World Heritage

The City of BATH: A World Heritage Site

Edinburgh College of Art MSc Architectural Conservation AC6 World Heritage

Shivangi Buch Kathleen Cooper Francesca Morri 19th March, 2019

Fig 1.1 Antique map pf Bath

CONTENTS

LIST OF IMAGES

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1. INTRODUCTION

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2. HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

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3. BATH’S OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE

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4. 2016-2022 MANAGEMENT PLAN

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5. CONTEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS

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6. CONCLUSION

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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List of Images

Fig 1.1 Old Plan of Bath, reproduced from Antique Maps. Accessed March 6, 2019. https://antique-maps-online.co.uk/bath-2808.html Fig 2.1 Bath complex of Aqaue Sulis, reproduced from The Roman Baths. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/walkthroughs/sacred-spring-and-associated-objects Fig 2.2 Bath complex in Saturnia, Tuscany, reproduced from Fuoriporta. Accessed March 2, 2019. https:// www.fuoriporta.org/eventi/toscana-saturnia-grosseto-per-un-bagno-caldo-allaperto-in-vasche-calcaree-naturali/ Fig 2.3 Caracalla’s Bath ruins, reproduced from Informagiovani. Accessed March 2, 2019. https://www. informagiovani-italia.com/terme_di_caracalla.htm Fig 2.4 Pompeii caldarium, reproduced from Flickr. Accessed February 28, 2019. https://www.flickr.com/ photos/carolemage/14832295629 Fig 2.5 Bath Abbey, reproduced from Visitbath. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://visitbath.co.uk/listings/single/bath-abbey/ Fig 2.6 The Circus, reproduced from Discovering Britain. Accessed March 2, 2019. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/south-west-england/aerial/britain-from-the-air-bath-circus.html Fig 2.7 The Royal Crescent, reproduced from Bath UK. Accessed February 27, 2019. http://bath.co.uk/ featured/royal-crescent Fig 2.8 The Royal Crescent sketch, reproduced from BATH UK. Accessed February 27, 2019. http://bath. co.uk/featured/royal-crescent Fig 2.9 The Pump Room, reproduced from Bath Venues. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://www.bathvenues.co.uk/pump-room-history 6

Fig 2.10 The Assembly Rooms, reproduced from Bath Venues. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://www. bathvenues.co.uk/assembly-rooms-history Fig 2.11 Landsdown Crescent, reproduced from Rare Old Prints. Accessed March 2, 2019. http://www. rareoldprints.com/p/12548 Fig 2.12 Royal Victoria Park, reproduced from Bath UK. Accessed March 2, 2019. http://bath.co.uk/attractions/royal-victoria-park Fig 2.13 Botanic Gardens, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed March 2, 2019. https://visitbath.co.uk/ listings/single/the-botanical-gardens/ Fig 3.1 Aquae Sulis and Roman defences. Reproduced from Timoty Darvill, Paul Stamper and Jane Timby, England: An Oxford Archaeological Guide to Sites from Earliest Times to AD 1600, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2002), 375.

Fig 3.2 Victoria Park, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://visitbath.co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 3.3 Thermae Bath Spa, reproduced from Bath World Heritage. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://www. bathworldheritage.org.uk/hot-springs Fig 3.4 The Circus, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://visitbath.co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 3.5 Sprawling city with uniform height and materiality, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://visitbath.co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 4.1 Rendering of proposed Heritage Interpretation Center, reproduced from Roman Baths. Accessed February 27 2019. https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/world-heritage-centre Fig 4.2 Residents enjoying the sun in the Parade Gardens, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://visitbath.co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 4.3 Juxtaposition of modern interventions and historic structures, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://visitbath.co.uk/media/image-library/

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Fig 5.1 The Upper Town, Georgian style, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://visitbath.co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 5.2 The Pulteney Bridge and Weir, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed February 28, 2019. https:// visitbath.co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 5.3 Thermae Bath Spa, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed February 28, 2019. https://visitbath. co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 5.4 New Bond Street today, reproduced from Somerset Live. Accessed February 28, 2019. https:// www.somersetlive.co.uk/news/gallery/baths-bus-lanes-could-cost-1909318 Fig 5.5 The University of Bath, reproduced from Iqbal Aalam. Accessed February 28, 2019. https://iqbalaalam.wordpress.com/2011/07/06/smithsons-buidings-for-university-of-bath/ Fig 5.6 Tourists enjoy the Christmas Market on Milsom Street, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://visitbath.co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 5.7 Tourists outside Bath Abbey , reproduced from Day Out with the Kids. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://www.dayoutwiththekids.co.uk/curious-about-bath-spa Fig 5.8 Jane Austen festival-goers, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://visitbath. co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 5.9 Jane Austen festival goers, reproduced from Visit Bath. Accessed March 1, 2019. https://visitbath. co.uk/media/image-library/ Fig 6.1 Gainsborough Bath Spa, reproduced from Champalimaud Design. Accessed March 6, 2019. http://champalimauddesign.com/projects/hotels/the-gainsborough-bath-spa.aspx# 8

Introduction

The city of Bath, located in the southwest region of England, was inscribed as a World Heritage site in 1987. Initially a Roman settlement in the first century AD, the city became a popular travellers’ destination when the Romans exploited the natural hot springs to introduce their spa culture to the island of Great Britain. The city served as an impactful destination for many pilgrimages over the years, as it was important in the wool industry during medieval times, and remained as a middle ages-structured city until the introduction of neoclassical architecture in the late eighteenth century. Architects John Wood the Elder and his son of the same name reshaped the built fabric of the historic town, along with others such as Robert Adam, Thomas Baldwin, John Palmer, John Eveleigh, and John Pinch. They employed Palladian building and urban planning techniques with uniform building heights and local materials to shape the beautifully historic town present today.

Bath’s outstanding universal values, which consist of its Roman archaeological remains, its three natural hot springs, its eighteenth century Georgian architecture and planning techniques, its green landscape which influenced its development, and finally its Victorian social influence, contribute to the overall heritage and must therefore be maintained with great care. Bath, like many modern world heritage cities, is facing several problems from the dueling needs between the community and the tourists. While the advancement for the benefit of the local residents should be at the forefront of the council’s priorities, unfortunately they are more interested in developing for the tourist population, which is (and will continue in the future) drastically affecting the built heritage.

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Historical Context & Development of Bath Historical Evolution of the Spa City Among the many values which characterize the authenticity of the city of Bath, a major feature is its historical and architectural development over time and its ever-evolving relationship with the surrounding natural environment. Bath thrives off of its natural sources of therapeutic water and rural landscapes, and the architecture has bloomed sympathetically alongside it.

The Foundation and the Roman Era: Archaeological Remains One of the main reasons why the city of Bath is so unique is certainly the presence of the ancient complex of the Roman Baths, which gave the city its namesake. The town, in fact, is one of the few examples of well conserved true Roman spa sites in England, of high historical and artistic interest and worthy of protection for its distinctiveness1.

The evolution of the town began in the first century AD, with the discovery by Roman settlers of three underground hot springs, naturally sourcing 46°C sulphurous water. The three springs - the King’s Spring, the Hetling Spring, and the Cross 1 “Roman Bath, Saturday review of politics, literature, science and art; British Periodicals; 61, 1593; (May 8, 1886): 645.

Bah Spring - are particularly appreciated for their therapeutic properties and therefore led to the subsequent foundation of the city of “Aquae Sulis.”

At that time, the Roman city included the Baths, an imposing classical temple sacred to Sul-Minerva (a union between the Celtic goddess Sul and the respective Roman’s goddess Minerva)2, a forum, and was encircled by a defensive wooden palisade that was replaced by stone walls during the third century3.

Similar examples of old Roman thermal facilities are only present in other parts of the ancient Roman Empire, many of which can be found in Italy. Some, as in the case of Bath, exploited natural sources of warm water, such as the complex of Saturnia in Tuscany, a thriving Roman centre from 280 BC4, or Bagno di Romagna in Emilia Romagna region, where the ritual of bathing in beneficial waters dates back to ancient times, even before Roman5.

2 Timothy Darvill, Paul Stamper and Jane Timby, England: An Oxford Archaeological Guide to Sites from Earliest Times to AD 1600, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2002), 374-6.

3 “A brief history of Bath, England”, Local Histories, accessed February 27, 2019, http://www.localhistories.org/bath.html 4 “Saturnia”, Borghi di Toscana, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www. borghiditoscana.net/saturnia.html 5 “La nuova sezione preromana. Bagno di Romagna”,Museo Archeologico Sarsinate, accessed February 27,2019, http://www.archeobologna.beniculturali. it/sarsina/allestimento_2011.html

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Fig 2.1 Bath complex of Aqaue Sulis

Fig 2.2 Bath complex in Saturnia, Tuscany

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT & DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

Fig 2.3 Caracalla’s Bath ruins

The massive public baths of the city of Rome were incredibly popular during the Roman Imperial age.

Two of the most famous were Caracalla’s Baths, built from 211-224 AD by the emperor Marco Aurelio Antonino6 and Diocleziano’s Baths, dating back between 298 and 306 AD7. These immense structures built in the middle of the city were composed of different levels, some above and others below ground. At the underground levels, the water transported from the aqueducts was continuously heated by means of many fires and channelled towards the upper levels where the hot pools were located8.

Among ancient Roman people, the baths were first of all places to wash, improving health and cleanliness of the citizens since private baths were still quite rare at the time. Additionally, they were also venues for socialisation, discussion, training and relaxation. In fact, the complexes usually contained elaborate gardens for visitors to walk or read, and massage rooms or gyms, like a modern spa9.

7 “Museo nazionale romano - Terme di Diocleziano”, MIBAC, accessed February

Most bath complexes presented the same sequence for bathing. Firstly, one would enter a warm room, called the “tepidarium,” followed by a hot room, the “calidarium,” and finally, a cold room, the “frigidarium”10. In these three spaces, visitors could plunge repeatedly, exploiting the benefits of different baths at various temperatures. Normally

27, 2019, https://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/opencms/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/

9 “Terme di Caracalla”, Archeoroma, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www.

Luogo/MibacUnif/Luoghi-della-Cultura/visualizza_asset.html?id=153312&pa-

archeoroma.it/siti/terme-di-caracalla.html

gename=157031.html

10 Timothy Darvill, Paul Stamper and Jane Timby, England: An Oxford Archaeo-

8 “Terme di Caracalla”, Archeoroma, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www.

logical Guide to Sites from Earliest Times to AD 1600, (New York: Oxford Univer-

archeoroma.it/siti/terme-di-caracalla.html

sity Press Inc., 2002), 374-6.

6 “Terme di Caracalla”, Archeoroma, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www. archeoroma.it/siti/terme-di-caracalla.html

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT & DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

Fig 2.4 Pompeii caldarium

these rooms were extremely luxurious, embellished with mosaic floors, sculptures and wall paintings.

The spas of Bath were comparable in size to the Stabian and Forum baths of the ruined city of Pompeii, less massive than the ones of Rome but still including all the various rooms and facilities.

The archaeologists in Bath found six distinct phases of evolution of the structure with a central room for the pools and numerous additions of lateral subsidiary suites, a situation similar to the Bath of Grienmatt in Augst. The function and asset of each room is not perfectly understood due to the various reconstructions and excavations that the structure underwent over time. The exact position of the entrance and the apodyterium (changing room) is still unsure, as well as the presence of a palaestrae (gym). However, the presence of the pools heated by a central heating system called a hypocaust is certain, as it was discovered in the south east area of

the site. The remains of an Italian prototype temple exist in the northern section, composed of a central podium enclosed by porticoes, with a monumental entrance and an external colonnade, crossing the hot springs to the south11.

The baths remained in use until the fifth century, until they were forgotten and buried under mud during the Saxon invasion. They did, however, remain in a good state of preservation and integrity, along with remains of the temple and several sculptures of the same age that were uncovered in the eighteenth century, when the Pump Room, a Georgian spa, was erected above the old walls12.

11 D. Baatz, “Roman Bath by B. Cunliffe Review”, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Britannia, Vol. 2 (1971): 305-307.

12 “Bath”, Historic UK, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www.historic-uk. com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/Bath.html

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT & DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

Fig 2.5 Bath Abbey

From Saxons to the 16th Century The Saxon invasion saw Bath become a fortified burgh and religious centre known as Baoum, where a church sacred to St. Peter13 was created by King Offa of Mercia in 781. The Roman urban pattern was all but lost, and a new royal city started to develop in the south east part of town, around the abbey where King Edgar celebrated his coronation in 973.

During Norman times, the abbey was enlarged

by John of Tours, the Bishop of Wells, who also created a priory, a palace and new bath facilities14.

Bath was then a popular wool manufacturing and trading centre, and its healing springs were often visited by ill people from all over the region, a fact that later contaminated the city with diseases15.

In the fourteenth century, the prior of Bath was dissolved and the abbey became derelict and was later reconstructed on a smaller scale16. It was only during the sixteenth century, under Queen

Elizabeth, that the city regained its popularity as a spa venue and began to attract important royal visitors and members of the aristocracy, such as Queen Anne and Queen Henrietta Maria17.

17th-18th Century: The spread of Palladianism and the Georgian Bath Another important milestone in the architectural evolution of the city of Bath is undoubtedly the Georgian era, with the introduction of its Palladianinspired buildings.

After a period of depression due to the spread of the plague and the English Civil War of 1643 - of which the Sally Lunn House (a Huguenot refugee who lived in town) remains a testimony - Bath’s economic upswing began. This was partially due to the diffusion of Dr. Thomas Guidott’s medical studies on the healing properties of the city’s thermal waters, which attracted many important and fashionable visitors into town18.

13 “History of Bath”, Bath 360°, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www. bath360.co.uk/history-of-bath.html.l 14 Idem.

15 “The History of Bath”, Know Britain, accessed February 27, 2019, http://www.

17 “The History of Bath”, Know Britain, accessed February 27, 2019, http://www.

know-britain.com/cities_towns/bath_history_1.html

know-britain.com/cities_towns/bath_history_1.html

16 “History of Bath”, Bath 360°, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www.

18 “History of Bath”, Bath 360°, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www.

bath360.co.uk/history-of-bath.html

bath360.co.uk/history-of-bath.html

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT & DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

Fig 2.6 The Circus

During the eighteenth century, the old town was nearly completely rebuilt in characteristic Georgian style19. The old Saxon Burgh pattern, with its narrow and filthy streets, no longer suited the wealthy visitors of the city20, and a hefty redevelopment scheme was implemented, thanks especially to Richard ‘Beau’ Nash, who as Master of Ceremonies managed the social life of the town.

He commissioned the construction of many new structures to the notable architect John Wood the Elder and his son, who designed some of Bath’s most architecturally prominent buildings.

John Wood’s architectural works were inspired by the Palladian movement, originating from sixteenth century Italian architect Andrea Palladio.

His style, which enshrined the Vitruvian principles characterized by harmonious proportions, elegance and simplicity of the composition21, inspired the neoclassical movement that greatly impacted Bath.

New open, green spaces were created within the city boundaries, with squares and gardens surrounded by symmetric terraced Palladian houses of high quality. A prime example is Queen Square, designed by John Wood the Elder, which is considered a fundamental step in the urban evolution of Bath, but also one of the first examples of English Palladian architecture. Wood considered gardens and squares as focal points of city life, following the classical idea of the Roman forum, which he implemented perfectly in the construction of the Circus in 1754, completed by his son in later years. The square is surrounded by three curved terraced blocks, which are not strictly symmetrical, but possess the scenographic power typical of the classical amphitheatres22.

19 “History of Bath”, Bath 360°, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www. bath360.co.uk/history-of-bath.html 20 Christopher Pound, Genius of Bath. The City and its Landscape. (Bath, Avon: Millstream, 1986), 37-49.

21 “Palladianism.”, Oxford reference, accessed February 27, 2019, http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/view/10.1093/

22 Christopher Pound, Genius of Bath. The City and its Landscape. (Bath, Avon:

acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-8643

Millstream, 1986), 37-44.

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT & DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

Fig 2.7 The Royal Crescent

Fig 2.8 The Royal Crescent sketch

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT & DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

Fig 2.9 The Pump Room

Fig 2.10 The Assembly Rooms

A great masterpiece of Bath’s Georgian era is without a doubt the Royal Crescent, designed by John Wood the Younger, which represents the peak of Palladian architecture in the town. The complex, from its massive semi-elliptical colonnaded portico, enjoys a broad view of the surrounding romantic countryside landscape. Wood the Elder followed the rigorous Palladian style in the design of his buildings and formal gardens, where men dominated nature, while his son showed a more romantic approach, allowing the architecture and its natural setting to blend harmoniously and are valued equally. The Crescent is a precursor of a romantic movement that will develop later in suburban villas and picturesque garden settings23.

A further example of the authenticity and character of the city is the prestigious Pulteney Bridge, dedicated to the first Earl of Bath, William Pulteney.

Designed in 1774 by famous architect Robert Adam25, on the model of Ponte Vecchio in Florence, they are in fact the only two bridges in Europe with shops on top of them26.

Moreover, the Bath Georgian town could also be associated with the eminent writer Jane Austen, who lived in Bath with her family from 1801-0627.

Other characteristic Georgian structures of this period are the Pump Room and the Assembly Rooms built by Richard Nash next to the hot springs, meant to entertain guests of high standing during social events. A statue was erected in Nash’s memory, showing the public’s gratitude for his services to the city24.

25 “A brief history of Bath, England”, Local Histories, accessed February 27, 2019, http://www.localhistories.org/bath.html 23 Christopher Pound, Genius of Bath. The City and its Landscape. (Bath, Avon: Millstream, 1986), 45-7.

24 “The History of Bath”, Know Britain, accessed February 27, 2019, http://www. know-britain.com/cities_towns/bath_history_1.html

26 “Bath”, Historic UK, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www.historic-uk. com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/Bath.html 27 “History of Bath”, Bath 360°, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www. bath360.co.uk/history-of-bath.html

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT & DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

Fig 2.11 Landsdown Crescent

Development of Victorian Suburbs During the nineteenth century, the city of Bath experienced a quick spike in population due to the industrial development of Great Britain. Bath was, at the time, one of the largest cities in the country, and was not immune to the growth.

Many high quality residences were built in the suburbs and on the hillsides, characterised by detached houses and private villas which mirrored the importance of the concept of house and privacy for the Victorians. Life in the suburbs was healthier than the city centre, and being surrounded by the countryside or private gardens full of different botanical species was favored during Queen Victoria’s reign.

One prime example is Lansdown Cresent, where William Thomas Beckford built several houses in 1822 and later, a large and magnificent garden with a tower at the top of the hill.

The city became popular for its gardens and natural settings, well known as one of the most fashionable among the other European city garden towns, competing with Ledgewoth or the German Hellerau.

During this period, the unsanitary city centre was improved: the private pleasure gardens soon evolved into public municipal parks, such as Royal Victoria Park, designed by Edward Davis and inaugurated by princess Victoria in 183028, canals were opened, streets were improved with the addition of streetlights, and many council houses were built to replace the slums29. Of particular notice was the discovery of the ancient Roman Bath under the Pump Room during some renovation works by Davis in 187830.

28 Christopher Pound, Genius of Bath. The City and its Landscape. (Bath, Avon: Millstream, 1986), 79-89.

29 “A brief history of Bath, England”, Local Histories, accessed February 27, 2019, http://www.localhistories.org/bath.html 30 “History of Bath”, Bath 360°, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www. bath360.co.uk/history-of-bath.html

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT & DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

Fig 2.12 Royal Victoria Park

At the end of the nineteenth century, with the economic depression, residential planning began to focus on housing industry workers. These complexes were characterised by terraced and spacious buildings, but relatively monotone and lacking in amenities. It was only at the beginning of the twentieth century, with the Town Planning Act of 1909, that landscaping and gardening was reintroduced in the new suburban area development31.

building houses around open spaces in order to provide healthy living conditions. A well-designed and practical example was Day Crescent, where no fences or walls were erected to maximise available open space between residences. They also introduced the Green Belt, a landscape protection plan meant to preserve the rural environment surrounding the town and retain the character and authenticity of the city32.

During WW2, Bath suffered serious damages and losses among people and monuments; the Royal Crescent, part of the Circus, the Assembly Rooms and the Queen Square were severely affected. The town council decided to begin a vast conservation and reconstruction plan to reinstate the city’s original architectural character. Architects Patrick Abercrombie and B. F. Brueton were asked to design this redevelopment of the whole city. In their intervention plan, particular attention was paid to 31 Christopher Pound, Genius of Bath. The City and its Landscape. (Bath, Avon: Millstream, 1986), 91.

32 Ibid, 93-99.

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT & DEVELOPMENT OF BATH

Fig 2.13 Botanic Gardens

Developments in Recent Years Unfortunately, after 1950 the town and house planning were led more by the sense of financial profit than by the preservation of the character and values of the city, so the protection of the landscape fell to secondary importance33.

The city has undoubtedly changed a lot over the years, particularly in the customs and living habits of its people, but its character and architectural features have been well preserved and are highly visible today34. Baths and gardens were always two primary features for the popularity and the development of Bath, built as symbols of elegance and pride. They were used as social venues by the community of the city and remain important locations for social life today, continuing to attract tourists from all over the world.

New spas have recently opened in the city35, carrying on the tradition of exploiting the healing properties of the thermal waters, and thanks to its

well-preserved cultural heritage, the city continues to be a highly renowned cultural site.

From the Roman forum, to the Palladian formal garden and the Victorian romantic suburban houses, the close connection between architecture and landscape remained always fundamental for Bath and gave the city its special character and authenticity.

The priority of environmental protection is well known, and particular attention was brought to the landscape and setting of Bath. A contemporary example of architecture blended with the landscape is represented in the “Real World Studio,” a recording studio conceived in 1986 by musician Peter Gabriel as a peaceful retreat for musicians, completely immersed in the natural environment36.

It is vital to understand the genius of a place, which enshrines the values and true character of a city and must be kept in mind during future planning and development37.

33 Christopher Pound, Genius of Bath. The City and its Landscape. (Bath, Avon: Millstream, 1986), 98-99.

34 “History of Bath”, Bath 360°, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www.

36 “Real World Studios”, Real World, accessed February 27, 2019, http://real-

bath360.co.uk/history-of-bath.html

worldstudios.com

35 “A brief history of Bath, England”, Local Histories, accessed February 27,

37 Christopher Pound, Genius of Bath. The City and its Landscape. (Bath, Avon:

2019, http://www.localhistories.org/bath.html

Millstream, 1986), 104.

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Bath’s Outstanding Universal Value Assessing Bath’s Heritage An important aspect of urban conservation is evaluating the factors that contribute to the quality and character of a town, and therefore its ability to absorb change38. The heritage value of a UNESCO World Heritage Site (henceforth WHS) is evaluted based on ten criteria: six that address the cultural significance, and four that assess the natural significance. Bath is the epitome of a town that has been able to retain its historic character while being not only sympathetic, but welcoming of, inevitable change and growth as a modern twentyfirst century city. Thus, the city of Bath meets the following criteria to qualify as a UNESCO WHS: i. represents a masterpiece of human creative genius

architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history39.

While Bath may meet other criteria, the application process for WHS standing only requires one to be met. Exactly how these criteria are met are determined by the site’s outstanding universal values, or OUV. Bath has six main OUV characteristics that lend to its WHS status, which are: 1. Roman archaological remains 2. Landscape that defines natural beauty and architectural development 3. Three natural hot springs 4. Eighteenth century Georgian architecture 5. Eighteenth century neoclassical town planning 6. Influential social setting, particularly of the Victoria era40

ii. ehxibits an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town planning, or landscape design 39 UNESCO, WHC. “Criteria for Selection”. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://

iv. is an outstanding example of a type of building,

whc.unesco.org/en/criteria.html

38 Jim Antoniou, “Four Conservation Studies: historic towns,” in Official Archi-

Accessed February 27, 2019. https://www.bathworldheritage.org.uk/why-bath-

tecture and Planning, Vol. 33, No. 2, edited by Alexandrine Press, 143.

40 City of Bath, World Heritage Site. “Why is Bath a World Heritage Site”. world-heritage-site.html

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BATH’S OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE

Fig 3.1 Aquae Sulis and Roman defences

Fig 3.2 Victoria Park

Roman Archaeological Remains

Landscape Setting

The Roman remains, including the Temple of Sulis Minerva and baths complex were initially constructed around 65-75 AD. Roman and IronAge remains have been found outside the city walls of Aquae Sulis, demonstrating the empire’s expanse, including road systems and irrigation.

These elements later influenced the planning of the town during the Georgian period. Aquae Sulis, the main hot springs-turned-bath complex, now acts as 5-star hotel41.

Bath’s second OUV is the landscape that defines its natural beauty and informed the architectural development of the city. Bath’s architects and planners used this landscape to create dramatic and romantic settings, complete with beautiful terraces, villas, and gardens. The majority of Bath’s buildings are constructed from oolitic limestone, found in the hills to the south of the city. Greenery of trees and woods dominate the skyline from afar, and lend natural beauty to the river, canal, parks and gardens. Farmers still use the agriculturally rich lands on the outskirts of the city for grazing animals, just as it had been by the Georgians42.

41 “Roman Archaeology,” City of Bath World Heritage Site, accessed February

42 “Green Setting of the City,” City of Bath World Heritage Site, accessed Feb-

20, 2019, https://www.bathworldheritage.org.uk/roman-archaeology

ruary 20, 2019, https://www.bathworldheritage.org.uk/green-setting-city

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BATH’S OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE

Fig 3.3 Thermae Bath Spa

Fig 3.4 The Circus

Natural Hot Springs

18th Century Georgian Architecture

The hot springs of Bath are the only ones in Britain.

The three main springs are the King’s Spring, the Hetling Spring, and the Cross Bah Spring. Each day, 250,000 gallons of water flow through the springs; these waters are central to the healing rituals and recreation of the city and have played a major role in every stage of the city’s development43.

Bath is one of the most significant cities in terms of Georgian and Palladian architecture. As previously discussed, the main contributing architects during this period include John Wood the Elder and his son John Wood the Younger, Robert Adam, Thomas Baldwin, John Palmer, John Eveleigh and John Pinch. They employed typical Palladian building styles, patterns and proportions in residential, public, and hospitality settings, giving the entire city a uniform appearance.44 It is impossible to separate the architecture from the urban planning, as large city blocks make up both the unit and the whole.

43 “Hot Springs,” City of Bath World Heritage Site, accessed February 20, 2019,

44 “18th Century Architecture,” City of Bath World Heritage Site, accessed Feb-

https://www.bathworldheritage.org.uk/hot-springs

ruary 20, 2019, https://www.bathworldheritage.org.uk/18th-century-architecture

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BATH’S OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE

Fig 3.5 Sprawling city with uniform height and materiality

18th Century Urban Planning

Victorian Social Setting

The Georgian town planning is also of significance, as it is one of the best examples of English neoclassical planning. The uniform appearance of the city is due to the universal use of the locally mined oolitic limestone for which Bath is famed.

Creative, picturesque forms of town planning including squares, crescents and the circus were introduced, which influenced developments across the United Kingdom and beyond45.

As previously mentioned, Bath was first a pilgrimage destination for the sick seeking its healing waters, but became a major hub for the wealthy aristocrats and fashionable socialites of Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The aesthetics of the spa culture drew famous and influential people from all across the continent, who consequently brought with them new societal norms and etiquette. These new norms heavily influenced the built environment in Bath, including the Pump and Assembly Rooms. High fashion and design also influenced the gardens and streetscape46.

The urban layout is a blended result of the Roman archaeology, the medieval streetscape, and the sprawling landscape. Therefore, it can be said that none can exist independently of one another; the townscape, landscape, architecture, and history are interconnected and hold a stronger value when viewed together.

45 “18th Century Town Planning,” City of Bath World Heritage Site, accessed February 20, 2019, https://www.bathworldheritage.org.uk/18th-centu-

46 “Social Setting,” City of Bath World Heritage Site, accessed February 21,

ry-town-planning

2019, https://www.bathworldheritage.org.uk/social-setting

26

2016-2022 Management Plan

In 2016, the third Bath WHS management plan (henceforth MP) was introduced. The document, like its two predecessors, is a six year-long plan aiming to protect, conserve, and transmit the outstanding universal value attributes47. The city’s first plan, enacted from 2003-2009, aimed to establish systems of management and ensure appropriate policies and guidelines were in place48.

During 2010-2016, the second plan achieved the development of high-quality visitor attractions of real benefit to local businesses and residents by means of job creation and retention49. Both plans are deemed successful.

The new MP takes a holistic and strategic approach to providing a management framework, acting as a partnership between the City of Bath WHS Steering Group and the public, including the local council50. Its five main objectives are to promote

sustainable management, ensure the outstanding universal values are protected, understood, and sustained, maintain and promote Bath as a living and working city that benefits from World Heritage status, improve physical access and interpretation, and improve public awareness, interest, and involvement in Bath’s heritage51. These goals will be achieved through applying the systems from the first plan in the face of significant development pressures and applying the lessons learned from the UNESCO/ICOMOS mission of 200852. The systems are based on five core building action blocks: managing development, transportation, public realm, interpretation and education, and environmental resistance53. It will be imperative to deliver a further phase of considerable growth and positive change while sustaining the outstanding universal values54.

47 City of Bath World Heritage Site Steering Group, “The City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan 2016-2022,” UNESCO (2016): 9.

51 Idem.

48 Ibid, 7.

52 Ibid, 7.

49 Ibid, 5.

53 Ibid, 5.

50 Ibid, 9.

54 Ibid, 7.

27

2016-2022 MANAGEMENT PLAN

Fig 4.1 Rendering of proposed Heritage Interpretation Center

Involving the Public

Vision for the 2016-2022 MP

The new plan poses the question of “sustainable use,” which will become a unifying matrix for monitoring UNESCO’s expectations55. It focuses on addressing and financing a response to the decline of the public realm in the face of diminishing public funds. Interpretation and education surrounding the WHS are another main priority of this new plan; the prospect of an Interpretation Centre is in the works (see Figure 4.1)56, which would encourage public participation with and understanding of the city’s heritage values.

The MP vision section states that: “Bath is to be an exemplar of sustainable urban management by striving to balance an inventive and entrepreneurial twenty-first century city with conservation and enhancement of the WHS. Bath will be a centre of excellence for urban heritage management and conservation.” The impact upon the OUVs will be a key consideration in all proposals for change, as small, incremental change can be as influential as major interventions. There exists a strong presumption against modern developments that would adversely affect the outstanding universal value of the WHS. Finally, the vision statement addresses the goal that Bath is on its way to becoming “accessible and enjoyable for all”58.

A final priority for the new plan is the protection of the Bath’s landscape. Flooding and mineral extraction could damage the hot springs beyond repair, and their protection and management must be carried out carefully and efficiently57.

55 City of Bath World Heritage Site Steering Group, “The City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan 2016-2022,” UNESCO (2016): 5.

56 Idem.

57 Ibid, 7.

28

58 Ibid, 6.

2016-2022 MANAGEMENT PLAN

Fig 4.2 Residents enjoying the sun in the Parade Gardens

Fig 4.3 Juxtaposition of modern interventions and historic structures

29

Contemporary Interventions

Bath is a complex and a highly sensitive city of today’s times. Its urban landscape in historic setting is under constant pressure to change itself to cater to urbanization. As a modern city, Bath remains vulnerable to large-scale development and to transport pressures, both within the site and in its setting that could impact adversely on its garden city feel and on views across the property and to its green setting59. Unique natural resources, built environment and landscape come together in a cohesive manner to create an appropriate picturesque setting for both architectural and social history.

Change is a natural tendency for human settlements as we evolve over time, so the WHS designation does not prohibit progress and modern developments.

However, the preservation of the Palladian Georgian architecture, the eighteenth century town planning and the visual homogeneity of the complete city in its landscape setting, mentioned previously to

be of outstanding universal value, is pivotal to the management of change60.

The catastrophe of inappropriate and incompatible building began during the 1970s, which resulted in damage of at least 245 buildings of identifiable architectural or historical value. Such buildings identified by the Bath Corporation Act and Abercrombie’s plan both focused on Georgian Bath.

Most townscapes can be seen through windows of innovative construction and images of economic boom of the twentieth century, even though the city centre, like most European cities, hasn’t changed much. Bath is studded with expressions of change over many centuries.

59 “City of Bath,” UNESCO, accessed on February 20, 2019. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/428

30

60 Revised statement of OUV published by B&NES/UNESCO 2008.

Fig 5.1 The Upper Town, Georgian style

31

CONTEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS

Restoration and Redevelopment Issues of how to balance planned modernity with the conservation of the character of the historic city came to a head in the 1960s. Bath Preservation Trust had led opposition to the degree of changed proposed (Bath Preservation Trust,1935) and Abercrombie was in favour of a more conservative approach (Abercrombie, 1935; Lambert 2000). The plan was to establish sensitivity to the Georgian heritage of Bath, though much of the rest of the city centre was “ripe for development” and required “rejuvenation with a firm hand.” Georgian development was admired not only as architecture but also as town planning and the objective was to provide a new plan to bear comparison to the eighteenth century developments61. The topography of the city made it difficult to accommodate traffic, hence road proposals were very dominant amongst reconstruction plans. The Georgian buildings were compared to the Georgian dominant cities of London, Edinburgh and Dublin, each of which was prepared by Abercrombie.

There has been constant need for regeneration schemes as Bath continues to be one of the top destinations in United Kingdom for visitor attractions and retail. Heritage is an essential factor in place shaping in Bath and must be respected.

However, much can be achieved by high quality contemporary architecture, with conservation of the historic fabric, to maintain the integrity of the city. The challenge facing the city and its customs

today is to ensure that new architecture, created in response to modernisation and growth, is appropriate and sensitive to the significance and quality of Bath’s designated and undesignated heritage assets. ‘Significance’ is a key term within planning policy, and encompasses all the different historic, architectural and aesthetic interests62.

Maintaining Bath’s built heritage requires interventions to be carried out in a way that enhance its OUV characteristics, rather than detract from them.

Overall, two issues dominate the scene: finding new uses for historic buildings, and addressing traffic problems. The former was difficult but not impossible, especially given the fact that Bath is a university city and sooner or later the rising demands for student-occupied housing will be met. Preservation was intended to sit alongside massive transformation, and this was compatible with sustaining the historic character of the city.

“Every attack on a minor Georgian building is an attack on the architectural unity of Bath”63. The significance of Bath is believed to lie in its totality as an artefact rather than in individual architectural settings, and must be respected as such.

62 Planning Policy Statement 5 Planning and the Historic Environment 2010, paragraphs 12-15.

61 John Pendlebury, “The Modern Historic City: Evolving Ideas in

63 John Pendlebury, Conservation in the Age of Consensus (New York: Rout-

Mid-20th-century Britain,” Journal of Urban Design, 10 (2005): 2, 253-273.

ledge, 2009), 64.

32

CONTEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS

Fig 5.2 The Pulteney Bridge and Weir

Pulteney Bridge Bridges lined with shops are rare, but Robert Adam’s Pulteney Bridge in Bath has more than novelty value. His restrained composition of curves and rectangles was one of the visual delights of English neoclassicism. The uncluttered lines of the river façades were designed to be effective at a distance, while the elevations to the road provided an interesting play of light and shadow for passersby64. Paradoxically, the concept destroyed the architecture. Within years of its building, commercial pressures imposed expansions while later years saw change in style and appearance, which was far from its original fabric. The English influences on the way from London to Edinburgh, on which Adam was a frequent traveller, can be seen in his designs which usually abandoned Palladian style buildings.

The Pulteney Bridge was eventually extensively damaged due to storm and floods. The opportunity was taken to widen the bridge in its rebuilding. The end pavilions and central bay were restored ‘as far 64 Jean Manco, “Pulteney Bridge,” Architectural History 38 (1995): 129-45.

as is reasonably possible’ to the original design, while the shop fronts were rationalized and given windows with arched heads to echo the north side of the street. This was the second stage in returning the south range of the bridge closer to the original than it had been since I792. Pulteney Bridge has become an architectural symbol of Bath; few probably realize how short a life Adam’s bridge had, and how long it took to restore even half of it to a semblance of his original vision65.

65 Idem.

33

CONTEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS

Fig 5.3 Thermae Bath Spa

Visual and Stylistic Image Making Processes In proposing the toast of “The City of Bath,” Lord Horder said that Bath was renowned for its architecture, for its associations with monarchy, and for the part it had played in the world of fashion. The famous springs of Bath were hot by nature and not by artifice. Bath was royal; it was founded by a Saxon king, and kings and queens had frequented Bath as they had frequented no other place. In 55 AD, the Romans decided that Bath had a contribution to make in the name of hygiene. All health resorts had a contribution to make, a contribution to the solution of the problem of national fitness66. This attitude in modern times is still alive as a cause to generate finance and promote Bath as a city of spa and a major tourist attraction in the world of fashion as well as in the world of architects. The rapid urbanization of Bath’s townscape has led to major refurbishments of existing buildings as well

as building of new spas in the traditional language of the architecture of Bath. This tourist industry is faced with an ever-increasing demand of being fashionable one day and outdated the next. The fashion of visiting spas for social or cultural reasons began to decline and by the mid-nineteenth century, people only attended for medical reasons.

The annual visit to the seaside was also becoming popular, and this took away some of the custom that would formerly have gone to spas67. But it is not the case nowadays. With increasing connectivity and with the world becoming smaller day by day, accessibility is no longer an issue. The idea of tourism between different countries and intrigue for historic establishments has increased more than ever, leading to building by imitation.

66 “Health Resorts Conference at Bath: The Spa As A National Asset,” The

67 Patrick Lehane, “The Life and Death of Spas,” Built Environment (1972-1975)

British Medical Journal 2, no. 4014 (1937): 1184-186.

3, no. 8 (1974): 406-08.

34

CONTEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS

Fig 5.4 New Bond Street today

Bath is a city whose character and appearance are inextricably linked with both tourism and traffic. Its Georgian architectural elegance and Roman baths are popular tourist attractions, and the entirety of the city holds WHS status. However, such popularity with tourists has a hefty toll. Tourism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, hand in hand with the conservation of the city. Where old commercial properties have been carefully restored, expensive retailers have moved in. The reconstruction of buildings in New Bond Street and Upper Borough Walls by Hazelmere attracted Habitat, Liberty’s and Laura Ashley, along with more luxury goods and fashion shops. Russell & Bromley and The Gap (‘New York, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, and now Bath’) have moved into Old Bond Street following restoration work68. These two centres are superficially very different. ‘The Colonnades’ has three storeys of shops arranged around a glass lift and pool, all discreetly concealed behind the eighteenth century grade I listed buildings of Bath

Street. In 1988, plans were announced to demolish the Southgate centre along with its post-war neighbours which were equally unattractive. The plans for new shopping centres and car parks were also released, causing distress among the residents, who are concerned the government council is more interested in catering to tourists and not the local population. The pronouncement that there would be no replacement of the supermarket prompted anxiety amongst residents that the redevelopment would displace essential goods with more high fashion and speciality shops. This was not the only cause for anxiety. For such a major development to work financially, the shopping floorspace had to be virtually doubled to almost 400,000 square feet.

What impact would such a large new development have in an historic city like Bath? Was there also a possibility of historic streets being vacated and thus neglected?

68 Les Sparks, “Shopping In and Around Bath,” RSA Journal 138, no. 5404 (1990): 266-68.

35

Fig 5.5 The University of Bath

Fig 5.6 Tourists enjoy the Christmas Market on Milsom Street

36

Fig 5.7 Tourists outside Bath Abbey

Effects of Tourism and Design Bath is now something of a university town, home to two large universities: the University of Bath and Bath Spa University. During the autumn, winter and spring, students make up nearly twenty percent of the residential population69. In the summer months, the students generally move out and the tourists come in by the masses. In addition to summer, tourists also flock to Bath in November and December for its popular Christmas Market. Luckily, various studies have indicated that the influx of tourists during these periods rarely adversely affect the residents.

The city is home to nearly 89,000 people and about 5,000 listed buildings, meaning the balance between community needs and historic fabric preservation is a delicate one70. Fortunately, there are very few abandoned or derelict buildings, which indicates the management plans, local councils and 69 City of Bath World Heritage Site Steering Group, “The City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan 2016-2022,� UNESCO (2016): 14.

70 Idem.

public are aware of the city’s heritage values and are keen on up-keeping them, which is not a new tradition for the city.

Bath attracts approximately 5.8 million tourists annually - nearly one million of them coming just for the spas - which generates 405 million pounds from tourism alone71. Tourists flock to Bath for its unique opportunities: the hot springs, the bath culture, the social scene, the well-preserved Georgian architecture, and the green setting, a combination which cannot be found anywhere else. These tourists have their choice of over three hundred accommodation options, including eighty hotels and over 180 bed and breakfasts. Airbnb has also taken the city, like so many others, by storm.

As tourism becomes more readily available by the day to travellers across the globe, the hospitality industry will continue to flourish and possibly overtake the city entirely. It is impossible to say what that could mean for the rest of the city, but for now the constant influx of new, contemporary 71 Idem.

37

Fig 5.8 Jane Austen festival-goers

Fig 5.9 Jane Austen festival goers

industries is obvious, while traditional employers and businesses are struggling to keep up and are forced to move out72.

A new redevelopment scheme of a significant portion of the valley has recently been revealed, referred to as the “Bath City Riverside.” This new enterprise area will represent the city’s most significant physical changes in over a generation, so the execution of this project must be precise and sensitive73.

A new discussion has arisen in recent years concerning the difference between “tourism” and “travelling,” which are actually quite different. Many cities that attract global visitors are satisfying their tourists via staged authenticity. Examples of this could include ghost tours, pastiche architecture, and in the case of Bath, a Jane Austen festival. Travellers, on the other hand, want to live “like locals” when they visit new cities. These types of guests often stay in hostels, Airbnb’s outside the city centre, or use a couch-surfing website or app. Travellers are generally easier to please than tourists, as they tend to prefer smaller restaurants, less extravagant experiences, and steer clear of over-populated and over-priced venues. Therefore, it is the tourists specifically who are having the greatest impact on the built heritage of cities, and Bath, as previously mentioned, is no stranger to this phenomenon.

Additionally, the city is focusing heavily on a transport regeneration scheme, which aims to significantly improve user experiences for both local commuters and tourists alike74. As many cities across the world know, traffic can turn even the most charming city into a disaster. In Bath’s case, the introduction of new bus lanes could have a distinct impact on the day-to-day experiences of small vehicles and bike traffic, but reduce overall car traffic.

72 City of Bath World Heritage Site Steering Group, “The City of Bath World

73 Idem.

Heritage Site Management Plan 2016-2022,” UNESCO (2016): 7.

74 Idem.

38

Conclusion

Fig 6.1 Gainsborough Bath Spa

Bath’s heritage, defined earlier in its six outstanding universal value characteristics, has always been well taken care of by its residents and local authorities.

With few derelict or abandoned buildings and a strong management plan, Bath’s heritage should, in theory, survive on in the future. However, a major threat not expressly addressed in depth is the takeover of tourism. Mass tourism invites in not only populations that the city is not equipped to cater to, but also developments that sell a false character of Bath. Bath is not solely a city of Roman baths, nor a haven of Victorian society. It is not a period of Georgian architecture merely frozen in time,

nor simply a beautiful and picturesque landscape.

Bath is rather a living, breathing and functioning community that includes these characteristics, as well as many others, and should be treated as such.

Tourists, developers and even heritage specialists often forget this fact and seek to treat World Heritage Sites as theme parks created for entertainment.

To avoid this surely destructive thought process, Bath - alongside other cities holding WHS status must treat its current and future developments with sensitivity, and cater to its community’s needs first.

39

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