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STATUS REPORT ! Sanitation Conditions in Madanpur Khadar February, 2015 ! ! “Sanitation Beyond Sewers” B.4- Status Report on the Sanitation Conditions of Madanpur Khadar.
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! Forum for Organised Resource Conservation and Enhancement
F O R C E For more information on
FORCE visit our website:
!
www.force.org.in
FORCE–C-8/8035, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi–110070.T: 11 46018754 M: 09899812888 email jyoti@force.org.in
Table&of&contents! !
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1. Introduction! ! 2. Methodology! 3. Urban!planning!in!Delhi! a. Brief!overview! b. Slum!relocation! ! 4. Sanitation!norms! a. Responsible!bodies! b. Norms!and!actual!provisions! DToilets! DSolid!waste!management! DDrains! DGender!sensitivity!of!norms! 5. !Madanpur!Khadar! a. Overview! b. B2!block! 6. Current!status!! a. Toilets! $ Community!Toilet!Complexes! $ Household! $ Gender!perspective! b. Solid!waste! $ Gender!Perspective! c. Garbage! $ Gender!Perspective! 7. Conclusion! a. FORCE’s!impact! b. Recommendations!!
! 1.#Introduction! !
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Sanitation!conditions!in!resettlement!colonies!have!been!a!resurgent!topic!of!academic!and! technocratic!discussion,!particularly!in!regards!to!how!they!rarely!surpass!those!of!the!informal! settlements!from!which!their!residents!are!relocated.!This!situation!further!complicates!itself! when!the!resettlement!colonies!are!located!by!the!Yamuna!riverbed,!which!is!extremely! contaminated!as!it!continues!to!be!used!as!a!public!waste!site!for!Delhi’s!growing!population.! This!report!will!focus!on!Madanpur!Khadar,!a!resettlement!colony!in!South!West!Delhi.!More! specifically,!it!will!be!looking!at!Madanpur!Khadar’s!B2!block,!where!FORCE!has!been!working!for! two!years!on!improving!sanitation!!infrastructure!and!conditions.!FORCE!have!also!been! mobilising!women!and!teenagers!!to!work!within!their!community!with!the!aim!of!raising! awareness,!organising!to!influence!public!policy!and!creating!a!sense!of!empowerment!and! accountability!among!the!residents.! This!report!will!first!give!an!introduction!to!the!history!of!urban!planning!in!Delhi!in!recent! decades!and!the!practice!of!slum!relocation.!It!will!then!provide!an!overview!of!Madanpur! Khadar,!before!concentrating!on!B2!Block!in!greater!detail.!!The!report!concentrates!on!B2!as!this! allows!a!more!manageable,!in!depth!analysis.!Moreover,!FORCE’s!experience!and!community! reach!is!stronger!in!this!block!than!in!other!parts!of!the!colony,!facilitating!reliable!research!and! data!collection.!! After!the!overview!of!B2!Block!there!will!be!an!analysis!of!the!sanitation!facilities!and!conditions! in!the!area.!Finally,!the!experience!of!FORCE!in!B2!Block!will!be!evaluated,!looking!at!the!nature! of!their!impact!in!the!sanitation!conditions,!evaluating!which!strategies!were!successful!and! identifying!the!areas!that!still!need!to!be!worked!on.! ! !
2.#Methodology! !
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! The!sources!of!data!for!this!report!could!be!divided!into!three!categories:! ! ! Focus!group!discussions.! Two!large!focus!group!discussions!were!organised!in!B2!Block!for!the!purpose!of!obtaining! qualitative!data!for!this!report.!One!of!them!was!directed!at!boy!children!and!the!other!one!at! girl!children!and!women,!both!comprising!of!10D15!participants.!The!discussions!were!carefully! guided!through!the!required!topics,!lasting!between!one!and!two!hours!in!each!case.!The! discussions!were!recorded!by!a!videographer,!after!which!a!transcript!and!a!translation!were! produced.! A!third!focus!group!discussion,!this!one!smaller,!was!organised!with!5!women,!focusing!more! strongly!than!the!previous!on!the!topic!of!menstrual!management.!After!this,!the!women! accompanied!us!to!a!Community!Toilet!Complex!and!gave!us!a!detailed!account!of!their!how! they!experience!the!facility,!how!well!adapted!it!is!to!their!needs!and!what!changes!they!would! recommend.! ! ! Participatory!photography!activity! A!photography!workshop!was!held!with!boy!children!of!FORCE’s!children!group,!after!which!they! were!divided!into!three!groups.!Each!group!was!given!a!camera!and!assigned!a!theme!related!to! sanitation.!The!children!were!given!two!weeks!to!complete!a!photo!story!on!their!respective! themes,!and!the!winning!team!was!rewarded.! The!purpose!of!this!activity!was!to!involve!the!community!into!the!documentation!process,!to! obtain!visual!documentation!from!the!children’s!perspective,!and!to!empower!the!children!with! a!new!skill!and!interest.!The!children’s!photographs!have!been!used!throughout!this!report.! !
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! ! Survey! Finally!a!survey!was!conducted!to!monitor!the!gender!disaggregated!user!numbers!of!one!of!the! Community!Toilet!Complexes.!A!person!stood!by!the!entrance!throughout!the!whole!day! (excluding!the!toilet’s!closing!time),!counting!the!men,!women!and!children!that!used!the!toilets! during!particular!periods!of!the!day.! ! Additionally,!previous!surveys!carried!out!by!FORCE!were!also!used,!particularly!to!measure!the! transition!of!B2!block!overtime:!the!baseline!survey!carried!out!in!2012,!and!the!end!line!survey! carried!out!in!2014.!
! 3.#Urban&planning&in&Delhi! a.!Overview! ! With!India’s!rapid!urbanisation,!cities!play!a!vital!role!in!the!economic!development!of!the! country.!As!the!largest!commercial!centre!of!the!North,!Delhi!attracts!an!immense,!constant!flow! of!migrants.!In!the!four!years!after!independence!Delhi’s!population!grew!from!0.7!million!to!1.7! million.!Today,!population!growth!remains!extremely!highD!for!several!years!the!average!rate!has! been!of!1000!persons!per!day!(Saini,!2009).!! ! This!growth!places!a!great!deal!of!pressure!on!the!city’s!infrastructural!development.!As!a!result! much!of!this!development!is!haphazard!and!unplanned,!leading!to!serious!consequences!on! Delhi’s!environmental!conditions!and!the!quality!of!life!of!its!inhabitants,!particularly!the!poor.! Currently!only!25%!of!people!live!in!planned!settlements!while!the!rest!live!in!substandard!
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housing.!49%!live!in!slums!and!unauthorised!colonies!(Times!of!India,!Oct!4!2012),!whilst!around! 18%!live!in!resettlement!colonies.!! ! In!1955,!the!Delhi!Development!Authority!was!formed!in!1955!to!deal!with!this!rapid! urbanisation.!Currently!the!governance!structure!regarding!Delhi’s!urbanisation!is!complexD!it!is! monitored!by!national,!state!and!local!bodies,!all!of!which!have!overlapping!responsibilities.!!
b.!Slum!relocation! !
! Figure'1.'Relocation'of'clusters'to'the'peripheries'of'the'city.'(Bhatia!and!Puri,!2009:7)!
! During!Indira!Gandhi’s!Emergency!Period!(1975D77),!7,00,000!poor!people!were!evicted!from! their!homes!and!their!protests!brutally!repressed!(Dupont,!2008:79).! This!provoked!public!uproar,!and!as!a!result!the!practice!of!slum!relocation!was!abandoned!for! two!decades.! !
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Around!1!million!workers!migrated!into!Delhi!for!the!construction!of!infrastructure!for!the!1982! Asian!Games,!and!stayed!as!informal!settlers,!many!of!them!on!the!river!bank.!By!2004,!almost! 3,50,000!poor!settlers!were!living!along!the!Yamuna!in!Delhi!(Baviskar,!2011:!48).!With!the!help! of!NGOs,!these!settlements!soon!boasted!their!own!businesses,!schools!and!clinics.!Thus,!the! Yamuna!Pushta!became!densely!populated!with!settlements!which,!though!illegal!and!unseen!by! the!rest!of!the!public,!were!nevertheless!economically!and!culturally!vibrant.! In!the!beginning!of!the!new!millennium,!the!Delhi!High!Court!ordered!the!demolition!of!the! Yamuna!Pushta!informal!settlements!on!the!basis!that!they!were!polluting!the!river!and! encroaching!on!government!land.!!Between!the!years!2000!and!2004,!an!estimated!8,00,000! people!from!the!capital!were!displaced(Baviskar,!2011).!
4.#Sanitation'norms! a.!Responsible!bodies! ! There!is!a!multiplicity!of!agencies!in!Delhi!handling!different!elements,!often!with!overlapping! responsibilities,!sometimes!leading!to!confusion!and!lack!of!accountability.! The!Delhi!Jal!Board!(DJB)!is!responsible!for!the!production!and!distribution!of!water!as!well!as!the! collection,!treatment!and!disposal!of!sewerage.! Three!agencies!are!responsible!for!solid!waste!managementD!the!Municipal!Corporation!of!Delhi! (MCD),!the!New!Delhi!Municipal!Council!(NDMC)!and!the!Delhi!Cantonment!Board!(DCB).!An!area! of!Delhi!is!allocated!to!each!agency,!and!Madanpur!Khadar!falls!within!the!area!allocated!to!the! MCD.! ! Within!the!MCD,!it!is!the!Department!of!Environment!Management!Services!(DEMS).!The!area! under!the!MCD!has!been!divided!into!12!zones,!and!there!is!a!Sanitary!Superintendent!who!leads! !
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the!DEMS!in!each!zone,!with!a!full!team!under!his!supervision.!The!MCD!has!also!created!a! Sanitation!Taskforce!in!each!zone,!with!8!safai%karamcharis,!equipped!with!a!refuse!removal! truck!and!other!adequate!equipment.!!
b.!Norms! ! The!National!Urban!Sanitation!Policy!(NUSP)!states!that!“Every!urban!dweller!should!be!provided! with!minimum!levels!of!sanitation,!irrespective!of!the!legal!status!of!the!land!in!which!he/she!is! dwelling,!possession!of!identity!proof!or!status!of!migration�!(Ministry!of!Urban!Development,! 2014:14).!The!importance!of!operation!and!maintenance!is!also!highlighted,!particularly!the!role! of!NGOs!and!community!groups!is!managing!these!processes.!
Toilets%
! As!part!of!the!Open!Defecation!Free!Delhi!Slum!Policy,!the!NUSP!claims!that!all!slum!dwellers! must!have!access!to!clean,!functional,!community!driven!toilets.!This!includes!making!sure!that! sanitation!infrastructure!is!available,!accessible!and!well!kept.!It!promotes!awareness!generation! and!behaviour!change,!as!well!as!safe!disposal!of!faecal!matter!and!sustainability!planning!(MUD,! 2014).! Though!there!are!many!contradicting!statements!from!different!planning!authorities,!the! provision!of!public!toilets!in!resettlement!colonies!is!usually!calculated!from!a!1999!report!by!the! National!Capital!Regional!Planning!Board,!as!well!as!the!specifications!made!by!the! Environmental!Improvement!of!Urban!Slums!scheme,!both!of!which!stipulate!the!availability!of! one!toilet!seat!per!twenty!five!persons.! There!are!different!forms!of!public!toilets!that!may!be!installed,!including!mobile!toilets,! community!toilets!and!biodegradable!toilets.!
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Figure'2.'Mobile'toilets'
!!!!!!!!!! Figure'3.'Community'toilets!
! A!DUSIB!proposal!suggests!the!usage!fees!for!community!toilets!should!be!between!1!and!2!Rs!(it! is!not!specified!whether!this!is!per!day!or!per!single!use),!and!free!for!children!below!the!age!of! 12!(DUSIB,!2013:6).! Below!is!a!plan!of!the!layout!of!a!typical!community!toilet!complex!(CTC).!
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This!contains!approximately!the!same!number!of!both!bath!and!WC!cubicles!for!men!and! women,!plus!one!hand!washing!area!in!each!side.!!
! Figure'4.'Typical'community'toilet'cubicle'plan.!
! The!WC!is!a!simple!latrine,!connected!to!a!septic!tank.!Whereas!for!formal!housing!a!connection! to!the!cityDlevel!sewerage!system!is!mandatory,!there!is!no!such!norm!for!informal!housing.! !
Solid%waste%management% ! Solid!waste!management!may!be!divided!into!three!steps:!a)!garbage!collection!at!home,!b)! transporting!home!garbage!to!first!deposit!point!(eg!public!garbage!bins)!and!c)!larger!scale! transporting!of!trash!cans!garbage!to!a!dumping!site.!! The!MCD!describes,!as!some!of!its!obligatory!responsibilities,!the!provison!of!“waste!collection! services,!litter!bins,!dry!waste!sorting!centers,!and!composting!centers!![‌]!wherever!possible! and!essential,!in!consultation!with!local!citizensâ€?!(MCD,!2009:6).! ! Community!garbage!bins!are!provided!in!a!number!of!formats:! !
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Figure'5.'Community'bin'designs.
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! The!waste!is!then!collected!by!the!MCD!and!taken!to!one!of!the!three!landfills!currently!used!in! Delhi!(Bhalaswa,!Gazipur!and!Okhla).!It!is!the!responsibility!of!the!Deputy!Commissioner!of!each! zone!to!ensure!that!at!no!point!in!time!the!community!bins!are!overflowing!nor!exposed!to! scattering!by!animals.!Where!applicable,!doorDtoDdoor!collection!services!will!be!offered,!but! there!is!no!explanation!of!the!criteria!that!will!make!an!area!eligible!for!this!service.! !
Drains% Below!is!a!map!of!Delhi’s!drainage!system.!
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ER YAMUNA RIV E. M.
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DRAIN COMING FROM JAHAZGARH JHEEL (SAHIBI RIVER)
BUND
3037 1766 5562 5143 1159 498 33 212 283 35 4
TUGHLAQABAD
ASH
6660.00 2740.00 6099.00 6741.90 151.70 12.50 14.56 170.44 100.00 9.06 500.00
VIHAR SARITA 4) DRAIN(MB
A ID NO
60 24 13 15
1554.00 20.70 12.95 12.95
GADAIPU
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12.50 2.34 0.48 1.53
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10000 3037 509 60 1020 170 1000 155 1430
BHATI
4.
36.85 8.05 11.40 0.82 2.53 1.55 3.76 2.59 1.98 8.60 8.23 7.80 9.02 0.76 2.50 0.65
47138 2202 2590 259
1820 85 100 10
518 518 453 155.4 155.4 3561 4921 2875 1657.6 129.5 686.4 259
20 8 17.5 6 6 111 190 168 60 5 104 10
Trans Yamuna Area - North East and East Delhi 1. Trunk Drain No.I 13.62 2. Trunk Drain No. II 4.54 3. Shahdara Outfall Drain 5.943 4. Ghazipur Drain 6.241 5. Shahdara Link Drain 4.54 6. Karawal Nagar Drain 2.48 7. Biharipur Drain 1.01 8. Bund Drain 2.835 9. Escape Drain No. I 3.00 10. Escape Drain No. II 0.425 11. Relief Drain 6.025 5. Mehrauli Block - South Delhi 1. Ali Drain 2.780 2. Asola Drain 2.610 3. Molar Bund 1.40 Extension Drain 4. Sarita Vihar Drain 1.30
CHHATAR PUR SULTANPUR
PU HA SS PA BY
24
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1093900.00 5125.60 821.00 51.80 1038.60 2755.80 818.00 2427.00 370.37
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57.40 8.78 1.65 1.95 2.90 4.20 5.30 0.56 8.55
GE
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681 462 74 25 118 1180 71 58 32 41 31 10 11 1.41 1700 18
Najafgarh Block-South West Delhi 1. Najafgarh Drain 2. Palam Drain 3. Palam Link Drain 4. Najaf Garh Pond Drain 5. Nasirpur Link Drain 6. Bijwasan Drain 7. Pankha Road Drain 8. Shahbad Mohammadpur Drain 9. Bhupania Chudania Drain (including Haryana portion) 10. Mudhela Drain 11. Nangli Sakrawati Link Drain 12.Dichaon Kalan Link Drain 13. Kharkari Rondh Link Drain
L.
18,231 8,807 1,476 644 3,348 28,038 1,013 1,480 829 1,062 622 250 620 440 1619.43 150.00
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19.79 14.73 8.86 5.79 5.50 5.40 5.21 6.18 3.00 3.00 0.88 2.80 1.94 0.72 5.47 4.00
1,26,000
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2. Bawana Escape 3. Drain No. 6 4. Burari Creek 5. Burari Drain 6. Bankner Link Drain 7. New Drain 8. Khera Khurd Drain 9. Ghoga Link Drain 10. Naya Bas Link Drain 11. Sanoth Link Drain 12. Alipur Link Drain 13. Jagatpur Link Drain 14. Tikri Khurd Link Drain 15. Khera Kalan Drain (Link) 16. Jahangir Puri Outfall 17. Toe Drain 2. Kanjhawala Block-West Delhi 1. Mungesh Pur Drain 2. Bazidpur Drain 3. Bawana Drain 4. Daryapur Pond Drain (Covered Drain) 5. Ladpur Link Drain 6. Katewara Link Drain 7. Jatkhor Link Drain 8. Nangal Thakran Link Drain 9. Bawana Jheel Link Drain 10. Nangloi Drain 11. Madanpur Drain 12. Karari SulemanNagarDrain 13. Sultanpur Drain 14. Rasulpur Link Drain 15. Mundka Peripheral Drain 16. Ranhola Pond Drain
3. 34.50
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Alipur Block-North Delhi 1. Supplementary Drain
DR
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Sl. No. Name of Drain
Catchment Area (in Hect.)
DRAIN
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Length (in km.)
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Design Discharge (in Cusecs)
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L E G E N D
A B B R E V I A T I O N
1.
Alipur Block
AB
2.
Kanjhawala Block
KB
3.
Najafgarh Block
NB
4.
Trans Yamuna Area
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5.
Mehrauli Block
MB
NOTE -- THIS DRAWING IS INDICATIVE & SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE
1.
Drains Under Control Of I & F.C. Department
2.
Drains Under Control Of Other Departments
3.
ROADS
4.
RAILWAYS LINES
5.
INTER STATE BORDER
6.
RIVER
COURSE
7.
IRRIGATION CHANNEL
8.
EMBANKMENTS.
! The!National!Capital!Regional!Planning!Board!(NCRPB)!admits!that!drains!planning!in!the!NCR! region!is!very!poor.!
!
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! In!most!of!Delhi’s!low!income/unplanned!areas,!drains!have!an!open!design,!even!though!the! 2001!Regional!Plan!proposed!that!open!drains!should!be!discouraged!and!discontinued!(NCRPB,! 2001).!Open!drains!are!often!a!cause!of!nuisance!and!pollution!for!the!community!as!they!are! highly!susceptible!to!blockages!and!flooding,!particularly!during!monsoon!period.!! The!NUSP!claims!that!“unhealthy!and!illegal!behaviours”!such!as!disposing!of!waste!in!nalas!and! drains!“need!to!be!brought!under!the!remit!of!the!respective!public!agency!and!properly!dealt! with”!(MUD,!2014:27).!!
Gender%sensitivity% Sanitation!infrastructure!and!conditions!are!experienced!differently!by!men,!women!and! children.!Planning!and!policy!should!take!this!into!account!and!adjust!itself!to!the!needs!of!both! genders,!ensuring!that!all!people!are!equally!benefitted!by!the!norms.!The!lack!of!explicit! mention!and!consideration!of!gender!or!women!in!virtually!all!sanitation!policy!!diminishes!its! gender!sensitivity!credentials.! ! Below!are!some!observations!about!the!lack!of!gender!sensitivity!in!sanitation!planning!policy:! ! Mobile!toilets,!due!to!their!nature!are!usually!positioned!on!the!roadside,!which!exposes! all!users!to!comments!and!harassment!from!passing!vehicles!(though!women!are! particularly!vulnerable!to!this!kind!of!aggression).! ! ! CTCs!are!better!in!this!respect!as!the!buildings!are!generally!surrounded!by!a!high!wall! which!limits!the!exposure!of!users!who!enter.!However,!the!cubicle!designs!are!not! different!for!men!and!for!women,!and!there!are!no!norms!which!aim!to!facilitate! menstrual!hygiene!management,!or!baby!care!(for!instance!nappy!changing).!There!are! !
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no!stipulations!for!the!availability!of!bins!to!dispose!of!menstrual!waste,!or!of! hooks/clean!surfaces!to!place!items!of!clothing!or!other!objects!that!women!may!need!to! free!their!hands!of.!Poor!menstrual!hygiene!management!facilities!can!result!in!women! feeling!ashamed!when!disposing!of!menstrual!waste,!as!well!as!in!infections!and! absenteeism!from!work/school,!particularly!during!puberty.!This!is!a!widespread!problem! for!many!of!India’s!poor!urban!communities.!! ! ! Most!community!garbage!bins!are!not!user!friendlyD!they!are!quite!tall!and!thus!fail!to! integrate!into!their!design!the!fact!that!children!are!often!the!ones!who!take!out!the! garbage.!As!a!result,!garbage!bags!are!often!hurled!or!left!on!the!ground.! ! ! Though!there!is!mention!of!community!involvement!initiatives!and!awareness!campaigns,! there!is!no!explanation!of!how!these!initiatives!will!ensure!female!inputs!and! participation,!or!how!awareness!campaigns!will!tackle!those!areas!of!sanitation!which!are! particularly!applicable!to!women.! ! ! CTCs!are!closed!during!a!large!part!of!the!day,!causing!inconvenience!to!women!and! children!who!may!need!to!use!them.!Women!often!restrict!their!consumption!of!water!to! avoid!needing!to!urinate!while!the!sun!is!out.!This!can!lead!to!urinary!tract!infections!and! other!diseases.! ! The!above!issues!are!not!sufficiently!assessed!in!sanitation!planning!norms.!Most!of!the!policies! and!schemes!pertaining!to!urban!water!and!sanitation!in!India!could!be!called!‘gender!blind’!as! they!do!not!recognise!the!genderDbased!disadvantages!in!accessing!a!safe!water!supply!and! sewerage,!drainage!and!sanitation.!!% !
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5.#Madanpur(Khadar! a.!Overview! Madanpur!Khadar!is!located!in!South!East!Delhi,!by!the!Yamuna!river!bank.!In!the!year!2000!the!Delhi! Development!Authority!began!relocating!residents!from!various!slums!around!the!area!into!this!colony.!!
! Figure'6.'Trajectories'of'relocation'to'Madanpur'Khadar.!
Madanpur!Khadar!is!home!to!15000!families.!96%!of!the!residents!were!relocated!from!slums!in! areas!including!Nehru!Place,!Hauz!Khas,!Chanakyapuri,!Sarojni!Nagar,!Nizamuddin!and!Kalkaji!.! People!were!relocated!before!adequate!infrastructure!in!the!resettlement!colonies!was!set!in! place.!According!to!the!residents,!they!were!taken!there!and!left!on!the!barren!plots!of!land! without!any!housing!provisions.!Plots!of!land!were!provided!by!the!government!at!a!7000!Rs! lease,!but!houses!were!built!by!the!residents!themselves.!Electricity!connections!were!not! provided!until!four!years!after!relocation!(The!Hindu,!Jul!13!2004).!Around!15D20%!of!all!plots!are! 5D10!feet!below!ground!level!and!thus!vulnerable!to!flooding!(DUD,!2006:13).!! !
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b.!B2!Block!
! Figure'7.'Location'of'B2'block.!
!
Demographic%structure%
! Officially,! there! are! 924! households! in! B2! Block! but! in! reality! more! than! 1,250! families! are! residing! in! the! area,! including! tenants.! The! block! is! densely! populated,! with! a! population! of! approximately!6,!300.!! ! Most! of! the! families! belong! to! Scheduled! Castes! followed! by! Scheduled! Tribes! and! Other! Backward!Castes.!The!majority!of!the!families!have!migrated!from!West!Bengal,!Bihar,!Jharkhand! and!Eastern!Uttar!Pradesh,!with!a!smaller!proportion!coming!from!Orissa.!Finally!there!is!also!a! significant!amount!of!Bangladeshi!refugees.! The!average!family!comprises!of!6!members!and!50%!family!members!are!under!the!age!of!18.!! On! average,! 2! persons! in! each! family! are! earning.! This! means! minors! are! engaged! in! income! ! 16!
generating! activities.! There! is! approximately! one! tenant! per! household,! so! most! of! the! households!have!additional!earnings!from!the!monthly!rent.! !
6.#Current'status'of'sanitation'conditions!in#B2#Block! !
a.!Toilets! !
Community%Toilet%Complexes% ! There!are!three!Community!Toilet!Complexes!(CTCs)!in!B2!block,!but!only!two!are!functioning.! These!are!open!between!5.30!am!and!10.00pm!but!close!for!cleaning!between!12.00!am!and! 4.00!pm.!!
! Figure'8.'Cleaner'mopping'the'Community'Toilet'Complex'
One!of!the!toilets!requires!a!2!rupee!fee!per!day,!and!the!other!requires!a!1!rupee!fee!per!single! use!(though!children!and!the!elderly!are!exempt).!According!to!the!residents,!they!are!often!dirty! and/or!broken.!Before!the!FORCE!intervention,!this!meant!most!people!would!prefer!to!defecate! in!the!open.!Open!defecation!continues!to!be!a!problem!in!many!of!the!other!blocks!but!has! almost!been!eradicated!in!B2!block,!thanks!to!the!construction!of!home!toilets.!Nevertheless!a! ! 17!
survey!showed!that!each!complex!is!used!around!230!times!each!day.!The!facilities!are!used!by! men!more!than!by!women!(around!1/3!more),!and!over!half!of!their!usage!takes!place!in!the! morning!(5.30!amD12.00!am).! There!is!a!separate!part!for!men!and!women!within!each!CTC.!There!are!15!seats!for!men!and!!15! seats!for!women!in!each!of!the! complexes.!The!women’s!part!also! contains!three!uncovered!latrines!for! children.!If!the!total!population!of!B2! block!is!taken!as!6,300!this!provides!one!
seat!
per!95!residents,!which!greatly! surpasses!the!formal!norm!of!one!seat!per!25!people.!!! '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Figure'9.'Children's'toilets'in'the'CTC.'
The!design!of!the!cubicles!is!very!basic,!with!a!latrine,!and!a!ventilation!opening!at!the!top!of! the!wall.!The!flushing!system!is!manual!and!water!is!provided!in!the!outside!area!for!this! purpose.!The!buildings!are!well!lit$!with!light$bulbs!inside!the!building!and!street!lights!by! the!entrance.! There!is!a!sink!for!hand!washing!at!both!the! men’s!and!the!women’s!sides!and!an! incinerator!outside!both!of!the!buildings.!!This! sink!is!generally!not!equipped!with!soap,! which!prevents!!effective!hand!washing.!The! toilets!are!not!connected!to!the!sewer!lines,! Figure'10.'Hand'washing'facility.!
but!to!a!septic!tank!which!is!emptied!every!
three!days.!!
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! Figure'11.'Emptying'of'septic'tank.!
! ! ! Gender%perspective% The!planning!of!these!toilets!assumes!children!are!the!responsibility!of!womenD!children’s!toilets! are!only!in!the!women’s!side,!and!women!thus!must!always!pay!for!children’s!use!of!the!toilet! (except!in!one!of!the!CTCs,!where!children!are!exempt!from!usage!fees).! Women!claimed!in!the!interviews!and!discussions!that!they!feel!safe!in!the!CTCs!and!are!content! with!the!current!levels!of!privacy.!The!facts!that!the!buildings!are!well!lit!and!guarded!by!a! caretaker!are!important!in!ensuring!safety.!However,!women!call!attention!to!the!wall!that!joins!
Figure'12.'Gap'on'the'wall'between'women's'and' men's'sides'of'the'CTC.!
!
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the!women’s!side!and!the!men’s!side,!which!is!not!very!high!and!as!a!result!men!are!able!to!peek! through!into!the!adjoining!toilets.!!!They!suggest!that!the!height!of!this!wall!is!increased!to! impede!these!instances!of!harassment!from!happening.! Finally,!the!CTCs!are!completely!nonDadapted!to!menstrual!hygiene!management.!There!are!no! bins!in!the!cubicles,!only!a!tiny!one!in!the!main!area,!which!is!uncovered!and!thus!not!fit!for! disposing!of!menstrual!waste.!!There!is!no!easy!access!to!plenty!of!water!for!flushing!and! washing!oneself,!as!the!water!source!is!outside.!Moreover!there!are!no!surfaces!or!hooks!for! placing!sanitary!pads/scarves/other!possessions.!!
% Household%toilets% ! In!a!FORCE!baseline!survey!before!the!intervention!about!42!%!people!reported!that!they!did!not! have!a!toilet!and!they!defecated!in!open!area!nearby!the!habitation!and!the!school.!58%!people! had!a!toilet!but!out!of!them!10%!were!also!defecating!in!open!area!(FORCE,!2012).!A!recent! survey!carried!out!in!B2!Block!showed!that!89%!of!households!now!have!a!toilet!(845!out!of!945).! These!household!toilets!were!not!provided!by!the!government!but!built!by!the!residents! themselves,!mostly!during!the!past!few!years!(FORCE,!2014).! This!is!very!beneficial!as!it!allows!residents!to!use!the!toilet!whenever!they!need.!They!are! responsible!for!the!cleaning!and!upkeep!so!they!tend!to!be!in!a!better!condition,!reducing!the! likelihood!of!disease.! ! Designs!of!household!toilets!vary!greatly!across!the!block.!Those!who!are!able!to!invest!more! have!tiled!western!style!toilets,!with!flush!and!even!showerDheads!and!geysers.!However,!most! of!them!are!latrines!with!manual!flushing!systems!and!no!tiling.!Virtually!all!have!a!small!window!
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at!the!top!for!ventilation!purposes.!Most!toilets!are!found!inside!the!house,!but!there!are!some! built!on!the!rooftops,!and!some!have!doors!whereas!others!just!have!a!curtain.!! ! !
Figure'13.'Household'toilets'in'B2'
!
! ! ! !
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Some!residents!said!the!dimensions!of!their!septic!tanks!were!10x10x5!ft,!others!said!6x10x5!ft.! These!are!emptied!on!a!regular!basis.! ! School!toilets!are!very!poorly!maintained;!teachers!and!students!say!that!they!try!not!to!drink! during!the!day!in!order!to!avoid!having!to!use!these!facilities.!This!doubtlessly!carries!negative! health!implications.!! ! ! Gender%perspective% The!construction!of!private!toilets!in!almost!every!house!has!been!particularly!beneficial!for! women,!who!do!not!have!to!worry!about!needing!to!use!the!toilet!when!it!is!dark!or!altering! their!daily!routines!during!menstruation.!! When!they!are!menstruating,!most!women!change!their!pads!in!their!household!toilet,!as!this!is! more!hygienic!and!convenient!than!the!CTCs!which!are!completely!hostile!to!menstrual!hygiene! management.!!Most!women!have!a!dustbin!at!their!household!toilet,!which!they!use!for! disposing!of!used!pads!and!then!empty!out!in!the!nearest!dumping!site.!Women!explained!that! before!having!household!toilets,!they!had!to!change!their!pads!in!the!CTCs,!and!usually!disposed! of!them!by!throwing!them!into!the!latrines,!the!river,!or!carrying!them!back!home.!
b.!Solid!waste! ! Residents!recalled!that!before!the!FORCE!intervention!the!garbage!dumping!and!collection! system!was!not!working,!and!it!was!not!efficiently!linked!with!the!proposed!dumping!site.! Municipal!Corporation!of!Delhi!sweepers!did!not!come!regularly,!and!there!was!not!enough! space!for!garbage!disposal.!!
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Currently!the!situation!is!better:!most!participants!in!the!Focus!Group!Discussion!said!they! dispose!of!their!garbage!by!paying!a!monthly!20!rupee!fee!for!the!houseDtoDhouse!collection!
Figure'14.'MCD'sweeper'in'B2'block.!
system.!Moreover,!the!sweepers!come!regularly!(twice!a!week).!However,!public!spaces!(which! in!theory!are!parks)!are!still!littered!with!garbage,!as!some!people!use!them!as!dumping!sites.! There!are!pigs!roaming!in!these!areas!and!residents!complain!that!they!spread!skin!conditions! and!other!diseases.!This!deprives!the!community,!particularly!the!children,!of!a!clean!and!safe! area!for!leisure!purposes.! !
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! Figure'15.'Accummulation'of'solid'waste'in'public'open'areas.'
% ! Gender%perspective% Though!not!always,!women!are!generally!responsible!for!the!domestic!and!care!work!within!a! household.!This!means!that!they!are!often!the!ones!responsible!for!garbage!disposal.!The! introduction!of!house$to$house!garbage!collection!therefore!signals!a!positive!transition!for! women.!Moreover,!women!generally!bear!the!burden!of!their!family’s!health!problems! caused!by!poor!sanitation!conditions.!For!instance!the!diseases!that!may!be!transmitted!in! parks!full!of!garbage!do!not!only!pose!a!danger!for!the!children!but!also!have!an!impact!on! the!women!of!their!family,!who!will!have!to!invest!much!time!and!energy!into!curing!them.!
c.!Drains! ! The!streets!of!B2!block!are!lined!with!open!drains,!which!run!alongside!the!households.!
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Before!the!FORCE!intervention,!57!%!of!residents!reported!in!a!baseline!survey!that!drains!were! continuously!blocked!and!dirty,!while!14!%!reported!that!their!drains!got!clogged!with!garbage! and!other!debris!(FORCE,!2012).!Some!people!placed!rocks!in!the!drains!to!filter!out!this!debris,! causing!further!blockage.!!Although!some!blockage!of!drains!can!still!be!observed,!FORCE!has! been!encouraging!the!community!to!take!control!of!the!status!of!the!drains!by!demanding! cleaning!services!from!the!government.!The!drains!are!now!regularly!cleaned!either!by! community!members!or!by!government!employees,!so!that!their!status!is!always!kept!in!check.!
! Figure'16.'Drain'blocked'with'waste'before'they'are'cleaned'by'government'cleaners.!
The!drains!are!not!connected!to!the!city!level!sewerage!system.!Some!drains!are!connected!to!a! big!nala,!through!which!all!the!sewage!is!carried!to!the!Yamuna.!Residents!suggest!that!some! drains!are!too!small!and!need!to!be!enlarged.!They!also!say!that!there!needs!to!be!a!sewer! connection!constructed,!since!currently!there!is!not!one.!They!have!approached!the!government!
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several!times!regarding!this!issue!to!no!avail.
! Figure'17.'Woman'cleaning'drain.'
! ! Gender&perspective& & The!gender!considerations!for!drains!are!similar!to!those!for!solid!waste!management.! Women!will!generally!deal!with!cleaning!the!drains,!which!is!time!consuming!and!difficult! work.!Moreover!they!will!often!deal!with!the!implications!of!a!decreased!status!of!health!and! sanitation!conditions!near!their!home.! !
7.#Conclusion! ! This!report!has!analysed!the!status!of!the!current!sanitation!conditions!of!B2!block!in! Madanpur!Khadar,!looking!at!the!transition!that!has!occurred!since!FORCE!began!working!in! the!area.!! In!2012!the!sanitation!conditions!were!very!poor,!but!with!the!help!of!FORCE!they!have! since!vastly!improved!through!the!construction!of!household!toilets,!the!renovation!of! existing!infrastructure,!negotiation!and!advocacy!with!government!bodies!and!the!execution! of!campaigns!aimed!at!sensitizing!the!community!regarding!issues!of!health,!hygiene!and! sanitation.!!
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Open!defecation!has!been!eradicated,!the!incidence!of!gastrointestinal!disease!has!been! greatly!reduced!and!the!community!has!become!much!more!women$friendly!in!terms!of! safety!and!menstrual!management.!Moreover,!residents!now!feel!capacitated!to!take!control! of!their!sanitation!conditions,!demanding!the!provision!o!their!rights!when!required,!and! also!making!changes!within!the!community.!
a.!FORCE’s!impact! ! Both!quantitative!and!qualitative!indicators!strongly!suggest!that!sanitation!conditions!in!B2! block!have!significantly!improved!in!the!past!couple!of!years.!As!this!is!not!necessarily!the!case!in! other!areas!of!Madanpur!Khadar!where!FORCE!has!not!intervened,!this!suggests!a!relationship! between!these!improvements!and!FORCE’s!intervention.! FORCE’s!approach!has!been!both!to!improve!the!infrastructure!and!to!capacitate!the!community! to!communicate,!take!decisions!and!demand!their!rights!to!water!and!sanitation.!They!have!been! mobilising!women!and!teenagers!in!B2!block!(as!in!other!low!income!areas!around!Delhi)!to!work! within!their!community!with!the!aim!of!raising!awareness,!organising!to!influence!public!policy! and!also!creating!a!sense!of!empowerment!and!accountability!among!the!residents.!!
Toilets%and%sewerage% ! FORCE!has!improved!the!Community!Toilet!Complex!facilities!by!constructing!incinerators,! installing!water!pipeline!connections!to!enable!hand!washing,!reinforcing!the!concrete/cement!in! the!area!and!placing!covers!on!the!septic!tanks,!as!well!as!painting!health!and!hygiene!related! messages!on!the!walls.!! The!fact!that!only!around!19%!of!residents!now!report!having!suffered!from!diarrhoea!in!the!past! two!months,!whereas!previously!the!number!was!96%,!is!likely!to!be!connected!to!an! improvement!in!sanitation!conditions!in!the!community!driven!by!the!renovation!of!the!
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Community!Toilet!Complexes,!the!construction!of!household!toilets!and!the!campaigns!run!to! change!unsanitary!practices!(FORCE,!2014,!2012).! ! Open!defecation!has!been!virtually!eradicated.!This!is!mainly!because!now!89%!of!residents!own! a!household!toilet!whereas!previously!only!58%!did!(FORCE,!2014,!2012).!Moreover,!FORCE!has! ran!several!campaigns!to!sensitize!the!community!about!the!dangers!of!open!defecation.! Notably,!the!whistle!blowing!campaign,!in!which!participants!go!around!open!areas!in!the! morning!and!at!nightDtime!blowing!whistles!to!dissuade!people!from!defecating!in!these!areas,!is! perceived!by!the!locals!as!having!proved!very!effective.! Women!report!feeling!safer!and!suffering!from!less!harassment,!due!to!the!fact!that!they!do!not! longer!need!to!go!to!an!empty!open!area!when!it!is!dark.!Moreover,!women!say!that!the! availability!of!home!toilets!has!made!menstrual!hygiene!management!much!easier!for!them.!! !
Solid%%waste%management% ! ! FORCE!also!started!the!houseDtoDhouse!garbage!collection!system!and!has!arranged!for! Municipal!Corporation!of!Delhi!!sweepers!to!come!regularly.!This!has!evidently!had!a!positive! effectD!streets!within!the!block!are!very!clean!compared!to!their!previous!status!or!to!that!of! other!blocks!in!the!colony.!Nevertheless,!garbage!continues!to!accumulate!in!open!public!spaces! such!as!parks,!which!carries!obvious!health!and!wellbeing!implications.!This!is!because!members! of!the!community!are!still!using!parks!as!dumping!grounds.!This!suggests!that!some!members!of! the!community!are!not!yet!fully!sensitized!about!the!importance!of!keeping!public!spaces!clean,! and!that!work!on!this!aspect!could!help!further!improve!the!environmental!and!sanitation! conditions!of!B2!Block.!
% !
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Drains%
! FORCE!have!sensitized!the!community!about!the!necessity!to!keep!drains!clean!and!encouraged! them!to!demand!manteinance!from!the!government.!They!are!now!regularly!cleaned!either!by! community!members!or!by!government!employees,!so!their!status!is!always!kept!in!check.! Despite!these!improvements,!the!fact!that!blockages!still!occur!could!be!due!to!the!open!design! of!the!drains!(which!allows!debris!to!fall!in!and!cause!obstructions),!as!well!as!to!an!insufficient! level!of!awareness!raising!and!behaviour!change!amongst!the!community,!who!persist!in! throwing!garbage!in!the!drains.! %
Community%empowerment% ! Finally,!one!of!the!most!important!changes!sparked!by!FORCE’s!work!has!been!to!empower!the! community!with!the!skills!and!confidence!to!take!control!of!the!status!of!their!neighbourhood.! This!point!is!emphasised!during!discussions!by!community!members,!who!talk!about!the!success! of!previous!and!onDgoing!community!campaigns!and!sensitization!activities,!and!express!that! they!understand!the!catalytic!role!that!they!can!have!in!their!society.!
b.!Recommendations! ! This!analysis!carried!out!in!this!report!can!be!used!to!extract!a!number!of!recommendations,! for!Madanpur!Khadar!!and/or!other!low!income!urban!areas:! 1. Ensure!handTwashing!facilities!are!in!good!condition!and!that!soap!is!always! available.!This!is!vital!for!preventing!transmission!of!!waterborne!diseases.!! 2. Placing!a!raised'mesh!on!the!floors!of!the!cubicles!would!ensure!that!people’s!feet!do! not!have!to!make!contact!with!the!dirty!water!that!is!usually!covering!the!floor.!
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3. Prioritise!gender'sensitivity!in!sanitation!policy!and!planning.!Consider!how!a! certain!policy,!design!or!norm!may!be!experienced!differently!by!women!and!men,! and!adjust!it!so!that!it!is!equally!beneficial!for!both!genders.!! Below!are!a!few!specific!examples!derived!from!the!research:! ⇒ Appreciate!how!poor!infrastructure!can!endanger!women’s'safety:! •
Make!sure!the!walls!separating!the!women’s!side!and!men’s!side!in!CTCs!go! up!to!the!ceiling!so!women!feel!safe!and!free!from!harassment.!
•
Poor!sanitation!infrastructure!leads!to!open!defecation,!which!apart!from! being!detrimental!to!the!community’s!health!and!environmental! conditions,!puts!women!at!risk!of!sexual!harassment!and!violence.!
•
Consider!the!possibility!of!creating!separate!entrances!for!women!and!men! in!CTCs.!During!parts!of!the!day!where!the!toilets!are!empty,!it!is!dark,! and/or!the!caretaker!is!not!there,!women!could!be!vulnerable!to! harassment.!Of!course,!this!could!require!the!availability!of!two!caretakers! to!guard!each!door.!
⇒ Integrate!menstrual'hygiene'management!into!policy!and!planning.! •
It!is!important!that!CTCs!are!adapted!for!menstrual!hygiene!management.! This!includes!the!availability!of!a!sanitary!bin!in!each!cubicle,!with!an! effective!system!for!safe!disposal!of!menstrual!waste.!!Moreover,!there! must!be!a!water!source!within!each!cubicle!to!facilitate!washing.!
•
A!rack/shelf!where!one!can!leave!objects!they!may!be!carrying!would!also! be!helpful,!as!well!as!a!hook!to!hang!up!scarves,!so!that!one!can!free!their! hands!and!not!have!to!worry!about!getting!their!possessions!dirty.!
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•
Awareness!campaigns!about!menstruation$!many!women,!girls,!men!and! boys!lack!awareness!about!this!issue,!which!can!lead!to!belief!in!harmful! myths,!shaming!and!unhealthy!habits.!
⇒ In!many!areas!residents!are!dependent!on!community!toilets.!If!these!are! closed!for!four!hours!in!the!middle!of!the!day!for!cleaning,!this!might!be!very! inconvenient!for!certain!people,!particularly!women!who!work!at!home! and/or!are!taking!care!of!small!children,!the!sick!or!disabled!and!the!elderly.! ⇒ Surveys!in!other!low$income!urban!areas!show!that!often,!usage!patterns! throughout!the!day!vary!greatly!between!genders!(FORCE,!2013).!In!face!of! this,!it!could!be!useful!to!have!a!‘floating’'area'of'‘gender'neutral’'toilets!(in! addition!to!the!only!women!and!only!men!areas).!This!section!could!be! designated!to!men!during!their!peak!time!of!usage,!and!to!women!during! theirs.! ⇒ Consider!children’s'needs!in!the!planning!process.!For!instance:! •
Make!community!garbage!bins!user$friendly!for!children!as!they!are!often! the!ones!who!take!out!the!garbage.!
•
Ensure!that!school!toilets!are!in!good!condition.!It!is!important!that! children!do!not!take!to!unhealthy!practices!such!as!limiting!water!intake!as! a!result!of!poor!facilities.!
! 4. Integrate!elements!of!FORCE’s!strategy!into!the!government’s!strategy!for!sanitation! management.!In!particular,!motivate!the!community'by!involving!them!in!the! management'and'decision'making!process,!by!appointing!community!leaders! and/or!watchdogs.!This!will!ensure!that!the!residents!are!having!a!say!in!the! decisions!which!will!affect!their!communities,!and!it!will!place!responsibility!on!the! !
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residents!themselves.!This!way,!as!shown!by!FORCE’s!experience,!there!is!generally!a! drastic!improvement!in!conditions!and!external!help!becomes!unnecessary.!However,! both!women!and!men!must!be!full!participants!in!the!decision!making!and! management!process.! ! 5. Similarly,!continue!leading!awareness!and!behaviour'changing'campaigns!but! ensuring!that!these!are!gender'sensitive.!This!involves!making!sure!that!there!is! equal!participation!of!women!and!men,!and!that!the!campaigns!tackle!gender! relevant!issues!such!as!menstruation.!Other!campaign!topics!that!are!generally! framed!in!a!gender!neutral!manner,!such!as!open!defecation!and!waste!disposal,!are! also!highly!important!but!they!should!be!approached!in!a!gender!sensitive!manner.!
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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BIBLIOGRAPHY! Baviskar!(Dec!2011),!What%the%eye%does%not%see:%the%Yamuna%in%the%Imagination%of%Delhi.!! Economic!and!Political!Weekly.! ! Bhatia,!Tripti!and!Puri,!Eshaan!(2009),!Commonwealth%games%2010:%Displacement%of%persons.! Submitted!to!Centre!for!Civil!Society.!! ! Dupont,!Veronique!(2008,!12!Jul),!Slum%Demolitions%in%Delhi%since%the%1990’s:%A%n%Appraisal,! Economic!and!Political!Weekly.! ! Delhi!Urban!Shelter!Improvement!Board!(Jun!2014),!Proposed%Open%Defecation%Free%Slum%Delhi% Policy.! ! Delhi!Urban!Shelter!Improvement!Board!(2013,!24!Sept)!Delhi%Urban%Shelter%Improvement%Board% Office%Of%The%Executive%Engineer%CP4Govt.%Of%N.C.T.%Of%Delhi,%Notice%inviting%tender.! ! Department!of!Urban!Development,!Government!of!Delhi!(Oct!2006),!City!Development!Plan! Delhi! ! FORCE!(February!2012),!Baseline%Survey.% % FORCE!(June!2013),!CTC%Management%ReportP%Pilot%study%and%suggestions,!(Report!prepared!by! FORCE!as!part!of!‘Swatch!Delhi!Swasth!Delhi’!project!Funded!by!WaterAid!India)
! FORCE!(December!2014),!!Endline%Survey.! ! Ministry!of!Urban!Development,!(July!2014),!National%Urban%Sanitation%Policy.!
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Municipal!Corporation!of!Delhi!(2009,!Mar!29),!Municipal%Corporation%Of%Delhi%ByePLaws%Framed% Under%Sub%Section%(1)%Of%481%Read%With%Section%483%Of%Delhi%Municipal%Corporation%Act,%1957%For% Regulating%All%Matters%And%Things%Connected%With%The%Collection,%Removal%And%Disposal%Of%Solid% Waste.% ! National!Regional!Planning!Board!(2001),!Regional%Plan.!! ! Saisni,!Sakshi!(2009),!Assessment%of%water%and%sanitation%facilities%in%Madanpur%Khadar% % The!Hindu!(Tues,!Jul!13,!2004),!Madanpur%Khadar%residents%to%get%power%connections,! http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/13/stories/2004071317280300.htm! ! Times!of!India!(Oct!4,!2012).!Half%of%Delhi’s%population%lives%in%slums,! http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/HalfDofDDelhisDpopulationDlivesDinD slums/articleshow/16664224.cms!! % ! ! ! ! ! !
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