Project Report Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Prepared for
Prepared by
FORCE as a part of the GIZ funded project “Sanitation Beyond Sewers�: Water bodies and their linkages with the informal settlements - Contract No. 83190839
Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Contents 1
Introduction to the study: ................................................................................... 7 1.1 “Sanitation Beyond Sewers”: Water Bodies and their linkages with Informal Settlements.................................................................................................... 7 1.2
Background........................................................................................................ 7
1.3
Research Objectives ........................................................................................ 8
1.4
Scope of the study & Limitation .................................................................... 8
1.5
Methodology ...................................................................................................... 9
2
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................ 10
3
Context.................................................................................................................. 12 3.1
Urban Planning & Slum policies in Delhi ................................................... 12
3.1.1 3.2
Resettlement colonies in Delhi .................................................................... 13
3.2.1 4
Existing Legislation ................................................................................ 12
Institutional framework of Resettlement Colonies........................... 15
Project Learnings – Water Bodies................................................................... 17 4.1
Sourcing of Raw Data for Water Bodies .................................................... 17
4.2
Mapping of Water Bodies .............................................................................. 17
4.3
Key Findings .................................................................................................... 18
5
Project Learnings – Resettlement Colonies.................................................. 22 5.1
Sourcing Data and Mapping ......................................................................... 22
5.2
Key FIndings .................................................................................................... 23
6
Linkage of water bodies and Resettlement Colonies.................................. 25 6.1
Project Hypothesis and our finding ............................................................ 25
6.2
Impact of Resettlements on Water Bodies ................................................ 26
7
Summary of Findings of GIS Mapping ........................................................... 28 7.1
Summary of Findings..................................................................................... 28
7.2
Summary of Conclusions.............................................................................. 29
8
Case Studies........................................................................................................ 31 8.1
Case study assessment methodology ....................................................... 32
8.2
CASE STUDY 1 – SAVDA GHEVRA............................................................. 32
8.2.1
Introduction .............................................................................................. 32
8.2.2
History ....................................................................................................... 33
8.2.3
Resettlement Colony as per plan......................................................... 34
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.2.4 Resettlement Colony Existing Situation assessment & linkage with water bodies ................................................................................................... 34 8.2.5
Water Supply............................................................................................ 35
8.2.6
Sanitation.................................................................................................. 36
8.2.7
Water Body ............................................................................................... 38
8.3
Case Study II - Jahangirpuri Resettlement Colony.................................. 40
8.3.1
Introduction .............................................................................................. 40
8.3.2
History ....................................................................................................... 41
8.3.3
Resettlement colony as per plan ......................................................... 41
8.3.4
Resettlement colony existing situation .............................................. 42
8.3.5
Water Supply & Sanitation .................................................................... 43
8.3.6
Peripheral area existing situation assessment................................. 44
8.3.7
Water Body ............................................................................................... 45
8.3.8
CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................ 46
8.4
Case Study III – Kalyanpuri Resettlement Colony ................................... 47
8.4.1
Introduction .............................................................................................. 47
8.4.2
History ....................................................................................................... 47
8.4.3
Resettlement Colony as per Plan......................................................... 47
8.4.4
Resettlement colony existing situation .............................................. 48
8.4.5
Water & Sanitation .................................................................................. 49
8.4.6
Water Body ............................................................................................... 49
8.4.7
Conclusion ............................................................................................... 50
8.5
Case Study – IV Mangalapuri ....................................................................... 50
8.5.1
Introduction .............................................................................................. 50
8.5.2
History ....................................................................................................... 51
8.5.3
Resettlement Colony as per Plan......................................................... 51
8.5.4
Resettlement colony existing situation .............................................. 52
8.5.5
Water bodies ............................................................................................ 53
8.5.6
Conclusions ............................................................................................. 54
8.6
Case Study – V Madanpur Khadar .............................................................. 54
8.6.1
Introduction .............................................................................................. 54
8.6.2
Resettlement Colony as per Plan......................................................... 55
8.6.3
Resettlement colony existing situation .............................................. 56
8.6.4
Water Body ............................................................................................... 57
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8.6.5 8.7
Conclusion ............................................................................................... 58
Case study VI – Mangolpuri.......................................................................... 58
8.7.1
Introduction .............................................................................................. 58
8.7.2
History ....................................................................................................... 59
8.7.3
Resettlement Colony as per Plan......................................................... 59
8.7.4
Resettlement colony existing situation .............................................. 60
8.7.5
Water Bodies............................................................................................ 61
8.7.6
Conclusions ............................................................................................. 61
9
Overall Conclusions & Recommendations based on Case Studies ........ 62 9.1
Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 62
9.2
Recommendations.......................................................................................... 64
10
References ........................................................................................................... 64
11
Acknowledgments and Thank You…………………………………………….65
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
List of Maps Map 1 Resettlement Colonies in Delhi ......................................................................... 1 Map 2 Water bodies in Delhi ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Map 3 Water Bodies Status .......................................................................................... 19 Map 4 Resettlement Colonies & Water Bodies.............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Map 5 Resettlement Colonies - Water Bodies Distance ......................................... 25 Map 6 Resettlement Colonies Case Studies............................................................. 31 Map 7 Savda Ghvera Location Map .............................................................................. 1 Map 8 Savda Ghevra Trajectory map ........................................................................... 1 Map 9 Water Body in Savda Gevrah ........................................................................... 39 Map 10 Location map of Jahangirpuri ......................................................................... 1 Map 11 Location map of Kalyanpuri........................................................................... 47 Map 12 Location map of Mangalapuri ........................................................................ 50 Map 13 Madanpur Khadar Location Map..................................................................... 1 Map 14 Mangolpuri Location Map................................................................................. 1
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
List of Figures Figure 1 Water bodies status............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 2 Savda Ghevra Resettlement Colony Layout............................................. 34 Figure 3 Water supplied by DJB Tankers in Savda Ghevra .................................. 35 Figure 4 Water ATM in Savda Ghevra ........................................................................ 36 Figure 5 Newly constructed CTC in Savda Ghevra ................................................... 1 Figure 6 Toilet connected to side drain in Savda Gevrah........................................ 1 Figure 7 Side Drians in Savda Gevrah ......................................................................... 1 Figure 8 Open plots filled with drain water ............................................................... 38 Figure 9 Imaginary Picture of Water Body before the establishment of Resettlement Colony in Savda Gevrah ...................................................................... 39 Figure 10 Water Body Existing Situation in Savda Gevrah ................................... 40 Figure 11 Land use breakup of Jahangirpuri Resettlement Colony ...............Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 12 Planned layout of Jahangirpuri Resettlement Colony ......................... 42 Figure 13 Satellite Image of Jahangirpuri Resettlement Colony With Water Body.................................................................................................................................. 42 Figure 14 Houses in Jahangirpuri................................................................................. 1 Figure 15 K Block Slum near Bhalaswa water body in Jahangirpuri .................. 45 Figure 16 Side Drains in K Block Slum, Jahangirpuri .............................................. 1 Figure 17 Water Body Existing Situation in Jahangirpuri ..................................... 46 Figure 18 Kalyanpuri Resettlement Colony Layout ................................................ 48 Figure 19 Houses in Kalyanpuri .................................................................................... 1 Figure 20 Ongoing Metro Rail Construction in Kalyanpuri water body .............. 49 Figure 21 Mangalapuri Resettlement Colony Layout.............................................. 51 Figure 22 Houses in Mangalapuri Resettlement Colony........................................ 52 Figure 23 Satellite Image of Madanpur Khadar with water bodies....................... 56 Figure 24 Madanpur Khadar Resettlement Colony ................................................. 56 Figure 25 People using handpumps in Madanpur Khadar .................................... 57 Figure 26 Mangolpuri Resettlement Colony Layout................................................ 59 Figure 27 Satellite Image of Mangolpuri with resettlement colonies .................... 1 Figure 28 Water body converted to park in Mangolpuri......................................... 61
List of Tables Table 1 Chronology of the agencies responsible for Resettlement Colonies ... 16 Table 2 Resettlement Colonies Case Studies & Year of Establishment ............. 32 Table 3 Resettlement Colonies & water, sewerage situation ................................ 62
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
1 Introduction to the study: Since November 2014, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (M/o HUPA) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) are jointly implementing the “Inclusive Cities Partnership Programme” (ICPP) in the framework of Indo-German Technical Cooperation. With a duration of three years, the programme supports the agenda of Government of India (GoI) in making affordable housing available to the urban poor, with a focus on the improvement of housing and living conditions in slum settlement. The program makes an effort in synergizing with other relevant urban development programs of GoI so as to contribute in making Indian cities more inclusive.
1.1 “Sanitation Beyond Sewers”: Water Bodies and their linkages with Informal Settlements This study, was conducted by Forum for Organised Resource Conservation and Enhancement (FORCE), funded by GIZ as a part of its ICPP program. The main purpose of the study is to find out the relation between the water bodies in Delhi and their linkages with the Planned Resettlement Colonies and Informal Settlements. This report will first give a background about the water bodies and the resettlement colonies in Delhi, followed by the objectives and the methodology followed to do the study. It will then discuss in detail about the urban planning & slum policies, existing legislations related to the resettlement colonies. Later it will give a detailed report of all the resettlement colonies case studies followed by the conclusions and the recommendations.
1.2 Background Resettlement Colonies According the DUSIB Act, 2010 “jhuggi” means a structure whether temporary or pucca, of whatever material made, with the following characteristics, namely:- (i) it is built for residential purpose; (ii) its location is not in conformity with the land use of the Delhi Master
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Plan; (iii) it is not duly authorized by the local authority having jurisdiction; and (iv) it is included in a jhuggi jhopri basti declared as such by the Board, by notification. Resettlement colonies concept in Delhi was started in 1962 after the cabinet approval of the Juggi Jhompri Resettlement Scheme (JJR). In this scheme, no slums were to be removed without first enabling alternative housing for those being displaced. ‘Resettlement colonies’ were built to house residents evicted from Jhuggi Jhopri clusters (JJC). As a result of that scheme (and its modifications) at present there are 86 resettlement colonies in Delhi.
Water Bodies The Oxford dictionary defines Water bodies as a ‘Body of Water forming a physiographical feature’. These may be natural or man-made. Delhi has 1012 such water bodies. Unfortunately, most are in a severely dilapidated condition. In a judgement given by the Delhi High Court on a PIL against the deteriorating condition of the water bodies in Delhi, it is now mandatory for the government to maintain every Water body as a Water Body. As a result of the judgement, the court has set up a Monitoring Committee to check the progress in improvement of the water bodies since May, 2011.The reports of this committee form one of the data sources of this study.
1.3 Research Objectives The objectives of the research are: 1. To understand the linkages between planned habitations for the poor in Delhi with the city’s surface water resources. 2. Try and understand how the planning of resettlement colonies can be strengthened further with special reference to water bodies.
1.4 Scope of the study & Limitation The study has two major components 1. Mapping of water bodies and resettlements in Delhi. Analysis of attributes and geospatial observations to find status of each separately and their linkages. 2. Case study of 6 resettlement colonies to validate the findings from the GIS analysis and to further explore the linkages between resettlement colonies and water bodies.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
1.5 Methodology The study has used both quantitative and qualitative methods to arrive at its conclusions are recommendations. Data was collected both from secondary and primary sources. The methodology followed was: Clearly define study objectives and work plan (in consultation with GIZ)
Collate raw data about total resettlements and water bodies in Delhi (Secondary data collection from DDA and Delhi Government. Includes official list of water bodies & resettlements, layout plans of all resettlements, Water Body attributes master data )
Refine and append to data from other secondary sources GIS Mapping of Resettlements and Water Bodies on Delhi map Analysis using the GIS maps for research questions of the study Identification of 6 Resettlements for case studies (based on GIS analysis)
Primary Data Collection for Case Studies (field visits, informal interviews with residents)
Analysis, Documentation and Presentation
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study gave some interesting insights into the status of water bodies and the result of the interaction between water bodies and resettlement colonies. 1) Out of a total of 906 water bodies that were mapped, 35 % were dry, 21 % were wet and clean ,10 % are filled with sewerage and 34 % are built up or non traceable. 2) There are significant variances in the number and status of water bodies base on their districts and owning agencies. The eastern side of the city (towards the west bank of the River) has the maximum number of untraceable water bodies while the western face of the city has the maximum dried water bodies. Central and New Delhi districts have very few water bodies. Of the agencies, Delhi Government has the largest number and DDA the highest percentage of defunct water bodies. 3)
We believe a deeper analysis of these skews is needed. It will give valuable insights into the growth patterns of urban areas and the resultant threats to their environmental assets. It may help government evolve a graded environmental protection policy that takes care of the unique challenges faced at each stage.
4)
Of the 86 Resettlement areas in Delhi, 45 were made in the first phase ( JJR) and 41 in phase II ( SRS)
5)
There is a trend of making resettlements towards the north and north west districts of Delhi. The reasons for this seemingly anti-people choice of creating ghettos of displaced persons, needs to be investigated more. Also its environmental implications and those for the Smart City program need to be explored.
6)
100% resettlements are located within 2 km of a water body. Of these 80% are located within 1 km. Further 25% of all water bodies are located within a 2 km radius of resettlements even though resettlements occupy only 1.4% of Delhi’s area.
7)
The above seems to indicate that resettlements are being made in areas that are either reclaimed water bodies or in their immediate catchments.
8)
Of the water bodies located within 2 km of resettlements, 48% are built up or untraceable, 25% are dry and 10% sewage filled. When compared with the city average, the percentage of encroached water bodies is significantly higher.
9)
Case studies of 6 resettlements show that it takes minimum 10 years for a resettlement to get sewer lines made.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
10)
Atleast one or more water bodies near a resettlement act as a sink for its sewage upto the time sewer lines connected to trunk lines are provided in the area.
11)
Even after sewer lines are provided, in most cases, the water body continues to take sewage from the slums that come up within and around the resettlement.
12)
Where there is no need for a sewage sink, water bodies get filled up and sold. In some cases, government agencies themselves encroach. This seems to indicate that unless there is a visible utility, community does not allow water bodies to exist
13)
The case studies show a worse picture of water bodies than the statistics from government sources did. It may indicate the need for updation of the data.
14)
At layout stage, DDA does not seem to take cognisance of water bodies even within the planned resettlement area. This indicates their apathy towards water bodies.
15)
In the interest of water body protection from filling up, further analysis needs to be done on the trajectory taken by a water body as a resettlement starts to come up near it. This can help policy makers decide on strategies for ensuring utility of water body through the stages of evolution of the resettlement.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
3 Context 3.1 Urban Planning & Slum policies in Delhi With India’s rapid urbanization, cities play a vital role in the economic development of the country. As the largest commercial centre of the North, Delhi attracts an immense, constant flow of migrants. In the four years after independence Delhi’s population grew from 0.7 million to 1.7 million. Today, population growth remains extremely high for several years the average rate has been of 1000 persons per day (Saini, 2009).
This growth places a great deal of pressure on the city’s infrastructural development. As a result much of this development is haphazard and unplanned, leading to serious consequences on Delhi’s environmental conditions and the quality of life of its inhabitants, particularly the poor. Currently only 25% of people live in planned settlements while the rest live in substandard housing. 49% live in slums and unauthorised colonies (Times of India, Oct 4 2012), whilst around 18% live in resettlement colonies.
In 1955, the Delhi Development Authority was formed in 1955 to deal with this rapid urbanisation. Currently the governance structure regarding Delhi’s urbanisation is complex it is monitored by national, state and local bodies, all of which have overlapping responsibilities.
3.1.1 Existing Legislation 3.1.1.1 Slum Areas Improvement & Clearance Act, 1956 Section-3 of this act deals with the declaration of Slum Areas; Section-4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 explains how a particular area can be improved; Section-9, 10 & 11 deals with the declaration of a Slum Area as a clearance area and then how to pass slum clearance orders in order to get the area cleared and redeveloped; Section- 12 to 18 deals with the acquisition of land/property in Slum Areas on the basis of 5 years gross rent or 3 years net rent of the property in question. Under this Act, in the last 33 years, Slum Wing, DDA is able to clear and acquire only few pockets, and for this, thousands of court cases are going on.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
3.1.1.2 The Delhi Development Act, 1957 With the help of Section-37 (power of authority of levy betterment charges), Section-38 (assessment of betterment charge by authority), Section-39 (Settlement of betterment charge by arbitrators) and Section-40 (payment of betterment charges); betterment charges from the sub-standard areas can be collected, but after completing the development. Modifications should be with respect to levy of betterment charges simultaneously along with the development and collection as arrears of land revenue. 3.1.1.3 The Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957 3.1.1.4 Other Acts i) Urban and (Ceiling & Regulation) Act, 1976; ii) Transfer of Property Act, 1982; iii) The Delhi Development Authority (Disposal of developed nazul land) Rule-1981; iv) Land Acquisition Act, 1894; v) The Registration Act, 1908; vi) Building Bye-laws, 1983 vii) Delhi Urban Art Commission Act, 1973 viii) The Delhi Lands (restriction on transfer) Act, 1972 ix) The Delhi Fire Prevention & Fire Safety Act, 1986 x) Builders Obligation under Delhi Apartment Ownership Act, 1986, etc. also solve the problems of sub-standard areas, but in an indirect way.
3.2 Resettlement colonies in Delhi Implementation of shifting of JJR Scheme/development of resettlement colonies/jhuggi clusters and their rehabilitation with different names is going on since more than 50 years. Initially, the scheme by
the name of JJR (Jhuggi Jhompri Resettlement) scheme was
approved by the Cabinet in 1960-62, then modified from time to time specially in terms of size of residential unit, quantity and quality of physical and social infrastructure, cost of development and magnitude of the problem. Number of jhuggies were 12749 in 1951, increased to 22415 in 1956, 42815 in 1961, decreased to 42668 in 1966, increased to 98709 in 1980, 1,13,386 in 1983, 1,71,000 in 1985 and 2,40,000 at present. These figures are after subtracting the number of families already
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
resettled on developed sites. A total of 44 JJ Resettlement colonies were developed till 1992. These developments were done in following three phases, as details given at the end of the paper. Phase-I – It was upto 1974, developing 18 JJ colonies in a total area of 598.4 hect. With 52864 plots with a break-up of 49019 of 21 sq. mt. and 3845 of 67 sq.mt. Phase-II – It was during 1975-80, developing 16 large resettlement colonies in a total area of 968 hect., carving out 1,48,262 plots each of 21 sq. mt. Phase-III – It was from 1981 onward, developing 9 colonies mostly parts of old colonies, except Kondli carving out 14,915 plots with a break-up of 7285 of 26 sq. mt. and balance of 21 sq. mt.
Map 1 Resettlement Colonies in Delhi
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Prior 1992, the terminology used for the Resettlement colonies is JJ resettlement colonies, after 1992 it was changed to Squatter Resettlement Site (SRS) as there was a change in the agency dealing with the resettlement colonies. Institutional framework of the resettlement colonies is explained in detail in the next section. After 1992, a separate department for Slum Upgradation and Rehabilitation (SUR) was formed under Municipal Corporation of Delhi and 41 Squatter Resettlement sites were developed were developed till now. 3.2.1 Institutional framework of Resettlement Colonies At present the agency responsible for the improving the quality of the life of Slum & JJ Dwellers in the capital city of Delhi is Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB). DUSIB has come in existence under Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board Act, 2010 which has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi on the 01st April, 2010 and has come in force by the orders of Hon’ble Lt. Governor of Delhi on 1st July, 2010. Until 2010, many of the responsibilities of the DUSIB rested with the Slum and Jhuggi Jhopri (JJ) Department, which was set up as a part of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) in 1962. The Slum and JJ Department was not set up under any specific statute but was given responsibility for implementing the provisions set out in the 1956 Slum Areas (Improvement & Clearance) Act. It was never a stable agency: in 1967 the Slum and JJ Department was transferred from the MCD to the Delhi Development Authority (DDA), from municipal to state control.3 And between 1974 and 1980 it was transferred back and forth between the MCD and the DDA, finally moving back to the MCD in September 1992. In 2008 the MCD rejected a proposal from the Delhi government “to split and decentralise the MCD and to establish a separate agency for slum and urban poverty concerns”. Two years later, however, the Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB) was set up under the DUSIB Act. YEAR
AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR RESETTLEMENT COLONIES
1962
MCD, Slum & JJ Department
1967
Delhi Development Authority (DDA)
1974
MCD
1980
DDA
1992
MCD, Slum Upgradation & Rehabilitation (SUR) department was established
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
2008
MCD rejected Delhi Govt. proposal to establish a separate agency for slum & urban poverty concerns
2010
Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB) by DUSIB act, 2010
Table 1 Chronology of the agencies responsible for Resettlement Colonies
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
4 Project Learnings – Water Bodies 4.1 Sourcing of Raw Data for Water Bodies Popular perception is that Delhi is a dry, highly urbanised city with very few water bodies. However, that is not the case. Delhi, though largely urbanised, is neither very dry nor short of Water Bodies. Delhi gets 611 mm of rainfall – much more than the neighbouring states of Rajasthan and Haryana (parts). As a part of a Delhi Court monitored assessment of Delhi’s water bodies, it has been recorded that there are 1012 water bodies in NCT area. Of these, 629 have been directed by the Delhi High Court to be ‘Protected as Water Bodies’. However, on ground, not more than 906 water bodies are traceable.
The Honourable Delhi High Court, through a Court Monitoring Committee had also ordered a survey and record of the size, location and related details of each water body. The findings of this study are based on the Court Monitoring Committee data sourced by FORCE from the Delhi Parks and Gardens Society (whose CEO is the Chairman of the Court Monitoring Committee).
4.2 Mapping of Water Bodies Using the information available in the Court Monitoring Committee report, raw data about the names, location, district, status and size of the water bodies was collated. The Water Bodies were then mapped and analysed using GIS tools. The Maps included statistical information about the Water Bodies on the parameters listed above. Several thematic maps were also developed to visually showcase the findings for each of the above parameters. The figures below illustrate some of the key findings of this exercise.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
4.3 Key Findings Of the 906 Water Bodies that we were able to map, approx. 35 % of the water bodies were dry, 34 % were built up or non traceable, 10 % are filled with sewerage while 21 % had clean water in them. Overall 79 % of the overall water bodies in Delhi in are either encroached or dry or encroached. This thematic map showing water bodies layered on a base map of municipal wards of Delhi throws up some interesting observations.
No. of water bodies
District wise Water Bodies 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Series1
Central Distt
New Delhi
North Distt
South Distt
South East
South West Distt
West Distt
East Distt
North East Distt
North West Distt
Districts
Chart 1- Number of Water Bodies – District 1) Water Bodies are starkly visible by their almost complete absence in Central Delhi. All other parts of Delhi have a fairly high number. An analysis of district wise distribution of water bodies bears out this observation – Central district has the least number of water bodies. New Delhi district, situated to its south west, also does not have many water bodies.
2) Further observation of the map shows that the eastern part of the city especially towards the west bank of the Yamuna river has relatively lesser number of water bodies. This is again borne out by the chart that shows that the East, South East and North East districts have lesser number of water bodies than those on the South and Western periphery of the city.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
The reasons for this skew needs to be investigated. It may indicate a merging of conventional water bodies into the flood plain of the river. This would further strengthen the case for protection of the flood plain. Alternatively, it may indicate the price paid for growth since the eastern part of the city has grown fastest in the past decade.
Map 2 Water Bodies Status The Water Body status map overlaid on the district map of the city shows an almost equal proportion of wet, dry and encroached water bodies. The Pie Chart alongside gives the statistics. Approx. 35 % of the water bodies are dry, 21 % of are wet and clean ,10 % of them are filled with sewerage and 34 % of them were builtup or
Chart 2- Status of Water Bodies non traceable.
It is noteworthy that 79 % of the water bodies in Delhi in are either encroached or dry or both. Map 2 also indicates a higher concentration of dried water bodies along the western periphery of the city. At the same time it shows a significantly higher proportion of water bodies that are not traceable from central Delhi towards the eastern periphery of the city. This observation too is borne out by a district wise statistical comparison.
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
Untraceble /Build up No. of Wet Lakes
is tt es tD ist t Ea st No Di rt h st t Ea No st D rth is t W t es tD ist t
tD
es
W
Ea st W
So ut
h
So
ut h
Di
st t
t ist
ut h
D So
rt h
De lh i No
w
lD
ist
t
No.of Dry Lakes
Ne
ra nt Ce
Percent
Status of Water Bodies
District
Chart 3- District wise % of Water Bodies Status
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Of the total number of water bodies, South East has the highest proportion of completely built up Water bodies, North East has the next highest closely followed by New Delhi and East districts. The trends noticed in this map too warrant further investigation. They may give useful insights into the evolutionary path followed by water bodies vis a vis that of the habitation around them.
Map 2- Water Bodies - Ownership
This map differentiates Water Bodies on the basis of their ownership. As can be seen, most water bodies are owned by the Delhi Government (Revenue Office of the Block Development Officer). The Delhi Development Authority is the second largest owner. A few are owned by other departments such as MCD, Waqf Board, PWD etc.
Chart 4- Water Bodies- Ownership wise status
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Chart 5- % status – ownership wise
As the chart above shows, in percentage terms, Water Bodies owned by DDA suffer the most – majority are either built up or untraceable. However, in absolute numbers, the Delhi Government’s performance is the worst with 249 built up or untraceable water bodies (more than 25% of all water bodies in Delhi!). The other owners, including MCD, though owning very few water bodies have a better track record of maintaining them. This observation has implications for the mechanisms adopted by different agencies for protecting water bodies. It needs to be studied further whether the difference in status is because of the lack of interest, lack of ability or other pressures. The success of Waqf Board, PWD, Forest and ASI departments needs to be studied to help make guidelines that can help other agencies protect their water bodies better. Further, GIS based analysis of water body status in the different districts was done. The results showed skews in various water body status parameters. We believe a deeper analysis of these skews is required. It will give valuable insights into the growth patterns of urban agglomerates and the resultant threats to their environmental assets. It may help the authorities evolve a graded environmental assets protection methodology that takes care of the unique challenges faced at each stage.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
5 Project Learnings – Resettlement Colonies 5.1 Sourcing Data and Mapping As per the records available with DDA, there are 86 Resettlement colonies in Delhi made from 1962 till date. The Resettlements have been broadly classified into two types – Jhuggi Jhopri Resettlements (JJR) and Squatter Resettlement Colonies (SRS). The difference in nomenclature is because of an administrative realignment within the government after the first phase of resettlements upto 1990. All 86 Resettlements have been mapped in this project using GIS tools. It is difficult to find validated data about the current status of the Resettlement Colonies in Delhi. Hence, for the GIS mapping, the original layout plans made by DDA for each of the resettlements were sourced from DDA itself. These were then analysed to extract data such as year of launch, total area, number of houses, area of each plot/flat and other facilities provided. These plans were also used to plot the original boundaries of the resettlements on the current map of Delhi in the Mapping exercise. Details of the Resettlements have been appended along with their respective mapped polygon.
Map 3 - Resettlement Colonies in Delhi
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
5.2 Key FIndings As the map above shows, the resettlements are largely clustered in the West and North West districts. There are no resettlements in the Central and New Delhi districts and on the southern periphery of the city. Further detailing, was done to explore trends in direction / district choices made by the government in making resettlements. For this, the JJR and SRS resettlements were differentiated on the map. The JJR resettlements were the first phase and the SRS resettlements were made in the last 2 decades. Map 5 shows the results of this mapping
Map 4 – JJR and SRS Resettlement Colonies in Delhi The map above shows that there is a trend of shifting of the habitations of the poor towards the northern periphery. Most of the SRS resettlements have been made in the North West district. There is no movement at all towards the southern or eastern periphery of the city. This is despite the fact that the workplaces of most of the family members of the displaced settlements are likely to be in the west, south, southwest or east districts. Hence, for those family members, it will be a challenge to commute from the poorly connected and distant northern part of the city.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
The reason for this trend needs to be explored. It may be due to the availability of large swathes of land in that district or with the high water table and large number of water bodies in the area. Its future implications for the groundwater regime and the water bodies also needs to be studied so that corrective actions are taken before they are destroyed beyond redemption.
Map 5 – Ward wise Resettlement Colonies in Delhi On superimposing the layer of Municipal wards of Delhi on the Resettlements map, it is interesting to note, that all 86 resettlements are concentrated in 48 wards of the city. Of these 7 wards have heavy concentration of resettlements i.e more than 50% of the area of the ward is occupied by the planned resettlements. This observation needs to be explored further. Is there a tendency for planning authorities to create ghettos of displaced people’s colonies? Is the choice dictated by reasons that are favorable to the poor or in the interest of smart city planning? It may be useful for prioritization of basic infrastructure planning at Ward level. Since such wards are likely to be densely populated, the number of beneficiaries would be highest if these wards are given priority.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
6 Linkage of water bodies and Resettlement Colonies 6.1 Project Hypothesis and our finding The hypothesis of our study was that there is a tendency of planning authorities to locate resettlement areas within or in the vicinity of water bodies. The reasons are possibly that these areas are traditionally considered uninhabitable and hence are available in large unbuilt chunks for development. Analysis with GIS tools was done to check the validity of our hypothesis. The Map below formed the basis of our analysis. As can be seen, it has a base layer of Delhi districts, a layer of all water bodies in Delhi and a layer of all resettlements in Delhi. Additionally buffer zones of radius 1 km, 1.5 km and 2 km from the periphery of the resettlement colony were plotted.
Map 2 Resettlement Colonies - Water Bodies Distance
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
The surprising results of the analysis are as follows: 100% of the resettlements have one or more water bodies within a 2 km distance ! Since the water bodies are a natural feature of the landscape, the correct interpretation of this figure is that 100% of the resettlements have come up within a 2 km distance of 1 or more water bodies. A further break up shows that 10 % of the resettlement colonies have water bodies within the boundary of the resettlement colonies i.e they have been built in the water body or in the immediate vicinity of the water body. 80 % of the resettlement colonies lie within a distance of one kilometre from the water bodies i.e. and 10 % of the resettlement colonies lie within a distance of 2 km from the water bodies. Further, a count was done of the total number of water bodies within 1.5 km of a resettlement. We found 227 water bodies i.e 25 % of the total water bodies in Delhi are lying within 1.5 km from the resettlement colonies. As a result some resettlements have as many as 30 water bodies within that radius ! This statistic becomes even more significant in light of the fact that the resettlement areas occupy on 1.5% of the area of the whole city but have 25 % water bodies of the whole city in their immediate neighbourhood. This finding proves that our hypothesis is correct. The statistics indicate an overwhelming incidence of resettlements coming up in the immediate proximity of water bodies. This clearly indicates that a conscious decision is being made by the planning authorities to locate resettlements in water bodies or in their immediate catchments.
Those
resettlements which have multiple water bodies in this zone are clearly the most disadvantaged because they are likely to be within an overall depressed zone unfit for human habitation and prone to drainage failures.
6.2 Impact of Resettlements on Water Bodies An analysis of the status of water bodies within the 2 km radius of the resettlements shows that 48% of the water bodies are encroached Chart 5-Status of Water bodies near resettlements - 26 -
Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
or not traceable. 42% are free of encroachments– though they may be dry or filled with sewage. 10% have sewage flowing in.
These statistics are the same as the statistic for all water bodies in Delhi ( pl refer to Chart page 18). Hence, prima facie it seems that the presence of a resettlement does not impact a water body any differently from how it is impacted in the rest of the city. Approx 25% of the water bodies around the resettlements are dry as compared to a city average of 35%. This observation is in line with the fact that most of the resettlements are in North, North West, North East and West districts. All these are districts – particularly North and North West – with high water tables. Hence, the incidence of dried water bodies is less than the city average. Further analysis of water bodies based on their ownership shows that the percentage of water bodies that are encroached or untraceable is highest in case of DDA . Not only are a higher % of the BDO owned water bodies free, even the encroached ones fare better because most are encroached partially but still exist as water bodies. In case of DDA, the Water Bodies have disappeared altogether. Ownershipwise status of WaterBodies near Resettlements
Chart 6- Water Bodies- Ownership wise status
No.of waterbodies
120 100 80
13 47
NA
33
60
Built up 25
40 20
50
33
Free 3 9
0 BDO
DDA
5
MCD
1
2
Forest
PWD
2
DJB
Owner
More research needs to be done to find why DDA owned water bodies fare much worse than others. Also it needs to be explored whether the resettlement itself was the cause of the encroachment or disappearance of the water body.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
7 Summary of Findings of GIS Mapping 7.1 Summary of Findings Mapping of Water Bodies and Resettlement Colonies and their attributes was done as a part of the GIZ funded study “Sanitation Beyond Sewers”. On the base map of Districts of Delhi, layers of Water Bodies and Resettlement Colonies of Delhi were superimposed. The key findings and conclusions of this analysis were:
1) There is a significant difference in the attributes of Water Bodies across districts of Delhi. These differences, in some cases seem to defy logic – for example a higher proportion of dry water bodies in north and East Delhi (despite a higher annual rainfall and higher water table in the area) than that in South Delhi.
Studying the reasons for these differences was outside the scope of this study. However, these need to be studied in greater detail. They can give valuable insights into the human and infrastructure growth factors that determine the well being or the destruction of water bodies.
2) 35 % of the water bodies were dry, 21 % of them were wet and clean ,10 % of them are filled with sewerage and 34 % of them were builtup or non traceable. Overall 79 % of the overall water bodies in Delhi in are either encroached or dry or encroached.
3) There is a significant difference in the attributes of Water Bodies across districts of Delhi. These differences, in some cases seem to defy logic – for example a higher proportion of dry water bodies in north and East Delhi (despite a higher annual rainfall and higher water table in the area) than that in South Delhi.
4) In percent terms, Water Bodies owned by DDA are in the worst condition - majority are either built up or untraceable. However, in absolute numbers, the Delhi
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Government’s performance is the worst with 249 built up or untraceable water bodies (more than 25% of all water bodies in Delhi!). 5) There are 86 Resettlement Colonies made since 1962. These are mostly in West and North West districts of Delhi. Further they seem to be concentrated in some wards. 7 Municipal wards are more than 50% covered with Resettlement Colonies. 41 other wards play host to balance 79 resettlement colonies.
6) 100% of the resettlements have come up within a 2 km distance of 1 or more water bodies.
7) 25% of all water bodies in Delhi are placed within 1.5 km of a resettlement even though the total area occupied by resettlements is only 1.5%.
8) 48% of such water bodies are encroached or untraceable. 25% are dry and 10% are sewage filled.
9) Percentage of water bodies owned by DDA which are encroached or untraceable is the highest. However, Delhi Government’s record in absolute terms is much worse.
7.2
Summary of Conclusions Based on the above key findings, we arrive at three major conclusions: 1) There is a high number of Water Bodies in Delhi. They are spread all over the city. Their spead and number, make them a strong possibility for water conservation and recharge to groundwater. 2) However, the water bodies are in a very bad state. 48% are encroached – fully or partially, 35% are dry. Urgent attention needs to be given to their revival. A deeper district wise, ownership wise and other analysis may give valuable insights into the developmental needs of a water body so that it also adapts to the changing catchment.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
In percentage terms, the status of a water body seems to degrade under the ownership of DDA vis a vis that of the BDO or Forest authorities. Since BDO represents village lands, Forest takes care of water bodies in forest areas and DDA of water bodies in urbanised parts of Delhi, it is a clear indication that the shift of catchment from rural to urban causes a fall in the status of water bodies. A deeper study needs to be done to understand the reasons why and remedial measures that may be taken.
3) Our hypothesis for the study stands proved i.e. the data shows an overwhelming skew towards re-location of displaced persons in areas that are in or near a water body and its catchment. These area, usually are depressed areas. Here sanitation planning becomes a challenge because of slope alignment problems. It has caused inability of sewage to flow out into sewerage trunk lines (and hence flooding of resettlement areas)
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8 Case Studies The key conclusion of the GIZ-FORCE study on Water Bodies and Resettlements was that resettlements have been located in areas that are in the immediate vicinity of water bodies. 80% have one or more water bodies within 1 km radius. The implications of this are that making adequate sanitation provisions will be a challenge in these areas. To further validate this finding, 6 resettlements were studied in greater detail. Another objective of the case studies was to see the impact that the presence of resettlements had on the water bodies in their vicinity. The selection of the six colonies for doing case studies was based on the following parameters: •
Those resettlement colonies which have water bodies within their layout
•
Spatial spread over the city
•
Year of establishment of the colony – atleast one case study each from different phases of resettlement was selected.
Map 3 Resettlement Colonies Case Studies
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S.no
Resettlement Colony Name
Year of Establishment
1
Savda Ghevra
2006
2
Mangolpuri
1975
3
Jahangirpuri
1978
4
Kalyanpuri
1979
5
Mangalapuri
1984
6
Madanpur Khadar
2002
Table 2 Resettlement Colonies Case Studies & Year of Establishment
8.1 Case study assessment methodology Our analysis was based both on secondary data and primary data. The data was collected from the following sources: 1. The original Resettlement Colony as per plan made by DDA. 2. Field visits and interviews with residents to assess the current situation of Resettlement colony and the peripheral area (squatters) with special reference to: a. Water supply b. Sanitation (Toilet, Sewer, Drainage and SWM) c. Linkage with the water bodies d. Water body existing situation and their linkage with the Resettlement Colony and squatters
8.2 CASE STUDY 1 – SAVDA GHEVRA 8.2.1 Introduction Savda Ghevra resettlement colony is Sited on 187 acres on the western periphery of the city which is Located off National Highway 10, about 30 kilometres from Connaught Place, the de facto centre point of Delhi and is based within a largely rural landscape . It is part of the Mundka assembly constituency and the Mundka municipal ward.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
The Savda Ghevra JJ Resettlement Colony was established in 2006 in Phases I and II. It is the newest resettlement colony resulting from the most recent wave of evictions and relocation in Delhi. It is difficult to find an official estimate of the population living in the colony, but an NGO active in the area reports that it exceeds 46,000. Electoral rolls indicate there are 14,707 voters from the colony.
Map 8 Savda Ghevra
8.2.2 History As mentioned earlier resettlement colony was established in 2006 but people started moving to colony after 2007. At present the families living at the Savda Ghevra resettlement colony are originally from various states of India, People had been living at their
Map 5 Savda Ghvera Location Map
original sites of habitation in Delhi from where they were evicted for 10 to 50 years. People were shifted from various parts of Delhi like Lalbagh, Geeta Colony, Anand Vihar, Rainy well, Khan Maket, Nizamuddin, Nangal Dewat, Tagore Garden, Yamuna
Map 4 Savda Ghevra Trajectory map
Pushtha etc. Map 5 shows the locations from where people were relcoated to Savda Ghevra. Raghubir Nagar which is located 17 kms from Savda Ghevra was the nearest area from where the people were relocated whereas Lal Bagh is the far most area which is at a distant of 40 KMs from the colony.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.2.3 Resettlement Colony as per plan Resettlement colony is planned in two phases, phase I & II in around 80 hectares land. As per the Layout the colony is planned for 17,156 plots in both phases by maintaining a density of 189 persons / ha. A third phase of the colony was started for the provision of 7,620 flats on five-storeyed buildings under JNNURM, BSUP scheme.
Figure 1 Savda Ghevra Resettlement Colony Layout
Although work on these five-storeyed buildings continues, there are no residents in these flats. Water supply and sewerage system was not mentioned anywhere in the layout. The reason for that is that a separate plan for those was to be prepared by Delhi Jal Board in parallel. No water body is identified in the plan. Neither is a canal that is passing through the north eastern part of the colony.
8.2.4 Resettlement Colony Existing Situation assessment & linkage with water bodies After having discussions with various people living in the resettlement colonies the following observations were made. When the original residents had arrived in 2006, they found a barren land filled with water upto 1 foot level and to start living there people had emptied the water from the land and laid the mud roads. The inference from this observation is that Savda Ghevra itself is low lying land prone to water logging and flooding.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.2.5 Water Supply When people had shifted to the colony in 2006 there was no efficient or enough water supply system. Two Delhi Jal Board (DJB) tankers used to supply the water which was insufficient for their daily needs, so people used to travel upto 3 kms to Ghevra village to fill the water from the stand posts available there. Even today in 2015 there is no water supply line laid, still majority of the people are dependant on the DJB tankers for their daily needs. Few people have installed hand pumps in an individual or group based effort to supplement their water availability. Recently in 2013, a private entrepreneur “Jal Suvidha� had come up with a concept called water ATMs where people can get RO Purified water at Rs. 0.3 / litre at installed devices at various locations in the colony. People can get access to this service by using the smart card provided by the agency, where they have to recharge the card. As per the discussion with the people it is estimated that around 10 – 15 % of the households in the colony are using water ATMs.
Figure 2 Water supplied by DJB Tankers in Savda Ghevra
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Figure 3 Water ATM in Savda Ghevra 8.2.6 Sanitation Toilet When people arrived here in 2006 they did not have any individual toilets so people were dependant on the community toilets constructed by the Government. In 2006 only one community toilet complex (CTC) was constructed in each block which consists around 600 – 1250 plots which was insufficient for the people living in the block. So they had very huge queue to access the toilets. What was worse that often even these CTCs were locked. Because of these situations majority of the people defecate in open. The presence of huge open lands all around made this easy.. As per the discussion with the people at present around 60 % of the households in the colony have constructed the individual toilets and the rest are dependent on the CTC. Recently govt. has constructed two CTCs in each block. Figure 4 Newly constructed CTC in Savda Ghevra
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Sewerage & Drainage Even though the resettlement colony was established 9 years back there is no sewerage system laid so far. Side drains within the colony – storm water drains - were constructed by the government in the initial years. However, no provision was made for a planned outfall for these drains. Hence, a few drains empty themselves in the open plots within the colony. However, a majority of the drains outfall is the canal passing in the northwest of the colony. As there is no sewerage system in the colony, some of the people who have constructed
toilets
have
constructed
septic
tanks
under their house as there was no space left for the septic tank in the 12.5 sq.m plot allotted. However, a majority of the households have connected their toilet directly to the open drains which is causing a very huge Figure 6 Toilet connected to side drain in Savda Gevrah pollution to the canal. Figure 5 Side DraIns in Savda Gevrah
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Figure 7 Open plots filled with drain water
8.2.7 Water Body As per the government data on water bodies, there were 3 water bodies near the settlement (marked in the map below). However, none of those water bodies are traceable. 2 of those water bodies are now within the path of a canal. The third seems to have been completely built over since it is totally untraceable. There was a fresh water canal towards the north of the site which was primarily used for agricultural purpose and for fishing by the people living in the north. It is located at a distance of 250 m from the centroid of phase I and 500m from the centroid of phase II. All drains of the colony are connected to the canal. The assumption at the planning stage would be that these being storm water drains, they will carry rainwater runoff into the canal. However, as there is no sewer network laid in the colony, the drains also carry sewage. Also, since there is no planned system of garbage disposal, much of the area’s garbage also gets disposed off here. Hence, the canal, has effectively been transformed into a dirty nullah.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Map 6 Water Body in Savda Gevrah Figure 8shows the imaginary picture of the water body in Savda Gevrah and Figure 9 shows the present situation of the water body. If we compare both the pictures we can understand the situation of impact of resettlement colony on the water body.
Figure 8 Imaginary Picture of Water Body before the establishment of Resettlement Colony in Savda Gevrah
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Figure 9 Water Body Existing Situation in Savda Gevrah Conclusion: This case study further illustrates the inferences made in the GIS Analysis. It shows that a resettlement located within the immediate catchment of 1 or more water bodies is prone to chronic sanitation problems caused by lack of natural drainage outfalls (except the water body itself). As the state of the canal shows, the case study also proves that water bodies do suffer due to the presence of resettlements in the vicinity. It also highlights a major planning shortcoming i.e. that even after so many years, civic authorities have not been able to provide basic water and sanitation infrastructure in the area.
8.3 Case Study II - Jahangirpuri Resettlement Colony 8.3.1 Introduction Jahangirpuri is located in the Northern eastern side of Delhi, about 15 kilometres from Connaught Place, the de facto centre point of Delhi. Colony was divided in three MLA Constituencies Badli (B, C, I, J & K Block), Adarsh Nagar (A, G & H Block), Burari ( D, E Block ) Assembly. It’s a part of Pipal Thaia ward of Delhi Municipal Corporation.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.3.2 History Jahangirpuri was chosen as a site for resettlement of the refugees from Pakistan and Punjab in the 1978 . A total of 25,020
households
were
relocated to this site from various parts of the city like
Map 7 Location map of Jahangirpuri
Majnu ka tilla, Daryaganj & Inderpuri etc.
Figure 10 Land use breakup of Jahangirpuri Resettlement Colony
8.3.3 Resettlement colony as per plan
The total area of the scheme spread in an area of 400 hectares and 25,020 plots were planned in this area at a density of 203 plots / ha. Unlike in current day resettlements, here each allottee was given a plot of land measuring 25 m2. In the plan there were additional facilities like dispensary, hospital, parks, community centre, commercial areas, primary school, higher secondary school, college, district playground and open spaces. Detailed landuse breakup of the resettlement colony is shown in Error! Reference source not found.. Figure 11 shows the planned colony layout.
As can be seen, the water body located within the Jahangirpuri area is not considered in the planning process.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Figure 11 Planned layout of Jahangirpuri Resettlement Colony
Figure 12 Satellite Image of Jahangirpuri Resettlement Colony With Water Body
8.3.4 Resettlement colony existing situation At present Jahangirpuri presents a mix of Slum characteristics and refugee resettlement pattern. There are 11 blocks in the colony with plotted housing scheme, which are interspersed with jhuggijhopri clusters. Each plot now has multi-storeyed houses made with scant regard to civic construction
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Figure 13 Houses in Jahangirpuri
Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
norms. Since this is one of the oldest resettlements, it has grown beyond recognition both vertically and horizontally. Not only has each plot become a set of flats, many slums have also come up in the empty spaces in the area and around it. At present there are 8 slums in the Jahangirpuri which are located in blocks H1, H 2, H4, CD Park, Gujarati Basti, G Block, Dhobhi Ghat, Bangali Basti and K block. As discussed earlier there are around 25,020 plots in the colony, at present most of those plots were four floor buildings. If we assume an average of four households living in one plot then the total households in the colony will be around 1 lakh households. As per Census 2011, the average household size in Delhi is 4.8 so the approximate population residing in the colony is around 4.8 lakhs.
8.3.5 Water Supply & Sanitation
In 1970’s Jahangirpuri was in peripheral area of the Delhi, so there were no water or sewer lines laid in that area. In order to provide the services to the people, DDA had come up with some temporary solutions. In the initial stages a series of tube wells were laid and pumped into the syntax tanks, people used to go to that syntax tank and fill the water. No sewer lines were laid for many years. DDA had laid the internal storm water drainage network in this area but they had faced a problem of dumping the waste water as there was no outfall for those internal drains. To solve this problem, DDA has changed the original layout plan and reserved some of the low lying plots to dump the waste water. Hence, the water bodies observed in the area are those that have been made as a result of this planning. (source: DUSIB, SE Planning). Upto 1992 there were no sewer lines in the area. In 1992, Delhi Jal Board laid the water supply and sewer lines in the colony. Because of difficulty in connecting this sewage system to a trunk system, a Sewage Treatment Plant was also set up near Coronation Pillar. The treated waste water is then discharged into the nearby nullah for final disposal in the Yamuna river. It is important to note that from 1978 to 1992 (infact it is only by 1997 that most households took sewage connections) the sewage of the resettlement was being disposed off in the internal storm water drains all of which were emptying into the water bodies
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
mentioned above. The water bodies therefore, were less of rainwater collection points and more of sewage collection points. As a result, at present almost all the households in the colony have access to water supply and sewer connected toilets. They also have a door to door solid waste collection system. The main source of the DJB to supply water in the colony is Wazirabad Water Plant which is pumped through a Booster Pumping Station at CD Park, Jahangirpuri. The sewage generated is treated in the STP nearby. Hence, currently, Jahangirpuri resettlement has adequate water and sanitation provisions.
8.3.6 Peripheral area existing situation assessment The story, however changes when we move to the slums. As discussed above there are around 8 slum pockets in the resettlement colony area in the areas blocks H1, H 2, H4, CD Park, Gujrati Basti, G Block, Dhobhi Ghat, Bangali Basti and K block. All of these slums mushroomed after the resettlement colony was established here. Most of the slums had come up in the areas near to the water bodies and the land parcels which were reserved for some institutional buildings, parks and open spaces as per the plan. The land near to the water bodies was considered by DDA as unfit for normal establishments due to its susceptibility to flooding and high moisture content in the soil. Another reason was the sewage flowing into them. However, since the land was empty, slums came up there. The other slums came up in other vacant spots. The main reason for forming of slums in the reserved land is due to delays by government in establishing or utilising the reserved parcel for the planned use.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Figure 14 K Block Slum near Bhalaswa water body in Jahangirpuri Almost all the households in slums have access to electricity and water supply but are no sanitation facilities. Most of them are dependant on community toilets and majority
of
the
male
persons
are
defecating in the open. Households living along
the
road
side
have
drainage
connections which are connected to the trunk sewer along the main road and the households living internally have small drains which is connected to the water bodies.
Figure 15 Side Drains in K Block Slum, In our field visit we have observed that the Jahangirpuri waste water outlet of the toilets in the slums located in K Block are directly connected into the water body which is creating an insanitary condition. 8.3.7 Water Body As mentioned earlier there is one water body near the K block slum. In our interviews with the residents, we found that before the establishment of the colony the water body
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
situation was much better and there were plenty of fresh water available in it. And before the sewer was laid in the colony this water body was used for dumping all the waste water generated in the colony. After 1992, waste water generated from the colony was diverted to sewers but the waste water generated in unauthorised settlements is still flowing into the water body which is polluting the water body and the ground water quality. It also seems like the water body is quietly, illegally being slowly filled up by the populations nearby for the purpose of reclaiming and selling that land.
Figure 16 Water Body Existing Situation in Jahangirpuri
8.3.8 CONCLUSIONS
This case study also echoes the findings of the Savda Ghevra study viz, that resettlements near water bodies suffer from difficulties in implementing planned disposal of sewage systems. It also shows that the water bodies also suffer since they become an interim site for disposal of waste till the planned facilities come up for the resettlement. What it also important to note is that using a water body as a sewage disposal site even as an interim measure sets a dangerous precedent that sets the norm for any subsequent developments in the area.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.4 Case Study III – Kalyanpuri Resettlement Colony 8.4.1 Introduction Kalyanpuri resettlement colony is located in the East district of Delhi. It’s a part of the Patparganj layout which houses four resettlement colonies Tirlokpuri, Kiichiripur, Himmatpuri and Kalyanpuri. It’s a part of the Kondli and Mayur Vihar wards of MCD.
Map 8 Location map of Kalyanpuri 8.4.2
History
The colony which was established in 1976 is divided into 11 blocks (Block 11 to 21). Majority of the population in the colony were relocated from the areas of Okhla, Ashram & Delite Cinema. As per the layout 4503 plots were planned in the colony with an average of 410 plots per block. As per the original Allottees in Kalyanpuri when they came here in 1976 wheat fields were there in this land, they have cleared the land and constructed the houses. 8.4.3 Resettlement Colony as per Plan As discussed earlier as per the layout plan 4503 plots were planned in the colony with an average of 410 plots per block. In the plan there were additional facilities like dispensary, hospital, parks, community centre, commercial areas, primary school, higher secondary
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
school and open spaces. This plan also did not mention the water bodies in the area. Hence, those were not considered as a factor in the planning stage.
Figure 17 Kalyanpuri Resettlement Colony Layout 8.4.4 Resettlement colony existing situation As per one NGO estimate at present there are around 840 households in each block with an average number of 5 members per household.
Figure 18 Houses in Kalyanpuri
Approximate population as per the NGO is around 46000. After the establishment of the colony few Juggies have come up. At present there are five slums; 18th block Indira camp, 20th block Indira camp, Juggi at 21st block beside Lal Bahadur Sastry hospital, and Juggi inside the 11th block. As per the same NGO in all, a rough estimate of the population would be at a little over 60,000.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.4.5 Water & Sanitation As per our interviews with the original Allottees in Kalyanpuri, upto 1985 there was no water or drainage facility available. In those days people had to take water from the taps in the parks. Later the governtment installed hand pumps. In 2001, a sewer line was laid in this area and people were asked
to
take
connections.
As
result,
present
at
a
almost all households in
the
resettlement
colony have all the basic
facilities
water,
like toilet,
electricity and sewer connection. Figure 19 Ongoing Metro Rail Construction in Kalyanpuri water body Internal drains were laid by DDA. However, since there was no planned outfall for the drains, they were designed to discharge in the water body nearby, The main source of the water supply in this colony is from Sonia Vihar Water Treatment Plant. The waste water generated in the colony is pumped to the STP located at Kondal and then diverted to Yamuna River. 8.4.6
Water Body
There is a large water body (Sanjay Lake) located in the North West part of the colony. It is a large water body. However it does not have much water at present. Infact, the peripheral area of the water body is being encroached by a Delhi government fire station and metro rail columns are also being constructed inside the water body. This encroachment is much more serious than that by slum dwellers because a large portion of the lake has been filled up and compacted for setting up the pillars, for giving them a stable buffer and for enabling access to men and machines for construction and maintenance works.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
The outfall for most of the drains in the Kalyanpuri layout is this water body only. Hence all the waste water from the colony that has not been diverted to sewers and all the sewage from the slums in the area is polluting the water body. 8.4.7 Conclusion
This case study illustrates yet again that the presence of a water body is not factored into the planning process. It becomes a sink for the garbage & sewage of the resettlement in the time before sewerage facilities are introduced. Unfortunately this becomes a permanent feature because it is emulated by the poor living in slums.
8.5 Case Study – IV Mangalapuri 8.5.1 Introduction
Manglapuri resettlement colony is located in the South Western part of the Delhi near to the Indira Gandhi International airport. It’s a part of Dwarka assembly constituency, Phase 1 of colony is a part of Dabri ward and phase 2 is a part of Sagarpur ward.
Map 9 Location map of Mangalapuri
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.5.2 History The Resettlement colony was established in 1984 in two phases, phase 1 and phase 2. In both phase 1 and 2 Plots were allotted to the people in 1984 but people started coming after 1985. Whole resettlement was planned for 1216 plots and majority of the people were relocated to here from Okhla, Nangloi, Toadpur, CRPF Camp and Dhaula Khana. 8.5.3 Resettlement Colony as per Plan As mentioned earlier the whole resettlement colony was planned for 1216 plots, the area occupied by plots in the layout is 2.51 hectors. In the plan there were additional facilities like dispensary, hospital, parks, community centre, commercial areas, primary school, higher secondary school and open spaces. Here also, no mention has been made in the layout plan of the water body that exists close by.
Figure 20 Mangalapuri Resettlement Colony Layout
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.5.4 Resettlement colony existing situation
When people came here in 1984 there were wheat fields in this land. For 11 years, till 1995 there was not even a community toilet there. In 1995 the government constructed two community toilet blocks. People used to get water from tankers and hand pumps till 2000. After the resettlement colony was established DDA has laid many layouts around the colony, now if we look at the Mangalapuri area whole area will look like a planned settlements. Till 1995, people living in the resettlement colony did not have any basic facilities of water and sewer. In our interviews, people have reported that after 1995 because of some political intervention people were benefitted with the water and sewer network. At present almost all households have all the basic facilities like water, toilet, electricity and sewer. Since this resettlement is near Dwarka – a planned sub city – it has access to trunk sewer lines. As a result, the internal sewer lines have been linked to the trunk sewers. The internal storm water drains have also been linked to the larger storm water drains.
Figure 21 Houses in Mangalapuri Resettlement Colony
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.5.5 Water bodies As per our GIS mapping analysis, there are 8 water bodies within the 1.5 km buffer zone of the area. Of these, 2 are within the 1 km buffer. In our interviews with the original allottees of the area, we found that they could recollect those water bodies. They place the two water bodies as one being in Nasirpur and one near Palam harijan basti - around 1 km distance from Mangalapuri. However, as per our observation and their interviews, now both the water bodies were vanished, they are filled up and encroached.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.5.6 Conclusions
It cannot just be a coincidence that all three water bodies near this settlement – part of a rapidly growing Dwarka Sub City - have vanished – completely encroached and built up. Prima Facie, it seems that compared to other resettlements, this area was better placed in terms of availability of planned outfalls for its storm water drains and sewage. Hence the water body did not play the role of being the sink for sewage as it did in the earlier case studies. It needs to be investigated whether, the absence of a visible functional benefit – such as sewage disposal – from a water body, becomes a reason for its destruction. The findings of this case study open up a new area of research.
8.6 Case Study – V Madanpur Khadar 8.6.1 Introduction Mandanpur Khadar is located in South East Delhi by the Yamuna River Bank. It’s a part of Badarpur ward of Municipal Corporation of Delhi.
Map 10 Madanpur Khadar Location Map
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.6.2 Resettlement Colony as per Plan As per the layout of Madanpur Khadr, it was established in the year 2002 in an area of 9.6 hectares and a total of 2332 plots were allotted to people who were relocated from the slums in areas of Nehru Place, Hauz Khas, Chankya Puri, Sarojini Nagar, Nizamuddin and Kaliji. The fact that this resettlement was in the Yamuna floodplain was not reflected in the layout plan. Also, the one water body, as per government records, was also not shown in the layout plan.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Figure 22 Satellite Image of Madanpur Khadar with water bodies 8.6.3 Resettlement colony existing situation People started coming to this place from 2003. In our interviews with residents they said that they were taken there and left on barren lands without providing any infrastructure facilities in the colony. There was no water supply and no sewer lines laid. However, community toilets with tanks had been made in each area. Also internal storm water drains had been laid. After seeing the situation people shifted to this area only after installing the hand pumps in their allotted plot area as there was no water supply facility either through a pipeline or by DJB tankers.
Figure 23 Madanpur Khadar Resettlement Colony
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
At present Madanpur Khadar is a home to 15000 families. Each plot has been converted into buildings which are are three storied (G+3 ) structures. Over the times after the resettlement colony was established, a slum has also developed in this area “Kabaadhi Basti”. It was developed on a private land, around 150 households are staying there. Most of them are the migrants from West Bengal who are engaged in Rag Picking works. These people also lack all the facilities like water, toilet and sewer connection. They are dependent on Delhi Jal Board water tankers and the community toilets. Even after 12 years of establishing the colony the residents still don’t have basic facilities like water and sewer connection. Delhi Jal Board is supplying the water by tankers two times a day and there is also a private operator who is supplying RO water to the households at Rs. 20 per 20 litres bottle.
Figure 24 People using handpumps
Almost 50 % of the households in the colony uses the RO water. Some households – particularly in B2 block - have toilets attached to septic
tanks.
households
Most
who
of
don’t
the have
individual toilets are dependent on community toilets which have been constructed by the government. Since there is no sewer, the sewage moves through the open drains in the area. The internal drains empty into large trunk drains that then empty themselves directly into the river. Hence, all the sewage from the resettlement is being dumped, untreated, into the river. 8.6.4 Water Body
As per the GIS Analysis, there is one water body within the Madanpur Khadar area. However, our field survey and interview with people did not show any evidence of the water body. It has been completely encroached and built upon.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Apart from the water body, Madanpur Khadar is also on the River floodplain since the Yamuna River passes through the north east and south west direction of the resettlement colony. The area is therefore highly flood prone. Recently in 2010 flooding was happened in this area. All the drains of the colony, carrying sewage too, directly discharge into the Yamuna River without any treatment. Further contamination happens during Ganesh Chaturthi festival when a huge procession happens which leads to Yamuna River every year. Hundreds of idols of Lord Ganesha are submerged for Visarjan in the river. 8.6.5 Conclusion
Like the earlier case study of Mangalapuri, in this case too, it seems that since the officially demarcated Water body did not have any functional utility for a rapidly expanding area, it was filled up and built upon. Also, like all the prior case studies, the river, acting as water body has taken on the role of the interim sewage sink for the area.
8.7 Case study VI – Mangolpuri 8.7.1 Introduction Mangolpuri is located in the central part of the Delhi, it was established in 1975. it’s a part of the Rohini Zone in North Delhi Municipal Corporation and Mangolpuri assembly constituency.
Map 11 Mangolpuri Location Map
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
8.7.2 History
Mangolpuri resettlement colony was started establishing in 1975 and developed in various stages till 1986. Many of the people were relocated from the areas like R.K Puram, India gate, Karol bagh. After 1984 government has started resettling the 1984 riots affected people. In the Resettlement colony they were allotted plots and the riot affected people were offered flats in Punjabi colony. 8.7.3 Resettlement Colony as per Plan Resettlement colony was planned in 25 blocks, Block A to Block Y, it was established in the 1975. In the plan there were additional facilities like dispensary, hospital, parks, community centre, commercial areas, primary school, higher secondary school and open spaces. However, though there are 3 water bodies, as per the government’s list, within the boundary of the resettlement, none of those find any mention in the layout plan.
Figure 25 Mangolpuri Resettlement Colony Layout
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
Figure 26 Satellite Image of Mangolpuri resettlement colony with water bodies
8.7.4 Resettlement colony existing situation When people came here in 1975 the whole land was barren without any infrastructure facilities, there were no water or drainage facilities at that time. One of the water bodies was famed for its good quality water. So, people used to get water from the water body located in the northern part of the colony for general purposes. Many people had installed the handpumps and it was used for drinking water purposes also. Till 2000, there was no water supply or sewer facilities. So, till 2000 people used to defecate in open. Also, all the sewage of the area used to flow through storm water drains. For the drains flowing at the southern end, carrying more than half of Mongolpuri’s sewage, the natural drainage was into a big nullah connected to the Najafgarh drain. Hence all the untreated sewerage that was discharged into it, was finally flowing into the Yamuna river. For the northern part of the resettlement, their drains were diverted into the sweet water body mentioned above. This water body, hence, soon became a sewage and garbage filled pit. It served as the sewage sink for many years till most people took up sewage connections after 2000. After that, the nearby slum residents slowly started filling the water body up with malba. Today, the water body is untraceable. It is completely filled and partially built up. The rest of its area is an open ground which is used for open defecation. Even today, however, it remains the lowest point in the area and hence gets flooded during the rains.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
After 2000, the government lay the water and sewer network and after that majority of the problems faced by the residents were solved. At present almost all households have all the basic facilities in the colony. 8.7.5 Water Bodies As per the list provided by the Department of Environment and Forests, GNCT there should be three water bodies within the colony and five within 1 km radius. But as per our observations in the colony two of those water bodies were not traceable and one water body was converted to a park. As per the discussion with the local residents it was known that there were three more water bodies other than the three water bodies mentioned in the list. Out of these three new water bodies one water body was converted to park, second was encroached by slum and the other one was converted to park and water show was being conducted in that site once in a year.
Figure 27 Water body converted to park in Mangolpuri 8.7.6 Conclusions The Mongolpuri Case study was perhaps the most revealing because it actually showcased the transition of a water body from a pristine water source to a sewage sink and finally into nothingness. It also showed how, a water body can be maintained as one, by making it a recreational area (water show). This case study, more than the others, highlights the issue of layout planning for resettlements being done without any reference being made to the water bodies in the area – despite there being so many of them. This seems to reflect the callous attitude of planners towards water bodies.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
9 Overall Conclusions & Recommendations based on Case Studies 9.1 Conclusions
Table 3 shows the resettlement colony establishment year and the time taken for providing the water and sewerage services in the colonies along with the water bodies status of the colonies. Colony
Estb.
Water Supply
Sewer
Water Body status
Yes, Around 1992
Yes, Around 1992
Sewage & garbage of surrounding
Year Jahangirpuri
1978
slum Kalyanpuri
1979
Yes, 1985
Yes, 2001
Sewage & garbage of surrounding slum. Being built in by DMRC
Mangol Puri
1975
Yes, Around 2000
Yes, Around 2000
Untraceable / park
Mangalapuri
1984
Yes, Around 1995,
Yes, Around 1995
Untraceable/park
Savda Ghvera
2006
No Network, DJB
No Sewer
Sewage & garbage
No sewer
Sewage
Tankers Madanpur Khadar
2002
No Network, Hand pumps DJB Tankers
Table 3 Resettlement Colonies & water, sewerage situation As can be seen, sewerage facilities reach the colonies at least 10 years after the colony has been made. Storm water drains in all the colonies carried sewerage in the period upto taking of sewer connections by households. In-fact, even today, the storm water drains carry sewerage because of slums or small unauthorized settlements that have come up in the empty spaces left for community facilities. In all case studies, the water bodies have played the role of being sewage (and in many cases garbage) sinks. Where the laying of a sewer line, connected to a trunk line or STP, has made this role redundant, the water body has typically been filled up and sold as pockets of land for construction.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
In all case studies, the apathy of the planning authorities is apparent. No water body, even when present within the planned area, was mentioned as one in the layout plans. The implementing agencies and the maintenance agencies also seem to have been equally apathetic. None have bothered to put in place preventive measures to protect the water body nor have they made any effort to clean them up and restore them once the sewage inflow stopped / reduced. The studies have also brought out a sad fact. That communities themselves, along with the government, judge a water body purely on its apparent, immediate utility. As long as it is serving the function of sewage disposal it remains as a water body – however dirty. As soon as that function is no longer required, it is only a matter of time before it gets converted into a piece of saleable land. Government also tends to use this ‘land’ for public utilities. From the perspective of the resettlement colonies, it is apparent that their being in the immediate vicinity of multiple water bodies has been a disadvantage. Most areas are flood prone or water logging prone. It also seems that this factor also makes it difficult for agencies to install sanitation infrastructure that is seamlessly linked to the city infrastructure. The ones which seem to be better off are ones which have been so densely constructed that the levels of land have risen enough to prevent such problems. The artificial drainage outfalls (as sewers, STPs and large drains) have also helped. The case studies have also raised many questions, notable among them being: 1) There are reports of water bodies that do not exist in the government records. At the same time, there is absolutely no public memory of some water bodies. 2) The government statistics based on which the GIS mapping was done showed that 10% of water bodies are sewage filled, 30% are dry. However, the case study numbers reflect a different picture with a much higher % of sewage filled and dry water bodies. 3) The sequence of events that led to the current status of the water bodies needs to be explored further. Only then will we be able to understand how best water bodies can be protected from decimation.
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Documentation of water bodies and their linkages with (planned) Resettlement Colonies and informal settlements
9.2 Recommendations •
Water bodies should be identified at the planning stage. The objective may be to protect them in their pristine form.
•
Alternatively, the agencies may take a pragmatic view and plan for usage of the water body as an intermediate water or sanitation service provider.
•
In the above case it should have a clearly designed withdrawal and restoration plan after that need is over
•
In this age of utilitarianism, it seems to be important to assign a publically visible civic role to Water Bodies. This may be as storage for rainwater runoff and treated waste water. Resettlements planned near water bodies suffer in the planning for sanitation services. Hence, there is need for a conscious shift away from resettlements near water bodies
•
There is a need for ‘Interim’ Sanitation planning or a decentralized approach to Sewerage disposal
•
The size of the plot being allotted to the households is very small, 12.5 sq.m. plot size is too small for the construction of the individual toilet. Yet, people want to make them on the footpaths or on the rooftops as it’s the basic necessity. If no sewer is laid in the colony then the households are constructing either pit toilets or they are discharging the toilet waste directly into the drains. There is a need to plan for the demand for household toilets by poor either by providing innovating ideas for construction of house in limited space or provide them the enough space considering the design of toilet.
10 References 1. Association of Metropolitan Development Authorities (AMDA). “Planning and Development of Sub - Standard Areas.” n.d. 2. Véronique Dupont, EPW Slum Demolition in Delhi since 1990s - An Appraisal 3. Re-Thinking Re-Settlement Colonies, MHT & MHS, 2011 4. Planning the slum, Savdah Ghevra, CPR, www.citiesofdelhi.cprindia.org 5. District Mental Health Programme in India: A Case Study of Jahangirpuri, 2005 6. Society, Delhi Parks & Gardens. http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/5729c88046fee8e38b49ab45bc83684d/ORDER%5B1%5D.pdf? MOD=AJPERES&lmod=733930692&CACHEID=5729c88046fee8e38b49ab45bc83684d.” 23 May 2011. delhi.gov.in. Document. 09 July 2015.
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11 Acknowledgments and Thank You Working on the project ‘Linkages between Water Bodies and Resettlements’ has been a very enlightening experience. For the first time, a study has explored the linkages between the urbanization pattern followed by a city administration especially for habitations for the poor and the water bodies in the city. Despite this being a limited study, it indicates that, from the planning stage itself, the urban poor are being shortchanged in their right to dignified, comfortable habitation. The study has also shown that there seems to be a pattern in the deterioration of status of water bodies – several combinations of cause and effect relationships – are being indicated. These need to be explored further before a definitive action plan for policy makers can be prepared.
First and foremost I’d like to thank GIZ for giving us the opportunity to partner in such an interesting study and a very special thanks to Aparna Das, for her vision, guidance and mentorship. A special thanks also to Shubham Mishr for his ideas and painstaking efforts in the GIS mapping and the preparation of the final product for mass dissemination. I’d also like to put on record my admiration and appreciation for the hard work of the GIZ Intern who was part of this project – Rajiv Reddy - as also that of the FORCE Project Team members – Mamta Singh and Aparna Singh. We also appreciate the support of DDA and Delhi Parks and Gardens Society in sharing the details of the Resettlement Colonies and Water Bodies in Delhi.
We hope that the findings of this study will be carried forward in further research and are able to contribute towards policy measures that improve both – urban poor habitations and water bodies.
With Best Regards Jyoti Shoarma President, FORCE Ph: 8745017926 Email: jyoti@force.org.in
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