Nicolass 19 x 27 english

NICOLAAS JOUWE KEMBALI KE INDONESIA

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NICOLAAS JOUWE KEMBALI KE INDONESIA

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Nicholaas Jouwe Return to Indonesia

Nicholaas Jouwe

Return to Indonesia Movement, Thought, and Longing

Verbum Publishing Jakarta, 2013

Perpustakaan Nasional RI: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Jouwe, Nicolaas Nicolaus Jouwe, Langkah, Pemikiran dan Keinginan --Cet.1-- Jakarta, Verbum Publishing, 2013 xxii, 100; 27 cm ISBN 978-33282 38382

NICOLAAS JOUWE LANGKAH, PEMIKIRAN DAN KEINGINAN Editor Agus Edi Santoso Max Diaz Riberu Yohanes Ngamal Yohanes Jimmy Nami Cover Design & Lay Out Rakaryan Mientho Marcellino Epe WD jpkusmin@gmail.com Foto Cover Istimewa Foto-foto Dokumen Pribadi / Keluarga Hak Cipta Š 2013 Nicolaus Jouwe Diterbitkan oleh Verbum Publishing - Jakarta Cetakan Pertama Juli 2013 Dicetak oleh: Verbum Publishing

TABLE OF CONTENT Publisher’s Preface ...................................................................................................................vii Response by the Chairman of the Republic of Indonesia People’s Consultation Council (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia - MPR RI): Drs. Sidarto Danusubroto, S.H ............................................ xi Writer’s Preface ..........................................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 PAPUA MY LAND OF BIRTH.................................................................................................. 1 The History of Papua from the Stone Age till the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima ........................................................................................................................................ 2 The Migration of Mongoloid People from China and European .............. 13 Chapter 2 RETURN TO INDONESIA Why I Return to Indonesia ................................................................................................ 32 My Meeting by J.F. Kennedy ............................................................................................ 47 Chapter 3 THE ROLE OF PRESIDENT J. F. KENNEDY IN THE UNIFICATION OF PAPUA53 Diplomacy.................................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 4 BUILDING OF PAPUA ........................................................................... 73 Against History ......................................................................................................................... 75 Reorganization of Papua..................................................................................................... 81 Chapter 5 PAPUA IS A PART OF INDONESIA .................................................................................. 85 Referendum (Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat - Pepera) 1969 ........................... 86 The Land of Papua in My View ....................................................................................101 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................107 Index .............................................................................................................................................109 Biography of Nicolaas Jouwe ........................................................................................114

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Dedication/Acknowledgement To the Papuan Young Generation and Papuan People in the Development of Peaceful and Prosperous Papua Nicolaas Jouwe Jakarta, 24 November 2012

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Publisher’s Preface

N

icolaas Jouwe, a founder of Papua Independence Organization (Organisasi Papua Merdeka - OPM), is now quite old. He is now more than 89 years old. He was born in Jayapura, Papua, on 24th November 1923. In his late age Nicolaas Jouwe who everyday sits on his wheelchair at his small home in Pejaten Indah still show an extraordinary affability.

From his aged face, sincerity and honesty could be seen. He is strong and possess a high self confidence. His lengthy experience and life story has made him a person of unwavering character. No wonder. In his youth he was an activist. In a very early age he has involved himself in politic.

Together with several of his friends he founded the Movement of Operation of Papua Independence (Gerakan Operasi Papua Merdeka) which is later called Papua Independence Organization (Organisasi Papua Merdeka). He was the sole person who created the Bintang Kejora flag. Together with his friends they conducted guerilla efforts to raise the Bintang Kejora flag in the Land of Papua.

The Dutch in the end found and gently persuade the young Nicolaas to join the Dutch in fighting against Indonesia. It turned out that the persuasiong of the Dutch managed to subdue Nicolaas Jouwe. He succumbed to the Dutch. The Dutch promised him to become the President of Papua.

Nicolaas agreed. For almost half a century he migrated and resided in the Dutch. He became a State Official of the Dutch Government, with the lure of becoming the President of Papua. When he was in the Netherlands Nicolaas was sent by the United States of America to attend the United Nations assemblies representing the Dutch Government.

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In one opportunity, Nicolaas told, Bung Karno gave a speech in the United Nation before world leaders. Bung Karno showed himself to be a great and brilliant orator. Bung Karno put forward the idea to build a new world. To Build the World Anew.

“We seek to build a world where everyone can live in peace. We seek to build a world where there is justice and prosperity for all people. We seek to build a world in which humanity can achieve its full glory.” (Soekarno’s speech ‘To Build the World Anew’ in the United Nations 15th General Assemby, 30 September 1960).

DR. H. C. Ir. Soekarno All the audience stood up and gave a long standing ovation, the young Nicolaas who was then attending in his capacity as Dutch Government representative followed suit and gave Bung Karno a standing ovation.

He was fascinated with Bung Karno who spoke English flawlessly. His admiration to Bung Karno’s capability to mesmerize world leaders with his brilliant idea and thought To Build the World Anew. To the young Nicolaas Bung Karno was the future leader of Asia.

Further Nicolaas told that because he participated in giving Bung Karno a standing ovation then, he was stared at and reproved by the Dutch Government official who was also present and said the Nicolaas attendance then was to represent the Dutch government not Indonesian government.

During his stay in the United States he was also invited secretly to meet President J.F Kennedy. His meeting with President Kennedy and his admiration to the figure of Bung Karno, slowly gave an extraordinary impact. Nicolaas finally realized that he was used and lied upon by the Dutch government.

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He has to return to Indonesia to fight with the government of Indonesia to develop and make the people of Papua prosperous. Nicolaas then admitted that what he did: leaving Papua was a wrong action. He was swayed by the gentle persuasion and trick of the Dutch Government with their empty promises to make him the President of Papua.

I personally judge that my self-imposed exile to the Netherlands is a regrettable choice. However, I now realize that Papua is an integral part of United State of Republic of Indonesia (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia – NKRI).

In the end by the invitation of President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Nicolaas Jouwe decided to return to Indonesia. He accepted the invitation sincerely, because Nicolaas realized that the invitation of President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono was also sincerely made and written from the heart.

“I think this letter is written very finely, an excellent invitation, and I feel that the letter is written by a sincere heart. This letter was not written by the mind but by the heart.”

Nicolaas’ decision: “I return to Indonesia”. Nicolaas was convinced that together with the government of Indonesia he could help to develop and make the society and people of Papua prosperous.

The publisher of Pustaka Sinar Harapan and Verbum Publishing published the book “Nicolaas Jouwe, Return to Indonesia”, to be assessed and understood by the readers on the ambition, hope and wish of Nicolaas Jouwe.

Jakarta, 20 July 2013 Publisher.

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Drs. H. SIDARTO DANUSUBROTO, SH

Sambutan by the Chairman MPR RI Peace be upon all and the grace and the blessing of God Peace and Prosperity for all of us...

The long journey which was lighted by the spirit of struggle by Nicolaas Jouwe, 89 years old, is truly an effort to discover his identity as the child of the nation. He is a vocal Papuan son as he was concerned of the condition faced by his homeland. The struggle he did, like usually experienced by fighters in a variety of different locations in the country, is the way of liberation.

They conducted activities intended to liberate themselves from what they perceived as shackling, indeed oppressing. When the liberation effort is in the context of nationhood and statehood, the only solution to be achieved is liberating oneself. This means creating a new independent state.

That is what happened to the young Nicolaas. He was unnerved by the dream of independence which raging in his heart and mind. Obviously all the effort he did to achieve what he has defined which is the independence of Papua is a necessity. To achieve his ambition, Nicolaas then founded a vehicle, what they call Papua Independence Organization (Organisasi Papua Merdeka - OPM). One of the actions, was the raising of Bintang Kejora flag on the Land of Papua. The raising of the Bintang Kejora flag,

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which he created himself, was a strategy to attract attention.

Nicolaas’ struggle was used by the Dutch the Windmill Country which then was still in conflict with Indonesia regarding the existence of Papua (the province we used to know by the name of Irian Jaya). The Dutch quickly detected the dissastifaction occuring in Papua. Nicolaas was embraced and – not half-heartedly – was appointed a State official by the Dutch government and was promised to become the President of Papua later. Almost half a century later, Nicolaas conducted his activities in the Netherlands as part of his effort to achieve the ambition to create an independent Papua.

But, through the struggles he lived by and the experiences he went through, delivered him an undeniable fact. The fact is the national identity of Nicolaas never moved anywhere. He could fly and reside in an ex colonial state which has make him experience in a very long dream. But Nicolaas national identity, truly, remained solid in his homeland: Indonesia.

If we observe Nicolaas’ movement history, he once doubted and anxious about his dream. This occured early in his struggle. Nicolaas couldn’t deny that he was so spellbound and moved in terms of his Indonesianness when he listened to Soekarno gave a speech in from of United Nations General Assembly in New York, 1960 which was also attended by the President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. As the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Soekarno was active in voicing out the idea of peace and humanity. This made Nicolaas unnerved and proud, eventhough he was then representing the Dutch.

As such Nicolaas stopped his own movement. His statement should be assessed by us carefully. “I personally judge that my self-imposed exile to

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the Netherlands is a regrettable choice. However, now I realize that Papua is an integral part of NKRI.” Nicolaas’ testimony is not a statement of despair but a process of realization which grows and makes him mature. We of course appreciate heartily the return of a nation’s child who purposefully “disappear on his own” for decades leaving his country.

The return of Nicolaas to his Home Land, move us to care more about the main issue which we need to think about in the life of nation and state, that is we should be active in working cooperatively, together, and work hard with our heart: to achieve a prosperous Papua. That is the real dream of Nicolaas. His dream is also all of our dream, as the dream to make Papua prosperous is part of our major effort to make Indonesia prosperous as a whole...

As it should be, as a nation, we are brought together and bound in the same dream and ambition. We cannot go our separate ways to achieve different dreams. A valuable lesson about this could be learnt from this book. I appreciate very much the publishing of this book which deserves to become a reflection to all of us who lives in a sovereign State.

Peace be upon all and the grace and the blessing of God Jakarta, ___ July 2013 Chairman of MPR RI

Drs. Sidarto Danusubroto, S.H

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Writer’s Preface

Nicolaus Jouwe Praise and Thanks be to God Father Almight who has given chance and ease for me to finish this book. My deepest thanks to all parties and colleagues who has patiently and sincerely given moral support in every stage of writing this book.

In this book, I would convey a description and my though of how the development and solution of Papua problem should be conducted based on my personal experience since the formation of Papua untuk it becomes what it is now.

Beside that, the writing of this book, is made with the hope that the reader would obtain a full information about myself and my struggle. This book is also written to give recommendations on the development of Papua.

This book, is conveyed in a simple language and also provide simple stories of my experience. I was born in a simple family in the Land of Papua and

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I really love Papua. Since I was little I have dedicated my thought and life to Papua.

I was once an army member eventhough I never had the ambition to become one. But fate decide otherwise. And my becoming of a soldier, is a fate that I must accept during the second world war and I must accept it sincerely.

People once have called me a leader of Papua, but honestly I must convey that I do not desire that honorific.

Indeed what I have done is only to make Papuan people prosper. Eventhough I have left my homeland for almost half a century, but my love to Papua has never subsided. I am now 88 years old when this book is being written, but my memory of Papua is still strong in my mind.

I lived in the Netherlands since 1961 and since then I continued to struggle for the peace and prosperity of Papuans. The point of my struggle for almost half a century is to build a prosperous Papuan society.

As is now, if then I was fighting by differing in opinion with the government of Indonesia now I work together with the government of Indonesia for Papua and Indonesia. What I wish is together with the goverment of the Republic of Indonesia and together with the government and people of Papua work to increase the development in Papua towards prosperity.

The main priority is I return and reside in Indonesia to help Papua’s development. Formerly I resided in the Netherlands for almost half a century because there were differences of opinion with the government of RI on Papua.

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But now, I have realized that what has been fought all along is a wrong choice. Now I see that the “attention of the Indonesian government to Papua and the political condition of Papua is different. I have seen development step by step, and I in the end believe that the government of Indonesia pay attention really seriously about the prosperity of the Papuans.�

What has been done by the government of Indonesia so far is quite good, especially the effort of the Indonesian government in the field of economics in Papua Province where the utilization of natural resources is being conducted while still respecting the rights of traditional society, providing legal certainty to businesspeople of Papuan origin, as well as environmental sustainability principle, and sustainable development, which regulations is set through Perdasus. The development of people based economics is conducted through provision of as much as possible opportunities to traditional society and/or local society through traditional society empowerment while still giving roles to Papuan society in the economy as much as possible. So it is also in the field of investment providing capital in the region Papua Province which must respects the rights of local traditional society. The government of Indonesia must conduct continuous dialog with Papua society leaders and Papua society in general.

Jakarta 24th November 2012 Nicolaas Jouwe

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Perjuangan Nicolaas dimanfatkan Belanda. Negeri Kincir Angin yang ketika itu masih bertikai dengan Indonesia menyangkut eksistensi Papua (provinsi yang dulu kita kenal dengan nama Irian Jaya) cepat mengendus riak gejolak yang terjadi di Papua. Nicolaas segera dirangkul dan – tidak tanggungtanggung – dia diangkat menjadi pejabat Negara oleh pemerintah Belanda dan dijanjikan kelak akan menjadi presiden Papua. Nyaris setengah abad, Nicolaas menjalankan aktivitasnya di Belanda sebagai bagian dari upayanya merajut cita-cita memerdekakan Papua.

Tetapi, dari perjuangan ke perjuangan yang dihidupkannya dan pengalaman demi pengalaman yang dilaluinya, justru mengantarkannya kepada sebuah fakta yang tidak terbantahkan. Fakta itu adalah identitas kebangsaan Nicolaas ternyata tidak pernah berpindah kemana-mana. Ia boleh terbang jauh hingga menetap lama di sebuah negara bekas penjajah yang meninabobokannya dalam mimpi yang teramat panjang. Namun, identitas kebangsaan Nicolaas, sejatinya, tetap tertancap di bumi pertiwi: Indonesia.

Drs. H. Sidarto Danusubroto,SH Ketua MPR Republik Indonesia xviii

CHAPTER 1

Papua My Land of Birth 1

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History of Papua

N

icolaas Youwe was born in Jayapura 8 years ago, told about his love of Papua where he was born. Since youth he loved Papua and has dedicated his thought and life in Papua. Born in Jayapura, on November 1923. He was

married twice. First with a girl from Maluku, by the name of Nona Obian, a Kei person, on 25th June 1945. From Nona Obian Nicolaas obtained two

children, who are: Yosef and Yakob. His oldest son Yosef works as an officer in the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Kingdom of Netherlands and until now has not got married. While his second son Jacob has gott three children who are Alfian, Noldy and Joy. His first marriage did not last.

Nicolaas then got married for the second time with a girl from the Netherlands who has Indonesian blood, from the Kingdom of Solo. Her name is Nona Louise Leonora Fisher, in August 1952. From Louise he obtained three children who are Daniel Leonard Jouwe, unmarried, and the second, Nicolaas Alexander Jouwe, who got married to a Dutch girl by the name of Inggrid van Bilzen. Through their marriage they obtained two children, who are: Robinson and Julia. As the third child Mr and Mrs Jouwe obtained a daughter by the name of Nancy Leilani Jouwe.

As a person born in Papua, Nicolaas really undertood the history of Papua and the history of Indonesia. He smoothly talk about the origins

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of Papuans. The history of Papua could not be separated from the past of Indonesia. Papua is an island located in the north of Australia and is a part of eastern region of Indonesia. Major parts of Papua remain forested area.

Papua is the second biggest island in Indonesia after Greenland.

About 47% of Papua island is a part of indonesia, what is known as Netherlands New Guinea, West Irian, as well as Irian Jaya, and recently is known by the name Papua. Some other parts of the island is part of Papua New Guinea state, which is a colony of England. The population between the two countries actually is ethnically related, but they are separated by border lines.

Papua has an area of about 421.981 square km with population numbering only 2,3 million. More than 71% of Papua region consists of tropical forest difficult to penetrate, as it comprises of steep valleys and tall mountains, and parts of these mountains are covered by snow. The border between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea is marked by 141 East Latitude which cuts through the Papua island from the north to the south.

As most parts in other South Pacific islands, the people of Papua originates from the lands of Asia and migrated through ocean ships. The migration was started betwen 30.000 to 50.000 years ago, and caused

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Ia pun menikah lagi untuk yang kedua kalinya dengan seorang gadis asal Belanda keturunan Indonesia, dari Keraton Solo. Namanya Nona Louise Leonora Fisher, pada bulan Agustus 1952. Dari Louise I a memperoleh tiga orang anak yakni Daniel Leonard Jouwe, tidak menikah, yang kedua, Nicolaas Alexander Jouwe, beristri gadis Belanda bernama Inggrid van Bilzen.

Dari perkawinan mereka lahir dua orang anak, yakni: Robinson dan Julia.

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Robinson, Inggrid van Bilzen, Julia, Nicolaas Alexander Jouwe 5

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they to be left out of modern Indonesia civilization, as they could not sail to other islands far away in distance.

The European explorers were the first to come to Papua, they called the locals as Melanesian people. The origin of the word Melanesia is from Greek, ‘Mela’ means ‘black,’ as their skin is dark. Then Southeast Asian people and also Portuguese interacted closer with Papuans, called them Papuan people.

Papua itself describes past history of Indonesia, where it was written that during the century of 18 A.D, the rulers of Srivijaya kingdom, which has its capital in the city now known as Palembang, South Sumatra, sent offering to the Chinese kingdom. In the offerings there were several

Candi Muara Takus peninggalan Kerajaan Sriwijaya 6

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Paradise bird, which is believed to originate from heaven’s garden which is also native to Papua, which at that time was known as ‘Janggi’.

In the records written in the book of Negara Kertagama, Papua is included under the aegis of Majapahit kingdom (1293-1520). Aside from being written in the book which is a compilation of history made by the ruler of the Majapahit kingdom, the entrance of Papua into the aegis of Majapahit kingdom is also included

Candi Bajangratu Trowulan peninggalan Kerajaan Majapahit

in the book of Prapanca written in 1365.

Eventhough there is controversy around the historical record, this emphasizes that Papua is a part of Southeast Asian royal Kingdom under the aegis of Majapahit kingdom.

For centuries in the first half of the second millenium, an intensive relationship between Papua and the other islands in the Archipelago had been developed, where this relationship is not only trade contact sporadic

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WILAYAH KEKUASAAN KERAJAAN MAJAPAHIT

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Onin

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in nature between Papuans and people from the nearest islands.

In the time period, people from the nearest islands then came and become part of modern Indonesia, unifying diversity in the region of Papua. This of course needs intensive interaction and lengthy period so that Papuans could learn Malay as lingua franca, considering the variety of language they possess. In 1963, where from 700.000 people who existed, 500.000 among them speas 200 different languages and unknown to each other.

The diversity of language among the few people residing in Papua is caused by the formation of groups isolated by differences between one another, for centuries and caused by the high density of the forest and the steep valleys separating them. As such now there is 234 active language in Papua, two second language without native speaker. Some of these languages are only used by 50 people or less. Some languages are extinct, such as Tandia, which is only used by two speakers and Mapia which is used only by one speaker. Now the lingua franca used in indonesian language, which becomes the language taught in schools and to conduct transactions. Indonesian language itself comes from Malay language which is used in the markets.

To my mind, migration of ancient humans entered Indonesia between hundreds of thousand years ago as part of ancient human migration out

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Menurut Ralph Linton terdapat 4 ras besar di dunia, antara lain.

No.

Ras Utama

Sub Ras

Domisili

Ciri

Keterangan

1.

Ras Mongoloid

t Mongoloid Tenggara (Malayan Mongoloid) t Mongoloid Siberia Selatan t Mongoloid Asia Timur (Classic Mongoloid) t Mongoloid Asia Utara t Mongoloid Kutub t Mongoloid Amerika

Asia Utara, Asia Timur, Asia Tenggara, Madagaskar (lepas pantai timur Afrika), beberapa bagian India Timur Laut, Eropa Utara, Amerika Utara, Amerika Selatan, dan Oseania.

t Berambut hitam lurus t Mempunyai tanda lahir (memar kebiruan pada bayi) t Mempunyai lipatan pada mata yang disebut mata sipit t Kulit kuning sampai sawo matang t Bulu badan sedikit

2.

Ras Kaukasoid

t t t t t t t t

Indo-Iranian Mediteranian Alpin Nordik Baltik Uralik Armenik Dinarian

t Hidung Mancung t Kulit pulit t Rambut pirang sampai coklat kehitaman t Kelompok mata lurus

3.

Ras Negroid

t t t t

Negroid Umum Nilote Negrito Melanesian

Sebagian besar Eropa, Afrika Utara, Timur Tengah, Pakistan, dan India Utara.

Keturunannya menetap di daerah Australia, Amerika Utara, Sebagian Amerika Selatan, Afrika Selatan, dan Selandia Baru.

Benua Afrika di sebelah selatan Gurun Sahara.

Keturunannya mendiami daerah Amerika Utara, Selatan, Eropa, dan Timur Tengah.

Ras Mongoloid diambil dari nama Mongolia dimana sebagian besar berkulit kuning. Sehingga ras ini sering disebut pula ras ”kulit kuning”.

Tapi seperti orang Indian di Amerika berkulit merah bahkan orang Asia Tenggara berkulit coklat muda sampai coklat gelap.

Ras Kaukasoid disebut dengan ras ”kulit putih” tetapi orang Somalia dan Etiopia meskipun termasuk dalam ras Kaukasoid tetapi memiliki kulit hitam dan lebih mirip ras Negroid.

4.

Ras Austroloid

t Austroloid Khusus t Weddoid

India, Sri Lanka, beberapa kelompok di Asia Tenggara, Papua, Kepulauan Melanesia, dan Australia.

t Berambut hitam t Keriting t Berkulit Hitam

t Berkulit hitam t Tinggi t Berambut Keriting t Bibir tebal t Kelopak mata lurus Tetapi untuk suku Aborigin (Australia) berambut pirang dan lurus.

Orang Malaysia berkulit cenderung putih.

Selain keempat ras tersebut terdapat pula ras khusus seperti Polinesia, Melanesia, Mikronesia, Ainu, Dravida, Bushmen.

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of Africa. The races Austolomelanesia (Papua) entered this region when it was still joined to the land of Asia which then moved to the east, the proof of existence which is still left behind through the discovery of skulls in Braholo cave (Yogyakarta), Babi cave and Niah cave (Kalimantan). Then about 2500-2000 years B.C, a large migration into Indonesia by Austronesia race from Yunan was conducted and they became the ancestors of tribes in Indonesia western and middle part. They came in 2 waves which was about 2500 B.C and 1500 B.C

Migration of Mongoloid People from China and the Europeans

In the 10th to 13th century the Mongoloid people (China) migrate to Papua A.D. The proof of their existence can be seen from the many occurences of Chinese descent in all of Papua Land such as Sorong Chinese, Manokwari Chinese, Fakfak Chinese, etc. In addition to this proof, there are several Chinese remains like jar and stone plate which is still used until now as dowry. While other proof would be the remains of Timor fabric originallyfrom Timor island (East Timor and West Timor/Nusa Tenggara Timur). Ths fabric is predicted to come from the barter exchange between Papua indigeneous people and Timor people.

The name Papua itself was given by two Portuguese sailors, both discovered the island between the years 1511-1513. The two Portuguese

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Saat dibawah pimpinan Genghis Khan, Mongolia bangkit menjadi negara yang haus akan kekuasaan sehingga Genghis Khan memimpin ekspansi ke Cina, Timur Tengah, dan negara lainnya. Itu membuat wilayah Mongolia sangat besar membentang dari Rusia sampai Timu Tengah.

Setelah Genghis Khan mangkat, cucu dan anaknya menjadi penerus selanjutnya. Pada abad ke 13, Kubilai Khan menguasai Korea, menyerang Jepang, dan menyerang kerajaan Singasari. Pada abad ke 15, kekuasaan Mongol mulai hilang dan banyak negara yang kembali bangkit.

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sailors were Antonio d’Abreu and Fransisco Serrano, eventhough they never sat foot on the land of Papua. Both sailed from Gilolo (now Jailolo in North Molucca) then gave the name Papua for Gilolo (now Jailolo in Ternate/North Molucca) and by Portuguese sailors, the islands in the western part of New Guinea is often called Os Papoas.

On the year 1526 Jorge de Menezes (the Governor of Portuguese in Ternate), landed on the island of Waigeo in Warsai village and gave the name Llhas dos Papuas which means curly hair. Hernan Cortex 1528, Conquistador Spain in Mexico sent Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron to free a

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Ia singgah dan bagian Utara

Spanish defence post in Tidore.

Supiori selama membe Spany of G ka

He arrived and lived in the northern part

of

Papua

in

Korido, Supiori island for one month and he gave the name in Spanish which is Isla de Oro (Island of Gold) because he saw a lot Hernan Cortez

of quartz sand mixed

with gold. Then in 1537 Hernan Cortez sent Hernan Grijalva to find the island of Gold and in the end the ship was attacked in Saireri gulf (now, Cenderawasih gulf/Geelvink gulf ) by Papua indigenous people, seven people were caught and enslaved by Papua indigenous people. The case was settled by the Governor of Portuguese in Ternate.

On 24 June 1545 a Spanish Captain San Juan who was ordered

by Ynigo Ortiz de Retes, who was headquartered in Mexico and sailed in the North coast and landed in the estuary of Mamberamo River and proclaimed the area as belonging to the Spanish King, so he gave the name Nueva Guinea (New Guinea). This was because there was some

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semblance between Papuan and the Guinea indigenous people in the African continent.

Since then, the island was entered into the world map in the year 1569 until 1581 by Migel Rojo de Brito who visited the islands Raja Ampat, Teluk Bintuni/McCluer, and North Seram to find the gold. The mapping of the Gold island would be the seed of conquest between Europeans and the Archipelago kingdoms. On the year 1605 the Dutch VOC started sending expeditions to the Moluccas and started to call the name of the

Armada Laut Bangsa Spanyol

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island by Papua. The island of Papua became more famous in the year 1623, Jan Carstensz discovered a tall mountain covered by white snow but no one believe that Carstenz had discovered the mountain.

Previously in 1660 there was an agreement between Dutsch East India Company (VOC) and the Sultan of Tidore where VOC recognized the sovereignty of the Sultan until the Papua Island and as a return the Sultan of Tidore forbids all Europeans to go to the island except for the Dutch.

In the year 1678 Captain Johannes Keyts sailed using three ships to Onin (Papua) visiting Arguni Gulf and raise the Burggraaf du Bus de Gisignies.

Then the Dutch formed the Hervorm De Kerk Foundation and sent two German missionaries C.W. Ottow and J.G. Geissler to enter Mansinam in Doreri Gulf on 5 February 1855. They both sailed passing by the Raja Ampat islands as at that time only Mansinam people could communicate with outsiders. In the end they arrived on 5 February 1855 and with fear they said, “In the Name of God, We Step on this Land.�

Then in the year 1884 the English raised the English flag in Port Moresby and claimed that the southern part of East New Guinea their colony and gave its name Papua and the German claimed the northern

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Pada tahun 1605 VOC Belanda mulai mengirim ekspedisi ke Maluku dan mulai menyebut Pulau ini dengan nama Papua. Pulau Papua makin terkenal setelah tahun 1623, Jan Carstensz menemukan sebuah gunung tinggi yang diselimuti salju putih tak seorang pun mempercayai penemuan Carstenz tersebut.

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part of East New Guinea and gave its name New Guinea. Then in 1898, the Dutch Parliament approved budget of f115000 (A Hundred Fifteen Thousand Gulden) to build the first government in Papua called by the name Resident Nederland Niuew Guinea with the Governor Hier Rust.

The centre of government is in Manukwari (Biak Language: Kampung Tua) but this name is now changed to Manokwari.

The name Nederland Niuew Guinea was given by the Dutch as its inhabitants look like the Guinean people in Africa with their curly hair and dark skin so they were not included in the Nederslands Indies colony where the inhabitants look like Indians with straight hair and dark skin.

The Governor Hier Rust then committed suicide as he couldn’t run the government well and he was buried in Mnukwar on 13 February 1922. Beside the formation of the first government in Manukwari and Fakfak in 1898, the Dutch then opened up the city of Merauke in 1902 and in 1907 the Dutch military started expedition throughout all Papua to map the region of Papua. Then he raised the Dutch flag in Hollandia (now Jayapura) on 7 March 1910, right on the border of northern part of German New Guinea. In the next year 1921 Kremer held an expedition to the top of Wilhelmina mountain from the North then arrived at the head of the Baliem river in Wamena.

Then in 1926 expeditions were held by the Dutch and the Americans

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in Papua. This expedition is the first expedition using aeroplane. In the end some Dutch people migrated to Papua in 1930 and were sent to Manokwari and Hollandia to help run the government administration in Nederland Nieuw Guinea.

The next expedition was peformed in 1936 by Colijn, Jean Dozy and Wissel. They climbed the Cartenz mountain and the Ngga Pulu mountain top (16530 feet above sea level,), they arrived at the top on 5 December.

Wissel discovered a lake which was given the name Lake Wissel on 31 December and then mapping was started by the Dutch Oil Company NNGPM (Nederland Niuew Guinea Petroleum Matschapij).

The expedition and exploration of Papuan natural resources continued to be done and cities continued to be opened until 1941 before the attack of Papua North coast by the Japanese in 1941-1942.

However, the arrival of the Dutch who brought with them migrants from the Nederlands Indie area (now Indonesia) made the Papua indigenous people jealous as they were treated like second class citizen after while the indigenous people were treated like the lowest class citizen. The arrival of the Nederlands Indie people (who look like Indians with their straight hair and dark skin) made the Dutch tried to instruct the indigenous Papuan in Malay/Indonesian language as they were still using their native languages and tribal wars often occured.

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We the Papuans are not from the Malay race, we are Melanesians like Ambon, NTT and several states in Pacific islands. To us other tribes in Indonesia are from the race group we call Amberi, which means foreign people. I myself don’t know why other races in Indonesia are called like that. And on 6 August 1945 when the first atomic bomb was first dropped in Hiroshima the Papuans were carried forward by history from the stone age to the atomic age.***

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BAB CHAPTER 2

Return to KEMBALI Papua KE INDONESIA 23

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While looking far afield to Pulau Batu I remember my half a century struggle for a prosperous Papuan society.

Sambil memandang jauh ke arah Pulau Batu aku mengenang perjuanganku selama hampir setengah abad demi masyarakat Papua yang sejahtera.

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N

icolaas Jouwe is a Papuan leader who now has returned and remained in Indonesia. Eventhough he has left his country for almost half a century, but his love to Papua never subsides. Nicolaas in now 88 years old when the

book is written, but his memory about the Papuan struggle is still strong in his mind. Nicolaas liven in the Netherlands since 1961 and since then he always struggled for the peace and prosperity of Papuans.

The man said that the point of the struggle for close to half a century is to create a prosperous Papuan society. It is the case even today, if then they struggled by differing in opinion now Nicolaas struggled with the Indonesian government for Papua and Indonesia. Now what I want is together with the governement of Republic of Indonesia with the government and people of Papua to increase development in Papua for prosperity.

The main priority why I return to and remain in Papua is to help development there. He also said that his stay in the Netherlands for almost half a century because there was difference of opinion with the RI government on Papua. However now, I realize that what I struggled for all this while is different especially on Papua development.

But now I realize that the “government attention to and political condition of Papua is different. After I see the development step by step,

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I now believe that the Indonesian government is very serious in paying attention the welfare of Papuan people.”

I wish to convey the plan to send a letter to President SBY regarding request for Papua in the future.

“I wish to put down to paper my personal though on Papuan development.” There are nine suggestions which could be used as input regarding the issue of solutions to problems in Papua land.

Nine points of my statement in my request letter to the president among others is to form a body of special autonomy watch and request the President to meet the leaders of Papua. “We are ready to help with government as our partner, ” he said.

He also insisted, “I will return to Papua. Once Indonesia is independent, it will remain independent.”

The meeting with the heads of Indonesian institutions on March 2009 gave much benefit. The exposition done by the government all this while could push Papuans to become more independent.

My view is now the separation effort from the United States of Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) is against history.

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Saya berhubungan dengan J.F. Kennedy sangat, sangat rahasia. Mengapa?

Karena pada saat itu saya menjadi Penasihat dan Anggota Kerajaan Belanda dalam Perundingan Belanda dan Indonesia.

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Since 1962 the Dutch government had surrendered Papua to Indonesia through New York Agreement July 1962 between Soekarno and John F. Kennedy, with the approval of United Nations on the People Referendum (Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat - Pepera) 1969 till the Special Autonomy in 2001.

“The world would not see that the liberation effort as independence but interdependence.”

The fact is, in mid-March 2009, I and two of my children, Nancy and Nico, decided to fulfill the invitation of President SBY. On 17 March 2009 the family group of Jouwe landed in Jayapura, Papua. This indicated the return of Jouwe after almost half a century leaving his homeland.

I kiss the asphalt paved toad of Sentani airport as a sign of gratitude.

My homesickness was cured.

Around September 2009, my plan for repatriation was executed.

One unit of house was provided to me in Dok V Angkasa Jayapura.

Around December 2009 or January 2010 I brought my entire house and memories therein to Jayapura. My wife (also 85 years old) who was sick remained in the Netherlands. Two of my children, Nancy and Nico, would also continue to live there. I would part with them and spend the rest of my life in Jayapura. If I die, I don’t want to be cremated, I want to be

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Saat diwawancarai Reporter TV

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buried in Jayapura.

I want to tell the new generations of Papuans on the history of Papua and my role in it. I was the one who created the flag of Bintang Kejora first raised on 1 December 1961. Then I was one of the members of New Guinea Council (Nieuw Guinea Raad) in a meeting by the Dutch Colonial Government I was elected democratically in all the areas of Papua. The event around 1 December 1961 is often the foundation of the claim of Papuan leader nowadays that Papua state used to exist but was robbed by Indonesian international conspiracy, the superpower United States and the colonial Netherlands state.

Since the 1960s I fought for the rights of Papuans to determine its own fate as an independent nation. The struggle was done since 1969. To my mind, after 2/3 of member states in UN General Assembly accepted the result of Pepera 1969, nothing more could be done. Like it or not, Papua has become an official part of Indonesia nation-state. So, I must accept realistically this situation and spend the rest of my life to help the Indonesian government make Papuan society prosperous.

Why I Return to Indonesia

We Papuans are not Malay, we are Melanesians. For us Indonesians are foreigners who we call amberi, which means foreigners. I don’t know

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Presiden Soeharto Menyambut Ratu Juliana di Kemayoran, Indonesia Tahun 1971

myself why forbid us to call ourselves Indonesia. President Kennedy asked me if I know how long we have been under the Dutch East Indies colony.

I answered that I don’t know. You Papuans have been under the Dutch East Indies Colonies for a long time. I said we ourselves do not know the history of our own people. But regarding the Dutch we know plenty. The history of the Dutch, its geography and how many rivers and mountains present in the Netherlands we know, but our own history we don’t know.

We only know we have one mountain famous for its perennial snow, the Mountain of Carstenz, other than that we don’t know.

President Kennedy said that that was the politic of the Dutch colonial state. He knew why the Dutch did that. The Dutch knew very well that

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Papua is a very rich island with gold, silver and copper. The Dutch did not want others to enter Papua. They really kept outsiders out. The Dutch also propagated that Papua is an evil island, with many diseases. Whoever went there would die. Coute que coute (However), the Dutch did this propaganda so that people would leave or stay away from Papua. For more that a thousand nine hundred years since God created this island, people always pass it by. Only since 1945, when both Proclaimer of Indonesia independence, Soekarno-Hatta, then the name of Papua resurfaced.

Papua continued to move under the mainstream of Indonesia progress. On 6 August 1945 the first

Bung Karno

atomic bom was dropped in Hiroshima, then Papuans leapt through history from the stone age to the atomic age.

Kennedy said: ‘The next year 1963 I would be invited by President

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Soekarno to visit Indonesia. I would be glad to say this, Nicolaas, jointly we go together to Indonesia and I will catch your hand and say to President Soekarno ‘This is my present to you, Mr. President.’ Too bad he was killed on 26 November 1963.

When

President

Soekarno was insisting on war against Malaysia in 1964, the Dutch requested me to be located in Malaysia with a batallion of soldiers from Papua to help the English fight against Indonesia.

The Indonesian army which was sent to bomb Malaysia after they bomb Malaysia, they would eat

Bung Hatta

breakfast. And then the Malaysians would only

start to eat breakfast and ready to go to war. That was the joke conveyed by the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tengku Abdurrahman.

In the year 1970-1971 Frans Kaisiepo took the initiative to come to

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Berpose bersama dengan Bp. Nata Legawa

United Nation bringing a Papua delegation among which one was my brother, Lukas Jouwe. He was sent by President Soeharto together with the group of Frans Kaisiepo to persuade me by conveying a letter by President Soeharto. This letter was given to me when I entered United Nations. And actually it was planned that during the time I received the letter, there would be interviews and photographs, and the news of the origin of the letter. But all the good intentions came to no end as Soedjarwo Tjondronegoro, Palar and the ambassador of Indonesia and Silas Papare, Governor Frans Kaisiepo, and Head of Nieu Guinea Raad (Papua Council), Derik Ajemaseba. They were in a large group carrying the letter by Lucas. And he spoke in our language, he called me son,

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and I called him Uncle. He said, “Oh mysn, I brought a letter by the Big Pai Tua. Now I want to give you.” But, I answere, “Don’t let everyone see as I don’t feel I need to receive the letter.” As at that time I had my own plan which was the plan set up by the Dutch Government to us Papuans. And I am the Head. The plan was called: Nation Building Program. The program was proposed on 18 December 1960 by United Nations. On that day the UN issued a declaration called the “Declaration on the granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples”. A declaration to speed up the independence for nations and states yet to be independent. The declaration was proposed to United Nations in 1955 when Bung Karno organized the Non-Aligned Conference in Bandung in 1955. In the Bandung Charter produced during the Conference, the AsianAfrican States pushed the United Nations to speed up the eradication

Saya berkesempatan menemui Kapolri, Jenderal Pol. Drs. H. Bambang Hendarso Danuri,MM

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of colonialism from the world by granting independence to colonialized nations such as Papua.

This Declaration was issued in a famous Resolution

Ali A. Alatas

which is Resolution 1514 (15), 12 December 1960. Declaration

of the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. So I didn’t receive the letter. When I returned to the Netherlands in 1973 then I myself wrote the letter. In 1975, I wrote two letters to President Soeharto. I wrote the letters with the intention of returning to Indonesia. In the letter I sent to 1973 when I was on holiday in Spain. When I was in a holiday with my family then I wrote the letter. As I was in the Netherlands all my letters were censored. And it turned out the house was not sent to the correct address. As a result Pai Tua didn’t invite me. The second letter (1975) I gave to a Bachelor of Law, an Ambon

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person, Patuari was his name. He was a Bachelor of Law friend of an Indonesian diplomat of Arab descent. I knew them when I was in United Nations, his name was Alex Alatas. His father Ali Alatas was a figure of Indonesian History, and was a member of the Dutch East Indies. Alex Ali Alatas was a student in the Faculty of Law in Gajah Mada University in Yogyakarta. The Ambonese who was a friend of Alex, Bung Patuari was in the same college with Alex. He married my niece, also a Bachelor of Law in Gajah Mada University in Yogyakarta. Patuari said to me: “Nyadu, I gave the letter to a school friend of mine, Ali Alatas. One of the misters did not receive the letter.” Then I asked him: “Nyadu, who were the people in the President’s office.” He said: “Yes, important people, among them Akbar Tanjung, and other important people. And they in general did not sympathize Nicolaas Jouwe. And this was a different political ideology.”

“Until this day they were still tough on me.”

When Aburizal Bakrie visited Papua, I met him. In 2009 in Jayapura he invited me to come to his gathering. He said he wanted to speak, he said he wanted to give a speech. I went there and Pak Akbar Tanjung was also there. Pak Bakrie said Weslcome to me and he said Welcome back to Indonesia. But Akbar Tanjung stared at me really sharply. He said to Bakrie, “Why did you invite such a person here?” Bakrie answered shortly: “Yes, he would become an Indonesian.” Bakrie said to me: “Pak Jouwe need not be afraid.” I said that I am not afraid at all. According to me Pak Akbar has never met me. He could only refuse if he has met me. If he hadn’t

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Welcome back! Free Papua Organization co-founder Nicholas Jouwe (second left) is welcome by Papua Governor Barnabas Suebu (right) upon his arrival Sunday at Sentani Airport in Jayapura 23 March 2009 40

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met me, not appropriate, if he rejected somone he never even met.

I spoke forthrightly, then yes, I would just wait. While waiting I prayed as a Christian and I asked God: “O god, don’t take me to Heaven too soon, don’t call me to your kingdom too quickly, because I still want to live longer in this world as I want to return to my hometown, so that I could see what would happen to Papuans later.”

And I was thankful that God listened to my prayer, and I still live till now. In 2009 a Delegation under the leadership of Miss Fabiola Ohei

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Rosihan Anwar, Fanny Habibie, saya, dan Firdaus Dahlan (Kemenlu)

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arrived in den Haag with a letter from President Yudhoyono to me. The letter was brought by Miss Fabiola Ohei, Ondofolo (Tribal Head), Frans Albert Yoku, Nicolas Simeon Meset, the first pilot from Papua an ITB graduate, and Father Adolf Hanasbey. They came to see me.

The invitation letter that they brought was of high quality. The content of the letter was simple but the meaning was profound. The point of the letter was to invite me back to my Homeland.

I judged this book to be written so finely, a good invitation letter, and I felt that the letter was written from a sincere heart. The letter was written not with the brain but with the heart. Jesus said: “Believe with heart, not with mind.”

I thought what a good idea, if I would try to examine the letter through Old and New Testament. I began with the Bible St. Mateus:V:5 which read: “Happy are those who have a kind heart, because they would inherit the earth. Happy are those who bring peace because they are truly the sons of God.”

With the letter then went to Fanie Habibie (Indonesian Ambassador to the Netherlands). It was miraculous that I never met him before. When we met we bonded really quickly, like we both have known each other for a really long time. Then we spoke about our return. We talked for

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Presiden SBY menerima kunjungan sesepuh pejuang pergerakan Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) Nicolaas Jouwe yang selama hampir setengah abad bermukim di Belanda. Pertemuan berlangsung di kediaman SBY di Cikeas, Bogor. Silaturahmi berlangsung mulai Pukul 11.00-12.00 WIB, Kamis (26/3).

so much then Pai Tua said that Pai Tua had a lot of Ambon friends. He was appointed by the Ambon to become Honorary Citizen. He had an Appreciation Letter. He told that and he started asking: “Nic, if I call you with Ambon songs could you follow me?” Then I said to Fanie: “Sir, I am born in two cultures, Papua, Ambon, Maluku. So you could just tell me.”

Then he said again: “Nico, I have a poem from Ambon: Laju-laju perahu laju. Laju sampai ke Surabaya. Biar lupa kain dan baju, tapi jangan lupa par beta.” I then said, “What a good poem.” I answered: “Angin Timur Gelombang Barat, Kapal Angkasa Warna Merpati, Bapa di Timur Beta di

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Barat, Apa Rasa Dalam Hati.” Pai Tua answered with a poem: “Naik-naik ke Batu Gajah, Rasa haus makan kwini, beta rasa sengaja saja, Siapa tahu jdai begini.” Pak Fanie then said: “Beta mau tahu, cepat Bapa pulang ka seng?” I answered with another poem: “Riang-riang ke Bangkahulu, ramarama si batang padi, diam-diam sabar dahulu, lama-lama tokh akan jadi.”

Pak Fani then said: “Pulang jo.” And I continued: “Yes, I would go home.”

(Because time has reached 18:00 we, I and two of my friends, together with the group of Pak Fanie, were were invited to eat by Pak Fanie).

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After the meal I said to Pak Fanie: “I have a last poem: “Ayam putih mari kurantai, kasih makan ampas kelapa, budi Bapa Dubes sudah sampe, Beta mau balas dengan apa?”” Pak Fanie answered again: “Yes, going home again.” I answered: “Yes, I am going home.”

It turned out that Pak Fanie returned to Indonesia and told to Pai Tua Yudhoyono. And this was included in the Diplomacy Treaty on the return of Nicolaas Jouwe to Indonesia proposed by the Ambassador of Indonesia in Den Haag, the Netherlands, Fanie Habibie. And this spread to Indonesia until Maluku and Papua. Everybody read the news. Especially in Saparua, the place where I went to school and lived for quite some time. As soon as they saw and read the news, they immediately shouted in joy and the king of Saparua who also knew me said: “Hei ketong pung Nicolaas is returning home.”

If we always maintain contact, our relationship with God would continue and God would always help us. It is about our faith to God. This is the bond that would always happen to people close to God. For example, let’s look at saints, prophets from any religion. This is a relationship between God and man. And the dream has occurred since a long time ago, the Prophets also experience things like this.

So my return is due to the letter from Bapa Yudhoyono. And the letter is the biggest answer of my life. Then I went home. I had to go

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home, go home with a big heart.

Meeting with J. F. Kennedy

I returned to Indonesia exactly on 2009, many things become my consideration to return to Indonesia. One of them is my meeting with President Kennedy. Eventhough the meeting occurred a long time ago in 1962, but his words and saying become one of my main motivations to return to my homeland. At that time President Kennedy asked me if I know the history of Papua and how long I have entered the Dutch East Indies colony. I said that I don’t know. You Papuans have been included in the Dutch East Indies since a long time ago. I said that we ourselves don’t know about our history. But about the Dutch we know plenty. The history of the Dutch, about his geography and the number of rivers and mountains in the Netherlands we know, but our own history we don’t know. We only know that we have one mountain which is permanently snowing, the peak of Mount Carstenz, other than that we don’t know.

President Kennedy said that was the politics of Dutch colonialism. He knows why the Dutch did that. The Dutch knew that Papua is a very rich island with gold, silver and copper. The Dutch did not want other people to enter Papua. They want to keep others out so that they could control Papua. Kennedy also said that the Dutch government propagandized that Papua is an island full with dangerous disease such as malaria. The Dutch

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also said that whoever who went to Papua would be dead. This coute que coute of the Dutch to prevent people from visiting Papua.

Kennedy also said that for more than a thousand nine hundred years since God created the island, people never came to inhabit Papua.

Only since 1945, when both Proclamation Spokespersons of Indonesian Independence, Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed independence that Papua resurfaced and became contested by a number of parties, and Papua participated in the great wave of Indonesian progress. Kennedy said: “IThe next 1963 I have been invited by Soekarno to visit Indonesia. I would be glad to say this, Nicolaas, jointly we go together to Indonesia and I will catch your hand and say to President Soekarno ‘This is my present to you, Mr. President’”. Too bad he was killed on 26 November 1963.

In that meeting, I also elaborated on the symbol of Papua and its meaning. Nicolaas are you mad? We have a trouble in the Negro with their soul. We have a soul movement here. Incidentally they also had a Soul Movement in the United States. I said to Kennedy: Mr. Senator The Soul of your Negro politically speaking is heavily loaded. Indonesians prevented Papuans to use Indonesia so we Papuans must use other languages, for example Latin, which is better. Unus populus una anima. One nation one soul. But too bad only 5 people who understood it. Then only Kennedy said: “Nicolaas, we here also have a slogan in Latin: E Pluribus Unus (From many comes one).” And that only 10 people understood. Million others

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Unus Populus Una Anima

E Pluribus Unum

don’t know, don’t understand it. That has become part of inheritance, in the Latin language. It’s been like that from above. We in Ireland is also like that. I myself am a Catholic. We use Catholic terms (Latin language) in Church liturgies.

I close with the question: “Why do I return?”

President Kennedy asked how were my parents? When he asked that I said with tears flowing in my eye: Mr President, it is impossible.

My father and my mother are still alive. They are illiterate people. They cannot write and cannot read.

Then President Kennedy asked again: Could you tell them what

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we are talking here and you meet here? Then I said: Mr. President, it is impossible. They don’t know who you are. I am the only one. Then I continued that when the atomic bomb was dropped on 6 August 1945 on Hiroshima, then history has made us leapt forward from the stone age to the atomic age. I said to Mr. President no matter the condition we are still poor. Papua is big but still empty. I from my childhood, was the first child who knows how to read and write. My parents were still illiterate. I go back from here to my village. I went to my parents, Mr. President do know what I would bring to my parents? For my Father and Mother, I would bring not shag tobacco, or cigarette, but betel, areca nut which I bought from Hollandia Market. Those things are what I would have bought for my parents. Then they never asked me from where I go and to whom I speak. I said that between me and my parents we are very different in civilizational state, if I meet both that means I cross a line of civilization which is very far, where I must return and go back to the stone age.

My contact with Kennedy was very, very classified. Why? Because at that time I was and Advisor and a Member of the Dutch Monarchy in the Negotiation between the Dutch and Indonesia. If I was known to have met Kennedy in 1962, by the Dutch I would be treated as a traitor because I was an employee of the Dutch who was trusted to conduct the politics of the Dutch for the independence of the Papuan people from Indonesia. Hiddenly, I came alone to speak to Kennedy. But

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Kennedy had his own agenda, which was he only approached me after the agreement between the Dutch and Indonesia signed in New York on 15 August 1962 on West Papua. When everything was complete then he started to find out. Kennedy knew Indonesia, but he did not know Papua. To the Dutch Kennedy asked both Ambasssadors who among the three Papuans who became the Dutch advisor then: Frans Kaisiepo, older than I by 10 years, I (Nicolaas Jouwe), and the Youngster Herman Wonsur. Wonsur was brought to the United States due to the meddling of the US since he was 7. He was brought up in the United States, during the World War Two period, around May 1944. They found him in Numfor village. They brought him to the United States. He was given a military uniform with the rank sergeant. The little boy became a small

Nicolaas Jouwe

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‘office boy’ at officer’s mess. He was taught English, and he understood English well. For example he was always taught how to say, if he is asked, his answer would always be: Yes, Sir. For example if he is asked to bring whisky mixed with cola, he would always bring it. He was brought from village since little. He does not have a good educational foundation. He only understand English very well phonetically. But he couldn’t write in English. Once he was brought to a military family of a High Officer in New York. All knew him as a Sergeant Major. In general the high ranking officers of the US military know him and he also knows the officers. Then he became a child who is well loved by the United States.

From the three person asked by Kennedy to the Dutch Ambassador: Frans Kaisiepo, Nicolaas Jouwe and Herman Wonsur I was chosen. I said: “President Kennedy, for 50 years I wouldn’t admit what we have talked about.”

I spoke to the President on 16 September 1962 after the Agreement, which was on 15 September 1962 in New York. So I am able to speak now because half a century has passed since then. What more Mr. Kennedy has died so I won’t be treated as a traitor.

But Indonesians would approach me as a historian who knows his land well. And this is different. And Mr. Kennedy is a very good sideway.

And Mr. Kennedy himself never met Papuans.***

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BAB CHAPTER 33

THE ROLE OF PERAN PRESIDENT PRESIDEN KENNEDY KENNEDY IN PAPUA UNIFICATION DALAM PENYATUAN PAPUA

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Konferensi Meja Bundar

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S

ince the proclamation of independence on 17 August 1945, Indonesia was a region covering all area of Dutch East Indies, including the western part of Papua Island. However, the Dutch considered the area still one of the provinces of Dutch East

Indies. The Dutch government then prepared Papua to be an independent region latest by the 1970s.

The Dutch Queen then formed its own government called Gouvernement van Nederlands Nieuw Guinea apart from the Dutch East Indies in 1949 when RIS obtained the Sovereignty Admission by the Dutch Government during the Round Table Conference in Den Haag in accordance with Canberra Agreement by South Pacific Commission containing: 1. Gouvernement van Nederlands Nieuw Guinea arrange for the General Election by the formation of Volks Raad (National Council) and called Nieuw Guinea Raad/NGR or called Papua Council, 1959-1961.

2. NGR formed Papua National Committee/PNC 1961 which had an assembly from 16 to 19 October which gave birth to Political Manifesto and declared on 1 December 1961.

3. The process of decolonialization which started since then couldn’t happen continuously after 19 December 1961 when the RI President Soekarno issued a declaration of martial law called Trikomando Rakyat (TRIKORA).

4. NGR is merged into DPRD Gotong-Royong, the product of KNP is

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Daniel Leonard Jouwe (putra saya) dan saya 56

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suppressed and banned.

5. UNTEA the representative of United Nation after the New York Agreement couldn’t be hoped for anything, inviting protest which peaked on the Manokwari Agression 1965, the embryo of Papua Liberation Operation is called Papua Independence Movement.

6. The tense condition and Papuans were silenced until Plebiscite 1969 which is called PEPERA, it was said that Indonesia won PEPERA and the UN also accepted the result even though with the note it was once rejected by 30 countries among which is Israel and other countries in the Black Continent.

Because of the Declaration of War issued by President Soekarno on 19 December 1961, which caused tense relation between the Indonesian Government and the Dutch. As an area which is the ex colony of Dutch East Indies, Papua is a part of Indonesia and against Papua to become a region. To reduce conflict, this thing are then discussed in several meetings and international forum.

In Round Table Conference in 1949, the Dutch and Indonesia did not manage to reach agreement about West Papua, but agreed that this would be discussed again between the Dutch and Indonesia within one year. In December 1950, the United Nation decided that the western part of Papua has the right to be independent according to Article 73 of the UN Charter. As such Indonesia claimed that West Papua is part of its area or

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Presiden Sukarno dan Presiden J F Kennedy

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Presiden Sukarno dan Presiden J F Kennedy memeriksa barisan kehormatan

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region, the Dutch invited Indonesia to the International Court to solve this problem, but Indonesia refused. After several times attacking West Papua, the Dutch accelerated educational program for youths in West Papua for independence preparation. The result among others is a naval academy founded in 1956 and Papuan army founded in 1957. Then, on 17 August 1956 Indonesia formed the Province of West Irian with capital in Soasiu in Tidore Island, with the first governor, named Zainal Abidin Syah appointed by the Government of Republic of Indonesia on 23 September 1956.

In addition to the formation of Indonesia civilian government Indonesia also started its military power by finding help to acquire arms towards the occurrence of conflict between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Indonesia tried to seek help from the United States but failed. Due to his failure then in December 1960, General A. H. Nasution went to Moscow, Soviet Union, and agreed to an arms sales with the Soviet Union Government valued at 2.5 billion US dollars with the requirement of long term payment. After the sales, TNI claimed that Indonesia possessed the strongest air force in the southern part of the world. In the beginning the policy of the United States did not support the surrender of West Papua to Indonesia as the surrender would only replace “colonialism by the white people with colonialism by the brown people.� But due the closeness between Kennedy and Bung Karno the attitude of United States changed.

In 1960, President Soekarno had the chance to visit Mexico. However,

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after his arrival to the United States he and his group stopped by Washington, because he wanted badly to visit President Kennedy, who was just chosen by president, fell sick and lived in his parents’ hometown in Massachusetts.

When he arrived in the White House, Washington, it was said that President Kennedy fell sick and he was in his parents’ house in Massachusetts.

But President Soekarno could not wait. He urged that the White House wants to contact President Kennedy so that he can meet him.

Communication through telephone between the White House and Massachusetts occurred. Bob Kennedy, the brother of President Kennedy

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who was in Massachusetts asked, who wanted to meet his brother? To his brother, Bob said: “Jack, there is a President from Asia, he would like very much to see you.” Bob then asked what’s the name of the President and from which country? To his brother Bob said: “That is the President from Indonesia, President Soekarno.” Flabbergasted and excited, Jack Kennedy said: “What?! Let him come!”

President Soekarno was accompanied by his son, Guntur, and his group came to see President Kennedy. They shook hands and hug each other, then said Kennedy: “Mr. President, thank you very much for your coming. It is an honourable visit for me.” President Soekarno: “I hope you

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will be better now, Mr. President.”

Then they both spoke about many things. President Kennedy asked: “Mr. President, what can I do for you?” Without façade President Soekarno said: “Mr. President, Irian. Irian has still not been given back to us, Indonesians.

It is a part of Indonesia, a part of the Republic of Indoneisa.” But the

J.F. Kennedy: “Mr. President, what can I do for you?”

Tanpa tedeng aling-aling dan tanpa basa-basi Presiden Soekarno berucap: “Mr. President, Irian. Irian is still not been giving back to us, Indonesians. It is a part of Indonesia, a part of the Republic of Indonesia.”

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Netherlands still insisted that Irian is a part of the Dutch Kingdom overseas.

President Kennedy briefly answered: “O Yes, Mr. President, I know it. Do not worry!�

Everything can be fixed.

This is a decision. Other things are formality. This is the decision and vision of President Kennedy.

Mr. U Thant Sekjen PBB

Three days after he recovered from his illness he asked Mr. Parker, the former Ambassador for the United States in India to speak with Mr. U Thant Secretary General of the United Nation, to hold the Conference of New Guinea between Indonesia and the Netherlands under the UN. The purpose was clear: such that the Sovereignty, of the West Papua still not surrendered to Indonesia to be surrendered to Indonesia in that year. And this happened too! Mr. U Thant went to New York. On 15 August 1962 the New York Agreement was signed.

To me, from all the President that has existed and ruled the Republic

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of Indonesia, Soekarno was the only President that I admired. Why? He was the President of Republic of Indonesia which did not chase and gather wealth for himself and his family. Since young he always fought and struggled for great idea for his people. If he needs to stay in jail for his struggle he would do so. Read how he struggled in his demands to the Dutch in Indonesia Menggugat. This is admitted by Kennedy, when he studies in Harvard University, the writing Indonesia Menggugat was material for discussion

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Bung Karno bersama Mr. Sartono, Mr. Sujudi, Mr. Sastromuljono dan ahli hukum R. Idih Prawiradiputra

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and academic research for students.

In April 1961, Kennedy’s decision was taken when Bung Karno visited him when he was sick and lived in his parents’ house in Massachusetts.

From informal meeting of both state leaders there was change of support.

The United States acknowledged that West Papua is part of Indonesia.

Kennedy then sent for Robert Komer and McGeorge Bundy to prepare to surrender Papua to Indonesia legally. This decision is supported fully by the President of the United States John Fitzgerald Kennedy and the United States Government.

But at the same time the Government of Indonesia still prepared its army by equipping itself through buying a variety of military weapons,

Gedung Indonesia Menggugat Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No 5 Bandung

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Gedung Indonesia Menggugat Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No 5 Bandung

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among others 41 helicopters MI-4 (light weaponry), 9 helicopters MI-6 (heavy weaponry), 30 jets MiG-15, 49 rush assault plane MiG-19, 20 supersonic hunter planes MiG-21, 12 submarine Whiskey class, tens of corvets, and 1 explorer ship Sverdlov class (named after operational target which is KRI Irian). From the bomber planes, there were 22 light bomber plane Ilyushin II-28, 14 long distance bomber plane TU-16, and 12 TU-16 plane maritime version fully equipped with antitank bullets (missile) air to surface type AS-1 Kennel. While of the carrier type light carrier plane IL-14 type and AQvia-14 types, 6 heavy carrier planes Antonov An-12B type made by Uni Soviet and 10 heavy carrier type C-130 Hercules type made by the United States.

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Ikatan Psikologis antara Soekarno dan Kennedy

Namun karena kedekatan antara Kennedy dan Bung Karno sikap Amerika berubah.

Pada tahun 1960 Presiden Soekarno berkesempatan berkunjung ke Mexico.

Tetapi sesampainya di Amerika Serikat beliau dan rombongannya singgah ke Washington, karena beliau ingin sekali menjenguk Presiden Kennedy, yang baru saja terpilih sebagai presiden itu, jatuh sakit dan tinggal di rumah orangtua beliau di Massachusetts.

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Diplomacy

Indonesian diplomacy approaching states such as India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Great Britain, Germany, and France so they do not give support to the Dutch when war breaks out. In the UN General Assembly 1961, the Secretary General of the UN U Thant requested Ellsworth Bunker, a United States diplomat, to provide suggestions on the solution to the West Papua status. Bunker suggested that the Dutch surrendered West Papua to Indonesia through the United Nations within 2 years.***

Ruang Sidang Gedung Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa.

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Presiden Soekarno sedang berpidato di depan Sidang Umum PBB 72

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CHAPTER BAB 4

WORKING TOGETHER BEKERJA SAMA

TO BUILD PAPUA MEMBANGUN PAPUA

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Saya saat santai.

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I

who have stayed for almost half a century in the Netherlands have faced much travails in my life journey in the Netherlands to fight for the welfare of Papuan society and return to my home country in Papua. I returned to Papua and stayed to help the development

of Papua. My stay in the Netherlands was due to differences in opinion with the government on how to develop Papua. But now, I am convinced that Papua’s development would become more effective if conducted by the government and the Papuan people directly.

I have realized that “The attention of the government and the political condition has changed. I have seen development, step by step, and now I return to Papua.”

Against history

I would return forever in Papua, Indonesia. Once Indonesia is independent, forever independent. My meetings with the leaders and Indonesian institutions in March 2009 brought a huge benefit.

To my mind, efforts done by the government lately has pushed Papuans to become more independent. Nowadays there is effort of separation from NKRI which is against history.

From 1928 the Dutch government has surrendered Papua to

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Saya bersama Bapak Aburizal Bakrie, Ketua Umum Partai Golkar.

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Dari kiri: Bapak Aburizal Bakrie, Nona Febiola, saya, Nicolas Simeon Meset.

Nicholas Jouwe bersama Meutia Hatta, putri Proklamator Republik Indonesia, Muhammad Hatta

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KEMBALI KE NKRI. Ketua MPR Taufiq Kiemas (kiri) bersalaman dengan tokoh Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM), Nicholas Jouwe (kanan), di Gedung Komplek Parlemen Senayan, Jakarta, (15 Januari 2010).

KEMBALI KE NKRI. Ketua MPR Taufiq Kiemas (kedua kiri), didampingi anggota Komisi I DPR FPDIP, Sabam Sirait (kiri), mempersilakan tokoh Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM), Nicholas Jouwe (kanan), serta Sekjen Barisan Merah Putih Tana Papua, Yonas Alfons Nussy, di Gedung Komplek Parlemen Senayan, Jakarta, Jumat (15 Januari 2010).

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MPR dan OPM: Pimpinan MPR-RI, Taufik Kiemas (kiri) didampingi wakil MPR, Melani Suharli Laimena (kanan) menemui tokoh OPM (Organisasi Papua Merdeka ) Nicholas Jouwe ( dua kanan) dan Nicholas Meset (dua kiri), di gedung MPR/DPR-RI, Jumat (15 Januari 2010)

Saya sedang berbincang-bincang dengan Bapak Taufiq Kiemas, Ketua MPR RI

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Indonesia, New York Agreement July 1962 between Soekarno and John F. Kennedy, the UN ratification on the result of Referendum (Pepera) 1969 until Special Autonomy of 2001.

Such is my life story and journey and Papua history. I am the one who created the flag of Bintang Kejora which was first time raised on 1 December 1961. Then I was a member of Nieuw Guinea Raad organized by the Dutch Colonial Government and chosen democratically all around Papua. The event around 1 December 1961 which often becomes the claim of Papua current leader that the Papua state has once existed but was robbed by the international conspiracy between Indonesia, the United States and the Netherlands.

Since the 1960s I have fought for the rights of Papuan to perform self-determination as an independent nation. This struggle I did until 1969. Almost 2/3 of member states in the UN General Assembly accepted the Referendum of 1969, nothing else could be done. Like it or not, the Papuan nation has become an official part of the Indonesian nationstate. To me now, I

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must accept realistically this situation and spend the rest of my life to help the Indonesian people make Papuan prosperous.

I am convinced that becoming an elder that has helped the Governor or the Indonesian government in general to make development successful, especially the welfare of Papua indigenous people under Special Autonomy.

As a former founder of Papua Independence Movement (OPM) who is also the creator of Bintang Kejora flag, I state my desire to return to Papua based on my own initiative according to the Indonesia government request.

In addition, the lack of education in Papua caused local people easily provoked to separate themselves from NKRI. By returning to Papua, I hope to help increase the welfare of Papuans.

Rearranging Papua

The actions of Nicolaas Jouwe in struggling for the independence of Papua could not be overlooked. He is one of the founders of Papua Independence Movement who raised the flag of Bintang Kejora. I myself deemed that my self-imposed exile to the Netherlands is a regrettable choice. But, now, I realize that Papua is an integral part of NKRI.

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Saya saat menunjukkan foto.

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Papua has a magnificent natural beauty and possess huge wealth with a heterogeneity of races and unrivalled exoticism. However, the potential to make Papua as a heaven for Indonesia tourism has not yet realized due to the complexity of problems which is happening until now. The low welfare, lack of infrastructure, the susceptibility of health condition, and the backwardness of development in almost every aspect make Papua as if almost a forgotten region. This condition is contrasted with the exploitation of Papua mineral.

The problem of Papua seems never ending. The presence of Papua Independent Movement in the land of Papua remains an unsolved problem of Indonesian government. As a result the focus of development is limited.

In addition, tribal war continue to happen which is another problem to be solved by the Indonesian government.

To my mind, the struggle for independence of Papua that I have done is due to the Dutch encouragement which makes it as if I wish to found my own nation and make me the President of West Papua. As a youngster then I did not realize it was only a deception of the Dutch.

I was so motivated as the Dutch promised if the state of Papua was founded, I would be its President. “The Dutch asked me to create a flag, state symbol, national anthem and prepare documents for the creation of a state. After I prepared all of that, it turned out that not even one state supported my struggle, indeed all nations stated that Irian Barat is

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Dari kiri: Daniel Leonard Jouwe, Frans Albert Yoku, BJ Habibie, saya, Febiola, Fanny Habibie, Nicolas Simeon Meset, Pilot pertama Putra Papua lulusan ITB

a part of Indonesia.�

I reiterated that since 19 November 1969 the region of Papua and its residents have become an integral part of Indonesia. This is a precious capital as the success of the development implementation need peace.

With reduction in OPM activity, it is hoped that the work of government is reduced and they can focused on the optimization of Special Autonomy through Government Rule which become the foundation of Perdasi and Perdasus.***

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BAB CHAPTER 5

PAPUA ISBAGIAN A PART PAPUA OF INDONESIA DARI INDONESIA 85

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T

he Indonesian state has proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945 based on the region of Dutch East Indies, this region includes area from Sabang to Merauke. As such, this may mean that the Papuans which used to be part of Dutch East

Indies can be part of Indonesia since 1945. When I fought for Indonesian independence the Papuans also fought alongside independence fighters.

Papua fighter groups also went to the jungle and gathered with Indonesian fighters who lived and stayed in the hotel, and they were also mobilized to struggle for independence.

Referendum (Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat - Pepera) 1969

When Pepera was implemented the main consideration was to choose Papuan representatives. By involving the entire Papuan society the condition then was not possible as most Papuans still lived in the jungle. Aside from that consideration, other consideration such as time of implementation, length of implementation and amount of money required to hold Pepera? The Dutch did not have money, so was Indonesia. And Indonesians said that Papuans couldn’t be bothered, we would conduct recovery choice, but we would only choose representatives from every region, in one district about a hundred thousand people would be represented by twenty five people which means 250 people represented by 1 person. By such account 1025 representatives from all Papua to choose in the recovery choice. Papuans who live in the jungle, not

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only on land but also on the tree, they could not read and write. The Indonesians then decided to implement recovery choice even though the economic condition of Indonesia which just obtained independence on 17 August 1945 which meant Indonesia was only 17 years old. To not trouble everyone a representative system is chosen, 250 person to 1 representative. As such 1025 people were chosen from Papuans who can read and write, and most of them decided to join Indonesia.

Papuans choose Indonesia and wishes to develop the future with other Indonesians, and most feel like Indonesians.

We feel as Indonesians, even though the Dutch tried to incite through propaganda that Papua must become its own state. However, strangely what the Dutch did was supported by several official institutions of Indonesia. These institutions often provide negative feedback on Papua.

They even publish books criticizing the Indonesian government and people. As a result Papua continues to be in trouble. Several books were published containing incitements and propaganda. Through scientific arguments they publish books which described what happen in Papua as caused by the injustice of central government. So that it is more convincing the books are written with Papuan names on its title. The book I still keep as a document.

Some asked me why I return home. My answer is obvious as I am Indonesian, and I moved and lived in the Netherlands because I was

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persuaded to remain there by the Dutch. The Dutch often tells me, If I return to Indonesia I would be killed, Indonesians are waiting to kill me, even if I know all this are untrue. So the Dutch has lost since the beginning about Papua, the Dutch tried to include Papua as a UN problem but President JF Kennedy refused as the problem of Papua is a problem between the Dutch and Indonesia. Kennedy said, “The problem of Papua is not whether the UN couldn’t intervene. The problem of Papua is the problem between Indonesia and the Netherlands.”

The history of the Dutch in Papua began in 1928. The Queen of Netherlands requested Governor General Marcus in the Dutch East Indies to annex West Papua which includes the area. In 1928, there was a German area in the Pacific which borders the German area in the Pacific and the Netherlands. Papua were then annexed to become part of the Kingdom of Netherlands as well as included in the colony of Dutch East Indies, so Governor General Marcus conducted annexation and declared that the area belongs to the Netherlands and included in the colony of Dutch East Indies. Then the Dutch East Indies included area from Sabang to Merauke.

Strangely in 1945 when Indonesia proclaimed independence, the Dutch refused to let go of some parts of Dutch East Indies to Indonesia and divided Indonesia to two parts, one half from Sorong to Jayapura and one half from Sabang to Moluccas was acknowledged by the Dutch as Indonesia.

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Musyawarah PEPERA, Daerah Teluk Cendrawasih, 31 Desember 1964.

Orang Papua juga ikut serta bertempur dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia 89

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The inclusion of Papua in Indonesia has been official and signed by the Prime Minister of Netherlands Van Royen in New York called New York Agreement on 15 August 1962 where it was stated that the Netherlands must surrender West Papua to Indonesia. And Van Royen signed the document voluntarily. And this is not understood by Papuan youngster nowadays. I wish to meet the Papuans and explain this, so that the suffering of Papuans due to incitement of certain groups would end.

The main issue why Papua problems has not been solved is the Dutch, they did not want to let go of the Dutch East Indies to Indonesia causing the Papua problems to continue. During the beginning of the release of Dutch colonies, this state has faced difficulties in raw materials. Many regions which were its colony before escaped and became independent nations, such as New Zealand and African countries. The last region which is still its colony is West Papua. The Dutch has stated that the Dutch East Indies was the only hope of the Dutch to get its supply of raw materials for its industry. The mistake of the Dutch was when Soekarno and Hatta proclaimed its independence, the Dutch did not want to admit Indonesia’s independence. Whereas Soekarno has conducted diplomacy in order to strengthen relationship with the Dutch through a visit to a girl of Dutch origin who was sick. If the Dutch used diplomacy then the relationship between the Dutch and Indonesia could be closer. Besides, in the beginning of Indonesia’s independence, the Dutch should have supported that Indonesia become independent, and work together to create order and develop Indonesia. The Dutch should imitate what the

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Chinese who has succeeded to assimilate and become Indonesians. The Chinese blend in and become part of Indonesia. If the Dutch did the same thing the relationship between them and the Indonesians would be close.

Like the relationship between Malaysia and England now which is close.

Between England and Malaysia there is even defense agreement where for 325 years if there are regions in Malaysia experiencing war then England would come and occupy the area. If Malaysia is attacked or if there is war between Malaysian king then England has the responsibility to help and solve the conflict. Different with Indonesia, where its independence j

y

p

Tokoh-tokoh utama dalam perundingan yang telah menghasilkan Persetujuan yang bersejarah tentang Irian Barat, diabadikan bersama sesaat setelah penandatanganan.

Dari kiri: Dr. Subandrio, Wakil Indonesia, U Thant, Sekretaris Jenderal PBB, Dr. J.H. van Rooyen, Wakil Nederland, Duta Besar Ellsworth Bunder, Perantara, dan Dr. C.W.A. Schuurmann, WakilNederland.

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is not supported by the Dutch, Indonesia even obtained its independence through war such that Indonesia and the Dutch has never been bound by agreement. Indonesia Is really an independent country, and a sovereign country with a President is only had by a state that is 100% independent.

On average the former colonies of England still maintain good relationship with England. Most of them are still part of England, but possess own government led by Prime Minister. These countries are Australia, Canada.

So all condominiums all the kings are the King of England. Indonesia itself in South Asia is truly an independent state. The Dutch said to me that only the Dutch East Indies left as hope, as such we in 1945 separated ourselves and let go of island in New Guinea with the hope that Indonesia would understand this and let go of the island.

Papua entered Indonesia as we know because of the agreement between Soekarno and Kennedy. At the same time Kennedy also presented Bung Karno with a helicopter, the newest helicopter at that time. This helicopter is the pride of Bung Karno, it is often used to fly from Jakarta to Bogor and return to Jakarta. Kennedy is a very amazing person. I met Kennedy and too bad there was no photo as the meeting was top secret. Then I acted as the representative of the people of Papua. I was picked up secretly from the hotel where I lived using a car with windows covered by black cloth. In the meeting Kennedy requested that I return to Indonesia with him during his visit to Indonesia in 1963. Unfortunately before the intention could be fulfilled he was shot dead.

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The surrender of West Papua to Indonesia because of Kennedy’s agreement made the Dutch embarrassed. Kennedy at that time also demanded that Papua be surrendered to Indonesia! However, the Netherlands refused but due to the pressure of Kennedy then Papua was surrendered to Indonesia after being colonialized by the Dutch for 134 years.

Kennedy stressed that the United Nations has decided that on 1 May 1963 Papua must have become the possession of the Indonesian Republic.

And strangely the Netherlands still requested to perform Recovery Choice 6 years later in 1969. Logically this did not make sense as Papua has belonged to Indonesia since 1 May 1963. And the agreement signed by the Prime Minister of Netherlands in front of President JF Kennedy and the United Nation.

So New Guinea has become an integral part of Republic of Indonesia so recovery choice of 1969 was only a formality and did not mean anything to West Papua. So the Round Table Conference is no longer useful as the inclusion of Papua to Indonesia has been agreed by the United Nations and in the agreement Papua officially become part of Indonesia on 1 May 1963. The agreement about recovery choice in 1969 under the Round Table Conference was automatically over and it could not be used again as a foundation of Papuan problem. (However if we discussed among friends Pepera was always used as a starting point).

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Pepera is only a formality and they demanded one man one vote and Adam Malik explained that the Papuan people has been independent since 17 August 1945.

In 1945 as a whole the Dutch East Indies have been independent since 17 August 1945, only the region of West Papua is still under the Dutch.

De facto then West Papua

Adam Malik

has become independent, but unfortunately some Papuans in the jungle did not realize that they have become independent and out of the Dutch colony. The condition of Papua then was still in the stone age, different from their counterparts in the western part of Indonesia some of whom have lived in the modern age such that they realize that they are really independent. While for some Papuans most of the residents are still illiterate and they live in the stone age similar to New Guinea which majority still live in the jungle, and they still use trees and jungle as their house. So that they become modern the government must gather all of them for 3 to 4 years and almost all of them cannot read and write. If recovery choice is done must

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they be recruited with all the limitations by the method of one man one vote to choose whether to follow the Dutch or Indonesia. For that a long time and much expense must be spent, as well as could not be done as the condition of Papua its people are mostly illiterate. For the 2004 Election one man one vote was very difficult to be done, they still made mistakes. In remote corner of Papua, if there is governor election the tribal head determines, the KPU did not dare to check, so if nobody chooses for example A or B but all under the instruction of the tribal head and the people of KPU did not dare to check. This still happened until now in the mountains.

Try to imagine, the UN has surrendered Papua to Indonesia on 1 May 1963 and just six years later recovery choice was done, so who was wrong in this matter is it the UN? If the UN is wrong the it must be responsible for its decision. Based on this I said that de facto and de jure Papua has become the possession of Indonesia absolutely. The key of this issue is the agreement and UN decision that Papua starting from 1 May 1963 has officially become an integral part of Republic of Indonesia.

But strangely the Dutch still hold on to the Round Table Conference. I do not understand their arguments such that the Dutch still want to do recovery choice.

The Dutch as a state in which legal knowledge was established should realize this condition very well, which is the UN decision. To my

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Belanda sebagai salah satu negara yang melahirkan ilmu hukum seharusnya menyadari betul keadaan ini, yakni keputusan PBB. Menurut saya sangat naif jika Belanda mendengar suara-suara bahwa rakyat Papua mau membawa permasalahan ini kepada Mahkamah Internasional di Den Haag, rakyat Papua yang mana? Hal inilah yang menyebabkan Indonesia menolak untuk membawa persoalan ini ke Mahkamah Internasional. PBB mengakui sikap Indonesia itu.

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Pada prinsipnya persoalan Papua sudah selesai dan itu telah diputuskan sejak 1 Mei 1963. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia tidak perlu membawa kasus Papua ke Mahkamah Internasional.

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mind it is very na誰ve that the Dutch only listen to the voices that the Papuans wanted to bring this issue to the International Court in Den Haag, which Papuans? This is what caused Indonesians to reject to bring this issue to the International Court. The UN acknowledges this Indonesian attitude.

In principle the problem of Papua has been over and it has been decided since 1 May 1963. As such, Indonesia need not bring the case of Papua to International Court. And most importantly the UN has decided that the problem of Papua is not a juridical problem, not a legal problem, but a political problem. So whatever steps the Dutch taken could not pass through the International Court. But year after year the Dutch still demands recovery choice no matter the rights of the Indonesian to possess the land of Papua since 1963. So people who are still problematize the problem of Papua do not make sense. It needs to be known that when the UN decided Papua to integrate with Indonesia this involves 84 countries or a majority of the UN member states which on that year number 114 states, thus this means more than 2/3 acknowledge and support Papua to be part of Indonesia. So Indonesia could not be lamed because a majority of UN states have decided that Papua is an integral part of Indonesia.

I wish to convey a little data on Australia Aborigines, according to what I know. The data described that until now the Aborigines has

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no representative in Australian parliament?

While us Papuans in Indonesia still have so many representatives.

Such is the case for regional government star ting

from

the

Lambang Negara Australua

governor, vice governor, and all are Papuans. So our friends here understand that we here are more advanced in civilization compared to Aborigines. I conveyed this data to Australians. And they could not reply me. Australians compared to us in Indonesia is far more backward in terms of appreciation to democratic rights. Only in 1992 the Australian people acknowledged the existence of Aborigines. Even though they were the immigrants who came to Australia only in 1818. So the Aborigines existence is only admitted after 174 years (1818-1992) and until now only white people are the masters there.

I in March went to Papua New Guinea by the invitation of the President. When I arrived there after the Australian delegation arrived. So I was part of the last delegation. I went there once in 1983 and again in March 2010 so more than 30 years I have returned to East Papua and the roads there still littered with large holes such that the president’s car ran awkwardly. Rubbish littered the sideways, very dirty, the condition of

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Suku Aborigin Australia

Protes Aborigin di Brisbane 100

Perkembangan Islam di Australia sudah merambah juga ke masyarakat Aborigin

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Papua New Guinea since I first went there until March 2010 there was no change, houses and building were like before. I was driven by a car of Mr. Leo and in the border I saw Papuans with sacks coming out of stores.

I asked who are they? They were people from the East. What do they carry? Rice, coffee, sugar, tea and they bought that from the Indonesian region and they brought it to the east because there materials like this could not be found and even if found the price is very expensive, so they came here crossing the border just to buy food to be brought to the east which is Papua New Guinea so pity them. Then I asked the driver, Mr. Leo how long this has happened? He said such a long time, since this road was built and more than 10 years ago they always come here to shop. So the Papua New Guineans fly to the border only to buy daily necessities and electronic goods they buy in the border to be eaten (actually there are people who can teach them to make better cassava but not yet because that can only happen if there is migration from Bali which is good to help in farming, livestock raising, cooperating with Lampung, Sumatra, Aceh, and Bali).

Papua Land in My Eye

To my mind, Papua since a long time ago has become the contestation of European states: Portugal, Spain, England and the Netherlands. They looked for and wished for the wealth in Indonesia especially the eastern part. Moluccas and Papua was the main target. Then, Moluccas was very

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rich with spices. Papua was rich with “honey and milk� of land containing: oil, gas, gold, copper, nickel, and others. Papua flora and fauna natural resources is very amazing. Papua even provides a beautiful panorama.

The Papuans also are very diverse. Although very small for an island the size of a continent, Papua has a very diverse population containing many races and languages. The wealth of natural resources seems not balanced with the capacity of its residents. The Land of Papua is indeed rich with copper, gold, nickel, coal and others, but unfortunately the human resources are far backward. The educational level is still very low.

The welfare of the people is below par. Ironic! Very pitiful.

Papuans must be made prosperous. The people and the society must be given more attention. The task of the Indonesian government is to more seriously develop Papua: the region, the people, the society. Nature and natural resources must be managed better and more responsible.

Serious thoughts must be given for the fairness in Papuan welfare. Most important is to develop Papuans. Education is the first option. The young generation must be more prioritized.

For that I wish to return to Indonesia to be with the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to develop and make Papuan society prosperous.***

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Keindahan alam laut Raja Ampat

Perahu sebagai alat transportasi laut.

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Tarian adat masyarakat Papua

Salah seorang Kepala Suku Papua 104

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Kekayaan sumber alam Papua: emas

Para petani mengolah tanah pertanian 105

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Anak-anak Papua merindukan masa depan yang lebih cerah

Perumahan masyarakat Papua yang masih sangat sederhana 106

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Daftar Pustaka http://id.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Berkas:Sidharto_Danusubroto.jpg http://us.images.detik.com/ customthumb/ 2010/ 05/ 15/ 10/ Nicolaas-JouweDLM.jpg?w=460 http://www.west-papua.nl/ Publiciteit/ Koning%20zonder%20land/ koningzonderland.jpg http://redaksikatakami.files.wordpress.com/ 2009/ 03/ 1-nicolaas_jouwe_op_schiphol_19612.jpg?w=406 http://www.papuaerfgoed.org/ files/ u1/ s_Jouwe__secretaris_CPPV_aan_werktafel__1950.jpg http://images.poms.omroep.nl/ image/ s200/ c200x112/ 5786.jpg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/ -0IWxW7CP17o/ UXlK1x5f7oI/ AAAAAAAAACs/ ysjlaeMaL_A/ s1600/ candi-bola-.JPG http://3.bp.blogspot.com/ -UPnx_cLAoVs/ T52VP11T-oI/ AAAAAAAAAR0/ TR1oJfZK3ZE/ s1600/ Bajang_Ratu_Gate_Trowulan. jpg http://aninditablog.files.wordpress.com/ 2012/ 06/ 781px-majapahit_empire-svg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/ commons/ thumb/ 8/ 84/ Rajasa-Dynasty_id.svg/ 320px-Rajasa-Dynasty_id.svg.png http://1.bp.blogspot.com/ -4DutaInWcIY/ UUsJHaZ0CfI/ AAAAAAAABjU/ ENZ7s6luSbE/ s400/ mongol.jpg http://aulosinternet.wikispaces.com/ file/ view/ map_07_Mongol_Empire_Map.jpg/ 209813962/ map_07_Mongol_Empire_ Map.jpg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/ -CNAthB86Vr8/ UWya3g3DMjI/ AAAAAAAAAHw/ Sbb13sSCdA8/ s1600/ hernando-cortez-7.jpg http://pena.komunitasbambu.com/ direktori/ uploads/ 2013/ 05/ portugis_spanyol_di_maluku.gif http://t0.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRZNOS_X8WIfxiYXBUwKNV13nlCrcklQoW Uxan0WqbsjRSVVaRx https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTIv652c1Kotd kgYsLcPpkyuE ycpVI0BEBNTbo3zG1BtAyx3Zlk https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ36e6xczeQGf-S1DVxS7m4Vy3O Z4sFDWwd5pDRMOrBtFrVaHF http://lepeltak.files.wordpress.com/ 2010/ 02/ img_0868.jpg http://t0.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9nk9P8UBEmzDAPz8sfc7plXZYYCbEwmfKhCGP2nG_i9wXebWtNA http://t2.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTVC9x9EShUpdeWvpuRENk9of8A-6bX0FWNQGT lN4Gy9bYY7_GxUA ali alatas http://www.pesatnews.com/ pictures/ akbarser-201302241109521.jpg http://www.nrc.nl/ wereld/ files/ 2009/ 03/ 090322-foto-jouwe-papua.jpg http://t1.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS0qoIyY_IYnTyaM0_md7uOsmUsMPf0RO1 _405gzZMpOrkBJn7M http://t1.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQUmgb4Har_tLhjbmmShYXqFuQD-Vi9OxAte 2EjhovAtAAOICfBaw https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQwATGxvISGQvoa TviRPhG3 Y5RmVwBSYCIBHUDMc yYdA6RUnv0szA https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT7bxINuemTqjxWoxZek6VIJc4mUTM-_mnLgfdfkeU_VKTOYxVy http://papuapost.typepad.com/ .a/ 6a01348165519e970c0133ee391177970b-pi https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQl6w6F2nctt0XYIs7HenuB3jIpcedHZrNBfd8LX-yVt-22rG_HnA https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRpT3juFl21kEu6Krpip7vlw-zK6K1YiJffXLd6mDqVt-5EPz9tXg https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSxlBtRPLJ3zzCYD2p_3cW5Vbnsuw0QITM677AbMiSqSYlVnqhsw https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBF_u-SGhm4Zr3pOkpyKqUVXev61dKRoIEKPlscQQpQdb83K NA http://t2.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ0LNTt6Gu 9HglGUzhqMN qm5vF359TP5UK 2JFHp3I8ZmLM_kAk7SQ https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSG1vmN27ow-ZEPUz6oOJk37 1UAwy4k9B7adobt8o93M86DoSV https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSPNhWSQ6OYYafVS6W_W1jMFAUsvgjLDzDjN boP2yy3HK1OszJR http://t1.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTNFaSPAa6vz0o6ERdDo4PZaD6HLHI9 oGZ4ctUo2GAEFVDHMi-p https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT9egA9EXrchAezT5IqzfT yJz2vFCBWp4TzVfdCbtloHwWC1IGC https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTVBb6FnRmyDkJDftrIvLaGQ6AC36-gtOx2os_oKI8qKyp65oIa http://media.viva.co.id/ thumbs2/ 2011/ 09/ 14/ 123195_soekarno-dan-john-f--kennedy-di-amerika-serikat_663_382.JPG http://www.bugilsnews.com/ nl/ index_bgn_07_27_07_files/ tempo_doloe01.jpg https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRn898i_m2HAbtzNl_-KaCKmG-FxHDYw4_UDJAqI-IRnAgyHCiO https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRUQ_eYUWQT4FCTUs0N d9vw3h0Pa32tvTaRG8a dH6HjNMOMsgMZ https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRfuXRCV_YgCMpskKoPgwcM6Gxqx-5qwHrOf16DZfA oHWDgTrgUgw https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ0Uvfok_aKnHprHe5FvoRWtNkH94_fInngl7jKcfyWSUo9fgTP https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRuZLHc2jSisbK 15Vkoi81onQyjjK5CF6E4lcPIT42kwnvIoWXQ https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/ images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTZ4t-OYuE6GTg-3fiaL4vhx_ptn5G6qsEVQQ5mF5Tn33riQuMcA https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/ i m a g e s ? q = t b n : A N d 9 G c Q - t 1 7 K a 4 k e O 5 l z D n H _ V M 1 y t p y t UA r 2GuH2DDZ8tUHqbgnqqXFb8w

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Indeks A Aburisal Bakrie 39 Aceh 101 Adam Malik 93, 94 Akbar Tanjung 39 aktivitas OPM 84 Alex Alatas 39 Alfian 2 Ali Alatas 39 Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron 15 Amberi 22, 32 anak muda Papua 90 anggota Dewan New Guinea (Nieuw Guinea Raad 32, 80 Antonio d’ Abreu 15 artinya ‘hitam’ 6 asal-usul orang Papua 2 Asia Selatan 92 Asia Tenggara 6, 7, 12 Afrika 12, 16, 20, 22, 37, 90 Ambon 22, 39, 44 Amerika 12, 21, 32, 48, 51, 52, 61, 63, 67, 69, 70, 71, 80 Arab 39 Australia 3, 12, 71, 92, 98, 99

B bagian integral dari Indonesia 84 bagian integral dari NKRI 83 Bagi Generasi Muda Papua vi bahasa Indonesia 11, 48 bahasa Latin 48, 49 bahasa Melayu 11 Bahasa Melayu 22 bahasa Spanyol 16 bandara udara Sentani 30 Bandung Charter 37 Bangsa Belanda 22 bangsa Eropa 17, 18 Bangsa Eropa v, 13 bangsa Papua 32, 37, 80 Bangsa Papua 42, 50 bangsa Portugis 6 Barat New Guinea 15, 18 Batavia 20, 88 belajar bahasa Melayu 11 Belanda 19, 96 bendera Belanda 21 bendera Bintang Kejora 32, 80, 81 bendera Inggris 20 Benua Hitam 58 Belanda xvi, 2, 4, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 65, 66, 71, 75, 80, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98 Bob Kennedy 62 Bogor 92 bom atom meletus 50 bom atom pertama 22, 34 bom atom pertama meletus 22

Borneo bagian Utara 18 Britania Raya 71 Bung Karno 37, 61, 67, 70, 92 Bureau of European Affairs 61 burung Cendrawasih 6

C Canberra Agreement 55 China v, 6, 13 China Fakfak 13 China Manokwari 13 China Sorong 13 Colijn 21 Conquistador Spanyol 15 C. W. Ottow 20

D daerah Jerman 88 Daniel Leonard Jouwe 2, 4, 56, 84 daratan Asia 3, 13 daratan Papua 3 dasar hukum 84 Dekrit Perang 58 delegasi Australia 99 delegasi Papua 36 Den Haag 43, 46, 55, 95, 96 Departemen Luar Negeri Kerajaan Belanda 2 desa Numfor 51 Dewan Bangsa 55 Dewan Papua 36, 55 Diplomasi Indonesia 71 Diplomat Indonesia 39 Dok V Angkasa Jayapura 30 DPRD-Gotong Royong 55 Dubes RI di Belanda 43 Du Bus 18 Duta Besar AS di India 65 Duta Besar Indonesia 46 Dutsch East India Company (VOC) 18 Dutsch East Indies 20

E Ellsworth Bunker 71 E pluribus unus 48

F Fakfak 13, 21 Fanie 43, 44, 45, 46 Fanie Habibie 43, 46 Fatagar 18 fora internasional 58 Francisco Serrano 15 Frans Albert Yoku 43 Frans Kasiepo 35, 36, 52

G gadis Belanda 2, 4 Gedung Indonesia Menggugat 67, 68 generasi baru Papua 30 Gilolo 15

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Gouvernement van Nederlands Nieuw Guinea 55 Greenland 3 Gedung Putih 62 gua Babi 13 gua Braholo 13 gua Niah 13 Gubernur Frans Kasiepo 36 Gubernur jenderal Marcus 88 Gubernur Jenderal VOC 20 Gubernur Portugis 15, 16 Guci 13 Guntur 63 Gunung Carstenz 33, 47

H hak-hak masyarakat adat xvii Harvard University 66 hasil Pepera 1969 32, 80 hasutan dan propaganda 87 helikopter kebanggaan Bung Karno 92 Helikopter MI-4 67 Helikopter MI-6 67 Herman Wonsur 51, 52 Hernan Cortez 15, 16 Hernan Grijalva 16 hewan asli dari Papua 6 Hier Rust 20, 21 Hiroshima v, 22, 34, 50 Hindia Belanda 33, 39, 47, 55, 58, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94 Hollandia 21, 50

I India, Pakistan 71 Indonesia iii, 67, 96, 97, 101 Indonesia Menggugat 66, 67, 68 ingatan tentang Papua xvi Inggrid van Bilzen 2, 4, 5 Injil St. Mateus: V: 5 43 institusi Indonesia 27, 75 Irian Jaya 3 Irlandia 49 Isla de Oro 16 Island of Gold 16 Indonesia i, iv, v, xvi, xvii, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 22, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 75, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99 Inggris 3, 18, 20, 35, 51, 52, 91, 92 Irian 3, 61, 64, 69, 84

J Jack Kennedy 63 Jailolo 15 Jakarta iii, vi jaminan kepastian hukum xvii Jan Carstensz 17, 19 Janggi’ 6 Jayapura 2, 21, 30, 39, 40, 88, 118 Jean Dozy 21 Jendral A. H. Nasution 61 Jerman, 71 J.F. Kennedy v, 28, 47, 64 J. G. Geissler 20

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Jakarta iv, 62, 92 Jawa 18 Jepang 14, 22 Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No 5 Bandung 67, 68 John Fitzgerald Kennedy 67 John F Kennedy 80 John F. Kennedy 30 Jorge de Menezes 15 Joy 2

K kabupaten Kaimana 18 Kampung Tua 20 kampung Warsai 15 Kapal penjelajah kelas Sverdlov 69 kapal selam kelas Whiskey 69 Kapten Johannes Keyts 18 Kapten Spanyol San Juan 16 kata Yunani 6 kedatangan Bangsa Belanda 22 kekayaan alam Papua 21 kekuasaan Majapahit 7 kekuasaan Sultan Tidore 18 Kelompok pejuang Papua 86 kemajuan Indonesia 34, 48 kemakmuran masyarakat Papua xvi, 26 kemerdekaan Indonesia 48, 86, 90, 92 Kennedy v, 28, 30, 33, 34, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 80, 88, 92, 93 keputusan Kennedy 67 keputusan mengenai Papua 58 keputusan PBB 95, 96 Kerajaan Belanda 2, 28, 50, 55, 64, 88 kerajaan China 6 kerajaan-kerajaan di wilayah Nusantara 17 kerajaan Sriwijaya 6 Keraton Solo 2, 4 kesepakatan antara Soekarno dan Kennedy 92 Ketua Nieu Guinea Raad (Dewan Papua), Derik Ajemaseba 36 keturunan China 13 Kalimantan 13 Kanada 92 keturunan Tionghoa 90 Kilbati 18 kitab Negara Kertagama 6 kitab Prapanca 7 klaim pemimpin Papua 32, 80 koloni Hindia Belanda 88 Koloni Hindia Belanda 33, 47 Kondisi Masyarakat Papua 94 kondisi politik xvii, 26, 75 Konferensi Meja Bundar 54, 55, 58, 95 Konferensi New Guinea 65 konspirasi internasional Indonesia 32, 80 Korido 16 kota Ambon 44 KPU 95 Kremer 21 KRI Irian 69

L lambang Papua 48

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Lampung 101 landasan persoalan Papua 93 liturgi Gereja 49 Llhas dos Papuas 15 London 18 Louise Leonora Fisher 2, 4 L.P.J. Burggraaf du Bus de Gisignies 20 Lukas Jouwe 36

M Mahkamah International 95, 96, 97, 98 Malaya 18 Maluku 19 Maluku Utara 15 Manokwari 13, 20, 21, 58 Mansinam 20 Manukwari 20, 21 Mapia 11 Marcus Kasiepo 51 masalah Papua xv, 90, 98 Maskawin 13 Massachusetts 62, 67, 70 masyarakat Papua xvi, xvii, 25, 26, 27, 75, 86, 90, 92, 94, 95 Masyarakat Papua 87, 94 masyarakat Tionghoa 91 Masyarakat Tionghoa 91 mayoritas dari negara anggota PBB 98 McCluer 17 McGeorge Bundy 67 ‘Mela’ 6 Melanesia 6, 12, 22, 32 membagi wilayah Belanda 18 membangun Papua vi, 75 menyerahkan Papua 27, 71, 80, 95 menyerahkan Papua bagian barat 71 menyudutkan pemerintah dan masyarakat Indonesia 87 Mexico 15, 16, 61, 70 Migel Rojo de Brito 17 Migrasi Bangsa Mongoloid v, 13 migrasi dari Bali 101 migrasi manusia purba 11 militer Amerika Serikat 52 misionaris Jerman 20 Mahkamah Internasional 58, 98 Malaysia 12, 35, 91 Maluku 2, 15, 17, 18, 44, 46, 88 masyarakat Indonesia 87 Merauke 21, 88 Moskwa 61 Mr. Kennedy 52 Mr. Parker 65 Mr. Sartono 66 Mr. Sastromuljono 66 Mr. Sujudi 66 Mr. U Thant 65

N Nancy 2, 30 Nancy Leilani Jouwe 2 Nation Building Programm 37 Nederland Nieuw Guinea 21 Nederland Niuew Guinea 18, 20, 21 Nederlands Indie 22

Nederlands Indies 20 Negara Adikuasa Amerika Serikat 32 negara di Afrika 90 Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) 27, 75 Negara Kolonial Belanda 32 Negara-negara Asia – Afrika 37 negara Papua 3, 32, 58, 80, 83 negeri Belanda 75 Negeri Belanda 38 Netherlands New Guinea 3 New Guinea bagian Barat 18 New Guinea Timur 20 New Gunea 92, 93, 94, 101 New York 30, 50, 51, 52, 58, 65, 80, 90 New York Agreement 30, 58, 65, 80, 90 Nico 30, 44 Nicolaas Alexander Jouwe 2, 4, 5 Nicolaas Jouwe i, iii, iv, v, vi, xv, xvii, 26, 39, 46, 51, 52, 75, 114 Nicolas Simeon Meset 43 Nieuw Guinea Raad/NGR 55 Noldy 2 Nona Fabiola Ohei 43 Nona Obian 2 NTT 22 Nusantara 7, 17

O Ondofolo (Kepala Adat) 43 Onin (Papua) 18 Operasi Papua Merdeka 58 optimalisasi Otsus 84 orang Aborigin 99 orang Ambon 39, 44 Orang Ambon 39 orang Bali 101 orang Eropa 99 orang India 20, 22 orang Indonesia 22, 32, 39, 87, 88 Orang Indonesia 48 orang Melanesia 6 orang-orang asli Papua 16 Orang-orang dari Australia 99 orang-orang Guinea 20 orang-orang Indonesia 22 orang Papua 2, 6, 16, 20, 22, 32, 33, 34, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 58, 80, 86, 87, 99, 101 Organisasi Papua Merdeka 58, 81, 83 Os Papoas. 15 Otonomi Khusus 30, 80, 81

P Pai Tua 36, 38, 44, 45, 46 Pai Tua Yudhoyono 46 Palar 36 Pantai Barat New Guinea 18 Papua vi, 19, 84, 96, 97, 101, 118 Papua bagian barat 58, 61, 71 Papua Barat 50, 67, 83, 88, 90, 93, 94 Papua masuk ke Indonesia 92 Papua New Guinea 101 Papua Nugini 3 Papua Timur 99

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para raja Malaysia 91 parlemen Australia 98 Parlemen Belanda 20 Patuari 39 PBB 32, 35, 37, 58, 65, 67, 71, 72, 80, 88, 93, 95, 96, 98 pegawai Kerajaan Belanda 50 pelosok-pelosok Papua 95 pembangunan di Papua 26 pembangunan Indonesia 90 pembangunan Papua xv, xvi, 27, 75 pembangunan tanah Papua xvi, 26 pemberdayaan masyarakat adat xvii pemerintah Amerika Serikat 61 pemerintahan Kerajaan Majapahit 7 Pemerintah Belanda 27, 37, 47, 51, 55, 80, 83, 88 pemerintah Indonesia xvi, xvii, 26, 58, 81, 83 Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda 32, 80 pemerintah Republik Indonesia xvi, 26 Pemerintah Republik Indonesia 61 pemerintah Uni Soviet 61 Penasihat Belanda 51 penderitaan masyarakat Papua 90 Pendeta Adolf Hanasbey 43 pendidikan di Papua 81 penduduk asli Australia 99 Penduduk Bangsa Pribumi Papua 22 penduduk Guinea 22 Penduduk Kelas terendah 22 penduduk Papua 3, 6, 7 penduduk pribumi Papua 16 penduduk Pribumi Papua 22 penemuan Carstenz 17, 19 Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat (Pepera) 30, 80, 86 Pengakuan Kedaulatan 55 penganut agama Katolik 49 pengusaha asli Papua xvii peninggalan China 13 penjelajah Eropa 6 penyelesaian masalah Papua xv penyerangan pantai Utara 22 Pepera 30, 32, 80, 86, 93 PEPERA 58 Perang Dunia Kedua 51 Peraturan Pemerintah 84 Perdana Menteri Belanda 90, 93 Perdana Menteri Belanda Van Royen 90 Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Tengku Abdurrahman 35 Perdasi 84 Perdasus. xvii, 84 perhatian PBB 65 Perhatian pemerintah xvii, 26, 75 Perhatian pemerintah Indonesia xvii Perjanjian Baru 43 Perjanjian Belanda dan Indonesia 50 Perjanjian Lama 43 Perjanjian London 18 perjanjian penggabungan Papua 93 perlindungan Inggris 91 Perpera 86 Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa 30, 36, 37, 39, 80 persetujuan Kennedy 93 persetujuan PBB 93

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persoalan PBB 88 Perundingan Belanda dan Indonesia 28, 50 perusahaan Perminyakan Belanda NNGPM (Nederland Niuew Guinea Petroleum Matschapij) 21 pesawat angkut berat jenis Antonov An-12B 69 pesawat angkut berat jenis C-130 Hercules 69 pesawat buru sergap MiG-17 69 pesawat buru sergap MiG-19 69 pesawat jet MiG-15 67 pesawat pembom jarak jauh TU-16 69 pesawat pembom ringan Ilyushin Il-28 69 pesawat pemburu supersonik MiG-21 69 pesawat TU-16 versi maritim 69 Pilot pertama Putra Papua lulusan ITB 43, 84 piring batu 13 Plebisit 1969 58 Palembang 6 Papua v, xv, xvi, xvii, 2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 61, 65, 67, 71, 75, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99 Papua New Guinea 3, 99 Pemerintah Amerika Serikat 67 Pemerintah Indonesia xvi, xvii, 26, 27, 32, 67 Perancis 71 politik Kerajaan Belanda 50 politik kolonial Belanda 33, 47 Port Moresby 20 Pos dan Benteng Du Bus 18 pos pertahanan Spanyol 15 Presiden Amerika Serikat 67 presiden Kennedy 47, 48 Presiden Kennedy 33, 47, 49, 52, 61, 62, 63, 65, 70 presiden Papua Barat 83 Presiden Republik Indonesia 65 Presiden RI Soekarno 55 Presiden SBY 27, 30 Presiden Soeharto 33, 36, 38 Presiden Soekarno 35, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 70, 72 President Soekarno 34, 35, 48, 63 Presiden Yudhoyono 43 prinsip persoalan Papua 97, 98 Program Membangun Satu Bangsa 37 Proklamator Kemerdekaan Indonesia 34, 48 Proses Dekolonisasi 55 proses pembentukan Papua xv Provinsi Irian Barat 61 Provinsi Papua xvii pulau Emas 16, 17 Pulau Emas 16 pulau Mansinam 20 pulau Papua 3, 34, 47, 48 Pulau Papua 3, 15, 17, 18, 19, 34, 48, 55, 65, 93 pulau-pulau di Raja Ampat 20 pulau Raja Ampat 17 Pulau Supiori 16 Pulau Tidore 61 pulau Waigeo 15 puncak Cartenz 21 puncak Gunung Carstenz 33, 47 puncak Ngga Pulu 21 puncak Wilhelmina 21

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rakyat Papua xvi, 26, 27, 32, 75, 81, 86, 93, 95, 96 Rakyat Papua vi ras Austronesia 13 Ras-ras Austolomelanesia 11 Ratu Belanda 55, 88 rebutan bangsa-bangsa Eropa 17 recovery choice 87, 93, 94, 95, 98 Recovery Choice 93 recovery choice 1969 93 recovery coice 86 referendum 86 Republic of Indonesia 64 Republik Indonesia xvi, 26, 27, 61, 65, 75, 81, 93, 95 R. Idih Prawiradiputra 66 RIS 55 Robert Komer 67 rombongan Frans Kasiepo 36

tekanan Kennedy 93 Teluk Arguni 18 Teluk Bintuni 17 Teluk Bintuni/McCluer 17 Teluk Cenderawasih 16 teluk Doreri 20 Teluk Geelvink 16 teluk Saireri 16 teluk Triton 18 Tentara Indonesia 35 tentara Malaysia 35 tentara Papua 61 tokoh Papua xvi Trikomando Rakyat/TRIKORA 55 Ternate 15, 16, 18 Thailand 71 Tidore 15, 18, 61 TNI 61

S

U

Sabang 88 Saparua 46 satu battalion tentara dari Papua 35 Sejarah kekuasaan Belanda 88 sejarah Papua 2, 26, 30, 47, 80 Sejarah Papua v, 2 Sekjen PBB U Thant 71 Selandia Baru 12, 71, 90 seorang Kristen 42 Seram Utara 17 Sidang Umum PBB 32, 71, 80 Silas Papare 36 Singapura 18 soal Papua 88 Soasiu 61 Soedjarwo Tjondronegoro 36 Soekarno 30, 34, 35, 48, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 72, 80, 90, 92 Soekarno-Hatta 34, 48 South PaciďŹ c Commission 55 Spanyol 15, 16, 38 status Papua bagian barat 71 suku Aborigin 12, 98, 99 suku Aborigin Australia 98 suku bangsa Melanesia 22, 32 suku Melayu 22 Suku Melayu 32 Sulawesi 18 Sultan Ternate 18 Sultan Tidore 18 Sumatera 6, 101 Sumatera Selatan 6 Sumatra 18 sungai Baliem 21

undangan Presiden SBY 30 Uni Soviet 61, 69 Universitas Gajah Mada 39 UNTEA 58 untuk membom Malaysia 35 Unus populus una anima 48

R

T Tanah Air 42, 43 tanah Papua xvi, 26, 27, 83, 98 Tanah Papua xvi, 13 Tandia 11

V VOC Belanda 17, 19 Volks Raad 55

W wakil masyarakat Papua 86, 92 Wamena 21 warga Belanda 21 Washington DC, 61 Washington 61, 62, 70 West Irian 3 West Papua 90 wilayah bekas koloni Inggris 92 wilayah Hindia Belanda 55, 58, 86, 88, 90, 94 wilayah Indonesia 11, 13, 84, 94, 101 wilayah New Guinea Timur 20 wilayah Papua 3, 21, 32, 80, 84, 94 wilayah Pulau 3 wilayah timur Indonesia 3 William Dampier 18 Wissel 21

Y Yakob 2 Yayasan Hervorm De Kerk 20 Ynigo Ortiz de Retes 16 Yogyakarta 13, 39 Yosef 2 Yunan 13

Z Zainal Abidin Syah 61 zaman atom 22, 34, 50 zaman batu 22, 34, 50, 94

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BIOGRAPHY

Nicolaas Jouwe was born in Jayapura, Papua, 24 November 1923, aged 89 years old a former leader of Papua Independence Organization (OPM).

He was the chosen Papuan leader

Nicolaas Jouwe

as vice-president of Nugini council which manage the Dutch colony, Dutch Nugini.

While the president from Nugini Council is a Dutch official, Frits Sollewijn Gelpke. Jouwe is a Papuan politican who obtained the highest position in the colony. After the colony was surrendered to UNTEA in October 1962 and six months later surrendered to Indonesia, Jouwe left Papua and went to the Netherlands, where he lived in Delft. He swore to not still occupied by Indonesians, but in 2010 he returned to Papua and became Indonesian citizen.

In October 2008, a documentary film showed in Dutch television about Jouwe’s life. In the documentary, he insisted his attitude to not return to West Papua occupied by Indonesia. However, in January 2009 he was invited by the Indonesian government to visit his home land. Jouwe responded positively, he visited Papua and Indonesia in March 2009. About his visit, a documentary film was made by the same director. In 2010, Nicolaas Jouwe returned to his him land and obtained Indonesian citizenship.

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Welcome back! Free Papua Organization co-founder Nicholas Jouwe is welcome by Papua Governor Barnabas Suebu upon his arrival Sunday at Sentani Airport in Jayapura 23 March 2009 118

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When I return I will first call upon my ancestors in my own native language to ask them for protection and then I will kiss the soil.

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