EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF CRACKS AS BASIS FOR DÉRIVE by Josh George

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + # 04-05-2023 JoshGeorge Josh2.george@live.uwe.ac.uk UBLMKS-30-M-Designresearch 15006570 UniversityoftheWestofEngland #Design_Research_Report EXPLORINGTHE POTENTIALOF CRACKSASBASIS FOR DÉRIVE.

USINGCRACKINGAND RE-PROJECTIONASA METHODOF DÉRIVE.

Themes

Psycho-geography MappingMovement 3Dscanning+re-projection

Thanks

ToJonathanMosley&MatthewHynam forguidanceandinspiration.ToHannani forhelpingwiththeclayandmodels.

Images

Allmediahasbeentakenorcreatedby theauthorunlessstatedotherwise.

Reference+Figlistatrearofdocument

IvanChtcheglov formularyforanewurbanism

Weareboredinthecity,wereallyhavetostrain tostilldiscovermysteriesonthesidewalkbillboards,the lateststateofhumorandpoetry.

2 JOSHGEORGE

CONTENTS.

Researchaim+Objectives

Introduction+Studiocontext

Theoreticalcontext

Methodology

Ethicalconsiderations

Designinvestigations

Informingcracks

Creatingcracks

3Dscanning+reprojection

Theperformance

Exhibitiondesign

Discussion+Conclusion

References+Appendix

3 RESEARCHTHESIS +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

4. 5. 6. 10. 12. 13. 14. 18. 27. 31. 47. 50. 52. + + + + + + + +

RESEARCHAIM:

Theprimaryaimofthisresearchistocreateanalternative unpredictablemethodologyofurbanexploration,informed byapreconceiveddataset,thatrevealssitesoftension withinExarchia,Athens.

CANCRACKINGAND RE-PROJECTIONBEA METHODFOR DÉRIVE?

OBJECTIVES:

•Defineasetofdatarelatingtothestudioinformthestudy

•ConstructamaterialcrackingprocessandevaluatethetypeofcrackingandtheapplicabilitytotheDérive.

•Criticallytrialandassessaccessible3Dscanningandaugmentedrealitytechniques.

•Participateinthedériveusingthereprojectedmodelaswayfindingandvideorecordtheprocess.

•AnalysethetensionsrevealedintheDérive.

•Reviewtheeffectivenessofthecrackingmethodology.

•DesignandconstructanexhibitiontoallowuserstoexperiencetheDérivevicariously.

4 4.

STUDIOCONTEXT

Theauthor'sdesignstudioisthecanvasonwhichto exploretheapplicationofthisdesignresearch.The designstudiobrief,setinAthens,exploresthenotionof thecutasamediumthatspansdifferentmedia, includingdrawing,installation,collage,andfilm.Initial studiesrevealedtensionsbetweenthetouristand refugeeexperiencesinAthens,notablythecontested purposeofvacantbuildings:affordablehousingdesired byresidents,temporaryaccommodationforrefugees, andshort-termholidayletsfavoredbythegovernment toapromotetouristappropriateagendawhichis enforcedforeconomicreasons.

Withinthedesignstudio,theauthorhasdeveloped aninterestinpsychogeographyasamethodologyfor urbaninvestigationinconjunctionwiththeemergence of3Dscanningandaugmentationasanarchitectural tool.Thisraisedthequestiontotheauthorthe possibilitytointegratethesetwodifferentpracticesinto atoolforurbaninvestigation.

INTRODUCTION

Incontemporarysociety,wecurrentlyhavegreater accesstoinformationthaneverbefore,intheformof theinternet(ITU,2020).Therefore,thenotionofgetting lostinthecitytodayfallsinvoluntarilyontheless fortunate,thoseinpoverty,thehomeless,refugees, and/orasylumseekers.Thisstudyaimstoreintroduce theelementoftheunknownandassistparticipantsin experiencingthecityusingtechnologyasatoolfor alternativenavigation.Thisstudybecomesawayfor designerstoencountercitiesfromanewperspective, opposedtoexperiencingthemvicariouslythrough desktopstudies,publications,anddigitalmedia.

Thecrack,or‘cut'inthisinstance,formsthe pathwayofinvestigationcreatedbyweakpointsina surfaceholdingpotentialtodiscoverthetensionsin Exarchia.TheCrack,inspiredbyametaphorcoinedby Greek-Americanurbanplannerandacademic Loukaitou-Sideris(1996)todescribediscontinuitiesin theurbanenvironment.Loukaitou-Siderisdoesnot perceivecracksasnegativeanti-spacesbutas‘forms awaitingrealization'.Inthisresearchtheauthoraimsto usethecrackasaformofrealisationtouncoverthe tensionspresentinExarchia.

Dérive:

Re-Projection:

Literally“drift”or“drifting.”Inthecontextofthe studythetermwillusuallybeanglicisedasboth anounandaverb. Totransformthespatialdatatoanother mappingprojectionandordatum.Inthis istancemodelscaletourbanscale.

RefugeesonSyntagmaSquare.Kathimerini(2019)

DESIGNRESEARCH

Designandresearchhaveaninnateabilitytocontinuetoinfluenceeachother,with emergingtechnologies,skills,andknowledgeallowingthefieldtoexpand,adapt,and improve.Exploringthepotentialofcracksand3Dscanningasdérivemethodologyfollows thattrend.Thisresearchhastwoprimarythemes,psychogeographyand3Dscanningand augmentation.Utilisingatheoryseenasavant-gardeinthe1950sandreassessingits applicabilitywiththeemergenceofmoreaccessible3Dscanningtechnology.Thisresearch isseenaslookingbackwardstoexistingknowledgeandtothecontemporaryavailabilityof newlyaccessibletechnologiestoinformtheprocessofdesigninthefuture.

DESIGNRESEARCH

THEORETICAL CONTEXT.

'Thenakedcity',GuyDebord&AsgerJorn,1957.Printscreen.

RESEARCHCONTEXT DÉRIVEASURBAN INVESTIGATION.

Thetermdérivewasestablishedalongsidestudiesofa PsychogeographicaltendencybytheSituationist International,anAvant-Gardecollectionoftheorists andartists,spearheadedbytheMarxisttheoristGuy Debord.Oftenconsideredakintotheflâneur,coinedby theFrenchpoetCharlesBaudelaire(1863),asan archetypeofasaunterer,anobserverofthecityina esteemedwriting ThePainterofModernLife.Overall, Debord'sdérivesweredesignedtochallengethesocial andculturalcontrolundercapitalismbyexploringthe possibilityofcommunalactionandcreativeexpression intheurbanenvironment.HeandtheSituationists producedaseriesofmapsasaresultoftheirdérives aroundParis.Thereforetheactofwalkingitselfis unplanned,unpredictablebutintentional,thatpurpose evolvedovertimeatthediscretionofDebord.

Aderiveinvolves“playful-constructivebehaviour”, aimlesslypassingrapidlythroughaseriesof environments(O’rourke,2021).Debord(1958)defining theprocesshimself,outliningthat“InaDériveoneor morepersonsduringacertainperioddroptheir relations,theirworkandleisureactivities,andalltheir otherusualmotivesformovementandaction,andlet themselvesbedrawnbytheattractionsoftheterrain andtheencounterstheyfindthere.”

FurthermoreMicheldeCerteau(1984)in"Walkingthe City,"makesthepointthatwalkingisawayof appropriatingthecity,allowingindividualstocreate theirownroutesandmeaningwithinit.Hecontraststhe perspectiveofthecityasseenfromabove,whichis indicativeoforderandcontrol,withtheperspectiveof thepedestrianatthelevelofthestreet,whowalksthe cityinamorecreativeandspontaneousway.De Certeausuggeststheideathatwalkingenablesthe individualtoresistthetopdownforcesofurban planningandtoasserttheirownagencywithinthecity.

Theideathatonecouldnavigateacitybasedon one’sdesireandchoiceledbyatmosphereand ambianceisfittingwithinthethemesofthestudio,the movementofpeopleandjourneysofrefugees. However,theideaofgettinglostwithinacityisoften lostintheconvenienceofaccesstoinformationtoday. WillSelf(2007),oneoffewinvestigatingpsychogeographyatpresent,exploresthepsycheandplaceina globalisedworld.Heoutlineshisworkasaninsurgent againstthecontemporaryworld.Concurringwiththe ideasoutlinedbyDebordandsubstantiatedbyde Certeauinchallengingthesocialandpoliticaldynamics ofurbanenvironments,andexploringandconnecting withnewsurroundings.

RESEARCHCONTEXT 3DSCANNINGAND AUGMENTATION.

3Dscanningintheelectronicformhasbeena functionaltoolsincethe6sandpracticalapplications today,suchasPhotogrammetry,datebackto1867. ThetermwasfirstcoinedbyPrussianarchitectand surveyorAlbrechtMeydenbauer.Photogrammetry presentsitselfmostprolificallyinthecontemporary worldintheformofGooglemapswhichusesbillionsof imagestocreateits3Drepresentationofcities,towns, andlandmarks(Escobar2019).However,3Dscanning isnotonlyaccessibletolargetechnologycompanies. ThereisthecontemporarytrendtointegrateLiDARand otherscanningtechniquesinsmartphonesanddrones resultinginthepracticeof3dscanningbecomingmore accessible.

Inanarchitecturalacademicsetting,3Dscanningis currentlybeingusedforsurveyingandrecording buildingsforheritagesafeguarding,archiving,and providingaugmentedrealityexperiences.Asexpressed inthe2003Charteronthepreservationofthedigital heritage(UNESCO2003)allowsdigitalaccessto buildingpastandpresentmostnotablyin2022whena LiDARscancombinedwith20,000photographswere takenoftheNakaginCapsuleTowertopreserveits memoryina3Dmodelinthewakeoftheannounced demolition.

Additionalusesof3DscanningareForensic Architecture(FA),anarchitecturalresearchagency basedattheGoldsmithsUniversityofLondon.FAusing photogrammetryasanoperativetooltorecreate3D modelsoflocationssignificanttointernationalhuman rights,humanitarian,andlegalorganisations,aswellas activistsandcommunitygroupsaroundtheworld.

PatrickFalloncombined3Dscanningandonline mappingasatoolforresearch.Heproducedpoint cloudmodelsofvacantorabandonedbuildingsin prominentsitesaroundBristolandprovidedaonline platformsothatthesesitecouldbevieweddigitally. Thisprovidedanopenaccesswebplatformforpeople tovisulaisethesevacantspace.

Insummarytechniquesofphotogrammetryand3D scanninghavebeendevelopingsincethe1860’s.With theemergenceofmoreaccessiblescanning technologiestherehasbeenprogressiontobroaduses withinthearchitecturalpracticeandresearch.Providing moreopportunitytorevisitpracticesfromthepastfor architecturalbetterment.

ForensicArchitecture(FA)MapsofDefiance(2018)

RESEARCHCONTEXT CROSSOVEROFTHE PRACTICES.

Asstatedpreviouslythetwotopicsofstudyaredistinct anddifferent.Itisnotuncommontocombinetwo varyingtopicsasdemonstratedbyPatrickFallonswork. However,beingcritical,therehasbeennorealtangible crossoverbetweenthenotionofDériveand3d scanningandaugmentation.Therehavebeenstudiesof augmentationinordertocreatemapssuchasNoriyuki Fujimura(2004)Footprintmappingcreatedadigital mapofawalk.Aexampleofrepresentationinrecording andmappinganexperience.However,thisisvery rudimentarygiventheprogressionintechnologythe studylooksdated.Howevertheprocessrecordsevery step.GiventhesizeofExarchiarecordingeverystep wouldbeunrealisticbutrecordinginformationevery 100Morastreetbystreetbasiswillbemorefeasible.

GoogleMapsARnavigationwasreleasedin2019which augmentedthetraditionalgooglemapsexperience. Arrowsandroadnamesareviewedthroughthelensof themobilescameracreatingamoreengaged experience.Howeverthepracticalitiesofhavingthe phonedisplayedinordertoconventionallynavigatemay detractfromamoreexperientialpurposeoftheDérive. Morerelevanttothisstudy,anapplicationdevelopedby EduardoCachuchoandBabakFakhamzadehtitledafter theintentionsoftheDérive.Theapplicationoffersa 'deckofrandom'cardswithdirectionstoencourage

userstonavigatethecityinamannerthatbreakstheir conventionalinteraction.Howeversuccessfulin creatingarandomlygeneratedexperiencewithinan areatheapplicationalsoallowsanoptionfortheuserto createtheirown‘deckofcards’whichcouldbeutalised todirectastudytowardsaparticulartopic.Inasimilar moveanapplicationcalledRandonauticacited Debord'sessayondériveasacoreinspiration generatingaco-ordinateswithinaparticularareato prompttheusertobeajourneywithintentioninmind. Allofthesestudies,programsanddigitaltoolsusethe mobilephoneasadeviceforinteraction.

Thereforetherehasbeensomeattemptstointegrate thetwotopicsofstudythathavebeenseparatedbytime andtechnology.Howeverelementsofaugmentation andreprojectionremaincomparitivlylesstested.Itis withthisstudythattheauthoraimstofillintheblanks.

NoriyukiFujimura(2004)Footprintmapping Dériveapp2.0(2012)

METHODOLOGY DIAGRAM.

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3DSCANTECHNIQUE RE-PROJECT INFORMATIONTOINFORMCRACK STAGE01 STAGE02 STAGE03 STAGE04 FINA L EXARCHI A MODEL FINA L SCAN+REPROJECTION VIDEOOFDERIVEREVEALINGTENSION THEPERFORMANCE-THEDERIVE Material Input01 Input02 Input03 Tangent01 Tangent02 Tangent03 ThicknessWeakness Drying Crack 2.7 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 3.13.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

specificderiveinstruction

CRACKINGCLAYMETHODOLOGY

Themethodologyhasbeenbrokendowninto6distinct stagestoachievetheobjectivesoftheresearch,See adjacentmethoddiagram.Eachstagerequiringa uniquemethodologytoachievethemostsuccessful designedoutput.

WRITTENANALYSISOFTENSIONS

Objective01:Themethodologyfortheinitialstage involvescollectingsecondarysourcedatathatis relevanttothestudytoinfluencetheformationofa crack.Theauthorwillassesstheaccuracyofthedata basedonthedateoftheinformationcollected,the potentialbiasandreliabilityofthesource,andthe relevancyofthestudy.Thiswillprovidecriteriato influencethenextobjective.

Objective02:Inordertocreateacrackedsurfacethat canbe3Dscannedandreprojected,theauthorintends toseekadvicefromtechnicians.Toprovideabase knowledgeofthecharacteristicsandbehaviorofclay priortoexperimentingwithtestsamples.Toconclude thisobjective,afinalmodelwillbefabricatedfromthe knowledgegainedfromthetestsamples.Thesewillbe testedagainstkeycriteriatodeterminethemost applicabletechniquetothisstudy.

Objective03:Inordertoproduceanaccurateand navigablereconstructionofobjective02,theauthorwill undertakeasmallinvestigationtodeterminethemost applicablemethodof3Dscanning.Forobjectives02 and03,theformulaisknown,sotheresearchcanbe editedorreproducedtoachieveavariedoutput.

Objective04:Theperformanceaspectisparticipatingin theurbaninvestigation.Stage04isthemostimportant periodoftheprocessandsatisfiestheperformance aspectoftheresearch.Itisimportanttostressthat, giventhenatureofadérive,itisonlypossibleto completethisonceperlocationofstudy.Asoutlinedby Debordinhisoriginaltext,"chanceplaysanimportant roleindérives,"andanenvironmentalunderstanding hinderstherandomexperience.Inthisinstance,chance iscreatedbytheunpredictablebehaviorofthedataset, establishedinobjective01,oninformingthecreationof thecrack.(Seetheinstructionalpage:)

Objective05:Theoutput,aftertheperformance,isa videotoprovideevidenceoftherecordedtensionsinthe districtofExarchia.Followedbyawrittensummaryof keylocationsandevents.Thenfinally,criticallyreview theeffectivenessofobjectives01and02inachieving.

Objective06:Thefinalstageistocurateanexhibitionto bestdemonstratetheresearchandprocess.Thiswill relatebacktothevicariousaspectsofthestudiobriefby immersingtheaudienceinthefinaldesignedoutput, supplementedbyadditionalinformativebookletsonthe process.

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URBANINVESTIGATION THROUGHCRACKING EXHIBITION STAGE05 STAGE06 VIDEOOFDERIVEREVEALINGTENSION

ETHICALCONSIDERATIONS

Thestudyisbasedover6stagestoachieve6 objectiveseachwithvaryingdegreesofethical consideration.TheAuthorhasadheredtotheethical principlesoutlinedbelowtoensurethattheresearchis conductedresponsiblyandethically.(seerearof documentfordesignresearchethicschecklist)

Objective01:Desktopbasedsecondaryresearch, None/low,checkreliabilityandaccuracyof information.

Objective02:Theauthorsoughtadvicefromworkshop techniciansonthesafeuseofclaywhichthefollowing riskswereoutlined:

1.Inhalationofallclaymaterialsespeciallysilicacan damageyourlungsandface.

2.Avoidexcessivedustexposurewhenbreakingthe clay.Clayisnotharmfultothetouchoringestion, however,avoidcontactofclaywithbrokenskinas thiscanbeanirritant.Usemoisturiserasclaycan alsodryoutfaceandskin.

3.Whendryingclayrapidlythesurfaceisproneto explodingasmoisturewithintheclayturnsto steam.Thereforesurfacesshoulddryevenly.

4.Waitfortheclaytocoolbeforehandling.

ETHICS.

Objective03:Alowrisktask,beawareofsurroundings whenscanningsurfaces.

Objective04:Itisimportantforhealthandsafety reasoningthatthedériveisnotpreformedaloneaspart ofthestudyreliesontheunpredictableoutputs. Emergencycontactdetailsshouldbesharedandknown andbasicfirstaidessentialsshouldbecarriedon personwhilepreformingtheDérive.

Objective05:Videoevidenceoftheperformanceis recorded,thereforeimageryofthepublicshowninthe videoandstillimageryanonymitywillbemaintained. sourcematerialdataiskeptonanencrypteddriveand hasbeenanonymisedsothatimageryarisinginthe projectprotectstheidentityofindividuals.

Objective06:Considerproximityandviewinganglesin relationtoviewersexperienceoftheexhibition.

DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS INFORMINGCRACKS

INFORMINGCRACKS

WEAKNESSES IN EXARCHIA.

Thegoalofthisexerciseistodesignamethodologyofcrackingclaytocreateacrackinformedbyadata-setthat causesweakpointsinthesurface.ExarchiaisaneighbourhoodinAthens,Greecethathasalonghistoryofpolitical activismandanarchistmovements.ThetensionsinExarchiastemfromtheclashbetweentheseanarchistgroups andtheGreekgovernment,aswellasthepoliceforce.

AnarchistgroupshavebeenpresentinExarchiasincethe1970sandhaveestablishedautonomousspaceswithin theneighbourhood.Thesespaces,suchassquatsandsocialgroups,areusedforpoliticalorganising,artistic expression,andcommunitybuilding.However,theGreekgovernmenthasattemptedtocrackdownonthesespaces andevictthesquatters,resultinginfrequentclashesbetweenpoliceandanarchists.Asaresultofsecondary researchintothedistrictofExarchiaithasbeendecidedthatthereare3maininfluencingfactorsthatactasacatalyst fortensionsthatarepertinenttothestudy.Itistheseweakpointsthatwillinfluencethecreationofthecrack.

Input01 Input02 Input03

AlongvacantbuildinginExarchiawith provocativegraffittiartworkpaintedon thefacade.

1.1.INPUT01:VACANTBUILDINGS

ThevacantbuildingsinExarchia,includingpartiallyandgroundfloor vacatedplots.Thepurposeofthesevacantstructuresaconsiderablesource oftensionasrefugeesandanarchistshavebeenevicted,mosthaveeither beendevelopedintoshorttermholidayletsorhigherendapartments.Lialios Giorgos(2021)highlightsanextensivesetofdataintheirstudyoftheuseof buildingsinExarchiafrom2009-2018,includingthenumberandlocationof vacantbuildings.

Vacantapartments Graffitionanabandonedbuilding

1.2.INPUT02:SHORTTERMHOLIDAYLETS

ThequantityofAirBnBshorttermholidayletsleadstothegentrificationof theseneighbourhoodsbyraisingrentalpricesandmakingitmoredifficultfor localcitizenstoaffordtodwellintheirownneighbourhoods.Thisisespecially trueinneighbourhoodslikeExarchia,whichhavetraditionallybeen affordableandalternative,attractingartists,students,andothermarginalised groups.InsideAirBnB(2023)offersandopensourcemappingapplicationof allairbnblocationsinmajorcitiesrevealingthelocationsof819shortterm holidayrentalunitsinExarchia.DatahasbeenanonymisedbyInsideAirbnb andinformationscatteredandhasanaccuracyof150m.

InsideAirBnB(2023),airbnblocations WritingonaapartmentinExarchia

Reinterpreteddataintoadensitygrid

1.3.INPUT03:TOURISTINFLUX

ThefinalinfluencingfactoristhefrequencywithwhichInstagramphotosare taken.Thisgenerallyincreasesthedemandforshort-termvacationrentals, whichisdetrimentalforthereasonsstatedabove.Theheatmapsprovided bySIGHTMAPasanopensourcedatasetbasedoncrowdsourcing producesaheatmapindicativeoftheamountofgeotaggedphotographs takenataspecificlocationdemonstratingtheflowandinfluxoftourists,this hasbeenreinterpretedintoagridoverlayedontoExarchia.

SIGHTSMAP(2023)heatmapoftheExarchiadistrict Anti-touristgraffitiinnearbyKoukaki

DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS CREATINGCRACKS.

CRITERIA:

Typeofmaterial

Thickness

Weakpoints

Dryingprocess

ANALYSISKEY:

Primaryroute

Tangentroute

Qualityofcrack Weak-point Prediction

ANALYSISKEY:

Theobjectiveatthisstageistodefineaprocessanda materialtocreateconvincingcrackstoexplorescaled uptotheurbanscale.Eachclayiterationswillbe assessedagainstthecriteriaaboveandanalysedina diagrammaticformat.

Rolledclaysamples

SAMPLEPINHOLES:

Thickness:3mm

Weak-point:Pinholes

Dryingprocess:Heated

Crackingmethod: Equalpressure

SAMPLELARGERHOLES

Thickness:3mm

Weak-point:6mmholes

Dryingprocess: Heated

Crackingmethod:Equalpressure

SAMPLEHEATEDPINS

Thickness:3mm

Weak-point:Metalpins

Dryingprocess:Heated

Crackingmethod: Equalpressure

2.1-3SAMPLES

Thefirstiterationsare50mmx120mmtestrectanglescreatedtoassess theeffectofdifferentweakpointsinthesurfaceoftheclay.Thelocation oftheseweakpointsbeingdictatedbytheinfluencingdatadefinedat stage01.Inthisinstancebeingametaphorforthecontesteduseof vacantbuildingsofExarchiathatcreatestensionsbetween stakeholders.

2.1 2.2 2.3 + + + + + + + + + + +

2.4 AIRDRYCLAYEXARCHIA:

Thickness:5mm

Weak-point:6mmholes

Dryingprocess:Airdry

Crackingmethod: Dropping

Thisiterationwasmodeledintheshapeofexarchiaand usingholesasweakpointsestablishedforvacant buildingsin1.1.Usingairdryclayasanalternativeto thinrolledbakeclaywasadecisiontoreducethe numberofcracks.Thiswassuccessfulbutthethinnylon fiberseffectedthequalityofthecrackaslargerforcewas requiredtobreakthematerial.Duetothethicknessand natureofthematerialtheholesdonotappeartohavean impactonthecrackratherthentheforceapplied.

2.5 AIRDRYCLAYEXARCHIA:

Thickness:5mm

Weak-point:6mmholes

Dryingprocess:Airdry

Crackingmethod: Dropping

Thisiterationexploredachangeinmaterialtoformthe literalshapeofExarchia.Theweakpointspositionhas beendictatedbythelocationofvacantbuildingsinthe districtwiththeintentionofprovidinglocationsforthe cracktoformacrossoncethesurfacehasbeen shattered.

2.5crackedimages

TOPOGRAPHICALSTUDY:

Thickness:2mm

Weak-point:heightanddensityofpoles

Dryingprocess:Heatgun

Crackingmethod: Rapiddryingprocess

The300mmx300mmtestsampleexploresthe possibilityofutilisingmorethenoneinputtocreate weaknessandaddaadditionallayerofrichnessand purposetocreatingthecrack.Fromthepreviousstudies itwasevidentthatthinnerclayhadthetendencytobe moresusceptibletosurfacecracking.

2.6crackedmodel 2.6

Theverticalmemberscreateweak pointsinthesurfaceoftheclay, formingcracks.Thesewillbereferred toasweakpoints,thathavebeen informedbytheinformationgathered instage01.Thetwoinfluencing factorsarethevariationinheight (Quantityofvacantbuildings)andthe distancebetweentheweakpoints (Densityoftouristinflux).

Thetopographicformcreatedisleftto moveandsetover3-4hours.The clayproceedstonaturalslumpinto thevalleysandstretchontheapex.In turnformingthickerandthinnerareas ofclaywhichwillbeaffected differentlyinthedryingprocess, beingmorelikelytocrackthethinner theclay.

2.6weakpoints 2.6dryingstresscracksforming 2.6 cracked

2.7 FINALEXARCHIA:

Thickness:2mm

Weak-point:heightanddensityofpoles

Dryingprocess:Heatgun

Crackingmethod: Rapiddryingprocess

Iteration2.7usesthesameprinciplesestablishedin2.6 withtheadditionofthedatafromstage1.Thequantity oftheweak-pointshasbeendeterminedbythequantity ofvacantbuildings1.1,thedensityhasbeendetermined bythenumberofAirBnbs1.2,theheightoftheweakpointshasbeendeterminedbytheinfluxoftourists1.3.

Theclaywashardertohandleduetothethinness neededtoachievetheformofthecrack.Theclaywas thenlefttoslumpandstretchtothetopographycreated overnight.Theclaywasdriedwithheatgunsinaneven manneroverthecourseof1-2hoursandthefirstcracks startedtoform.

Thefinalresultingpiecehadcrackedinto6pieces, formingasubstantialprimarycrackand4smallcracks fromthis.

2.7workinprogress 2.7Priortodrying

2.7completecrackedmodel

DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS 3DSCANNING.

LiDARTESTING

LiDARisanacronymforLightDetectionandRanging.ALaserissentfrom asourceandreflectedoffatargetobjectorsceneandthereflectedlightis detectedbythereceiveranddeterminesthetimeofflightthereforeposition. ThescandetectstheX,Y,Zcoordinatesofmillionsknownaspointsto createapointcloudmodel.Thetechnologyhasbeenintegratedintomost modernsmartphonesandhasanvarietyofapplicationstoaugment,render andanalysethemodel.

PHOTOGRAMMETRY TESTING

Theprocessrequiresmultiplephotographstakenofthestudyobjectfroma varietyofdifferentangles.Asoftware,eitherbuilt-inorstandalone,then recognisescorrespondingfeaturesofoverlappingpatternstoreconstructa digitalversionofthescannedobject.Theprocessisrudimentaryand accessibletouseandonlyrequiresacamera.Therearefreeapplications suchasPolyCAM,seenintheexampleimageadjacent,whichgeneratethe modelandallowanaugmentedrealityfunction.

Corresponding feature

Cameramovement

3.1 3.2

LiDARTESTING

Theprocessrequiresmorespecialisedequipment, namelyaLaserscanner,however,thetechnologyis becomingmoreaccessibleasLiDARisbeing integratedintosmartphonedevices.

Theresolutionofthefinalmodelistriangulatedinto polygonswhichcouldnotbeadjusted.Thisresulted intheoverall3dmodelbeinglowqualitywhen scaledandreprojected.

LiDARusesalasertoreflectinformationbackto pinpointcoordinates.Theaccuracyisincrediblyhigh anddecreasingthescanningdistanceimprovesthe precisenessofthescan.

3.1

PathoftheLiDARscanduringastudioexhibitionshowingeachframerecorded Askeletalmodelofthescannedmodel

PHOTOGRAMMERTYTESTING

Theprocesscanbedoneanalogandranthrough softwaretogeneratea3Dmodel.Howeverthereare manyfreemobilesapplicationswhichrecordand processimagesintomodelsincreasingaccessibility.

Theresolutionofthefinalmodelisdependentonthe qualityandquantityoftheimagesrecorded.Closer higherqualityimageswillleadtoahigherquality modelandenablebetterreprojection.

Photogrammetryreliesonrecognisingkeypoints thereforeaccuracyisnotasaccurate.However,itis alsodependentonthequalityandquantityofthe imagesrecorded.Blurryimagescanleadtopoor recognitionofkeypoints.

POLYCAMMODEL 3.1 3DscansusingphotogrammetryinthePolyCAMapplication

THE DÉRIVE PERFORMANCE

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Weak-point Prediction

OverlayoffiguregroundplanofExarchiaontothecrackedtopographicformcompletedatstage2.7

RULESOFTHE DÉRIVE:

Thesetofrulesarefundamentaltofollowtoachievea accurateDérive;Inunderstandingthesuccessofthecrack createdtorevealthetensions;upholdingtheunpredictable natureoftheDérivebutalsofulfillingtheethicalrequirements ofthestudy.

THE DÉRIVE

EXARCHIAINVESTIGATIONVIDEO:

Thedérivetookplaceon25/01/23.Thevideoprovidesevidence oftherecordedinformation,exploringthetensionsdiscovered. Thefollowingarethetensionsuncoveredinorderofappearance andasummaryoftheirrelevancetothestudy:

CLICKORSCANTOVIEW

AUGMENTATIONINATHENS:

Theimagesabovedemonstratethefollowingfromlefttoright:

1.Theverystartofthederiveatthebeginningoftheprimarycrack.

2.Thecrackfollowedinthedistrictuncoveringadecayingvacantbuilding

3.Aviewfromthecrackviewingpolicepresence

POLYTECHNICUPRISING

ThestartpointoftheprimarycrackwasjustoutsideoftheGreek Polytechnic.Thetensionhere,althoughhistoric,isstillverystrong atpresent.ATheGreekthemilitarydictatorshipduringthelate60s and70swhenatankdrovethroughthegatesoftheuniversity duringaprotest.Thisledto40deathsandover2000injuries.The gateoftheuniversityliesonthegroundasamemorial,and bannersofprotestandsupportpersisttoday.Thelegacyofthe AthensPolytechnicuprisinglivesoninGreekpoliticalculture, actingasareminderoftheneedtodefenddemocracyandhuman rightsagainstauthoritarianismandpersecution.

TENSIONSREVEALED pg.1/10

5.1

EXARCHIASQUAREMETROPROPOSAL

Althoughthestudydoesn’tpassthroughExarchiaSquarethe importancecanbefeltthroughthedistrict.Agraffitiedwallnextto theuniversityremarksontheproposedmetrostationforExarchia square.Anactofresistancetogentrificationasthegovernment attempttopromoteExarchiaasatouristiclocationwithnegligible regardfortheexistingandhistoricalculturethathasdevelopedin thearea.Primarilyresistedbyresidentsandanti-authoritarian groups,supportedbythegovernment,tourists,andenforcedby police.

37 TENSIONSREVEALED pg.2/10

5.2

NOTARA26SQUAT

Along-abandonedbuildingreoccupiedbyactivistsandvolunteers tosupportrefugeesincrisis.Itwasevictedin2019aspartofthe tourist-drivengentrificationprocessduetothepowerfulexampleof grassrootsactivismandsolidarity.Ithighlightstheimportanceof community-basedsolutionstosocialandpoliticalproblemsand theresilienceandcreativityofnongovernmentalprojects.The buildingnowliesemptyagain.

TENSIONSREVEALED pg.3/10

5.3

SPIROUTRIKOUPISQUAT

AkintoNotara26,thebuildingwasanabandonedhotelthatwas squattedbyanarchistsandactivists,providingaplaceofasylum forrefugees.However,SpirouTrikoupi17hadamoreturbulent agendaandbecameahubforactivismandcommunity-led programs.Thiscatalyzedtensionsin2019asstrongresistance resultedinviolentclasheswithpoliceontheireviction.Postersof supportsurroundthelocalarea,andpolicearestationed consistentlyattheadjacentExarchiasquare.

39 TENSIONSREVEALED pg.4/10

5.4

AIRBNBAPARTMENTSURROUNDEDBY VACANTBUILDINGS

Theprimarycauseofevictionsofunconventionalfunctionsthatdo notalignwiththenewtouristagendaissothatthebuildingscan beturnedintoshort-termholidaylets.Thiscreatestension betweenactivists,localresidents,andrefugeesagainstthe governmentagendaenforcedbythepolice.

5.5

TENSIONSREVEALED pg.5/10

Acarparkandabandonedbuildingdiscoveredalongtherouteis oneofthefewopenareasthatproviderelieffromthedense blocKtypologiesandbusyroads.Localbuildingscladingraffiti andmessagesofsupportforrefugees,exarchiaandanarchist.

41 TENSIONSREVEALED pg.6/10

POTENTIALSITE01: 5.6

POTENTIALSITE02: 5.7 TENSIONSREVEALED pg.7/10

POTENTIALSITE03:

TheDériveuncoveredaglimpseofalargesportscentrefallinginto disrepair.AlargeconcretestructurethatsitsatthebaseofStrefi hillandisplasteredinmessagesofsupportforrefugeesand provocativepoliticalmessagesbyactivistswithpanoramicviews tothenorth.

TENSIONSREVEALED pg.8/10

5.8

POLICEPRESENCE:

Exarchiahasbeenaasylumzonefrompoliceduetothehistorical tensionswithactivistsandresidents,butduetotheshiftinpolitical agendain2019,therehasbeenalargeconsistentpresenceof armoredandarmedpoliceofficers.Thisexacerbatestensionsand enforcesthehistoricheavyhandoftheJunta,whichopposes activistsandrefugeesagainstpoliceandgovernmentbutalso concernsandintimidatestourists.

44 TENSIONSREVEALED pg.9/10

5.9

Exarchiaiswell-knownforitsstreetartscene,withmuralsand graffiticoveringthewallsofbuildingsandpassagewaysacrossthe area.Thegraffitiisrepresentativeoftheviewsofresidentsand localswhoaregenerallyopposedtotheplansofthegovernment vocalisedthroughthemediumofpaintonawall.

45 TENSIONSREVEALED pg.10/10

STREETART+GRAFFITI 5.10

SCANTOVIEWANIMATION

TIMELINEDELINEATEDPRIMARYCRACK:

Thediagramexplorestheunfoldingofthecityalongthetimelineof theDérive.ScantheQRcodetoviewtheanimationofthetensions beingrevealedinalinearrepresentation.Thetensionshavebeen numericallycodedtobecrossreferencedwiththereportand video.

46 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.8 5.7

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CONCLUSION

DISCUSSION.

STAGE01

Appropriateandcontextualinformationwasestablished atthefirststage.Thequalityoftheinformationledto someeffectivecreationofcracksinthefollowingstage.

STAGE02

Thecrackingprocessestablishedwascreatedusing multipleweaknessesinExarchiaaddingdepthtothe metaphorofthecrackaspartofthestudy.Each iterationdevelopedtheprocessinakeydirection establishingamethodologythatcreatedcrackswith littlepredictabilityandembodiedcharacteristicsto3D scanandre-project.Acriticismatthisstagethateffected there-projectionprocesswastheheightofthenew topographicalformcreated.Thisledtoamismatchto theexistingtopographyofthestudyareawhichmade re-projectiondifficulttounderstand.

STAGE03

Therightformof3Dscanningwasselectedasacareful andslowphotogrammetrystudyledtoahighresolution modelinturnallowingforamoreaccuratere-projection.

However,criticismofthere-projectiontechniqueisthat themodelwasscaledbutnotgeolocated.Therefore, combinedwiththecriticismofstage02,createda methodologyofre-projectionthatwasdifficulttousebut alsodetractedfromtheplayfulexperientialnatureofthe study.Themodelandre-projectionbecamesecondary intheperformanceaspectaspectofthestudyoptingfor usingthemodelasamapfornavigationopposedtoa augmentedexperience.Thereforeprovingtobea unnecessarygimmickinachievingtheoverallgoalof uncoveringtensionsinExarchia.

STAGE04

Asmentionedinthepreviousstagesanaccumulationof hindrancesledtoslightlydetractedexperience. However,despiteacoupleissuestheresultsofthe tensionswererevealed.Weatherthisstudyappliesto conventionalplayfulnessofaderieveisquestionablebut thecrackingmethodologyalignstotheunpredictable nature.

CANCRACKINGANDRE-PROJECTIONBEA METHODFORDÉRIVE?

Inshort,crackingandre-projection CAN beusedasmethodfor Dérive. Thisresearchreporthasuseddesignasaresearchtooltocreatea meaningfulalternativeformofnavigation,usingasetofdatatoinfluence thecreationofacracktobeusedasaway-findingroute.Focusedprimarily onuncoveringthetensionsinExarchia,Athensinapurposeful unpredictablemanner.

STAGE05

Exarchiaisaturbulentdistrictwithamultifacetedtugof warforitsfuture.Tensionswhicharecommonlyknown fromdesktopsstudiesweremadeprevalent,suchasthe polytechnicprotestsandtheresistancetothemetro ,alongwithmorecontemporaryemergingissues,but alsolowkeyissuessuchaslackofopenandgreen spacewhichassistinexacerbatetheproblems.

Insupportingtheauthorsstudiowork,thederive,asaperformance,did providesuccessfulresultsinuncoveringtensionswithinExarchiaas evidencedinthevideo.Theinvestigationsrevealedtensionscommonly knownbutalsointroducednewertensionswhichwereunfamiliar.

Theauthorrecognisesthatthemethodologyexploredinthisresearchmay notbethemostefficientwaytouncoverinformationinordertounderstand placeanduncoverpotentialsites.However,themetaphorofmaking weaknessesinclayandcreatingcracksaddsdepthintheanalysisofthe studiobrief.

Thatsaid,thestudywasnotwithoutdifficultiesandroomforimprovement. There-projectionaspectoftheresearchprovedproblematicanddifficultto usedetractingfromthe Dérive asanexperientialperformance.On reflectionthere-projectionmayhavebeenanunnecessaryfeaturebutwith someadditionalconsiderationcouldbeafeasiblecomponent.

Inconclusion,theauthorbelievesthestudydoesallowtheinvestigationto bemorethoroughinthecontextofthedesignstudio.Thestudybeing tailoredspecificallyforExarchiamakestheapplicabilitytootherinstances tougher.However,themethodologyhasbeensetoutinstagessothatthe formulacanbesituationallytweakedandadaptedforfuturestudies. Importantlythestudyhighlightsthefulfillsthemetaphorofthecrackholding potentialforinvestigation.Howeverthestudyisnotwithoutitsflaws.The augmentationandreprojecitonneedsreconsideringinordertoachievea moreimmersiveexperiencetruertothedefinitionof Dérive.Finallythe authorhopesthatthisresearchenforcestheimportanceoflooking backwardstopastpractices,toassesscontemporaryissuesforthe bettermentofthefuture.

EXHIBITION DESIGN.

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PROJECTEDFILM

VICARIOUSVIEWING:

Theexhibitionbringstheuserintoavicariousviewingofthe Dérive.Creatinganexperientialsettinginthedarkroom,the reportprovidescontextwhiletheexhibitiondisplaysthe projection.Thevideoisacollageoftheroutetaken,overlayed ontheclaymap,whichisinterruptedwithcurated‘glitches’as thetensionsareencountered.

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