Occupying Decay

O C C U P Y I N G

K A E T Y P R E N T I C E

D E C A Y

Design Thinking, Spring 2018 With Professor Jan Ulmer & Faculty Assistant Max Bemberg

Occupying Decay, 1

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Occupying Decay, 3

Occupying decay by kaety prentice

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a lot of things in the house were broken or forgotten. the kitchen clock stopped. a closet doorknob coming off in my hand. the sparkly mess of flies i’d swept from the corners.

it took sustained, constant living to ward off decay.

- Emma Cline, The Girls

Occupying Decay, 5

Contents Preface An Architectural Palimpsest

1. Occupying Decay

2. The Archeological Palimpsest

3. An Architectural Understanding

Trade, Globalization and Abandonment

1. Movement, Railroads, and Trade

2. Warehouse as a Typology

3. Globalization

3. Abandonment and St. Louis

A Landscape of Destruction

1. Growth and Decay

2. Case Studies in Decay Speculations on Occupation

1. A Site at the Crossroads of Industrial Decay

2. An Owner That Occupies Decay

3. A Prototype for Occupation and Growth

4. A Palimpsest of our Decay Sources

1. Endnotes

2. Sources

3. Images

6, Occupying Decay

Preface

Occupying Decay, 7

The human body is constantly undergoing a process of decay and of reconstruction. First builded into the astral form in the womb of the mother, it is built up continually by the insetting of fresh materials. With every moment tiny

molecules are passing away from it; with every moment tiny molecules are streaming into it.

-Annie Besant

Four kingdoms of life: plants, fungi, bacteria, and protists operate and thrive in the midst of decay. In the fifth kingdom, a large swath of animals do the same. Humans, from their advanced perspective however, have an adverse reaction to anything that is not “right”. We have a conception of “right” bodies, spaces, food, and words. There are understandable reasons for that. We have a learned nature to avoid anything associated disease, death, and danger. It has probably kept us alive through the years.

But where is it getting us now?

St. Louis currently has about 25,000 vacant properties and land.1 In addtion, the LRA (Land Reutilization Authority) owns over 11,000 of these properties (a landmass about the size of Forest Park).2 And yet, the city of St. Louis reports it has had a sharp increase in investment. According to information released by the city of St. Louis, between July 2017 and January 2018, building permits have been issued for projects valuing $452,267,685, a 52% increase over the same period in 2017.3 This investment growth that the city is purporting, however, is not taking into account the many vacant properties that exist in St. Louis. These properties are largely seen as undesirable locations for new growth and investment.

Is there a way that we can incorporate these decaying vacant buildings into our future?

These buildings were created to service our needs in the midst of the industrial revolution.

Once we globalized and exported much of our good manufacturing, many warehouses were left abandoned throughout the US, and St. Louis was no exception.

How does this dichotomy of growth and vacancy relate to our interaction with decay in a spatial context? The archeological term of a palimpsest might help here. A palimpsest refers to. an archeological record that can be wiped clean and understood in a new way.

Ultimately, however, the piece is a sum of its parts. Each layer is a crucial contribution to the overall text. In the same way, an abandoned building is a palimpsest of our decay.

If we can learn to accept and occupy our past, perhaps we can find a way to stabilize and navigate our future. A new way of occupying of our past decay.

Proposed at the crossroads of industrial decay, the design will be an extension of Goodwill’s main offices in downtown St. Louis. The program will seek to meet neighborhood needs as well as address missing functions in Goodwill’s current program. In addition, the project will continue to seek a stabilization for the neighborhood that looks beyond loft housing alone to an anchored ownership, a diversity of users and a plethora of services.

In the end, we must find a way to utilize vacant buildings not as gimmicks of a time past, but as palimpsests of ourselves, decay and all.

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An architectural Palimpsest The world around us, so much of it our own creation,

shifts continually and often bewilders us.

- Kevin Lynch, What Time is This Place?, 1972

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1.

Occupying decay Scientists have identified five kingdoms of life in our world: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and protists.4 Four of those kingdoms: plants, fungi, bacteria, and protists operate and thrive in the midst of decay. In the fifth kingdom, a large swath of animals do the same. Take for example, a saprophyte , which is a a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter. In the picture on the top right the fungus is receiving live giving nutrients from the dying tree. In the middle the animal body will be broken down by other animals and internal bacteria to the point that its bones will be broken down and those nutrients returned to the soil.

Thus, the “natural world” has a comfortable relationship with decay.

and rich

And while humans origins are placed within this comfortable and rich relationship, we have developed an adversity to it over time. We have developed conceptions of “right” bodies, spaces, food, and words. In part, we have developed this learned nature to avoid anything associated with disease, death, and danger. It has probably kept us alive through the years. However, we now are increasingly isolating ourselves from the

potentially lifegiving nature that embracing and occupying the decay that we create could give to us. Is there an opportunity for new patterns of occupation?

As an ending note/example. It was interesting to reflect on the fact that even while collecting these images of decay I wanted to find the prettiest, cleanest and most pristine examples of decay. As humans we have developed an inherent discomfort with decay.

Occupying Decay, 11

humans???

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Almost everything in the world is more adept at occupying decay than us humans Occupying Decay, 13

a palimpsest could be a valuable paradigm for humans to occupy decay

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2.

An archeological Palimpsest To understand how a palimpsest might allow humans to better occupy decay one must understand where this the origination of this term, how its meaning has developed over time and how it has come to hold relevance for the design world.

A palimpsest means literally ""scraped clean and ready to be used again The word “palimpsest” derives from the Latin palimpsestus, which derives from the Ancient Greek παλίμψηστος (palímpsēstos, or “again scraped”), The Ancient Greeks used wax-coated tablets, like scratch-pads, to write on with a stylus, and to erase the writing by smoothing the wax surface and write again. This practice was adopted by Ancient Romans, who wrote (literally scratched on letters) on wax-coated tablets, which were re-usable.5 In the Middle Ages, these parchments were created from vellum which was very expensive. Because of that the material was recycled and used over and over. The scribes used chemical agents to erase the existing text and a new text was subsequently superimposed onto the clean sheet.6 Although they were wiped clean at the time, archeologists have now discovered many traces of previous texts all layered on top of each other. Some traces revealed themselves naturally over time and some traces archeologist first discovered using chemicals that revealed the previous layers of writing. Some of these chemicals proved destructive to the texts and eventually techniques were developed that could use ultra-violet light to reveal that layers and not damage the text.7 Through this archeological example we see that palimpsests are a multi-layered record of time.

Occupying Decay, 15

with a

or

scroll

codex

the scribe wiped away the outdated text so they could re-use the vellum

This way the vellum could be used over and over

With time previous texts are revealed exhibiting it's multi-layered history

This is a palimsest 16, Occupying Decay

3.

An architectural Understanding An understanding of the valuable term of palimpsest came to be applied to architecture through the route of landscape architecture.8 Andre Corboz introduced the idea of using a palimpsest as an image for design in his essay, “The Land as Palimpsest” and there are many ways the metaphor of palimpsest and relate to Architectural theory 1. The literal layers of a building. Many buildings have layer upon layer of history structural styles have developed, theories have changed, and fades have gone in and out of style. In the collage at the beginning of the this book section, I explore this idea by looking at the interior “facade” of a contemporary “hip” interior. Now each layer of that interior is peeled back to reveal all of the different trends that have comprised just interior finishing alone.

2. Palimpsest as living memory of a building. This memory could be kept alive in a variety of ways. Perhaps through the reuse of materials, perhaps through renovation that respects the previous building. Any way that the original building is respected and “reused” is keeping the idea of the memory of a palimpsest alive in the building.

3. Palimpsest as a means for dialogue/ reciprocal relationship. Ie. not only does each later of the building (perhaps renovation or addition?) relate to the building, it also adds merit to the building making it strong together than it would be on its own. In essence this idea could be related to addition or 1 layer + 1 layer = a palimpsest [2]9

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> 6th century: popularity of palimpsest rose in western Europe due to the costs and scarcity of parchment.

~ 5th century: around this period papyrus was largely replaced in Europe by the cheaper and locally produced parchment which also had a higher durability in moist climates.

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Â

22

~ 10th century: the original Byzantine Archimedes palimpsest dates from this period. It was later overwritten by monks in the 13th century.

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800

7th - 9th century: most parchments were recycled in this period and thus many palimpsest can be found from this era.

700

600

~ 6th century: around this period the common way of reading with a scroll fanished and was replaced by the codex because the codex proved to be more durable. Even today most survived manuscripts were in codex format.

500

400

END THE ICE AGE (11.000 BC) ADVENT AGRICULTURE (20.000 BC) INVENTION WRITING (3500 BC)

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

A timeline of a palimpsest as worked out by Robbert Verheij10

> late 15th century: advent of printing, during this time parchment was largely replaced by paper. For the first time books and other manuscript could be easily copied and distrubuted.

> 19th century: scholars started to recover palimpsests through the use of chemicals. Sometimes these chemicals proved to be destructive, in the 20th century modern techniques were developed such as photography and ultraviolet light.

1760 - 1840: the period of the industrial revolution came with new technologies that would make it possible to recover palimpsests

2100

2000

WWII

1900

1800

1700

1600

1500

RENAISSANCE

1400

1300

1200

1940 - 1965: period of reconstruction after WWII. In this period a lot of changes occured in the landscape. Because of urgency many building projects were driven by efficiency, time and costs which resulted in tabula rasa approached.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

~ 15th century: many renaissance artists prefered the use of parchment oppose to paper. The material properties creates a certain depth when ink touches the parchment.

ECONOMICAL CRISIS

2003: book Sub-urbanism and the art of memory by SĂŠbastien Marot, who is one of the followers of the thinking of Corboz and continues on the notion of landscape as a palimpsest.

2008: the economical crisis marked an era of re-thinking, reuse and new creative thinking.

The notion of palimpsest therefore becomes more and more important.

1983: AndrĂŠ Corboz, introduced the term palimpsest in the discourse of urbanism and landscape with his essay The land as palimpsest.

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trade, globalization, and abandonment The making and experience of architecture, as of every art, are always critical historical acts, involving what the architect and the viewer have learned to distinguish and to image through their own relationship with life and things.

It therefore follows that the strength and value of our contact with art will depend upon the quality of our historical knowledge.

- Vincent Scully, in introduction to ‘Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture’, 1966

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1. movement, railroads, and trade To fully understand the current context of vacant warehouses in St. Louis it is necessary to have a basic understanding the history of goods trading in the US and how it has both contributed to huge resources and investment and huge amounts of decay in the city.

As goods trading developed in history, elements began to develop that allowed trade to move more rapidly. Various resources were concentrated in different parts of the US and investors, manufacturers, and sellers were looking to find quick ways to get goods across the states.

With the invention of the first successful steam engine locomotive which was built by British Engineer George Stephenson in 1814, railroads became a viable means of transport for goods.1 Railroads quickly became the main means to ship goods across the US. Within this transportation system there developed a need for a large scale place to store these goods either along the way or once they reached their destination.

This is how the warehouse became a very important building typology for storing goods as the moved across the USA - either by train, or later, by truck.

On the right is a map showing the railroad routes through Missouri in 1890.

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2.

Warehouse as a typology ware · house noun /’wer.hous/: ‘a place in which goods or merchandise are stored’ ware noun /wer/: ‘articles of merchandise or manufacture’ house noun /hous/: ‘a dwelling of familial human habitation’

Warehouses were built to be filled with items. With this as its main goal the design of these spaces is shaped totally around that. With open spaces as its main goal, warehouses are usually a simple cubic shape with a straightforward structural system. There are a couple of motivating factors behind the design of a warehouse: material, daylighting, heating and cooling, storage, and structure.

Although the material choses have changed overtime.

Warehouses have often constructed out of the cheapest and most durable material at the time. For many abandoned warehouses in St. Louis this means they are constructed out of brick.

Daylighting and ventilation are also important considerations in a warehouse. Many warehouses have quite large windows to allow workers as much light to see by as possible. Additionally, many warehouses have double pitch ceilings or clerestories to both allow for ventilation possibilities as well as create another opportunity for daylighting.

Since warehouses are ultimately made for storage, their shape and structure are keep quite simple in order to fit as many goods as possible.

Finally, the structural system is quite durable to both stand the test of time and be able to support the weight of the goods that are brought in there.

Warehouses are excellent canidates for adaptive reuse because of their straightforward layout, durable materials, and hefty structural system.

Occupying Decay, 25

necessary components of the typology:

material [cheap] [strong] [durable]

daylight [good vision] [ventilation]

structure [solid]

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heating and cooling are a priority

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storage is a priority

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3. globalization Over time, trade became globalized. As the transportation networks between continents strengthened (see map on the right) and other continents showed that they could produce goods more cheaply, many companies moved their goods production overseas.

This led to a hollowing out of the industrial quarter in major US cities and led to many vacancies among factories and warehouses as there was no perceived reuse for these buildings.

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Primary Roads

Main Rail Lines

30, Occupying Decay Source: ESRI

Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University

4. abandonment and st. louis St. Louis is not without its own sordid tale of abandonment

There are many places in the city that were once vibrant industrial quarters; now vacant and unoccupied, at least in the traditional sense.

from the movement of industry overseas.

There is a need for a new understanding of the value of these buildings. To attempt to understand these patterns,

I began by mapping every abandoned warehouse I visited in the city (see map at right). I certainly did not visit them all, but I gained an awareness of where they are located and what the previously industrial patterns of occupation might have been.

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x x xx x xx

x x x x

xxx

x x

School Power station Brewery

x Warehouse Factory 32, Occupying Decay

A photographic record of the abandoned buildings I visited.

Occupying Decay, 33

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At the end of this mapping I began to notice two “corridors� of former occupation for these abandoned factories// and warehouses hence hypothesizing two former industrial corridors in the city of St. Louis.

I wanted my site to respond to these concentrated areas of former industry and exist within the crossroads of decay that they left behind.

Occupying Decay, 37

x x xx x xx

x x x x

xxx

x x

School Power station Brewery

x Warehouse Factory 38, Occupying Decay

a landscape of destruction Architecture lives to be transformed and therein lies its true calling -Eduardo Souto de Moura

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1. growth and decay The story of vacancy is well known in the city of St. Louis.

Once we became a post industrial society our means of shipping and storing shifted, making warehouses and factories no longer necessary for their original use.

But the addtion to this story that is interesting is that there has also been growth in St. Louis in recent history. We know that there are several major developments happening

Between July 2017 and January 2018, building permits have been issued for projects valuing $452,267,685, a 52% percent increase over the same period in 2017. in the city right now.

And yet this new growth is not reusing these original warehouses. Take for example the Pevely Diary complex (see next page). Originally a dairy factory as well as a retail shop, they closed abruptly in 2008. St. Louis University purchased the site & demolished the complex saying they planned to build a new health center. The site remains vacant today.

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There is vacancy....

St. Louis has 25,000 vacant properties and land.

The LRA owns more than 11,000 of those properties.

A landmass roughly the size of Forest Park.

Occupying Decay, 43

...and growth

Between July 2017 and January 2018, building permits have been issued for projects valuing $452,267,685, a 52% percent increase over the same period in 2017 44, Occupying Decay

pevely diary complex The Pevely Diary complex was originally a working dairy factory as well as a retail shop. They closed abruptly in 2008. St. Louis University purchased the site & demolished the complex saying they planned to build a new health center. The site remains vacant today.

The Pevely Diary Complex was in excellent condition when it was demolished, however, SLU did not find it in their best interest to preserve the building.

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St. Bridget of Erin St. Bridget of Erin is one of the oldest church in St. Louis.

However, when the adjacent La Salle school wanted to expand it chose to tear the church down instead of utilizing it.

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speculations on occupation Layering is used as a deliberate device of esthetic expression – the visible accumulation of overlapping traces from successive periods, each trace modifying and being modified by the new additions, to produce something like a collage of time.

It is the sense of depth in an old city that is so intriguing. The remains uncovered imply the layers still hidden...

-Kevin Lynch, What Time is This Place?, 1972

Occupying Decay, 49

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a site that lives at the crossroads of industrial decay

Occupying Decay, 51

x x xx x

MISSISSIPPI RIVER

xx

x INDUSTRIAL CROSSROADS

x x x

THE SITE

xxx

x DOWNTOWN WEST NEIGHBORHOOD

x

School Power station Brewery

x Warehouse Factory 52, Occupying Decay

DOWNTOWN WEST transportation

Occupying Decay, 53

PR

OP

OS

ED

ME

TRO

LIN

KL

INE

EXIS

MAJO R THRO BUS LINE S UGH SITE TING

MET

SITE !

ROL

INK

LINE

N TIO R STA ENTE N C IO UN CIVIC

DOW N NEIG TOWN W HBO RHO EST OD

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DOWNTOWN WEST 4 MINUTE WALKING DISTANCE 8 MINUTE WALKING DISTANCE DOWNTOWN WEST THE SITE

METROLINK

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the site: 1700 block of locust

Bus Stop Occupying Decay, 57

1/128” = 1’-0”

Washington Avenue

90’

55’ 33’ 96’

St. Charles Street

175’

76’

Locust Street 17 th Street

18 th Street

350’

Olive Street

centary loft 58, Occupying Decay

Site: photo looking East on 1700 block of locust street

Site: view of the site looking up

Occupying Decay, 59

Site: photo looking West on 1700 block of locust street

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existing conditions SITE

Occupying Decay, 61

1/128” = 1’-0”

Lucas Avenue

Washington Avenue

90’

55’ 33’ 96’

St. Charles Street

175’

76’

Locust Street 17 th Street

18 th Street

350’

Locust Street

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Occupying Decay, 63

basement

1/32” = 1’-0”

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first floor

1/32” = 1’-0”

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SECOND floor

1/32” = 1’-0”

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3rd & 4th floor

1/32” = 1’-0”

Occupying Decay, 67

1/32” = 1’-0”

SECTION THROUGH SITE

existing goodwill offices vacant

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1/32” = 1’-0”

LOCUST STREET ELEVATION

existing goodwill offices

2.

An Owner who occupies Decay Goodwill is a nationwide business whose main St Louis offices occupy the far West parcel of the 1700 block of Locust Street. Goodwill provides many services to the St. Louis area including, counseling and rehabilitation services, goodwill stores, and job training centers (see right map for a mapping of their services). Goodwill is a good owner to occupy the crossroads of industrial decay as they provide many services of rehabilitation and stabilization.

In this proposal goodwill will be expanding their services at this site and occupying the vacant parcel as well as the vacant powerstation adjacent

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x

x

x

x x x x x

x x Goodwill’s Central Office and Store Counseling and Rehabilitation Center

x Goodwill Stores

Job Training Centers

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Goodwill is an owner who occupies decay x

x

x

x x x x x

x x

understanding of occupational relationships Goodwill’s Central Office and Store Counseling and Rehabilitation Center

x Goodwill Stores

Job Training Centers

Occupying Decay, 71

x x xx x xx

x x x x

xxx

x x

School Power station Brewery

x

Warehouse Factory

Goodwill’s Central Office and Store Counseling and Rehabilitation Center

x Goodwill Stores

Job Training Centers

72, Occupying Decay

3.

A prototype for occupation and stabilized growth The typology of a “pocket space� could be understood as a opportunity for new growth and development. With an anchor owner on one side (stabilization) a middle left over space that is ready for new occupation and vacant building on the other side that is ready for re-occupation. The left over space could first be occupied by temporary events, that semi-permanent spaces, then finally a permanent occupation. The site has the flexibility to vacillate between temporary and semi-permanent for as long as it needs to until it is ready for stabilization. Once there is enough draw from the other events/spaces it is ready for permanent occupation. This type of occupation could become a prototype for redeveloping like spaces all along the bus lines in St. Louis

EXISTING USE (STABILIZATION) LEFT OVER SPACE (NEW OCCUPATION)

VACANT BUILDING (RE-OCCUPATION)

Occupying Decay, 73

diagram of a "pocket space

74, Occupying Decay

Temporary occupations

Book swap

dance party

Occupying Decay, 75

food/ or beer trucks

can become progressively more permenant occupations...

greenhouse

experimental art space

theatre

76, Occupying Decay

Temporary

semi permanent

Temporary

tnenamrep imes

Semi-permanent

tnenamrep-imeS

Permanent

Permanent Occupying Decay, 77

stitching stabilized occupation along bus lines

SITE !

78, Occupying Decay

permanent proposal for site

cinema

1/64” = 1’-0”

Cinema - 16,000 sq. feet

Basement

public space

existing offices

job training

job training

public space

1/64” = 1’-0”

First Floor

Occupying Decay, 79

Job Training- 24,000 sq. feet

collage of cinema

Cinema/ offices - 8,500 sq. feet

80, Occupying Decay

existing offices

housing

goodwill store

1/64” = 1’-0”

second floor

Goodwill Store- 8,000 sq. feet Housing - 14,000 sq. feet ______________________________ 22,000 sq. feet

housing

1/64” = 1’-0”

THIRD & 4TH FLOOR

Goodwill Store- 8,000 sq. feet Housing - 14,000 sq. feet ______________________________ 22,000 sq. feet Total:

Occupying Decay, 81

84,000 sq. feet

collage proposed goodwill store

82, Occupying Decay

Occupying Decay, 83

existing goodwill offices

HOUSING

HOUSING

TRAINING

TRAINING

goodwill store TRAINING cinema

84, Occupying Decay

endnotes An Architectural Palimpsest

1. Altman, Maria. “St. Louis Takes New Look at Old Problem: What to Do with Vacant Land and Abandoned Buildings.”

St. Louis Public Radio. Accessed May 07, 2018. http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/st-louis-takes-new-look- old-problem-what-do-vacant-land-and-abandoned-buildings#stream/0.

2. Ibid

3. “Value of Projects with New Building Permits Soars in January.” Stlouis-mo.gov. Accessed May 07, 2018. https://www. stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/new-building-permits-january.cfm.

4. Age and Origin of the Solar System. Accessed May 08, 2018. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/content/ fivekingdoms.html.

5. Lyons, Martyn (2011). Books: A Living History. California: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 215

6. “Palimpsest” https://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/mediatheory/keywords/palimpsest/

7. Verheij, Robbert. “Palimpsest in Architecture”. https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:715e2f60-603c-

4656-9acb-9428bb917c2b/datastream/OBJ

8. Verheij, Robbert. “Palimpsest in Architecture”. https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:715e2f60-603c-

4656-9acb-9428bb917c2b/datastream/OBJ

9. Ibid

10. Ibid

Trade, Globalization and Abandonment

1“Transportation History: The Steam Locomotive” http://www.custom-qr-codes.net/history-steam-locomotive.html

2. Ibid

3. “Value of Projects with New Building Permits Soars in January.” Stlouis-mo.gov. Accessed May 07, 2018. https://www. stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/new-building-permits-january.cfm.

4. Age and Origin of the Solar System. Accessed May 08, 2018. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/content/ fivekingdoms.html.

5. Lyons, Martyn (2011). Books: A Living History. California: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 215

6. “Palimpsest” https://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/mediatheory/keywords/palimpsest/

7. Verheij, Robbert. “Palimpsest in Architecture”. https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:715e2f60-603c-

4656-9acb-9428bb917c2b/datastream/OBJ

8. Verheij, Robbert. “Palimpsest in Architecture”. https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:715e2f60-603c-

4656-9acb-9428bb917c2b/datastream/OBJ

9. Ibid

10. Ibid

A Landscape of Destruction 1.

Speculations on Occupation 1.

Occupying Decay, 85

Image credits Unless otherwise noted, all images are courtesy of Kaety Prentice.

An Architectural Palimpsest

[page 12] Borrowed from: http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/wc.notes/15.climates.veg/veg.images/growth_forms.htm

Borrowed from: http://szzljy.com/assets/download.php?file=/images/decay/decay5.jpg

Borrowed from: http://szzljy.com/assets/download.php?file=/images/decay/decay5.jpg

Borrowed from: https://www.thoughtco.com/why-teeth-turn-yellow-4045029 [page 13-14 ] Collage courtesy of Kaety Prentice

Photos for collage borrowed from: http://photos.riverfronttimes.com/urban-exploring/?slide=1&img_7471 [page 18] Borrowed from: http://cabinet-of-wonders.blogspot.com/2007/10/palimpsests-as-metaphor.html

Trade, Globalization and Abandonment

[page 22] Borrowed from: https://www.infrastructureusa.org/category/views/ [page 24] Borrowed from: http://profbutler.watermelon-kid.com/images/maps/HIST1302_Part_1/Railroad_Map-1890.jpg [page 26] Borrowed from: https://archiscapes.wordpress.com/2014/11/23/warehouse-illustrated-history-archetype/ [page 27-28] Borrowed from: The St. Louis Electrical Handbook: Being a Guide for Visitors, Volume 10 pages 144-148 [page 30] Borrowed from: Dr. Jean Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of global studies & geography, Hofstra University

A Landscape of Destruction

[page 40] Collage courtesy of Kaety Prentice

Photos for collage borrowed from: photos taken my professor Jan Ulmer, and http://www.stltoday.com/rendering-of-planned-la-salle- school-expansion-st-bridget-site/image_01e0eb77-8975-51b3-ac84-e01f29043e66.html [page 46] Photos borrowed from: http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/a-year-later-still-no-construction-at-pevely-site/

article_54b7f78d-9da8-5db9-afec-e2fd589d9413.html

Photos borrowed from: http://preservationresearch.com/historic-preservation/better-late-than-never-mothballing-the-pevely-dairy/ [page 48] Photos borrowed from: http://archstl.org/archives/closedparish/st-bridget-erin

Photos borrowed from: Professor Jan Ulmer

Speculations on Occupation

[page 61-62] Photos borrowed from: http://archstl.org/archives/closedparish/st-bridget-erin

Photos borrowed from: Professor Jan Ulmer

86, Occupying Decay

Sources 1. https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/warehouse 2. https://www.across-magazine.com/the-evolution-of-retail-warehousing/ 3. https://archiscapes.wordpress.com/2014/11/23/warehouse-illustrated-history-archetype/ 4. https://www.infrastructureusa.org/mapping-freight-the-highly-concentrated-nature-ofgoods-trade-in-the-united-states/ 5. Electrical Railway Review, Volume 14, pages 62-3625 6. https://www.builtstlouis.net/central-corridor/downtown-west/locust-street05.html (Photos) 7. https://www.builtstlouis.net/central-corridor/downtown-west/locust-street05.html (Photos) 8.http://mohistory.org/collections?page=21&text=company%20building%20 locust&images=1 9. https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=1526 10. https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/planning/cultural-resources/preservation-plan/Part-III-The-Worlds-Fair-City-Transportation-Structures.cfm 11. The St. Louis Electrical Handbook: Being a Guide for Visitors, Volume 10 pages 144148 12. Western Electrician, Volume 35

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88, Occupying Decay

Occupying Decay, 89