JOY FEELINGS MAGAZINE

JOY FEELINGS! New-year issue:2016

Meet America’s new first lady!

Melanie Trump

Yummy cake recipes, stay healthy, lose fat and stay beautiful get these machines in joy beauty and joy health sections this season!!

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EDITORS NOTE

It is end of the year and we are happy to say it has been an exciting journey till this end. We look forward to bringing our readers more entertainment and fun content to suite their needs. There is so much more content being posted on our website: www.joyfeelingsmagazine.wordpress.com.

Get to watch our new channels posted everyday with the best video channels from music to the best movies available.

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FINE LIVING: Yummy cake recipes to try out this holiday.

FASHION FEVER: 2017 fashion trends to look out for.

JOY HEALTH: Best real tips to stay in health with how to reduce body fat.

JOY BEAUTY: Beauty machines to try out; ENTERTAIMENT NEWS: Meet Melanie Trump.

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MOIST CAKE RECIPE

Ingredients   

2 cups all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon baking powder

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2 teaspoons baking soda 3/4 cup baking cocoa 2 cups sugar 1 cup canola oil 1 cup brewed coffee 1 cup milk 2 large eggs 1 teaspoon vanilla extract FAVORITE ICING: 1 cup milk 5 tablespoons all-purpose flour 1/2 cup butter, softened 1/2 cup shortening 1 cup sugar

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1 teaspoon vanilla extract

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Nutritional Facts 1 piece: 636 calories, 37g fat (10g saturated fat), 61mg cholesterol, 549mg sodium, 73g carbohydrate (51g sugars, 2g fiber), 6g protein.

Directions 1. Preheat oven to 325°. Sift together dry ingredients in a bowl. Add oil, coffee and milk; mix at medium speed 1 minute. Add eggs and vanilla; beat 2 minutes longer.

(Batter will be thin.)

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2. Pour into two greased and floured 9-in. round baking pans (or two 8-in. round baking pans and six muffin cups).

3. Bake 25-30 minutes. Cool 10 minutes before removing from pans. Cool on wire racks.

4. Meanwhile, for icing, combine milk and flour in a saucepan; cook until thick. Cover and refrigerate.

5. In a bowl, beat butter, shortening, sugar and vanilla until creamy. Add chilled milk mixture and beat 10 minutes. Frost cooled cake. Yield: 12 servings.

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PINEAPPL ORANGE CAKE

Ingredients      

1 package yellow cake mix (regular size) 1 can (11 ounces) mandarin oranges, undrained 4 large egg whites 1/2 cup unsweetened applesauce TOPPING: 1 can (20 ounces) crushed pineapple, undrained

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1 package (1 ounce) sugar-free instant vanilla pudding mix

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1 carton (8 ounces) reduced-fat whipped topping

Nutritional Facts 1 piece: 231 calories, 5g fat (3g saturated fat), 0 cholesterol, 310mg sodium, 43g carbohydrate (27g sugars, 1g fiber), 3g protein.

Directions 1. In a large bowl, beat the cake mix, oranges, egg whites and applesauce on low speed for 2 minutes. Pour into a 13x9-in. baking dish coated with cooking spray.

2. Bake at 350° for 25-30 minutes or until a toothpick inserted near the center comes out clean. Cool on a wire rack.

3. In a bowl, combine the pineapple and pudding mix.

Fold in whipped topping just until blended. Spread over cake. Refrigerate for at least 1 hour before serving. Yield: 15 servings.

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HOT MILK CAKE

TOTAL TIME: Prep: 20 min. Bake: 30 min. + cooling MAKES: 12-16 servings Ingredients     

4 eggs 2 cups sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 2-1/4 cups all-purpose flour 2-1/4 teaspoons baking powder

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1-1/4 cups 2% milk

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10 tablespoons butter, cubed

Nutritional Facts 1 piece: 254 calories, 9g fat (5g saturated fat), 75mg cholesterol, 154mg sodium, 39g carbohydrate (26g sugars, 0 fiber), 4g protein.

Directions 1. In a large bowl, beat eggs on high speed for 5 minutes or until thick and lemon-colored. Gradually add sugar, beating until mixture is light and fluffy. Beat in vanilla.

Combine flour and baking powder; gradually add to batter; beat at low speed until smooth.

2. In a small saucepan, heat milk and butter just until butter is melted. Gradually add to batter; beat just until combined.

3. Pour into a greased 13-in. x 9-in. baking pan. Bake at 350° for 30-35 minutes or until a toothpick inserted near the center comes out clean. Cool on a wire rack. Yield: 12-16 servings.

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SANDY’S CHOCOLATE CAKE

TOTAL TIME: Prep: 30 min. Bake: 30 min. + cooling MAKES: 16 servings Ingredients     

1 cup butter, softened 3 cups packed brown sugar 4 large eggs 2 teaspoons vanilla extract 2-2/3 cups all-purpose flour

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3/4 cup baking cocoa 3 teaspoons baking soda 1/2 teaspoon salt 1-1/3 cups sour cream 1-1/3 cups boiling water FROSTING: 1/2 cup butter, cubed 3 ounces unsweetened chocolate, chopped 3 ounces semisweet chocolate, chopped 5 cups confectioners' sugar 1 cup (8 ounces) sour cream

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2 teaspoons vanilla extract

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Nutritional Facts 1 slice: 685 calories, 29g fat (18g saturated fat), 115mg cholesterol, 505mg sodium, 102g carbohydrate (81g sugars, 3g fiber), 7g protein.

Directions 1. Preheat oven to 350°. Grease and flour three 9-in. round baking pans.

2. In a large bowl, cream butter and brown sugar until light and fluffy. Add eggs, one at a time, beating well after each addition. Beat in vanilla. In another bowl, whisk flour, cocoa, baking soda and salt; add to

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creamed mixture alternately with sour cream, beating well after each addition. Stir in water until blended.

3. Transfer to prepared pans. Bake 30-35 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool in pans 10 minutes before removing to wire racks to cool completely.

4. For frosting, in a metal bowl over simmering water, melt butter and chocolates; stir until smooth. Cool slightly.

5. In a large bowl, combine confectioners' sugar, sour cream and vanilla. Add chocolate mixture; beat until smooth. Spread frosting between layers and over top and sides of cake. Refrigerate leftovers. Yield: 16 servings.

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LET FASHION FEVER TAKE YOU ON THIS SEASON. Here are the world predictions of what is bound to be hot to wear in 2017 from the New York fashion week.

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THIS SECTION SHOULD INSPIRE YOU TO BE HEALTHIER. IN THIS EDITION, FIND OUT THE WAYS IN WHICH TO BURN ALL THAT FAT IN YOUR BODY.

If you’re looking for inspiration to get back in shape (or in shape, period), we’ve got exactly what you need.

Here we rounded up how to lose body fat—not just water weight—with 50 healthy tips.

MORE: How I Broke My Liters-a-Day Diet Coke Addiction 1. If you not seeing results from your cardio regimen, switch to interval training. Sprint for 30 seconds, and then recover by walking or jogging for a following 30 seconds and repeat for the duration of your workout.

Or, follow this guide.

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2. Follow the 80/20 rule and eat clean 80% of the time, while allowing a bit of indulgence for the remaining 20%.

By clean, we mean whole foods with no processed flour, sugar, or additives.

3. Keep a food journal to monitor absent-minded eating.

A 2008 study found that tracking your eating habits can actually double your weight loss! Rather than pulling out a pen and paper, try free apps like Spark People Diet and Food Tracker or Lose It so you can update your entries on the go.

4. Blend fiber-rich greens like spinach or kale, avocado, and berries for a delicious and healthy breakfast smoothie to keep you feeling fuller longer.

5. Limit your carb intake by choosing protein and vegetables over bread, rice, pasta, and other grains. Evidence suggests that cutting down starchy foods and carbs can help you lose weight quickly, and can also reduce your risk of heart disease.

6. Take the stairs whenever possible instead of using an elevator. You’ve heard it before, but simple changes like this are a great way to get incidental exercise, and burn calories without planning a workout.

7. Pack your own healthy lunch and snacks to avoid unhealthy takeaway temptation. Sure, sometimes it’s hard enough to find time to eat lunch, let alone pre-prepare it, 29 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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but that’s why we came up with 13 healthy lunch ideas that are realistic for busy people.

8. Serve meals on smaller, salad-sized plates or small bowls to help control your portion size.

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9. Drink a glass of water before each meal to feel fuller and to avoid overeating. While water doesn’t have a magical fat-burning property, nutrition experts say keeping hydrated can stop overeating, as many people confuse thirst with hunger.

10. Slice crunchy vegetables and fruit into large chunks– this will force you to spend longer chewing, slow down your eating, and allow your brain to recognize when your body is full.

11. Keep snacks to around 100 calories to avoid over eating. We enlisted fitness guru and celebrity trainer David Kirsch to offer up 10 ridiculously easy-tograb healthy snacks that clock in at 100 calories or less.

12. Eat an apple, because it will help curb your appetite and keep your feeling full for up to two hours. The soluble fiber found in apples (pectin) actually reduces the amount of sugar and calories you absorb after a meal, making apples one of the best snacks for dieters.

Pectin also stops blood sugar from spiking, which helps to avoid that “crash” that can often leave you desperately craving sugary food.

13. Swap pasta for shredded zucchini, squash, carrot to decrease the starchy food in your diet.

14. Brush your teeth every time you finish a meal to discourage snacking. Nothing tastes good mixed with toothpaste.

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MORE: What’s Orthorexia? The Eating Disorder You Should Know 15. Get enough protein, like grilled chicken, nuts, and fish. Several studies, including a recent one published in the Journal of the American Medical Association show that missing out on high protein foods can cause overeating and lead to weight gain. Plus, if you’re exercising to lose weight (which you should be!), protein is important for your muscles to repair after a big workout.

16. When you eat out, ask the waiter not to bring any bread to your table. One large bread roll with butter could be up to 100 calories, which you probably don’t need to be eating in addition to a full meal.

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17. When you’re thirsty, sip water with lemon or iced greed tea rather than sugary soda drinks or milky coffee concoctions.

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piling on the pounds, so remember to eat within an hour of waking up to kick-start your metabolism.

19. Get a standing desk. Even a couple of hours spent standing rather than sitting can boost your metabolism.

20. Eat spicy foods, like hot peppers, which increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation by increasing the metabolism.

21. Snack on calorie negative foods, like celery, which actually require more energy to digest than they contain.

22. Grapefruit is a great metabolism booster and an amazing source of vitamin C and vitamin A, both of which have been proven to help clear up your complexion and reduce the dark circles around tired eyes. Eat up!

23. Ditch empty liquid calories like those found in milky lattes, sugary fruit drinks, and sodas that don’t fill you up.

24. Eat a breakfast that’s between 300 to 400 calories and full or protein to keep you feeling full (and not reaching for snacks) all morning. Stuck for ideas? Try making a frittata using only egg whites, or follow one of these recipe ideas.

25. Try a high intensity workout that uses your own body weight as resistance.

26. If you’re not eating protein with just about every meal, you’re missing out on a golden opportunity to lose fat. An article published in the American Journal of 34 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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Clinical Nutrition during 2006 argued that the current recommended daily intake for protein, 0.36 grams per pound of body weight, is way less than any woman undergoing strength training actually needs.

Instead, they suggest active women get between 0.54 and one gram per pound of body weight. If you want to lose weight, Women’s Health suggests using your goal weight rather than your current weight as a guide when calculating the required protein intake.

27. Replace regular potatoes with sweet potatoes to swap starch and carbs for vitamins and nutrients. Here are a bunch of tasty recipes that use sweet potatoes perfectly.

28. Remember that fiber is incredibly important for weight loss and nutrient absorption, so make sure you’re getting 30 to 50 grams of the good stuff every single day.

29.Blueberries have been shown to help get rid of belly fat, so much away on the tasty fruit at snack times or breakfast.

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30. Make sure you’re getting enough sleep, because nothing induces over eating and skipped workouts than feeling tired!

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31. Use a free fitness app like My Fitness Pal to check how healthy your meal choices are, and to track your food intake verses the amount of exercise you’re doing.

32. Set healthy and realistic weight loss goals and write them down on paper. The relationship between goal setting, committing said objectives to paper, and achieving success has been well documented.

33. Bookmark online cardio workout videos you can do at home for those nights or mornings when it’s too cold, hot, or rainy for a run outdoors.

34. Plan workouts with a friend who will hold you accountable to your exercise commitments.

35. Add garlic to your meals: Apart from being damn delicious, it’s a fat-burning, metabolism-boosting food that helps balance blood sugar levels, which in turn reduces energy highs and slumps that are associated with over-eating.

36. Too busy to commit to a gym class? Buy an eBook program, like Kayla Itsines’ 12 week program that you can follow at home at burn fat in your living room.

37. Try sipping on sugar water or extra-light olive oil– seriously! The Shangri-La Diet was pioneered by Seth Roberts, PhD, a professor of psychology, and claims you can lose weight by drinking one to three tablespoons of sugar water and/or one to two tablespoons of extra-light (not virgin) olive oil twice daily in between your normal 37 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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meals. Apparently this diet suppresses your appetite while lowering your body’s “set point” (the weight at which it naturally wants to settle).

38. Laugh! “It burns up to 50 calories if you laugh for 10 to 15 minutes per day,” Adelino Da Costa, owner of Punch Fitness Center in New York City told NBC News.

39. Where possible–and affordable–you should opt for organic food. Canadian researchers report that dieters who have the most organochlorines (a pollutant found in pesticides that is stored in your fat cells) find it harder to lose pounds.

These dieters experience an abnormally large dip in metabolism when they lose weight, which could mean that the pesticides are actually interfering with the energyburning process.

40. When you’re too swamped to exercise properly, at least take a short 10 minute walk, or get up for regular intervals to walk around your office.

One study looked at people who sit for hours on end, and found that those who took regular breaks to stand up, stretch, of stroll down corridors, had smaller waists than those who continued to sit all day.

41. Stop eating processed junk food–it may sound obvious, but too many people crush their weight loss progression by snacking on sugary and salty snacks.

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42. Stop eating lunch at your desk, and instead be more mindful about your meals by sitting at a table and avoiding distractions. You’d be surprised at just how effective mindful eating isat reducing overeating and lowering your BMI. By simply thinking about what you’re eating, as you’re eating it, you’re more tuned to your body’s “I’m full” cues and can start to think rationally about any desires to eat out of boredom.

43. Drinking coffee can help you to lose weight, but be sure to watch the milk and sugar additions. Caffeine has been shown to increase the rate at which you burn calories, upping your metabolism dramatically in the hours after you drain your morning mug.

44. Try “superset” workouts.

45. Complete your simple household chores, like vacuuming, dusting, and making your bed, to burn calories without even realizing it.

46. Instead of sitting down to take a phone call, walk and talk so that you can burn calories while mindlessly pacing a room or strolling the streets.

47. Drink green tea to boost your metabolism. Simply sipping away on a few cups each day can help you burn fat faster and lose weight, and there are numerous clinical studies to prove it.

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48. Rid your kitchen and office space of junk food–if it’s not there, you can’t eat it!

49. Sit up straight at work and while watching TV, forcing your body to use muscles and exert energy to support itself.

50. If you don’t want to completely cut out alcohol, switch from sugary cocktails packed with empty calories to healthier alcoholic drinks, like vodka and club soda with a dash of fresh lime, or a glass of Brut Champagne.

Wine isn’t nearly as bad as a hot-pink cocktail, but one glass will add about 130 calories, while a single shot of vodka with seltzer is only about 65 calories.

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10 HIGH-TECH BEAUTY PRODUCTS WORTH EVERY PENNY

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Some treatments don't live up to their lofty promises, but others really do deliver beautiful skin, shiny hair, or thicker lashes. These 10 pricey beauty products and treatments are worth every penny!

Fight Wrinkles at Home There are many at-home LED light therapy devices now available, but one of the most powerful and effective is the Quasar MD. This handheld at-home device uses wavelengths of natural red and infrared light energy similar in strength to machines used by medical professionals.

The light energy boosts blood flow for an instant glow, and also stimulates collagen production to help smooth wrinkles. You can use it for less than 15 minutes a treatment just two times a week to see results. $795; babyquasar.com.

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Tighten Skin Sans Surgery

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To firm sagging skin and erase age spots, laser rejuvenation can take years off your face without having to undergo surgery or injections. Yael Halaas M.D.; a board-certified facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon in New York City, recommends the Affirm Laser because it uses MultiPlex technology that targets deep skin layers to help boost collagen production for firming, as well as pulsed light technology for dermal layers closer to skin’s surface to diminish redness and uneven pigmentation.

Treatments start at $500; drhalaas.com.

Get Fuller Lashes without Mascara If you want your lashes to be thicker and longer but don’t want to apply mascara every day, LashDip is an ideal solution. The cutting-edge 43 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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treatment is like a creamier version of a lash tint that darkens and plumps lashes while lasting for about a month. Makeup artist and eyelash specialist Christian Zamora at the Courtney Akai Lash Boutique in New York City specializes in customizing the look by combining LashDip’s lash semi-permanent tinting with a few individual eyelash extensions to really make eyes pop.

LashDip is $250 for the initial application along with a complimentary two-week touch up; CourtneyAkai.com.

DIY Facial Healthy Skin

Device

for

Cleansing your face is essential to remove dirt, makeup, and oil that can clog pores and lead to breakouts. The Clarisonic Classic Sonic Skin Cleansing System takes cleansing even deeper with a soft mechanical brush that gently moves back and forth 300 times a second to eliminate debris much more efficiently than face wash alone. It’s also like a mini-massage because it stimulates circulation.

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types. $195; available at Sephora, Nordstrom, Saks Fifth Avenue, and clarisonic.com.

Anti-Aging in a Bottle Perricone MD's High Potency Evening Repair cream helps minimize fine lines and pores with a number of advanced ingredients. It uses DMAE, an organic compound that stimulates nerves and muscles for firmer skin and alpha lipoic acid, a powerful antioxidant to combat freeradicals that take their toll on your skin. The formula also has the highest amount of retinol available in over-the-counter cosmetics to help exfoliate dull skin cells for a more radiant complexion. $95 for 2 fl oz; perriconemd.com.

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Heat-Activated Proteins for Frizz-Free Hair

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If you want to slash styling time, boost shine, and eliminate frizz, try a Perfection Smooth Out by L’Oreal. This treatment uses a dryer to infuse the product’s heat-activated amino acid complex into hair’s shaft and follows with a flat iron to coat cuticles for healthier, shinier hair. Unlike Japanese straightening or Brazilian blowouts, which use harsh chemicals such as formaldehyde, the Perfection Smooth Out is more of a conditioning treatment than a straightener, so it won’t leave hair pin-straight and washes out gradually over three months.

Stylist Elena Evangelisga says treatments typically start at $350; PierreMichelBeauty.co m.

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Based on science and years of research, DNA Total Repair is a facial serum from NEOVA that uses marine enzymes to help repair DNA damage from past sun exposure while using the power of antioxidants to help prevent future damage. $99 for 1.7 fl oz; nextderm.com.

Age-Proof Your Eyes Our skin loses moisturizing hyaluronic acid as we age, which contributes to wrinkles—especially in the area around your eyes where the thin skin shows the first signs of aging helps hyaluronic acid penetrate skin in this delicate area more deeply than typical eye creams because it uses a gentle micro-current delivered through patches you apply near the area. $179 for the Deluxe Kit’s 60-day

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Healing Hair Therapy

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Philip Kingsley is called the "hair doctor" for a reason: As the man who coined the term "bad hair day," he has worked with Hollywood legends such as Audrey Hepburn. Today, he helps keep the manes of starlets such as Kate Winslet and Renee Zellweger camera ready. He can help your hair, too, if you opt to splurge on a clinical consultation at a Philip Kingsley Clinic.

Consultations with a trichologist (a.k.a. "hair scientist") last about an hour and start with you filling out a questionnaire on everything from general health to family history to lifestyle habits. Kingsley will then examine your scalp under a light with a magnifying glass, and prescribe a specific treatment, such as a scalp mask or his signature Elasticizer (deep conditioner) to add sheen. $275; Fuzz-Free Legs with Lasers Laser hair removal frees you from shaving to simplify your beauty regime. It works because the laser uses heat to target dark hair and destroy the follicles without harming your skin.

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makes it easiest for the laser to detect. However, not all lasers are created equal. Dr. Halaas recommends going to a professional who uses the Elite laser, which is most effective for all skin types because it combines different wavelengths. Four to six treatments permanently kills hair follicles. Sessions cost about $600 for full-legs (you get cheaper rates with package deals); drhalaas.com. Another option to treat smaller areas, such as your underarms, or to do touchups if you’ve already had professional laser hair removal, is to try an at-home device such as the TRIA Hair Removal Laser. This model recently got an upgrade: It now has built-in skin sensors and covers more body area per charge so treatments take less time.

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THE DANGERS OF RELAXING HAIR

Overview Relaxers change the appearance of hair by altering its chemical makeup. During the relaxing process, the chemical bonds of the hair are broken then reformed into a straight, relaxed pattern. The chemicals used in the process -- sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide or 51 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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guanidine hydroxide -- are generally safe if used properly.

Misuse by an untrained person or an uncaring professional, however, can lead to severe consequences, including chemical burns, hair damage, breakage and hair loss.

Scalp Irritation Perhaps the most common side effect of hair relaxers, mild scalp irritation presents as redness, itchiness and a slight burning sensation at the application site. Some irritation during application is normal. However, symptoms should disappear immediately after the chemicals are rinsed away. Irritation that lasts for a few days after the process may indicate the need for a milder formula or a shorter processing time.

Chemical Burns Chemical burns occur when the chemicals used to break down the hair structure are allowed to remain on the skin long enough for the skin to start to break down and dissolve. Severe chemical burns are not only painful but also can result in secondary infections, permanent hair loss, severe scarring and emotional distress. Chemical burns range in severity from first degree to third degree, with the most extreme burns requiring skin grafts.

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Hair Damage Damage occurs when relaxing treatments are performed repeatedly without sufficient time between treatments.

Damage can also occur if the formula is too harsh or if too much time is allowed for processing. Damaged hair may appear dry, frizzy and dull. Chemical damage also makes hair more susceptible to further damage from the environment, sun, thermal styling tools and styling products.

Breakage and Hair Loss Once hair becomes overly damaged, it breaks and falls out. If you suffer breakage, postpone all chemical processes until your hair is healthy again. The most common sign of breakage is an overall thinning of the hair. However, some people experience a receding hairline as a result of extreme breakage at the front of the hairline. Although rare, some people even experience heavy, localized loss, resulting in bald spots.

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More than 10,000 ingredients are allowed for use in personal care products -- and the average woman wears 515 of them every day, according to a 2009 British study that looked at the routines of over 2,000 women. Very little is known about the health effects of these chemicals.

More than 90% have never been tested for their effects on human health, and complete toxicity data are available for only 7% of them. Even though government agencies are aware of the health hazards of some ingredients, such as hydroquinone or phthalates, they are still allowed in personal care products.

We are providing information on some of the most common hazardous ingredients, so that you can check your cosmetic labels and see if they are there. Hazardous ingredients are usually present in conventional products, but they may also be found in some “alternative� products which try to be more health conscious. Note though that some chemicals about which there are serious concerns. such as fragrance ingredients or contaminants found in certain chemicals, will not show up on labels so reading labels won’t tell you everything you need to know. The information below should be helpful.

In preparing this guide, we screened products and chose those which had the least amount of these hazardous chemicals, or none at all, for our Best and Good sections.

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Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) and Beta Hydroxy Acids - Alpha hydroxy acids and beta hydroxy acids are acid "skin peels" marketed as a way to remove wrinkles, blemishes, blotches and acne scars. With their use, "the skin reddens like a sunburn, then darkens and peels away supposedly leaving 'new' skin", according to the US Food and Drug Administration. Beta hydroxy acid is preferred for oily skin. These skin peels enjoy widespread popularity. The Environmental Working Group found they were added to one out of every 17 personal care products on the US market. They can be found in skin care products ranging from moisturizers and cleansers to eye creams and sunscreen. The FDA estimates that they injure 1,000 Americans every year by burning the skin.

The FDA is also concerned that they contribute to UV skin damage and may raise the risk of skin cancer. In Canada, the Health Canada Cosmetic Hotlist allows concentrations of less than 10% in personal care products, but higher concentrations are allowed for professional use. Health Canada also requires cautionary warnings on leave-on products containing AHA when the concentrations are above 3%.

Aluminum - Aluminum compounds are the active ingredients in antiperspirants. By temporarily plugging the sweat ducts, they stop sweat coming to the skin's surface. A 2005 British study, published in the Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, found that aluminum-based 55 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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compounds may be absorbed by the skin and cause estrogen-like effects. Because estrogen has the ability to promote breast cancer cells, some scientists have suggested that the aluminum-based compounds in antiperspirants may contribute to the development of breast cancer. A 2003 study in the European Journal of Cancer found that women who used antiperspirants or deodorants and who shaved their underarms at an earlier age were at greater risk for breast cancer than women who started later.

Benzyl Alcohol and Isopropyl Alcohol - Both benzyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol irritate the skin. They are used as fragrance ingredients and as preservatives, solvents and anti-foaming agents for hand sanitizers, sunscreens,lotions and baby wipes. There is also evidence that these two alcohols are neurotoxic. Children younger than 3 years old are particularly at risk for toxic effects if they are exposed to benzyl alcohol.

Boric Acid and Sodium Borate - Boric acid and sodium borate are preservatives in personal care products and baby products, which are easily absorbed into the skin.

Although they are considered by the cosmetic industry to be unsafe for infants or for damaged skin, they are an ingredient in many diaper rash creams and moisturizers.

Bronopol (2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-2,3-Diol) Bronopol, a preservative, is a lung, immune system and 56 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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skin toxicant, and has been shown to disrupt the endocrine system in animal studies. Yet, it is used in baby wipes, conditioners, liquid soaps and body washes. Bronopol can break down into formaldehyde, a known carcinogen, and into nitrosamines, which are suspected carcinogens.

Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) and Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) - Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) are closely related preservatives and antioxidants. They slow down the rate at which product ingredients change colour. They are present in lipsticks, eyeshadows and many other types of cosmetics. Both BHA and BHT are skin allergens.

BHA is "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" by the US National Toxicology Program. It is also used in fragrances, although this use is not allowed in the European Union because it can cause skin depigmentation. For BHT, there is some evidence that it promotes tumours and can disrupt the hormonal system.

Ceteareth - See Polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Coal Tar Dyes - Used extensively in personal care products, coal tar colours are often identified on ingredient lists as FD&C, D&C or C.I. followed by the colour name or number. As their name suggests, they are made from coal tar, a petroleum product. Many people experience allergic reactions like skin irritation and contact dermatitis. Some evidence suggests that certain 57 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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coal tar colours cause cancer -- D&C Blue 1, D&C Green 3, D&C Red 4, and D&C Yellow 5. Coal tar itself is a recognized human carcinogen and is banned from use in cosmetics. However, each coal tar dye has different properties and different potential health concerns. On US products, coal tar dyes are listed as FD&C or D&C, followed by a colour and a number (F indicates that the colour is also approved for food use). In Canada, they may be identified as C.I. (Colour Index) followed by a 5 digit number or as p-phenylenediamine. (Natural and inorganic pigments are numbered in the 75000 and 77000 series respectively.) In Canada, coal tar colours are permitted in hair dyes only if the labels carry warnings about skin irritation and possible blindness if the product is used for dying eyelashes or eyebrows. Health Canada does not allow many of these colours to be in products sold for use in the area of the eye, but there are no restrictions on their use in other products.

1,4-Dioxane - Because it is classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a probable carcinogen, 1,4-dioxane is a particular concern in children's and baby products. It is a contaminant in shampoos, body wash, children's bath products and other sudsing cosmetics. Because 1,4-dioxane is a contaminant and not an ingredient, it doesn't appear on ingredient labels. Product tests done in 2009 for the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics found 1,4-dioxane in in baby shampoos 58 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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and in many bath products marketed for young children.

1,4-dioxane can form during a manufacturing process called ethoxylation. Ethoxylation uses ethylene oxide (a mammary carcinogen in animals) to make other chemicals less abrasive. For example, ethylene oxide converts the harsh sodium laurel sulphate to the milder sodium laureth sulphate (the "eth" in laureth shows ethoxylation), which can result in 1,4-dioxane contamination. In addition to sodium laurel sulphate, ethoxylation is used for many different chemicals used in cosmetics.

DMDM Hydantoin, Diazolidinyl Urea and Imidazolidinyl Urea - DMDM hydantoin, diazolidinyl urea and imidazolidinyl urea are commonly used preservatives that can release formaldehyde.

Formaldehyde is a sensitizer and a proven carcinogen.

Exposure to formaldehyde may cause joint pain, depression, headaches, chest pains, ear infections, chronic fatigue, dizziness and loss of sleep. It is estimated that 20 per cent of people exposed to DMDM hydantoin will experience an allergic reaction. Imidazolidinyl urea may cause contact dermatitis in some individuals.

FD&C Colours - See Coal Tar Colours.

Formaldehyde - Formaldehyde is a known sensitizer and a known carcinogen. Exposure to formaldehyde may cause joint pain, depression, headaches, chest pains, ear 59 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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infections, chronic fatigue, dizziness, and loss of sleep.

Formaldehyde may be used in personal care products as a disinfectant, germicide, fungicide and preservative. It can be found in soaps, shampoos, hair preparations, deodorants, lotions, shaving cream and mouthwash. it is also used in nail products, specifically as a nail hardening agent, and is one of the "toxic trio" targetted for elimination from nail polish and removers by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics. It has also been found in high concentrations in certain hair straightening products.

Formaldehyde may also be released when the preservatives, DMDM hydantoin, diazolidinyl urea and imidiazolidinyl urea are present in products, as discussed above.

Fragrance - Synthetic fragrance is the most common ingredient found on the label of personal care products.

The generic terms, "fragrance" or "parfum", can indicate the presence of up to 3,000 separate ingredients. Most or all of them are synthetic. Fragrance is a sensitizer and a known trigger of asthma. Symptoms reported to the FDA have included headaches, dizziness, rashes, skin discoloration, violent coughing and vomiting, and allergic skin irritation. A test of fragrance products by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, "Not So Sexy", found that perfumes contained an average of 10 known sensitizing chemicals, which can trigger allergic reactions such as asthma, wheezing, headaches, and contact dermatitis. In 60 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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addition, clinical observations by medical doctors have shown that exposure to fragrances can affect the central nervous system, causing depression, hyperactivity, irritability, inability to cope, and other behavioral changes." (Home Safe Home, Debra Lynn Dadd). Many of the compounds in fragrance are also suspected or proven carcinogens. In 1989 the US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health evaluated 2,983 fragrance chemicals for health effects. They identified 884 of them as toxic substances. In a 1991 study, the US Environmental Protection Agency found that 100% of the perfumes they tested contained toluene, which can cause liver, kidney and brain damage as well as damage to a developing fetus. Certain fragrance ingredients, such as phthalates, have been found to have hormone disrupting properties. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), a solvent used in fragrances, has been linked to adverse reproductive effects, including DNA damage to human sperm. Many of the fragrance ingredients that have harmful effects are not listed on ingredient labels. In the European Union, labels are required to identify 24 well-known allergenic substances that are used to create fragrances. For more information on hazardous fragrance ingredients, see also phthalates and musks.

Hydroquinone - Hydroquinone is found in many skin lightening products, and is considered to be one of the most toxic ingredients allowed in cosmetics. It can also be 61 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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present as an impurity in ingredients such as tocopherol acetate, used in facial and skin cleansers and hair conditioners. Hydroquinone works by reducing melanin in the skin, and therefore increases exposure to UVA and UVB rays of the sun. Hydroquinone is classified as a cancer causing agent by Health Canada. It has been linked to kidney damage, and can cause a skin condition called ochronosis in which the skin becomes dark and thick. It was assessed under Canada's Chemicals Management Plan as a chemical of high concern. As a result, it has been added to Health Canada's Cosmetic Hotlist and is restricted to use in hair dye and nail products. Warnings on hair dye products should tell users not to dye eyelashes or eyebrows, and users of nail products should be warned to avoid skin contact.

Iodoproponyl Butylcarbamate Iodoproponyl Butylcarbamate is a preservative found in baby wipes, moisturizers, sunscreens and shampoos, as well as other cosmetic products. It is a pesticide that is registered for use as a fungicide and as a wood preservative. It can cause skin allergies, and may have toxic properties that have not been assessed. It is very toxic when inhaled and should be avoided in aerosol products.

Lead - Lead is a known carcinogen and neurotoxin that can lead to learning and behaviour problems. It has also been linked to reduced fertility. It is readily absorbed 62 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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through the skin, and accumulates in the bones. Large accumulations can result in leg cramps, muscle weakness, numbness and depression. Lead can be a contaminant in many different kinds of products including sunscreens, foundation, nail colours, whitening toothpaste, and lipstick. A 2008 study by Health Canada found lead in 21 of 26 lipsticks tested. Although lead is prohibited from use in lipsticks, it can be found in colour additives or as impurities in ingredients. It is an ingredient in Grecian Formula 16 and other dark hair dyes for men available in the US, but it is banned from the formulas used in Canada and Europe.

Mercury - See Thimerosol.

Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone Methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone are preservatives used in many cosmetics and personal care products. They are most often found in hair products -- shampoos, conditioners and dyes -- but they are also used in body washes and cleansers. They have been shown in animal studies to be toxic to the immune system and possibly to the developing nervous system. Health Canada's Hotlist allows them to be used together in very limited concentrations for rinse-off products and in even smaller concentrations for leave-on products.

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Musks - Galaxolide, Tonalide, musk xylene and musk ketone are musks, which are popular replacements for natural ingredients once used as fragrances in cosmetics.

Different musks have different hazardous properties.

Although data on their toxicity are scarce, some musks appear to have effects on reproduction. A 2009 study of Austrian students detected 11 different musks in their blood. Galaxolide was found in 83% of the students. The highest levels were found in students who used the most lotion and perfume. Canada has restricted the use of two little used musks -- musk ambrette and musk tibetene -- in cosmetics, but has no restrictions on the more commonly used musks. The European Union has identified musk xylene as a substance of very high concern.

Nanoparticles - Nanoparticles are particles from known chemicals that are manipulated to extremely small dimensions in order to attain certain properties. Widely used in personal care products, particularly sunscreens, the original chemical will be listed on ingredient lists of Canadian cosmetics but there is no requirement to indicate whether it is present in nano form. Nanoparticles are untested for their effects on human health. Their small size means that they can enter the body more easily and have greater access to vulnerable organs and tissues.

Animal studies suggest that some nanomaterials in the body cause inflammation, damage brain cells and cause pre-cancerous lesions. The European Union has ruled that 64 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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companies must indicate when a chemical is used in nano form by adding "nano" in brackets after the chemical's name on the ingredient list.

Nitrosamines - See DEA, TEA and MEA. Nonylphenol - This estrogen-mimicking chemical is a surfactant used for its detergent properties. It can be found in some plastics, as well as shaving creams, shampoos and hair colours. It can be created when certain chemicals commonly found in personal care products break down.

Nonylphenols can be a component in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a compound often found in acrylic nails. They are persistent in the environment and of such concern that many European countries are phasing them out. Some manufacturers have voluntarily discontinued their use.

Oxybenzone Oxybenzone, also known as benzophenone-3, 4-MBC and homosalate, is a sunscreen agent and UV light absorber. It is the active ingredient in most sunscreens. The higher the SPF of the sunscreen, the higher the concentration of oxybenzone is likely to be. It is also common in sunscreen moisturizers, facial moisturizers, sunscreen lip balms, skin care lotions, lipstick and hairspray. It is associated with photoallergic reactions in the sun, and is very easily absorbed through the skin. Oxybenzone also assists other ingredients to penetrate the skin. There is scientific evidence suggesting that oxybenzone is a hormone disruptor and may be toxic 65 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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to the nervous system. A 2008 study from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine found that oxybenzone exposure to pregnant women was associated with low birth weight baby girls. According to the Centers for Disease Control, it is detectable in 97% of people tested in the US. Parabens - Parabens are preservatives with antibacterial properties. They are widely used in all kinds of personal care products, and particularly deodorants. Paraben on the ingredient list is usually preceded by the prefixes methyl-, ethyl-, butyl-, or propyl-. Parabens mimic estrogen, a hormone that is associated with breast cancer. Parabens can cause allergic reactions or contact dermatitis in some people. Parabens are absorbed through the skin and have been found in biopsied tissue from breast cancer tumours.

Safer alternatives to parabens exist, and many products are now marketed as "paraben-free".

PEG - See Polyethylene Glycol.

Phenylenediamine - Used in permanent hair dyes, phenylenediamine or PPD is a coal tar dye of particular concern. It is found in most hair dyes, even products marketed as "natural" or "herbal", and is present in high concentrations in the darkest formulations. It may even be found in hair dyes advertized as "black henna". Some tattoo artists use it to darken henna tattoos. PPD is a carcinogen, and it can also cause severe skin irritation and 66 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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react with other chemicals to cause photosensitivity.

Health Canada requires warnings about skin irritation and blindness if PPD is present in products used for dying eyelashes or eyebrows.

Phthalates - Everyone in the general population is exposed to phthalates from one source or another. They are found in many products from soft plastics and air fresheners to shampoos and nail polish. Tests done by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics found phthalates in 3/4 of the 72 products they tested, including deodorants, fragrances, hair gels, mousses, hairsprays and hand and body lotions. Phthalates are used to enhance fragrances to make them last longer and to denature alcohol. Research has shown that phthalates disrupt the hormonal system and interfere with reproduction. A 2008 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives showed that pregnant women exposed to high phthalate levels were more likely to give birth to baby boys with a shortened distance between the anus and the genitals. This study showed that the effects of phthalates on humans were similar to the effects seen in animal studies. The shortened ano-genital distance is associated with genital problems and feminization. An earlier 2002 study in the same journal found that one common type of phthalate, diethyl phthalate (DEP) is damaging to the DNA of sperm in adult men at current levels of exposure. DNA damage to sperm can lead to infertility. DEP is a popular 67 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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fragrance ingredient and the phthalate that is found in the highest levels in humans. Although some manufacturers have reduced their use of phthalates over the last 8 years, recent product tests found that many fragrances still contain high levels of DEP. Another phthalate, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), has been a favourite ingredient in nail polishes, and US women of child-bearing age have been found to have high levels of DBP. As well, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), used to make nail polishes and lipsticks glossy, has been linked in animal studies to an increased risk of breast cancer. For several years, the European Union has banned DBP, BBP and DEHP (di(2ethylhexyl)phthalate) from use in cosmetics, but in Canada and the US there are no restrictions on any phthalates in cosmetics. In addition, phthalates are difficult to avoid. Except for nail polish, phthalates are not generally listed as ingredients on labels because Canada's Cosmetic Regulations allow them to be included under the heading of "fragrance".

Polyethylene Glycol - Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Ceteareth, both petrochemical compounds, are found in many personal care products, such as body washes, liquid soap, baby wipes, sunscreens and shampoo. They are used as thickeners, softeners, moisture-carriers and penetration enhancers. Both PEG and ceteareth may be contaminated with 1,4-dioxane, a probable carcinogen, and ethylene dioxide, a known human carcinogen. 1,4-dioxane readily 68 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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penetrates the skin, and is considered unsafe for injured or damaged skin. While 1,4-dioxane can be removed from products easily and economically by vacuum stripping during the manufacturing process, there is no way to determine which products have undergone this process.

Labels are not required to show this information.

Polysorbate 60 and Polysorbate 80 - Polysorbate 60 and polysorbate 80 are used as emulsifying agents and fragrance ingredients in many different types of personal care products. These chemicals may be contaminated with 1,4-dioxane, a probable carcinogen, which readily penetrates the skin. While 1,4-dioxane can be removed from products easily and economically by vacuum stripping during the manufacturing process, there is no way to determine which products have undergone this process. Labels are not required to show this information.

Ethylene oxide, a known carcinogen, may also be a contaminant of these ingredients.

Propylene Glycol - Propylene glycol is used in many skin products, including moisturizers, facial cleansers, foundations, and anti-aging products, as well as mascara and hair colour products. It is widely used as a moisturecarrying ingredient in place of glycerine because it is cheaper and more readily absorbed through the skin. It is related to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and is known to cause contact dermatitis even at very low concentrations.

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It is recognized as a neurotoxin by the US National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, and it may cause kidney damage. The Material Safety Data Sheet for propylene glycol warns workers handling this chemical to avoid skin contact.

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats) - Listed on labels as benzalkonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide and quaternium-15, these compounds are caustic and can irritate the eyes. Quaternium-15 is a formaldehyde releaser and the number one cause of preservative-related contact dermatitis. For about 5% of people, quats are an extreme sensitizer and can cause a variety of asthma-like symptoms, including respiratory arrest. When they are used with hot running water, steam increases the inhalation of vapours. These compounds are used in a wide range of products as preservatives, surfactants and germicides. They make hair and skin feel softer immediately after use but long-term use will cause dryness.

Selenium Sulfide- Selenium sulfide is an anti-dandruff and hair conditioning agent found in shampoos, conditioners and dandruff treatments. It is believed to be a neurotoxin and it is classified as a possible human carcinogen by both Environment Canada and the US National Toxicology Program.

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Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Laureth Sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate is a known skin and eye irritant and enhances allergic response to other toxins and allergens. It is used as a lathering agent and detergent, and is present in hundreds of commercial shampoos, body washes, and bubble baths, as well as skin creams and some brands of toothpaste. When sodium laurel sulfate is combined with ethylene oxide (ethoxylized) to create the milder sodium laureth sulfate, it may become contaminated with 1,4dioxane, a probable carcinogen. 1,4-dioxane readily penetrates the skin. While 1,4-dioxane can be removed from products easily and economically by vacuum stripping during the manufacturing process, there is no way to determine which products have undergone this process. Labels are not required to show this information.

This processing may also lead to the creation of a known carcinogen, ethylene oxide. Ammonium lauryl sulfate is the same compound as sodium lauryl sulfate and has the same uses, but the sodium group has been replaced with an ammonium atom. Although it is also a skin irritant, ammonium lauryl sulfate is not considered quite as hazardous as sodium lauryl sulfate, unless it is ethoxylized. During its ethoxylation to become ammonium laureth sulfate, it is also likely to be contaminated with 1,4-dioxane, a probable carcinogen, and ethylene oxide, a known carcinogen.

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Talc - Talc is a naturally occurring mineral which is carcinogenic when inhaled. In addition, women who regularly use talc in the genital area are at increased risk for ovarian cancer. Airborne talc in body powders and antiperspirant sprays can irritate the lungs. Talcum powder is reported to cause coughing, vomiting, and even pneumonia. Many pediatricians now tell parents to avoid using talc on babies as it can cause respiratory distress.

Talc is found in blushes, face powders, eye shadows, foundation and skin fresheners. Used near the eyes, it can irritate sensitive mucous membranes. Talc in liquid cosmetic formulations poses minimal risk.

TEA, DEA and MEA - Triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and monoethanolamine (MEA) are additives used in different types of cosmetics such as sunscreens, moisturizers, foundations and hair colour.

Other DEA compounds, cocamide DEA and lauramide DEA, are used in soaps, cleansers and shampoos. DEA and its related compounds are used to adjust the pH of products and to act as surfactants. Surfactants help to mix oil and water and work as emulsifiers or wetting agents.

DEA and TEA are known to combine with nitrates to form nitrosamines, classified as possible carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. If a product contains nitrites (used as preservatives or present as contaminants although not listed on labels), a chemical reaction can occur either during manufacturing or after a 72 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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product is made. There is no way to know which products contain nitrosamines because the government does not require companies to disclose this information on labels.

Repeated skin application of DEA was found to cause liver and kidney damage in animals. Researchers also discovered that when absorbed through the skin, DEA accumulated in organs. TEA, which is also used as a fragrance ingredient, is toxic to the skin, and to the respiratory and immune systems.

Thimerosol- Thimerosol is a mercury-containing preservative. According to Health Canada, mercury may cause allergic reactions, skin irritation and adverse effects on the nervous system. Studies have also show that it can affect reproduction. Thimerosol is used as a preservative for products applied in the area of the eye, such as eye drops and contact lens solutions. Mercury itself is also sometimes found in cosmetics, and in 2010 tests by the Chicago Tribune found a number of skin whitening products contained high levels of mercury. Mercury is readily absorbed through the skin. Thimerosol is on Health Canada's Cosmetic Hotlist as a prohibited substance.

Titanium Dioxide- Titanium dioxide is widely used in personal care products such as toothpastes to provide whiteness and opacity. It is also used in cosmetic and skin care products and in many sunscreens to protect the skin 73 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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from ultaviolet light. Titanium dioxide is lcassified as a "possible carcinogen" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), but is not considered to be a significant health hazard unless it is in powdered form.

However, in recent years almost every sunscreen manufacturer has chosen to use nano-sized particles of titanium dioxide or zinc oxide so that when sunscreen is applied, it appears clear instead of white. The health effects of nano-sized titanium dioxide or other nanoparticles are unknown because of the lack of testing, but the few animal studies that have been done suggest serious concerns that these smaller particles may have greater risks.

Toluene- Toluene is a solvent used in nail polish and nail treatments to suspend colour and form a smooth finish on a nail. It is also listed on labels as methylbenzene or toluol. Exposure to toleuene can irritate the eyes, throat and lungs, and cause dizziness, headaches, fatigue and nausea. It is also known as a reproductive toxin and may put pregnant women at risk of having a baby with birth defects or delayed development. Benzene, which is a known human carcinogen, may be a contaminant of toluene, and may give toluene carcinogenic potential.

Triclosan and Triclocarban- Triclosan and triclocarban are synthetic antibacterial chemicals added to soaps, toothpastes, mouthwash, deodorant, shaving cream and 74 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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other personal care products. Since they are "antibacterial" and not antiviral, they have no effect on viruses, and are, therefore, not effective against colds and flu. Triclosan, which is more commonly used, has been detected in human breast milk, and in 75% of human tissue samples taken, demonstrating widespread exposure.

Studies show that triclosan and triclocarban may have endocrine disrupting effects, and in animal studies triclosan was shown to reduce thyroid hormones, which are critical for normal development. An Advisory Panel to the US Food and Drug Administration has said that there is no evidence that soaps with triclosan are any more effective in killing bacteria than plain soap and water. In 2009, the Canadian Medical Association called on the federal government to ban triclosan in consumer products because it causes bacterial resistance, which can interfere with the effectiveness of antibiotics.

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Melania Trump (born Melanija Knavs; April 26, 1970; anglicized to Melania Knauss is a Slovene-born American former model who is married to American businessman and President-elect of the United States, Donald Trump.

Born in Slovenia, she became a permanent resident of the United States in 2001 and a citizen in 2006. She is to assume the role of First Lady of the United States on January 20, 2017. She will be the second foreign-born First Lady of the United States, following Louisa Adams in 1825, and the only First Lady to date not to have been born a citizen of the United States or in what would later become the United States.

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Melanija Knavs was born in Novo Mesto in the southeast of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of Yugoslavia, on April 26, 1970. She is the daughter of Amalija (née Ulčnik) and Viktor Knavs, who managed car and motorcycle dealerships for a state-owned vehicle manufacturer. Her father was from the nearby town of Radeče. Her mother came from the village of Raka, and was a patternmaker at the children's clothing manufacturer "Jutranjka" in Sevnica.

She grew up in a modest apartment in a housing block in Sevnica, in Slovenia's Lower Sava Valley. She has a sister and an older half-brother, whom she reportedly has never met, from her father's previous relationship. Although Melania's family comes from a Roman Catholic background, her father, to the dismay of their relatives, wished for her to not receive the Christian sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion due to his commitment to Marxist-Leninist atheism.

When she was a teenager, the family moved to a twostory house in Sevnica, and as a high school student, she lived in a high-rise apartment in Ljubljana. Melanija attended the Secondary School of Design and Photography in Ljubljana, and studied at the University of Ljubljana for one year before dropping out. She speaks six languages: Serbo-Croatian, English, French, Italian, German, and her native Slovene.

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Career and immigration to the United States She began modeling at age 16, when she posed for the Slovenian fashion photographer Stane Jerko. At 18, she signed with a modeling agency in Milan, Italy. She was named runner-up in the 1992 Jana Magazine "Look of the Year" contest, held in Ljubljana, which promised its top three contestants an international modeling contract.

After attending the University of Ljubljana for one year, she modeled for fashion houses in Milan and Paris.

She then relocated to New York City in 1996, her contract and visa negotiated by Italian businessman Paolo Zampolli. Through her lawyer, she has indicated she first entered the United States on a business visitor visa in August 1996. She obtained an H-1B visa in October 1996.

After that, she regularly returned to Slovenia to obtain a series of four more one-year work visas because, at the time, Slovenians could only obtain one-year visas in the United States. In November 2016, the Associated 78 | P a g e : J O Y F E E L I N G S !

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Press reported that she was paid $20,056 for 10 modeling jobs in the United States in 1996 before she had legal permission to work in the country. In response, her lawyer stated the documents on which AP relied "have not been verified, [and] do not reflect our records including corresponding passport stamps.

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