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MANILA

TOURISM & CULTURAL PROFILE

2020

Copyright © 2020 by the City Government of Manila All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior written permission. For permission requests, please contact the Department of Tourism, Culture and Arts of Manila at dtcam@manila.gov.ph Printed in the Philippines

Table of Contents Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila 1.1 Geographical Setting 1.2 Area and Divisions 1.3 Topography and Geology 1.4 Climate 1.5 Natural Hazards 1.6 Etymology 1.7 Historical Background 1.8 Demographic Setting 1.9 Transport Access

2 3 6 6 11 13 14 37 40

50 51 52 55 58 59 60 61

Part 3 | Tourism & Cultural Profile 3.1 Tourism Arrivals 3.2 Tourism Gross Sales 3.3 Visitor Receipts 3.4 Tourist Attractions 3.5 Accommodation 3.6 Other Tourist Facilities & Services 3.7 Institutional

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7:

Hazard Maps Covid-19 Maps Parks, Plazas & Shrines Museums & Art Galleries Cultural Properties Accommodation Establishments Average Length of Stay & Occupancy Rate 8: Tour & Travel Services 9: Restaurants and Other F&B Shops 10: Malls & Shopping Centers 11: Hospitals

104 110 117 121 125 140 146 147 171 189 190

References & Acknowledgment

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs 2.1 Tondo Hub 2.2 Binondo-Escolta-San Nicolas Hub 2.3 Santa Cruz Hub 2.4 Quiapo-San Miguel Hub 2.5 Sampaloc-Sta. Mesa Hub 2.6 Intramuros-Port Area Hub 2.7 Ermita-Malate-Paco-San Andres Hub 2.8 Pandacan-Sta. Ana Hub

Annexes

64 66 67 68 92 95 102

Acknowledgment References

192 197

List of Figures Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7:

Population by Censal Year, City of Manila,1960-2015 Population by Sex, City of Manila, 2015 Number of Foreign Visitor Arrivals from NAIA Terminals 1, 2, and 3, 2014–2019 Total Number of Cruise Ship Passengers at Pier 15, Manila South Harbor, 2016-2019 Total Number of Passengers at Pier 2, City of Manila, 2016-2019 Total of Number of Passengers at Pier 4, City of Manila, 2016-2019 Distribution of Overnight Travelers in Accommodation Establishments, City of Manila 2017 Figure 8: Number of Taxpayers of Engaged in Tourism-Related Activities, City of Manila, 2016-2018 Figure 9: Gross Sales Generated from Tourism-Related Establishments, City of Manila, 2016 - 2018 Figure 10: Estimated Visitor Receipts, City of Manila, 2014 -2018 Figure 11: Average Number of Tourists Visiting Museums & Art Galleries, City of Manila, 2016-2019 Figure 12: Declared and Presumed Cultural Properties, City of Manila, 2019 Figure 13: Number of Accommodation by Type, City of Manila, 2019 Figure 14: Percentage of DOT-Accredited Accommodation , City of Manila, 2019 Figure 15: Average Hotel Occupancy Rate, City of Manila, 2016-2019 Figure 16: Average Length of Stay in Metro Manila Hotels, 2014-2018 Figure 17: Number of Travel and Tours by Type, City of Manila, 2019 Figure 18: Percentage of DOT-Accredited Tour and Travel Operations, 2019 Figure 19: Number of Banks by Type, City of Manila, 2019 Figure 20: DTCAM Organizational Chart, 2020

37 37 64 65 65 65 65 63 63 67 88 89 92 92 91 91 96 96 98 103

List of Maps Map 1. Location of the City of Manila Map 2. Climate Map of the Philippines Based on Modified Coronas Classification, 1951-2010 Map 3. Manila in 1797 Map 4. Manila in 1819 Map 5. Manila with Proposed Improvements, 1905-1906 Map 6. Covid-19 Situation Map by Administrative District, City of Manila Map 7. Water-based and Rail Stations, City of Manila Map 8. Bus Stations, City of Manila Map 9. Eight Tourism Hubs, City of Manila Map 10. Restaurants along M. Adriatico St., B. Jorge Bocobo St., and Near Plaza Remedios Map 11. Sta. Ana Heritage Zone Map 12. Plazas, Parks and Shrines, City of Manila Map 13. Museums and Art Galleries, City of Manila Map 14. Accommodation in Binondo-Escolta-San Nicolas and Quaipo-San Miguel Hubs Map 15. Accommodation in Intramuros-Port Area and Ermita-Malate-Paco Hubs Map 16. Location of Hospitals, City of Manila, 2020 Map 17. Location of Universities/Colleges, City of Manila

2 7 20 20 30 36 45 47 49 80 81 86 87 93 93 100 101

List of Tables 3 4 9 10 11 39 39 39 40 43 66 70 72 73 75 77 78 82 84 91 94 94 96 98 101

Table 1. Area and Divisions, City of Manila Table 2. Congressional Districts, Administrative Districts, Zones and Barangays, City of Manila (km²) Table 3. Projected Changes in Seasonal Temperature in the Mid-21st Century (2036-2065) Table 4. Projected Changes in Rainfall in the Mid-21st Century (2036-2065) Table 5. Inventory of Natural Hazards by Tourism Hubs, City of Manila Table 6. Demography, City of Manila, 2015 Table 7. Population by Administrative District and Sex, City of Manila, 2015 Table 8. Number of Household Size and Average Household Size, City of Manila, 2015 Table 9. Airport Terminals, Metro Manila, 2020 Table 10. Pasig River Ferry Service Stations, City of Manila, 2020 Table 11. Top 5 Nationalities Visiting the Philippines, 2016-2019 Table 12. Major Attractions in Tondo Hub Table 13. Major Attractions in Binondo-Escolta-San Nicolas Hub Table 14. Major Attractions in Santa Cruz Hub Table 15. Major Attractions in Quiapo-San Miguel Hub Table 16. Major Attractions in Sampaloc-Santa Mesa Hub Table 17. Major Attractions in Intramuros-Port Area Hub Table 18. Major Attractions in Ermita-Malate-Paco Hub Table 19. Major Attractions in Pandacan-Sta. Ana Hub Table 20. Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage Table 21. Average Number of Guests During Peak Season, City of Manila, 2016-2018 Table 22. Average Number of Guests During Off Season, City of Manila, 2016-2018 Table 23. DOT-Accredited Restaurants and Other Food Establishments, 2019 Table 24. Tourist Information Offices, City of Manila, 2019 Table 25. Health and Social Facilities, City of Manila, 2019

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Acronyms & Abbreviations CALABARZON CDRA CLIRAM COVID-19 CPDO CSOs DLSU DOST DOT DTCAM GIS GPS HoHo ICP km LCI LRT MEOC MHD MTCAB MTCDP NAMRIA NAP NCCA NCT NGAs NGOs NHCP NLP NM PAGASA PHIVOLCS PhP PIICH PNR PPA RCP UNESCO UP UST

Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment Climate Risk Analysis Matrix Coronavirus Disease 2019 City Planning and Development Office Civil Society Organizations De La Salle University Department of Science and Technology Department of Tourism Department of Tourism, Culture and Arts of Manila Geographic Information System Global Positioning System Hop on-Hop off Important Cultural Property kilometer Laguna Copperplate Inscription Light Rail Transit Manila Emergency Operation Center Manila Health Department Manila Tourism and Cultural Affairs Bureau Manila Tourism and Cultural Development Plan 2020-2023 National Mapping Resource Information Authority National Archives of the Philippines National Commission on Culture and the Arts National Cultural Treasure National Government Agencies Non-Government Organizations National Historical Commission of the Philippines National Library of the Philippines National Museum Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Philippine Peso Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage Philippine National Railways Philippine Ports Authority Representative Concentration Pathways United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization University of the Philippines University of Santo Tomas

Message from the City Mayor Manila is charming but dynamic; highly cosmopolitan but with a parochial touch. It is a city of contrast owing to its diverse population. On its coast lines up skyscrapers next to slums. Bisected into halves by Pasig River, its districts are connected by eight bridges integrating almost 1.8 million people who are either born or raised in Manila, have migrated or visited from other regions and proudly identifying themselves as Manileños. Manila is home. It is a place to pay homage to and go for pilgrimage. It is a shelter for the young and old. It is the place to learn and work. It is the repository of knowledge and cultural assets. It is the cradle of love and devotion. It is the birthplace of national heroes. It is the constituency to serve and be served. It is the center to dine, shop, entertain and be entertained. It is the spot to relax and be busy in. It is the city of diversity and unity. People come, leave and return to Manila because there is simply no place like Manila. It is the core of the Philippines. It is the premiere destination. The tangible and intangible pre-colonial and colonial heritage preserved inside and outside the walls of Intramuros and contemporary developments in all its districts make Manileños stay and draw people from other places in the Philippines and abroad to visit and experience Manila. Being the capital city of the Philippines blessed with a rich historic and cultural heritage, tourism and cultural development becomes the key economic driver of Manila. While urban development has sprawled giving birth to commercial and financial centers in other cities within and outside the National Capital Region-Metro Manila, the fact remains that the core of the country and the premier tourist destination of the Philippines. The City Government of Manila supports all efforts aimed at protecting the physical artefacts unearthed, preserved and sustainably maintained in the City for societal intergenerational appreciation and benefits and promoting the city as a place to visit, experience and enjoy. Recognizing the issues arising from the complex and inevitable urban challenges, it is imperative for the City to plan, develop, manage and utilize its resources, especially tourism and cultural, to soar above the stretching concerns and realize its aspiration. With the support of the City Council led by Vice Mayor Maria Sheilah Lacuna-Pangan and the city departments, employees and the constituents of Manila, the first few months of my administration ensured that tourism and cultural development is also given paramount consideration. Works have been done to clean up and rehabilitate key tourist attractions, and cultural promotions such as the Jones Bridge Restoration, Mehan Garden and Bonifacio Shrine Redevelopment, Museo Pambata Improvement, Kapetolyo, Lagusnilad, Anda Circle and Baseco Esplanade. Local ordinances were passed to protect the remaining urban forest in the city and support tourism and cultural activities. Hosting of events such as Sabayang Bigkas and Maalaala Mo Kaya Concert were held. Linkages and partnerships with national agencies, private sector, non-government organizations, people’s organizations, religious organizations, academe, media and the international community have been strengthened. For the next months and years, the vision crafted and plan for the City’s tourism and cultural development prepared by the different stakeholders will be the basis for implementing the proposed projects and actions to be undertaken for Manila to be the light of the world – the City to see, explore, experience and appreciate.

HON. FRANCISCO M. DOMAGOSO

C i ty M a y o r

Message from the City Vice Mayor From an article about the importance of Tourism Industry and its economic value which I came across at Market Width.com, Kshitiz Thakur of New Delhi wrote, Tourism contributes towards complete growth and development of a country: one, by bringing numerous economic value & benefits; and, second, helping in build country's brand value, image & identity. Tourism industry goes beyond attractive destinations, to being an important economic growth contributor. And this makes the formulation of the Manila Tourism and Cultural Development Plan (MTCDP) for the very first time, a significant milestone for the City Government of Manila. Allow me therefore to convey my congratulations to our beloved Mayor Francisco "Isko" Moreno Domagoso and the Department of Tourism, Culture and the Arts of Manila, together with the representatives from the national government, private sector, academe, civil society and all other collaborators for drafting our MTCDP. Manila being the capital city of the country for almost five centuries had witnessed countless historical events and had evolved from generation to generation. Her vast experiences brought her with rich culture and heritage that should be revived and promoted, especially now that the city is already a home to diverse Filipino and even foreign ethnicity. We really need to inculcate in the minds of our Batang Maynila who are born and raised in Manila the essence of their identity as Manileños. They need to appreciate the geography, history, and the rich cultural properties of our City. We need to enjoin them in the promotion, preservation and protection of Manila’s culture and heritage. The promotion of Manila as the premiere tourism and cultural hub of the Philippines is integral to the City government’s vision and goal of creating vibrant business and trade activities for our locals, generating job opportunities and bringing additional revenues to the City that will boost its projected urban development programs and projects. In behalf of the Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council), we extend our solid commitment and support to the objectives of the MTCDP and we will be more than excited to work on the necessary legislative measures which include the immediate adoption of the said plan and the integration of the same in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Comprehensive Development Plan, Local Development Investment Plan and all other related tasks that would require our essential, collective and appropriate action. Let us work together to put Manila back at its peak!

HON. MARIA SHEILAH H. LACUNA-PANGAN, MD, FPDS

C i ty Vi ce M a yor and Presiding O fficer

Message from the DTCAM The City Government of Manila under the leadership of Mayor Francisco “Isko” Moreno Domagoso has achieved several milestones in terms of protecting and preserving the Capital City’s culture and heritage for the current and future generations, and promoting Manila as a premiere tourist destination. These include the establishment of the Department of Tourism, Culture, and the Arts of Manila (DTCAM); and the crafting of the Manila Tourism and Cultural Development Plan (MTCDP). The DTCAM, which evolved from then-Manila Tourism and Cultural Affairs Bureau (MTCAB), has been tasked to develop and implement policies, programs, and projects to preserve arts and culture; and help reinvigorate the tourism industry of Manila into an engine of economic growth. It has initiated meaningful collaborations with government agencies, private companies, and other institutions to help create world-class and sustainable tourism products and services. The MTCDP reflects the collective aspirations of Manileños to revive and enrich the Capital City’s culture and heritage, and in the process create sustainable businesses and jobs. It incorporates the multi-sectoral inputs from the representatives from national government agencies, city departments and offices, barangays, private sector, religious groups, academe, mass media, transport groups, and environmental and cultural heritage advocacy groups who participated in the series of workshops, consultations, focused group discussions and surveys organized by DTCAM. The creation of the tourism hubs and their respective tagline and development vision, and identification of key issues and potential solutions (i.e. policy, programs, projects, and solutions), resulted from these activities. The MTCDP showcases the best of Manila through the 8 priority programs, 8 trails, and 8 loops located within the 8 tourism hubs. It combines culture and heritage conservation with innovations in tourism services such as tourist-oriented e-vehicles, digital tours, as well as mobile and web-based applications for booking, navigation, and other services. It also features concrete strategies and measures to jumpstart the local tourism industry after Covid-19 phenomenon, and enable it to become resilient to other pandemics and health-related emergencies. Recognizing the valuable contribution of the national government, private sector, and other institutions in plan implementation, the MTCDP identifies projects that can be implemented through grants, Public-Private Partnership (PPP), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and other financing modalities. The entire Plan is built on the principle of multi-stakeholder partnerships. By the Grace of God, the leadership of our Mayor and the City Council, and the support of our partner institutions, supporters and the rest of Manileños, I am confident that the MTCDP shall be fully implemented and instrumental in bringing back the glory of Manila – the Philippines Capital City. Truly, there is simply no place like Manila!

CHARLIE DJ DUÑGO

O f fi ce r-i n-Ch arg e, De p a r tme n t of Tourism, Culture and Ar ts o f Mani l a

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Executive Summary Manila is a coastal and highly urbanized city in the Metropolitan Manila. It serves as the national capital as well as the regional center of the NCR. Its position at the Philippines’ largest island Luzon has made it strategic for cultural and economic exchange since pre-colonial period. The City is located at the eastern coast of Manila Bay. It is surrounded by Malabon and Caloocan Cities on the north; by Quezon City on the northeast; by San Juan City on the east; by Mandaluyong and Makati cities on the southeast; and Pasay City on the south.Manila has a land area of 42.34 square kilometers consisting of 6 congressional districts, 16 administrative districts, 100 zones, and 896 barangays. District V has the largest land area, measuring 10.43 square kilometers, while District II is the smallest, at 3.84 square kilometers. Manila's topography is relatively flat, with a slope ranging from 0.81 degree to very gentle sloping of 3.17 degrees. Some of its portions are below sea level, which makes it prone to flooding.Based on the Modified Coronas Classification of the Climate Map of the Philippines, the City of Manila and the whole National Capital Region are classified as Type I Climate. This means that area has two pronounced seasons: Dry from November to April; and Wet during the rest of the year. The maximum rain period is from June to September.Owing to its geologic characteristics and geographic location, Manila is susceptible to ground shaking, liquefaction, flooding, storm surge, tsunami, and sea level rise. Studies revealed that the sea level rise in the Philippines is three times higher than the global average, and that the sea level around Manila can rise by as much as half a meter by 2050. The extreme scenario is that sea water will enter the City as well Pasay, Las Piñas, and Navotas. Even Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, and Cavite will be inundated. There are two etymological assertions on the origin of the name of the Philippines’ capital city, Maynila. The first assertion traces the origin of the phrase may-nilà, which refers to the Filipino term may which means ‘there is’ or ‘presence of’ and Sanskrit word nīla, which refers to indigo, and, by extension, to several plant species from which this natural dye can be extracted. The second assertion was described as an antiquarian and inaccurate etymology arguing that the origin of the city's name was may-nilad ("where nilad is found") which refers to ‘presence of nilad’ derived from the names of two littoral plant species. The conception of nilad as Maynila’s toponym traced its origin from the essay written by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera in 1887, in which he referred to nila as both Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) and Ixora manila, actually nilád in. The early 20th century writings of Blair and Robertson (1903) and Julio Nakpil (1940) repeated the claim. To date, this contentious etymology continues to be referred to through casual repetition in both literature and popular use, such as the name Lagusnilad ("Nilad Pass"), the underpass close to Manila City Hall completed in 1899 and Maynilad Water Services founded in 1997. Maynilà was eventually adopted into Spanish and English as Manila. There are two Manilas: the precolonial polity, and the Spanish “Walled City,” the Manila known as Intramuros. Hardly anything remains from the former. On the other hand, the Araw ng Maynila, which is celebrated every 24th of June, commemorates Manila as the first municipal government in the country as proclaimed by the Spanish navigator Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1571. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI), earliest known calendar-dated document found in the Philippines, documents the existence of several early Philippine polities as early as AD 900, most notably the northern seaside of Pasig River delta polity of Tundun, which is believed to be Tondo.

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Following the Spanish Colonial Period, which ended through signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, Manila and the Philippines were placed under the control of the United States. In June 1901, the Americans pronounced that the city of Manila consisted not only of Intramuros but also of the surrounding areas, which were: Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Sampaloc, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz and Tondo. As the struggle to liberate the Philippines from its new colonizers continued, Manila maintained its prominence as the capital during the Insular Government headed by Governor General Wiliam Howard Taft who invited city planner Daniel Burnham to plan the city to adapt to modern needs. The Burnham Plan of 1905, which was patterned after Paris, Venice, and Naples, included the improvement of transit system, development of a road system, use of waterways for transportation and beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements as main area of recreation and construction of parks, parkways, and buildings. During World War II, Manila was the second most devastated city after Warsaw. The capital city of Manila declared an open city to prevent its destruction was occupied by the Japanese forces on January 2, 1942. The Battle of Manila from February 3 to March 3, 1945 was fought by American forces from both the U.S. mainland and the Philippines against Japanese troops in Manila. The Japanese Navy blew up Manila's harbor and destroyed the old city. The battle ended the almost three years of Japanese military occupation in the country. It is the last of the many battles fought within Manila's history. During the post-war era, the Charter of the City of Manila was revised, and its boundaries and limits were re-established, dividing the City into 14 municipal districts to be represented by four districts: First District - Tondo; Second District- San Nicolas, Binondo, Quiapo and Sta. Cruz; Third DistrictSampaloc and San Miguel; and Fourth District - Intramuros, Port Area, Ermita, Malate, Paco, Pandacan and Sta. Ana. In 1952, Manila had its first mayor (Arsenio Lacson), and reclaimed its status as the "Pearl of the Orient" brought about by significant socio-economic growth. On November 7, 1975, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 824, the region of Metro Manila (National Capital Region) was created as an integrated unit encompassing four cities and thirteen adjoining towns, as a separate regional unit of government. The population of Manila grew from 938,946 in 1948 to 1,780,148 in 2015, an increase of 841,202 persons in 67 years. The latest census figures in 2015 denote a positive growth rate of 1.43%, or an increase of 127,977 persons, from the previous population of 1,652,171 in 2010. The 2015 total population of the City of Manila represented 13.82% of the total population of the National Capital Region (NCR). Relative to all cities and municipalities, Manila ranked 2 out of 1,634 with most number of population, next to Quezon City. Based on 2015 Census of Population and Households, Santa Ana had the highest population density, with 116,302 persons per square kilometer, followed by Sampaloc with 72,487, and Tondo, with 57,292. In terms of household density, Santa Ana also had the highest with 27,969 households per square kilometer, followed by Sampaloc with 18,340, and Tondo with 13,444. Tondo had the biggest population share at 35% of the total city population, followed by Sampaloc at 21%, Santa Ana by 11% and Santa Cruz at 7%. Intramuros is the least populated administrative district with only 5,935 population (0.60%). Located at the heart of the Philippines, the City of Manila can be accessed internationally by air or water via airplane and ship, respectively. Domestically, one can reach Manila by land via bus, taxi, and/or rail. Eight tourism hubs in Manila are identified based on their historical, cultural, and economic roles; as well as geography.

These are: 1) Tondo; 2) Binondo, Escolta and San Nicolas; 3) Santa Cruz; 4) Quiapo and San Miguel; 5) Sampaloc and Santa Mesa; 6) Intramuros and Port Area; 7) Ermita, Malate and Paco; and 8) Pandacan and Santa Ana. Each hub has its own tagline. From 2016 to 2017, there was a 170% increase in the number of cruise ship passengers who embarked and disembarked in Pier 15, Port of Manila. From 2017 to 2018, the figure reached 322,538 passengers, which is almost 550% increase from the previous year. It then recorded a 58% decrease from 2018 to 2019. Based on 2017 data from the Department of Tourism, 414,861 overnight travelers were reported to have stayed in accommodation establishments in the City of Manila. Half of these were foreigners. The number of foreign overnight travelers to Manila represents 0.04% of the total number of foreign travelers to the Philippines in the said period. In terms of visitor receipts, there was an increase from 2014 to 2017. While visitor receipts in Manila decreased the following year, overall, from year 2014 to 2018, it is estimated that a 30% increase in visitor receipts was generated. Based on the inventory of Parks Development Office of the City of Manila (2019), there are 100 parks, plazas, and monuments in Manila. The largest in terms of area is the Club Intramuros Golf Course with anestimated land area of 234,797.73 square meters. Manila is considered as the cultural center of the Philippines, being home to a number of museums, including the National Museum Complex, which comprises of the National Museum of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Anthropology, the National Museum of Natural History, and the National Planetarium. Manila also hosts the National Library, which serves as the repository of the Country's printed and recorded cultural heritage and other literary and information resources. It also has museums established and/or managed by educational institutions. The tourism survey conducted by DTCAM in December 2019 showed an increasing number of tourists who visited museums and art galleries in Manila, from 2016 to 2018. However, the figure decreased the following year. The top leading nationalities who visited the museums in Manila were: American, Chinese, and Korean in 2016; were American, Chinese, and Japanese in 2017; American, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean in 2018; and American, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean in 2019. Based on the 2019 Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP), Manila has 356 cultural properties. However, only 46 of these were declared. As of 11 December 2019, the PRECUP lists two (2) declared city cultural properties both in Sta. Ana. These are the Xavier House and Santa Ana Heritage Zone through Manila Ordinance Nos. 8192 in 2009 and 8244 in 2011, respectively. There are 134 accommodation establishments registered in Manila based on the 2019 figures from the DTCAM. One hundred two (102) of these are hotels. Out of the registered accommodations in DTCAM, only forty-nine (49) or 34.3% are accredited by the DOT. The average occupancy rate of hotels in 2019 was 67.02%. Moreover, there are 637 registered establishments offering tour and travel services in the City of Manila in 2019. These comprises of: (a) booking offices (30); (b) ticketing office (89); (c) tour operators (5); and (d) travel agencies (304). On the other hand, there are 1,320 restaurants registered in the DTCAM. However, only eleven (11) only are accredited by the DOT. As of December 2019, there are thirty two (32) malls in the Manila catering to different markets with varying socio-economic status. The data of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) reveal that there are 651 banks in the City, eighty-seven percent (87%) of which are universal and commercial banks. Also, there are four (4) tourism information offices operating in Manila. These are DTCAM, the office mandated by the city government to lead the tourism and cultural activities in Manila; the DOT Central and Field Offices; and Intramuros Administration. Formerly the Manila Tourism and Cultural Affairs Bureau or MTCAB, the DTCAM is formally recognized as a ‘department’ through the passage of Ordinance No. 8588 in November 14, 2019. It is mandated to strengthen and boost the tourism in Manila as an engine of growth and employment, and ensure and support the preservation of arts and culture.

MANILA TOURISM & CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2020-2023

1 OVERVIEW OF THE

CITY OF MANILA

CO N T EN T S : 1.1 Geographical Setting 1.2 Area and Divisions 1.3 Topography and Geology 1.4 Climate 1.5 Natural Hazards 1.6 Etymology 1.7 Historical Background 1.8 Demographic Setting 1.9 Transport Access

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING Ma n i l a i s a coastal and highly urbani ze d ci t y i n t he Nat i o nal C a pi t al R e gi o n (a ls o k n ow n a s Metropolit an Manila) . It ser v e s as t he na ti o nal cap i t al as we l l as t he r e gi on a l c en te r o f t h e NCR. Its position at the Ph i li p pi ne s’ lar ge s t i sl and L uz on h as m ad e i t s tr a te g ic fo r cult ural and economic ex change si nce pr e-co lo ni al p e ri o d. The C i t y i s l o ca te d a t th e eastern coast of Manil a Bay . It i s s ur ro u nde d b y Mal ab on and C alo o c a n C i ti e s o n t h e north; by Quez on City o n the no rt he as t; b y San J ua n C i ty on t he e as t; b y Ma n da l uy ong and Makati cities on t he so u the as t; and P asay C i t y o n the s ou t h. B as e d o n th e great-circle d istance (t he sho r t e st di st ance b e twe e n t wo p o i nts o v e r t h e s ur f a ce o f the Eart h) , the cities cl os e st to Ma ni la a re : Pasa y (5.4 5 k m) , S an J u a n ( 5 .6 km) , Mandaluyong (5.95 k m) , Ma ka ti (6. 01 k m) , C al o oca n (7. 37 k m) , and N av o ta s ( 8 .1 1 k m) . T he nearest municipalitie s a re : Pat e r o s (1 0.6 6 k m) , Ob ando (14 .33 k m) , C a i n t a ( 14 ,6 4 k m) , Tayt ay ( 16.60 k m) , K awi t ( 18. 18 km) an d Ma ri l ao ( 18. 76 km) ( P h i l A tl as , 2 020) .

Map 1. Location of the City of Manila

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

1.2 area and divisions M a n i l a h a s a compu ted land are a of 4 2 . 34 sq uar e k il o m et e r s co ns is t ing o f 6 co n gr e ssi o n al d istric ts , 16 admini st r ati v e d is t r ict s , 1 0 0 z one s , and 8 9 6 b ar ang a ys . T h e f o ll ow i n g are the coverage and de s cr ip t i on of e ach o f t he co ng r es s io nal d i st r ic t s : D is tri ct I ( 7. 17 k m ² ) c overs the we s t e rn p ar t o f T o nd o co ns is t ing of Bar ang ay s 1 t o 1 4 6 , a n d is the most dens ely popul a te d C o ngr e s si on al D i st r ict wit h a p op u l ati o n o f 41 5 ,9 0 6 i n 2015. It i s home to o ne o f the b ig g es t ur ba n po o r co m m uni t i es n a t i on wi de. The Smokey M ounta in in Bal ut I s l and is o nce kno wn as t he l arg es t l a n d fi l l i n the P hil ippines, w here t ho us ands o f i m p o v e r is he d p e o p l e l i v e i n s l um s . Af te r th e closu re of the lan df ill in 1 9 95 , m i d-r is e r e s id e nt ial b ui l d ing s we r e b ui lt i n i ts pl a c e . Thi s Dis trict also con tains th e M anil a N or t h H ar b o ur C en tr e , t he M a n i la No rth H a rbor, and the M anila Inter nat i ona l C ont ai ne r T e r m i nal (M I C T) o f th e P o rt of M a n i l a . I t al so co vers a portion of D iv i so r ia at t he we st e r n s id e o f Re ct o A v e nue . D is tri ct I I ( 3. 84 k m ² ) covers the eas t e rn p ar t o f T ond o kno wn as Gag al ang i n, wit h a p o p ul a ti o n o f 215,457 in 2015. Co ns is t ing o f Bar ang ay s 1 4 7 t o 2 6 7 , i t co nt ai n s a p or ti o n o f the ex tend ed D ivi sori a fr om t he we s t e rn p o r t io n of R e ct o A v en ue b e t w e en J o se Ab a d S antos A venue and Est e r o R e ine R e ge nt e . D i v is or i a i s a p o p ul ar s hop p i n g p l a ce , w h ich hos ts Tutuban M all and D r ago n 8 M al l , as we l l as t he M ai n T e r m i n a l S ta t i on o f the P hilippin e N ational R ail way s.

D i stri c t II I ( 6.48 km ² ) incl udes Bi non do , S an Ni co l as, S ant a C ru z, and Q ui ap o, a n d co n si sts of Barang ays 268 to 394. I t s p op ul a ti o n in 2 0 1 5 was 2 2 1, 7 8 0 . T his D i s tr i c t en c om p a sses the s o-ca lled "Dow n to wn M ani l a" or t r adi t i onal b us i ne ss d i st r i ct o f t h e Ci ty , w h i c h i nclu des Sta. Cruz and Bi no nd o (t he o l d e st C hi nat own i n t he wo rl d) , a n d M a sji d Al-D ahab or th e Gold en Mo sq ue ( t he l ar g e st Mo s que i n M e t r o M anil a) , wh i c h i s l oc a te d in Qui apo.

T h e Ma n i l a Intern ational C ontaine r Te r m i nal ( M I CT) i s l ocated betw een th e M ani la No r th H a rb or an d th e Manila S outh Harbor and can b e a cce s se d b y road through MIC T Sou th Acce ss R o a d f r o m S an Nicolas. Ope r at e d b y I n te r n a ti o n a l Container Termin al Ser v i ce s Inc., M IC T i s o n e of Asia's major seaport s and o ne o f th e Ph i l i p p i nes' most active ports.

Table 1: Areas and Division, City of Manila

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

District V has the largest land area among the six congressional districts. It measures 10.43 km². While, the smallest is the District II.

Table 2. Congressional Districts, Administrative Districts, Zones and Barangays, City of Manila (km²)

D is tri ct I V ( 5.18 km ² ) en compass e s Sa m p al o c and so m e p ar t s o f Sant a M e sa, a n d c o n si s ts of Barang ays 395–586. I t s p op u l ati o n i n 2 0 1 5 was 2 6 5 ,0 4 6 . Th is D is t ri c t c o n ta i n s a portion of M anil a’s Uni v e r si t y Be l t , whe r e t he Uni v e r si t y of Sant o T o m a s ( th e o ld e st exi sti ng u niversity in A s ia) , F ar Eas t e r n U ni v e rs i ty , Uni v e r si t y o f t he E a s t , P h i l i p p i n e Coll eg e of Health Sci e nce s , P hil i p p i ne Sc hoo l f or Busi ne s s a n d Ad mi n i str ati on, P UP-Recto, Uni v e r si t y o f M ani l a, Nat i onal Uni v e r si t y , A re l la n o U n i v e rsi ty , Perpetual Help College o f M anil a, S t . J ud e C o l l e ge an d S t a. C at a li n a Co l le ge , are located. D is tri ct V ( 10. 43 km ² ) in clud e s P or t A r e a, I nt r am ur os , Er m i t a, M al at e , P a c o, S a n An dr es Bu kid and a portion of San ta A na. T his l e g is l at iv e di st r i ct co ve rs B a ra n ga y s 649–828, a nd h as a pop ul a ti o n o f 3 6 6 , 7 1 4 b ase d on t he 2 0 1 5 C e n s u s . T h e P or t Area in th is district re fe r s to t he M anil a S out h H ar b o r ( 8 0-he ct ar e po rt f a c i l i ty) , w hi ch is operated by A si an T e r m i nal s I nco rp o r at e d. I t has 5 p ie r s n um b e re d 3 , 5 , 9 , 13 and 15. It inc ludes th e Ev a Mac ap agal S up e r T e r m i nal , a p as s en g er t er mi n a l l ocated betw een Pier 13 and 1 5 . T he hi st o ri c W al l ed C i t y i s l oc ate d i n t h i s Di s tri ct , along w ith M anila Cathe d r al and S an A g us t in C hur ch, whi ch i s a U NE S C O W o rl d He ritage Si te.

Ermita functions as the City’s civic center, as it hosts the seat of city government as well as a large portion of the area for employment, business, and entertainment activities. It is also home to famous tourist attractions, museums and landmarks, notably the Rizal Park, the premier national park of the Country. Private and government offices, universities, hotels and restaurants also flourished in Ermita and Malate. The Catholic San Fernando de Dilao Parish Church served as the temporary seat of the Archdiocese of Manila until the renovations of the Manila Cathedral in Intramuros were completed. Paco also hosts a Sikh Temple located at United Nationas Avenue and a Hindu temple at Looban Street. With the relocation of industries, car dealers like Toyota, Ford, Hyundai, Nissan and Honda flourished in the area. Presently, Dilao is traversed by Quirino Avenue intersecting the South Luzon Expressway, which links this district and the rest of Manila to CALABARZON. San Andres is the second most densely populated district in Manila after Tondo. It is divided into eastern and western sectors by the Sergio Osmeña Highway. Its land use classification is mostly residential with some sections classified as commercial.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Dis tr ic t V I ( 9. 25 km ² ) enc ompasses S an M i gue l , S ant a M e sa, P and acan, Sa nta A n a a n d a p or tio n of Pac o. Th is legisl at i v e d i st r ic t co v e r s Barang ay s 5 8 7–6 4 8 , 8 2 9–90 5 w i th a p o pu lation of 295, 245 i n 2015 .

San Miguel is primarily a middle-class residential area of the City of Manila. It is where Malacañan Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines, is located. Outside the Palace gates is the Mendiola Street, a popular site for protests against the government and a portion of the University Belt hosting Centro Escolar University, College of the Holy Spirit, La Consolacion College Manila, Technological Institute of the Philippines,San Beda University and Victorino Mapa High School. San Miguel is also the place where San Miguel Beer was originally produced, beginning in the Spanish colonial era. The Brewery's buildings were demolished after the land was transferred to the government. Presently, the property forms part of the Palace complex. Santa Mesa is generally a residential area with some commercial and institutional portions. Polytechnic University of the Philippines, the most populous university in the Country, is located here. The Isla de Convalecencia, the largest island in Pasig River, and home to Hospicio de San Jose, is also part of San Miguel. Pandacan was once a site of the oil depots that dominated its district-scape for more than a century. Once a farming community, the District grew and became part of urban Manila. It where the Santo Nino de Pandacan is located, and where the “Buling-Buling”, Manila’s official dance, originated. Pandacan is also home to some of Manila’s prominent literary personalities such as Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar and Lope K. Santos. Santa Ana district is known for its 18th Century Santa Ana Church and historic ancestral houses. It was originally called Santa Ana de Sapa after its titular patroness Saint Anne, the mother of the Virgin Mary, and the Tagalog word sapà ("creek", "stream", "rivulet"), the local name of the main settlement in the area that sat beside a small stream connecting to Pasig River.

1.3 TOPOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY Manila's topography is relatively flat, with a slope ranging from 0.81 degree to very gentle sloping of 3.17 degrees. Some of its portions are below sea level, which makes it prone to flooding. Manila lies on top of centuries of prehistoric alluvial deposits built by the waters of the Pasig River, a tidal estuary that connects Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. The direction of flow of water depends on the relative water levels of Laguna de Bay and Manila Bay. A significant part of of the City is located within what used to be swamps and marshes, as well as Manila Bay, which has a coastline of 190 km., and stretches from Cavite to Metro Manila, all the way to Bulacan, Pampanga, and Bataan.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Manila's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts from the pre-colonial and American colonial periods up to the recent times. Some of the City's natural topographic variations have been evened out due to urbanization. Its Maximum elevation is 355 ft., with an average elevation of 23 ft.

1.4 CLIMATE

Based on the Modified Coronas Classification (MCC) of the Climate Map of the Philippines, the City of Manila and the rest of the National Capital Region are classified as Type I Climate. This means that area has two pronounced seasons: Dry from November to April; and Wet during the rest of the year. The maximum rain period is from June to September. The Climate Risk Analysis Matrix (CLIRAM), which was developed by the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) uses the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), which describe a wide range of potential future for the main drivers of climate change, which include greenhouse gases, air pollutant emissions, and land use. The RCP uses two (2) different emission-driven scenarios, which are RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5. The difference between these two scenarios are the concentrations and emissions, which are based on the assumptions on population, economic growth, energy consumption, sources, and land use during the 21st century. The RCP 4.5 describes moderate emissions that will peak around the midcentury at approximately fifty percent (50%) higher than 2000 levels. These would consequently decline rapidly over 30 years, and would stabilize at half of 2000 level. Meanwhile, the RCP 8.5 describes the worst-case scenario or high emission scenario wherein the emissions will continue to increase throughout the early and mid-parts of the 21st century. The lower bound indicates the lowest possible change while the upper bound indicates the highest possible change. The median represent central estimate of the future change.

1.4.1 ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE o

The temperature of the Philippines is rising at an average 0.1C o per decade, and is projected to increase by as much as of 0.9 c to 2.3 oc by 2050. This is likely to result to drastic changes in weather patterns, which may increase the intensity of storms and extreme rainfall events. In the 2020 Global Climate Risk Index by German Watch, the Philippines ranked 2nd among countries affected by climate change (up from 20th in 2017), and 4th most affected from a two–decade period covering 1999–2018 (up from 5th in the previous period of 1998–2017).

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Map 2. Climate Map of the Philippines Based on the Modified Coronas Classification, 1951-2000

Source: PAGASA, 2020.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

The sea level rise in the Philippines is approximately three times higher than the global average (International Development Research Centre, 2015). At risk are 64 coastal provinces, 822 coastal municipalities, and 25 cities, including the capital city. These make up sixty percent of all local government units. Approximately 13.6 million Filipinos will be in need of relocation. Several studies project the sea level around the City of Manila to rise by as much as half a meter by 2050. The worst case scenario is that the sea will enter the City as well Pasay, Las Piñas, and Navotas. Even Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, and Cavite will be inundated. In its 2017 Climate Change Assessment, the Oscar M. Lopez Center identified climate change induced variability in rainfall as likely to have the greatest impact in the Philippines. Accordingly, there will be more than average rainfall during the wet season, and prolonged “no rain” periods during the dry season. Table 3 shows the Projected Changes in Seasonal Temperature in the Mid-21st Century (2036-2065) for Metro Manila relative to 1971-2000. Based on the high emission scenario (RCP 8.5), the warmest season is within the March – April – May (MAM) period, when the temperature can go as high as 31°C. As the season becomes warmer, the temperature of air surface, soil, and groundwater increase. This could have various negative impacts to the natural and built environments, including intensified storms, which in turn cause flooding; reduction of potable water supply; increased consumption of electricity; increased incidences of diseases, and heat stress, among others. On the other hand, the coldest season in Metro Manila is within the December– January– February (DJF) period, when the temperature could drop to 27.3°C based on RCP 8.5.

1.4.2 RAINFALL Table 4 details the projected changes in the rainfall season for Metro Manila for the years 2036-2065. Relative to the climate data for the period 1971-2000, the highest possible increase in rainfall based on RCP 8.5 is within the December-January-February (DJF) period, which is projected to be at 164.9 mm, or a 53% increase from the baseline volume of 107.5mm. This is primarily due to Northeast (NE) Monsoon or “Amihan”, and could result or contribute to flooding of low-lying areas in the City.The highest decrease in rainfall change based on RCP 8.5 is within the June-July-August (JJA) period, which is projected to be at 970.9mm, or a 17% reduction from the baseline volume of 1,170.2mm. It is also within this period when the warm and moist winds of the Southwest (SW) Monsoon transitions to a relatively dry and cold winds of the Northeast (NE) Monsoon. There is hardly any change in the amount of rainfall with the MarchApril-May (MAM) period.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Table 3. Projected Changes in Seasonal Temperature in the Mid-21st Century (2036-2065) for Metro Manila Relative to 1971-2000

Source: PAGASA, 2018.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Table 4. Projected Changes in Rainfall in the Mid-21st Century (2036-2065) for Metro Manila Relative to 1971-2000

Source: PAGASA, 2018.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

1.5 natural hazards Natural hazards, as defined by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), are "natural processes or phenomena that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage." These can be characterized by their magnitude or intensity, speed of onset, duration, and area of extent. Owing to its geologic characteristics and geographic location, Manila is susceptible to the following natural hazards: flooding, storm surge, tsunami, sea level rise, liquefaction, and ground shaking. Table 5 lists the natural hazards and the tourism hubs that are susceptible to these.

Table 5. Inventory of Natural Hazards by Tourism Hubs

Source: Maps generated from national mapping agencies. Note: Refer to Annex 1: Hazard Maps.

Flooding is defined by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) as "an abnormal progressive rise in the water level of a stream that may result in the overflowing by the water of the normal confines of the stream with the subsequent inundation of areas, which are not normally submerged". The probability that floods will occur is often expressed as a return period (e.g. 5, 25, and 100 years). Generally expressed in percentage, the return period provides the estimated time interval between events of a similar size or intensity, and is inverse of probability. This means that a 100-year return period has a 1% chance of occurring every year.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

A storm surge is the rising of the sea level associated with the passing of a tropical storm or typhoon. This is due to the push of strong winds on the water surface, the piling up of big waves, pressure setup and astronomical tide moving towards the shore (DOH, 2013). Two of the six congressional districts of Manila are susceptible to storm surge. These are Districts 1 and 5, which are located along Manila Bay. Tsunami is a series of sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than 5 meters. It can occur when the earthquake is shallow-seated and strong enough to displace parts of the seabed and disturb the mass of water over it” (PHIVOLCS, 2018). All six congressional districts of Manila are susceptible to tsunami based on the maximum tsunami wave height of 5.5 meters computed by the Philvolcs – DOST.

Sea level rise (SLR) is the increase in global mean sea level as a result of an increase in the volume of water in the world’s oceans. The Inter-government Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identified the two major causes of global sea level rise as: Expansion of the oceans (water expands as it warms); and loss of land-based ice due to increased melting (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Some of the risks associated with SLR are flooding, salinization, and erosion. As a coastal city, Manila is susceptible to SLR. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) generated a set of inundation maps for Manila based on 5 scenarios: 0.5 meter, 1 meter, 2 meters, 3 meters, and 4.5 meters of SLR. The affected land area is proportionate to the height of SLR. At 0.5 meter, only areas of Districts 1 and 5 are susceptible to inundation ranging from ankle (0.1-0.25 meter) to knee - deep (0.25-0.7 meter). In contrast, all districts will have areas susceptible to flood as high as waist deep (0.7-1.2 meters) at a 2-meter SLR. Further, Districts 1 and 5 will be susceptible to flood as high as top of head (1.6-2 meters). Ground shaking is defined by the PHIVOLCS as the disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake. All six congressional districts of Manila are susceptible to ground shaking as strong as Intensity 8 or very destructive, as categorized by PHIVOLCS. Liquefaction is defined by PHIVOLCS as "a phenomenon, when loosely consolidated sediment soil deposits lose their strength, and appear to flow as fluids." Except for some areas in District 3, all six congressional districts of Manila are highly susceptible to liquefaction. The details of Manila's susceptibility to the above-mentioned hazards are shown in Annex 1 of this document.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

1.6 etymology There are two etymological assertions on the origin of the name of the Philippines capital city, Maynila. The first assertion traces the origin of the phrase may-nilà, which refers to the Filipino term may which means ‘there is’ or ‘presence of’ and Sanskrit word nīla ( नील ) which refers to indigo, and, by extension, to several plant species from which this natural dye can be extracted. The Maynilà name is more likely referred to the presence of indigo-yielding plants growing in the area surrounding the settlement, rather than Maynilà being known as a settlement that trades in indigo dye. This was attributed to the settlement founded several hundred years before indigo dye extraction became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century. The native Tagalog name tayum for the indigo plant actually found usage in another toponym within the Manila area — the street in Tondo named Tayuman ("where the indigo [plant] is") — and elsewhere in the Philippines (e.g., Tayum, Abra; Tagum, Davao del Norte) (Baumgartner, 1975). The second assertion was described as an antiquarian and inaccurate etymology arguing that the origin of the city's name was may-nilad ("where nilad is found") which refers to ‘presence of nilad ’ derived from the names of two littoral plant species: 1. Popular but challenged assertion: the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), which still grows on the banks of the Pasig River to this day but it is a recent introduction to the Philippines from South America and therefore could not have been the plant species referred to in the toponym. 2. Correct and supported assertion: ( Scyphiphora hydrophyllace a, formerly Ixora manila Blanco ) a shrub-like tree found in or near mangrove swamps, which refers to the actual species known in the Tagalog as nilád or nilar (Merrill, 1903). Linguistic perspective purports that it is unlikely for native Tagalog speakers to simply drop the final consonant /d/ in nilad to arrive at the present term Maynilà (Baumgartner, 1975). Cited example is the nearby Bacoor City which still retains the final consonant of the old Tagalog word bakoód ("elevated piece of land"), even in old Spanish renderings of the place name, for example, Vacol and Bacor (Delos Santos, 1990). Historians Ambeth Ocampo (1990 and 2008) and Joseph Baumgartner (1975) also argued that in all early documents, the place Maynilà was always written without the final /d/, thus making the term may-nilad etymologically contentious. The conception of nilad as Maynila’s toponym traced its origin from the essay written by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera in 1887, in which he referred to nila as both Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) and Ixora manila, actually nilád in Tagalog (Merill, 1903 ; Baumgartner, 1975; and Chamberlain, 1901). The early 20th century writings of Blair and Robertson (1903) and Julio Nakpil (1940) repeated the claim. To date, this contentious etymology continues to be referred to through casual repetition in both literature and popular use, such as the name Lagusnilad (" Nilad Pass"), the underpass close to Manila City Hall completed in 1899 and Maynilad Water Services founded in 1997. Maynilà was eventually adopted into Spanish and English as Manila.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

1.7 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND There are two Manilas: the precolonial polity whose foundations, if there was anything left at all, were buried in memory, and the Spanish “Walled City,” the Manila known as Intramuros (Presidential Museum & Library, 2020). In fact, the Araw ng Maynila, which is celebrated every 24th of June, commemorates Manila as the first municipal government in the country as proclaimed by the Spanish navigator Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1571.

1.7.1 EARLY HISTORY The earliest known calendar-dated document found in the Philippines is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI), a legal document inscribed on a dark rolled piece of copper plate in year 822 of the Saka Era, the month of Waisaka, and the fourth day of the waning moon, which corresponds to Monday, April 21, 900 AD in the Julian calendar (900 CE).

LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION

Dredged up by a laborer in Lumbang River in Barangay Wawa, in Lumban, Province of Laguna, this inscription documents the existence of several early Philippine polities as early as AD 900, most notably the northern seaside of Pasig River delta polity of Tundun (found in line 3 of LCI and believed to be Tondo) and some parts of Bulacan (Paila, Puliran, and Binwangan). Dutch anthropologist and scholar Antoon Postma (1992), the first to decipher LCI, asserted that the language in this inscription was in Sanskrit, with a lot of old Malay (related to old Tagalog) and some old Javanese thrown. This reflected a rare trace of Javanese influence suggesting the extent of interinsular exchanges during that time. Postma also identified three of these toponyms, Binwangan, Pailah, and Puliran, as Malayo-Polynesian (most likely Filipino) in origin, and three other toponyms, Tundun, Dewata and Mdang, as Sanskrit in origin. According to the interpretation of LCI, the Kingdom of Tundun was ruled by a person called Jayadeva, who held the Sanskrit title of senapati or the equivalent of an admiral. It was also believed that Tundun extended all the way to the modern-day province of Bulacan particularly around Lihan (Malolos) and Gatbuca (Calumpit). Another polity in Maynila, which was not cited in LCI but was historical accounts and archaelogical siting, was Sapa (Locsin, Nasapan, and also referred to as Lamayan or Namayan Kingdom (a banks of the present day Pasig River with portions now known as district).

mentioned in many 1967), Maysapan or settlement along the Lamayan in Sta. Ana

Archaeological diggings in 1926 and 1967 produced the oldest evidence of continuous habitation among the three polities, pre-dating artifacts found within the historical sites of Maynila and Tundun. Bacus (2004) noted human burials numbered at least 300 graves from different locations in the Sta. Ana area.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila The earliest finds through the collaborative excavation of Otley H. Beyer and Sofronic G. Calderon recorded in 1926 recovered graves dated prior to 1570 which were described to be ‘in the old native pagan style’ wherein glazed porcelains, jewellery, and other objects were also buried with the dead. Also found in the site were pieces of bones identified to be that of deer and interpreted as sacrifices for the graves as well as huge bones that may be that of rhinoceros and elephants and the glazed celadons dated to be Ming ceramics, circa 1368–1644 (Bayer, 2008). As such, scholars believe that it also indicates trade, cultural, and possibly political ties between these polities and at least one contemporaneous Asian civilization—the Medang Kingdom of the island of Java. This assertion relates to the the observations made in the Boxer Codex, a Spanish written manuscript in 1590 (sometimes known as the Manila Manuscript), which contains illustrations of ethnic groups in the Philippines, across Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Micronesia at the time of their initial contact with the Spaniards with additional Taoist.

"The Bisayans are accustomed to paint their bodies with some very elegant tattoos. They do this with iron or brass rods, the points of which are heated on fire..."

A pair of gold-embellished Visayan Noble couple. Woven gold-adorned them in sashes with ornate repousse buckles, cord weights.

Tagalog common men. "The Moros (Islamized Tagalogs) are dressed with clothes of cotton and are not naked like the Bisayans...from the calves of the knees they wear many chainlets often made of brass, which they call bitiques (bitik). These are worn only by the men who regard them as very stylish."

Naturales Tagalos Noble couple. "The women carry much gold jewelry because they are richer than the Bisayans. Men and women also wear many bracelets and chains of gold in the arms. They are not used to wearing them on the legs. Women likewise wear around their necks golden chains like the men do."

A Tagalog Noble couple dressed in gold accessories. "The dress of the women is not as neat nor as elegant as that of the Bisayans, because they wrap a cotton or taffeta mantle around the body with very little polish..."

Source: Boxer, 1590 as cited by Margaux (2018)

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Among the illustrations in Boxer Codex were paintings outraying the natives of the Philippines (Tagalog, Ilocano, Visayan royal, noble and feudals couples, Igorot and Zambal warriors and Aeta hunters. Foreign colored illustrations of Tatar (Mongol) and Manchu noble and wife, Chinese merchants, Ming Dynasty Emperor and Empress, Chinese "Sangley" Couple wearing hanfu living in Maynila, Vietnamese noble couple, Khmer couple, Siamese warior and wife, Bornean warrior and wife, royal and noble couples, Sangirese Warriors from Siau Island, Sangir Archipelago (North Sulawesi, Indonesia), Japanese, Javanese and Moluccan warriors and Taiwanese aboriginal headhunters were also featured in this document (Souza & Turley, 2015). The authors of the various accounts that make up the Codex include bishops, priests, soldiers, historians, sailors, explorers and diplomats, all with common interest in Asian cultures but diverse reasons for writing given their diverse occupations. This manuscript was believed to be originally owned by either the Bishop of Manila or Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, son of Governor General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, who was killed by Sangleys or Chinese living in the Philippines in 1593. Quirino and Garcia (1958) inferred that the older Dasmariñas could have ordered the compilation of the manuscript as it Governor-Generals of Spanish colonies were required to submit a written record of the colonies they governed. The Boxer Codex was among the remaining collection found in the Holland House estate of the earliest known modern owner Lord Ilchester of London. After the estate’s suffering from direct German shelling on September 27, 1940 during the Blitz, the manuscript was auctioned in 1947. For a nominal bid came into the possession of Professor Charles Ralph Boxer, an authority on the Far East, and after whom the document was named. It is now owned by the Lilly Library at Indiana University where Boxer took up a visiting professorship after retiring from the University of London in 1967. Souza and Turley (2015) who made an exemplary translation of the Boxer Codex identified several possible compilers including Jesuit Pedro de Chirino (1557–1635), author of Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604) and concluded that Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay (1559–1636), author of the well-known Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). De Morga was seen as best fitting the compiler’s traits based on his related studies and attributes being an intelligent and well-educated layman who was a colonial officer of the first order serving the Crown’s colonial administration in the Philippines (1595 to 1604) and holding a position of power and trust with access to the governor’s and colonial administration’s archives.

Trading with China and Japan Scott (1989) asserted that according to Chinese records, Filipinos went to China before the Chinese came to the Philippines. Manila was an active trade partner with the Song and Yuan dynasties (Junker, 2000). The earliest archeological evidence of trade between the Philippines and China takes the form of pottery and porcelain pieces dated to the Tang (618-907 AD) and Song (960-1279 AD) Dynasties. (Scott, 1984; Fox, 1964)

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

王

The Emperor of China considered the Lakans—the rulers of ancient Manila—" ", or kings (Gerini, 1905). The Kingdom of Tundun (traditional Chinese" " pronounced Dongdu) flourished and initiated diplomatic ties with China during the Ming Dynasty which ruled China from 1368 to 1644 AD, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming Annals recorded the arrival of an envoy from Luzon in 1373 A.D. The rise of the Ming dynasty also witnessed the arrival of the first Chinese settlers in the Philippines who were well received and lived together in harmony with the existing local population eventually intermarrying with them as documented in the Boxer Codex.

東都

The archeological evidence revealed that both Tundun Kingdom under Lakan Bunao Dula (or Lakan Dula) and the older Namayan Kingdom under Lakan Tagkan (also known as Lacantagcan, or Lakan Takhan in some oral histories) in Luzon were part of this trade with China. This was also supported by the blue and white porcelain found among the 34,407 artifacts and ecofacts recovered from galleon shipwreck San Diego that sank in 1600 about 50 km southwest of Maynila (Desroches, 1994). Further, an archaeological dig on October of 1966 by the National Museum Team led by Dr. Robert Fox, an anthropologist, systematically excavated the inner patio and the surrounding areas of Santa Ana (part of Sapa belonging to the Kingdom of Namayan). Dr. Fox uncovered one of the oldest artifacts, a blue-and-white Chinese bowl adorned with floral designs, which dated back to the late 11th century A.D. and most of the Chinese porcelain tradeware dated from the 12th to the 13th centuries (Go Bon Juan, 2017). Chinese ceramics from the Sung and Ming dynasties found in Santa Ana archaeological site were associated with the burials as well as the elaborate mortuary practices of its inhabitants, indicating the active participation of the early communities in Santa Ana in the extensive maritime trade around Southeast Asia and China from 12th to 15th century AD (Fox & Legaspi, 1977).

ARCHAELOGICAL TREASURES EXCAVATED IN STA. ANA

CHINESE CERAMICS FROM THE SUNG AND MING DYNASTIES FOUND IN SANTA ANA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

Photo Source: Destacamento, 2017

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Joaquin (1990) contended that Tundun being at the entry point on the north seaside replaced Namayan as the chief port of entry at the Maynila. Due to its strategic locational advantage over Namayan, which was upriver inland, merchant ships that came into the bay preferred to unload their goods at the Port of Tundun, making the Lakandula responsible for sending the merchandise upriver to the lakeside communities, to be traded for local products. Tundun then became the Pasig delta’s entrepot or distribution center of goods from China, Japan, Borneo, Siam, and the Malay peninsula before the Spanish moved their trade center in Manila (Patanne, 1996). As evidenced by inscription in the copperplate translated by Postma, the leader of Namwran (Namayan) recognized as a man of status became a “debt slave or servant” of the chieftain of Tundun due to his debt. The relatives of Namayan chieftain sought release from their obligation through the chief and commander of Tundun, Jayadeva, who in return commanded the chiefs of Puliran, Pailah, and Binwangan to witness the acquittal of Namwran of his debt amounting to 865 grams of gold (Presidential Museum & Library, 2020). Historical accounts also presented that Japanese traders already traded with the natives exchanging Japenese products with gold and pearls during the 12th century AD. Shipwrecked Japanese sailors, pirate traders, and immigrants settled in the Philippines and intermarried with the natives. When the Spaniards reached Luzon in 1571, there were already Japanese settlements in Manila and in some parts of the Cagayan Valley, the Cordillera region, Lingayen, Bataan and Catanduanes Island. Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada who joined the Legaspi expedition described the Tagalogs as "more traders than warriors", and noted that Maynila's ships sourced their goods from Tundun which then dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago. People from other parts of the archipelago often referred to Maynila's boats as "Chinese" (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese goods (Scott, 1982).

Java Influence and the Beginning of Islamization in Luzon (1175-1500s) Archeological findings showed evidence that followers of Islam reached the Pasig River area by 1175. This was revealed by the graves found in Sta. Ana burial site were a number of Muslim burials. The slow Islamization occurred with the steady conversion of the people of Tundun on the north side of Pasig river and Maynila created Muslim domains on the south side of the river. During the 13th century, Maynila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter on the shore of the Pasig River bisecting the City into north and south. As recorded in the epic eulogy poem "Nagarakretagama", the area was then settled by the Indianized empire of Majapahit, and described the area as "conquested by Maharaja Hayam Wuruk." Selurong ( षे लु रोङ् ), the historical name for Maynila, was listed in Canto 14 alongside Sulot (now Sulu), and Kalka. Selurong (Maynila) together with Sulot (Sulu), was able to regain independence. Afterwards, Sulu attacked and looted the Majapahit province of Po-ni (Brunei) in retribution (Gerini, 1905).

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila During the reign of the Arab Emir, Sharif Ali's descendant, Sultan Bolkiah (1485-1521), the Sultanate of Brunei which seceded from Hindu Majapahit, became Muslim and invaded the area. The Bruneians wanted to take advantage of Tundun's strategic position in trade with China and Indonesia and thus attacked its environs and established the Muslim Rajahnate of Maynilà ( ‫ ; ﻛﻮﺗﺎ ﺳﻠﻮدوڠ‬Kota Seludong). The rajahae of Maynila, as a satellite state, gave annual tribute to the Sultanate of Brunei. It created a new dynasty in the south of the river (now the Intramuros district) under the local leader, Rajah Salalila (Sanskrit: शरीर , syarirah) who accepted Islam and became known as Rajah Sulayman I, followed by his son Rajah ‘Ache’ Matanda or Sulayman II who established a trading challenge to the already rich Buddhist-Hindu settlement of Lakandula in Tundun. Islam was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders from the Middle East and Southeast Asia in the 16th century (Agoncillo, 1990). According to different sources and authors, Tundun’s historic descriptors varied from a small village to large coastal settlement, kingdom and polity. Tundun consisted of several social groupings referred to by historians as barangays which were led by Datus who recognized the leadership of the most senior among them as a sort of "Paramount datu" called as Lakan (Malacañang, 2015; Scott, 1994; Junker, 1990). Lakan was held in high regard within the alliance group which was formed by the various Manila Bay area polities including Tundun, Maynila and various polities in Bulacan and Pampanga (Scott, 1994; Junker, 1990). The Islamization of Luzon accelerated in the 16th century when traders from Brunei settled in the Manila area and married locals while maintaining kinship and trade links with Brunei and thus other Muslim centres in Southeast Asia. Extrapolating from available data, demographer-historian Linda A. Newson has estimated that Tondo may have had a population of roughly 43,000 when the Spanish first arrived in 1570 (Potet, 2013).

AN ARTIST RENDITION OF RAJAH SULAYMAN (LEFTMOST) AND RAJAH MATANDA (MIDDLE)

Photo Source: Russell, 2011

1.7.2 SPANISH PERIOD After several unsuccessful expeditions to the Philippines looking for an alternative route to the Moluccas, the spice island in Indonesia, Spanish Miguel López de Legazpi finally succeeded in establishing a settlement in Cebu in 1565. During that time, Maynila was ruled by three polities: (1) Tundun (present Tondo), (2) Maynila/d (present site of Fort Santiago), and (3) Namayan (present Lamayan in Sta. Ana disrict and portions of Malate district). All of these are situated on the delta at the mouth of the Pasig River and opening up to Manila Bay (see Map 4). Having heard of the the lucrative trade happening in Manila Bay, Legazpi once sent his master-of-camp, Martin de Goiti, to survey the area (Presidential Museum & Library, 2020).

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Map 3. Manila in 1797

Source: Duque de Almadovar Pedro Jiménez de Góngora, 1787

Map 4. Manila in 1819

Historians and scholars generally agree on the location of Tundun (accepted in Spanish as Tondo) being on the northern part of Lusong or Lusung (now refers to Luzon), which is an old Tagalog name for the Pasig river delta. The district of Tondo, was highlighted in 1787 Manila in "Plano de Manila, su Bahia y Puerto de Cavite" prepared by Duke of Almodovar Pedro Jimenez De Gongora and 1819 sepia map on "Plano de la ciudad de Manila, capital de las Yslas Filipinas", a detailed map prepared by Francisco Xavier de Herrera lo Grabó for the Manila Land Survey Year. The consensus among contemporary historiographers is that the location of Tondo district during the Spanish colonial period approximates the location of the archaic polity of Tundun (refer to Maps 3 and 4).

Source: Francisco Xavier de Herrera lo Grabó, Manila Land Survey Year of 1819

From his main base in Mexico City, Martin De Goiti, together with designated expedition leader, Father Diedo De Herrera, was ordered by Legazpi to lead the expedition to Manila in 1569. Manila was under paramount local rulers (the more senior Rajah ‘Ache’ Matanda or old Rajah) and Rajah Sulayman/Soliman or Rajah Muda/Rajamora (Young Rajah) in the southbank of Pasig River and Lakan Bunao Dula or Lakandula on the northbank when the Spaniards led by Martin de Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570. Upon arrival, the Spaniards saw that Maynilad was a bustling entrepot filled with goods coming in from the iraya or inland communities and from the foreign lands such as China, Melaka, India, and Arabia (Blair & Robertson, 1911). The Spaniards camped on the shores of Manila Bay for several weeks while forming an alliance with the Muslims. Among the three native leaders, Lakandula was the one who did not welcome the Spanish colonizers (Presidential Museum & Library, 2020). On May 24, 1570, disputes and hostility erupted between the two groups. The Spaniards met thousands of warriors and occupied Tundun ruled by Lakandula. De Goiti fought a number of battles against Rajah Matanda, and his nephew Rajah Sulayman and Lakan Bunao Dula of the kingdoms in Luzon for control of the lands and its settlements. The Spaniards marched their armies towards the Pasig River, defeated the people of the south riverbank, and occupied the settlements in Maynila on June 6, 1570. This "1570 Battles for Maynila" concluded with a fire that destroyed the fortified settlement of Maynila, although it was not clear whether the fire was set by Goiti or by the inhabitants themselves as part of the scorched earth tactics typically used in the archipelago during that era.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila Being a statesman, De Goiti agreed to a peace agreement that was sealed by betrothing one of his half-caste (Half Aztec and Half Spanish) daughter to Batang Dula, heir apparent of Lakandula of Tundun). Eventually their descendants unified the 3 royal houses of Rajah Matanda, Rajah Sulayman and Lakandula with the half-Aztec and half Spanish de Goiti family. The Dula-Goiti family married with the Mendoza family who were Catholic Sephardic Hebrews, and to mark the dynasty, changed the surname to Dulay. On May 18, 1571 under a peace pact, Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Matanda, and Lakandula acknowledged the sovereignty of Spain over the islands and proclaimed themselves the vassals of Spain. Lakandula helped in constructing the house for Legazpi, and with the craftsmanship of Panday Pira, in building a fort for the Spanish with 14 pieces of artillery and 12 jars of gunpowder which was appreciated by the Spaniards who run low on ammunition (Joaquin, 1990; Scott, 1994; Dery, 2001). Following the 1570 battle was the battle of Bangkusay on June 3, 1571 which broke out and continued for about ten months. It was a naval engagement that marked the last resistance by locals to the occupation of the Pasig River delta, which had been the site of the indigenous polities of Maynila and Tundun. Tarik Sulayman, the chief of Macabebe, refused to ally with the Spaniards, and decided to mount an attack against the Spanish forces led by Miguel López de Legazpi. Tarik Sulayman led his troops down the Pampanga River and fought the battle in the bay of Bangkusay, off the port of Tondo. Spanish records showed that Rajah Sulayman was able to escape to Pampanga, and that it was the nameless Kapampangan chief from Macabebe (some writings identified him as Tarik Sulayman) who was killed in the battle (San Agustin de Gaspar, 1998). Lakandula refused to join the Macabebe chieftain and Rajah Sulayman's coalition. However, two of his nephews and a number of his officers were taken as prisoners by the Spanish after the battle. The Spanish victory in Bangkusay and Legazpi's alliance with Lakandula of Tundun enabled the Spaniards to establish themselves throughout the city and its neighboring towns (Joaquin, 1990). After extensive negotiations with the leaders of Maynila (accepted in Spanish language as Manila) and neighbor settlement in Tundun (now Tondo), Maynila was established as a permanent settlement and capital city of the Spanish East Indies. On June 24, 1571, the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Maynila, founded the Spanish city of Manila, declared it a territory of New Spain (Mexico) and established a city council (Ayuntamiento) in what is now the district of Intramuros (Abinales et al., 2005). The Spaniards gained control of the settlements. Legazpi later explored Pampanga, Pangasinan and founded several Spanish cities in Luzon between the periods of 1571 and 1573. King Philip II of Spain granted De Goiti and other soldiers with haciendas (estates) for the lands they conquered (López de Legazpi, Don Miguel, 1564–1572). With the Governor-General’s pacification campaign of Manila, Father Diego de Herrera worked on the spiritual aspect giving Cathechesis to the chieftain of Maynila and recording that the Muslims referred to by the Spaniards as Moros lived only in some villages and were Muslim in name only (Newson, 2009).

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila The local chieftains surrendered vassalage to the King of Spain, as a symbolic gesture of local kings submission to the king of heaven and earth (De San Agustin, 1998). This was manifested in the land donation made by Lakandula to the Catholic Church on his birthday and baptism, for the construction of Tondo Church where the Santo Niño from Acapulco, Mexico was enshrined in 1572. On November 29, 1574, Limahong's fleet of about 3,000 Chinese sea pirates who sailed from the South China sea, landed and destroyed the first constructed fortification (made of palm logs and earth), temporarily besieged Manila, and killed De Goiti (Borja, 2005). After hearing the news, Martín de Goiti's second in command, Juan de Salcedo left Ilocos Sur and traveled to Manila where he discovered their settlements ceded to the pirates. Salcedo's forces attacked and drove the pirates out of Manila. Most of the Spanish reinforcements came from Vigan and Cebu. Limahong and his fleets retreated to Pangasinan where they re-organized their forces (Choy, 2013).

A PAINTING OF CHINESE TRADING CERAMICS & TEXTILE IN THE PHILIPPINES

INVASION OF CHINESE PIRATE LIMAHONG

Photo Source: Francisco, 2018

In 1575, Salcedo's army marched north to Pangasinan, in pursuit of the pirates and besieged them for three months. Upon Spanish settlement, a papal decree immediately made Manila a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mexico. Then, by a royal decree of Philip II of Spain, the Manila was placed under the spiritual patronage of Saint Pudentiana and Our Lady of Guidance spurred by a locally found sacred image, i.e. a Black Madonna of unknown origin. On 21 June 1574, Rey Felipe II of Spain gave Manila the title “Insigne y siempre leal” or “Distinguished and Ever Loyal City”. The City also became the center of Catholic faith in the Spanish East having the Archdiocese located within the southbank. The attacks on Manila prompted the construction of the wall known as Intramuros at the southern banks of Pasig River to protect the Spanish colonizers. The city of stone began during the rule of Governor-General Santiago de Vera from 1584 to 1590. In accordance to the Laws of the Indies, and was approved by King Philip II's Royal Ordinance that was issued in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain, the walled city was planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila The succeeding Governor-General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas (June 1, 1590-October 25, 1593) brought with him the royal instructions from Spain to carry out the decree to enclose the city with stone and erect a suitable fort at the junction of the sea and river. Spanish military engineer and fortification specialist Leonardo Iturriano headed the project with Chinese and Filipino workers who built the walls. Geronimo Tongco and Pedro Jusepe designed the wall in 1591. Construction of the walls began in 1590 by Governor Gernela De Vera by digging the moat, which surrounded the city, and building a stone breastwork along the Pasig riverfront. It was continued under many governorgenerals and was not completed until 1872 (Torres, 2005). Dasmariñas also rebuilt Fort Santiago and a circular fort known as Nuestra Señora de Guia to defend the land and sea on the southwestern side of the city. Funds came from a monopoly on playing cards and fines imposed on its excessive play. Chinese goods were taxed for two years. Dasmariñas also constructed the cathedral of Manila, and encouraged private citizens to build their dwellings in stone. The constructed military barracks called Fort Santiago also became their outposts during the trade with Mexico. (Scott, 1994). Manila’s designation as the capital of the Capitania-General de Las Islas Filipinas in 1595 widened the Spanish colonial influence not only within the Philippine Islands, but also of the Marianas. Manila became a center of the Trans-Pacific Silver Trade for more than three centuries. Legazpi took advantage of a territorial conflict between the Kingdom of Tondo to justify expelling or converting Bruneian Muslim colonists who supported their Manila vassals while his Mexican grandson Juan de Salcedo had a romance with a princess of Tondo, Kandarapa (Wright, 1907). López de Legazpi ordered the execution or exile of the local royalty after the failure of the Conspiracy of the Maharlikas, a plot wherein an alliance between datus, rajahs, Japanese merchants and the Sultanate of Brunei would band together to execute the Spaniards, along with their Latin American recruits and Visayan allies. The victorious Spaniards made Maynila, the capital of the Spanish East Indies and of the Philippines, which their empire would control for the next three centuries. It also became famous for its role in the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade (1565 to 1815), which brought goods from Europe, Africa and Hispanic America across the Pacific Islands to Southeast Asia, which was already an entrepôt for goods coming from India, Indonesia, Japan and China. During the 15th century China withdrew from its active role in Asian trade and imposed tight controls on private trade and an embargo on trade with Japan. Meanwhile, Portuguese trade accompanied by Jesuit missions led by Francis Xavier in 1549–51 became very successful getting converts in the south of Japan. In 1596, the Spanish authorities in Manila tried to replicate the successes of Portuguese Jesuits in Japan, and sent Franciscan missionaries to proselytize. The Japanese got the impression that Spain might want to take over as they had the Philippines, and on Hideyoshi’s order, the Spanish missionaries and 19 of their converts were crucified at Nagasaki. From that point on, Japan became increasingly hostile to Portuguese missionary activities, and made contact with English and Dutch traders who had no religious intent. Eventually, Christianity was considered illegal, and the Portuguese were expelled in 1639. Henceforth, trade with the Japanese mainland was confined to Chinese and Dutch traders (Maddison, 2002).

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese people traders migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population even before the pre-colonnial period. During the Spanish colonial period, the sites of two Japanese settlements in Manila were Paco (originally Dilao referring to the skin tone of the area's inhabitants) and San Miguel (Liao, 1964). The images of Japanese who came to the Philippines in the 16th century were also documented in the Boxer Codex. It was also during this period when Chinese-Filipino Lorenzo Ruiz was falsely accused of killing a Spaniard while working as a clerk for the Binondo Church. In 1636, with the aid of the Dominican fathers, Ruiz sought asylum on board a ship with three Dominican priests: Saint Antonio Gonzalez, Saint Guillermo Courtet, and Saint Miguel de Aozaraza; a Japanese priest Saint Vicente Shiwozuka de la Cruz; and a lay leper Saint Lázaro of Kyoto sailed for Okinawa on June 10 1636. Together with other missionaries, Ruiz was arrested and imprisoned. On September 27, 1637, Lorenzo and his companions were taken to Nishizaka Hill in Nagasaki to face trial by torture. From 17th century until the 19th century (Edo period in Japan), Japanese Christians fled from the religious persecution imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate. A statue of daimyō Ukon Takayama, who was exiled to the Philippines in 1614 for refusing to disvow his Christian beliefs. In the 17th century, the Spaniards referred to the Paco Area as the 'Yellow Plaza' because of the more than 3,000 Japanese who resided there (Tobia-Bulan, 2006).

1.7.3 VICTORIES AGAINST DUTCH INVASION In their quest for alternative trade routes to Asia, the Dutch reached the Philippines and sought to dominate the commercial sea trade in Southeast Asia and engaged in privateering activities. Attempting to cut off Spanish trade with East Asia, the Dutch vessels harassed the coasts of Manila Bay and its environs, and preyed on sampans and junks from China and Japan. From 1600 to 1646, the Battles of La Naval de Manila was a series of five naval battles that were fought in the waters of the Philippines. The joint forces of the Spanish and native Filipino soldiers and sailors, particularly Kapampángan volunteers successfully repelled various attempts by the forces of the Dutch Republic to invade Manila during the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish-Kapampángan forces inflicted heavy damage upon the Dutch fleet consisting of 19 warships divided into three separate squadrons. On December 14, 1600, the first Dutch squadron to reach the Corregidor Island at Manila Bay was led by Olivier van Noort. This squadron, including Mauritius and the Eendracht, grappled with the Spanish fleet consisting of San Bartolomeo and San Diego under Antonio de Morga near Fortune Island. The unfit and overweight San Diego that got moored to Mauritius and sank. De Morga captured the Dutch Eendracht, making van Noort’s position indefensible and forcing him to retreat.

1603 ILLUSTRATION OF THE COMABT OF MORGA'S SAN DIEGO AGAINST THE VAN NOORT'S MAURITIUS

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

The skilled navigator Van Noort managed to return to Holland, and thus become the first Dutch to circumnavigate the world. Meanwhile, De Morga escaped with two Dutch flags as his trophies, and lived to write an account of what happened, which were totally different from the account of surviving eyewitnesses, which were kept secret at that time (Goddio, 1996). In 1609, another Dutch fleet of four ships under the command of François de Wittert attempted to attack Manila but was repelled by the forces of Spanish Governor-General Juan de Silva who launched a counterattack, and defeated the Dutch at the Battle of Playa Honda. Wittert was killed in battle. The Dutch were once again repulsed and sustained heavy damage on October 1616, when another Dutch fleet of 10 galleons under the command of Joris van Spilbergen (Georges Spillberg) blockaded the entrance of the Manila Bay. In April 1617, a Spanish armada of seven galleons led by Juan Ronquillo battled against Spilbergen's fleet at the Playa Honda (known as the second battle of Playa Honda) where Spilbergen's flagship, the "Sol de Holanda" (Sun of Holland) sank. From 1640 to 1641, a Dutch fleet of three ships stationed near Embocadero de San Bernandino tried to capture a fleet of merchant galleons coming from Acapulco, Mexico. These galleons, however, escaped safely by taking a different route after receiving warnings from a system of fire-signals (placed in Embocadero) which was devised by the Jesuit priest Francisco Colin. The victories against the Dutch invaders in all the five battles were attributed by the Spanish and Kapampángan troops to the intercession of the Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of La Naval de Manila. On 9 April 1652, after a thorough canonical investigation, the victories in the five sea battles were declared a miracle by the Archdiocese of Manila which gave rise to the centuries-old festivities of Our Lady of La Naval de Manila (Hornedo, 2007).

1.7.4 BRITISH INVASION The conflict between the European powers during the period of 1756–1763 spread across the world including their colonies in Asia. Between 1762 and 1764, the British Empire occupied the Spanish colonial capital of Manila and the nearby principal port of Cavite for 20 months which was an extension of the larger Seven Years' War between Britain and France which came to involve Spain being a French ally. Seeing Manila as an entrepôt for trade in the region, particularly with China, the British Ministry approved Col. Draper's plans for invading the Philippine Isles and HMS Seahorse under Capt. Cathcart Grant who was sent to intercept Manila bound vessels. A British fleet under the East India Company consisting of eight ships of the line, three frigates, and four store ships, with a force of 6,839 regulars, sailors and marines sailed into Manila Bay from Madras on September 24, 1762 (Tracy, 1995). Led by BrigadierGeneral William Draper and Rear-Admiral Samuel Cornish, the expedition, which was composed of regiments of British Soldiers, Royal Artillery, and Indian Sepoys, captured Manila, "the greatest Spanish fortress in the western Pacific" (Blair & Robertson, 1907).

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

The Spanish forces' defeat was attributed to the death of former Governor-General of the Philippines Pedro Manuel de Arandia in 1759. His replacement, Brigadier Francisco de la Torre did not arrive because of the British attack on Havana in Cuba. With the temporary appointment of Mexican-born Archbishop of Manila Manuel Rojo del Rio y Vieyra as Lieutenant Governor, the Spanish forces were not able to defend the Walled City. On October 5, 1762 (4 October local calendar), the British finally sieged the Walled city of Manila. After receiving the written surrender of captured Catholic Archbishop Rojo on 30 October 1762, the British were confident of eventual success (Tracy,1995).Draper signed an agreement with Rojo in what was known as the Manila Ransom, wherein the Spaniards would pay the British a large amount of money, and Manila served as a trading base.

BRITISH ATTACK IN MANILA IN 1762

THE AYUNTAMIENTO

On 2 November 1762, Dawsonne Drake of the British East India Company assumed office as the British Governor of Manila and was assisted by a council of four members consisting of John L. Smith, Claud Russel, Henry Brooke and Samuel Johnson. After several attempts to acquire the assets that he wanted failed, Drake formed a War Council named Chottry Court with a power to imprison anyone. Many Spaniards, Criollos, Mestizos, Chinese, and natives were imprisoned for crimes denounced by Captain Thomas Backhouse (Backhouse, 1765). The British occupation extended toward the north encompassing Bulacan, Pampanga, and parts of Ilocos. However, the early success at Manila and nearby provinces did not enable the British to control the whole country. In 1762, the Real Audiencia de Manila (Royal Audience of Manila) appointed Simón de Anda y Salazar as the new Governor-General, as provided by the statutes of the Council of the Indies but Rojo refused to surrender the royal seal. With de Anda’s appointment and confirmation by the King of Spain, the Real Audencia assumed responsibility for the defense of the Philippines in the absence of a higher authority. De Anda rejected the surrender made by Rojo and led Spanish-Filipino forces (made up mostly of Filipinos) that prevented British forces from taking control of the territory beyond the neighboring towns of Manila and Cavite and kept them confined to Manila. De Anda intercepted and redirected the Manila galleon trade to prevent further capture by the British.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

The British's failure to consolidate their position led to troop desertions and a breakdown of command unity which left the British forces paralyzed and in an increasingly precarious position (Fish, 2003). The two-year occupation brought about supporters of British rule manifested in rebellions by local leaders such as Diego and Gabriela Silang (Blair & Robertson, 1907). The Seven Years War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. However, the signatories were not aware that the Manila was under British occupation and was being administered as a British colony. News of Manila's fall arrived very late to affect the Treaty of Paris. Hence, no specific provision was made for the Philippines and it fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown (Tracy, 1995). After the British left in 1764, the defensive perimeter of old Manila had to be completely redesigned, creating wide open spaces around the walls of Intramuros and along the original moat. The two-year British invasion of Manila that ended brought new political ideas and helped open the country to foreign commerce. Later in the 19th century, after the Galleon Trade, the City and its surrounding arabales (districts), namely: Binondo, Ermita, Quiapo, Malate, Santa Cruz, San Miguel, Sampaloc, Santa Ana, Tondo, Santa Mesa, Pandacan, Paco, and San Nicolas witnessed socio-economic growth as Manila welcomed a new era of international trade.

1.7.5 THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION & END OF SPANISH RULE With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 that facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain, Manila's growing wealth and education attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces. It also gave rise to an ilustrado class that espoused liberal ideas and the ideological foundations of the Philippine Revolution seeking independence from Spain. The City also witnessed the birth of the Filipino nation from the secularization movements that empowered the Filipino Catholic priests to support the establishment of revolutionary societies. A revolt by Andres Novales was inspired by the Latin American wars of independence, followed by the Cavite Mutiny. Both La Liga Filipina and the Propaganda Movement were established in Tondo, which cradled prominent personalities and heroes such as Andres Bonifacio and Jose Rizal whose efforts contributed to the colony’s emancipation from 333 years of foreign rule in 1898. The Philippine Revolution finally erupted in August 1896 when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan led by Bonifacio. Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel, and thus their role was immortalized in the Philippine Flag where Manila was marked as one of the eight rays of the symbolic sun.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila The revolution ended with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a ceasefire agreement between the Spanish colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo. It was mediated by Don Pedro Alejandro Paterno who was appointed by the Spanish Governor-General. Signed on December 15, 1897, the Pact terms called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender while other revolutionary leaders would be given amnesty and a monetary indemnity of $800,000 (Mexican) by the Spanish government in return for the rebel government going into exile in Hong Kong (Aguinaldo, 1899; Kalaw, 1927).

1.7.6 THE AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1946) The American colonization of the Philippines began with the outbreak of the Spanish– American War in April 1898 when the Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East Indies, and concluded when the United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946. On April 25, 1898, Commodore George Dewey sailed for Manila with a fleet of seven U.S. ships. Upon arrival in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron under Commodore Dewey encountered a fleet of 12 Spanish Pacific squadron commanded by Contralmirante Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo. Described as one of the most decisive naval battles in history, the Battle of Manila Bay which only lasted for a few hours, destroyed all of Montojo's fleet. While the U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard in Cavite, Dewey cabled Washington on May 4, stating that although he controlled Manila Bay, he did not have the necessary ground forces to hold it, and needed a reinforcement of 5,000 men to sieze the City. (Naval Historical Center, 2009; Beede, 1993). Soon after the US declaration of war against Spain, Mac Arthur was appointed brigadier general of volunteers in May 1898 and assigned to the U.S. expeditionary force sent to the Philippines. He commanded the 1st Brigade of the 2nd Division in Major General Wesley Merritt’s VIII Corps. MacArthur led his brigade in the First Battle of Manila on August 13, 1898. Recognizing his valor, he became the provost marshal general and civil governor of the Philippines; was then to major general volunteers and commanded the 2nd Division, the chief field force opposing Filipino insurgents led by Emilio Aguinaldo in the Philippine-American War. The US forces led by MacArthur’s pacified all of Luzon (Tucker, 2013). By June 1898, U.S. and Filipino forces jointly took control of most of the islands in the Country, except for the Walled city of Intramuros. Admiral Dewey and Major General Wesley Merritt worked out a bloodless solution with acting Governor-General Fermín Jáudenes through Belgian Consul Edouard André. The local Spanish and American generals, who were legally still at war, secretly and jointly planned the battle to transfer control of the City center from the Spanish to the Americans. Agreeing on the terms for the performance, only Dewey, Wesley Merritt, Jaudenes and André knew of the complete plans hinged on keeping Philippine Revolutionary Army out of the Manila while U.S. and Spanish troops exchanged places. The “Mock Battle of Manila” was fought after US Commodore George Dewey negotiated with Spanish Governor General Jaudenes to force the Spanish Army inside Intramuros to surrender. On August 13, 1898, the "mock attack" commenced with Dewey’s flagship, the protected cruiser Olympia, lobbing a few shells into the old fort at Malate while the Spanish guns on the coast provided no response.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila The staged battle took place at Fort San Antonio Abad where the Americans captured the Walled City to satisfy the demands of the Spanish side. As planned, the land-based U.S. forces held back Filipinos outside the central city. The Spanish rule of the Philippines, which also ended the Spanish–American War officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of signed on December 10, 1898. Spain ceded control of the Philippines and other territories to the United States (Custodio, 1998). Tension between the Filipino forces led by Aguinaldo and the American Expeditionary forces became high as the Filipinos felt betrayed by the Americans who were looked up as liberators against Spanish occupation. The fight that broke out between the Filipino and American forces on February 4, 1899 marked the beginning of the Philippine– American War (Blanchard, 1996). In June 1899, the incipient First Philippine Republic based in Bulacan presided by Emilio Aguinaldo formally declared war against the United States and fought the Americans for the control of the City. However, the Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured President Aginaldo who declared allegiance to the United States on April 1, 1901. In June 1901, the Americans pronounced that the city of Manila consisted not only of Intramuros alone but also of the surrounding areas. Brigadier-General George W. Davis, the last provost-marshall of Manila, drafted the Charter as prototype of the City of Washington D.C. (Laurel, 1926). By virtue of Act 183 of the Philippine Commission which was passed on July 31, 1901, the City of Manila was incorporated on August 7, 1901. The Act established the temporary boundaries and limits of the City of Manila and provided that, on or before December 31, 1901, the Municipal Board would have to conduct careful investigation and fix the proper boundaries for the city of Manila, and report its investigations to the Commission for further legislation (United States Philippine Commission, 1901). The Filipino struggle continued while Manila maintained its prominence as the national capital during the Insular Government headed by Governor General Wiliam Howard Taft, who invited city planner Daniel Burnham to plan the City to adapt to modern needs. Burnham presented his plan for Manila in 1905. Patterned after Paris, Venice, and Naples, the Burnham Plan included the improvement of transit system, development of a road system, use of waterways for transportation and beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements as main area of recreation and construction of parks, parkways and buildings. The improvement of the City’s transit systems proposed an imposing diagonal arteries radiating from the new central civic district into areas at the outskirts of the city. Luneta Park was also intended to become a Philippine version of The Mall in Washington, D.C., with the planned building of the government offices. Of Burnham's proposed government center, only the Legislative Building and the buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments were completed when World War II broke out.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Map 5. Manila with Proposed Improvements, 1905-1906 MAP OF MANILA WITH PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS, 1905

MANILA BAY PLAN OF PROPOSED SEA BOULEVARD, 1906

1905 MAP OF MANILA MAP SHOWING THE DIAGONAL ARTERIES RADIATING FROM THE GOVERNMENT CENTER

Photo source: https://publications.newberry.org/makebigplans/planners-reformers/imagining-american-metropolis/burnham-and-philippines

Replacing the Insular Government, the Commonwealth Era (1935 to 1946) which was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the country's full achievement of independence witnessed massive urban renewal and construction of infrastructure. Such became landmarks of its socio-economic prominence such as the Legislative Building, the City Hall of Manila, the Manila Metropolitan Theater, the Post Office, and the heritage buildings of Escolta-Binondo. The majestic buildings, tree-laned boulevards, and pleasant climate has earned Manila its moniker “Pearl of the Orient.” Its vigor and progress, along with renewed hope for self-determination or independence of the Filipino nation, has made Manila a beacon of hope. To spare the city from further damage during World War II, US General Douglas McArthur declared Manila as an “Open City” in December 1941. American and Commonwealth forces left the city with a promise of redemption from the Japanese. The University of Santo Tomas became a prison camp for most foreigners and Prisonersof-War (POWs). As the new rule persisted, economic hardships crippled the City and its residents.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

1.7.7 THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION The Japanese invaded the Philippines on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, which marked the beginning of the second world war. The Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II between 1942 and 1945. To prevent its further destruction, Manila was declared an open city on December 26, 1941. (Sunday Times, 28 December 1941; Sunday Morning Herald, 3 January 1942). The Japanese promised independence for the islands after occupation, and initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943. Headed by President José P. Laurel, the Japanese sponsored Philippine Republic, also known as the Puppet Republic , was established on October 14, 1943 (Schirmer, 1897). Collaboration in puppet government began under Jorge B. Vargas, who was originally appointed by Quezon as the mayor of City of Greater Manila before the latter departed Manila (Pomeroy,1992). With a few notable exceptions, most of the Philippine elite served under the Japanese rule (Schirmer, 1897). This alliance was born from the need to protect their families against the harshness of the Japanese military; personal/business interests; and the believe that the Philippine nationalism would be advanced through solidarity with fellow Asians. The Japanese-organized KALIBAPI was only political party allowed during the Japanese occupation (Hunt, 2000; Cyr et al., 2012). The Japanese-sponsored republic proved to be unpopular. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by increasingly effective underground and guerrilla activity that ultimately reached large-scale proportions. In spite of Japanese campaigns against the Philippine guerrilla movement, it continued to grow throughout Luzon and the southern islands, with Filipinos vowing to fight the Japanese. The atrocities of war left the City in ashes and rubble. During the first quarter of 1945, Manila was “liberated” from the remaining Japanese troops. The Philippines was internationally recognized as independent state on July 4, 1946 with the signing of the Treaty of Manila between the governments of the United States and the Philippines (USA & Philippines, 1946). After the Liberation, most of the damaged buildings during the war were demolished as part of rebuilding Manila, replacing European style architecture from the Spanish and early American era with modern American style architecture. Only a few old buildings remain intact and are now declared national heritage.

The Battle of Manila from February 3 to March 3, 1945 was fought by American forces from both the U.S. mainland and the Philippines against Japanese troops in Manila. The Japanese Navy blew up Manila's harbor and destroyed the old City. The battle ended the almost three years of Japanese military occupation in the country. It is the last of the many battles fought within Manila's history. The City became the site of the bloodiest battle in the Pacific theater of World War II with around 100,000 innocent civilians caught between the crossfires at the streets of the south districts of Manila. Manila was the second most devastated city in the world after Warsaw and Berlin as almost all of the structures in the city including Intramuros were destroyed.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

GOVERNMENT INFRASTRUCTURES DAMAGED DURING THE BATTLE OF MANILA, 1945

Photo source: http://malacanang.gov.ph/battle-of-manila/

1.7.8 POST-WAR & MARTIAL LAW ERA In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino moved the seat of government of the Philippines to Quezon City, a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, created in 1939 during President Manuel L. Quezon administration. The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government centre to be at Luneta with the construction of a large Capitol Building as its core, which was envisioned to be the Philippine version of the Washington Capitol. It was planned to be surrounded by other government buildings but only two of those buildings were built around Agrifina Circle. Before the Second World War, the buildings of the Department of Agriculture (now the National Museum of Anthropology) and the Department of Finance (which became the Department of Tourism and is now the National Museum of Natural History). These two buildings are completed facing each other. By virtue of Republic Act No. 409 (An Act to revise the Charter of the City of Manila approved on June 18, 1949), the boundaries and limits of the City was re-established, dividing it into 14 municipal districts to be represented by four districts, which were as follows: 1) First District - Tondo; 2) Second District- San Nicolas, Binondo, Quiapo and Sta. Cruz; 3) Third District-Sampaloc and San Miguel; and Fourth District - Intramuros, Port Area, Ermita, Malate, Paco, Pandacan and Sta. Ana.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila In 1952, the Visayan-born Arsenio Lacson became the first Mayor of Manila to be elected. The City went through what was termed as the "Golden Age", and reclaimed its recognition as the "Pearl of the Orient", a monicker it earned before the second World War. After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by Antonio Villegas for most of the 1960s, followed by Ramon Bagatsing (an Indian-Filipino) for nearly the entire 1970s until the 1986 People Power Revolution. Mayors Lacson, Villegas, and Bagatsing are collectively known as the "Big Three of Manila" for their significant contribution to the development of the City, including the improvement of the quality of life of the people. With the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975 during the administration of then President Ferdinand E. Marcos, the region of Metro Manila (National Capital Region) was created as an integrated unit encompassing four cities and thirteen adjoining towns, as a separate regional unit of government.

On the 405th anniversary of the city's foundation on June 24, 1976, then president Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 940, which reinstated Manila as the capital of the Philippines, attributing to its historical significance as the seat of

government since the Spanish Period. The Decree states that “Manila has always been to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the Philippines being the center of trade, commerce, education and culture” and “from time immemorial has been the seat of the national government of the Philippines.” By Virtue of Presidential Decree No. 824, which was issued on Nov. 7, 1975, Metro Manila was formally established, along with the Metro Manila Commission, which was mandated to manage the Region. On June 2, 1978, the metropolitan area, through Presidential Decree No. 1396, was declared the National Capital Region of the Philippines. Concurrent with the reinstatement of Manila as the Capital City, and Metropolitan Manila as the National Capital Region, then President Marcos designated then First Lady Imelda Marcos as the first governor of Metro Manila. She started the City's rejuvenation, and re-branded Manila as the "City of Man".

1.7.9 CONTEMPORARY MANILA After the EDSA Revolution, opposition political leader in Manila Gemiliano Lopez was appointed as Officer-in-Charge of the City by President Corazon C. Aquino. During the elections following the Marcos administration, Lopez was elected as City Mayor for two consecutive terms (from 1986–1992). During this period, he implemented the ‘Manila on the Go’ Program, a mobile delivery of local services to the 897 barangays of Manila. In 1992, Alfredo Lim was elected mayor, the first Chinese-Filipino to hold the office and was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by Lito Atienza, who served as his vice mayor. Atienza was known for his campaign and city slogan "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila, a program which redeveloped several parks and the repair and rehabilitated the City's deteriorating facilities during his three-term (nine years) administration.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila Mayor Lim was again elected in 2010, but lost to former President Joseph Estrada in 2013. Throughout Mayor Estrada's term, numerous Filipino heritage sites were demolished, gutted out, or approved for demolition. Among such sites are the post-war Santa Cruz Building, Capitol Theater, old Magnolia Ice Cream Plant among many others. Some of these sites were saved upon the intervention of various cultural agencies of government and heritage advocate groups against Estrada's orders. Estrada who sought for re-election for his third and final term in the 2019 local elections, lost to Francisco M. Domagoso, popularly known as ‘Isko Moreno’. Mayor Domagoso has served as the Vice Mayor under both the administrations of Lim and Estrada.

Upon assumption of office as Manila’s Chief Executive, Mayor Domagoso initiated a city-wide clean-up against illegal vendors, signed an executive order promoting clean, open, inclusive and resilient governance, and vowed to stop bribery and corruption in the City. Under his administration, several ordinances were signed, giving additional perks and privileges to Manila's senior citizens, monthly allowances for Grade 12 Manileño students in all public schools in the city, including students of Universidad de Manila and the University of the City of Manila, and declaring the Arroceros Park a permanent forest park. The City Government also undertook infrastructure projects and redevelopment projects. These include: i) restoration of the William A. Jones Memorial Bridge (Jones Bridge) to its near-original architecture using Beaux-Arts architecture similar to that of Pont Alexandre III in Paris and the return of the three original sculptural pieces which survived the Second World War–the La Madre Filipina and the other two sculptures which were sent to guard the Court of Appeals building; ii) sprucing up the city's parks and plazas (Liwasang Bonifacio, Mehan Garden, Kartilya and Arroceros Urban Forest); iii) installation of a musical dancing fountain at Bonifacio Shrine; iv) clearing the public roads of obstructions; v) public market; among others.

For efficient service delivery especially in the time of Covid-19 crisis, the One-Stop City Government automation and e-services has been established to ensure that the constituents of Manila RPT and business tax payments, civil registry recording and certication, occupational permit and health certification, community tax certification, ordinance violation receipting, health services and social amelioration program, are efficiently administered. The City Government through the Department of Tourism and Cultural Affairs of Manila initiated the preparation of the first Tourism and Cultural Development Plan for the Manila, with the technical assistance of Biodev. In collaboration with the City Planning and Development Office, a series of multi-sectoral stakeholders workshops were held to ensure participation of the communities, barangays, national government agencies, private sector, non-government organizations, peoples organizations, religious and academic organizations, mass media, heritage and environmental advocacy groups.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

1.7.10 MANILA IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 On January 30, 2020, when the first case of the corona disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Philippines was confirmed in Metro Manila involving a 38-year-old Chinese woman from Wuhan who arrived in Manila from Hong Kong on January 21 and was confined in the San Lazaro Hospital in Manila. The second case was confirmed on February 2 involving a 44-year-old Chinese male, the companion of the first case from Wuhan. The patient suffered from infection from Influenza and Streptococcus Pneumonia, and died on February 1. This was the first recorded case outside China. This was followed by a number of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases reaching other ciies and towns outside the capital city. On March 12, President Rodrigo R. Duterte declared "Code Red Sub-Level 2," issuing a partial lockdown on Metro Manila to prevent a nationwide spread of COVID-19. The Capital City and entire region of Metro Manila was placed under a community quarantine.Supporting the national policy on this emergency situation and following a directive from the Metro Manila Council, Mayor Domagoso, declared a state of calamity in the City on March 15 after the second and third COVID-19 cases were confirmed. In response to the Covid-19 challenges, this preventive measure was expanded on March 16, placing the entirety of Luzon under an "Enhanced Community Quarantine" (ECQ). Other local government units outside Luzon followed in implementing similar lockdowns. On March 17, 2020, President Duterte issued Proclamation No. 929, declaring the Philippines under a state of calamity for a tentative period of six months. The Manila Department of Social Welfare (MDSW) rescued street people, pavement dwellers, and other homeless people, as well as people living outside the city who were unable to retreat home following the imposition of the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine. On April 3, the Manila City Council approved an ordinance penalizing discriminatory acts directed against Coronavirus patients and other patients under evaluation, including discrimination of health workers on the basis of their medical condition. The following day on April 4, Mayor Moreno ordered the temporary closure of the Ospital ng Sampaloc after five hospital staff contracted the virus. The City Government also coordinated with the Department of Social Welfare and Development of the national government in sourcing food supplies for the city's families. Mayor Domagoso stressed that the City could only produce between 8,000 and 11,000 food packs but would not suffice for the City's 350,000 families. On April 5, the Mayor signed an ordinance enacting the City Amelioration Crisis Assistance Fund (CACAF), allocating a total budget of ₱ 591 million for around 568,000 families, and distributing ₱ 1,000 to each household. A second tranche was given from May 20 to 21 for more than 680,000 families.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

On April 19, 2020, Mayor Domagoso confirmed that the district of Sampaloc would be placed on lockdown for having the most number of cases in the city, with 98 confirmed COVID-19 patients and 158 suspected cases. On April 30, he announced the policy to place the city's 1st District (Western Tondo) on "hard lockdown" from May 3 to 5, during which residents were prohibited from leaving their homes. District 1 is the city's most populous district with reported 83 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 231 suspected cases. As of May 15, 2020, Manila had 997 confirmed COVID-19 cases, 89 COVID-19 death cases, 163 recovered cases, 745 active cases, 470 probable cases and 1,134 suspected cases. Tondo 1 had the highest concentration of Covid-19 confirmed cases at 248, followed by Sampaloc with 169 cases. Tondo 2 and Sta. Cruz had high concentration of confirmed cases at 99 and 98, respectively. The districts with medium concentration of confirmed cases were Sta. Mesa at 74, followed by Paco at 55 and San Andres at 51. Low concentration of confirmed cases were found in Malate (46), Pandacan (37), Sta. Ana (37), Ermita (25), Quiapo (19) and San Nicolas (16). The districts with the lowest concentration of Covid-19 confirmed cases were Binondo at 10, Port Area at 5 and Intramuros at 1. Refer to Map 6 for illustration of the COVID-19 situation in Manila as of 15 May 2020.

Map 6. Covid-19 Situation Map by Administrative District, City of Manila

Photo source: Manila Public Information Office, 2020 Note: The MTCDP Book of Maps contains COVID-19 situation maps of Manila from March 30 to May 15, 2020.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

1.8 demographic setting From 1948 to 2015, the population of the City of Manila grew from 938,946 to 1,780,148, an increase of 841,202 persons in 67 years. The latest census figures in 2015 denote a positive growth rate of 1.43%, or an increase of 127,977 persons, from the previous population of 1,652,171 in 2010. The 2015 total population of the City of Manila represented 13.82% of the total population of the National Capital Region (NCR). Relative to all cities and municipalities, Manila ranked 2 out of 1,634 with most number of population, next to Quezon City. Table 6 summarizes the key demographic indicators of Manila in 2015.

CITY POPULATION IN 1948

CITY POPULATION IN 2015

POPULATION DENSITY

TONDO'S POPULATION

938,946 1,780,148

42,044 PER SQUARE KILOMETER

Figure 1: Population of the Manila by Censal Year, City of Manila 1960-2015 2,000,000

35% RELATIVE TO THE CITY POPULATION

Figure 2: Population by Sex, City of Manila, 2015

1,500,000

Male 49.2 %

1,000,000

875,832

904,315

Femal e 50.8%

500,000

1948

1960 1970

1975

1980 1990

1995 2000 2007 2010 2015

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Population Density The population density of Manila based on 2015 census is 42,044 persons per square kilometer. Its annual population growth rate (from 2010-2015) is 1.43%, which is ranked 875 out of 1,643 cities and municipalities. The age group with the highest population is 20 to 24 years old, with 191,512 individuals. Conversely, the age group with the lowest population is 80 and over, with 10,650 individuals. Figure 1 shows the population history of Manila reflecting an increasing trend in censal years from 1960 to 2015. Slight decreases were noted in 1990, 2000, and 2010. Based on 2015 Census of Population and Households, Santa Ana had the highest population density, with 116,302 persons per square kilometer, followed by Sampaloc with 72,487, and Tondo, with 57,292. In terms of household density, Santa Ana also had the highest with 27,969 households per square kilometer, followed by Sampaloc with 18,340, and Tondo with 13,444.

Administrative District Tondo had the biggest population share at 35% of the total city population, followed by Sampaloc at 21%, Santa Ana by 11% and Santa Cruz at 7%. Intramuros is the least populated administrative district with only 5,935 population (0.60%). Table 7 shows the 2015 population by administrative district and gender. By administrative district, Male population is higher only in San Nicolas (50.08%), Sta. Cruz (51.60%), Intramuros (50.97%) and Port Area (51.10%).

Sex Female population is slightly higher than the male population. The difference is 1.6 percentage points. Figure 2 illustrates the 2015 City Population by Sex.

Households and Average Household Size In 2015, there were 435,237 households in the Manila, registering an average household size of 4.1. Tondo had the highest number of households at 148,152, or an average household size of 4.3, followed by Sampaloc with 94,912 households, and an average household size of 3.9. Intramuros had the lowest number of households recorded at 1,509, with an average household size of 3.7. Table 8 presents the number of households, household size and average household size by administrative district in Manila.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Table 6. Demography, City of Manila, 2015

Table 7. Population by Administrative District and Sex, City of Manila, 2015

Table 8. Number of Household Size and Average Household Size, City of Manila, 2015

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

1.9 TRANSPORT ACCESS Located at the heart of the Philippines, the City of Manila can be accessed internationally by air or water via airplane and ship, respectively. Domestically, one can reach Manila by land via bus, taxi, and/or rail. This section discusses the means of transportation in Manila by air, sea and land.

1.9.1 BY AIR The Manila International Airport of the Philippines, commonly known as the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), is the country’s premier airpot. It has four terminals named Terminals 1, 2, 3, and 4. These terminals are not internally-connected, and do not share a common runway. Details of each terminals are as follows:

Table 9. Airport Terminals, Metro Manila, 2020

For passengers with onward flights in other terminals, there is an airport shuttle service to transfer passengers to other terminals. It is free of charge. The shuttle service operates 24 hours daily. Manila is 9.742 km away from Terminal 1; 9.872 km from Terminal 2; 9.345 km from Terminal 3; and 7.295 km away from Terminal 4. To get out of the airport, the available means of transport would be: (a) bus (e.g. Point-toPoint (P2P), shuttle airloop bus) ; (b) Taxi, (c) Transport Network Vehicle System (TNVS) ; or (d) car rental. Airport metered taxis are colored yellow, and have the right to stop and pick up passengers and line up the porte cochere area as you step out of the arrival hall. Each departing taxi is registered by a dispatcher. The base fare is PhP40.00. Air Juan is a registered scheduled and non-scheduled domestic airline operating in the Philippines with hubs in Manila, Puerto Princesa and Cebu. It started operating private charter services in 2012 and scheduled flight services from Puerto Princesa to Cuyo Island, Coron and Caticlan in 2016.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Most recently, Air Juan started operating scheduled seaplane services from Manila to Puerto Galera, Subic, Busuanga Bay and Boracay without passing through domestic airports as the aircraft flies its passengers directly to the hotels or resorts. It is the first commercial seaplane operator in the Philippines and the only airline company that offers flights to and from Manila outside the heavily congested Ninoy Aquino International Airport. All its seaplane flights arrive and depart from the Air Juan Seaplane Terminal located at the west side of the Harbor Square area within the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex.

Photo source: Manila International Airport Authority, 2020.

1.9.2 BY WATER The Port of Manila is the hub of the Philippine ferry network. It has three areas, namely: (1) the Manila North Harbor in Tondo district; (2) Manila International Container Terminal (MICT); and (3) the Manila South Harbor in Port Area district.

The Manila North Harbor, which is operated by Harbour Centre Port Terminal Inc. and Petron Corporation, is a 52.5 hectare port with 10 berths and 8 quays. It is the biggest and primary port in the Philippines for domestic cargoes (World Port Source, 20052020). It has two terminals, with Terminal 2 catering to domestic RoRo and passenger vessels (Manila North Harbour Port, Inc., 2018). The MICT, which is operated by the International Container Terminal Services, Inc. (ICTSI), is located between the Manila North and South Harbors. It operates as container terminals throughout the Philippines and Worldwide (World Port Source, 2005-2020).

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

The main international passenger seaport of the City is at found Pier 15 of the 85hectare Manila South Harbor (World Port Source, 2005-2020). The Manila South Harbor, which is operated by the Asian Terminals Inc., comprises three areas. These are: 1) Piers 3 and 5 cater to general container terminal; 2) Piers 9 and 13 cater to general cargo terminal; and 3) Pier 15 for Roll on–Roll off (RO-RO) terminal (JICA, OCDI & MRI, 2010) and cruise terminals (World Port Source, 2005-2020). Several companies operate ferries to Manila from points throughout the Philippines, and cruise ships occasionally stop in Manila throughout the year. According to World Port Source (2005–2020), the Eva Macapagal Super Terminal is currently the Country's largest passenger terminal, which covers 2,878 square meters of Pier 15, and can accommodate the largest passenger vessels. Around the National Capital are numerous attractions for people desiring a quick daytrip away from the hustle and bustle of this mega-metropolis. Realship Yacht Terminal, which is located at the CCP Complex Bay Terminal, offers yachts and sail boats that can be chartered for transportation or as event venues from lavish champagne parties, cozy family outings, romantic dinner for two, or a tour of the Philippine beaches. Realship Corporation’s fleet of exquisite and powerful watercrafts caters to people who dare to get away from the conventional way of enjoying life. Realship yachts and sailboats boast of 5-star on board amenities which make passengers’ stay on a yacht as luxurious and as relaxing as possible. The Port of Manila is the hub of the Philippine ferry network. It has three areas: (1) Manila North Harbor in Tondo district; (2) Manila International Container Terminal (MICT); and (3) the Manila South Harbor in Port Area district. The CCP Bay Terminal, which located right next to the Cultural Center of the Philippines, abutting the Manila Yacht Club is very accessible by taxi. Once inside, travelers can wait for their ride in an air-conditioned passenger area overlooking Manila Bay. From the terminal, interested persons can board a fast ferry boat that takes travellers to Corregidor, Mariveles or Orani in Bataan. There is also a ferry boat that sails to Cavite City given a travel time of 30-45 minutes compared to 2-5 hours by bus.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Located the SM Mall Seaside Terminal built The ferries originating in Orion, and Freeport

of Asia Complex, the Suncruises Terminal and the Esplanade by the SM Group of Companies, are also accessible from Manila. from Esplanade Seaside Terminal are bound for Port of Capinpin Area of Bataan Town Terminal in Mariveles, Bataan.

The Pasig River Ferry Service is the only water-based transportation in Metro Manila that cruises the Pasig River from Pinagbuhatan in Pasig to Intramuros in the City of Manila. The system was owned and operated by a private company, SCC Nautical Transport Services Incorporated. Although commonly referred to as a ferry, it operates and functions as a water bus. The service was suspended in February 2011 but was reopened on April 28, 2014. It is currently operated by the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA). The entire ferry network has 12 stations in operation and two lines (Pasig River Lines and Marikina River Lines). As shown in Table 10, only 6 stations are in Manila serving the Pasig River Line which stretches from Plaza Mexico in Intramuros, Manila to Pinagbuhatan Station in Pasig.

Table 10. Pasig River Ferry Service Stations, City of Manila, 2020

1.9.3 BY RAIL There are two railways that traverse Manila. These are the Philippine National Railways (PNR) and Light Rail Transit (LRT). The PNR, which is owned and operated by the state, is the most extensive intra-island railway on Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines. It operates two commuter rail services: in Metro Manila and the Bicol Region. The Bicol service is currently under rehabilitation in preparation for the resumption of the Bicol Express run to Naga City in Camarines Sur province, and eventually to the southern terminal in Legazpi City in Albay. The existing and well-patronized commuter service in Metro Manila is part of the metropolitan transit system and is referred to as the Orange Line.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

The PNR stations that are found in Manila are: Tutuban, Blumentritt, Laon Laan, España, Sta. Mesa, Pandacan, Paco, and San Andres. Other stations are in Vito Cruz, Buendia, Pasay Road, EDSA, Nichols, FTI, Bicutan, Sucat, Alabang, Muntinlupa, San Pedro, Pacita Main Gate, Golden City 1, Biñan, Sta. Rosa, Cabuyao, Mamatid, and Calamba.To reach Divisoria (Tutuban, 168 Shopping Mall) from Makati, ride PNR train located in Buendia Station (near Cityland dela Rosa) or Libertad Station (near Walter Mart Makati). Trains usually arrive on an hourly basis except during rush hours. Travel time from Makati to Divisoria is only 30 minutes. Fares range from PHP 15.00 to PHP 60.00 for aircon while PHP 12.00 to PHP 48.00 for ordinary. These vary, depending on the distance from the origin to destination (Philippine National Railways, 2020). The LRT on the other hand, is currently operated, maintained and upgraded by Light Rail Manila Corporation (LRMC), a joint venture company of Metro Pacific Investments Corporation’s Metro Pacific Light Rail Corporation (MPLRC), Ayala Corporation’s AC Infrastructure Holdings Corporation (AC Infra), and the Philippine Investment Alliance for Infrastructure’s Macquarie Infrastructure Holdings (Philippines) PTE Ltd. (MIHPL).

The LRT's 33.4-kilometer-route (20.8 mi) is mostly elevated and consists of two lines and 31 stations. Line 1, also called the Green Line (formerly known as the Yellow Line), opened in 1984 and travels a north–south route. There are 12 stations within Manila in Green Line starting from R. Papa station in the northside to Vito Cruz station in the south side. Line 2, the Blue Line (formerly the Purple Line), was completed in 2004 and runs east–west. Four Blue Line stations are found in Manila, namely: Recto, Legarda, Pureza and V. Mapa. The concourse area at LRT stations typically contain a passenger assistance office (PAO), ticket purchasing areas (ticket counters and/or ticket machines), and at least one stall that sells food and drinks. Terminal stations also have a public relations office. Stores and ATMs are usually found at street level outside the station. Some stations, such as Monumento, Libertad and Araneta Center-Cubao, are directly connected to shopping malls. Line 2 stations have two restrooms, but Line 1 restrooms have a single washroom on each station that is expected to serve all passengers.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

Map 7. Water-based and Rail Stations, City of Manila

Trains usually arrive on an hourly basis except during rush hours. Travel time from Makati to Divisoria is only 30 minutes. Fares range from PHP 15.00 to PHP 60.00 for aircon while PHP 12.00 to PHP 48.00 for ordinary. These vary, depending on the distance from the origin to destination . Source: Google Earth, 2020. Manila Tourism and Cultural Project.

1.9.4 BY LAND TRANSPORT The Capital City of the Philippines offers multi-modal urban transportation options: jeepneys, tricycle, UV Express, taxi, bus, light metro, rapid transit and commuter rail. For passengers arriving via NAIA, both international and local flights are served by bus, yellow and white taxis, TNVS, airport UVs with designated rates given a particular destination. Other modes of land transportation in the City are:

Kalesa (also known as calesa, carromata) is a two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage used in key tourist attractions such as Intramuros and Chinatown. Traditional Public Utility Jeepneys . These are the most famous transportation modes not only in Manila, but also in the country. These have become a symbol of the Philippine culture and most popular and iconic public utility vehicle since the years immediately after World War II. Auto rickshaws (referred to as "tricycles" in the Philippines), pedicabs and e-trikes are used for short distances. Tricycles are motorized, and run by fuel or electricity, while pedicabs are non-motorized tricycles, which have also become popular modes of public transportation in the city especially common in streets not served by jeepney routes. During the earlier part of the COVID-19 crisis, Manila’s e-trikes (e-tricycles, evehicles) were hired or commissioned by the City Government through a dispatch system, to bring health workers and other front liners to their workplace.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

UV Express. The popularity of the Asian Utility Vehicle (AUV) rose during the midnineties as a crossover between a mini van and sport utility vehicle, such as the Isuzu Crosswind, Mitsubishi Adventure, and Toyota Revo. The AUVs are popularly labelled as UV Express (formerly known as FX, Metered Taxi, and GT Express). UV Express is a license to operate utility vehicles, particularly vans, as an alternative mode of public transportation in the Philippines. This is one of the two types of share taxi services in the Philippines with the bus-like Jeepney traversing longer routes within Metro Manila and servicing the nearby region such as Cavite, Rizal and Bulacan. UV Express in Manila mostly ply routes traversing from Manila to Quezon City, Makati, Pasay and Pasig. New PUVs. This public utility vehicle (PUV) is a variant of the GAZelle Next--a roomy, light commercial vehicle, which can fit up to twenty-three (23) seated passengers and eight standing ones. Underneath its hood is a 2.8-liter Cummins diesel engine that is Euro 4-compliant, capable of up to 150 hp and 330 Nm of torque. These DOTr-promoted PUVs can be seen on the routes toward Tondo and Sta. Ana Heritage Trails. These units come fully air-conditioned and equipped with hand rails, illuminated board stops, an emergency backdoor, and stop request buttons. They also feature a convenient automated fare collection system, which appears to work via Beep card. Taxicabs . Common taxicabs are metered car which vary from models and uses. Taxicabs have yellow colored license plates, taxi signs, LTFRB Registration number, and mandatory taximeter. A Certificate of Public Convenience (CPC) is issued for operators of air-conditioned taxi services that run in Metro Manila and in its adjacent provinces such as Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal. In 2015, Uber and Grab were launched in Metro Manila. In April 2018, Uber exited the Philippines market leaving Grab as the sole Transport Network Vehicle Service (TNVS) company operating in the area. One of Grab's mode of transportation is the GrabCar, a reliable private hire car hailing service. Buses . Inter-city and inter-province buses ply through the City of Manila and other destinations in Metro Manila and provinces in Luzon. Of the 36 bus terminals identified as of March 2020, most bus terminals are located in Sta. Cruz (14), Sampaloc (11), Ermita (5), Tondo (2), Pandacan (1), San Andres (1), Sta. Mesa (1) and Quiapo (1). Popular bus transfer stations in Manila are located at Rizal Avenue-Blumentritt, Rizal Avenue-Recto, Plaza Lawton, Recto-Legarda, Magsaysay Boulevard-Pureza, Magsaysay Boulevard-V. Mapa and Espana-PNR Station. As of 2019, there are 29 bus stations/terminals located in Manila (Map 8). Premium Bus and Point-To-Point (P2P) offer comfortable transportation, reaching key points in Metro Manila from NAIA with certain destinations in Metro Manila including Robinsons Manila, SM Mall of Asia, and Century City Mall Makati. This transport option provides non-stop travel from the airport to passenger’s choice of destination. The buses are also equipped with Wi-Fi to keep the passengers connected while on the road. There are also buses outside the airports’ arrival area heading to downtown Makati City and Quezon City via EDSA or Epifanio de Los Santos Avenue (EDSA). These buses can be an option as initial transport mode from the airport to a certain portion of routes in Metro Manila where other modes can be availed to reach Manila. Provincial bus companies also operate their own terminals which are dispersed throughout the Metro Manila.

Part 1 | Overview of the City of Manila

These bus terminals are concentrated mostly in EDSA. Within Cubao District, Quezon City are terminals for buses to Northern, Central, and Southern Luzon; and Bicol Region, including Catanduanes and Masbate Islands. The terminals around the junction of EDSA and South Superhighway for southbound (Southern Tagalog Bicol Region) buses. On the other hand, the terminals around Sampaloc District in Manila are for buses heading north.

Map 8. Bus Stations, City of Manila 1. Agila Bus Terminal 2. Alps Bus Terminal 3. Aniceto Bus Terminal 4. Candon Busline Terminal 5. Dalin Liner Inc. Terminal 6. Dangwa Bus Co. Terminal 7. Eaglestar 8. ES Transport Bus Terminal 9. Farinas Bus StationFive Star 10. Florida Bus Terminal 11. G. Liner Gonzalo Puyat Terminal 12. Genesis Bus Terminal 13. Honoris Bus Terminal 14. Lawton Bus Terminal 15. Maria de Leon Trans Bus Terminal 16. Mersan Transport 17. Ohayami TransPandacan Bus Terminal 18. Park N´ Ride 19. Philippine Rabbit Bus Terminal 20. PVP LinerRRCG Bus Terminal 21. RAC Bus StationRoro Bus Transport 22. Santrans Bus Terminal 23. Saulog Transit Manila Terminal 24. Solid North Bus Terminal 25. Southern Cross Shuttle Manila 26. Santa Lucia Bus Terminal 27. Sta Lucia Express Bus Co. 28. Swagman Fly The BusVictory Liner Terminal 29. Viron Transit Bus Terminal

Source: Google Earth, 2020. Manila Tourism and Cultural Project.

Some transportation companies have decided to step up and make use of the advancement of technology by setting up Transportation apps and making transport services available through Grab, Micab, U-Hop, Blacklane, Owto, Hype, Go Lag, HirNa, Angkas, Sakay.ph, and Waze provides travellers a sense of where light, moderate, and heavy traffic will be along taken routes in real time. TrainsPh gives commuters a real-time access to when the trains are arriving or leaving, time and distance from every MRT, LRT, and PNR station, and even CCTV access to ticket lines and platforms. The Department of Science and Technology’s (DOST) answer to commuters’ problem during rainy season is Arko – the Philippine’s #1 app for real-time flood mapping and other weather advisories.For a long-time Manila commuter, the Beep™ card is one of the most convenient ways to pay for train rides, bus rides, toll roads, and even select marts and fast food chains. Topping up loadin Beep™ card can be done directly from the Coins.ph app.

MANILA TOURISM & CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2020-2023

2 TOURISM HUBS

CO N TE N T S : 2.1 Tondo 2.2 Binondo-Escolta-San Nicolas 2.3 Sta. Cruz 2.4 Quiapo-San Miguel 2.5 Sampaloc-Sta. Mesa 2.6 Intramuros-Port Area 2.7 Ermite-Malate-Paco-San Andres 2.8 Pandacan-Sta. Ana

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs

The United Nations World Tourism Orgnization (UNWTO) defines ‘tourism’ as a social, cultural and economic phenomenon related to the movement of people to places outside their usual place of residence pleasure being the usual motivation. This section details the characteristics of each eight (8) tourism hubs in Manila. Tourism hubs are strategic areas for tourism and cultural planning and development. Some administrative areas are merged into one tourism hub due to proximity and homogeneity, as well as efficiency of movement in reaching the heritage sites and other tourist attractions. Eight tourism hubs in Manila were identified based on their historical, cultural, and economic roles; as well as geography. These are: 1) Tondo; 2) Binondo, Escolta, and San Nicolas; 3) Santa Cruz; 4) Quiapo and San Miguel; 5) Sampaloc and Santa Mesa; 6) Intramuros and Port Area; 7) Ermita, Malate, Paco, and San Andres; and 8) Pandacan and Santa Ana (refer to Map 9).

Map 9. Eight Tourism Hubs, City of Manila

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs

2.1 Tondo huB The “Tahanan ng mga Magigiting” or “Home of the Valiant People,” the District of Tondo is perhaps one of Manila’s oldest settlements. Its influence is inscribed in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription dating back 900 AD/CE. Historians and anthropologists have discussed about its prominence as an economic hub and a busy settlement before the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th Century, which met initial resistance from its powerful datus and lakans. Tundun was the traditional capital of the pre-colonial empire, and its rulers were not mere chieftains but sovereign kings. Tundun was referred to in Chinese characters for "Eastern Totality (All)" or " " due to its location east of China. Another assertion was Tondo derived from the Tagalog word ‘Tondoc’ meaning plaintain tree, or a variety of banana, which back then were found in great number in Tondo. (U.S. Army - Philippines Division, 1904).

東都

Today, Tondo is legislatively divided in two congressional districts: Tondo 1 and Tondo 2. Tondo 1 covers the western part of Tondo (as shown in Map 4). It is the most densely populated among the congressional districts in Manila. It is also home to one of the biggest urban poor communities. On the other hand, Tondo 2 covers the eastern part of Tondo known as ‘Gagalangin’. According to U.S. Army-Philippines Division (1904), Gagalangin is a Tagalog word which signifies a locality inhabited by people of refinement. In addition, the name was given ironically, the locality being in fact occupied at one time by such bad element that, to avoid trouble passing in there, it was necessary to particularly polite (p. 26). It contains Divisoria, a popular shopping place for affordable goods in the Philippines, and the site of the Main Terminal Station of the PNR. Tondo is home to the Holy Child, or Santo Niño de Tondo, which has been enshrined at Tondo Church since 1572—a source of devotion for most of the district’s residents, the Feast of the Santo Niño is celebrated every 3rd Sunday of January, and donned with fluvial, foot, and dance parades. The Tondo Parish Church, also known today as the Archdiocesan Shrine of the Santo Nino, was established by the Augustinian friars in 1572. It has undergone different changes and constructions that made it as a landmark of the district. The Sto. Nino Church is historic, being the location of Lakandula’s kingdom. Lakandula or Lacandola was the old Rajah of Tondo, who ruled over the Mohemmadan Tagalos at Rancheria of Tondo, when Spanish explorers settled at the site of Manila (U.S. Army Philippines Division, 1904). The Church is part of the plaza complex setup by the Spanish colonizers as part of resettling the natives. Plaza Leon, now known as Plaza Amado V. Hernandez, a prominent writer from Tondo, was and remains to be the site of activities that date back to the colonial period. Plazas and parks provide the residents of the district a place for recreation, relaxation, and activity. Tondo has notable public spaces like the elongated Plaza Moriones and the tree-covered Plaza Morga. However, Plaza Braulio Rivera at the intersection of Santo Cristo and Bilbao Streets no longer exists due to the rapid development of the area. Tondo’s contribution to the national historical narrative is that it was the birthplace of the national movements that pushed for emancipation of the Filipinos from colonial rule.

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs It was in Tondo district where Jose Rizal established La Liga Filipina in 1892, the same period the Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan (KKK) ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or Katipunan was born from mostly working-class Filipinos. Its Supremo, Andres Bonifacio was also born here. These sites, though of national importance, are hard to find— overwhelmed by the urban decay that surrounds it. Being a busy community with mixed cultures brought by trade or opportunity, Tondo is also known as a transport hub of the City. The North Harbor is a gateway for thousands of migrants that moved in to Manila from different parts of the country. At the northern shore of the mouth of Pasig River lies Parola (which means lighthouse), which guides ships entering the busy harbor since the Spanish colonial era. Lastly, the Tutuban Train Station was Manila’s train terminal that was constructed in the 19th century-witnessing the Country’s first ferrocaril or railway as ushered by the Industrial Revolution.

2.2 Binondo-Escolta-San Nicolas Hub Binondo, Escolta, and San Nicolas is an identified tourism hub that exudes itself for being the Center of Commerce of Manila. Within the tourism hub lies different distinguishing cityscapes that have been shaped by history and trade. From the Spanish colonial era up today, it still carries as one of Manila’s thriving “Central Business Districts,” uniquely historical and a cross of cultures. Binondo is a Tagalog word which means ‘full of woods and thickets, and mountainous’ (U.S. Army - Philippines Division, 1904). The Basilica Minore of San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila, also known as Binondo Church, dominates the large Plaza de la Barca, now known as Plaza Lorenzo Ruiz. Perhaps one of the most evident mergers of Filipino, Hispanic, and Chinese practice is the lighting of incense in from of Shrine of Santa Cruz de Longos, a Catholic icon located at the corner of Ongpin and Pinpin Streets as people light up incense in front of a Catholic icon. Behind the Church are heritage buildings that survived the War. Located along Quintin Paredes Street, these buildings lead visitors towards the plaza complex as well as the myriad of culinary surprises that have become institutions in Manila for generations. These dining areas are mostly found along Ongpin, Nueva (now Yuchengco), Estero, or Carvajal Streets, from tasty dim sum, to birthday pancit, to hopia as pasalubong. For most of the tourists, Binondo is known as Manila’s “Chinatown.” It is located in the southern part of Manila, and near to the former center of power ‘Intramuros’. Built in 1594, the Chinatown in Binondo is known to be the oldest in the world (De Leon, 2016). It was built by the Chinese, mostly from Fujian and other Southern Provinces, who were then traders/merchants, during the Spanish regime. As early as 10th century (i.e. even before the Spanish colonization) Chinese bartered ceramics, silks, and beads for Philippine pearls, tortoise shells, and hemp fabric (Sarmiento, 2018). Today, Binondo is still the home of most Filipino-Chinese in Manila, and a bustling commercial center since. Its streets are lined with restaurants serving a fusion of Chinese and Filipino cuisine and stores selling festive red lanterns, joss papers, Feng Shui items and traditional Chinese medicinal treatments (Sarmiento, 2018). From Intramuros, Binondo’s identity greets the visitors with two Chinese arches, one built from the efforts of the Filipino-Chinese community and the other as a gift from Guangzhou, a sister city of Manila.

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs A visit to the Chinatown Museum in Lucky Chinatown Mall provides a glimpse of the District’s culture, history, and its contribution in building one of Manila’s multi-faceted cultures. The Chinese New Year celebration is a big event in the district. Lion and dragon dances, along with the sound of the firecrackers echo with jubilation across the District. Binondo is also known as the gateway to Divisoria, the main shopping hub of the City. Divisoria is famous for its bargain prices for retail, and a "bagsakan" or the terminal of goods from different parts of the Country. The district of San Nicolas is said to have one of the largest intact Spanish colonial streetscapes in the Country that survived World War II—rivaling known heritage areas such as Vigan and Taal. However, wanton destruction of these heritage houses, as well as rapid urban development (due to its location near the port), has left but a few traces of these that maintained the 19th Century scenes of Manila. The once dominant Casa Bizantina, a three-storey bahay-na-bato, was later demolished and transferred to a different area. Only a few of these houses survive, and are scattered in several areas within the area. Despite the waning heritage of San Nicolas, Escolta’s built cultural heritage persists. Dubbed as the "Queen of Manila’s Streets", it was the Main Avenue of the by-gone era, and was named after the Spanish word "escoltar", which means "to escort". Pre- war buildings like those of Perez-Samanillo Building, Regina Building, Calvo Building, and Capitol Theater echoed the days when Escolta was the "Ayala Avenue" during the colonial eras and all the way to the 1970s. People rushed in and out of the shops that were located here. The national headquarters of some of the well-known corporations also originated within its vicinity. Escolta’s prominence was aided by the presence of the muelles or piers along the banks of Pasig River, where they disembarked goods from ships that came from different corners of the Philippines and the world. The Muelle de la Industria and Muelle del Banco Nacional witnessed the bustle of trade that significantly contributed to the Country's progress. Among the buildings that bore witness with history were those near the Muelles such as the pre-War El Hogar Filipino Building, Juan Luna Building, and the old Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Building at the western end of the District. The newly-renovated Jones Bridge served as the main gateway of the business district of the old Spanish Manila, and the sprawling Padre Burgos-Lawton area.

2.3 Santa Cruz Hub

Complementing the historic central business districts of Binondo and Escolta is Santa Cruz, or Sta. Cruz. In Spanish, Santa Cruz means ‘Holy Cross’ (U.S. Army - Philippines Division, 1904). Located north of the banks of Pasig River, this District runs up to the norther borders of the City, and spans most of Avenida Rizal and its extension. The 1581 Spanish expedition claimed the area and awarded to the Society of Jesus, whose members were known as 'Jesuits' from Mexico. This religious order of the Catholic Church built the first Roman Catholic church in the area where the present Santa Cruz Parish was established on June 20, 1619. The initial structure of Sta. Cruz Church was partially damaged by the earthquake in 1653, and severely damaged by the 5.5 magnitude earthquake in 1665. The Sta. Cruz Church was administered by the Jesuits until 1768. The Jesuits enshrined the image of the Our Lady of the Pilar before 1786 to serve the predominantly Chinese resident-converts in the area. A lot of devotees, including a popular cult grew around it.

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs It was completely devastated by the Battle of Manila in 1945 during the Japanese occupation. The current structure of the Church was built in 1957, and bore Spanish Baroque architecture characteristics. A small park was built at the Santa Cruz Parish that linked the area into the headquarters of the Spanish cavalry, the building that once was the Colegio de San Ildefonso, and was operated by the Jesuits. A slaughter house and a meat market also stood in Sta. Cruz during the Spanish colonial period. On June 24, 1784, King Carlos III of Spain gave to the San Lazaro Hospital the deeds for an estimated two square kilometers of land that was part of the Hacienda de Mayhaligue. The Hospital, which was inspired by the 13th century San Lazaro Hospital of Seville in Spain, was built to serve as a caring home for lepers in Manila at that time. Formerly belonging to Quiapo Parish, Hacienda de Mayhalique had big Chinese settlements similar to that of the old Pariah. This portion of Hacienda de Mayhaligue later came to be the known as Hacienda de San Lazaro, the home of the Hospital de San Lazaro, the hospital for lepers administered by the Franciscan religious order since 1785. A chapel enclosed with stone walls was erected within hospital grounds by Fr. Felix Huerta in 1859 (DOH, 2020). The hospital's history is connected with the 26 Martyrs of Japan led by Spanish priest Pedro Bautista. While Bautista was in the Philippines, the Tokugawa shogunate sent to the Philippines 134 Japanese lepers along with a note: "If it is converts you want, begin with these". The lepers were admitted to the San Lazaro Hospital (DOH, 2020). In 1898, the Americans managed San Lazaro Hospital as a contagious disease hospital. Its management was turned over to Filipinos in 1918. On June 25, 1865 under a Spanish royal decree, the first national penitentiary in the country, then known as Carcel y Presidio Correccional (Spanish, "Correctional Jail and Military Prison") was established on a rectangular piece of land that was part of the Mayhalique Estate. The Old Bilibid Prison was divided into two sections: the "carcel" section housing 600 inmates; and the "presidio" accommodating 527 prisoners. The facility has since been renamed as the Manila City Jail, with almost one fourth (1/4) of the old Bilibid now comprising residential structures with allowed commercial activities. The Mausoleum was commissioned through Executive Order No. 87, which was issued by then-Governor-General James F. Smith on August 28, 1908 (Lico, 2008). Arcadio Arellano made the design for the monument in 1915, while the Asociacion de los Veteranos de la Revolucion and the City Government of Manila was responsible for the construction of the structure. It was inaugurated on May 30, 1920. The San Lazaro Hippodrome was built with a grandstand as well as a six-furlong turf track. The Manila Jockey Club (MJC) was incorporated decades later after its establishment in 1937 under the name, "Manila Jockey Club, Inc.". In 1943, the club closed down when the Japanese soldiers used the club's buildings as their barracks during the second world war. Caught unmindful of the fast-approaching liberation by the combined American and Filipino forces from the north, the Japanese soldiers abandoned the northern banks of the Pasig River, including Santa Cruz in 1945. Santa Cruz and the northern portions of Manila were spared from the artillery bombing. Today, the San Lazaro Hippodrome with a marketing name "San Lazaro Tourism and Business Park" is a multiple use site under development by the Manila Jockey Club Investments Corporation. It has been created and declared a tourism economic zone with information technology component in 2009 (Manila Standard Today, 2003).

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs During the American Colonial Era and up to the 1980s, Rizal Avenue (then Avenida Rizal) was the theater and shopping hub of the capital. The streets that were once lined with shops, restaurants and movie theaters have since become dark and unattractive to tourists. The theaters that were designed by prominent architects awarded as National Artists for Architecture such as Pablo Antonio and Juan Nakpil are no longer visible along Rizal Avenue. These include the Ideal Theater and Scala Theater ( planned by Ar. Antonio in 1933), and the State Theater and the art deco style Ever Theater (planned by Ar. Nakpil in the 1930s and 1950s, respectively). Despite these unfortunate changes, Rizal Avenue has somehow been able to maintain its vibrancy up to the current period, as thousands still flock Avenida to buy goods. On one hand, the plaza is dominated by Santa Cruz Church (or the Archdiocesan Shrine of the Blessed Sacrament) and the Carriedo Fountain. The Church was established by the Jesuits in 1619, and has been a witness to earthquakes, fires, and wars. The current structure was built in the 1950s. On the other hand, the Carriedo Fountain is located at the plaza—a symbol of Manila’s progress in creating a modernized water works system in the city during the Spanish colonial times. A number of pre-World War II buildings and houses still stand in Santa Cruz, which is now part of the third legislative district of Manila. A handful of bahay na bato are located at the northern part of the District, particularly in the area between San Lazaro, Recto, Rizal Avenue Extension, and A. Mendoza Streets/Dimasalang. These are still residential areas with conditions ranging from well-maintained to deteriorating. There are portions of Felix Huertas-Oroquieta-Pedro Guevarra areas that have consistent streetscapes depicting prewar Santa Cruz. After the war, key portions in Sta. Cruz constituted part of the City's downtown area, including Plaza Santa Cruz, Plaza de Goiti, Rizal Avenue and Escolta Street. Plaza de Goiti (now Plaza Lacson) was still a center for business and commerce throughout much of the 1940s and 1950s. However, heavy traffic congestion contributed to its eventual decline, as businesses relocated to Makati. Santa Cruz was also home to the first racing club in Southeast Asia established in 1867 popularly known as the Manila Jockey Club. In 1900, the MJC moved to San Lazaro in Santa Cruz. The 16-hectare property was leased from the Monasterio de Santa Clara and was later bought by the MJC in 1912 as part of the 400hectare former friar estate known during the Spanish period as the Hacienda de Mayhaligue.

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs Parts of Chinatown, associated mostly to Binondo, is in Santa Cruz too. Calle Ongpin, a street that both districts share contain some of the best Chinese restaurants in the city. However, patches of colonial era bahay-na-bato are scattered in the northern parts of the district. After the 1945 Battle of Manila, American soldiers took over the Manila Jockey Club's facilities and used them as their garrison, and later as a hospital. The members of the Club regained control over their facility in March 1946. and within two months after reconstruction efforts, the San Lazaro Hippodrome resumed operations (Asian Racing Federation, 2017). When the Philippine Republic was finally established in July 1946, the San Lazaro Hospital complex became the head office of the Country’s Department of Health. During the last few years of the Spanish Government rule, the construction of a bridge was initiated to span across the Pasig from the District of Sta. Cruz at Plaza Goiti (now Plaza Lacson) to the south bank of the river connecting to Calle Arroceros (now Padre Burgos Street). The foundations were laid down and the two piers and abutments were built to low-water mark but the work ceased due to the growing instability in the Country. It was during the American period when the work commenced in 1900 was completed and officially opened on March 1, 1902 (Manila Municipal Board, 1903). During the second world war, the Santa Cruz Bridge and all the bridges that span the Pasig River were blown up by the Imperial Japanese Army as the American forces were approaching the City from the north in the Battle of Manila in February 1945 (US War Department, 1901). A simpler reinforced concrete beam bridge was built after the war and the span was renamed as MacArthur Bridge after General Douglas MacArthur.

2.4 Quiapo-San Miguel Hub The “Bastion of Faith and Power” resides in the districts of Quiapo and San Miguel. Quiapo has been a vibrant district since the colonial times, attracting large number of people from all corners of the archipelago, and bringing in their cultures that create a colorful and vibrant character of Manila. At the centerpiece of the district is the Basilika Menor ng Itim na Nazareno or Quiapo Church, which ishome to the highly revered dark statue of Jesus Christ that is said to be miraculous. It attracts millions of devotees from around the Philippines, culminating in the highly anticipated celebration of Translacion or "Pista ng Quiapo" every 9th of January—a holiday in the City of Manila. Because of Quiapo’s "miraculous reputation”, the fortunetellers and many of the herbal and folk medicine are being sold around the historic Plaza Miranda. Its significance in history is tied not only of its plaza layout, but also it was the site of the 1971 bombing, one of the factors that led to the declaration of Martial Law. The great Quezon Bridge, an Important Cultural Treasure (ICT), links Quiapo from the rest of Manila. It was originally built before World War II, incorporating the elements of Art Deco—the design at trend at that time. Underneath the Quezon Bridge, handicraftsmen sell goods near and around Quinta Market. The other side of Quiapo is a merger of two sites: The Muslim Town and the remnants of a genteel Quiapo—a reflection of Quiapo’s peaceful co-existence of two great faiths.

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs

“Muslim Town” as it is known, is centered on the Manila Golden Mosque (Masjid alDahab). It is sometimes called “Globo de Oro”, referring not only to its address but to the golden dome that decorates it as well. The Muslim Town was built in the 1970s in time for the visit of then Libya’s leader Muammar al-Gaddafi. Surrounding the masjid is the community of mostly Moro migrants from Mindanao, ranging from the Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausug, Iranun, and all other Bangsamoro peoples. For those who would like to have a taste of regional cuisine, there are Halal eateries that serve Bangsamoro food and goods such as pater/pastil, selling palapa condiment. There are also stores that sell malong and other Muslim products. In the middle of the chaotic streets of the District lies the genteel history of Quiapo, once a “high-end” district resided by the elite of the colonial era. The Bahay Nakpil and Boix House offer a glimpse of that era. While the former is now a small museum that exhibits its historical significance, the latter is an ornate bahay-na-bato that has survived time, war, and the elements. At the end of Hidalgo Street is the towering San Sebastian Basilica. Built in the 19th century, it is built almost entirely of steel. The towering spires and its tall and pointed arches are reminiscent of neo-Gothic style. San Miguel, the East of Quiapo, is the bastion of power. Aside from hosting educational institutions, it was once home to the city’s elite, as manifested in its stately mansions such as the Goldenberg Mansion, Legarda Ancestral House, and Arlegui Guest House. Perhaps no other resident of this District is as significant as the President of the Republic itself, with Malacañang Palace and its grounds as the base of national executive power. With the Country's cherished democracy, the gates that lead to the Palace has become a historic battleground, from peaceful dissent to violent protest. A statue of Chino V. Roces, a prominent writer during the Martial Law era, looks over the historic junction of Mendiola Gate. One landmark in this district was the Ayala Distillery (Destileria y Licoreria de Ayala y Compañia), the first distillery in the Philippines founded under Casa Roxas by industrial partners Domingo Róxas and Antonio Ayala on Estero dela Quinta in Quiapo in June 1834. After Roxas death, it became a major business of Ayala y Compañia (Casa Roxas successor) producing a variety of drinks including anis, anisette, cognac, rum, whisky and gin (Ginebra Ayala, Ginebra San Miguel and Ginebra Nacional) when it was acquired by La Tondeña on 21 June 1924. Carlos Palanca Street (formerly Echague Street) in Quiapo was named after Carlos T. Palanca, Sr., the founder of La Tondeña who was a migrant from Xia Men who arrived in the Philippines in 1884 and first worked as an apprentice at a relative's hardware business for six years until he opened his own store in 1890. He diversified into textile trading until 1902 and started a small distillery named La Tondeña in Tondo in 1902, which was incorporated as La Tondeña Inc. in 1929, five years after acquiring the distillery arm of Ayala y Compania. It also acquired Ginebra San Miguel, Ginebra Ayala and Colonial Rum. During the American occupation, Chinese Tan Quin Lay was baptized as a Christian with the name Carlos Tanquinlay Palanca and was appointed capitan (captain) of the Chinese community and designated as the Chinese consul-general. He was one of the most prominent Filipino-Chinese or Tsinoy businessmen and philanthropists during the American era. He was a patron of educational institutions, and instilled in his children the value of education.

Part 2 | Tourism Hubs To commemorate his endeavors to help enrich the Country’s cultural heritage, the heirs of Carlos Palanca established in 1950 the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature. The famous Palanca Awards have been a continuing touchstone in Philippine literature, with most of the great writers having ended up on their illustrious roster. La Tondeña was later sold to San Miguel Corporation in 1987, making it the world’s largest gin producer with a global market share of almost 50%. San Miguel Corporation (SMC) traces its origins in 1889 when Don Enrique Maria Barretto de Ycaza y Esteban received a royal grant from Spain for a period of twenty years to establish the first brewery in Southeast Asia. Rumor spread that the original San Miguel recipe was concocted by the religious Recoletos for “medicinal purposes”. Don Enrique converted his large house (Casa Barretto) located at 6 Calzada de Malacañang (later called Calle Aviles) into a brewery called La Fabrica de Cerveza de San Miguel. It was declared open for business on September 29, 1890, coinciding with Michaelmas, or the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel, the patron saint of the District from which the company and its product was named after. From its incorporation in 1893 with a registered a capital of Php 180,000 from Manila’s business elites, the corporate leadership of Don Pedro Pablo Róxas y Castro was passed to his successor son, Don Antonio Róxas y de Ayala; then grandson Andres Roxas Soriano Sr. (1918-1964); and following descendants Andres Soriano Jr. (1964-1984) and Andres Soriano III (1985-1998); then Eduardo T. Cojuangco, Jr.,(1984-86 and 19982020) and Ramon S. Ang who acquired the majority shares.

The Company has evolved and gave birth to a number of diversified corporations in different economic sectors. It also encountered corporate structural challenges in both the local and international economic arenas where it ventured through the years. After Soriano Jr.‘s death in 1984, Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. became the chairman of SMC in 1984-86 and on same year, moved its head office to Mandaluyong. The original San Miguel Brewery buildings in San Miguel were demolished upon transfer of ownership to the Philippine Government as part of the Malacañang Palace grounds. A portion of the site was converted into a part, while the rest was incorporated to the government complex (as the new executive building).

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2.6 Intramuros-Port Area Hub The heart of old Manila lies within the walls of Intramuros. It is a major cultural landmark not only of the City of Manila but also of the Philippines. It was once the seat of power during the Spanish Colonial era and was home to rich historical and cultural traditions and significant heritage structures that became witnesses of the country’s journey. In 1574, Chinese Pirate Limahong attacked Manila. As the settlements of the newlyproclaimed city were made up of bamboo and nipa, Manila was caught unprepared and was practically destroyed. A devastating fire then followed in 1583, which seriously burned down the City into ashes. Four years after this incident, Captain-General Santiago de Vera sought to protect Manila from the attacks and natural disasters by requiring all structures to be made of stones, while roofs be covered with tiles and bricks. This resulted to ‘bahay-na-bato’ (house of stone) to be built all over Manila. The construction of Fort Santiago and walls began in 1589. Chinese and Filipino workers built the walls out of adobe stone, while Spanish Leonardo Iturriano, a military engineer and fortification specialist oversaw its construction. The construction was funded from a monopoly on playing cards as well as fines imposed on excessive gaming. The walls took more than a century to be completed. By the 18th century, Manila was finally enclosed in walls, hence its name Intramuros, meaning “within the walls” in Latin, was adapted, (Presidential Museum & Library, 2020). Plaza Roma as it is known today was the main square of the City and of the Philippines. Surrounding it is the reconstructed Ayuntamiento de Manila, the City Hall during the Spanish colonial times, the Manila Metropolitan Cathedral—the seat of Catholic power of the Country, and the site of Palacio del Gobernador. To its north lies Fort Santiago, an old military camp that witnessed the imprisonment of Jose Rizal and martyrs of the motherland. The imposing gate is embossed with the relief of Santiago Matamoros. San Agustin Church in the middle of the walled city is one of the “Four Baroque Churches of the Philippines” that is part of the prestigious UNESCO World Heritage list. Ecclesiastical antiquities and its ornate trompe l’oeil echo the by-gone eras. It is one of the few structures that stood the wrath of World War II that devastated old Intramuros into ruins. A walk through its walls and baluartes such as Baluarte de San Andres, Dilao, and San Diego during afternoon provide relaxation from a busy day, especially during breezy days. The breeze from the sea passes through the Port Area that was constructed gradually in the colonial era. The imposing Anda Monument, the Aduana, and some of its old warehouses stood the test of time and the elements—a symbol of one of Manila’s pillars— maritime trade.

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Another interesting historic landmark in San Miguel is Hospicio de San José, the oldest charitable institution in the Country, which is located at Isla de Convalecencia ("Island of convalescence"), an islet in the middle of the Pasig River that can only be accessed via Ayala Bridge. Initially named Hospicio General (General Hospice), the Hospice was established in Pandacan district during the Spanish colonial period in October 1778 by Don Francisco Gómez Enríquez and his wife Doña Barbara Verzosa. Don Gómez Enríquez, after being cured of a fever donated an initial sum of ₱ 4,000 to establish the hospice for Manila’s “poor and unwanted children”, the physically and mentally handicapped, and aging people. The initiative of Don Gómez Enríquez was followed by other charitable people of Manila. Hospicio de San José was transferred to Intramuros, Binondo, Nagtahan, and Echague and permanently relocated to Isla de Convalecencia in 1810. By virtue of a Royal Decree issued by the King of Spain (King Carlos IV) on 27 December 1810, the Hospice was governed by a Board of Directors chaired by the Archbishop of Manila. Its operation became the responsibility of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul effective June 1, 1866, through the suggestion to the Governor-General of the Philippines by a benefactor named Doña Margarita Róxas. The first historical marker of Hospicio de San Jose was installed by the Historical Research and Markers Committee on October 17, 1939 at Ayala Boulevard in San Miguel district.

2.5 Sampaloc-Santa Mesa Hub Sampaloc is home to the Royal and Pontifical Catholic University of Santo Tomas (UST), the oldest university in the Country, and an integral part of the “University Belt” of Manila. It is a considered a National Cultural Treasure. According to Nick Joaquin, the Sampaloc district was once called " Distrito de las Lavanderas", which may be attributed to the number of laundry-folks back in the colonial times. It is also named after the tamarind fruit. The streets north of España Boulevard are named after the characters in the novels, as well as the people involved in the life of Jose Rizal like Dapitan, Maria Clara, Blumentritt, Ibarra, Pi y Margal, etc. Sampaloc has numerous colonial era heritage houses that depict different forms of the bahay na bato such as the House of Senator Eva Kalaw along Loyola Street. The District is also known to be the home of the well-known cut-flowermarket—Dangwa, named after the bus line that once brought cut flowers to Manila from the Cordilleras. For visita iglesia pilgrimage, a visit to the Catholic Churches of Our Lady of Loreto Church of Sampaloc and Saint Anthony Shrine would complete the trip. Tracing back in the Spanish colonial times, “the twin churches of Bustillos or Sampaloc” were once established by the Franciscan Order. On the other hand, Santa Mesa separated from Sampaloc when it was established as an independent parish during the American Colonial Era. Perhaps the most significant cultural heritage this District has is being the site of the first shot fired that ushered the Filipino-American War in 1899. It is also home to the Apolinario Mabini Shrine inside the Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP).

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2.7 Ermita-Malate-Paco-San Andres Hub A stroll along Baywalk at Roxas Boulevard gives a glimpse of Manila Bay’s famed “Golden Sunsets”—a nice introduction to Manila’s tourist belt—Malate and Ermita. The twokilometer seaside promenade is lined up with coconut trees and a great vista of the city’s skyline and the sea. This hub was once a community of the City’s elite, with hidden mansions beneath tall walls and canopies. During the early 20th century, Ermita and its neighboring district, Malate were posh neighborhoods for Manila’s high society where large and grandiose mansions used to stand. Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed during World War II. As a battleground during the Manila Massacre, Ermita, Malate and Intramuros bore the atrocities committed against Filipino civilians. After the war, Ermita and its twin district, Malate, shifted from being a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district. The Malate Church, also known as the Iglesia de la Nuestra Senora de Remedios, was established by Augustinian friars in the 16th century. The current church was constructed in the mid-19th century after being destroyed by a typhoon, and witnessing the British Occupation of Manila in 1762.

Like its heritage treasures, the petite Fuerza de San Antonio Abad is almost hidden from public view. One must enter Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas’s Manila Metropolitan Museum, with its extensive collection of artifacts and art galleries, for people to appreciate and access. It was first built in the 16th century and became a British garrison during the British occupation in the 18th century. Just a stone throw away from the Fort lies Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden, known to many as Manila Zoo. As the sun sets over Manila Bay, these districts are known for its vibrant nightlife that spans from Ermita Shrine to Remedios Circle in Malate Paco, on the other hand, was once called Dilao—from the amaryllis plant that once abound the area. Another theory states that the name of the place refers to the Japanese enclave in the area during the Spanish colonial era, with the monument of Takayama Ukon, a Japanese samurai exiled in Manila due to his conversion to Catholicism, overlooking Plaza Dilao. San Fernando de Dilao, as Paco was once known, is home to the old municipal cemetery of the city—Cemeterio General de Dilao, known today as Paco Park. Built as a result of a cholera outbreak and sanitary concerns, it was inaugurated in 1822 and was supposedly a burial site for Manila’s elite. Jose Rizal was buried here after his execution at Bagumbayan in 1896. Today, it is a place for relaxation amid the busy streets of Manila. It’s also a popular prenuptial and wedding venue. Like other districts of Manila, Paco also hosts some heritage buildings such as the Art Deco Paco Building and the revitalized Paco Market. The Church of San Fernando de Dilao, which became a temporary seat of the Archdiocese of Manila during Manila Cathedral’s renovation from 2012 to 2014 has a custom of venerating the statue of the Dead Christ or Santo Entierro..

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2.8 Pandacan-Santa Ana Hub Pandacan was established as a community in 1574 and was originally part of the parish of Sampaloc. It was later established as a separate parish in 1712 when Franciscan priests of the Roman Catholic Church established the first mission in the District. From a farming community, Pandacan was decreed by the the American colonial government as the center for industrial activity by the turn of the 19th century. Huge oil companies built their storage and distribution facilities in the District, and constructed a modern housing facility at the southeastern banks of the Estero de Beata to accommodate workers at the nearby oil depots. The housing project was called "Kapitan Tikong" (Captain Tikong) subdivision named after a popular local leader and in honor of Francisco Baltazar who lived in Pandacan, the streets in the subdivision were named after the characters of Florante at Laura. Metropolitan Manila Zoning Ordinance, Resolution 81-01 allowed medium and heavy industries, which proliferated in the City of Manila in the 80s, and continued to operate until the City Government introduced land reclassification in 2001. The changes in City administration led to arbitrary changes in land use policies and zoning delayed the implementation of land use reclassification of Pandacan. Some manufacturing facilities in Pandacan transferred to other locations outside the City of Manila but the major "Big Three" oil companies that were operating distribution depots in Pandacan had difficulty in finding a reasonable relocation site for the depots without disturbing the national distribution process of fuel, resulting to a compromise in place of the eviction. Upholding social welfare—security, environment and safety hazard to the densely populated Pandacan, the Supreme Court reiterated its order for the City Government of Manila to enforce Ordinance No. 8027 reclassifying the industrial area of Pandacan into commercial in coordination with the appropriate agencies and other parties involved. The City Mayor was also ordered to oversee the relocation and transfer of the Pandacan Terminals out of its present site. To ensure the orderly transfer, movement and relocation of assets and personnel, the Court also ordered the intervenors Chevron Philippines Inc., Petron Corporation and Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation to submit to the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 39, the comprehensive plan and relocation schedule. The City implemented the beautification of Plaza Balagtas atop the Estero de Beata in 2003, and the Ladislao Bonus Park in 2006. Sidewalk redevelopment and street lighting program of the main highway from the corner of Jesus Street and Quirino Avenue at the foot of Nagtahan Bridge southwards into Palumpong Street and the whole of Laura Street up to the foot of the Padre Zamora Bridge was also undertaken. This project linked the walkways into the Pandacan Linear Park, a buffer zone made into a park allowing for a leisure walk and recreational activities along the Pasig River and separating the oil distribution facilities from the residential-commercial areas developed by the big three oil companies.

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The City showcases its rich cultural history every year in Pandacan with the traditional "Buling Buling" Dance Festival before the main celebrations for the feast of the Santo Niño every third week of January and literary and musical geniuses of the 19th century who came from Pandacan. The archaeologists once uncovered potteries and china along the rivers of Pasig River in an excavation during the 1960s in this district, establishing its role in maritime trade in Asia. The community of Santa Ana was said to be part of the pre-colonial community called Namayan, and it has been a thriving even after the Spaniards have arrived and created a mission here. To ensure the orderly transfer, movement and relocation of assets and personnel, the Court also ordered the intervenors Chevron Philippines Inc., Petron Corporation and Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation to submit to the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 39, the comprehensive plan and relocation schedule which have allegedly been prepared. The Santa Ana Church was established by the Franciscan friars, in dedication to La Nuestra Senora de los Desamparados. The stone church that stands today was constructed during the 18th century and is home of two National Cultural Treasures of the country: the Camarin de la Virgen and the Santa Ana Museum Site. The petite plaza is surrounded mostly by heritage residences and buildings such as the Lichauco Heritage House. Pao Ong Hu Temple, a declared Important Cultural Property, sits behind the church—a manifestation of syncretic aspect of faith between the Catholic and Taoist beliefs. It might be surprising to some that in the middle of Manila lies is a laidback district like Santa Ana. Because of its maintained houses, church, and countless artefacts, it is a protected heritage district of the city.

MANILA TOURISM & CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2020-2023

3 TOURISM & CULTURAL PROFILE

CO N TE N T S : 3.1 Tourism Arrivals 3.2 Tourism Gross Sales 3.3 Visitor Receipts 3.4 Tourist Attraction 3.5 Accommodation 3.6 Other Tourism Facilities and Services

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3.1 tourism arrivals Tourism arrivals is the common measure of quantifying the volume of tourists in an area or country (United Nations World Tourism Organization, 2013). The number of arrivals do not refer to the “number of person” entering the country, instead it may refer to the count of the same person who makes several trips to a given country during a given period who is counted as a new arrival each time, as well as, a person who travels through several countries on one trip is counted as a new arrival each time.

3.1.1 ARRIVALS BY AIRPORT Foreign visitor arrivals are referred to as “inbound tourists” who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding twelve (12) months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited (United Nations World Tourism Organization, 2013). Figure 3 shows the number of foreign visitor arrivals from Manila International Airport or more commonly known as the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA). It shows an increasing number of foreign visitor arrivals from year 2014 to 2019. From 3,504,123 in 2014 to 6,111,361 in 2019, equivalently, this is a 74.4% increase in the number of foreign visitor arrivals by air.

Figure 3: Foreign Tourism Arrivals from NAIA Terminals 1, 2, and 3, 2014-2019

INCREASED IN FOREIGN TOURISM ARRIVALS

74.4% 2014 - 2019

NUMBER OF FOREIGN TOURISM ARRIVALS

6,111,361 2019

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3.1.2 ARRIVALS BY SEAPORT OF MANILA Manila can be reached by international and domestic tourists via its Piers from the districts of Tondo and Port Area. Figure 3 shows the total number of cruise ship passengers who visited Manila via Pier 15, Manila South Harbor from 2016 to 2019. Based on the data from the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) from 2016 to 2017, there was a 170% increase in the number of cruise ship passengers who embarked and disembarked in Pier 15, Port of Manila. While, in 2017 to 2018, it spiked up to 322,538 passengers which is almost 550% increase from the previous year. It then recorded a 58% decrease from 2018 to 2019 (refer to Figure 4) As defined by the PPA, ‘embarkation’ refers to an act of boarding a vessel or ship. In contrast, ‘disembarkation’ is the act of landing or going aship to shore. Figures 5 and 6 show the total number of passengers who embarked and disembarked at Piers 2 and 4 from 2016 to 2019, respectively. These piers cater to domestic or local passengers. As compared to Pier 2, Pier 4 had more passengers embarking and disembarking. However, passengers from Pier 2 were more likely to stay in Manila (i.e. number of passengers who disembarked are higher in Pier 2 than in Pier 4).

Figure 4: Total Number of Cruise Ship Passengers at Pier 15, Manila South Harbor, 2016-2019

Figure 6: Total Number of Passengers at Pier 4, City of Manila, 2016-2019

Figure 5: Total Number of Passengers at Pier 2, City of Manila, 2016-2019

Figure 7: Distribution of Overnight Travelers in Accommodation Establishments, the City of Manila, 2017

Source: Philippine Ports Authority, 2020; Department of Tourism, 2017.

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3.1.3 ARRIVALS BY DATA ON OVERNIGHT TRAVELLERS In a 2017 DOT data on Regional Distribution of Overnight Travellers, a total of 414,861 overnight travelers were reported to have stayed in accommodation establishments in the City of Manila (refer to Figure 7 shown above ) . Of these, 50% (208,069) are foreigners; 49% (203,086) are domestic; and 1% are (3,706) Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). These overnight travelers are considered tourists because the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) defines ‘tourists’ as visitors who stays one or more nights in the place visited (NEDA, 2003). Moreover, based on the figures presented, it can be computed that, in 2017, only 0.04% of the foreigners who visited the Philippines stayed in accommodation establishments in the City of Manila. According to the data from the Bureau of Immigration (2020), the top five nationalities who visited the Philippines from 2016 to 2019 were: (1) Korean, 37%; (2) American; and (3) Chinese 22%; (4) Japanese, 13%; and (5) Australian (6%) (Table 11).

Table 11. Top 5 Nationalities Visiting the Philippines, 2016-2019

3.2 tourism GROSS SALES Gross sales refers to all of the revenue generated from selling a main product or service, which in this case are sales from related-tourism establishments. Figures 8 and 9 shows the tourism statistics on number of taxpayers who engage in tourism-related business, and the gross amount of sales generated from their establishments. A total of 4,832 taxpayers, both individual and non-individual, were registered in 2016; 4,863 in 2017; and 13,014 in 2018 at Bureau of Internal Revenue-Manila. From 2016 to 2018, there was a 169% increase in the taxpayers count. On the other hand, the amount of gross sales from tourism-related establishments, both individual and non-individual tax payers amounted to PHP 18 billion in 2016; PHP 16 billion in 2017; and PHP 19 billion in 2018. From 2016 to 2018, approximately, there was a 6.86% increase in gross sales for tourism-related establishments.

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The data also show that there were more individual taxpayers than non-individual, however, these individual taxpayers were generating sales not as much as the nonindividuals. In fact, based on the figures, only 5.61% of the total gross sales from 2016 to 2018, were from individual taxpayers, while 94% were generated from the non-individual taxpayers.

Figure 8: Number of Taxpayers of Engaged in Tourism-Related Activities, City of Manila, 2016-2018

Figure 9: Gross Sales Generated from Tourism Related Establishments, City of Manila, 2016 - 2018

INCREASE IN NUMBER OF REGISTERED TAXPAYERS ENGAGED IN TOURISMRELATED ACTIVITIES

169% 2016-2018

INCREASE IN TOURISM GROSS SALES

6.86% 2016-2018

3.3 visitor receipts According to Department of Tourism, ‘visitor receipts’ refer to receipts of a country in the form of consumption expenditures or payments of goods and services made by foreign visitors out of foreign currency resources. To estimate the volume of consumption expenditures earned by Manila from visitors, receipts from year 2014 to 2018 were computed. The basic parameters for its computation are data on: (a) foreign visitor arrivals; (b) average length of stay in hotels and other accommodation establishments; and (c) average daily expenditure (UNWTO as cited by DOT, 2020).

Figure 10. Estimated Visitor Receipts, 2014-2018

ESTIMATED INCREASE IN VISITOR RECEIPTS

30% 2014-2018

Sources of data: Department of Tourism, 2019; CEIC, 2016 ;FOI-Department of Tourism, 2019; and Tighe & Tighe, 2020. Photo Source: Philippine Peso Bills. Wara 1982. Shutterstock. Retrieved at: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/php-explaining-pesos-the-currency-of-the-philippines/

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Figure 10 shows the estimated amount of visitor receipts generated by the City of Manila in 2014 to 2018. It shows an increase from year 2014 to 2017. The 2017 data accounted for a 54% positive change from its previous year, and decreased in the following year by 29 percentage points. Overall, from year 2014 to 2018, it is estimated that a 30% increase in visitor receipts was generated.

3.4 Tourist attractions Tourist attractions in the City of Manila are mainly composed of buildings, streetscapes, plazas of architectural significance; museums and art galleries; theatre and other forms entertainment; historical sites; retail (shopping centers, malls); bay or river promenades; restaurants, bars, etc. For any destination, products and activities are essential draw factors. To attract more tourists to visit and/or stay in Manila, the City has to offer diversified products and create innovative programs to engage the target market. Identifying Manila’s tourism products and activities is a fundamental step in promoting them to the right type of market or tourist. By definition, tourism product is an object that attracts tourists, while tourism activities refer to things that foreign and domestic visitors do for a trip or while on a trip (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2012). Activities are not restricted to what could be considered as "typical" tourism activities such as sightseeing, sunbathing, visiting site, etc. From an economic point of view, the basic activity of foreign and domestic visitors is consumption, that is the consumption goods and services to satisfy individual or collective needs and wants (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2012). There are several types of tourism. For the attractions in Manila. These were classified under the following types: (a) Gastronomy; (b) Leisure and Entertainment; (c) Cultural; (d) Health and Wellness; (e) Nautical and Cruise Tourism; (f) Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions/Events (MICE); (g) Dark; and (h) Shopping. The following are their definitions :

Gastronomy Tourism is a type of tourism activity which is characterized by the visitor’s experience linked with food and related products and activities while travelling (UNWTO, 2020).

Leisure and Entertainment Tourism is a type of tourism activity that involves fun and active activities for the tourists. This includes golf courses, tennis courts, cycling roads and areas, hiking courses, camping grounds, nature trails and paths, large scale parks, leisure-land, theme parks, sports and resort complex, other sports and recreational facilities).

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Cultural Tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the visitor’s essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination. These attractions/products relate to a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions (UNWTO, 2018).

Health and Wellness Tourism refers to a type of tourism activity where the primary motive for travel is health, medicinal treatments, dental care, spa, aesthetics, among others. Nautical and Cruise Tourism refers to a type of tourism activity that is related with entertainment activities in contact with bodies of water (Shell Cove Project, 2020). These activities may be cruises, recreational boating, water sports, and others. Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions/Events (MICE) Tourism is a type of tourism activity where the trip’s main purpose is business/professional. It can be further subdivided into attending meetings, conferences or congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions and other business and professional purposes" (UNWTO, 2020).

Dark Tourism refers to visitations to places of death, disaster, and atrocities (Foley & Lennon, 1996 as cited by Martini & Buda, 2020).

3.4.1 Major Attractions, Activities, Products, and Markets The following provides a short description of the major attractions, activities, products, and markets on each of the eight tourism hubs in the City of Manila.

Tondo Hub Tondo is predominantly a residential area with tourism attractions and heritage sites concentrated near Pasig River, surrounding Sto. Niño Church and the Philippine National Railways Central Terminal in Tutuban. The Central Terminal is located along Recto, which is the boundary of Tondo and Binondo. Table 12 shows the major attractions in Tondo. These include the Divisioria, KKK Establishment Monument, Plaza La Liga Filipina, Plaza Morga, Plaza Moriones, Sto. Niño Church, Tutuban Center, and Vitas Skate Park. Lakbayaw Festival, held every January, is the one of the biggest anticipated events in Tondo. Thousands of devotees are reported to have been attending this festival every year. Except from the Lakbayaw Festival, major attractions in Tondo are man-made.

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Table 12. Major Attractions in Tondo Hub

Tondo 1 and Tondo 2 representing Congressional Districts 1 and 2, respectively, are considered as one tourism hub. Tondo is predominantly a residential area with tourism attractions and heritage sites concentrated near Pasig River, surrounding Sto. Nino Church and the Philippine National Railways Central Terminal in Tutuban.

Tourism in Tondo is mostly cultural, and leisure and entertainment since the visitor’s primary motivation could be to learn, discover, experience or consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products while also having fun. Tondo's tourism markets are domestic tourists (resident visitor) and excursionists, (sameday visitors). These include the Pilgrims/Religious Devotees who visit the churches in Tondo; Skateboard Enthusiasts who stroll in Vitas Skate Park; and Wholesale and Retail Shopping Tourists who visit and shop in flea (tiangge) and open markets in Divisoria and Tutuban.

MARKETS TONDO

Pilgrims/Religious Devotees Food Trippers/ Enthusiasts Skateboard Enthusiasts Wholesale & Retail Shoppers

PRODUCTS/ACTIVITIES TONDO

Food tour in Ugbo Street, Nicolas Zamora Street, Tutuban Food Center, and Perfecto-Endaya Streets Shop in Tutuban Center, Fil-Invest Mall, 168 Shopping Mall, Divisoria Market, Ilaya Street Visit the Tondo Church Witness the Lakbayaw Festival held every January of the year Stroll and see the Plazas of Moriones, Morga, La Liga Filipina, and Lakandula Play with skateboard enthusiasts in Vitas Skate Park

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Binondo-Escolta-San Nicolas Binondo is known for its Chinatown, the oldest in the world, and is known for its rich culinary history. Administratively, Escolta is a part of Binondo, and is a tourist attraction due to its heritage buildings. It was once a busy commercial street during the American period. Structures along the Escolta Street reveal the classic American façade and vibe. San Nicolas hosts the Muelle dela Industria and the San Nicolas lighthouse. Table 13 shows the major attractions found in BinondoEscolta-San Nicolas Hub. The list enumerates: 168 Mall, Antionio Luna House, Binondo Church, Casa Bizantina, Chinatown, Escolta Street, Lucky China Town Mall, and Plaza Lorenzo Ruiz. These are all manmade attractions. Tourism in Binondo-Escolta-San Nicolas Hub is characterized by cultural, gastronomy, and leisure and entertainment. There is also a mixed of products and activities. Its main tourism markets are inbound tourists/foreign visitors, domestic tourists, and excursionists. It also attracts a specific segment of the market: Pilgrims/Religious Devotees; Shopping Tourists; and Food Trippers/Enthusiasts.

MARKETS

BINONDO-ESCOLTA-SAN NICOLAS

Inbound tourists/foreign visitors Domestic tourists Excursionists Pilgrims/Religious Devotees Food Trippers/ Enthusiasts

PRODUCTS/ACTIVITIES BINONDO-ESCOLTA-SAN NICOLAS

Food tour in Chinese Restaurants in Benavidez, Ongpin, Yuchengco, Masangkay, and Tomas Pinpin Streets (e.g. Wai Ying Fast Food, Doing Bei Dumplings, Estero Fast Food, New Po Heng Lumpia House, Ying Ying Tea House, New Quan Yu Chay Vegetarian) Historic and heritage tour in San Nicolas (e.g. Birthplace of Antonio Luna, Chanuangco Sunico House, Farola, Pook Kung Saan Itinatag ang Katipunan, Mababang Paaralang Pedro Guevarra, Site of Teodora Alonso's Deathplace, Where "Ang Kalayaan" was Printed) Visit the community museums inside First United Building, Lucky Chinatown Mall, and Calvo Building in Binondo-Escolta. See the architectural façade of buildings along Escolta Street Shop in Lucky Chinatown Mall, New Divisoria Mall, Jumbo Plaza Mall, Juan Luna Plaza Binondo and City Place

Wholesale & Retail Shoppers

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Table 13. Major Attractions in Binondo-Escolta-San Nicolas Hub

Binondo is known for its Chinatown, which is the oldest in the world, and is known for its rich culinary history. Administratively, Escolta is a part of Binondo, and is a tourist attraction due to its heritage buildings. It was once a busy and commercial street during the American period. Structures along the Escolta Street reveal the classic American façade and vibe. San Nicolas hosts the Muelle dela Industria and the San Nicolas lighthouse.

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Santa Cruz Hub Santa Cruz is the only stand-alone hub among those identified in the MTCDP. The Hub is popularly known by local tourists for the flower market, as well as, the trade center for affordable medical equipment. Table 14 shows major attractions in Santa Cruz Hub. Santa Cruz is known for: Dangwa Flower Market; Roman Santos Building; Knox United Methodist Church; Manila Grand Opera Hotel; Manila North and Chinese Cemeteries; Santa Cruz Church; Winford Manila.

Table 14. Major Attractions in Santa Cruz Hub

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In Santa Cruz Hub, majority of its tourist products and activities is centered on cultural, and leisure and entertainment types of tourism. Its key tourism markets inbound tourists/foreign visitors, domestic tourists, and excursionists. Specifically, Pilgrims/Religious Devotees; Shopping Tourists for medical supplies and equipment; Medical Tourists; and Dark Tourists. These two latter highly segmented tourism market are gaining popularity since 21st Century.

MARKETS STA. CRUZ

Inbound tourists/foreign visitors Domestic tourists Excursionists Dark Tourists

Pilgrims/Religious Devotees Medical Tourists

Wholesale & Retail Shoppers

PRODUCTS/ACTIVITIES STA. CRUZ

See the architectural façade of historic structures (e.g. Santa Cruz Church, Knox United Methodist Chrch, La Proteccion de la Infancia, Manila College of Pharmacy, Monte Piedad Savings Bank, Don Roman Santos Building) Shop in Avenida Rizal Shopping Center, Central Market and Survanan Visit and shop flowers at the Dangwa Flower Market Visit the Manila Grand Opera Entertainment Center (with Casino) Medical tourists to seek consultation advice at hospitals in Santa Cruz, Manila particularly at Metropolitan Medical Center (Picazo,2013) Visit tragic and haunted sites (e.g. cemeteries and mausoleum)

Quiapo-San Miguel Hub Table 15 lists major attractions in Quiapo-San Miguel hub. This includes Basilica de San Sebastian; Carriedo Street; Casa Roces; Hospicio de San Jose; Legarda Heritage Mansion; Malacañan Palace; Manila Golden Mosque and Cultural Center; Moud Hala Restaurant; Bautista-Nakpil Heritage House; Plaza Miranda; Presidential Museum and Library; Quinta Market; and San Miguel Church. The Feast of the Black Nazarene or "Pista ng Poong Itim na Nazareno" is held every January 9 in Quiapo, Manila. Reports mention that around 10 million devotees join this festival, hence, it is known to be one of the biggest religious festivals not only in the Philippines but also in Asia. Most Filipino Catholics consider the Nazarene statue to be miraculous, able to heal terminal cancers and other sicknesses, to grant petitions, and to help those in need (Fortunado, 2020). The key products and activities are cultural, and leisure and entertainment in QuiapoSan Miguel Hub. Key tourism markets are inbound tourists/foreign visitors, domestic tourists, and excursionists. Specific markets are Pilgrims/Religious Devotees and Shopping Tourists.

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Table 15. Major Attractions in Quiapo-San Miguel Hub

San Miguel displays a vibe of an exclusive village due to the presence of Malacañan Palace. Quiapo, on the other hand, manifests a diverse cultural space due to its history, ethnicity of its residents and the landmark places of worship that further divides the community into distinct spaces.

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MARKETS

QUIAPO-SAN MIGUEL

Inbound tourists/foreign visitors Domestic tourists Excursionists Pilgrims/Religious Devotees Wholesale & Retail Shoppers

PRODUCTS/ACTIVITIES QUIAPO-SAN MIGUEL

Witness the Traslacion and St. Michael de Archangel Feast Day See the Isetann Entertainment Center Shop in Quinta Market, Quiapo Plaza Shopping Center, Quiapo Ilalim Shopping Area Go Hijabi shop along the streets of Carriedo, FR Hidalgo, Globo de Oro, Elizondo and Gunao. Tour the Quaipo Church, San Sebastian Church, Quaipo Ilalim Handicrafts, Golden Mosque and Bahay-Nakpil House in Quiapo Visit Malacañan Palace, San Miguel National Shrine, and Casa Roces Restaurant, Presidential Museum and Library in San Miguel

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Sampaloc-Sta. Mesa Hub Sampaloc in District 4 hosts several colleges and universities, including the University of Santo Tomas, which is one of the oldest existing universities and formally holds the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia. The Dambanang Apolinario Mabini, which is considered as a national shrine, is located inside the Polytechnic University of the Philippines in Santa Mesa. Table 16 lists the major attractions in Sampaloc-Santa Mesa Hub. This includes manmade attractions which are: Bacood Park; Mabinin Shrine; Polytechnic University of the Philippines; Twin Churches-Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Loreto Parish and Saint Anthony of Padua Shrine; University Belt (U-belt); and University of Santo Tomas (UST) and its Museum.

Table 16. Major Attractions in Sampaloc-Santa Mesa Hub

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In Sampaloc-Santa Mesa Hub, the key products and activities are cultural, and leisure and entertainment. Tourism markets are inbound tourists/foreign visitors, domestic tourists, and excursionists. Specific markets in Sampaloc-Santa Mesa Pilgrims/Religious Devotees and Students who go foreducational tours/field trips or even leisure tours in university museums.

MARKETS

SAMPALOC-STA. MESA

Inbound tourists/foreign visitors Domestic tourists Excursionists Pilgrims/Religious Devotees Students

PRODUCTS/ACTIVITIES SAMPALOC-STA. MESA

Sight seeing at UST Grounds Visit University Museum inside UST Visit the Mabini Shrine and Museo ni Apolinario Mabini inside Polytechnic University of the Philippines Visit the Sampaloc Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Loreto Parish; San Roque De Sampaloc Church; St. Anthony of Padua Shrine; Most Holy Trinity Parish; Sampaloc Bible Christian Community; Nuestra Señora del Perpetuo Socorro Parish Manila; and United Pentecostal Church-Santa Mesa Visit UST and Far Eastern University (FEU) Theaters

Intramuros-Port Area Hub Intramuros is endowed with established tourism sites, walkway and path for visitors and locals to explore. These walkways provide ease of walking and access to biking in the area. The Port Area also has several heritage buildings, particularly warehouses that have been existing before the War. The Aduana, or Customs House, is the most dominant of all the district’s heritage buildings. It is managed by the Bureau of Customs. The Anda Monument at Anda Circle sits on a major thoroughfare that are passed by container trucks. Bonifacio Drive’s sidewalk is wide and well-shaded but there are a few that utilizes or walks through it properly. Table 17 lists the major attractions in Intramuros-Port Area. These include the: Ayuntamiento; Bahay Tsinoy; Barbara’s Heritage Restaurant; Bayleaf Intramuros; Casa Manila; Club Intramuros Golf Course; Colegio de Santa Rosa; Colegio San Juan de Letran; Fort Santiago; Illustrado Restaurant; Manila Cathedral; Puerto Real Gardens; Intramuros Grand Marian Procession; Lyceum of the Philippines University; Manila Cathedral; Manila North and South Harbors; Mapua University; Museo de Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila; Plaza de Mexico; Intramuros; Puerto Real Gardens; and Rizal Bagumbayan Lights and Sound Museum; San Agustin Church and Museum; Silahis Art Center; and Walls of Intramuros. Intramuros-Port Area Hub is characterized by mixed types of tourism, key products and activities. General tourism markets are inbound tourists/foreign visitors, domestic tourists, and excursionists. Specific markets are: Cruise Ship Passengers; Business, Incentive, and Leisure Travellers; Pilgrims/Religious Devotees; Students; and Food Trippers/Enthusiasts.

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MARKETS

INTRAMUROS-PORT AREA

Excursionists Domestic tourists Inbound tourists/foreign visitors Business, Incentive, and Leisure Travellers Cruise Ship Passengers/ Ferry Passengers Food Trippers/ Enthusiasts Pilgrims/Religious Devotees

PRODUCTS/ACTIVITIES INTRAMUROS-PORT AREA

Dine in Heritage Restaurants inside Intramuros (e.g. Barbara's Heritage Restaurant, Ristorante delle Mitre) Play Golf in Club Intramuros Golf Course Ride a Kalesa or bike to go around and appreciate Intramuros and Port Area See the façade of Buildings inside Intramuros Shop in Port Area Shopping Center Venue for meetings and conventions in various hotels, plazas, and other event places Visit Manila Cathedral, San Agustin Church Visit museums and art galleries such Bahay Tsinoy, Casa Manila Museum, San Agustin Museum, Intramuros and Rizal Bagumbayan Light and Sound Museum, Archdiocese of Manila Museum, etc. Visit local souvenir and handicrafts shops in Intramuros Visit the Fort Santiago, and see the Dungeons Travel to Manila via sea and disembark at the Port Area to stroll in the historic compound of Intramuros

Students

Ermita-Malate-Paco-San Andres Hub Ermita-Malate-Paco-San Andres are all within District 5, with Paco having portions of its territory within District 6. All have residential, commercial, and institutional areas, with tourist attactions clustered in several areas. These include the National Museum Complex, Rizal Park, and several heritage residences. Table 18 provides a list of the major attractions in Ermita-Malate-Paco-San Andres Hub. These include various restaurants, such as Aristocrat and Bistro Remedios; distict landmarks such as Bonifacio Shrine, City Hall of Manila, Quirino Grand Stand, Rizal Park; religious sites, such as Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple, Ermita Church and Malate Church; museums, such as National Museum of Fine Arts, National Museum of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Museo Pambata, Metroplitan Museum; among others. The type of tourism in Ermita-Malate-Paco-San Andres Hub is mixed. It can be associated with gastronomy, MICE, leisure and entertainment, cultural, and nautical and cruise. Key products and activities are diversified because of the variety in types of tourism in the hub. General tourism markets are inbound tourists/foreign visitors, domestic tourists, and excursionists. Specific markets are: Cruise Ship Passengers; Business, Incentive, and Leisure Travellers; Pilgrims/Religious Devotees; Students; and Food Trippers/Enthusiasts.

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MARKETS

ERMITA-MALATE-PACO-SAN ANDRES

PRODUCTS/ACTIVITIES ERMITA-MALATE-PACO

Food tour along Adriatico Street (e.g. Remedios, Makchang, Café Adriatico, Hwangso-Ga, Chung Dam, The Polka Dot Bakeshop, Snow Panda, Korean Palace) Food tour along B. Jorge Bocobo Street (e.g. Oarhouse Pub, Hizon’s Cake and Pastries, Tambayan Gastrobar, Jong Lo Korean Restaurant) Food tour along Roxas Boulevard (e.g. Emerald Garden, The Aristocrat, Mabini Street-Premier The Samgyupsal, Wok Inn, Lau Chan Shabu Shabu, Mabini’s Kainan Kapihan Tindahan, Su Zhou Tea House) Eat Persian food at Shawarma Snack Center along Salas Street, and other restaurants along Adriatico Street Venue for meetings and conventions in various hotels Shop at Robinson's Place Manila, SM Manila, or other malls Stroll and see Plaza Lawton, Plaza Rajah Sulayman, and Plaza Remedios Visit Manila Ocean Park for family time, or Del Pilar Street for adult entertainment Visit Museo Pambata, Metropolitan Museum of Manila, or university-museums (e.g. UP, DLSU museums) Visit National Museum Complex (e.g. National Museum of the Philippines, National Museum of Natural History, National Museum of Anthropology) Visit the Manila City Hall, and the newly renovated Bonifacio Shrine Sunset or Night Dinner Cruise on Manila Bay Seek profession medical advice/consultation Manila Doctors Hospital in Ermita (Picazo, 2013)

Map 10. Restaurants along M. Adriatico St., B. Jorge Bocobo St., and Near Plaza Remedios

Source: Google Earth, 2020. Manila Tourism and Cultural Project.

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Pandacan-Sta. Ana Pandacan and Sta. Ana are both located in District 6. Sta. Ana is known for its Heritage District, which is composed of numerous historic ancestral houses, the Santa Ana Church, and its Camarín de la Virgen where the Patroness of Santa Ana is Enshrined. The City Council of Manila passed an ordinance classifying the architectural district as a histo-cultural heritage/overlay zone. Pandacan was the first industrial estate, and used to host oil depots located along the Pasig River. Among the tourist attractions in the area are the Parish Church of Santo Niño, and Plaza Zamora. Majority of the Attractions in Pandacan-Santa Ana Hub are heritage structures and religious sites. The type of tourism can be classified under ‘cultural’. Key tourism markets are: Inbound tourists/foreign visitors; Domestic tourists; and Excursionists, specifically Pilgrims/Religious Devotees. Map 11 shows the core heritage (shaded in light blue) and extended heritage zones in Santa Ana (shaded in lighter blue). The Heritage Zone, where Spanish and American-era structures are mostly located, is delineated around the Santa Ana Church and Plaza Felipe Calderon.

Map 11. Sta. Ana Heritage Zone

Source The Philippine Heritage Map, 2014.

MARKETS

PANDACAN-STA. ANA

Excursionists Domestic tourists Inbound tourists/foreign visitors Pilgrims/Religious Devotees

PRODUCTS/ACTIVITIES PANDACAN-STA. ANA

Check the scheduled cultural shows during Camarin dela Virgen Feast Day of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados de Santa Ana Join the Feast of the Our Lady of the Abandoned (Nuestra Senora de los Desamparados) held during May in Santa Ana Sight-seeing in Plaza Hugo, Plaza Felipe Calderon, Plaza Phil-Thai Circle, Plaza Francisco Balagtas, Plaza Jacinto Zamora, and Bacood Mini Park Visit La Ignaciana, Santa Ana Church, Lichauco Heritage House (O'Brien-Lichauco Heritage House), Taoist Temple across Lamayan Street behind Santa Ana Church, Camarin de la Virgen, Manila Boat Club and heritage houses of mixed architectural styles Visit Plaza Zamora, Pandacan Church, Peñafrancia Church in Pandacan

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Table 17. Major Attractions in Intramuros-Port Area Hub

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Table 18. Major Attractions in Ermita-Malate-Paco-San Andres Hub

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Table 19. Major Attractions in Pandacan-Sta. Ana Hub

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Table 19 lists the major attractions in Pandacan-Santa Ana Hub. These include Manila Boat Club; Pao Ong Hu Taoist Temple; Plaza Balagtas; Plaza Hugo; Santa Ana Church; Santos Ancestral House; and Sto. Niño Parish. Buling-Buling Festival, held every 3rd Sunday of January, is street dance performed since 1970s in Pandacan. The term Buling Buling means “buling buli”—well-prepared, signifying something or someone who is well-groomed and all prepped up for an event or an important occasion (Noche, 2020). The colorful and lively Festival is being celebrated to praise and honor Santo Nino de Pandacan.

3.4.2 Parks, Plazas and Shrines Based on the inventory of Parks Development Office of the City of Manila (2019), there are 100 parks, plazas, and monuments in Manila: 7 are found in Tondo; 3 in BinondoEscolta-San Nicolas; 2 in Santa Cruz; 3 in Quiapo-San Miguel; 3 in Sampaloc-Santa Mesa; 39 in Intramuros -Port Area; 38 in Ermita-Paco-Malate; and 5 in Pandacan-Santa Ana. Among the list, the largest in terms of area is the Club Intramuros Golf Course, with an estimated land area of 234,797.73 square meters. The golf course was opened in 1930 but the club has been around since 1907. It is an historic recreational site in Intramuros with an 18-hole golf course. This is followed by the Rizal Memorial Complex in Malate which has an area of 89,977 sqm; Baywalk Area along Roxas Boulevard has an area of 27,416 sqm; Maestranza Plaza in Intramuros has an area of 24,141.52 sqm; and Mehan Garden in Ermita has an area of 17,646 sqm. The complete list of the parks, plazas, and shrines with their respective approximate measure are found in Annex 3.

Map 12. Plazas, Parks and Shrines, City of Manila NUMBER OF PARKS, PLAZAS, AND MONUMENTS

100

AS OF DECEMBER 2019

INTRAMUROS: MOST NUMBER OF PARKS, PLAZAS, AND SHRINES

AS OF DECEMBER 2019

Source: Google Earth, 2020. Manila Tourism and Cultural Project.

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3.4.3 Museums and Art Galleries Manila is considered as the cultural center of the Philippines, being home to a number of museums, including the National Museum Complex, which comprises of the National Museum of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Anthropology, the National Museum of Natural History , and the National Planetarium. The Spoliarium, the famous painting of Juan Luna, can be found in the said complex. Manila also hosts the National Library, which serves as the repository of the Country's repository of printed and recorded cultural heritage and other literary and information resources. It also has museums that were established and/or managed by educational institutions. Among these are the Mabini Shrine, the De La Salle University-College of St. Benilde (DLSU-CSB) Museum of Contemporary Art and Design; University of Santo Tomas (UST) Museum of Arts and Sciences; and the University of the Philippines (UP) Museum of a History of Ideas.

Map 13. Museums and Art Galleries, City of Manila

Source: Google Earth, 2020. Manila Tourism and Cultural Project.

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Bahay Tsinoy, one of Manila's most prominent museums, documents the Chinese lives and contributions in the history of the Philippines. The Lucky Chinatown Museum in Binondo has 18 galleries highlighting the social, economic, political and religious landscape of the then hilly island-district called "binundok" which has evolved into a dynamic trading and financial center of the city. The Intramuros Light and Sound Museum chronicles the Filipinos desire for freedom during the revolution under Rizal's leadership and other revolutionary leaders. The Metropolitan Museum of Manila is a museum of modern and contemporary visual arts exhibits the Filipino arts and culture. Other museums in Manila are: i) the City-owned museum the Museo of Manila exhibits its culture and history; ii) Museo Pambata, a children's museum and a place for hands-on discovery and fun learning; and iii) Plaza San Luis, an outdoor heritage public museum that contains a collection of nine Spanish Bahay na Bató houses. Ecclesiastical museums located in the city are the Parish of the Our Lady of the Abandoned in Santa Ana, the San Agustin Church Museum in Intramuros, and the Museo de Intramuros - which houses the ecclesiastical art collection of the Intramuros Administration in the reconstructed San Ignacio Church and Convent. In total, there are 98 museums and art galleries in the City of Manila as of December 2019. See Annex 4 for the list and details of museums and galleries. Moreover, based on results of the DTCAM Tourism Survey conducted in December 2019 to January 2020, the average number of tourists who visited museums and art galleries in Manila were: 318,440 in year 2016; 423,950 in year 2017; 658,320 in year 2018; and 556,340 in year 2019; respectively (refer to Figure 11). It shows an increasing trend from 2016 to 2018, and it suddenly dropped in 2019. The DTCAM Tourism Survey also revealed that the top leading nationalities who visited the museums in Manila were: American, Chinese, and Korean in 2016; were American, Chinese, and Japanese in 2017; American, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean in 2018; and American, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean in 2019. This survey data confirms the data of Bureau of Immigration on Top Five Nationalities who visited the Philippines from 2016 to 2019. It also revealed that the peak months for museum visitation were: January and October in 2016; October and November in 2017; February and October in 2018; and February, October, and November in 2019.

Figure 11: Average Number of Tourists Visiting Museums & Art Galleries, 2016-2019

INCREASE IN AVERAGE NUMBER OF VISITORS IN MUSEUM & ART GALLERIES

74.71% 2016-2019

PEAK MONTHS IN 2019: February, October and November

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3.4.4 Cultural Properties Cultural Property refers to all products of human creativity by which a people and a nation reveal their identity, including such as natural history specimens and sites, with cultural significance, whether public or privately owned, intangible or tangible, movable or immovable (National Museum, 2016). This section covers the discussion on: declared and presumed important cultural properties; local cultural properties; and Philippine Inventory of Intangible Heritage.

Declared and Presumed Cultural Properties Cultural properties are formally declared by the National Museum (NM), National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), National Library of the Philippines (NLP), the National Archives of the Philippines (NAP), or United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (National Comission of Culture and the Arts, 2017). These cultural properties can have the following declarations: National Cultural Treasures or unique cultural properties found locally, which have outstanding historical, cultural, artistic, and/or scientific value. These are deemed highly significant and important to the Country, and is officially declared by a cultural agency like the National Museum.

Figure 12: Declared and Presumed Cultural Properties Declared 12.9%

310 Presumed 87.1%

Source: NCCA-PRECUP (2019)

Important Cultural Property or cultural property having exceptional cultural, artistic, and historical significance to the Philippines, as determined by the NM, NHCP, NLP, and/or the NAP. National Historical Shrine or cultural property which is hallowed and revered for its history or association, as declared by the NHCP and/or other previous iterations of that cultural agency. National Historical Landmarks or sites or structures that are associated with events or achievements significant to Philippine history as declared by the NHCP and/or other previous iterations of that cultural agency. National Historical Monuments or structures that honor illustrious persons or commemorate events of historical value as declared by the NHCP and/or other previous iterations of that cultural agency. UNESCO World Heritage Sites or places listed by the UNESCO as having outstanding universal value.

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It should be noted that not all cultural properties are declared by these cultural agencies. NCCA calls these: Presumed Important Cultural Properties, defined as, cultural properties which “are not declared as National Cultural Treasure, UNESCO World Heritage Site, National Historical Shrine, National Historical Landmark, National Historical Monument, nor Important Cultural Property but still possesses the characteristic of an Important Cultural Property” (National Commission of Culture and the Arts, 2020). Article III Section 5 of the RA 10066 states that there is a presumption of cultural properties deemed significant to the national or local culture or history, for the purpose of “protecting a cultural property against exportation, modification or demolition.” Presumed cultural properties may be: a) Works of Manlilikha ng Bayan b) Works of National Artists (unless declared by the Commission) c) Archeological and traditional ethnographic materials (unless declared by the National Museum) d) Works of national heroes e) Marked structures (unless declared by the NHCP) f) Structures dating at least 50 years old g) Archival materials or old documents dating at least 50 years old (unless declared by the National Archives). Figure 12 shows a chart of declared and presumed cultural properties based on the NCCA’s PRECUP (2019). Out of the 356 cultural properties, 46 are only declared. This is equivalent to only 12.9% cultural properties formally recognized by the national agencies/local government. Refer to Annex 5 for the list of cultural properties.

Local Cultural Properties Local Cultural Properties refer to the City’s cultural properties which are deemed significant as enacted by an ordinance of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. As of 11 December 2019, the PRECUP lists two (2) declared city cultural properties both in Sta. Ana. These are the Xavier House and Santa Ana Heritage Zone through Manila Ordinance Nos. 8192 in 2009 and 8244 in 2011, respectively. On May 12, 2014, Sta. Ana was given national level protection by the NHCP Board Resolution No. 01, s. 2014, declaring a portion of its district, a Heritage Zone with protection guaranteed by the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 and Republic Act No. 10086. With the City Ordinance and the NHCP Board Resolution, high-rise buildings are not allowed within the protected area designated as a Heritage Zone, and its buffer zone (National Commission on Culture and the Arts, 2014).

Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage Intangible Cultural Heritage refers to the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills, as well as instruments, objects, and artifacts associated therewith, that communities, groups and individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage (UNESCO-UNEVOC, 2014).

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Table 20 lists eight (8) intangible cultural heritage in the Philippines. These include Backstrap Weaving; Moros Y Cristianos Street Drama; Pasion; Patterns of Culture in Philippine Traditional Textiles; Philippine Earthenware Pottery; Salakot and other Head Gear; Traditional Boat Building; and Zarzuela Musical Theatre.

Table 20. Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Source: NCCA-PRECUP, 2019

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3.5 accommodation This section covers the following: Number of Accommodation Establishments, Average Number of Guests During Peak and Off-Peak Seasons, Average Occupancy Rate and Average Length of Stay.

3.5.1 Accommodation Establishments The Department of Tourism, Culture and Arts of Manila recorded a total of one hundred thirty-four (134) registered accommodation establishments (2019). This composed of Apartel (14); Hotel (102); Lodging (24); and Motel (3) (see Figure 13). The following provides the definition of each of these accommodation types: Apartment Hotel , commonly referred to as apartel, shall refer to serviced apartments offering self-contained units that contain access to kitchen and laundry facilities. A number of bedrooms may share one bathroom in the unit (Department of Tourism, 2012). Hotel shall refer to full service accommodation with reception and guest rooms generally offering private facilities with an onsite restaurant, room and bar services available. Additional facilities such as business centres and conference rooms are expected (Department of Tourism, 2012). Motorist Hotel , commonly called motel, is defined as an establishment primarily located along the highway with individual common parking space at which motorists may obtain lodging and in some instances meals (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2012).

Out of the registered accommodations in DTCAM, 49 are DOT–accredited or equivalently, only 34.3% (refer to Figure 14 ) . Accreditation is a certification issued by the DOT that recognizes the holder to have complied with the Department's minimum standards in its operation (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2012). Refer to Annex 6 for the names of registered apartel, hotel, lodging and motel, and those accommodation establishments accredited by the DOT.

Figure 13: Number of Accommodation by Type, City of Manila, 2019

Figure 14: Percentage of DOT-Accredited Accommodation, City of Manila, 2019

125

102 100

DOT-Accredited 34.3%

50 25 0

14 Apartel

3 Hotel

Lodging

Not DOT- Accredited 65.7%

Motel

Source: DTCAM, 2019; DOT-NCR, 2019

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Map 14. Accommodation in Binondo-Escolta-San Nicolas and QuiapoSan Miguel Hubs

Source: Google Earth, 2020. Manila Tourism and Cultural Project.

Map 15. Accommodation in Intramuros-Port Area and Ermita-MalatePaco-San Andres Hubs

Source: Google Earth, 2020. Manila Tourism and Cultural Project.

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3.5.2 AVERAGE NUMBER OF GUESTS DURING PEAK AND OFF SEASONS Tables 21 and 22 show the top three months with most number of guests who stayed in Manila accommodation establishments during Peak and Off-Peak Seasons from 2016 to 2018. The peak months were April, December, and May in 2016; March, November, and May in 2017; and April, December, and May, again, in 2018. While the off-peak months were August, June, and September in 2016; June, July, and September in 2017; and June, August, and September in 2018

Table 21. Average Number of Guests During Peak Season, City of Manila, 2016-2018

Table 22. Average Number of Guests During Off Season, City of Manila, 2016-2018

3.5.3 AVERAGE OCCUPANCY RATE & AVERAGE LENGTH OF STAY The Average Occupancy Rate refers to the ratio of the number of occupied rooms to the number of available rooms (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2012). Based on the results of the 2019 DTCAM Tourism Survey, the average occupancy rate of hotels in the City of Manila were: 57.02% in 2016; 61.86% in 2017; 64.98% in 2018; and 67.02% in 2019 (Figure 15). The Average Length of Stay (ALS) can be calculated by dividing the total number of nights spent by the total number of tourism trips (Eurostat, 2014). Figure 16 shows a gradual increase of ALS in Metro Manila hotels, surging up to 3.51 nights in 2017, and plunging down to 2.28 in 2018. Refer to Annex 7 for data in tabular form.

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Figure 15: Average Hotel Occupancy Rate, 20162019

Figure 16: Average Length of Stay in Metro Manila Hotels, 2014-2018

3.6 OTHER TOURIST FACILITIES & SERVICES This section covers facilities and services that support tourism in Manila. It is organized as follows: Tour and Travel Services; Restaurants and Other Food Establishments; Malls and Shopping Centers; Banks; Tourist Information Offices; and Health and Social Facilities.

3.6.1 TOUR & TRAVEL SERVICES There are 637 registered establishments offering tour and travel services in the City of Manila in 2019. This comprises of: a) Booking offices (30); b) Ticketing office (89); c) Tour operators (5); d) Travel agencies (304); e) Transport-related (6); and f) Multiple registrations (203) (Figure 17). Definition of these establishments are as follows: Tour Operator is an establishment engaged in the business of extending to individuals or groups, such as services pertaining to arrangements and bookings for transportation and/or accommodation, handling and/or conduct of inbound tours whether or not for a fee, commission, or any form of compensation (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2012). Travel Agency is an establishment that sees travel-related products and services to customers, on behalf of suppliers, such as airlines, car rentals, cruise lines, hotels, railways, sightseeing tours and package holidays that combine several products (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2012). Tourist Land Transport is operated by person or entity which may either be a single proprietorship, partnership or corporation, regularly engaged in providing, for a fee or lawful consideration, tourist transport services as hereinafter defined, either on charter or regular run (Department of Tourism, 2012).

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As of December 11, 2019, there are 182 tour and travel agencies, and tourist land transport accredited by the DOT. Assuming that all of these 182 were city-registered, Figure 18 shows that only 28.6% have applied and met the national standards. Note that, not all DOT-accredited are city-registered. Refer to Annex 8 for the inventory of cityregistered establishments offering tour and travel services and those that are DOT– accredited.

Figure 17: Number of Tour and Travel Services by Type, City of Manila, 2019

Figure 18: Percentage of DOT-Accredited Tour and Travel Services, City of Manila, 2019

400

304

300

203

200

100

30 0

182

DOTAccredited 28.6%

455 5

s n oi el tar p ts yc itlu ige le neg M R va A rT gn eci i te ffO kc iT -t det ro a ps le ro na r ta rT ru rep o T O e g ci n ik ffO oo B

Not Accredited 71.4%

Source: DTCAM, 2019; DOT-NCR, 2019

3.6.2 RESTAURANTS AND F&B ESTABLISHMENTS A restaurant refers to any establishment offering to the public refreshments and/or meals (Department of Tourism, 2012). Out of the 1,320 restaurants registered in the DTCAM, eleven (11) only are DOT-accredited restaurants. Table 23 provides a list of these eleven DOT-accredited restaurants with their corresponding addresses and seating capacities. Most of these are found in Ermita and Intramuros areas.

Table 23. DOT-Accredited Restaurants and Other Food Establishments, 2019

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Other establishments with DOT-accreditation are Manila Ocean Park (Tourism Entertainment Complex); Club United Philppines Corp. (Sports and Recreation Center); Disteria Limtuaco Museum (Tourism-related Establishment/Museum); Manila Doctor's Hospital (Tertiary Hospital); Bambike Revolution Cycles and Silahis Art and Artifacts (Specialty Shop); and the Philippine Exhibition and Trade Corporation (MICE Organizer). Refer to Annex 8 for the further details.

3.6.3 MALLS & SHOPPING CENTERS Shopping malls are stores that sell or carry several lines of merchandise which are organized into separate sections for the purpose of promotion, service, accounting and control (Department of Tourism, 2012). Historically, two of the first malls in Metro Manila were built in the City of Manila. These two were the Crystal Arcade in Binondo and Harrison Plaza in Malate, built in 1932 and 1970s, respectively (Santos, 2012). As of December 2019, there are 32 malls in the City catering to different markets with varying socio-economic status. But none of these are accredited by the DOT. Refer to Annex 9 for the list of malls and shopping centers.

3.6.4 BANKS There are 651 banks in Manila as of September 2019 (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2019). Figure 19 shows the number of banks in Manila by type. 87.40% of the banks are universal and commercial banks, 12.29% are thrift banks, and 0.31% are rural banks. Definitions of these types of banks, according to BSP (2019), are as follows:

Universal and commercial banks represent the largest single group, resource-wise, of financial institutions in the country. They offer the widest variety of banking services among financial institutions. In addition to the function of an ordinary commercial bank, universal banks are also authorized to engage in underwriting and other functions of investment houses, and to invest in equities of non-allied undertakings. Thrift banks are composed of savings and mortgage banks, private development banks, stock savings and loan associations and microfinance thrift banks. Thrift banks are engaged in accumulating savings of depositors and investing them. They also provide short-term working capital and medium- and long-term financing to businesses engaged in agriculture, services, industry and housing, and diversified financial and allied services, and to their chosen markets and constituencies, especially small- and mediumenterprises and individuals. Rural and cooperative banks are the more popular type of banks in the rural communities. Their role is to promote and expand the rural economy in an orderly and effective manner by providing the people in the rural communities with basic financial services. Rural and cooperative banks help farmers through the stages of production, from buying seedlings to marketing of their produce. Rural banks and cooperative banks are differentiated from each other by ownership. While rural banks are privately owned and managed, cooperative banks are organized/owned by cooperatives or federation of cooperatives.

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Figure 19: Number of Banks by Type, City of Manila by Type, 2019

569

Universal & Commercial Banks

Thrift Banks

Rural & Cooperative Banks 2 0

200

400

600

Source: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2019 (data as of September 2019).

3.6.5 TOURIST INFORMATION OFFICES As presented in the succeeding table, there are four tourism information offices, operated by the government in Manila. These are DTCAM, the office mandated by the city government to lead the tourism and cultural activities in Manila; the DOT Central and Field Offices; and Intramuros Administration.

Table 24. Tourist Information Offices, City of Manila, 2019

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3.6.6 HEALTH AND SOCIAL FACILITIES Health Facilities There are 33 DOH-licensed hospitals within Manila. Of these, 12 are government-owned, while 21 are privately-owned (Refer to Table 24). The Manila Doctor’s Hospital, a tertiary hospital located in Ermita is the only DOT-accredited health facility in Manila. As of December 2019, there are six state-owned hospitals in Manila, and six districtowned. The Department of Health (DOH) manages and operates four of these stateowned hospitals except for the Presidential Security Group Station Hospital and Philippine General Hospital. The Presidential Security Group Station Hospital Is a twostorey hospital under the Department of National Defense (DND), which offers expanded infrastructure and facilities that features an emergency room, an out-patient department, a laboratory, a dental complex, radiology/imaging area, a hyperbaric treatment complex, neuro and physical services, a nursing unit or ward, private rooms and a presidential suite. It is located at the corner of President Magsaysay and President Quirino Streets in Paco, Manila. The Philippine General Hospital, which is designated as the National University Hospital, is a tertiary state-owned hospital administered and operated by the University of the Philippines Manila. This largest (10 hectares) government tertiary facility and national referral center in the Country is located within the UP Manila Campus in Ermita, Manila. It has 1,100 beds and 400 private beds, and has an estimated 4,000 employees to serve more than 600,000 patients every year (PDI, 2015). The following are the six district-owned hospitals: i) Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center; ii) Ospital ng Tondo; iii) Justice Abad Santos Medical Center; iv) Ospital ng Sampaloc; v) Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center; and vi) Sta. Ana Hospital. The Manila Center for Infectious Disease Control installed at Sta.Ana Hospital was a timely city project mobilized during the COVID-16 situation. Map 14 shows the location of all hospitals that are licensed to operate within the City. Refer to Annex 10 for further details of these hospitals. As of June 2, 2020, the DOH has accredited five (5) Covid-19 testing laboratories in Manila, namely: Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center San Lazaro Hospital UP-National Institutes of Health UP-Philippine General Hospital Molecular Laboratory Tondo Medical Center

Part 3 | Tourism & Cultural Profile

Map 16. Location of Hospitals, City of Manila, 2020

Source: Google Earth, 2020. Manila Tourism and Cultural Project.

Child Development Centers/Day Care Centers Child Development Centers (CDCs), also called day care centers, are social facilities catering the socio-cognitive needs of children aged three to five. As of December 2019, Manila has a total of 481 public CDCs (Refer to Table 25). One of these is a National Child Development Center located in Pandacan. The NCDC is a center sponsored by the Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) Council. The NCDC in Manila has been turned over to the City Government of Manila.

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Table 25. Health and Social Facilities, City of Manila, 2019

Universities/Colleges Map 17 shows the location of the universities/colleges in Manila. It can be observed that concentrations of higher educational institutions (HEIs) are found in Santa Mesa, Sampaloc, Ermita, and Malate districts. The result of the August 2019 Quacquarelli Symonds Asian University Rankings revealed that eight (8) Philippine universities made it to the top 500. Out of this 8, four are located in Manila. These are: University of the Philippines (rank 72), De La Salle University (rank 155), of Santo Thomas (rank 162), and Mapua University (rank 401-450) (CHED, 2019).

Map 17. Location of Universities/Colleges, 2020

Source: Google Earth, 2020. Manila Tourism and Cultural Project.

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3.7 Institutional The Department of Tourism, Culture and Arts of Manila (DTCAM) is the office designated by the City Government to be the forefront on all the tourism and cultural activities in Manila. Together with the national cultural agencies, it shall promote and preserve rich historic capital city of the Philippines. Formerly the Manila Bureau of Tourism and Cultural Affairs or MTCAB, the DTCAM is formally recognized as a ‘department’ through the passage of Ordinance No. 8588 in November 14, 2019. Stipulated in Section 1 that it shall strengthen and boost the tourism in Manila as an engine of growth and employment, and ensure and support the preservation of arts and culture. It also called for a merge with the Museo ng Maynila, which was under the Office of the Mayor. Section 2 of the Ordinance provides the functions and powers of the Department, which include: Formulate, monitor, implement, and/or coordinate tourism plans and programs; Monitor and conduct capability building trainings for tourist’s front liners’; Establish and maintain tourism information management system and web portal for the city; Form and establish linkage and networking with national government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and People’s Organization (POs) in planning and implementing tourism activities; Conducts inventory of existing cultural and heritage properties in conjuction with other department; Advocate responsible culture of tourism among the students and all tourism stakeholders; Perform such other functions related to sustainable tourism development; Prepares an annual plan on culture and arts, and make programs so as recommendations to develop local cultural and artistic talents; Ensures the protection, preservation and conservation of the local, cultural, and historical heritage; Produce promotional and marketing collaterals; and Represent the City of Manila in tourism-related activity. Moreover, according to the ordinance, the Department shall be composed of 80 plantilla personnel, and divided into five divisions, namely: (a) Administrative; (b) Promotion Services; (c) Culture, Arts, and Special Events; (d) Tourism Services ; and (e) Museo ng Maynila. It shall be headed by a City Government Department Head II with a salary grade of 27. Presently, there are 76 filled-up plantilla positions ( Figure 20 ) . The two vacant positions include the Chief Tourism Operations Officer (SG 24), which is under the Tourism Services Division, and Administrative Assistant II, which is under the Promotion Services Division. Aside from the permanent personnel, the Department currently employs a total of 27 job orders/contract of services (COS).

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Figure 20. DTCAM Organizational Chart, 2020

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ANNEXES

CO N T EN T S : 1. Hazard Maps 2. COVID-19 Maps 3. Parks, Plazas & Monuments 4. Museums & Art Galleries 5. Cultural Properties 6. Accommodation Establishments 7. Average Length of Stay and Occupancy Rate 8. Tour & Travel Services 9. Restaurants and Other Food & Beverage Shops 10. Malls & Shopping Centers 11. Hospitals

Annex 1 - Hazard Maps

annex 1: Hazard maps 5-YEAR FLOOD HAZARD MAP

25-YEAR FLOOD HAZARD MAP

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Annex 1 - Hazard Maps

100-YEAR FLOOD HAZARD MAP

0.5-METER SEA LEVEL RISE MAP

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Annex 1 - Hazard Maps

1-METER SEA LEVEL RISE MAP

2-METER SEA LEVEL RISE MAP

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Annex 1 - Hazard Maps

3-METER SEA LEVEL RISE MAP

4.5-METER SEA LEVEL RISE MAP

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Annex 1 - Hazard Maps

TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP

GROUND SHAKING HAZARD MAP

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LIQUEFACTION HAZARD MAP

annex 2: Covid-19 maps COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF MARCH 30, 2020

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Annex 2 - COVID-19 Maps

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF MARCH 31, 2020

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF APRIL 6, 2020

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Annex 2 - COVID-19 Maps

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF APRIL 13, 2020

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF APRIL 15, 2020

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Annex 2 - COVID-19 Maps

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF APRIL 20, 2020

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF APRIL 27, 2020

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Annex 2 - COVID-19 Maps

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF APRIL 30, 2020

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF MAY 4, 2020

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Annex 2 - COVID-19 Maps

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF MAY 6, 2020

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF MAY 9, 2020

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Annex 2 - COVID-19 Maps

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF MAY 11, 2020

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF MAY 12, 2020

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Annex 2 - COVID-19 Maps

COVID-19 SITUATION MAP AS OF MAY 15, 2020

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Annex 3 -Parks, Plazas & Monuments

annex 3: parks, plazas & Monuments LIST OF PARKS, PLAZAS AND MONUMENTS

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Annex 4 - Museums & Art Galleries

annex 4: museums & art galleries MUSEUMS & ART GALLERIES IN MANILA, 2020

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Annex 4 - Museums & Art Galleries

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Annex 4 - Museums & Art Galleries

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Annex 4 - Museums & Art Galleries

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

annex 5: CULTURAL PROPERTIES CULTURAL PROPERTIES BY CLASSIFICATION, CITY OF MANILA, 2019

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

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Annex 5 - Cultural Properties

139

Annex 6 - Accommodation Establishments

annex 6: ACCOMMODATION ESTABLISHMENTS CITY-REGISTERED APARTELS IN MANILA, 2019

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Annex 6 - Accommodation Establishments

CITY-REGISTERED HOTELS IN MANILA, 2019

141

Annex 6 - Accommodation Establishments

142

Annex 6 - Accommodation Establishments

143

Annex 6 - Accommodation Establishments

CITY-REGISTERED LODGINGS IN MANILA, 2019

144

Annex 6 - Accommodation Establishments

CITY-REGISTERED MOTELS IN MANILA, 2019

DOT-ACCREDITED ACCOMMODATIONS IN MANILA, 2019

145

Annex 7: Average Length of Stay & Occupancy Rates

annex 7: Average length of stay & Occupancy Rate AVERAGE LENGTH OF STAY IN METRO MANILA, 2016-2018

AVERAGE OCCUPANCY RATES OF HOTELS IN MANILA, 2016-2019

146

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

annex 8: Tour & Travel Services CITY-REGISTERED TRAVEL AGENCIES IN MANILA, 2019

147

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

148

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

149

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

150

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Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

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Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

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Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

CITY-REGISTERED TOUR OPERATOR IN MANILA, 2019

CITY-REGISTERED TOUR & TRAVEL AGENCIES WITH TRANSPORTRELATED SERVICES IN MANILA, 2019

154

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

CITY-REGISTERED TICKETING OFFICES IN MANILA, 2019

155

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

156

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

157

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

CITY-REGISTERED BOOKING OFFICES IN MANILA, 2019

158

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

CITY-REGISTERED BOOKING OFFICES, TRAVEL AND TOUR AGENCIES WITH MULTIPLE REGISTRATIONS IN MANILA, 2019

159

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

160

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

161

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

162

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

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Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

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Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

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Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

166

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

DOT-ACCREDITED TRAVEL AND TOUR AGENCIES IN MANILA, 2019

167

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

168

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

169

Annex 8 - Tour & Travel Services

170

Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

DOT-ACCREDITED TOURIST LAND TRANSPORTS, CITY OF MANILA, 2019

OTHER ESTABLISHMENTS WITH DOT-ACCREDITATION BY TYPE, CITY OF MANILA, 2019

annex 9: RESTAURANTS AND OTHER F&b SHOPS CITY-REGISTERED RESTAURANTS AND OTHER F&B SHOPS

171

Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

172

Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

185

Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 9 - Restaurants and Other F&B Shops

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Annex 10 - Malls and Shopping Centers

annex 10: Malls & Shopping Centers MALLS AND SHOPPING CENTERS, CITY OF MANILA, 2019

189

Annex 11 - Hospitals

annex 11: Hospitals

DOH-LICENSED HOSPITALS IN MANILA BY TYPE OF OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT, 2019

190

Annex 11 - Hospitals

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Acknowledgment

THE CITY OFFICIALS HON. FRANCISCO M. DOMAGOSO Mayor HON. VICE MAYOR MARIA SHEILAH LACUNA-PANGAN and THE CITY COUNCIL OF MANILA

DEPARTMENT HEADS & TECHNICAL PERSONNEL AR./EnP. JOCELYN DAWIS-ASUNCION Executive Assistant to the Mayor for Special Projects

AR./EnP. DANILO VICTOR H. LACUNA JR. OIC-City Planning and Development Office ENGR. ARMANDO L. ANDRES City Building Official MA. JAZMIN TALEGON City Treasurer

ATTY. MARLON LACSON OIC-Department of Assessment

AR. MARLOU B. CAMPANER CPDO Urban Design Division Chief

SARAH LABASTILLA-BONZON CPDO Project Development Officer

KEVIN KENRICK Y. SIY Junior Architect, Special Projects Unit

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Acknowledgment Acknowledgment

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES & OFFICES HON. BERNADETTE ROMULO-PUYAT Secretary, Department of Tourism

JAIME H. MORENTE Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration

JETHRO M. SABARIAGA Director, Revenue District 6, Bureau of Internal Revenue

WOODROW C. MAQUILING JR. Director, DOT-National Capital Region

VIRGILIO S. ALMARIO Former Chairman, National Commission for Culture and the Arts

VICENTE B. MALANO, PH.D. Administrator, PAGASA

PACIANO B. DIZON OIC-Chief Statistical Specialist, Philippine Statistics Authority

EMILIO B. AQUINO Chairman, Securities and Exchange Commission

ATTENDEES OF WORKSHOPS City Government Personnel; Barangay Officials; and Representatives from the Academe, Business, and Civil Society Organizations

194

Acknowledgment

THE DTCAM TEAM ATTY. SOLFIA ARBOLADURA City Government Department Head III

MARIA CORAZON TAMAYO City Government Assistant Department Head Administrative Division

CHARLIE DJ DUÑGO City Government Assistant Department Head

FLORDELIZA VILLASEÑOR City Government Department Head III Museo ng Maynila Division

RONALD FLORES Chief Tourism Operations Officer Promotion Services Division KIM SIMBAHAN

GLORIA GARCIA

Supervising Tourism Operations Officer Culture, Arts, and Special Division

Supervising Tourism Operations Officer Tourism Services Division

GILBERT ARAGO Tourism Operations Officer III Promotion Services Division

ANGEL CARLO SALONGA Tourism Operations Officer II Tourism Services Division

AEVEE VASQUEZ Staff Committee on Tourism

LUIGI MONTERO Staff Committee on Tourism

MARICRIS B. MARQUEZ Special Operations Officer IV Promotion Services Division

DARREN ACE DAWAL Staff Committee on Tourism

ENRICO PEÑA, JR. Administrative Assistant II Tourism Services Division

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Acknowledgment

THE PLANNING CONSULTING TEAM EnP. GIRLIE L. LABASTILLA Team Leader Urban Planner/Transport Planner

EVANGELINE M. ORTIZ Tourism Development Specialist

EnP. FERNANDO GERARD O. ESPERO III Climate Change & Disaster Risk Resilience Specialist

BERNARDO M. ARELLANO III Culture and Arts Specialist

AR./EnP. PAULO G. ALCAZAREN Site Development Planner

MIKHAIL D. CAMACHO Business Development Specialist

EnP. MARIE THERESE SANTIANO Site Development Planner

DENNIS THOMAS P. NAVERA GIS Specialist

AR. BRIGETTE FAYE CORTEZ Landscape Architect

THE SUPPORT TEAM Research and Coordination Team MARIA SOFIA S. REYES Report Integrator

AR. JOSE MARI RODRIGO Project Assistant

EnP. RONALD CARTAGENA Project Assistant

YVETTE MARIE YAP Project Assistant

AR. JOSEFINA DE ASIS Project Assistant

JOAN MAJERANO Enumerator

TERESITA M. DUMLAO Project Assistant

PERLA MENDOZA Enumerator

AR. JOSE MANUEL PILAR Project Assistant

JIULIANO M. RODRIGUEZ Researcher

Visual & Creative Design Team MARICHU BABON Video Editor ALBERT NIELSEN BIGORNIA Drone Technician

SANDRA BAYLON Photographer

ROMMEL LAURENTE Graphic Artist

KEVIN BRYAN ROLDAN Video Editor

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