Philippine Native Trees and Conservation Society Inc 6th International Symposium

While the pandemic may have significantly disrupted our lives, many have nevertheless been unwavering in the pursuit of the study and conservation of Philippine native plants and their habitats.

That unwavering focus on the Philippine flora was very much embodied by the late Leonardo Co, founder of PNPCSI. He thus motivated many who shared in his botanical interests to be recruited to form the society in 2008. The core purpose of the group was, and still is, to learn about native Philippine plants, share that knowledge, and save our natural heritage for the future.

From the very beginning, our founding membership was just as diverse as the Philippine flora – and it remains the same today. We have members from the academe, including lofty professors and all of their students; people who work for other NGOs; who work in the banking industry; who own businesses; who are hobbyists (including plantitos and plantitas, of course); farmers; and many other members from various fields. Many of these people would probably have never met, much less become friends, were it not for this common goal of advocating for our native Philippine plants, many of which are threatened.

Sir Leonard thought that there wasn’t a platform dedicated to Philippine plant diversity, where their taxonomy, ecology, horticultural use, distribution, and other topics could be discussed. This mattered a lot to him, as he believed that one could not conserve what one did not know.

Educating everyone about native plants was key.

Today, the Society is mirroring opportunities of learning from Sir Leonard that some of us experienced and addressing this lack of a platform through various activities, from tree walks to seminars, but most prominently via this international symposium. This is a venue for sharing recent findings on the diversity and conservation of Philippine native plants. The first symposium was held in 2011; it was dedicated to Sir Leonard a year after his passing. We have continued to hold this event every two years, and now it is in its sixth iteration.

This sixth symposium is aptly themed “Saving the Plants that Save Us: Conservation of Native Flora Amidst Calamities,” to reflect the challenges that recent calamities from COVID-19 to typhoon and volcanic disturbances have had on various plant species, plant communities, and even plant researchers. This week, we invite you to hear from researchers via the plenary talks and oral presentations, visit the virtual poster exhibit, join a botanical art workshop, and listen to a report on the State of the Nation’s Plants. We encourage you to interact with our presenters and other participants during the symposium and hopefully, well into the future. I look forward to this week’s activities, and hope that you continue to support Philippine native plant conservation.

SANDRA L. YAP, PhD President, PNPCSI

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I want to thank you all for choosing to be with us for the 6th International Symposium of the Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society, Inc. – a sentence I did not think I was going to be speaking into a computer screen inside my own home.

My story with PNPCSI started with a symposium – the 3rd one, back in 2015, when Doc Sandra, who was then my boss, asked me and my friends from the orchestra to play some music for the PNPCSI’s socials night. 2015 was the symposium that started it all – the sliding door that started six more years of commitment to the idea that there was more learning and more saving to be done beyond my academic walls.

2017 was the symposium I actually helped out with, volunteering to be part of the org’s delegation that traveled to Southern Luzon. 2019 was the symposium I missed, because I’d been granted an opportunity to pursue further studies abroad. And 2021? I figured 2021 would be the symposium I would lead, because sitting there in London, in the middle of the pandemic, in the flat I’d been privileged to rent on scholarship, I realized that so many people back home were struggling to fight a fight I had been designated to sit out.

After coming home from the UK, I felt strongly that the 2021 symposium should be about that struggle – not my own, or at least not only, but the way that in the midst of the global health crisis, these typhoons and floods and volcanic eruptions, scientists and researchers like me were putting themselves out there, sometimes even risking their lives, to understand and protect the plants that were protecting us. Providing for us, sustaining us. Giving us hope, spaces to breathe, a chance at recovery.

Even as there is no real hall to fill, with people and posters and passion, now in 2021, PNPCSI has such an opportunity now to open its doors wider than ever, to welcome an audience that needs to hear these stories. That benefits in ways big and small from all the work that botanists and plant conservationists do. That maybe had no idea that there were even people who did this sort of work, or that they have to hurdle so many challenges – disappearing funding, restricted access to resources and field sites, the agony of screaming scientific truth at people who should know better but refuse to listen.

On many of my tree walks with PNPCSI, I’ve told people, “our biodiversity is simultaneously the country’s greatest treasure and its best kept secret.” This week, I’m asking everyone for help, to let that secret out – to watch these presentations, look at these posters, hear these speakers, and then tell everyone you know about it. To pass along, first, a message – that in this pandemic brought about by deforestation and habitat loss, our flora and our science are the way forward. And then, a warning – that both our plants and our people are threatened, and both need our support.

A symposium back in 2015 was the start for me. I can only hope that for some of you out there tuned in tonight, this symposium in 2021 could be a start for you, as well.

DAVID JUSTIN R. PLES, MSc Head, PNPCSI Symposium Team 2021

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What is PNPCSI? The Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society Inc. (PNPCSI) is the premier non-government organization in the Philippines advocating for conservation of native flora and their natural habitats.

How and why was the organization formed?

PNPCSI’s Articles of Incorporation were signed on the 4th of April, 2008 by 12 founding members, led by botanist and inaugural president, Leonard L. Co. The organization was duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission shortly thereafter, on the 16th of June, 2008.

The organization’s purpose, initially declared in the Articles of Incorporation, was later condensed into the following Vision, Mission, and Goal statements:

Vision Champion in the conservation of native plants for nation-building

Mission Knowledge generation and sharing in the conservation of Philippine native plants and their habitats toward sustainable development

Goals  Popularize the natural history of Philippine native plants and their associated

   



habitats through various educational fora and media, and advocate the conservation of this rich natural heritage for future generations Stimulate research, provide venues for the exchange of ideas, and promote mentorship in various disciplines of plant science Advocate restorative work in degraded habitats, particularly centering on remaining natural forest fragments Promote exchanges of knowledge, information, and technical know-how regarding in situ and ex situ conservation activities for threatened native plants Create a venue for intelligent discussions on how to develop horticulture and responsibly use native plants in landscaping for maximum benefit without compromising the existence of plant populations in the wild Promote ethnobotany and related sciences as tools for protecting our national and cultural heritage, closely linking our native plant conservation agenda with our traditional culture and indigenous knowledge systems

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Who are our members?

Over the last fourteen years, the organization has developed a diverse membership: students, professors, and scientific researchers; farmers, horticulturists, landscapers, and architects; artists, designers, lawyers, and programmers; officers in local government and protected area management; hobbyists and enthusiasts - all interested in learning more about and protecting our country’s unique flora.

What can be found on our logo?

The PNPCSI logo bears the image of the Rafflesia leonardii, one of the Rafflesia species endemic to the Philippines. It was named after Leonard L. Co, the great Filipino botanist who founded the organization. Our logo also has the silhouette of the Tetrastigma loheri, an endemic Philippine vine, which is the host plant for the Rafflesia leonardii.

Overview of Activities PNPCSI’s numerous activities include: seminars and workshops to raise awareness of native plants and promote their use in landscaping and forest restoration; field trips and tree walks to reconnect citizens with their environment; publication of research articles, books, and field guides to serve as source materials; and provision of technical assistance to academic, private, and government units toward conservation and sustainable use of native flora in the country.

Tree Walks Leonard Co, PNPCSI’s founder, was famous both for his encyclopedic knowledge of the Philippines’ native flora and his desire to see his countrymen reconnected with their natural heritage. Today, the organization carries on that legacy of knowledge sharing through its trademark tree walks, guiding Filipino citizens through encounters with native plants both in urban settings and their natural habitats.

Some of the sites that PNPCSI frequents for public tree walks include the University of the Philippines Diliman, the Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center (NAPWC), and the Arroceros Forest Park.

Field Trips PNPCSI has also hosted field trips to various locations outside of the country’s capital: Mt. Arayat and Mt. Pinatubo in Pampanga, the Makiling Botanic Gardens in Laguna, the Mount Banahaw Botanic Garden in Quezon, EDC’s VMR nurseries and the Pinto Arboretum in Rizal, and Ipo Watershed in Bulacan.

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Seminars and Workshops The society cultivates a wealth of expertise in various fields of plant science; its members are frequently called upon to share their experiences and knowledge through various seminars and workshops.

Three of PNPCSI’s signature offerings include: the Basic Taxonomy Seminar, meant to familiarize the general public with the science of naming and classifying plants; the Forest Restoration Seminar, targeted at groups planning to conduct tree planting and habitat restoration activities; and the Native Ornamentals Seminar, which aims to popularize native flora for landscaping and horticulture. PNPCSI has recently also been partnering with the Philippine Botanical Art Society to host drawing and painting workshops focused on native blooms.

Because of the continuing pandemic situation in the country, PNPCSI has adapted its activities for a largely online audience, hosting webinars and journal clubs to continue promoting its advocacy despite physical distancing limitations and travel restrictions.

Commemorative Events PNPCSI is an organization directed and empowered by its history - particularly the life, love, and untimely demise of its founder. Every year, around the 15th of November, the society dedicates time to honoring Leonard L. Co and joining his family’s continuing calls for justice.

Membership Activities PNPCSI’s volunteers are the lifeblood of the organization. To keep passion and enthusiasm flowing through its membership, the society holds various events such as orientations, acquaintance parties, and “kapihan” designed to help volunteers become acquainted with the organization and each other.

Symposia One of the organization’s signature programs is the conduct of a biennial international symposium to highlight contemporary research on Philippine plant diversity and conservation, and stimulate dialogue among members of the global academic community and various stakeholders.

First held at the National Museum of the Philippines in 2011, symposia have since then been held in collaboration with various other institutions such as the Pampanga Agricultural University (2013), the University of the Philippines Diliman (2015), Southern Luzon State University (2017), and the University of Santo Tomas (2019).

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President

Sandra L. Yap

Vice President

David Justin R. Ples

Secretary

Rudolph Valentino A. Docot

Treasurer

Reynaldo R. Solero

Editor

George C. Yao

PRO

Ronald Achacoso

Auditor

Noel Malacad

Symposium Team Head

David Justin R. Ples

Programs Committee

Fernando B. Aurigue Antonio Felipe T. Arbias Albert Balbutin, Jr.

Academic Committee

Harold Mamauag Carag Sandra L. Yap Cecilia B. Moran Rudolph Valentino A. Docot

Communications Committee

Clarissa Marie B. Rodriguez

Finance Committee

Carlos Joselito Y. Gutierrez Amor Maclang

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DLSL IT TEAM

Br. Manuel Pajarillo, FSC Ana Resurreccion Sheila Maloles Donabel Orcena Jerwin Lasin Celine Bernadette Francisco Julius Recio

GUEST HOST

Deborrah Anastacio

With Additional Thanks To: Alyssa Belda

Carlos de Guzman

Jan Allister Omengan

Reynaldo R. Solero

Liza Resurreccion

Jo Consuelo Quimpo

Jeffrey P. Mancera

Carmen Felicisima R. Odulio

Joseph Elijah Sydney J. Gil

Melanie Marfal-Arbias

Xeniah Caryl Dando

Bryan Erfe

Ellie Esquivias

Alyssa Marie Lola

George C. Yao

Jay S. Fidelino

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Visit the Symposium Website at www.dlsl.edu.ph/pnpcsisymposium2021

Day I – November 15 (Monday) 18:00

Grand Opening

18:15

Welcome Messages Sandra L. Yap, PhD President, Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society Inc. (PNPCSI) David Justin R. Ples, MSc

Head, PNPCSI Symposium Team 2021 18:30

Program Overview

18:40

Messages and Videos from Partners Br. Manuel R. Pajarillo, FSC, PhD Vice-Chancellor for Research, De La Salle Lipa Amor Maclang Founder, GeiserMaclang Marketing Communications Inc.

19:10

Opening of Virtual Poster Exhibit and Elevator Pitches

19:40

Opening of Botanical Art Exhibit Bing Famoso Tac-an Artist and Founder, Philippine Botanical Art Society (PhilBAS)

20:00

Commemoration of Leonard Co’s Death Anniversary

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Day II – November 16 (Tuesday) Native flora support/regulate our ecosystems and safeguard us against calamities 18:00

Opening

18:15

Plenary Talk + Live Q&A The Benefits of Native Flora for Ecosystem and Human Health Alexandre Antonelli, PhD Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

18:55

Special Video Features Session A

Session B

19:05

Siargao’s natural frontier against calamities: Checklist of vascular plants in Del Carmen Mangrove Forest, Siargao Island, Philippines Genea Nichole G. Cortez

IUCN Global Tree Assessment updates on endemic Philippine dipterocarps and its implication to conservation Arthur Glenn A. Umali

19:20

Socio-ecological analysis of forest landscape restoration and conservation: The case of Cienda-San Vicente Farmers Association Serica Joy M. Compendio

Race against time: Saving the endangered Aquilaria tree species from extinction in one of Leyte’s remaining dipterocarp rainforest Guiraldo C. Fernandez, Jr.

19:35

Morphological and physiological performance of early successional tree species seedlings in response to mineral nutrient omission Ken N. Florentino

A glimpse of hope: Distribution and conservation threats assessment of endangered Philippine Aquilaria in one of the last remaining lowland dipterocarp rainforest of Leyte Island Jimmy O. Pogosa

19:50

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

20:05

Meet the Presenters

Meet the Presenters

20:25

Special Video Features

20:35

Regeneration and ecological valuation of Terminalia microcarpa Decne in Lobo, Batangas Ermark B. Abenir

Monitoring growth dynamics in a five-year-old 2hectare long-term ecological research plot, Molawin-Dampalit Watershed, Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park Manuel L. Castillo

20:50

Insects associated with Aquilaria spp. in the wild — their importance in sustainable agarwood production Jay Darryl L. Ermio

Induced germination percentage of To-og (Petersianthus quadrialatus Merr.) using alpha naphthalene acetic acid Bryan Joseph E. Matillano

21:05

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

21:20

Meet the Presenters

Meet the Presenters

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Day III – November 17 (Wednesday) Native flora sustain our health 18:00

Opening

18:15

Plenary Talk + Live Q&A Beyond Timber Trees, Non-Timber Forest Plants Sustain People and their Ways of Living Ramon A. Razal, PhD University of the Philippines Los Baños

18:55

Special Video Features Session A

19:05

Diversity and uses of economically important native plants in Samar Island Marlon P. Rivera

19:20

Anti-infective resources among the Philippine Melastomataceae: A scoping review of field studies with an integrated evolutionary and ethnobiological approach Jeffrey P. Mancera

19:35

Plants of the local Maranao community in Brgy. Buenavista, Balo-I, Lanao del Norte, Philippines: An ethnobotanical survey Muhmin Michael E. Manting

19:50

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

20:05

Meet the Presenters

20:25

Special Video Features

20:35

Unpeeling the beneficial molecular diversity of endemic Syzygium and Saurauia species via LC-MSbased metabolomics Sydney Rechie S. Necesario

20:50

Morphological characteristics of Abaca (Musa textilis Née) cultivars grown in two municipalities of Aklan, Philippines Gene T. Señeris

21:05

Screening of Lipote (Syzygium curanii) pure fruit extract for use as cheek and onion cell stain Ma. Chrischelle F. Bullecer

21:20

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

21:35

Meet the Presenters

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Day IV – November 18 (Thursday) Native flora are our unique natural heritage 18:00

Opening

18:15

Plenary Talk + Live Q&A Documenting and conserving the plant diversity of northwestern Luzon, Philippines amidst a changing climate and a global pandemic

Michael Agbayani Calaramo, MSc Northwestern University Ecological Park & Botanic Gardens 18:55

Special Video Features Session A

Session B

19:05

Into the lit: A taxonomic review of Cyrtandra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Gesneriaceae) in the Philippines Jay Edneil C. Olivar

Environmental niche models reveal receding refugia for Philippine endemic and threatened melastome trees under accelerated climate change R. Sedricke Lapuz

19:20

Taxonomy and complete plastid genome of the genus Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Mindanao, Philippines including the discovery of a remarkable new endemic species Mark Arcebal K. Naive

Species distribution modeling of Tetrastigma in the Philippines and its conservation implications Donita Joyce V. Laborada

19:35

A preliminary listing of noteworthy flowering plants at Abasig-Matognon-Mananap Natural Biotic Area in Mt. Mananap, Camarines Norte, Luzon Jayson A. Mansibang

Noteworthy plants of UP Sierra Madre Land Grants Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr.

19:50

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

20:05

Meet the Presenters

Meet the Presenters

20:25

Special Video Features

20:35

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Tree walks as embodied practice: A more-thanhuman political ecology perspective Bryan Joel Mariano

20:50

Cymbidium sigmoideum (Orchidaceae), a new addition to the flora of the Philippines Porferio S. Bangcaya

Pining for Baguio greens: The Benguet Pine’s relevance in the perception of green open spaces in Baguio City Patrick Andrew E. Gozon

21:05

Begonia benitotanii (section Petermannia, Begoniaceae) a new species endemic to the Philippine Island of Bucas Grande Rosario Rivera Rubite

Developing conceptual understanding, environmental awareness, environmental appreciation, self efficacy and pro-conservation behavior through the UST Virtual Tree Walk Melanie M. Arbias

21:20

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

Live Q&A with Academic Panel

21:35

Meet the Presenters

Meet the Presenters

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Day V – November 19 (Friday) 18:00

Opening

18:15

Botanical Art Workshop Aissa Domingo Philippine Botanical Art Society

Rene Alfred Anton Bustamante & Yu-Pin Ang Philippine Taxonomic Initiative 20:00

Break

20:15

Awarding Ceremonies for Best Presentations

20:45

State of the Nation’s Plants Pieter B. Pelser, PhD Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines Albert Balbutin, Jr. Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society, Inc. Leon Dulce Kalikasan People’s Network for the Environment

21:30

Closing Ceremonies

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The Benefits of Native Flora for Ecosystem and Human Health Alexandre Antonelli, PhD Director of Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Professor, University of Gothenburg and University of Oxford

Biodiversity provides multiple benefits for human health and well-being, and well-preserved habitats are essential for fully functioning ecosystems and the services they provide. I will highlight aspects of the research undertaken at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew) that demonstrate the value of native flora, while also emphasizing its intrinsic value beyond the benefits it provides to humankind. The first stage in evaluating the native flora of a region is to document and understand its species and the threats they face. RBG Kew’s work extends from fundamental taxonomy – describing new taxa, producing Floras – to assessing extinction risk for the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species, to designating areas with exceptional biodiversity as Tropical Important Plant Areas worthy of protection. I will give some examples of this work from South-East Asia before talking more broadly about Kew’s work on pollination biology, ecosystem service evaluation, and the value of the genetic diversity inherent in native plant populations for resilience to climate change and disease.

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Beyond Timber Trees, Non-Timber Forest Plants Sustain People and Their Ways of Living Ramon A. Razal, PhD Professor, Department of Forest Products and Paper Science, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños Philippine forests abound with plants other than timber trees that have supported people beyond their day-to-day subsistence. Once derisively referred to as ‘minor forest products’, these resources have gained more respect with recognition of their economic and ecological value and the understanding that their harvesting and consumption could ease pressures on timber resources. Consequently, the label of this group of plants (and animals) shifted to ‘non-wood or non-timber forest products’ (NWFPs or NTFPs).

There are many categories of these products, but this presentation is limited to a) bamboos, b) selected plants producing chemical products, and c) some wild foods, representing three of seven categories described in the 2009 book “Non-Wood Forest Products of the Philippines” by Razal and Palijon. Bamboos are predominantly categorized as sources of fiber and structural materials, while also being a source of food and, in recent times, of health and wellness products.

Among several plants that are used as sources of chemicals, we studied almaciga (Agathis philippinensis Warb.) for its resin, bitaog (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) for its seed oil, and native bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume) for its leaf essential oils. Finally, we will describe some research needs to be addressed so that wild foods can be sustainably tapped to contribute to current food systems.

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Documenting and conserving the plant diversity of northwestern Luzon, Philippines amidst a changing climate and a global pandemic Michael Agbayani Calaramo, MSc Director and Curator, Northwestern University Ecological Park & Botanic Gardens Founder, Herbarium of the Northwestern Luzon

The Northwestern University Ecological Park & Botanical Gardens (NUEBG) is a private institution established in Ilocos Norte in 2007, geared toward documenting and conserving local biodiversity – the natural heritage of Northwestern Luzon, Philippines. The talk covers how NUEBG accomplishes its mission despite funding concerns, natural calamities, and the recent global health crisis.

Over the last decade, the NUEBG has spearheaded botanical explorations in several hotspots devastated by some of the strongest typhoons in recent history. Long-term monitoring sites were established in 11 critical ecosystems, 5 national parks, and a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) in partnership with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Region I. These expeditions and research ventures have provided bulk of the gardens’ botanical collections, which are now conserved ex situ in screen houses and plant conservatories while also serving as teaching tools for plant systematics, field botany, and restoration ecology as part of the Botanic Garden Education Program.

Despite a lack of government financial support, the NUEBG strives for innovation, continuing to push its capabilities to ensure that the region’s flora will survive any catastrophe – super typhoons, volcanic eruptions, war, and human overexploitation.

Through its membership with Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), NUEBG has integrated international regulations and statutes, aligning its programs with the current Global Strategy on Plant Conservation (GSPC). The gardens now store seeds in compliance with Millennium Seed Bank protocol and function as a regional repository for plant tissues, propagules, and pollen as a member of the Global Genome Biodiversity Network.

Additionally, NUEBG has also earned a level IV accreditation with the Arboretum Network (ArbNet), while the Herbarium of Northwestern Luzon (HNUL), with its 20,000 accessions, has been registered with the Index Herbariorum in New York. The NUEBG also partners with both national companies and local government units that act as patrons and collaborators for tree conservation, ecological restoration, and environmental management.

Overall, the NUEBG has risen to become a cathedral for native flora – a sanctuary complementing wild populations for narrowly endemic species that also enshrines them as unique national treasures.

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All oral presentations can be watched live on the PNPCSI Facebook Page during and after the symposium.

Siargao’s natural frontier against calamities: Checklist of vascular plants in Del Carmen Mangrove Forest, Siargao Island, Philippines

22

Genea Nichole G. Cortez, Sarah Grace M. Zamudio, Jorge Anton D. Ordas, Rosario R. Rubite, Danilo N. Tandang, and Cecilia I. Banag-Moran

Socio-ecological analysis of forest landscape restoration and conservation: The case of Cienda-San Vicente Farmers Association

23

Serica Joy M. Compendio and Marlito M. Bande

Insects associated with Aquilaria spp. in the wild—their importance in sustainable agarwood production

24

Jay Darryl L. Ermio, Kleer Jeann G. Longatang, Maria Juliet C. Ceniza, Mannylen C. Alde-Merioles, Karen D. Gundemaro, and Leonard Paolo Longatang

Regeneration and ecological valuation of Terminalia microcarpa Decne in Lobo, Batangas

25

Ermark B. Abenir, Francisco N. Beltran, Jhereme T. Mendoza, and Ivan Kaizer D. Manalo

Morphological and physiological performance of early successional tree species seedlings in response to mineral nutrient omission

26

Ken N. Florentino, Rommel B. Armecin, Jimmy O. Pogosa, and Marlito M. Bande

A glimpse of hope: Distribution and conservation threats assessment of endangered Philippine Aquilaria in one of the last remaining lowland dipterocarp rainforest of Leyte Island

27

Jimmy O. Pogosa, Serica Joy M. Compendio, Angelita B. Orias, Odelo B. Baldos, Rose Mary F. Oquias, Ken N. Florentino, Fedilito M. Almeroda, Vicente A. Escasinas, Eufracio P. Maratas, Jr., Guiraldo C. Fernandez, Jr., and Marlito M. Bande

Monitoring growth dynamics in a five-year-old 2-hectare long-term ecological research plot, Molawin-Dampalit Watershed, Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park

28

Leilani A. Castillo, Karla Jane P. Gonzalvo, Myranel S. Canceran, Nathaniel C. Bantayan, Leonardo D. Barua, Aldin C. Alegre, Valeriana B. Parducho, Angela A. Limpiada, and Manuel L. Castillo

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IUCN Global Tree Assessment updates on endemic Philippine dipterocarps and its implication to conservation

29

Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr., Arthur Glenn A. Umali, Adriane B. Tobias, Gerald T. Eduarte, John Marlon Magbuo, Angelica Divina, Ronino Gibe, EC De Guzman, Jimson Solatre, Allan Barcena, and Megan Barstow

Race against time: Saving the endangered Aquilaria tree species from extinction in one of Leyte’s remaining dipterocarp rainforest

30

Guiraldo C. Fernandez, Jr., Marlito M. Bande, and Eufracio P. Maratas, Jr.

Induced germination percentage of To-og (Petersianthus quadrialatus Merr.) using alpha naphthalene acetic acid

31

Bryan Joseph E. Matillano

Anti-infective resources among the Philippine Melastomataceae: A scoping review of field studies with an integrated evolutionary and ethnobiological approach

32

Jeffrey P. Mancera and Leonard D. Javier

Diversity and uses of economically important native plants in Samar Island

33

Marlon P. Rivera, Therese Julienne T. Medina, Eleanor C. Villaverde, Maribel L. Dionisio-Sese, and June Leonard L. Colobong

Unpeeling the beneficial molecular diversity of endemic Syzygium and Saurauia species via LC-MS-based metabolomics

34

Sydney Rechie S. Necesario, Ralph John Emerson J. Molino, Klidel Fae B. Rellin, and Hiyas A. Junio

Morphological characteristics of Abaca (Musa textilis Née) cultivars grown in two municipalities of Aklan, Philippines

35

Gene T. Señeris, Evelyn P. Vedasto, Melba L. Ragaas, Malco M. Teodosio, and Lelisa J. Teodosio

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Screening of Lipote (Syzygium curanii) pure fruit extract for use as cheek and onion cell stain

36

Ma. Chrischelle F. Bullecer and Romnick Z. Hidalgo

Plants of the local Maranao community in Brgy. Buenavista, Balo-i, Lanao del Norte, Philippines: An ethnobotanical survey

37

Analia Alikhan, Kimberly Marie Bienes, Johnette Bornalo, Chloe Casas, Junaira Jamal, Jenzyn Ellain Longakit, Mary Flor Maureal, Josh Daniel Pitogo, Khim Ramos, Mary Chenee Romarez, Cresilda Salvador, Sittie Sirad, Sheila Mae Tejada, Al-zuaide Usman, and Muhmin Michael E. Manting

Into the lit: A taxonomic review of Cyrtandra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

(Gesneriaceae) in the Philippines

38

Jay Edneil C. Olivar, Frank Hauenschild, and Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl

Begonia benitotanii (section Petermannia, Begoniaceae) a new species endemic to the Philippine island of Bucas Grande

39

Rosario Rivera Rubite, Rochelle Yongque Brillantes, Danilo N. Tandang, Cecilia B. Moran, Mark Gregory Q. Rule, and Chei-Wei Lin

Cymbidium sigmoideum (Orchidaceae), a new addition to the flora of the Philippines

40

Porferio S. Bangcaya, Mark Arcebal K. Naïve, and Jade Ann Grace P. Dalisay

A preliminary listing of noteworthy flowering plants at Abasig-MatognonMananap Natural Biotic Area in Mt. Mananap, Camarines Norte, Luzon

41

Jayson A. Mansibang, Abigail Garrino, Jamie Ann Aumentado, Manny Sevilla, Maverick Tamayo, Alejandro D. Maranan, and Rene Bustamante

Taxonomy and complete plastid genome of the genus Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Mindanao, Philippines including the discovery of a remarkable new endemic species

42

Mark Arcebal K. Naive, Cesar G. Demayo, Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro, and Wen-Bin Yu

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Environmental niche models reveal receding refugia for Philippine endemic and threatened melastome trees under accelerated climate change

43

R. Sedricke Lapuz and Jeffrey P. Mancera

Pining for Baguio greens: The Benguet Pine’s relevance in the perception of green open spaces in Baguio City

44

Patrick Andrew E. Gozon and Romeo B. Santos

Developing conceptual understanding, environmental awareness, environmental appreciation, self efficacy, and pro-conservation behavior through the UST Virtual Tree Walk

45

Melanie M. Arbias and Antonio Felipe T. Arbias

Species distribution modeling of Tetrastigma in the Philippines and its conservation implications

46

Donita Joyce V. Laborada, Julie F. Barcelona, R. Sedricke C. Lapuz, Sheena Mae A. Ong, Pieter B. Pelser, and Jasper John A. Obico

Noteworthy plants of UP Sierra Madre Land Grants

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Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr., Virgilio T. Villancio, Angelica N. Divina, Joresa Marie J. Evasco, Analeah L. Ricohermoso, Reynaldo E. Lorida, Pablo V. Quilao, Ma. Nimfa P. Bandian, and Gerald T. Eduarte

Tree walks as embodied practice: A more-than-human political ecology perspective

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Bryan Joel Mariano

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Siargao’s natural frontier against calamities: Checklist of vascular plants in Del Carmen Mangrove Forest, Siargao Island, Philippines Genea Nichole G. Cortez1,2, Sarah Grace M. Zamudio2,3, Jorge Anton D. Ordas2,3, Rosario R. Rubite4, Danilo N. Tandang5, and Cecilia I. Banag-Moran1,2,3 1

The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Sampaloc, Metro Manila, Philippines Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Sampaloc, Metro Manila, Philippines 3 College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Sampaloc, Metro Manila, Philippines 4 College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Metro Manila, Philippines 5 Botany Division, National Museum of the Philippines Corresponding Author: genea.cortez@gmail.com 2

The Del Carmen Mangrove Forest, covering 4,295 hectares, is one of the contiguous mangrove stands in the Philippines. The highly productive wetland is known to provide ecological and economic services.

However, knowledge regarding its floristic diversity is minimal and outdated, thus there is a need to develop an extensive floral checklist of the Del Carmen Mangrove Forest using both morphological and molecular-based identification. Botanical fieldworks were conducted in the 11 barangays within the mangrove forest. For each barangay, plant species were surveyed in 5 quadrats (10 m x 10 m) with an interval of 400 m distance along the entire transect line of 2 km. The study recorded approximately 1988 taxa specimens from 50 families, 89 genera, and 113 species. The Del Carmen Mangrove Forest has about half (48.7%) of the known Philippine mangrove species and 35.19% (19 species) of the world’s 54 species of true mangroves. The survey also discovered 12 mangrove associates, nine mangrove epiphytes, and 31 beach forest species. Fourteen (14) species (12.4%) were found to be endemic to the Philippines. Ten threatened species were documented in the area. The dominant species in the areas surveyed include Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Nypa fructicans, Myrmecodia tuberosa, Avicennia officinalis, and Xylocarpus granatum. Suspected divergent species from the genera, Acanthus, Pandanus, and Medinilla were found. The Del Carmen Mangrove Forest is home to a more diverse floral assemblage than previously thought.

Hence, Siargao’s natural barrier against calamities, warrants science-based and sustainable protection.

Keywords: checklist, vascular plants, mangroves

The 6th PNPCSI International Symposium

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Socio-ecological analysis of forest landscape restoration and conservation: The case of Cienda-San Vicente Farmers Association Serica Joy M. Compendio1 and Marlito M. Bande2 1

Environmental Leadership and Training Initiative, Philippine Program, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, CT, USA Institute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management, College of Forestry and Environmental Science, Visayas State University, Leyte, Philippines Corresponding Author: compendiosericajoy@gmail.com 2

With the implementation of the Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) as a national strategy on forest restoration and biodiversity conservation, one of the numerous People’s Organizations (POs) in the Philippines who was awarded as a CBFM holder was the Cienda-San Vicente Farmers’ Association (CSVFA) in Baybay City, Leyte. The study’s objectives are to assess the CSVFA’s ability to handle the CBFM program through their forest restoration initiatives as indicated in its Community Resource Management Framework (CRMF); and, identify the indicators of the CSVFA’s preparedness and participation in the protection initiative of the 2,236 hectares of forestland awarded by the DENR. Ocular inspection and biophysical assessment through forest tree inventory and review of previous studies conducted in the area were delivered to support and confirm the initiatives implemented by the CSVFA concerning their approved Community Resource Management Framework. Survey instruments were formulated which includes socio-economic and biophysical data of their natural resources as perceived by the members and non-members of CSVFA together with personnel from barangay and municipal local government units.

Results show that the active involvement of the CSVFA members was affected by the level of their awareness on problems related to biodiversity conservation which was enhanced by intensive seminars and trainings that they have attended. Parallel to their awareness of environmental concerns is the continuous protection of the native flora and fauna which was recognized locally and internationally as proven by the awards they have received through the years of restoring and conserving their forest resources.

Keywords: community preparedness, forest restoration, CBFM

The 6th PNPCSI International Symposium

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Insects associated with Aquilaria spp. in the wild — their importance in sustainable agarwood production Jay Darryl L. Ermio1, Kleer Jeann G. Longatang2, Maria Juliet C. Ceniza1,3, Mannylen C. Alde-Merioles1, Karen D. Gundemaro2, and Leonard Paolo Longatang2 1

Department of Pest Management, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines Institute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines 3 Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension & Innovation, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines Corresponding Author: jay.ermio@vsu.edu.ph 2

Aquilaria is an evergreen tree mainly grown for its highly valuable resin called "agarwood," which is used to make high-end aromatic products. Quality agarwood formation is highly dependent on the plant immune response after insect injuries and fungal infections. Many records of insects associated with Aquilaria spp. have been reported in other countries; however, there is no report from the Philippine Aquilaria wild populations. Thus, this study was directed to survey and assess the insect diversity associated with Aquilaria spp. naturally grown in the mountains of Leyte, Philippines; and determine the possible importance of the different identified insects in sustainable agarwood production. The most common insects collected and identified belong to the 24 families from Orders of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Phasmatodea, and Mantodea. Insect pests of Aquilaria could inflict injuries known to induce immune response resulting in agarwood formation, such as the trunk borers/feeders, including beetles (Coleoptera). Also, ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were the most prevalent groups observed in almost all of the inspected trees. These insects have the habit of tending fungi gardens in their nest. Fungal spores could be widely dispersed by the ants in Aquilaria trees and reportedly play a role in agarwood formation. However, it is important to note that some insects only occurred in few numbers, indicating their transitory and migratory roles. Further investigations are warranted to ascertain the possible roles of the different insects associated with Aquilaria spp. for sustainable agarwood production.

Keywords: Aquilaria, agarwood, insects, sustainable production

The 6th PNPCSI International Symposium

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Regeneration and ecological valuation of Terminalia microcarpa Decne in Lobo, Batangas Ermark B. Abenir1, Francisco N. Beltran1, Jhereme T. Mendoza1, and Ivan Kaizer D. Manalo1 1

College of Agriculture and Forestry, Batangas State University-Lobo, Batangas, Philippines Corresponding Author: makabenir24@gmail.com

Lobo, Batangas is known as a center of plant biodiversity in Southern Luzon Biogeographic Region. Its natural forest resources were converted to farming and settlement following domestic logging since the colonial period and at present. Interestingly, some villages in Lobo, Batangas were named using the official or local common name of indigenous plants (e.g. “balatbat”, “biga”, “bignay”, “balibago”, “banalo”, “kalumpit”, “olo-olo”) including “malapad na parang” (savannah) and “pinaghawanan” (forest clearings) suggesting that the cultural and economic history of Loboanos are intertwined with forest plants and forest lands. This study aimed to determine the present location and regeneration of Kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa Dec.) and its ecological values. There was a total of 23: 20m x 20m quadrats (=0.92 ha). The value or cultural importance of T. microcarpa was calculated based on the ecological valuation parameters for a particular use-value and the total observation. Results showed that T. microcarpa Decne had 23 individuals, 17 of them were cultivated and five were natural stand distributed in the ridge, river, and valley. Most species associated with T. microcarpa was Ficus septica, which probably owes to the high moisture retaining capacity of the stream bed during precipitation. Considerably, the indigenous plants having high number of wildlings (150 individuals) Saplings (6-10cm dbh) were fewer (4 individuals) than the number of poles 11 (11-30cm dbh). Further, results showed that T. microcarpa had "good regeneration” due to the presence of individuals across different age classes. The high ecological valuation of these woody plants was attributed generally to their high regeneration status, economic use, and other biodiversity. Indigenous T. microcarpa was assessed to be at the “medium conservation priority” (MCP) level due to its local endemicity, high threats of harvesting, and anthropogenic expansion at the habitat level. The conservation outcomes should be effective in two inherently complementing approaches; thus, in-situ and ex-situ are highly recommended.

Keywords: regeneration, valuation, ethnobotany, keystone species, conservation

The 6th PNPCSI International Symposium

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Morphological and physiological performance of early successional tree species seedlings in response to mineral nutrient omission Ken N. Florentino1, Rommel B. Armecin2, Jimmy O. Pogosa1, and Marlito M. Bande1 1

Institute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management, Visayas State University, Philippines Ecological Farm & Resource Management Institute, Visayas State University, Philippines Corresponding Author: kennoya.florentino@vsu.edu.ph 2

A reforestation approach developed in Visayas State University called Rainforestation, uses early successional tree species to copy the natural flow of forest succession, creating diverse forest and variations. In a disturbed and damaged ecosystem, these species are the first to grow because they can adjust to poor soil conditions. This study aimed to evaluate nutrient omission's effect on morphological (i.e. root collar, height, number of leaves and leaf area) and physiological (biomass production and allocation) performance of Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum A. Juss. Miq (Igyo), Trema orientalis L. (Blume) Ulm (Anabiong), Colona serrattifolia Cav. Til. (Anilau), Leucosyke capitellata Poir. Wedd. Urt (Alagasi) at seedling stage under screen house conditions, considering all other factors are equal. The experimental design was randomized complete block design, with 7 treatments [control (no fertilizer), -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, and NPKCaMg] and 3 replications with 35 seedlings in each replication which constituted a total of 2,940 seedlings. After six months of fertilizer application results showed significant (p ≤ 0.01) effects on the growth performance of the four early successional tree species. The omission of calcium in all species showed a significant increase (p ≤ 0.01) in morphological performance while stunted growth was observed in –N and control treatments. Furthermore, physiological performance was significantly affected (p ≤ 0.01) in control and –N treatments. Therefore, fertilizer application significantly enhanced the growth (p ≤ 0.01) of the seedlings. Likewise, nutrient element omission significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.01) the growth performance and biomass production of experimental tree species at seedling stage.

Keywords: rainforestation, nutrient omission, growth performance, biomass production

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A glimpse of hope: Distribution and conservation threats assessment of endangered Philippine Aquilaria in one of the last remaining lowland dipterocarp rainforest of Leyte Island Jimmy O. Pogosa1, Serica Joy M. Compendio2, Angelita B. Orias1, Odelo B. Baldos1, Rose Mary F. Oquias1, Ken N. Florentino1, Fedilito M. Almeroda1, Vicente A. Escasinas1, Eufracio P. Maratas, Jr.1, Guiraldo C. Fernandez, Jr.1, and Marlito M. Bande1 1

Institute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines Environmental Leadership and Training Initiative-Philippine Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA 3 Restoration Initiative for Sustainable Ecosystem, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines 4 Office of the University Secretary, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines Corresponding Author: jimmy.pogosa@vsu.edu.ph 2

On Leyte Island, Philippines, Aquilaria was becoming famous because of “agarwood.” Its trade has become lucrative, and many individuals exploited and indiscriminately harvested mature trees in their natural habitat. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the population distribution of Aquilaria species to save and protect the plant. The assessment follows the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) –Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) methodology. A 2-kilometer transect line with nine 20m x 20m quadrats were laid out in the last remaining rainforest on Leyte Island. The study documented three species of Aquilaria, namely: A. filaria, A. cumingiana, and A. malaccensis found inside the quadrat and along the transect line. Within the quadrat, a total of 35 individuals of A. filaria and two A. cumingiana were recorded. The average height of A. filaria was 0.96 ± 0.67 meters with a root collar diameter (RCD) of 10.15 ± 7.43 mm while, the average height of A. cumingiana was 1.46 ± 0.67 meters with an RCD of 14.82 ± 7.43 mm. Likewise, 41 individuals of A. filaria, four A. cumingiana, and two A. malaccensis were recorded along the transect line with an average height and RCD of 1.52 ± 0.24 meters and 19.30 ± 2.68 mm, 6.00 ± 0.67 meters and 35.70 ± 7.43 mm, 10.50 ± 0.67 meters and 8.74 ± 0.74 cm, respectively. The study confirmed hope in saving and protecting the threatened Aquilaria species because there were five A. cumingiana and four A. filaria flowering.

Keywords: conservation threats, Aquilaria, lowland dipterocarp forest, rainforest, distribution

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Monitoring growth dynamics in a five-year-old 2-hectare long-term ecological research plot, Molawin-Dampalit Watershed, Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park Leilani A. Castillo1, Karla Jane P. Gonzalvo1, Myranel S. Canceran1, Nathaniel C. Bantayan2, Leonardo D. Barua1, Aldin C. Alegre1, Valeriana B. Parducho1, Angela A. Limpiada1, and Manuel L. Castillo3 1

Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosystems, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines 2 Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines 3 Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines Corresponding Author: mlcastillo@up.edu.ph

The study presents the growth dynamics incurred within five years inside the 2-hectare Long Term Ecological Research Plot (LTER) located in the Molawin-Dampalit Watershed of the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park (MMFR AHP). The LTER plot which was established in February 2014 generally aimed to monitor and document the ecosystem changes and resiliency from climate change and natural phenomena such as typhoons, landslides, and other natural calamities. The plot’s first remeasurement was conducted in the first quarter of 2019. Prior to this, monitoring was also conducted immediately after Typhoon Glenda known internationally as Rammasun (July 2014). During the remeasurement, the same parameters were used such as diameter-at-breast height (DBH) and tree height measurements. Meanwhile, the monitoring conducted after typhoon Glenda includes the identification of damaged and felled trees. Results of the study show that after five years, there is a very minimal to negligible change in tree diversity and composition. The species distribution in the plot remained constant. However, there was a slight decline in species number from year 1 to the fifth year. Moreover, the top 10 dominant species as measured by the Importance Value (IV) remained the same despite movements in their respective total individuals. Also, results of monitoring and re-measurements showed that there is a noticeable “peak” average difference in DBH of some trees before the gradual decline as the trees continue to mature. The study confirms the resiliency of the area in terms of biodiversity and floral composition despite being hit by typhoons.

Keywords: ecosystem changes, resiliency, biodiversity

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IUCN Global Tree Assessment updates on endemic Philippine dipterocarps and its implication to conservation Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr.1,2,3,4, Arthur Glenn A. Umali1,4, Adriane B. Tobias4, Gerald T. Eduarte4, John Marlon Magbuo4, Angelica Divina4, Ronino Gibe3, EC De Guzman3, Jimson Solatre3, Allan Barcena3, and Megan Barstow5 1

Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños 3 Energy Development Corporation 4 Pro-Seeds Development Association Inc. 5 Botanic Gardens Conservation International Corresponding Author: aaumali1@up.edu.ph 2

There are 55 native species of dipterocarps in the Philippines, of which 24 species are endemic. The Philippine Red List includes 35 native dipterocarp species listed either critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable. Botanical exploration, field survey and inventory from the past seven years resulted in updates on the distribution range and population size of the selected endemic species. Following the categories and criteria set by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), three species were assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), eight as Endangered (EN), three as Vulnerable (VU), and four as Least Concern (LC). However, six other endemic species were not included in the IUCN assessment.

Most notable among the assessed species is the Vatica elliptica, with only three mature individuals recorded in its single locality in Mt. Kaladis, Zamboanga Peninsula. Majority of the species are threatened due to their restricted distribution range and small population size coupled with continuing decline in the extent of their natural habitat due to anthropogenic activities such as shifting agriculture, illegal logging, and expansion of agricultural lands. The assessment serves as an initial step in communicating the need to conserve these now threatened species. The updates on the assessment of endemic dipterocarps necessitates appropriate prioritization in species conservation.

Keywords: endemic, dipterocarps, threatened

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Race against time: Saving the endangered Aquilaria tree species from extinction in one of Leyte’s remaining dipterocarp rainforest Guiraldo C. Fernandez, Jr.1, Marlito M. Bande2, and Eufracio P. Maratas, Jr.3 1

Office of the University Secretary, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte Institute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte 3 Restoration Initiative for Sustainable Ecosystems (RISE), Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte Corresponding Author: guiraldo.fernandez@vsu.edu.ph 2

The demand for agar in the world market has dramatically affected the search for its source – the Aquilaria tree. As the Aquilaria trees have been known as the “Wood of the Gods”, the item also commands a lucrative price that it enabled people to search for it despite the challenges that go with it. In one of Leyte’s remaining Rainforests, Aquilaria trees have been indiscriminately poached and hunted that only a few mature trees remained in the wild. Using the qualitative social science method, this study aims to understand the flow of the agar wood trade in the rural communities of Leyte, the difficulties and challenges of being involved in the agar wood trade, the individual and communal benefits that have come as an offshoot of the trade, and the means to prevent the Agar wood from being extinct. This study concludes that the Agar wood trade in Leyte has been very organized that it has already developed a structure to facilitate effective poaching schemes as well as fast and efficient trading transactions. This study also concludes that challenges from the trade comes in different forms such as law enforcement, the challenges from the forest such as terrain and wild animals, and greed among poachers themselves that has resulted to misunderstanding among poachers and hunters. Yet, the Agar wood trade has significantly economically benefitted individuals in all ages and genders. Lastly, this study concludes that community environmental education and consultation is the key to save the Aquilaria trees from extinction.

Keywords: Aquilaria, extinction, conservation

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Induced germination percentage of To-og (Petersianthus quadrialatus Merr.) using alpha naphthalene acetic acid Bryan Joseph E. Matillano1 1

Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City, Leyte Corresponding Author: bryan.matillano@lnu.edu.ph

Germination is a critical stage in the life cycle of plants, thus; persistence of the species depends upon the reproduction vis-à-vis environmental conditions. Toog (Petersianthus quadrialatus Merr) also known as the Philippine Rosewood is one of the tallest trees in the Philippines. This is towering among forest canopies of Leyte and Samar which is often a target of loggers because of its quality lumber. Although there are some studies published about this species; distribution, population and conservation status are still unknown.

This paper investigates germination percentages using growth hormone Alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (ANAA) in closed chamber techniques with different set-ups: T1 (250 ml distilled water); T2 (0.25ml ANAA + 250ml distilled water); T3 (0.50ml ANAA + 250ml distilled water) and T4 (0.75ml ANAA + 250ml distilled water). Each treatment has 3 replicates with 25 seeds each. Observations will be made every day until full extension of the radicle.

T4 showed 100% germination on the 3rd day, whereas; T3 showed 100% germination on the 4th day. T2 exhibited 100% germination on the 5th day, and, T1 100% germination on the 7th day. Within the observation period no mortality among germinates were detected. This showed that the application of Alpha-naphthalene acetic acid enhanced the germination of Toog seeds.

Keywords: germination percentage, induced germination, growth hormones

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Anti-infective resources among the Philippine Melastomataceae: A scoping review of field studies with an integrated evolutionary and ethnobiological approach Jeffrey P. Mancera1 and Leonard D. Javier2 1

Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila, Philippines Community Medicine Development Foundation, Inc. (COMMED), Paco, Manila, Philippines Corresponding Author: jpmancera@up.edu.ph 2

Despite the mounting studies on the medicinal utility of species of the family Melastomataceae, no attempt at compiling the diverse findings has been made to date. Most reviews of medicinal flora also tend to focus more on the biomedical properties of the plants than their equally meaningful evolutionary and ethnobiological aspects. This review aimed to describe and synthesize the current knowledge from and trends in field-based medicinal studies of locally relevant melastomes with anti-infective potential.

Web-based search was conducted in digital databases for full and original research papers in Filipino or English, which were screened and assessed based on taxonomic reliability and ethnobiological methodology and analyzed qualitatively using an integrated evolutionary and ethnobiological framework.

Thirty-four studies that surveyed 42 localities and cultural groups from 12 countries were reviewed. Three Philippine native melastome species are used in treating potentially infectious conditions: Dissochaeta divaricata, Melastoma malabathricum, and M. sanguineum. Other Philippine native genera used for antiinfective purposes elsewhere are Medinilla, Memecylon, Osbeckia, and Sonerila. Indications with the most cross-regional consensus include cuts, wounds, and skin infections, diarrhea and dysentery, and buccal, respiratory, and urogenital infections. This review revealed that Philippine native melastome genera and species are available for infectious disease mitigation and exhibit high use convergence across geographically and culturally divergent communities but remain untapped. Documenting local medicinal flora based on their evolutionary relationships and ethnomedicinal usage is significant not only in bioprospecting but also in preserving indigenous knowledge and natural patrimony, especially amid collapsing socio-ecological systems and emerging diseases.

Keywords: ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, herbal medicine, melastome, traditional medicine

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Diversity and uses of economically important native plants in Samar Island Marlon P. Rivera1, Therese Julienne T. Medina1, Eleanor C. Villaverde1, Maribel L. Dionisio-Sese1, and June Leonard L. Colobong1 1

Plant Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines Corresponding Author: mprivera4@up.edu.ph

Samar is the third largest island of the Philippines. It faces the Pacific Ocean making it at risk to typhoons such as Haiyan/Yolanda in 2013, one of the worst typhoons to ever hit the country. Still yet to recover, the situation compounded with the onset of CoViD-19 pandemic in 2020 as its recorded cases reached to more than 12,000. These challenges can be uplifted through a more equitable use and access to the island’s natural resources within the principle of sustainable development. Samar is considered as one of the centers of plant diversity and endemism harboring the Samar Island National Park (SINP) as well as the Guiuan Marine Resource Protected Landscape and Seascape (GMRPLS). Samareños have their own traditional knowledge on the uses of native plants such as source of alternative food, cure and prevention of emerging diseases and pests, as well as livelihood. This study focused on the documentation of these vital information to be improved, conserved, and benefitted during disasters and pandemic.

Ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the municipalities of Paranas, Basey, Taft, and Guiuan covering 17 barangays. Informants, composed mainly of ‘tambalan’ (folk healers), ‘mananabangi’ (local midwives), and ‘maraglara’ (weavers), were selected using convenience sampling supplemented with snowball technique. A semi-structured interview was undertaken either individually or in focused group discussions.

The survey documented 521 total use-reports of plants utilized as medicinals (80.1%), source of fibers and textiles (12%), alternative food (6.6%), and biopesticide (1.4%). Cited medicinals were largely from Euphorbiaceae (10.0%) and Lamiaceae (9.7%) including ‘atas-atas’ (Euphorbia hirta) and ‘kalabo’ (Plectranthus amboinicus) being used as remedy for dengue fever and respiratory ailments, respectively. ‘Albutra’ (Arcangelisia flava) and ‘panyawan’ (Tinospora crispa) containing berberine, a possible antiviral alkaloid against SARS-CoV-2, were also documented. As fibers and textiles source, species were belonging mostly to Arecaceae (37.1%) and Lygodiaceae (19.4%). Interestingly, as developing source of livelihood of Samareños, ‘tambo’ (Phragmites vulgaris), ‘agsam’ (Dicranopteris linearis), and ‘tikog’ (Fimbristylis utilis) are being utilized to make brooms, ‘sanika’ and bags, and ‘banig’, respectively. Anacardiaceae (17.7%) and Poaceae (14.71%) were noted as major sources of alternative food. ‘Palauan’ (Cyrtosperma merkusii), an alternative carbohydrate source, and ‘libas’ (Spondias pinnata), a souring agent in dishes, were included. Lastly, species belonging mostly to Fabaceae (42.9%) and Asteraceae (28.6%) detailed as biopesticides. ‘Paraiso’ (Melia azedarach) is noted being used as an insect repellant and potential source of the antiviral terpenoid, meliacine. With this rich plant resources and traditional knowledge, crafting policies for its sustainable use and conservation is indeed necessary for the people of Samar.

Keywords: ethnobotany, native plants, Samar Island

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Unpeeling the beneficial molecular diversity of endemic Syzygium and Saurauia species via LC-MS-based metabolomics Sydney Rechie S. Necesario1, Ralph John Emerson J. Molino1, Klidel Fae B. Rellin1, and Hiyas A. Junio1 1

SMPL, Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines Corresponding Author: ssnecesario@up.edu.ph

Nutritional benefits of a native plant as well as its other potential applications can be inferred from its metabolome, which can be investigated using LC-MS based metabolomics. Crude aqueous and alcohol fruit extracts of Syzygium and Saurauia fruits obtained from local private farms in Camarines Sur were profiled using the ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QTOF). In addition, comparative analysis of the understudied Syzygium polycephaloides (loc. lipote) and Saurauia subglabra (loc. dagwey) against the more ubiquitous Syzygium samarangense (loc. makopa) was undertaken. Results indicated the presence of cholestane steroids, flavones, flavonoid glycosides, glycerophosphocholines, glycerophospholipids, triterpenoids, and amino acids in both the water and ethanolic extracts using the molecular networking analysis in GNPS platform. Library search using the tandem MS data also revealed the presence of kaempferol 3-Osophoroside (KP3S) in the water extract of S. polycephaloides. KP3S has promising bioactivities such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer. This research is the first to study and report the secondary metabolites in lipote and dagwey fruits using the untargeted metabolomics approach for their potential health-enriching benefits. Workflow can be applied on the study of other native Syzygium and Sauraria species. Preliminary results generated from this study will be stored as a public dataset that can be referenced for further researches on Philippine terrestrial biodiversity.

Keywords: Metabolomics, UHPLC-QTOF, Syzygium sp.. Saurauia sp.

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Morphological characteristics of Abaca (Musa textilis Née) cultivars grown in two municipalities of Aklan, Philippines Gene T. Señeris1, Evelyn P. Vedasto1, Melba L. Ragaas1, Malco M. Teodosio1, and Lelisa J. Teodosio1 1

College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Aklan State University, Banga, Aklan, Philippines Corresponding Author: geneseneris@gmail.com

The present study identified the different abaca (Musa textilis Née) cultivars grown in the 34 identified abaca producing barangays of Madalag and Libacao, Aklan and evaluated their morphological characteristics such as plant height, number of suckers, number of leaves, circumference of pseudostem and length of stalks. Descriptive and inferential research methods were used in this study. Stratified random sampling was conducted, from the two municipalities there were 34 abaca-producing barangays identified, and three abaca plantations were randomly selected to obtain the morphological characteristics of the different abaca cultivars using the prescribed measurement procedures.

Distribution of the cultivars determined through geospatial mapping using Geographic Information System (GIS). Statistical analyses employed were single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T-test to determine significant differences among groups/cultivars at α = 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that there were four identified abaca cultivars commonly grown in Madalag and Libacao. These were Bisaya, Tabukanon, Agbayanon and Negro cultivars. The Negro cultivar was only planted in the Municipality of Libacao. The morphological performance of the different cultivars varies significantly in the two municipalities depending on its vegetative cover, soil characteristics, elevation and topography.

Data revealed that the Bisaya is the commonly planted cultivar in both municipalities because of its good suckering ability and Negro cultivar shows excellent morphological performance except for the suckering ability. Moreover, the morphological performance of the different cultivars responded differently.

Keywords: abaca, Aklan, geographic information system, morphological characteristics, Musa textilis

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Screening of Lipote (Syzygium curanii) pure fruit extract for use as cheek and onion cell stain Ma. Chrischelle F. Bullecer1 and Romnick Z. Hidalgo2 1

Science Unit, Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City, Philippines Eastern Visayas State University, Main Campus, Tacloban City, Philippines Corresponding Author: machrischelle.bullecer@lnu.edu.ph 2

The effectiveness of Lipote fruit (Syzygium curranii) pure extract for use in staining cheek cells and onion cells were studied to obtain non-toxic, environmentally friendly and low-cost dyes for use in staining.

Syzygium curranii is a small to medium-sized tree growing up to 14 meters tall. The fruit extract of Lipote have anthocyanins which are categorized as ternatins. A number of histological techniques have been identified to be used to provide a nuclear stain consist of natural phenolic compounds, structurally related to anthocyanins. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Lipote fruit extract on cheek cell and onion cell staining. Dye extracts from Syzygium curranii were used to stain cheek cells and onion cells using the existing standard staining procedures with little modification. This was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 15.0 statistical analysis software using MannWhitney U-test. Pictures of stained cells was provided and were graded by selected 20 science mentors.

Statistical analysis was done by calculating P value. The prepared extracts had affinity for the cell membrane and nucleus. From the results of the Mann-Whitney U test, the stains had significant results at P-value of 0.001413 as the highest. Therefore, this study shows that dye extracts from Syzygium curranii could be used for cheek and onion cell staining. Results of the stain on onion cells has the most significant result compared with the cheek cell stain results.

Keywords: plant stain, plant extract, alternative staining, natural product

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Plants of the local Maranao community in Brgy. Buenavista, Balo-i, Lanao del Norte, Philippines: An ethnobotanical survey Analia Alikhan1, Kimberly Marie Bienes1, Johnette Bornalo1, Chloe Casas1, Junaira Jamal1, Jenzyn Ellain Longakit1, Mary Flor Maureal1, Josh Daniel Pitogo1, Khim Ramos1, Mary Chenee Romarez1, Cresilda Salvador1, Sittie Sirad1, Sheila Mae Tejada1, Al-zuaide Usman1, and Muhmin Michael E. Manting1 1

Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte, Philippines Corresponding Author: muhmin.manting@g.msuiit.edu.ph

This study aimed to document the indigenous knowledge (IK) of the Maranaos in Barangay Buenavista, Balo-I, Lanao del Norte on the utilization of locally available plants being utilized for medicinal, food, economic, and cultural practices. Documentation was done through interviews and group discussion with local informants using a semi-structured questionnaire in Cebuano-Bisaya and Maranao dialect. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Used Value (UV) were calculated to determine the most useful plant species in the area. A total of 37 plant species distributed to 36 genera and 27 families had been recorded for medicinal purposes; 27 species belonging to 19 families had been recorded for food and economic purposes; and 7 species belonging to 6 families are identified for cultural and ritual practices. Four (Allium sativum L., Allium sp. “sibujing”, Cocos nucifera L., Curcuma longa L. and Pinus sp.) of these plants are commonly used for “kanduri”/wedding and witchcraft, and 2 (Annona muricata L. and Codiaeum variegatum L.) were used for burial. Although some of these beliefs are forgotten due to contradictions from the Islam teachings, the locals continue to rely on their knowledge passed by their elders. The findings were supported by the calculated RFC and use value (UV). The documentation of their practices is necessary for the identification of challenges and opportunities that would help in identifying the factors and improve conservation efforts for the preservation of these plants especially now that the threat(s) brought about by climate change are alarming.

Keywords: ethnobotany, Maranao, indigenous knowledge, practices

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Into the lit: A taxonomic review of Cyrtandra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

(Gesneriaceae) in the Philippines Jay Edneil C. Olivar1, Frank Hauenschild1,2, and Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl1,3 1

Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21–23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany 2 Centre for Teacher Training and School Research, Leipzig University, Prager Str. 38–40, 04317 Leipzig, Germany 3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Corresponding Author: jay_edneil.olivar@uni-leipzig.de

Cyrtandra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. is the largest genus in the Gesneriaceae with ca. 800 species of herbs, subshrubs and climbers, recognized by possessing two fertile stamens, and ellipsoidal indehiscent fruits that can either be tough-walled capsules or fleshy berries. Cyrtandra exhibits the widest geographical range of all Gesneriaceae genera that extends from the Nicobar Islands in the west to the Hawaiian and Marquesan islands in the east. The Philippines currently ranks second in terms of Cyrtandra diversity, and like many speciose genera in the country, an updated taxonomic account for the genus is lacking. This work aims to provide an updated taxonomic account for the genus in the Philippines by presenting a detailed annotated synopsis of Philippine Cyrtandra which clarifies type citations, designates lectotypes or neotypes where necessary, and provides taxonomic notes to facilitate the application of names. In addition, we validate a species that was previously described without a Latin diagnosis, present nomina nova for three previously described Cyrtandra species, and synonymize three names.

Keywords: Cyrtandra, Gesneriaceae, Philippines, synopsis, taxonomy

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Begonia benitotanii (section Petermannia, Begoniaceae) a new species endemic to the Philippine island of Bucas Grande Rosario Rivera Rubite1, Rochelle Yongque Brillantes1, Danilo N. Tandang2,3,4,5, Cecilia B. Moran6, Mark Gregory Q. Rule7, and Chei-Wei Lin8 1

University of the Philippines Manila, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Padre Faura, Manila, Philippines Philippine National Herbarium, Botany and National Herbarium Division, National Museum of Natural History, National Museum of the Philippines, T.M. Kalaw St., Manila 1000, Philippines 3 Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program 4 Taiwan Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica 5 National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan 6 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science; Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, Thomas Aquinas Research Center, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1015, Philippines 7 Department of Environmental Studies, Mindanao State University, Marawi, Lanao del Sur 9700, Philippines 8 Herbarium of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (TAIF), Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, No. 53, Nan–Hai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan Corresponding Author: rrrubite@up.edu.ph 2

In 2011 and later in a 2018 field surveys, an unknown Begonia species allied to taxa in section Petermannia was found in Bucas Grande Island. After thorough studies of the living plant, literature, and herbarium specimens we name the new species Begonia benitotanii, to honor Dr. Benito C. Tan, the internationally known Filipino muscologist. In 2011, there were two populations observed, each of about 300 individuals in a 100 m area. During recent fieldwork, one population was found decimated while the other was reduced to just about 50 individuals. The site is being converted into coconut, banana, and rice plantations. Although the area is part of the Siargao Islands Protected Landscape and Seascape (SIPLAS), habitat disturbance brought about by human activities such as land conversion and farming may have a negative impact on the species. Therefore, following the IUCN criteria B. benitotanii is hereby proposed as Vulnerable (VU D2).

Keywords: Begonia balangcodiae, taxonomy, Vulnerable, Surigao del Norte, SIPLAS

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Cymbidium sigmoideum (Orchidaceae), a new addition to the flora of the Philippines Porferio S. Bangcaya1,3, Mark Arcebal K. Naive2, and Jade Ann Grace P. Dalisay3 1

University of Antique, Libertad Campus, Libertad, Antique 5711, Philippines Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology, Andres Bonifacio Ave, Iligan City, 9200 Lanao del Norte, Philippines 3 College of Teacher Education, Biological Science Department, University of Antique, Tario-Lim Memorial Campus, 5707 Antique, Philippines Corresponding Author: psbangcaya.ua@gmail.com 2

Cymbidium sigmoideum (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) is reported here as a new record for the Philippines based on the collection from Antique Province, Municipality of Barbaza, the island of Panay. A detailed description and photographs are provided for easy identification of the species. With this discovery, the Philippines now holds a total of 13 species and three subspecies of Cymbidium.

Keywords: Antique, Cymbidieae , Malesian flora, Panay Island, new record

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A preliminary listing of noteworthy flowering plants at Abasig-MatognonMananap Natural Biotic Area in Mt. Mananap, Camarines Norte, Luzon Jayson A. Mansibang1, Abigail Garrino1, Jamie Ann Aumentado1, Manny Sevilla2, Maverick Tamayo3, Alejandro D. Maranan2, and Rene Bustamante1 1

Philippine Taxonomic Initiative, (PTI) Inc. DENR Region 5, Camarines Norte, AMMNBA 3 University of the Philippines Baguio Corresponding Author: jmansibang@phtaxa.org 2

Floristic diversity of Mt. Mananap, a portion of Mt. Labo Range, Camarines Norte, is largely unknown.

Hence, enumeration of noteworthy flowering plants is integral to conduct as a baseline study. Here we present the list of species identified as well as the sampling sites of Mt. Mananap (within AbasigMatogdon-Mananap Natural Biotic Area (AMMNBA)), plant photographs, conservation status, distribution information, habit and economic potential of the plants enlisted. The floristic diversity reveals a total of 47 families, 92 genera, and 115 morphospecies. The results of this study contribute as initial account of the floral biodiversity of the AMMNBA and provide insights for the management and conservation of the remaining forests in the Philippines.

Keywords: taxonomy, identification, Luzon, floristic biodiversity, baseline studies

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Taxonomy and complete plastid genome of the genus Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Mindanao, Philippines including the discovery of a remarkable new endemic species Mark Arcebal K. Naive1,2,3, Cesar G. Demayo3, Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro4, and Wen-Bin Yu2 1

College of Arts and Sciences, Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Tampilisan Campus, Znac, Tampilisan 7116, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines 2 Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China 3 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Andres Bonifacio Ave, Iligan City 9200, Lanao del Norte, Philippines 4 Research Centre for the Natural and Applied Sciences and College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, 1015 Manila, Philippines Corresponding Author: arciinaive19@gmail.com

Zingiberaceae are well known for their medicinal and economic significance across the world yet remained poorly known and studied and unfortunately considered one of the most threatened plant families in the Philippines. Such is the case for the genus Etlingera, where its taxonomy and nomenclature are much disputed particularly for several species in the archipelago that have been studied very little for over a century. Here, we report the seven newly sequenced Etlingera plastomes obtained through genome skimming using next generation sequencing. All plastomes displayed a typical quadripartite structure and their size ranges from 163,615–164,641 bp which encoded 113 different genes (80 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes) with 36.1% GC content. Gene content, gene order, and GC content were highly similar among these genomes. The maximum likelihood tree of the seven Etlingera within the family showed that plastomes can be used as a super-barcode to identify Etlingera spp. and provides an important reference and solid foundation in the establishment of species identification and phylogeny of Zingiberaceae. In addition, recent fieldwork in Mindanao resulted in the discovery of a new species (Etlingera dostseiana Naive, Demayo & Alejandro) and a new species record (E. pilosa A.D.Poulsen & Docot).

Keywords: Alpinieae, Mindanao, Plastome, Phylogenomics, Zingiberales

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Environmental niche models reveal receding refugia for Philippine endemic and threatened melastome trees under accelerated climate change R. Sedricke Lapuz1,2 and Jeffrey P. Mancera3 1

Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303 China 2 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 China 3 Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000 Philippines Corresponding Author: sedricke15@gmail.com

Home to exceedingly diverse and highly endemic flora in the Malesian region, the Philippines is highly vulnerable to species loss due to climate change. The lack of baseline ecological and biogeographic information in the country, which are requisites to effective conservation, compounds this problem. To address this, we used maximum entropy modeling to predict suitable habitats of four Philippine endemic trees – Astronia cumingiana, and three threatened species, Astrocalyx calycina, Beccarianthus ickisii, and B. pulcherrimus (Astronieae: Melastomataceae) – under current climate conditions. We then predicted changes in their habitats for the years 2041-2060 and 2061-2080 under two future climate scenarios. We also assessed the level of protection that the species receive using the current protected area boundaries.

Our models showed potentially suitable habitats for all species outside of their observed occurrence under the present climate, but their niches are generally predicted to shrink and ascend to higher altitudes when projected under future climate scenarios. The overlaps of their suitable niches outside protected area boundaries also increase southward, with Mindanao island possibly harboring the greatest number of unprotected Astronieae species. Our findings contribute to the emerging field of environmental niche modeling in the country and support the need to re-envision the country's protected area system to move towards climate-smart local conservation strategies.

Keywords: Astronieae, climate change, ecological niche modeling, Maxent, Melastomataceae

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Pining for Baguio greens: The Benguet Pine’s relevance in the perception of green open spaces in Baguio City Patrick Andrew E. Gozon1,2 and Romeo B. Santos1 1

College of Architecture, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society, Inc. Corresponding Author: pegozon@up.edu.ph 2

Known for being the City of Pines, Baguio has created a reputation as a recreation refuge from the hustle and bustle of Metro Manila and other neighboring urban centers. But because of its cool climate and its popularity as a tourist destination, Baguio in itself is deluged with impending problems of urbanity and development. Previously green spaces converted into built areas have been evident in the news. One recent issue regarding the conversion of a popular mall’s open space planted with the fully grown specimens of Baguio’s tree symbol – the Benguet pine or Pinus kesiya - into an additional building wing drew strong reactions from concerned residents and environmental groups. The conversion was carried out and the clamor to save the pine trees died down. Or did it?

The research will explore the perception of Baguio space users on the state of its urban green open spaces and qualify the importance of the symbolic Benguet pine’s presence in these urban greens.

Through expert interviews and public inquiry, we will try to evaluate how the pine tree is valued in the public’s perception of the major green spaces around the city.

Keywords: Baguio City, Benguet pine, Pinus kesiya, Baguio green urban space

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Developing conceptual understanding, environmental awareness, environmental appreciation, self efficacy, and pro-conservation behavior through the UST Virtual Tree Walk Melanie M. Arbias1,2,3 and Antonio Felipe T. Arbias3 1

Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila Research Center for Social Sciences and Education, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 3 Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society, Inc. Corresponding Author: mmarbias@ust.edu.ph 2

The need to educate the youth about biodiversity conservation arises from the fact that the Philippines ranks fifth in the number of plant species and maintains 5% of the world’s flora. Species endemism is very high, covering at least 25 genera of plants and 49% of terrestrial wildlife, while the country ranks 4th in bird endemism. Following the philosophy of the late Sir Leonardo Co, one of the best Filipino botanists, said: “You will not appreciate and protect something you do not understand.” Protection and conservation of wildlife is only possible if people understand the nature of the flora and fauna of the country. He emphasized further that the concept of “classroom without walls.”, that is, learning by studying and observing plants and animals outside the boundaries of books and classrooms, could be attained. He also introduced the concept of the “Tree Walk”, the main modular activity in the proposed study, that is described as following an eco-trail for the students, aimed not only to know more of the trees in terms of their economic and ecological importance, but also as future leaders of the country, they would have developed sustainable awareness and appreciation for biodiversity conservation. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the present generation to acquire environmental awareness and appreciation of conserving biodiversity. The study is a mixed-method exploratory and interventional design involving 512 students taking up various courses offered by the University of Santo Tomas Department of Biological Sciences. The setting of this study is the 21-hectare land occupied by the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. The grounds of the said university provided the learners with the materials and contexts through the UST Virtual Tree Walk that they attended. UST Virtual Tree Walk pre-test and post-test was conducted.

Data that were collected were classified into 2, namely, (1) quantitative data from the pre- and post-tests; (2) qualitative data from the post test, interviews and focus-group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using paired T-test. Model fit and quality indices explored the causal effects among the identified variables, namely, Conceptual Understanding, Environmental Awareness, Environmental Appreciation, Self-Efficacy and Pro- Conservation Behavior. Qualitative data provided further explanation to the quantitative results (Cresswell, 2008). In conclusion, activities that are anchored to the concept of “classroom without walls” such as the UST Virtual Tree Walk may help improve students’ Conceptual Understanding, Environmental Awareness, Environmental Appreciation, Pro Conservation behavior and Self efficacy.

Keywords: tree walk, virtual tree walk, environmental awareness, environmental appreciation, self-efficacy, pro-conservation behavior

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Species distribution modeling of Tetrastigma in the Philippines and its conservation implications Donita Joyce V. Laborada1, Julie F. Barcelona2, R. Sedricke C. Lapuz3, Sheena Mae A. Ong1, Pieter B. Pelser2, and Jasper John A. Obico1 1

Department of Biology, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila, Philippines School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand 3 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China Corresponding Author: dvlaborada@up.edu.ph 2

Tetrastigma Planch. is a genus of woody climbers from the grape family (Vitaceae) with at least 24 known species in the Philippines. It is the exclusive host of the endangered parasitic Rafflesia R.Br. As far as we know, studies on the species distribution of Philippine Tetrastigma species to determine their suitable habitats is wanting. Although Philippine Tetrastigma species are not endangered, information on the suitable habitats of these species can provide preliminary information on the habitat suitability of the endangered Rafflesia species. In this study, we utilized Maximum Entropy (Maxent) to predict potential suitable areas of three Tetrastigma species – Tetrastigma loheri, Tetrastigma cf. magnum and Tetrastigma sp. A – under present climate and soil conditions in the Philippines. Our models showed that suitable areas for Tetrastigma species are found in the eastern and western side of the Philippines and are not usually found further inland in large islands such as Luzon and Mindanao. The top environmental predictors of habitat suitability are mean annual temperature, temperature seasonality, clay content, and precipitation of the coldest quarter. The habitats shared by the three species can be mostly found in the western regions that are mountainous and have relatively cool temperature and low clay content. Because Tetrastigma is the only host of Rafflesia, our findings suggest that the suitable habitats of Rafflesia are likely to follow the same geographic distribution and preferred environmental conditions. The preliminary information from this study can help in formulating future conservation management plans for the endangered parasitic Rafflesia.

Keywords: Vitaceae, species distribution modelling, suitable habitats, heat map

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Noteworthy plants of UP Sierra Madre Land Grants Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr.1,2,3,4, Virgilio T. Villancio3,5, Angelica N. Divina3,4, Joresa Marie J. Evasco3,4, Analeah L. Ricohermoso3, Reynaldo E. Lorida3, Pablo V. Quilao3, Ma. Nimfa P. Bandian3, and Gerald T. Eduarte4,6 1

College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños Musem of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños 3 Land Grant Management Office, University of the Philippines Los Baños 4 Pro-Seeds Development Association Inc. 5 College of Agriculture and Food Science 6 Graduate School, University of the Philippines Los Baños Corresponding Author: plmalabrigo@up.edu.ph 2

A comprehensive plant diversity survey was conducted in UP Sierra Madre Land Grants (UPSMLG), the southern portion of Sierra Madre Mountain Range, following the prescribed methodology of the Biodiversity Management Bureau . Twenty-five 2-km transects were surveyed focusing on the forested portions of UPSMLG. A total of 395 morpho-species from 245 genera and 108 families were recorded from the sampling sites. Of the 330 species identified, 121 species (37%) were found to be Philippine endemics. Twenty-four (11%) of all species accounted were found to be threatened. It is interesting to note that many of the threatened species listed are the ones dominating the study area which suggest high conservation value of UPSMLG. A particular example is Shorea negrosensis Foxw., a critically endangered species under IUCN, obtained more than 34% of the total dominance of all trees. Forty-five species were found to be new records for both provinces of Quezon and Laguna. The assessment also revealed that UPSMLGs is home to many of the plantito’s favorites i.e. the aroids (Homalomena, Spathyphyllum, Aglaonema), begonias, medinillas, gingers, hoyas, orchids, and trees with high aesthetic value (malabayabas, dipterocarps, ebony, etc.). The Land Grant Management Office is very much committed to mass propagate these noteworthy plants and pilot a model of sustainable utilization where plant enthusiasts can enjoy the charismatic beauty of our native plants without causing any harm to the natural populations, but instead promoting conservation awareness and ensuring the continuous existence of these precious resources.

Keywords: Sierra Madre Land Grants, endemic plants, ecologically important species

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Tree walks as embodied practice: A more-than-human political ecology perspective Bryan Joel Mariano1,2 1

Department of Geography, University of the Philippines Diliman Forest Foundation Philippines Corresponding Author: bjmariano@forestfoundation.ph 2

Urban forest parks are contested landscapes that serve as sites for negotiation of ecological, social, political, and affective encounters with the more-than-human world. This paper intends to analyze the extant literature on urban political ecology with specific focus on forest parks and its relational aspect with native trees, people, and other socio-materiality of cities. I examine the process of tree walks being conducted by the Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society, Inc. beyond its primary function of public education about the importance of native tree species, and situate it within walking research discourse to investigate how this practice as bodily configuration of both individuals and a collective enact productive ways of reterritorializing urban forest parks. I argue that tree walks as a public engagement and knowledge sharing endeavor can enable emplacement of affective flows, politics of care, and environmental justice using the case of Arroceros Forest Park in Manila. In the end, it may be imperative for conservation groups to develop adaptive ways on amplifying and nurturing tree walks to sustain collective action toward protecting and conserving urban forests in Metro Manila and beyond.

Keywords: tree walks, urban geography, more-than-human, political ecology, Metro Manila

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View the Virtual Poster Exhibit at: tinyurl.com/pnpcsisymposium2021posters Hoyas and their lepidopteran visitors at a garden in Mabini, Batangas, Philippines

51

Andrea B. Agillon and Fernando B. Aurigue

Species composition and diversity profile of native flora in the Makiling Botanic Gardens, Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park

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Leilani A. Castillo, Manuel L. Castillo, Myranel S. Canceran, Mae Belen L. Putian, Leonardo D. Barua, Marilyn O. Quimado, Gillian Katherine I. Quilloy, Angela A. Limpiada, Aldin C. Alegre, Ma. Ruffa M. Guab, Vinjoe M. Aboc, Aldwin L. Labuanan, Ozzy Boy S. Nicopior, and Edwino S. Fernando

Riparian vegetation in Malbasag River, Ormoc City, Leyte

53

Leate Jean C. Sanchez, Honeylene V. Ongy, Eunice Kenee L. Seriño, and Rafael Junnar P. Dumalan

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from the rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber officinale, and Zingiber officinale var. rubrum

54

Lady Jane G. Morilla and Cesar G. Demayo

Phytochemical screening of four endemic Rubiaceae species in Ilocos Norte, Northwestern Luzon, Philippines

55

Mae Ann R. Batuyong, Michael A. Calaramo, Franklin V. Ibana, and Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro

Taxonomy and conservation of Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Bukidnon, Southern Philippines including the discovery of a new endemic species

56

Mc Arthur L. Cababan, Lesley C. Lubos, Denzil Earl Allien N. Binghay, and Mark Arcebal K. Naive

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Storage behavior, dormancy, and oil content of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. seeds

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Reneliza D. Cejalvo, Renerio P. Gentallan Jr., Michael Cedric B. Bartolome, Emmanuel Bonifacio S. Timog, Angeleigh Rose T. Cirunay, Bartimeus B. Alvaran, Nestor C. Altoveros, Teresita H. Borromeo, Allison C. Morales, and Leah E. Endonela

Increasing the color variation of Hoya buotii Kloppenb. flowers by using open-pollinated seeds

58

Fernando B. Aurigue and Andrea B. Agillon

Inventory of Zingiberaceae in Bukidnon, Philippines

59

Gretchen V. Catane, Lesley C. Lubos, and Mc Arthur L. Cababan

Death of dapdap Erythrina variegata L. by larval insect infestation or fungal infection? Moving forward

60

J.H. Primavera and Maria DP. Dayan

Some additions to Philippine Begonias last 2019—2020 with the aid of citizen science

61

Lea Magarce-Camangeg, William Cabanillas, Mark Gregory Rule, Dave Buenavista, Abigail Garrino, Jayson A. Mansibang, and Yu Pin Ang

Lanuza variety and Albay pili accessions: A morphological comparison

62

Judith R. Chavez, Sonny B. Vista, Carlos B. Balingasa, and Josie C. Pamparo

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Hoyas and their lepidopteran visitors at a garden in Mabini, Batangas, Philippines Andrea B. Agillon1 and Fernando B. Aurigue2 1

Malimatoc 1, Mabini, Batangas, Philippines Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Corresponding Author: fbaurigue@pnri.dost.gov.ph 2

The study observed and documented the lepidopteran visitors of hoya flowers at a private garden in Mabini, Batangas, Philippines when the collection of more than 100 hoya plants belonging to 34 species were in bloom from 2018 to June 2021.

Photographs taken were compared with published pictures from references or shown to experts to identify and classify all these observed butterflies and moths, and to provide a list of possible pollinators for specific Hoya species.

A table was prepared to show the lepidopteran visitors of 13 Hoya species, but those without any visitor were also included. Tiger butterflies (Nymphalidae) and Common three-ring (Hesperiidae) are diurnal insects that visited only four of the 13 Hoya species observed during the entire period. Meanwhile, moths are nocturnal insects that visited certain Hoya species. It seems that a Hoya species has specific visitors with the dark-colored flowers of H. pubicorolla ssp. anthracina having at least five species of moth as visitors. Hoya species visited by moths did not develop any fruit, while H. crassicaulis and H. incrassata, with their yellowish color and strong fruity scent frequented by Glassy tiger butterflies and Grey glassy tiger butterflies, often produced fruits.

Further study is needed to confirm the present finding that Tiger butterflies are possible pollinators soon after flower opening in the afternoon. Conservation of Philippine native Hoya species that serve as food plants for certain species of butterflies and moths even at a garden setting is important for the continuous presence and survival of lepidopteran visitors.

Keywords: butterfly, Hoya, Lepidoptera, moth, pollinator

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Species composition and diversity profile of native flora in the Makiling Botanic Gardens, Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park Leilani A. Castillo1, Manuel L. Castillo2, Myranel S. Canceran1, Mae Belen L. Putian1, Leonardo D. Barua1, Marilyn O. Quimado2, Gillian Katherine I. Quilloy1, Angela A. Limpiada1, Aldin C. Alegre1, Ma. Ruffa M. Guab2, Vinjoe M. Aboc1, Aldwin L. Labuanan1, Ozzy Boy S. Nicopior1, and Edwino S. Fernando2 1

Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosystems, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines 2 Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines Corresponding Author: lacastillo@up.edu.ph

The study generally presents the assessment of native flora in the Makiling Botanic Gardens (MBG) within the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park (MMFR AHP) covering 300 hectares of natural and re-growth forests. It aimed to document the different native species and determine the diversity and spatial distribution of these species within MBG in support to ecosystem services. The study covers the MBG Main Area, Makiling Rainforest Park (MRP), and Mudsprings, as these are habitats and support ecosystem services. The inventory was conducted from August 2019 to September 2020 using the gridbased system. It covered 6.9 hectares and focused only on native species. All trees with a minimum diameter at breast height of 5.0 cm were measured, mapped, and recorded including tree height measurements. Results of the inventory show a diverse collection of native flora. A total of 6,876 plant individuals distributed in 399 native species and 75 families were inventoried. Endemism is about 26%.

Parashorea malaanonan, Diplodiscus paniculatus and Vitex parviflora are among the dominant species.

Data reveal a very high over-all diversity index (H’) of 4.8 and evenness (E) of 0.3278. MBG has the highest H’ (4.8) but also has the lowest E (0.3188). On the other hand, MRP has the lowest H’ (4.031) but highest E (0.5212). The Mudsprings ranked at second with H’ (4.311) and E (4.775). The MBG still proves a very diverse area and thus contributes continuously to supporting ecosystems services especially in the field of instruction, research, and extension.

Keywords: assessment, spatial distribution, ecosystems services

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Riparian vegetation in Malbasag River, Ormoc City, Leyte Leate Jean C. Sanchez1, Honeylene V. Ongy1, Eunice Kenee L. Seriño1, and Rafael Junnar P. Dumalan1 1

Department of Biological Sciences, Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines Corresponding Author: honeylene.ongy@vsu.edu.ph

Riparian zones play an important role in the landscape by providing plant and wildlife habitat, increasing landscape connectivity, protecting water quality, and in retaining nutrients and organic matter. The study was conducted along the riparian zones of Malbasag River to describe the species composition, determine the species richness, dominance, evenness and species diversity of the riparian vegetation of Malbasag River. Three sampling stations were established representing the upstream, midstream and downstream. Factors that may affect the diversity of riparian vegetation such as soil moisture content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, potassium, soil pH, temperature were also gathered.

A total of 76 species belonging to 37 families were encountered across sampling stations. 53were recorded in the upstream, 47 in the midstream and 28 in the downstream. Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae and Amaranthaceae were the most common andis well-represented in the three sampling stations.

Highest species diversity (H’= 3.15) was observed in the upstream with an evenness index of Es= 0.79 and a dominance index of D= 1.01 while the lowest diversity index H’= 2.48 was found in downstream with an evenness and dominance indices of Es= 0.74 and D=0.40, respectively. Anthropogenic activities observed were sand-gravel extraction, washing clothes, kangkong gardening, ricefields and sewage coming from houses.

Keywords: riparian vegetation, Malbasag River, quadrat method

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Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from the rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber officinale, and Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Lady Jane G. Morilla1 and Cesar G. Demayo1 1

Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University—Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines Corresponding Author: eljaymorilla@gmail.com

Members of the genus Zingiber are widely found in Philippines and are utilized for their therapeutic importance. This study was carried out to evaluate the secondary metabolites and in vitro antioxidant properties using (DPPH) radical assay of ethanol extracts from the rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber officinale and Zingiber officinale var. rubrum. Qualitative phytochemical analysis detected the abundance of promisingly potent phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids in all the crude extracts of the three Zingiber species. Low to moderate amounts of saponins and tannins were observed in the extracts of Z. zerumbet and Z. officinale. Anthraquinones were absent in all the extracts.

Cyanogenic glycosides which are natural plant toxins were not detected. The ethanol extracts from the rhizomes of the Zingiber species showed inhibitory effect based on the DPPH radical scavenging assay.

A dose–dependent increase in the percentage antioxidant activity was observed for all of concentrations tested. The extracts from Z. zerumbet, Z. officinale and Z. officinale var. rubrum exhibited a maximum activity of 66.78% (IC50=191.84 ppm), 92.06% (IC50=30.07 ppm), and 96.96% (IC50=10.86 ppm) at 500 µg/mL, respectively. This indicates that the extract from the rhizome of these plants exhibited high antioxidant potential. The findings of this study confirm the richness of bioactive compounds which can justify their medicinal uses and the potential of the three Zingiber species as natural antioxidant agents which can be pharmaceutically useful.

Keywords: assay, compounds, medicinal, therapeutic

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Phytochemical screening of four endemic Rubiaceae species in Ilocos Norte, Northwestern Luzon, Philippines Mae Ann R. Batuyong1,2, Michael A. Calaramo3, Franklin V. Ibana4, and Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro1,5 1

The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac, 2906, Ilocos Norte, Philippines 3 Northwestern University Ecological Park & Botanic Gardens, Airport Avenue, Bengcag, Laoag City, 2900, Ilocos Norte, Philippines 4 Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac, 2906, Ilocos Norte, Philippines 5 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, 1015 Manila, Philippines Corresponding Author: mrbatuyong@mmsu.edu.ph 2

The Rubiaceae family comprises more than 13,000 species, making it one of the largest among the flowering plants. Taxonomic studies are not only conducted for the family but their medicinal attributes are also being explored. Species under this family have been reported to produce bioactive metabolites with great pharmacological potential, such as iridoids, indole alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and anthraquinones, giving rise to novel and natural sources of drugs with anti-inflammatory, mutagenic, antiviral, analgesic, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. The majority of the phytochemical and pharmacological analyses that have been done in the country are from the genera Uncaria, Psychotria, Hedyotis, Ophiorrhiza, and Morinda.

We herein report the determination of the presence of secondary metabolites in the methanolic extract of the following species, Antirhea microphylla (Bartl. ex DC), Kanapia monstrossa (A Rich.) Arriola & Alejandro, Pyrostria triflora Arriola, Calaramo & Alejandro and Timonius ternifolius (Bartl. ex. DC) Fern.-Vill with the use of thin-layer chromatographic techniques. Results reveal the following components that are to be present: Anthraquinones, Cardenolides, Phenols, Tannins and Flavonoids, steroids, and sugars.

Although the results are only preliminary, all four endemic plants contain compounds with interesting activities and offer the opportunity for further studies of novel compounds leading to nature's innovative response on the possibility of antiviral compound discovery for the virus causing the current pandemic. At present, further identification of high-resolution masses for putative compounds and conduct of acute oral toxicity testing and exploration of pharmacological activities of the extracts are being ascertained through in vitro and in vivo assays.

Keywords: Rubiaceae, pharmacological potential, phytochemicals, secondary metabolites

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Taxonomy and conservation of Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Bukidnon, Southern Philippines including the discovery of a new endemic species Mc Arthur L. Cababan1,2, Lesley C. Lubos2, Denzil Earl Allien N. Binghay3, and Mark Arcebal K. Naive4,5,6 1

Lourdes Integrated School, Lourdes, Valencia City 8709, Bukidnon, Philippines Bukidnon State University, Malaybalay City 8700, Bukidnon, Philippines 3 Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Maramag, 8714 Bukidnon, Philippines 4 Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China 5 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 6 College of Arts and Sciences, Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Tampilisan Campus, ZNAC, Tampilisan 7116, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines Corresponding Author: mcarthur.cababan@deped.gov.ph 2

Mindanao is the second largest island in the Philippine archipelago and has a rich and highly endemic flora. However, progress on documenting the Mindanao flora is hampered by a lack of alpha taxonomic studies and herbarium specimens. Example is in the genus Begonia that is currently still poorly known in Mindanao, thus, this study was conducted to provide a concrete list of how many species of Begonia are present in Bukidnon; conduct a preliminary IUCN conservation assessment; and provide a complete taxonomic treatment to the newly discovered endemic species. A combination of literature review, herbarium work and current fieldwork revealed a total number of eight Begonia species including a new endemic species, Begonia olganunezae. They are found growing in various locations of Bukidnon province thriving at elevations ranging from 400 to 200 meters. These Begonia species are classified into two sections: section Petermannia which has the most number of species (with seven recorded species) and section Baryandra consist only of a single species. Among these recorded taxa, 3 are considered Critically Endangered, 1 Endangered, 1 Vulnerable, 2 Least Concern and 1 Data deficient. These results contribute not only to the future taxonomic revision and phylogenetic studies of the genus Begonia but will also help define and refine conservation policies in the Philippines to offer better protection for these narrowly endemic Begonia species.

Keywords: biodiversity, conservation, IUCN, new species, Philippine flora, taxonomy

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Storage behavior, dormancy, and oil content of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. seeds Reneliza D. Cejalvo1, Renerio P. Gentallan Jr.1, Michael Cedric B. Bartolome1, Emmanuel Bonifacio S. Timog1,2, Angeleigh Rose T. Cirunay3, Bartimeus B. Alvaran1,3, Nestor C. Altoveros1, Teresita H. Borromeo1, Allison C. Morales1, and Leah E. Endonela1 1

Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines 2 Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines 3 Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines Corresponding Author: rpgentallan@up.edu.ph

Seed characteristics of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam., an indigenous medicinal plant species from the Philippines, were investigated to help identify appropriate conservation strategies. Mature seeds were tested for viability at different dormancy-breaking treatments and storage conditions. We also determined its total oil content through a Soxhlet extraction method. Removal of the aril from the fresh seeds improved germination from 30% ± 0.98 to 84% ± 0.71 and shortened the time to seedling emergence from 45 days to 4 days after sowing; however, presoaking treatments of de-arillated seeds in 100 ppm gibberellic acid, distilled water, and 0.2 M KNO3 did not significantly increase the germination of T. pandacaqui. The seeds can tolerate drying up to 4.7% moisture content and storage at -20°C for 3 months; thus, they have an orthodox type of seed storage behavior. The pre-dried seeds also have a high oil content of 28.7407 ± 0.09316 %. This indicates that the seed is amenable to ex-situ conservation through seedbanking, but its viability must be monitored in shorter intervals due to its oily nature. This research plays a vital role in ensuring the continued existence, utilization, and discovery of the great potentials of T. pandacaqui amidst pandemics and other natural disasters.

Keywords: orthodox seeds, desiccation tolerance, seedbanking, seed conservation

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Increasing the color variation of Hoya buotii Kloppenb. flowers by using open-pollinated seeds Fernando B. Aurigue1 and Andrea B. Agillon2 1

Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Nuclear Research Institute Central Avenue, New Era, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines 2 Malimatoc 1, Mabini, Batangas Corresponding Author: fbaurigue@pnri.dost.gov.ph

Buot hoya (Hoya buotii) is an endemic species that regularly produce globose clusters of around 23 flowers resembling starfishes. The attractive flower measuring up to 2.7 cm across is scented at night but short-lived at 2 days. The study aimed at germinating open-pollinated seeds and growing the seedlings to flowering stage for observation of any color variation and other changes in floral characteristics.

It took at least 30 months to develop the first bloom. Photo-documentation was done when flower buds that formed reached a certain stage before anthesis and at full flower opening. From 13 individual plants that have flowered more than once to date, at least eight color combinations were observed based on the color of the pedicel, calyx, outer and inner surfaces of the corolla, and inner lobe of the corona scale. At least one plant with yellow flowers almost devoid of anthocyanins and a single plant that is rich with pigments were produced. From these variations in flower color, individuals that have more desirable color combination compared to the parent material can be selected and propagated by vegetative means.

The results showed that by seed propagation, new color forms or better-looking flowers could be obtained from a clone of hoya. Identification of the color using RHS Colour Chart and measurements of the flowers and its parts are recommended.

The study has potential impact to the horticultural industry or trading of native plants with ornamental value as an alternative solution for illegal gathering of wild plants for sale.

Keywords: conservation, Hoya buotii, open-pollinated, propagation, variation

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Inventory of Zingiberaceae in Bukidnon, Philippines Gretchen V. Catane1,2, Lesley C. Lubos2, Mc Arthur L. Cababan2,3 1

DepEd Division of Malaybalay City, 8700 Bukidnon, Philippines Bukidnon State University, Malaybalay City 8700 Bukidnon, Philippines 3 Lourdes Integrated School, Lourdes, Valencia City 8709 Bukidnon, Philippines Corresponding Author: gretchen.catane@deped.gov.ph 2

An inventory of Zingiberaceae was conducted in Mt. Malantao Concepcion Valencia City Bukidnon Philippines, which is one of the few surviving primary forests in Bukidnon and is consequently affected by anthropogenic activities such as slash and burn practices and agricultural land conversion.

Taxonomic treatment was done by describing the morphological characters using taxonomic keys. A total of 5 species of Zingiberaceae were collected from the locality of Concepcion in Bukidnon at elevations between 1274 to 1320 m above sea level. This includes Plagiostachys escritorii Elmer which is new in Bukidnon. This study also collected the vulnerable species Hornstedtia lophophora, one of the species collected by Naïve (2018) at Kalatungan Mountain Range in Bukidnon. Of the 5 species revealed, three were found to be Philippine endemic which are Adelmeria alpina, Hornstedtia lophopora, and Plagiostachys escritorii.

Based on the checklist of Philippine Zingiberaceae by Pelser (2019), this study found a species Amomum muricarpum which is not in the list. This could imply that more wild ginger species are still left to be accounted for. Furthermore, one species A. alpina belongs to a newly reinstated genus Adelmeria (Docot et al., 2019) which is also designated as a lectotype.

From the findings of the study, it was concluded that many wild gingers are still present in the deliberately denuded forests in Bukidnon. Conservation efforts may be intensified especially to those species identified as vulnerable. Relevant data may be provided to concerned agencies for policy recommendations on the conservation of wild gingers in the Philippines.

Keywords: biodiversity, conservation status, lectotype, gingers

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Death of dapdap Erythrina variegata L. by larval insect infestation or fungal infection? Moving forward J.H. Primavera and Maria DP. Dayan 1

Zoological Society of London Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau, DENR Corresponding Author: georginehp@yahoo.com 2

As awareness of native flora increases, the attractive Erythrina variegata L. (dapdap) is a favorite to replace exotic trees. However, dapdap planted in U.P. Los Banos decades ago were unfortunately wiped out by insect gall (the wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim) infestation. The DENR Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau formed a task force of plant pathologists and entomologists to investigate the mortalities. Initial examination of pure cultures showed no pathogenic microorganisms in soil samples and affected tree parts. But the sudden death of the principal entomologist and replacement of the ERDB director led to discontinuation of the study. Recently, Kuroda et al. (2017) isolated Fusarium strain A from lower trunk and root tissues of gall-infested E. variegata trees, but not around the galls. When inoculated in E. variegata seedlings, the fungus caused cortex and phloem necrosis, and death.

This presentation proposes a major research program to determine the causes of E. variegata decline.

Phase I will focus on isolation of potential pathogens from diseased trees and surrounding soil.

Histopathology of affected tissues will show infection at the cellular level. Samples from uninfected trees will serve as controls. Phase II will test potential pathogens (identified in Phase I) on healthy dapdap seedlings from certified nurseries. Pure cultures of Phase I isolates l will be inoculated; controls will be treated with sterilized distilled water. Inoculated and control seedlings will be monitored, including growth and survival. Re-isolation of the pathogen at the end will determine if the same Phase I isolate is the cause of any observed seedling infection.

Keywords: Erythrina variegata L., dapdap, insect gall disease, Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim

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Some additions to Philippine Begonias last 2019–2020 with the aid of citizen science Lea Magarce-Camangeg1,2, William Cabanillas1, Mark Gregory Rule1,3, Dave Buenavista4, Abigail Garrino1,5, Jayson A. Mansibang1, and Yu Pin Ang1 1

Philippine Taxonomic Initiative, (PTI) Inc. BioPhysical Science Department, College of Sciences, Palawan State University 3 Mindanao State University 4 Central University of Mindanao 5 Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman Corresponding Author: lcamangeg@psu.palawan.edu.ph 2

Between 2019 and 2020 six new plant discoveries for the largest flowering plant genus, Begonia, were added to the country's inventory of endemic flora. The new species were discovered throughout the Philippines: from Camarines Sur (B. caramoanensis); Lanao (B. bangsamoro); Palawan (B. beijnenii, B. cabanillasii, and B. truncatifolia); and Surigao del Norte (B. makuruyot). With the pandemic situation in play, many botanical explorations were limited, if not halted. This study is a product of research networks between local collaborators and citizen scientists, without which this study would otherwise remain unpublished. The efforts of citizen science in some cases accelerated or made the discovery and description possible.

Keywords: identification, flagship species, novel species, pandemic, taxonomy

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Lanuza variety and Albay pili accessions: A morphological comparison Judith R. Chavez1, Sonny B. Vista1, Carlos B. Balingasa1, and Josie C. Pamparo1 1

Bicol University College of Agriculture & Forestry (BUCAF), Guinobatan, Albay, Philippines Corresponding Author: dithreyes05@gmail.com

The study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity of pili resources in Bicol. For the qualitative and quantitative data, descriptive statistics and hierarchical clustering dendograms plus SPSS software were used for the analysis. Due to travel restrictions brought about by the pandemic, data collections were limited in the province of Albay.

Thirty (30), 21 and 89 trees from District 1, 2 and 3, respectively, in Albay were investigated. Said 140 trees were geotagged, morphologically characterized and sampled for its flower, fruit and leaf. Highlight results revealed that 21 out of 94 collected fruit accessions shared some phenotypic affinity to Lanuza, the reference variety recommended by DA-ARDC. Seven, two and five accessions from Districts 1, 2 and 3, respectively, demonstrated three similarities out of four measured fruit characters compared to the reference variety. Moreover three and four accessions from Districts 2 and 3 in Albay, respectively, exhibited close relatedness to Lanuza in all four fruits characters evaluated ~ fresh fruit length, fresh fruit height, kernel length and kernel height. Aforementioned seven accessions were recommended then for genotypic characterization, and further to apply for varietal registration if proven to be distinct and with unique genetic make up with any of the NSIC pili varieties from DA-ARDC.

Keywords: Canarium ovatum Engl., pili diversity, phenotypic characterization

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Leonard Co Commemoration

The first day of PNPCSI’s 6th International Symposium (November 15, 2021 - Monday) is also the 11th death anniversary of PNPCSI’s founder, botanist Leonard Co. Join us in celebrating his life and passionate advocacy through a small commemorative program with video tributes and other activities.

Botanical Art Workshop Beauty will bloom when science and art intertwine at PNPCSI’s Botanical Art Workshop! On November 19, participants will explore the basics of botanical art and scientific illustration while learning to draw and color in one of our recently described endemic species, Begonia beijnenii.

Our workshop instructor, Aissa Domingo, is a member of the Philippine Botanical Art Society (PhilBAS) as well as a museum artist, photographer, and illustrator. Since 2010, her scientific illustrations and photographs of animals, plants, and fossils have been published in several local and international journals.

She’ll be joined by Yu Pin Ang and Rene Alfred Anton Bustamante, two of the authors for the new species publication. They’ll talk about their experiences in the field and how they came across this rare and beautiful flower.

State of the Nation’s Plants 2021 marks the 10th year anniversary of Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (CDFP), a digital checklist and online photo repository for all the vascular flora in the country.

Through citizen science and engagement with the Philippine botanical community, the CDFP team also carries on the work of PNPCSI founder, Leonard Co, who began the list and hoped to see his countrymen become more familiar with the flora that he loved.

The CDFP team will present updates on the checklist and photo documentation efforts so far, giving symposium participants an overview of how far plant taxonomy and conservation in the country has come.

This will be supplemented by an overview of environmental and botanical issues in the Philippines, presented by PNPCSI and Kalikasan PNE. All of these elements will be combined in a definitive State of the Nation’s Plants statement, calling Filipinos to action for conservation of our unique and threatened native flora. More information to follow.

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Advocacy Partner GeiserMaclang Marketing Communications, Inc. (GMCI)

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IT Partner De La Salle Lipa - Center for Batangas Studies (DLSL-CBS)

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Program Partners Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (CDFP) Kalikasan People’s Network for the Environment (Kalikasan PNE) Philippine Taxonomic Initiative, Inc. (PTI) Philippine Botanical Art Society (PhilBAS)

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Media Partners Forest Foundation Philippines Far Eastern University (FEU) Visayas State University (VSU) Environmental Leadership Training Initiative (ELTI) Philippine Parks and Biodiversity DENR Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR-BMB)

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Sponsors Energy Development Corporation (EDC) Raxenne Maniquiz

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For 20 years, GeiserMaclang has worked with some of the biggest names in the Philippines across a diverse field of industries, elevating public perception of brands beyond just their products and services with the core philosophy of “Doing Well by Doing Good.” Fueled by strategic communications based on consumer insights, market analysis, and business intelligence, GeiserMaclang’s campaigns are designed to turn into movements that disrupt the status quo, change beliefs, and shift perceptions. Among their recent triumphs was “The Splendor of Philippine Biodiversity: The Riches of the Philippines Above and Below Water,” a webinar with Manila House featuring the Mindoro Biodiversity Conservation Foundation Inc. (MBCFI) and the Malampaya Foundation Inc. (MFI) to raise awareness about our native giant clams and the endemic, critically endangered tamaraw.

Website: www.geisermaclang.com Facebook: www.facebook.com/GeiserMaclang

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Administered by the Office of Research and Publications, the DLSL-CBS offers seminars and workshops for developing highquality research outputs that address pressing socio-economic and environmental issues in Batangas. The center also documents the rich traditions, history, and culture of Batangueňos, thus developing a library of materials that showcases local identity. The work it produces from partnering with internal and external stakeholders is disseminated to local government and business towards development of the province.

Facebook: www.facebook.com/DLSLCBS

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Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (CDFP) is an online checklist of all known native and naturalized vascular plant species of the Philippines. With citizen scientists and the taxonomic scientific community in its engine room, CDFP is continually updated to provide a real-time overview of the composition of the Philippine flora. The checklist includes synonyms, general distribution information, and references to the scientific literature. CDFP is richly illustrated with over 70,000 in-situ plant photos, representing c. 45% of the c. 10,000 native and naturalized plant species in the country.

Website: www.philippineplants.org Facebook Group: www.facebook.com/groups/260276987384309

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Kalikasan People's Network for the Environment (Kalikasan PNE) is a network of non-government organizations (NGOs), grassroots organizations, and environmental advocates based in the Philippines. Kalikasan is the Filipino (the national language of the Philippines) term for 'nature'.

Acting as a nationwide campaign center on a broad spectrum of environmental concerns since its founding on November 25, 1997, Kalikasan PNE places primacy on addressing environmental issues from the perspective of advancing the welfare of the grassroots-level populace foremost.

Kalikasan PNE believes that the struggle for the environment is the struggle for the people's welfare, and frames its campaigns, advocacy, education, and international network initiatives accordingly.

PANATANG LUNTIAN is a pledge to hold the line for people and planet. The campaign aims to facilitate the audience's journey towards bigger, bolder actions in defense of the environment by demonstrating the interconnectedness of our lives lived in nature, and the triumphs of people defending together nature’s last ecological frontiers.

Website: www.kalikasan.net Facebook: www.facebook.com/kalikasan Twitter: www.twitter.com/KalikasanPNE Instagram: www.instagram.com/kalikasanpne

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The Philippine Taxonomic Initiative, Inc. is a non-government organization which traces its humble beginnings back to El Nido Palawan, where it was established in 2018. The organization firmly believes in the advancement of taxonomic studies as a powerful tool towards effective protection and conservation of our habitats and ecosystems. PTI empowers early career botanists and taxonomists to realize their full potential through active participation in taxonomic and ecological research in the Philippines. Through studies in areas such as Nueva Ecija, Palawan, Aurora, and Camarines Norte, the organization has contributed to the discovery of numerous new species of plants such as the helmet orchid Corybas circinatus and the voodoo lily Amorphophallus caudatus. At present, PTI furthers its advocacy through extensive collaboration with the media, artists, local communities, and various other stakeholders.

Website: www.phtaxa.org Facebook: www.facebook.com/phtaxa

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The Philippine Botanical Art Society (PhilBAS) was founded on September 4, 2019 by Bing Famoso, a visual artist and advocate of Philippine endemic flora and fauna species through art. It was also co-founded by Dr. Edwin Tadiosa, Dany Tandang, and John Rey Callado, museum researchers, and scientists from the National Museum of Natural History.

PhilBAS envisions a Philippine art community dedicated to creating artworks of indigenous and endemic flora. In this way, PhilBAS aims to create awareness among Filipinos about these species (many of which are threatened) and their conservation. It likewise aims to revive the botanical art style and encourage Filipino artists to paint native flora in this form.

Facebook Group: www.facebook.com/groups/philippinebotanicalartsociety

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Established in 2002 under two bilateral agreements between the governments of the United States of America and the Philippines, the Forest Foundation Philippines is a nonprofit organization that provides grants to organizations that empower the people to protect and conserve forests. The Foundation advocates for the use of native trees in forest restoration and conservation projects to recover and expand habitats for native species of plants and animals, protect watershed and freshwater resources, improve natural landscapes, connect forest fragments, provide livelihood opportunities for forest-dependent communities, and preserve cultural heritage.

Website: www.forestfoundation.ph Facebook: www.facebook.com/forestfoundationph Instagram: www.instagram.com/forestfoundationph

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The Department of Biological Sciences of Far Eastern University has a broad research agenda from the fields of microbiology to physiology with a particular focus on the taxonomy, phylogenetics, and ecology of Philippine flora and fauna. A concentration on botanical research is advocated by faculty researchers which has been supported via the establishment of the FEU Herbarium (FEUH) that also houses a molecular laboratory dedicated for these studies. Conventional and modern methods are systematically employed in the discovery of new species, resolving phylogenetic mysteries, and establishing biogeographic and evolutionary histories of selected focal groups including macrofungi, algae, gingers, and dipterocarps.

Website: https://www.feu.edu.ph/

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Visayas State University (VSU), located in Baybay, Leyte, has numerous research and conservation programs dedicated to plant diversity and conservation. These include: a comprehensive biodiversity assessment of the trees, palms, mosses, woody lianas, and epiphytes of Mt. Pangasugan; ecological assessment, distribution, and taxonomy of Philippine Aquilaria in the Leyte and Biliran islands; germination studies, clonal propagation, and nursery management of selected native tree species; establishment and maintenance of arboretum and tree parks; and restoration through rainforestation and forest landscape restoration approaches.

Website: www.vsu.edu.ph Facebook: www.facebook.com/visayasstateu

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The Environmental Leadership & Training Initiative (ELTI) is a capacity development program of Yale University that trains and supports people from all sectors and backgrounds to restore and conserve tropical forest landscapes. Yale-ELTI particularly emphasizes strategies that enhance biodiversity and human livelihoods. In the Philippines, the Yale-ELTI program is implemented by Visayas State University (VSU) through a partnership with Yale and promotes “Rainforestation” - the use of native species in forest restoration and degraded land rehabilitation.

Website: elti.yale.edu

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The Philippine Parks and Biodiversity is a non-profit, nongovernmental organization whose primary focus is to conserve and protect Philippine biodiversity by empowering rangers and local grassroots communities at the forefront of conservation.

The organization promotes the sustainable development of parks and protected areas as well as the restoration of ecosystems for present and future generations. Philippine Parks and Biodiversity works hand in hand with rangers, indigenous communities, citizens, civil society, the private sector, the academe, and our government - adopting a dynamic, multi-stakeholder approach to conservation.

Website: https://philippineparksandbiodiversity.org Facebook: www.facebook.com/phparksandbiodiversity

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Plant conservation is one of the mandates of the Biodiversity Management Bureau. The BMB formulates plans, policies, and programs to sustainably conserve and manage wild plants and their habitats, in this way halting loss of Philippine plant diversity and ensuring its perpetual existence to meet the present and future needs of the Filipino People and the global community.

Website: https://bmb.gov.ph/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/denrbiodiversity

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BINHI is the nationwide greening program of the Energy Development Corporation (EDC). Its aim is to restore denuded forests, preserve and propagate threatened native tree species, and protect biodiversity to leave a legacy of a verdant Philippines for the next generation.

The positive impact BINHI has accomplished thus far is only made possible with the cultivation of strong partnerships with local communities, academe, government agencies, and private institutions. It provides opportunities for stakeholders to participate in reforestation and biodiversity enhancement efforts.

Through its livelihood programs, BINHI has also empowered forest and farmer communities in terms of food security and income generation. As part of EDC’s environmental advocacy, BINHI seeks to encourage more people to join the conversation about climate change and the environment.

(From the EDC BINHI website) Website: https://binhi.ph/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/EDCBINHI

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Raxenne Maniquiz is a graphic designer and illustrator from the Philippines. Her work depicts images of flora and fauna—mostly the kind endemic to her country—drawn with deep, painterly strokes and brilliant contrasts. These finely textured illustrations appear in brand campaigns, product packaging, apparel design, stationery, and published materials.

She has worked on projects for Adobe, Bloomberg, Dr. Martens, Jordan, M.A.C. Cosmetics, Stefan Sagmeister, and Uniqlo to name a few.

Instagram (Raxenne): www.instagram.com/raxenne Instagram (Basic Movement): www.instagram.com/basicmovement

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