants have a way to move around the city to access goods or services.

DART Station

DART Station

DART Station

Figure 5. Location of Public Transportation Diagram. Image by author in 2022.

Bus Station

Proposed Site

U s e of Bi op h il ic D esign

“Biophilic design aims to create

urban context. Therefore, provoking

landscapes that enhance human

this aspect of the human brain to

physical and mental health and

positively affect mental and physical

Homelessness has plagued American

productivity by fostering beneficial

health can be achieved through

veterans for decades. According to

connections between people and

biophilic design. However, there are a

the U.S.

Department of Veterans

nature in places of cultural and

multitude of variables to consider in a

Affairs, 37,085 veterans experienced

ecological significance” (Baldwin et

design project for it to be successful.

homelessness in 2019. These men

al., 2011). The use of biophilic design

There are plenty of research studies

and women gave up a part of their

has been around for centuries but

that have proven the psychological

lives to fight for their country but

has only recently been connected

benefits of being around nature. Some

are often neglected once they return

with restorative cognitive function

of these benefits include lower stress

from service. Three main reasons

and physical health. Some scientists

levels, increased mood, and reduced

for homelessness among veterans

believe that this is because “…

risk from psychotic disorders. An

are social isolation, physical injuries,

humans are innately predisposed

article published by the International

and mental illness. These issues

to have an emotional affinity with

Journal of Environmental Research

can be addressed through modular

nature” (Joye, 2006). It is thought

and Public Health explains a study

homes that can create a community

that humans have this preference

that found the mental health benefits

and biophilic design to fight against

for nature due to the fact that “…

of public green spaces. Participants

mental illnesses. This research will dive

the brain evolved in a biocentric

were required to take part in some

further into the benefits of integrating

world” (Joye, 2006). In other words,

type of activity in one of three local

nature

creating

people have been interwoven with

green spaces over a period of two

successful community spaces, and

nature for the majority of humanity;

weeks. These volunteers were then

the efficiencies of modular design.

only recently branching away to an

expected to answer a questionnaire to

Page 12

into

a

project,

determine if there were any changes to their mental well-being. The study found that there were positive effects on the participants’ moods on all forms of activity. However, the authors state that “the location of the green space, over and above the type of activity, was an important factor in reducing stress. The concept of a healthy place is not only dependent on the physical characteristics of a site but also includes a sense of place…” (Coventry et al., 2019). This shows that although green public

Figure 6. Interior Perspective of Te Kura Whare in New Zealand. Image was downloaded from https://owtnz.com/project/te-kurawhare/ in April 2022.

spaces are beneficial, they need to

in urban environments” (Coventry

can achieve a successful design

be well designed and relate to the

et al., 2019). These positive effects

with this strategy. They explain

public to reach its full potential.

on a person’s psyche are essential

that green spaces are not the only

Additionally, the study found that

in designing facilities for veterans

characteristics of biophilic design,

“Short walks of thirty minutes in

who experience mental illnesses.

but also aspects such as natural

natural environments with green or

Martin and Choi (2018) Provide a

lighting, natural shapes and forms,

blue spaces are also associated with

couple of study cases in their article

environmental

greater restorative experiences and

about biophilic design. These case

patterns, place-based relationship,

cognitive function than similar walks

studies

and natural materials also play a

explain

how

designers

features,

natural

Page 13

significant role. Integrating all these

forest” (Martin & Choi, 2018). By

secure, and truly be content with

attributes or biophilia contribute to

imitating the local environment,

their way in living. It is imperative to

making a well-designed project. One

the designers were also creating a

create this kind of experience when

case study that they presented is a

sense of place with the community.

designing a transitional housing

community center in New Zealand

As

the

facility. In order to best produce

known as Te Kura Whare. “Lighting—

study performed by Coventry et.at.,

this type of experience, biophilic

both natural and artificial—is cleverly

creating a sense of place is essential

design needs to be implemented

varied

building,

to create a successful design project.

to its full potential. The studies that

warming the timber and leveraging

These design strategies are crucial

were performed by Coventry, Neale,

varying intensities of light and

when using biophilic design to

Dyke, Pateman, and Cinderby have

shadow that change over time to

aid in mental health. To produce

proven the mental benefits of using

emulate conditions that occur in

a successful transitional housing

this type of design strategy. The

nature” (Martin & Choi, 2018). This

facility, the structure should use

participants who performed daily

community center not only has

natural materials like exposed cross-

activities for two weeks in their study

access to public green spaces, but it

laminated timber as well as local

all showed reduced stress levels,

also mimics its natural environment

materials and wildlife vegetation. If

better moods, and reduced heart

through

materials.

the design were to use materials or

rates. However, their study also found

More specifically, “Natural materials,

vegetation that are not usually found

that being in a natural environment

shapes and forms can be seen and

in the area, then it would be more

is not the only important factor to

touched in the logs that serve as

difficult for the local population

consider. They discovered that if a

posts, beams and trusses… Together

to form a connection to the place.

participant felt a sense of place in

with vertical bands of glazing, they

Home is often thought of as being a

their environment, then these effects

are suggestive of tree trunks in a

place where a person can relax, feel

were greatly intensified. To create a

Page 14

throughout

lighting

the

and

previously

stated

from

sense of place in a design, the use of

traumas

and

materials, lighting, and other design

designing with natural elements is

characteristics need to be strategically

not the only design decision that

chosen. Using local materials would

should be made. Creating enjoyable

better connect with the community

public

spaces

illnesses.

is

also

However,

crucial.

than a foreign material brought from an unknown location. Although biophilic design is usually only seen as providing public green spaces, that is not the only approach that should be

applied.

Natural

daylighting,

materials, organic forms, and natural patterns should all be utilized when creating a successful design. The Te Kura Whare community center in New Zealand used all these qualities in its design to productively connect with the local population.

The benefits of biophilic design are important characteristics to consider when designing a development for a population of people who are at higher risk of suffering from mental Page 15

Imp ortan c e o f P u blic Spac es

for homelessness (among veterans)

neuroendocrine system, and cognitive

are lack of support and social

functioning” and that “PSI also leads

isolation after discharge” (“Veteran

to depression, cognitive decline,

The urban environment has rapidly

Homelessness Facts,” n.d.). Therefore,

and

transformed into a concrete jungle.

designing a social hub to counteract

social isolation can affect a person’s

Most cities in America have evolved

the social isolation that homeless

physical health, it also has harmful

around motorized vehicles instead

veterans are faced with is imperative in

effects on a person’s psychological

of the people. Urban planning in

a transitional housing development.

health. A study that was performed

the United States focused on roads

After being discharged many veterans

on British school children found

and highways, making public spaces

will leave the military and retreat

that “early childhood loneliness (at

and pedestrian life a low priority.

into isolation to seek refuge. They

ages five and nine) was predictive of

Cities often lack well designed public

often feel alone and like an outcast

significant depressive illness later in

spaces because of this movement

after having to return to civilian life

life” (Bhatti & Haq, 2017). Another

towards automobiles. Over 60% of

and being separated from the men

study that was carried out included a

the homeless veteran population

and women who went through the

sample group of 19,000 individuals.

reside in urban areas because of the

same experiences. However, this

They discovered that among the

easy access to necessities that cities

withdrawal into seclusion can have

sample group “those who frequently

provide (“Veteran Homelessness,”

immense negative effects on a

experienced loneliness were at 21%

2021). Cities not providing enough

person’s health. Research performed

increased risk of having suicidal

public spaces for social interaction

by Bhatti and Haq (2017) found that

thoughts (as against 2.5% of those

is detrimental to the health of

there are “clear linkages between

who were not as frequently lonely)

homeless veterans. In fact, “research

PSI

(perceived

isolation)

and had a 8.4% chance of attempting

shows that the greatest risk factors

and

the

system,

suicide as against 0.7% for those who

Page 16

social

cardiovascular

sleep

problems.”

Although

were less frequently lonely” (Bhatti & Haq, 2017). Veterans are already at a high risk of suffering from mental disorders such as post traumatic stress

disorder

and

depression.

Therefore, it is essential not to assist in this problem, but instead encourage social interaction among homeless

veterans

through

the

use of well-designed public spaces.

Although creating a communal space is important, it is crucial to ensure that the space is well designed so that it attracts people to inhabit the

Figure 7. Photo showing community interation in King George Square. Image was downloaded from https://www.gpsmycity.com/ attractions/king-george-square-24695.html in April 2022.

area. Just providing a space to gather

channels.” In other words, the majority

better engage the public rather than

is not necessarily enough to be

of the people merely passed through

them becoming movement channels.

inviting to the public. Trudy Schmidt

these spaces without stopping. Even

The first rule is that “public space

examined two public spaces in the

though these spaces were labeled

design should encourage a range

Brisbane Central Business District:

as movement channels, Schmidt

of different activities and choices

King George Square and Riverside

noticed that some people would use

to attract people into the space,

Centre Steps. She discovered that

the space for other activities. She

through the provision of different

both of these community spaces

used these findings to determine

areas which allow for a range of

could be categorized as “movement

how to design public spaces to

different use” (Pancholi et al., 2015). If Page 17

a space is designed to only serve one

Some other suggestions include

with cognitive function. There can

purpose, then the amount of people

providing interesting or beautiful

also be an affect on psychological

who use the space becomes limited.

views, allowing enough space for

health such as depression or anxiety.

However, if the space is able to be

groups to cluster, and the use of

Veterans are already more likely to

responsive to a multitude of user

water should be integrated into

experience these types of health

needs then more people are likely to

the design due to people’s natural

problems compared to their civilian

utilize the space. Another rule that

attraction towards water. Keeping

peers so the design of a transitional

was determined was that “a range

these design strategies in mind

housing facility for homeless veterans

of adequate seating types should be

when establishing a public place will

should be created to promote better

provided to ensure opportunities and

guarantee that the space is successful

health. To fight against the isolation

choices suited to maximum number

in attracting the local population.

that homeless veterans face the

of users” (Pancholi et al., 2015).

Homeless veterans are at a high

development needs to offer public

Schmidt found that a popular activity

risk of socially secluding themselves

spaces to stimulate social gathering.

among the people who spent time

from the public. Often times this is

Not only would this allow for veterans

in these public spaces was people

because civilian life can be difficult

to come together and lean on one

watching;

supplying

to adjust back into after being

another for support, but it would

sufficient seating is essential for

discharged. Studies such as the

also draw in the community and

public spaces. The placement of the

one completed by Bhatti and Haq

encourage the local residents to help

seating is also significant. Seating

have found there to be a variety of

fight against and better understand

should be placed in areas that receive

negative side effects from social

the

sunshine and in areas that are shaded

isolation. These side effects include

However, in order to for a public

so people have different choices

damage to a person’s physical health

space to successfully entice the public

based on their thermal comfort.

like cardiovascular problems or issues

there are certain design strategies

Page 18

therefore,

problem

of

homelessness.

that should be implemented. The

social isolation is ideal. Designing

space needs to offer a variety of

a space where the population can

activities for the community to

gather and interact with one another

interact with and enjoy. The more

would not only allow for the veterans

physically, emotionally, and mentally

to connect with other veterans

stimulating the area is then the more

experiencing the same life struggles,

likely it is for the people to want to

but also help bridge the social class

inhabit the space. There should also

gap of homeless veterans and the

be adequate seating for the people

local community. Although biophilic

to use that offer different visual and

design and producing successful

physically experiences such as being

public spaces are vital, they are

in the shade versus being in the sun.

not the only design aspects to take

Providing visual inspiration such as a

into account when manufacturing

water feature or a sculptural element

transitional

would also lure the local community.

housing is in high demand so there

Using

design

should be a solution that is used to

components in a public space would

minimize construction time and cost.

ensure that the space is successful

Not only would this allow for more

in drawing in people to occupy the

developments to be constructed

area and promote social interaction.

because of the lower costs, but it

Creating a desirable public space

would also allow for more complexes

for a housing development where

to be built in a faster amount of time.

these

different

housing.

Transitional

the inhabitants often experience Page 19

Eff icienc y o f M odul ar D es ig n

undergoing work at the same time.

solution to cut down on construction

When a mistake happens because

costs and create a process that can

of this it lengthens the timeline for

easily be used throughout a multitude

The cost of construction can quickly

the projects and raises the expenses.

of states is to use modular design.

become out of hand and easily

According to the 2021 budget plan

The use of modular design can cut

exceed a provided budget, especially

released by the Veteran’s Affairs, the

down on the time of construction

in a post-covid world. The prices of

allotted amount that goes towards

for a project. The design can be

building materials have sored to a

homeless veterans is $1.8 billion

constructed in a different location

record high due to the lack of supply

(Veteran’s Affairs, 2021). This budget is

while site preparation is on-going.

during coronavirus. This has caused

not strictly for housing development,

Some advantages of modular design

the price in construction to also go

it also includes other services such

include “(1) standardized design, (2)

up. However, it is not only the expense

as

standardized production method,

of materials that has made the cost

opportunities.

of construction so pricey. The cost

budget that the VA has to spend

(mass

of labor is also a factor into the price

towards housing development for

et al., 2019). Through the use of

of construction. Modular design can

homeless veterans across the nation

standardized design and production

significantly reduce the traditional

is significantly less than $1.8 billion.

methods, structures can be built

cost of homebuilding by reducing

There is a high demand for housing

faster

material and labor costs. When

among homeless veterans across the

using traditional methods. A study

traditional construction techniques

states so ensuring that the price of

performed in Seoul, South Korea

are used there is a higher chance

construction is as low as possible so

examined the construction data from

for rework. This risk occurs because

that a greater amount of veterans can

91 different traditional built housing

there are multiple areas that are

be positively impacted is imperative. A

projects and compared these against

Page 20

health

care

or

employment

Therefore,

the

and (3) large-scale development production

than

system)”

when

(Lee

constructed

projects that used the modular design concepts. “The results show that, even if not standardized, the design and production process, and modular

construction

durations,

were more effective” (Lee et al., 2019).

A main factor that helped make the construction time for modular design significantly shorter was that the structure could be built off site while the foundation was being poured for the project. Another benefit that aided in creating a faster construction

schedule

was

Figure 8. Diagram explaining the different types of modular design. Image was downloaded from https://www.semanticscholar.org/ paper/An-Analysis-on-Architectural-Characteristics-of-and-Lee-Lim/81fb74e2b78c7c53bf9226aa5fb9a17ff6b9dde7 in April 2022.

that

“modular construction has the effect

worked at a fixed time and workspace;

produced in a short amount of time.

of resource saving and productivity

therefore, in modular design there

The growing population of homeless

improvement by minimizing rework”

is less of a chance for mistakes.

veterans has led to a high demand

(Hyun et al., 2020). When a project

Although a lower price tag on a

in housing development for this

is constructed in a conventional way

project from modular design is

particular group. This high demand

there is a higher risk for a design

one benefit from having a reduced

should

mistake to occur due to multiple

construction

another

the time efficient use of modular

areas under work at the same time.

important benefit is that these

design. Time sensitive architectural

Meanwhile,

modular designs can be easily mass

crises have been using modular

modular

design

is

timeline,

be

addressed

through

Page 21

design to quickly address occurring

structure

BIM

into the framed area with pillars for

problems. One example is how

technologies assisted in planning

further waste drainage system. When

architects addressed the problem

and

formation”

the foundation is set, a skeleton of

of

healthcare

(Smolova & Smolova, 2021). These

the units is placed accordingly to

facilities due to coronavirus. When

units needed to be designed with BIM

the plan. Consequently, skeleton

COVID-19 first started to spread into

technologies due to the complexity

modules

a pandemic, hospitals across the

of creating treatment facilities for

prefabricated panels and essential

globe were struggling to cope with

infectious diseases. The hospital was

electrical, medical, and ventilation

the influx of people being emitted.

designed with “1,600 beds located

systems, after which beds and other

This high demand for patient space

on a 79900 m2 covering” (Smolova

equipment can be placed” (Smolova

drove designers to create module

& Smolova, 2021). Although this

& Smolova, 2021). While the crews

units that could be easily constructed

hospital was relatively large the total

worked on site to level the ground

and shipped to areas that needed

construction time was only ten days

and prepare the foundation, the

temporary spaces for COVID patients.

and was broken into multiple steps.

panels and skeleton structure for the

One study that was performed to

“Initial preparation includes work of

modular units were being constructed

advocate for modular healthcare

excavators and bulldozers for leveling

off-site. Once the groundwork was

design looked at the construction

the ground. When the ground is

complete the structure and panels

methods for Leishenshan Hospital.

flat, sand is being distributed on

were sent to the site where they

This hospital was built as a response

the ground into layers combining

could be effortlessly put together

to provide healthcare space to

geotextile fabric and waterproofing

like a puzzle piece. This speedy

COVID-19 patients. The construction

materials in between to form the

construction technique would allow

process “combined the assembly

basis

Following

for housing development to quickly

of modules on-site fitting into the

that, concrete foundation is poured

be implemented for the growing

overcrowding

Page 22

in

where

precise

for

innovative

hospital

foundation.

being

completed

with

homeless

veteran

population.

could be to use modular construction

The Office of Veteran’s Affairs has

for the housing developments. This

less than $1.8 billion to spread

method would cut down on time and

throughout

the

cost for a project. When designing a

country to use for homeless veterans

housing development for homeless

housing developments. Therefore,

veterans, there are three key factors

the cost of construction for these

that should be considered. The

developments should be as cost

design should utilize biophilic design

efficient as possible so that more

because of the psychological benefits

veterans in the United States can be

that natural forms and materials have

assisted. Conventional construction

on the human brain. There should

can

project’s

also be well designed public spaces

budget. The cost of a multitude of

that captivate people to inhabit the

materials, labor, and fixing design

spaces to prevent social isolation.

mistakes all play a part into driving

Lastly, the project should employ

the price of a project up. The need

the module design method to lessen

for

homeless

the amount of time and cost of

veterans is an increasing crisis in the

construction and be more efficient.

the

rapidly

housing

entirety

exceed

among

a

of

United States. This high demand for housing means the amount of time for a development project needs to be shortened as much as possible. A solution to both of these problems Page 23

P recedent 1 : A m a zon Se cond H e adquart e r s by N BB J NBBJ designed the second Amazon

and wind their way up the structure.

Headquarters in Virgina with the

Figure 9 shows how these nature

employees’ health in mind. Often

trails wrap around the building.

times people who work in an office environment neglect to get the

Not only does this encourage the

recommended amount of exercise.

workers to take a break outside and

They are also usually trapped

exercise, but it also provides views

within their office with hardly

from their offices that soften the

any views to a natural landscape.

surrounding urban context. This use of nature helps with the mental

The design team at NBBJ decided to

drain that many white collar people

fight against this problem that has

face. It also has a positive impact

been plaguing American workers.

on their physical health by offering

They incorporated biophilia into

easy access to scenic walking paths.

their design by integrating a park into the building. The structure of

Figure 10 is a diagram of the

the building is a double helix that

important spaces and connections

twists into a tall skyscraper. Walking

in the design process. For instance,

trails start at the base of the building

the main idea of this project

Page 24

Figure 9. Bird’s eye view of the proposed Amazon Second Headquarters in Virgina.

Image was downloaded from https://www.dezeen.com/2021/02/03/amazon-hq2headquarters-nbbj-glass-tower-usa/ in September 2021.

was to replicate a large hill that can be climbed, this aspect is highlighted in the diagram. The diagram also includes areas such as the “summit” and “nature/ horticulture.” As previously mentioned, biophilia this

was

design.

an

integral

Therefore,

having

areas

to

Figure 11

shows one of the interactive spaces

were

to

dedicated

outdoor

nature

aspect

that

can

necessary.

be

found

throughout the building and its site. These outdoor spaces have paths that weave in

Figure 10. Diagram of the important aspects in the design. Diagram was downloaded from https://www.bizjournals.com/ washington/news/2021/02/02/amazon-unveils-penplace-plans.html in September 2021..

between spacious green lawns. The walking paths not only invite the workers, but also the local community. Creating inviting green spaces is important for a successful green space. An essential quality to biophilic design is to design successful public green spaces.

This

helps

promotes

positive

effects on physical and mental health.

Figure 11. Image of the outdoor area. Image was downloaded from https://www.dezeen.com/2021/02/03/amazon-hq2headquarters-nbbj-glass-tower-usa/ in September 2021.

Page 25

P recedent 2 : Crown Sk y G ar d en by M ikyoung K im D e s ig n The Lurie Children’s Hospital in

the city. Figure 12 shows a portion

Chicago has a play area known as

of this interactive play space.

the Crown Sky Garden. This garden provides

a

sanctuary

for

the

The firm intentionally provided this

children in the hospital. Going to the

sky garden due to research that has

hospital can be a scary experience,

proven the use of biophilic design

especially for a child, so this

reducing the recovery time for

getaway is essential to the hospital.

patients. Using this type of design should become more common in

This garden was designed with

facilities that deal with the mental

a child’s imagination. There are

and physical health of the public.

colorful

panels

that

light

up,

curvilinear shapes that provoke

Figure 13 explains the cognitive

play, and a bamboo forest in the

benefits

middle of a dense city. The garden

implemented into the sky garden.

offers an active space that not

The space engages all the senses

only allows the user to escape

instead of just visual. The logs

from the typology of a hospital,

have speakers that produce forest

but also from the urban context of

sounds

Page 26

from

the

designs

and there is running

Figure 12. The play area of the Crown Sky Garden in Chicago. Image was downloaded from https://architizer.com/projects/crown-sky-garden-at-chicagolurie-childrens-hospital/ in September 2021.

water to also mimic the sounds of nature.

The bamboo that was planted in the garden creates a fresh outdoor smell to better engage the inhabitants. The firm also created a mezzanine that offers a different perspective of the space.

Activating all the senses is what makes a

biophilic

Figure 14

design

truly

successful.

shows some of the natural

materials that are used in the sky garden.

Although designing with nature is an important characteristic of biophilic design, it is not the only one. The use of materials,

Figure 13. Diagram showing the cognitive benefits of the sky garden. Diagram was downloaded from https://www.luriechildrens. org/en/patients-visitors/explore-the-hospital/crown-sky-garden/ in September 2021.

lighting, and patterns are also essential.

Mikyoung Kim Design chose to use reclaimed wood from the area to create seating. Not only does this add another natural element to the garden, but reusing a local material is a more sustainable practice and better for the environment.

Figure 14. Use of local reclaimed wood for seating. Image was downloaded from https://thesisprep2014.wordpress. com/2014/11/29/the-crown-sky-garden/ in September 2021.

Page 27

P recedent 3 : M aierh of Ho u s ing Es tate by Fe l d 7 2 The Maierhof Housing Estate is

fabric. Throughout the site are

located in Bludenz, Austria. This

pedestrian only paths that connect

small town is located in the alpines

the units to one another. Figure

of Austria and has magnificent views

15 shows the external material and

of the surrounding mountain range.

part of the walkway being used.

Feld72 did not want to impede on the characteristics and charm of

The pathways all connect to the

the old town so they designed

middle of the estate where there

these estates to be split up into

is a large open public space. This

multiple units instead of creating

space is not only open to the

one

people who live in the housing

overwhelming

structure.

units, but also the local community Each unit was strategically placed

of the town.

on the site to create specific views

offers seating and trees that will

and

village-like

provide shade once they have

character of the town. The exterior

matured. Figure 16 shows a bird’s

facade of the structures use local

eye view of this open green space.

maintain

the

materials to also help blend in with the town’s existing design Page 28

This public space

Figure 15. The exterior material of the Maierhof Housing Estate. Image was downloaded from https://www.archdaily.com/924454/housing-developmentmaierhof-feld72 in October 2021.

The housing units surround the communal space that was created on site. The patios of the units face the green space to invite the inhabitants of the estate to walk out onto the lawn and encourage social interaction.

Figure 17 is a diagram that shows the arrangement of these units to emphasize the importance of the public space.

Figure 16. The public green space in the housing estate. Image was downloaded from https://www.archdaily.com/924454/housingdevelopment-maierhof-feld72 in October 2021.

Figure 17. Diagram showing the layout of the units around the community space.. Image was downloaded from https://www. archdaily.com/924454/housing-development-maierhof-feld72 in October 2021.

Page 29

P recedent 4 : Sch ool / H o u se by S OM

This

design

This unit can be easily constructed

was created as a response to

wherever needed if a school needs

COVID-19. The easily assembled

to expand their footprint. It can

school address problems such

also easily be taken apart if the

as density, air circulation, social

school decides they no longer

distancing,

safety

have a use for them. Figure 18

era.

shows one of these units being

during

pop-up

school

health,

the

and

pandemic

used in a more rural location.

The design features include a high ceiling, views to the exterior,

Each module measures 36’ x 42’ to

enhanced airflow systems, easily

accommodate a class of 25 people

sanitized finishes, and integrated

that need to be spaced 6 feet apart.

technology. This modular unit

These units are constructed in six

can be deployed rapidly on any

easy steps. The walls and roofs of

flat surfaces in urban or rural

each structure is assembled from

areas. This unit addresses the

a folded aluminum frame filled

safety concern of overcrowding

with reinforced fiberglass panels.

in schools during a pandemic.

Once the frames are unfolded they can be effortlessly assembled

Page 30

Figure 18. School / House modular unit being used in a rural area. Image was downloaded from https://www.archdaily.com/947828/som-designs-covidresponsive-pop-up-school in 2021.

to create the full module. Figure 19 shows a diagram that explains this process.

Once a unit is constructed, the process can be repeated to create multiple modules.

These units can then be grouped together to create their own community type context. Figure 20 shows the modules being repeated to create their own community.

Figure 19. Diagram of the construction process for School / House. Image was downloaded from https://www.archdaily. com/947828/som-designs-covid-responsive-pop-up-school in 2021

Figure 20. Image showing how the modules can be repeated to create their own community. Image was downloaded from https:// www.archdaily.com/947828/som-designs-covid-responsive-pop-up-school in 2021

Page 31

P recedent 5 : 6 W e s t by 359 Desig n

6 West is an apartment complex that was constructed in Edwards,

Each unit is prefabricated off-

Colorado.

site in a factory.

The

apartments

The units are

are multi-family housing and

then shipped to the site where

contain 120 units. The units

they are put together like a

include one to three bedroom

jigsaw puzzle.

options. The complex is made

that 359 Design uses lowers

up of ten buildings laid out at

construction time on site and

the bottom of a mountain valley.

costs. Reducing the construction

This process

time on site was important due Although these units are modular

to the site being on a mountain

they do not lack design or

where weather can be difficult.

aesthetic appeal. Figure 21 shows

Figure 22 shows how each unit is

how the design of the complex

constructed and then assembled

was not compromised in the

together to create the complex.

modular designs. The complex is still a sought after modern

The construction of the units was

design that residents can enjoy.

able to be completed off site while the site was prepared for

Page 32

Figure 21. Exterior finishes of the 6 West apartment complexes. Image was downloaded from http://www.359design.co/6west in 2021.

the structure. This includes pouring the foundation for the complexes. Figure 23 shows how this process was done on site.

Figure 22. Diagram of the units being constructed to form the apartment complex. Image was downloaded from http:// www.359design.co/6west in 2021.

Figure 23. Image showing the construction process for 6 West Apartments. Image was downloaded from http://www.359design. co/6west in 2021.

Page 33

n s s

The VA Medical Facilities in Dallas are located 8 miles south of downtown. This is a 20-minute

Downtown Dallas

car ride without traffic from downtown and a 25-minute ride using the Dallas DART system.

Finding transportation to the medical facilities can be difficult for someone who is experiencing

g e

homelessness and long travel times can cause more anxiety. Therefore, VA facilities will be brought onto the site to allow for easy access to

D P r

e s i o c

scheduled appointments or small emergencies.

The first floor of the transitional housing will be dedicated to commercial spaces to encourage social interaction with the local community.

It is typical for people to have an ignorance toward homeless veterans so the integration of the community can help bridge this gap and bring awareness to the issue. The upper floors will consist of living units and roof gardens that can only be accessed by the people living there.

There will be key card access for all three stairs and elevators so that the inhabitants can have their privacy from the community when needed.

Page 34

VA Medical Facilities Figure 24. Location of Current VA Medical Facilities in Dallas, Texas. Image by author in 2022.

Justin Carter

Justin was standing guard one night outside the front gates of the base in Afghanistan when an enemy mortar round sprung him into action.

The sounds of gunfire and the horrific scenes that Justin saw caused PTSD symptoms once he returned home. Loud noises would cause panic attacks, he was more irritable, and he would suffer from night terrors. The flashbacks that he would experience made it harder for him to maintain a job, but he was unable to find transportation to the VA psychology office.

Logan Conrad

Logan was an army ranger who was deployed shortly after 9/11. He grew close with one of his combat buddies during their time over seas. When Logan returned to the United States he had difficulties transitioning back to civilian life. His friend also had trouble returning home due to the experiences they went through. They created a strong codependent bond because they felt no one else could understand their struggles.

Michael Brown

Michael was part of the 101st airborne when he was deployed to Afghanistan. While on tour, the Humvee in front of him hit an IED. The explosion caused Michael to lose both of his legs and be confined to a wheelchair. After being honorably discharged Michael went to live with a friend of his but found it difficult to move around the house and travel across town to the VA physical therapy facility.

Page 35

Fo rm D i sco ve ry Figure 25 shows the progression of form for the structure. The building was designed in an ellipse shape to utilize the length of the site Utilization of site for internal garden

and create an internal community space that could act as a sanctuary from urban life in Dallas. This form can then help control the amount of noise that enters the site. The use of green public spaces is a key aspect of this facility so there

Blockage of external noises

are clear sightlines to the existing green spaces. These sightlines determined how the building was divided into different sections.

Connection to existing green spaces Figure 25. Form Discovery Diagram. Image by author in 2022.

Page 36

CLT WALL PANEL

SFS DOWELS METAL PLATE SCREWS CLT FLOOR

U s e o f C ro ss-L ami n ate d Ti mbe r The main material that is used throughout this project is cross-laminated timber.

CLT is several layers of dimensional hardwood that are stacked and glued together at 90-degree angles. Figure 26 shows how these CLT panels are

SCREWS METAL PLATE SFS DOWELS

connected to create the structure. CLT has a plethora of benefits such as faster installation, high thermal performance, more sustainable than concrete or steel, and can provide enhanced noise control.

CLT WALL PANEL

The thermal performance of a material is important when designing in a hotter climate like Dallas. The noise reduction

SFS DOWELS METAL PLATE ANCHOR BOLTS CONCRETE FOOTING

characteristic is also an important quality so that people experiencing PTSD, like Justin Carter, can be better shielded from loud noises that might be triggering.

Figure 26. CLT Wall Construction Diagram. Image by author in 2022.

Page 37

Si te P l an

B

C

D

A

G

E F E

E

E

E

F

N

0’ - 0”

50’ - 0”

200’ - 0”

100’ - 0”

Figure 27. Site Plan with First Floor Plan. Image by author in 2022.

A - VA Medical Center

B - VA Physical

F - Restaurant

G - Cafe

Page 38

C - Community Gym

D - Juice Bar

E - Retail

Corn er Se ating A r e a

O ut d o o r Gy m

Children’s Pl ayground

C hil d re n’s Pl aygro und

Cen tral Com munit y Space

Ro o f Gard e n

Figure 28. Exterior Renders. Images by author in 2022.

Page 39

VA M edical C e nt er The VA Medical Center is the

the first floor and a counseling

northwest building located on

center on the second floor that

the site. This medical center

will serve the veterans living in

has an urgent care clinic on

the transitional housing units.

Figure 29. Interior Render of Clinic Waiting Room. Image by author in 2022.

Page 40

Figure 30. Interior Render of Counseling Office. Image by author in 2022.

Figure 31. Section Cut of VA Medical Center. Image by author in 2022.

Second Floor Counseling

Mech.

First Floor Clinic

Mech.

Figure 32. Floor Plan of VA Medical Center. Image by author in 2022.

Page 41

VA P h ysic al Th e r a p y an d Co m m un i t y G y m The VA physical therapy and community

is a physical therapy center that will

gym is the northeast building located

serve the veterans and the other half

on the site. This is a one-story building

is a gym that both the inhabitants and

that has been split in half. One half

the local community are able to use.

Figure 33. Interior Render of Physical Therapy. Image by author in 2022.

Page 42

Figure 34. Interior Render of Community Gym. Image by author in 2022.

Figure 35. Section Cut of Physical Therapy and Community Gym. Image by author in 2022.

Figure 36. Floor Plan of Physical Therapy and Community Gym. Image by author in 2022.

Page 43

Why P ref abr ic at ed M o d ul ar De s i gn f o r U n i t Co n stru cti o n ?

Prefabricated modular units can

can be built at the same time at a

are modular, they can be constructed

significantly

the

different location. These units can

in an assembly line to be more

construction time compared to other

then be transported on-site once

efficient with time and labor costs.

construction methods. While the

the structural frame is complete

foundation and structural frame for

and be easily placed into their

the facility is being built, the units

designated spots. Because the units

cut

down

on

The Process

U nit Constr u c t ion O f f - S it e Page 44

Tr an s po rt U n i t s to Si t e by S e m i Tr uc k

Pl ace me n t o f Un i ts i n to stru ctu re by C ran e

The units have both opaque and clear glazing in different rooms and at different

PPPPPP SSSSS CCCCCCC

heights. Opaque glazing was used in areas like the bathroom to bring natural light into the space without compromising

privacy.

Large glazing areas have a system of louvers to control daylighting and solar heat gain. The living units will also utilize modular MEP systems. Each unit will have its own MEP system that can then be plugged into the main structure. Figure 37 shows the MEP system and façade layers for a unit.

Figure 37. Exploded Axonometric Showing Construction of Units. Image by author in 2022.

Page 45

0’ - 0”

0’ - 0”

2’ - 6”

5’ - 0”

One Bedroom Unit 731 sqft

2’ - 6”

5’ - 0”

10’ - 0”

10’ - 0”

Two Bedroom Unit 1,050 sqft

Figure 38. Interior/Exterior Renders and Floor Plans of Units. Image by author in 2022.

Page 46

When the units are placed into the

four metal plates. Figure 40

structural frame, they will be secured

explains how the interstitial

by using metal plates and bolts. Figure

space between the units will

39 shows how a unit will be bolted into

be used for plumbing stacks.

the floor slabs above and below by

The

modular

plumbing

system in the unit will attach itself to the plumbing stack so that water waste can be safely drained from the units.

Figure 39. Diagram Showing How Units Connect to Structure. Image by author in 2022.

0’ - 0”

10’ - 0”

20’ - 0”

40’ - 0”

Figure 40. Diagram Showing Plumbing Stacks for Unit Water Waste. Image by author in 2022.

Page 47

Third Floor

26 One Bedroom Units

0’ - 0”

10’ - 0”

20’ - 0”

40’ - 0”

Second Floor

25 One Bedroom Units

0’ - 0”

10’ - 0”

20’ - 0”

40’ - 0”

Figure 41. Floor Plans of Second and Third Floors. Image by author in 2022.

Page 48

0’ - 0”

10’ - 0”

20’ - 0”

40’ - 0”

Fifth Floor

16 One Bedroom Units

Fourth Floor

16 One Bedroom Units

0’ - 0”

10’ - 0”

20’ - 0”

40’ - 0”

Figure 42. Floor Plans of Fourth and Fifth Floors. Image by author in 2022.

Page 49

Seventh Floor

12 Two Bedroom Units

Sixth Floor

12 Two Bedroom Units

0’ - 0”

10’ - 0”

20’ - 0”

40’ - 0”

Figure 43. Floor Plans of Sixth and Seventh Floors. Image by author in 2022.

Page 50

Roof Plan

Figure 44. Floor Plan of Roof Garden. Image by author in 2022.

Page 51

2.

3.

2.

4.

1.

Page 52

5.

Figure 45. Key Characteristics of Proposed Project. Image by author in 2022.

Key Characteristics 1. Prefabricated modular units to cut down on construction time and costs 2. Private roof gardens to integrate nature and encourage physical activity/socialization.

3. Centralized public space to encourage interaction among the local community.

4. VA facilities on-site for easy access to medical necessities.

5. Use of CLT for its biophilic characteristics, high thermal performance, and enhanced noise control.

Page 53

Reflection Recommendation Page 54

Reflection Thr o u g h o u t

the

of

b u t for s om e on e wh o i s a n

th i s t h e s i s , I h av e l e ar n e d t h e

am p u te e a n d m i gh t s tru ggl e

i mpo r t an ce o f u n d e r s t an d i n g

w i t h t ri ppi n g h a z a rds, th i s c a n

w h o w i l l b e u s i n g t h e s p ace t h at

m ak e

y o u d e s i g n an d h o w b e s t t o

e as i e r. As a rc h i te c ts, we m u st

des i g n f o r t h at s p e ci f i c g r o u p .

r e m e mbe r to l ook a t th e worl d

A s s om e o n e w h o h as n e v e r

t h r o u gh

l i ved t h r o u g h m e n t al i l l n e s s e s

t h at w e c a n de s i gn a worl d th a t

or

i s b e tte r s u i te d f or e v e ryon e .

p h y s i cal

p r o ce s s

d i s ab i l i t i e s ,

it

w a s e y e - o p e n i n g t o l o o k at th e

built

a

different

S ma l l mi ght

environment

design not

from

p e r s p e ct i v e . d e ci s i o n s

m e an

m u ch

t h at for

s o me o n e w h o d o e s n o t h av e a ph y s i cal d i s ab i l i t y co u l d b e a n a st r o n o m i cal d i f f e r e n ce f o r s o me o n e i n a w h e e l ch ai r . F o r i ns ta n ce , cr e at i n g l i v i n g u n i t s w i th n o - s i l l t h r e s h o l d s m i g h t n o t b e a b i g d i f f e r e n ce f o r m e ,

th e i r

life

s i gn i f i c a n tl y

di f f e re n t

l e n se s

so

R ecommendat io ns • Perform more in-depth research on the use of biophilic design for mental illnesses and apply that knowledge.

• Create

more

community

spaces

for the inhabitants that vary on intimacy levels so that someone who is more isolated can slowly be introduced back into socialization.

• Research

other

natural

materials

that could be used throughout the project to create a variety of finishes.

Page 55

Resources

Bibl io gr aphy

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