200 Magazine Edition 2 July 1822

THE NEAREST THING TO TIME TRAVEL YOU’LL EVER MANAGE - NEWS FROM ANOTHER CENTURY AS IT HAPPENED

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SLAVE REVOLT CRUSHED IN USA

POET SHELLEY DEAD IN ITALIAN ACCIDENT

BLUSHES SPARED OVER NUDE STATUE

Leaders of a revolt by enslaved people are executed at Charleston, South Carolina, after authorities get wind of their plans.

The body of Percy Bysshe Shelley has been washed up on a beach in northern Italy.

He is believed to have died in a storm earlier in July.

A naked statue, honouring the Duke of Wellington, is now on show in a London park - but with a fig leaf added after an outcry.

THE BURNING OF THE TURKISH FLAGSHIP BY KANARIS, AVEROFF MUSEUM, GREECE

JULY 1822 / 2022

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Slave leaders executed as uprising fails in United States

One of the men hanged was Denmark Vesey, a free black and lay preacher who is said to have been the leader of the unsuccessful revolt.

Charleston had the first slave markets in the United States and has historically been a majority-slave city.

The authorities got wind of the planned revolt, potentially involving thousands of enslaved people, in mid-June.

They called in state militia to support local police, ordered extra street patrols, and made multiple arrests.

ODDY'S 1811 MAP OF THE UNITED STATES | JUSTICE WILLIAM JOHNSON

The uprising would have involved killing white residents, arson, seizure of weapons, and escape by sea to Haiti or Africa.

Six leaders of the insurrection were executed on 2 July, including Denmark Vesey. Attempts were made to keep the hangings secret, but large crowds witnessed them. Two more men were put

to death in mid-July and trials are continuing, with more executions expected.

Slaves and free black residents were warned that they risked arrest and flogging if they wore mourning clothes, but some defied the order.

The city's intendant (mayor) says Charleston's African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, at which Denmark

Vesey was a pastor, was a hotbed of revolutionary ideas.

An Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from South Carolina has become the most prominent critic of the fairness of the trials of insurrection leaders.

Justice William Johnson (pictured left) is reported to have told friends he had lived to see what he never believed possible - courts behind closed doors, with men condemned who had never seen the faces nor heard the voices of their accusers. Governor William Bennett is said to be of the same opinion.

PROJECT GUTENBERG

A

large-scale slave uprising in the southern American state of South Carolina has been crushed, with eight of its leaders so far executed. But the fairness of their trials has been criticised by a US Supreme Court justice.

Denmark Vesey, aged about 54, was born into slavery but purchased his freedom aged 32 after a lottery win. The other seven to have been hanged so far were Batteau Bennett, Ned Bennett, Rolla Bennett, Jesse Blackwood, John Horry, Peter Poyas, and 'Gullah Jack' Pritchard.

>>> News from Now (p11)

Radical and romantic poet Percy Shelley is dead at 29 Percy Bysshe Shelley, a friend (Edward Williams), and a young crew member, Charles Vivian, set out from о Leghorn near Pisa on 8 July in the poet's purpose-built vessel, to make the 40 mile sea journey across the Gulf of La Spezia to Lerici. But they never reached the fishing village and it is believed the Don Juan capsized in a summer squall.

Much of Shelley's face and arms had decomposed at sea. He was identified by his clothing and boots, and a copy of the poems of John Keats on his body.

The poet, 29, was the author of Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, and To a Skylark.

He is believed to have written two poems in protest at the Peterloo massacre of propolitical reform demonstrators in 1819. These have not yet been published because of fears of legal action.

Percy Shelley attracted the attention of ministers, government agents and rightwing newspapers because

of his atheism, and outspoken support for radical causes at home and abroad.

The poet had been staying in Liguria with his wife Mary, the author of Frankenstein, and friends including fellow romantic poets Lord Byron and Leigh Hunt.

The poet's body has been buried in sand to comply with local quarantine laws, but is expected to be cremated in the next few weeks.

Percy Shelley b 4 Aug 1792, d 8 July 1822

>>> Obituary (p9)

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PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, PAINTED BY AMELIA CURRAN IN 1819

© NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, LONDON. CREATIVE COMMONS CC BY-NC-ND

Ten days after his new sailing boat went missing off Italy's north-west coast, the body of Percy Shelley has been washed ashore north of Viareggio, confirming the death of one of Britain's foremost romantic poets.

о £1 IN 1822 = ROUGHLY £100 IN 2022 (8d OR 3p = £3)

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Typhus and dysentery add to famine pressure

R

elief workers, emergency fund-raisers and the governments in Dublin and London are still struggling to overcome the twin threats of famine and disease afflicting Ireland's southern and western counties.

work by the Society for the Relief of the Poor. The city has just received £500 from the government in Dublin, and £300 from London's Tavern Committee, but the society says it is running out of money.

In Co Galway, the Rev. Thomas Loftus has warned the authorities that emergency aid reaching his parish is totally inadequate. "Nothing is to be heard but insatiable cries of hunger," he has told organisers of Dublin's famine relief fund.

Criticism is growing of fund-raising in Dublin. The city's Evening Post newspaper, which has complained at the slow response to the famine, has highlighted house-tohouse collections in London and asked why they are not happening in Dublin.

are helping make clothes.

In Manchester, fund-raisers have asked Anglican clergy to preach sermons and raise funds at their services.

Ministers are expected to announce another о £100,000 to provide work in Ireland in the next few days.

Balloonist Edmund Livingston had to be rescued from the sea off Baldoyle, near Dublin, after a flight to raise money for the suffering poor of Ireland failed to reach its destination, Holyhead. Mr Livingston escaped inury and his enterprise raised more than о £230 for the relief fund set up by the Lord Mayor of Dublin. Aquatint by Robert Havell after Thomas Mulvany. >>> Notes from Now (p11)

Twelfth of July violence flares up Disturbances have occurred in Dublin, Ulster and Glasgow as Orangemen marked the 'Glorious Twelfth' when Protestant King William defeated the Catholic James II at the battle of the Boyne 132 years ago.

In Dublin, there were clashes between Orangemen and Catholic residents, with the focus being the city centre statue of William of Orange. The Dublin Evening Post says police cut at the 'unarmed populace with their naked swords' and called the celebrations an 'annual insult' protected by the police, incited by the city's authorities.

DANIEL O'CONNELL

The campaigner for Catholic emancipation, Daniel O'Connell said loyalists had violated King George's call for concord during his visit to Ireland last year. Catholics heeded it, were loyal, and deserved protection.

The 'other side', said Mr O'Connell, had spectacularly ignored royal appeals for harmony. He had previously told the Viceroy, Marquess Wellesley, that the handling of events on the 12th of July would finally show the character of his administration.

In Ulster, mainly Catholic troops were confined to barracks in Enniskillen to avoid any clashes with Orangemen.

They marched through the town to the sound of 'Croppies lie down', a song marking the defeat of Irish rebels in 1798.

MPs of all parties at Westminster have condemned the Orange processions. One Anglican, Thomas Spring Rice

(Limerick) said the 'public outrages' should not have been allowed. Another, Richard Martin (Co. Galway) said the only object of marches

by Protestants in the north of Ireland was to annoy and outrage the few Catholics living among them. In contrast, in his overwhelmingly Catholic constituency, he had never heard a toast that was offensive to Protestants.

In Glasgow, Orange lodges ignored a ban by magistrates on processions and the city's sheriff called in troops to keep the peace. But trouble broke out between the marchers and Catholics and police made 127 arrests.

© THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM - BM WEBSITE

Some of the most graphic reports have come from the west coast county of Mayo.

Latest figures show that 224,800 people there - almost two-thirds of the population - are receiving food aid to stay alive, a rise in a week of 69,315, or more than 40%.

Land-owner Denis Bingham says that in his part of Mayo thousands have survived on seaweed, wild vegetables and rotten fish for weeks, but their diet has led to typhus fever and an outbreak of dysentery.

"I am firmly persuaded, he says, "that if Government do not send speedy succour, the living will scarcely be able to bury the dead."

In Limerick, 10,000 free food packages are being issued daily, and 1,500 people are being paid о 8 pence a day for

So far о £188,205 has been collected by the biggest British relief organisation, the London Tavern Committee to send food aid to Ireland. The committee has extended its appeal to seek clothing. Petticoats have been made by school-children in Essex, and female convicts

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George to visit Scotland

News in brief

T

he King will visit Scotland in August, the first time a reigning English monarch has been there since 1641.

George IV will board his yacht, the Royal George, at Greenwich in the first week of August, and is expected to arrive at the port of Leith near Edinburgh about four days later. His horses will travel by land, with the royal entourage using other steam yachts.

The novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott has been placed in charge of the reception for the king in Edinburgh. Sir Walter received a baronetcy as reward for his role in the discovery of the Scottish crown jewels in 1818.

King Charles I visited Scotland in 1641. His son Charles was crowned king of Scots at Scone in 1651. >>> Old Fox's Journal (p7)

CRUIKSHANK'S CARTOON MOCKS THE STATUE HONOURING IRISH-BORN WELLINGTON

London gets first nude statue A huge statue of the Greek hero Achilles, honouring the Duke of Wellington, has been unveiled in London's Hyde Park. But there has been controversy over what is believed to be the first public nude statue in the capital.

The monument honours the duke and his soldiers who defeated Napoleon. But it is unclear why Achilles was chosen to represent them.

Originally the Richard Westmacott statue was totally nude, but a fig leaf was added to defuse criticism. There is sensitivity as it was commissioned by the women of England. Cartoons have shown MP William Wilberforce making Achilles 'decent' with a top hat, and a child (above) pointing upwards and asking "What is that, Mama?"

WARSHIP LOST: HMS Drake has been wrecked after being caught in heavy fog off the coast of Newfoundland. Twenty-five crew died, including the captain, Charles Baker. But he has been praised for his heroism in saving the lives of about 180 men.

ELECTION RIOT: Troops were called from Norwich and Suffolk to restore order in King's Lynn after a riot during a parliamentary by-election.

The successful Tory candidate's election HQ was demolished, poll clerks attacked, and windows at an inn smashed.

WEAVERS WIN: Employers in Norwich dropped plans for wage cuts after weavers protested about the cost of living. Troops were called after one employer had his clothes torn to pieces.

EDUCATION: The King has given о £1,000 to an appeal to raise funds to build a new college at Lampeter in Cardiganshire. St David's will educate would-be church ministers without their own wealth.

EXECUTIONS: Three people were publicly hanged in June in England. They died at Newgate (London) for highway robbery (2) and о uttering (1). Source: Capital Punishment UK (Richard Clark and Dave Mossop)

Stately home sell-off fever rages - but Wanstead in crisis The sale of the contents of the palatial Wanstead House private home in Essex has failed to raise the amount anticipated, leaving the building's owners still in deep financial trouble.

The 32-day auction, fuelled by large-scale media advertising, attracted huge crowds to the mansion ten miles from central London, but it is reported to have raised barely о £32,000, half of what was needed to pay off the debts of William Pole Tylney-Long Wellesley. Heiress Catherine Tylney-Long married the Duke of Wellington's nephew in 1812 in preference to another suitor, the King's brother, the Duke of Clarence.

Analysts say that the auction has turned into a 'complete catastrophe' for the family, taking place when the housing market was in the doldrums.

ADVERTISING LIKE THIS IN THE NEW TIMES LED TO FRENZIED INTEREST IN THE SALE

As many as 30,000 people are said to have attended the first day of the sale, with thousands buying the 400 page catalogue.

Police had to control crowds who took up a rare opportunity to view one of the country's great houses, and Wanstead's 18th century grotto is reported

to have been damaged and been subject to theft. Observers say the capital's West End has been deserted with 'fashionables' instead thronging Whitechapel en route to Wanstead.

Some newspapers say a decision has already been taken to demolish Wanstead House.

EDITION 2: JULY 1822/2022

The future of a second stately home is in doubt, though 'Fonthill fever' may even be outstripping interest in Wanstead House. Viewing at the Wiltshire property near Salisbury is expected to continue until its sale of contents in September.

The inside of Fonthill Abbey has been seen by few since a wall was built around it in 1795 as it was lavishly transformed by owner William Beckford, the novelist, art collector and exWhig MP. This viewing is a major social event with the Duke of Wellington calling the abbey 'the finest place in Europe'.

William Beckford has been forced to sell objects from the house to escape debtors. His income as a plantation and slave-owner has been seriously affected, with revenue from Jamaican sugar slumping. >>> Hannah Armstrong (p10)

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS DIVISION, CARTOON PRINTS, BRITISH

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Catholic peers blocked

© GREAT BRITAIN HISTORICAL GIS PROJECT 2004-17

Britain's population has risen by close to two million in the last decade, according to the census carried out last year. The inaugural Irish census means that for the first time, it is possible to give the population of the entire United Kingdom as 21,238,580.

More than half are in England, with a third in Ireland. Unlike previous counts in 1801 and 1811, ages were recorded, showing that almost half the population is under 20.

THE EARL OF ELDON LED OPPOSITION TO LETTING CATHOLICS SIT AS PEERS

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What Happened When JUNE 18: Seventh anniversary of the battle of Waterloo 18: Ottoman fleet attacked

by Greek fireships off Chios, reprisals follow against 'mastic villages' on the island (see page 6) 21: Peers defeat bill to allow Catholics to sit in the House of Lords (5) 23: Warship HMS Drake sinks off Newfoundland (4) 27: Rioting in King's Lynn during parliamentary by-election (4)

JULY 1: Nicholas Vansittart, Chancellor of the Exchequer, says Brtish credit has 'solid foundation' and sinking fund reserves will be £5m in surplus.

2: Seven leaders of foiled slave uprising are executed in Charleston, South Carolina (2) 2: Outcome of 1821 Great Britain census published (5) 3: Scientist Charles Babbage gives details of 'difference engine' calculating machine (8) 5: Rioting over weavers' pay cuts in Norwich (4) 7/8: Mutiny by royal guards in Madrid put down (6) 8: Sailing boat carrying poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and two other men goes missing between Lerici and Leghorn on Italy's north-west coast (2) 11: New diorama invention on show in Paris (8) 12: Disturbances in Dublin during Orange 'twelfth' events (3) 14: Wellington Monument unveiled in Hyde Park, London (4) 15: Row at Lord's cricket ground over 'round-arm' bowling (9) 18: Body of Percy Shelley washed up on coast near Viareggio, Italy (2)

© NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, LONDON. CREATIVE COMMONS CC BY-NC-ND

A proposal to let Catholics sit in the House of Lords has been thrown out, by the peers themselves. Senior backbench Tory George Canning's proposal was backed by MPs by a majority of five, but defeated in the House of Lords.

Six of nine peers in Lord Liverpool's Tory cabinet voted against the plan, including the prime minister and the Duke of Wellington. Just one cleric, Henry Bathurst of Norwich, voted in favour. The King's brother, the Duke of Sussex, and Whig leader Earl Grey were on the losing side. The measure was lost by 171-129.

The Duke of Portland (Tory) said that Queen Elizabeth had nor proposed excluding Catholics from the House of Lords, nor was it suggested that such peers would act against the established religion until late in the reign of Charles II. Where could any pretext be found now, he asked?

But the Lord Chancellor, Lord Eldon, said the bill sought nothing more or less than unlimited concessions to Catholics. If it was passed, the liberties and laws of the county would be 'all gone'.

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INTERNATIONAL NEWS

UK anger at Chios only just below surface

Britain is publicly maintaining its policy of neutrality in the conflict between Greeks seeking independence and the Ottoman authorities, but it is clear that patience in Whitehall is wearing thin.

The Foreign Secretary, the Marquess of Londonderry, is understood to have instructed the British Ambassador, Lord Strangford, to protest to the government in Constantinople.

Sources have described their conduct as "the most ferocious and hateful barbarism".

In Parliament, the prime minister has insisted that Britain has no right to interfere in another country's affairs, unless its own safety is at stake. Lord Liverpool denied a Whig claim that the ambassador had obtained a guarantee of safety for Chiot hostages in Constantinople who were later killed.

Bolivar reigns supreme in leadership battle The 'liberator', Simón Bolívar, has emerged as the dominant force in the South American struggle for independence from Spain after a two-day summit with the Argentine commander, José de San Martín, at Guayaquil in Colombia. Sr Bolívar favours the new states becoming republics, his rival preferred monarchies. In Washington, the US has now recognised the first new nation, о Colombia.

Greeks sink Ottoman flagship, reprisals follow

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reek pro-independence forces have hit the Ottoman fleet in a dramatic response to the mass murder and enslavement of residents of the island of Chios - but the attack has led to fresh killings on the Aegean island.

Greek vessels from the nearby island of Psara, commanded by fire-ship captain Konstantinos Kanaris, attacked the Ottoman fleet moored off Chios as crew celebrated the end of Ramadan. The flagship of Admiral Nasuhzade Ali Pasha was sunk when its powder store ignited. More than 2,000 died, including the admiral.

One witness described a scene of indescribable confusion. Christophorus Castanis, 8, who had escaped from his Ottoman slave-owner and taken refuge in the British consulate, said ignited cannons were discharging balls at random. "Suddenly that floating Pandemonium burst like a volcano," he said.

A FRENCH MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF PETA (L) AND CHIOS (R)

The blast was visible in the Turkish city of о Smyrna, but reaction has been muted with a senior imam blaming the deaths on the crimes of Ottoman forces.

The next day, the shoreline was covered with bodies and Ottoman forces began an assault on the remaining islanders, targeting 20 villages where mastic, a sweetsmelling resin, is produced.

These had previously been spared because of its use as chewing gum and breath fresheners in the imperial harem in о Constantinople.

It is estimated that 25,000

Greek Chiots have been killed, with 45,000 taken as slaves and up to 20,000 escaping by sea, leaving the population now at 20,000.

In other news, Ottoman forces have defeated Greek troops in a rare pitched battle near the town of Peta in the western region of Epirus.

NEWS IN BRIEF: The two Royal Navy ships looking for the Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean have finally sailed after winter ice melted in temperatures rising to 50f/10c.

But two crew from HMS Fury and HMS Hecla have died of stomach ailments.

Spain in turmoil after failed revolt A revolt by royal guards loyal to embattled King Ferdinand VII has been crushed in Madrid, with reports from the Spanish capital speaking of considerable loss of life.

Three guards' divisions marched on Madrid on 7 July in a move assumed to enjoy the support of the king, who is effectively under house arrest.

But government forces quickly defeated the rebels to see off what observers say was a badly-planned and worseexecuted operation. As many as 3,000 royal guards may have been killed or wounded.

This has been a major challenge to the liberal political system re-instated in 1820 after an army revolt against Ferdinand's authoritarian rule. The king had overturned the reformist constitution of 1812 that had introduced universal male suffrage.

The guards' revolt is bound to add to the intense political pressure on the five-month old moderate administration of Francisco Martínez de la Rosa from both left and right. It is

EDITION 2: JULY 1822/2022

© MADRID, MUSEO NACIONAL DEL PRADO

THE MARQUESS OF LONDONDERRY, THE FORMER LORD CASTLEREAGH

о LARGER THAN COLOMBIA NOW, INCL PART OF PANAMA, VENEZUELA AND ECUADOR о SMYRNA = IZMIR NOW, CONSTANTINOPLE = ISTANBUL

KING FERDINAND VII, PAINTED BY GOYA IN COURT DRESS IN 1814-15.

simultaneously having to contend with insurgent activity in Catalonia, Navarre, Aragon and Galicia. Some commentators are describing the mood in Spain as almost amounting to a civil war.

OUR DIARY COLUMN 200

MUSEUM OF FARNHAM | ARTUK

This month, in 200’s diary column, why ministers have extra reason to be happy the King is heading north, and how America's foreign minister loves to swim in the nude

WILLIAM COBBETT

K

ing George has already called in his tailors and jewellers to prepare the costumes he will wear during his historic visit to Scotland.

They will not have much time, and money is unlikely to be an issue.

That may scare Lord Liverpool and his Tory ministers who will have far from fond memories of the former Prince Regent's profligate spending.

In one respect, however, they may be delighted that the King has brought forward his visit to Scotland, which was originally scheduled to happen in 1823.

This means George has abandoned any plans to travel soon to the continent at a time when there is so much sensitivity in Europe. Heads of state and foreign ministers will gather at Verona in Italy later in the year to discuss events

After his latest fact-finding rural ride in southern England, I hear pamphleteer William Cobbett has been saying that in the fields all the mowers are English, the haymakers Irish.

Scotchmen, though, toil hard enough at home, but when they go away, 'it is not to work, if you please'. Instead you find them in gardens, "tying up flowers, picking dead leaves off exotics, peeping into melonframes." The heavy work, he maintains, they leave to others.

in Greece, Italy and potentially the instability in Spain.

I understand ministers were fearful that the King might get too involved with the diplomacy and become too associated with the hardline conservative Austrian Chancellor, Prince Metternich.

PRINCE KLEMENS VON METTERNICH

They were also, I am sure, mindful that when the King went to his 'other' kingdom of Hanover last year, there was criticism on his return about his spendthrift behaviour.

America's Secretary of State has an answer to Washington's hot weather and eating too much - go skinny-dipping in the Potomac. John Quincy Adams began a fitness regime when he returned from Europe in 1817. We hear it involves walking and jogging in cool weather, swimming when it is hot. British ambassador Stratford Canning got a shock last year when he spotted Mr Adams in the river - wearing only a black cap and goggles.

Our latest intelligence

Will King George just go to Edinburgh during his Scottish visit? That seems very likely, not least hecause of fears about his safety should he go to the fast-growing industrial city of Glasgow, now only sightly smaller than the capital, and only 40 miles west.

Glasgow of course was the centre of the so-called ''radical rising' in 1820, when a shortlived provisional government was proclaimed. The rebellion was put down with ease and three leaders were hanged.

Europe's leech craze has spread across Europe, and reached London. St Thomas's Hospital says it expects to use 50,000 of the little creatures this year, 30 times more than in 1818. French physician François Joseph Victor Broussais believes that mild bloodletting can be the solution to every disease, and that using the tiny worms is the way to do it, removing blood from the parts of the skin closest to an inflamed organ. Not enough leeches are coming to hand naturally, so leech farming has begun.

Irish MP Richard Martin hopes his pioneering bill against cruelty to animals will become law later this month. He has already been delighted by the news that the old cockpit in Westminster is to be converted into a chapel.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1825)

NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON. CREATIVE COMMONS CCO 1.0

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HOME NEWS | SCIENCE, INVENTION AND EXPLORATION

Public and newspaper unease is growing over the fate of a young soldier who received 300 lashes for trying to sell on spoons stolen from an officers' mess.

Private John Furnell, of the 2nd Regiment of Foot, is reported to be close to death

A

calculating machine that could make the errors often contained in critical mathematical tables a thing of the past has been invented by a British mathematician.

London-based Charles Babbage revealed detailed plans for a 'difference engine' in a letter this month to Sir Humphrey Davy, president of the Royal Society. He has completed an experimental model after two years work, and is now to seek government funding.

So far scientists, navigators, engineers, actuaries and bankers have had to rely on printed mathematical tables when making complex calculations. These tables are, however, notorious for their errors.

CHARLES BABBAGE (1841)

There have been reports of ships running aground because of mistakes in navigational tables. Mr Babbage believes public money has been lost on a large scale because of errors that get into tables used to work out annuities when they

are calculated and copied by hand by humans known as computers.

Charles Babbage is understood to be using the method of finite differences in the development of his prototype difference engine. His machine could lead the way to significant mechanisation of mathematical calculations, cutting out errors, and saving time and money.

Born in London in 1791, Charles Babbage showed his talent for maths and inventions at an early age. He went to Cambridge University but disagreed with theories of mathematics taught there. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1816 aged only 25. >>>Resources & further reading

Parisians enjoy new 'magic' picture spectacle French audiences have had the first chance to look at their world through a new picture-viewing device called the diorama.

On show for the last week in Paris's theatreland, the diorama is said to have caused astonishment by using changing light effects to create an illusion of reality.

Designer Louis Daguerre uses huge art works painted on translucent surfaces, illuminated by different

sources of light to create what some observers have described as magic, with the illusion of 'being there'.

Architectural painter Charles Marie Bouton has joined Louis Daguerre in the new picture show venture.

They hope to bring it to British audiences before the end of 1823.

The first two scenes used were of a Swiss valley, and the interior of Trinity Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral.

The King has knighted Sir Edward Banks (above), the man in charge of building London's Waterloo and Southwark bridges. He is the first engineer to be knighted.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND THANKS 200 Magazine is researched and written by John Evans. He gratefully acknowledges the help of Jane Evans, Jude Painter, Red Rocket Studio, Terry Dunne, Hannah Armstrong, Catherine Pugh (Liverpool University Press), Geraldine Roberts, Joe Middleton (Herschel Museum), Eddie Bundy (British Newspaper Archive), British Library, Cambridge University Library, Central Bedfordshire Libraries.

General comments: feedback@200livinghistory.info Copyright issues/takedown requests: please contact john@freehistoryproject.uk marking your email 'urgent'.

Amazon links, where given, are included because of the detail, reviews and purchasers' comments provided. Secondhand copies of books can be obtained using www.bookfinder.com We aim for 100% accuracy, but please check with visitor attractions before travelling to any mentioned in these pages.

EDITION 2: JULY 1822/2022

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in York, where he has been receiving medical treatment.

The soldier was flogged at the army barracks in Hull after being found guilty at a courtmartial of 'highly irregular and unsoldier-like conduct'.

He had in his possession one or more silver spoons, which he was attempting to dispose of, 'knowing it or them to be improperly come by'.

The sentence of 300 lashes was confirmed by the regiment's commanding officer, and adminstered on 22 June.

The army has insisted that no more lashes were inflicted than the sentence permitted, and Pte. Furnell was sent immediately to hospital after the punishment was completed.

It has been confirmed that the soldier rode on a baggage train when the regiment marched from Hull to York.

There are claims that a large travelling bag fell on his back during the journey. The weather was hot and Pte. Furnel is said to have been much jolted around on the cart.

New invention could mean human computers' days are numbered WELLCOME COLLECTION | PUBLIC DOMAIN

Flogged soldier close to death

THE ARTS AND SPORT

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9 © TATE GALLERY, LONDON. CREATIVE COMMONS CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0 (UNPORTED)

THE DESTRUCTION OF POMPEI AND HERCULANEUM, JOHN MARTIN, 1822, RESTORED 2011

о ONE SHILLING = 5p = APPROX £5 NOW

This is the extraordinary 8 foot by 5 foot canvas that is one of the highlights of painter John Martin's one-man show at the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly, London, which has been running since March. The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum was only completed shortly before the exhibition started at London's largest private gallery. The Egyptian Hall is owned by showman and collector William Bullock and the о one shilling admission secures entrance not just to Mr Martin's art exhibition, but also 32,000 objects of natural history, ethnography and archaeology. Attractions this year have included a display about Lapland, featuring costumed Laplanders with a sledge and live reindeer.

The exhibition has confirmed John Martin's growing reputation among the public as a painter of spectacular disaster art. He has been praised by Sir Thomas Lawrence as 'the most popular painter of the day'. John Martin's Belshazzar's Feast has been seen by upwards of 50,000 people in a second show, at the British Institution's gallery in Pall Mall. >>> Notes from Now (p11)

Obituary: Percy Shelley of an essay, The Necessity of Atheism, and was expelled from Oxford University. In 1816, he described himself as an "Atheist. Lover of Humanity. Democrat." He was a vegetarian and advocate of free love.

Shelley's first significant poem, Queen Mab attacked the evil of tyranny, and the publisher was prosecuted. His best-known works included Prometheus Unbound (1820) and Ozymandias (1818).

Percy Shelley married the writer Mary Godwin in 1816.

Music school for London Plans have been announced for a first-ever music school, or conservatoire, to be opened in London next year. It is to be based near Hanover Square, and the pupils will be young men and women.

The first principal will be composer and organist Dr William Crotch, 47. He played

the organ for the then King George III in 1779 at the age of three, performing additionally when rewarded with a cake, apple or orange.

The king is understood to support the new Royal Academy of Music, and trustees include the Duke of Wellington, a keen violinist.

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n attempt to bowl roundarm has been ruled against the rules of cricket in dramatic scenes at a packed Lord's ground in Middlesex.

The MCC team contained several of the sport's leading establishment figures, so a confrontation with Willes at the game's most important ground, was perhaps inevitable.

Kent's John Willes was noballed by umpire Harry Bentley early on the opening day of the first-class match against the Marylebone (MCC) club. He is reported to have stormed out of the ground, left on horseback, and played no further part in the match. He was substituted by Kent, who won by an innings and four THOMAS LORD'S GROUND JUST TO THE WEST OF REGENT'S PARK, IN A NEW 1822 MAP runs.

John Willes, a landowner, The MCC began to set the first used this action in 1807 laws of the game when it to give bowlers more of a was founded in 1787. It ruled chance against batsmen. Some six years ago, as the sport have suggested his sister, resumed after the wars with Christiana, thought up the idea.

France, that only under-arm bowling was permitted, with >>>> Notes from Now (p11) the hand below the elbow.

HARVARD MAP COLLECTION, HARVARD UNIVERSITY | CREATIVE COMMONS 4.0 BY

Percy Bysshe Shelley, who has died at the age of 29, was one of Britain's leading romantic poets, part of a loose group that included Lord Byron, the late John Keats, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Blake and the poet laureate, Robert Southey Unlike Southey and Wordsworth, Percy Shelley held radical political views.

His unpublished poems written after the Peterloo massacre are believed to have attacked Tory ministers including Lord Castlereagh.

He refused to deny authorship

Cricket rocked by bowling action row

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East London's lost palace: gone by 1825

Special offer - 30% off

RESOURCES AND FURTHER READING Charleston uprising Denmark Vesey, the Buried story of America's largest slave rebellion and the man who led it, by David Robertson (Alfred a Knopf Inc, 1999) Amazon

Author Hannah Armstrong on how she researched the history of Wanstead House

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y earliest memories are of walks in Wanstead Park with my mother, who first told me about a Georgian palace which once stood in the grounds.

My interest in the house was rekindled during my masters in Decorative Arts and Design History where I came across references to Wanstead as one of Georgian England’s finest houses and became fascinated by the tale of its tragic demolition.

RICHARD WESTALL'S UNDATED PAINTING OF WANSTEAD HOUSE

Despite its removal from the landscape, there is a wealth of archival material to draw on for Wanstead House including the 1822 sales catalogue, an inventory, architectural plans, paintings, furniture, maps, correspondence, visitor and newspaper accounts. The landscape also offers clues byway of archaeological remains and surviving structures.

Through careful crossexamination, I was able to piece together how the house and grounds appeared and was used under different ownerships throughout the 18th-century and the events which led to its demise.

Much of my research was carried out at local archives, the British Library, National Art Library and National Archives, alongside several online

resources, including the Getty Provenance Index, a database of archival inventories and sale catalogues, Art UK, and the British Newspaper Archive. There remains much to discover about Georgian England’s lost houses. I hope that my research can inspire others to uncover these important historic treasures.

Hannah Armstrong completed her PhD at Birkbeck, University of London in 2016, after studying at the University of Glasgow, where she graduated with a Masters with Distinction in Decorative Arts and Design History.

Wanstead House, East London's Lost Palace by Hannah Armstrong was published by Liverpool University Press for Historic England in 2022. Readers of 200 can get a 30% discount on the LUP website. Simply enter WANSTEAD30 at the checkout.

>>> Notes from Now (p11)

Whatever happened to Wanstead House's building and contents?

A town house in Cambridge is perhaps not the place you would expect to find the remnants of a 'lost palace'.

But here, in Hills Road, is the largest-known collection of the fabric of William and Catherine's dream home-cumnightmare. Builder Richard Woods bought the Corinthian

door cases pictured at the sale at Wanstead in 1823/24, that was swiftly followed by its demolition. He also got a wrought iron ballustrade, and fireplaces for panelled rooms inside. Some furniture and paintings went to Chatsworth House in Derbyshire with chairs, settees and tables at

Wilton House in Wiltshire.

See also DiCamillo Companion

EDITION 2: JULY 1822/2022

Ireland: The Other Famine: The 1822 Crisis in County Leitrim,

by Gerard MacAtasney (THP Ireland, 2012) Amazon | "When did it all begin, this enthusiasm for adventures undertaken for charity?", Irish Times, 2012 George IV in Scotland: George IV, by Christopher Hibbert (Allen Lane, 1973) Amazon | The King's Jaunt, by John Prebble (Collins, 1988) Amazon Spain in turmoil: Spain 18081975, by Raymond Carr (Oxford University Press, 1966) Amazon Babbage's invention: Charles Babbage and his Calculating Engines, by Doron Swade (Science Museum, 1991) New Scientist | Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the computer, by Anthony Hyman Amazon Royal Academy of Music: Academy bicententenary plans A history of the Royal Academy of Music from 1822 to 1922 Stately homes Wanstead House, East London's Lost Palace, Hannah Armstrong (LUP/Historic England, 2022) Liverpool University Press | The Angel and the Cad, by Geraldine Roberts (Macmillan, 2015) Amazon Herschel bicentenary: The Age of Wonder, by Richard Holmes (Harper Press, 2008) Amazon | Richard Holmes - YouTube video

HILLS ROAD PHOTO: HANNAH ARMSTRONG

YALE CENTER FOR BRITISH ART, PAUL MELLON COLLECTION

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1822’S PEOPLE

b: 22 Aug 1771, Newburn, Northumberland | Age now in 1822: 50 d: 11 Aug 1840, aged 68

Statistician and civil servant | Proposed headcount in paper of 1796, rejecting view that population was falling | Believed census would help government recruit for war v France | Organised first four censuses, 1801-31 | Secretary to Commons Speaker Charles Abbot | Friend of Thomas Telford and Robert Southey

Wikipedia National Portrait Gallery UK Parliament Story of the Census - Office for National Statistics website Counting the People National Archives blog The First Census - Horsham museum website

Charles Babbage, Scientist

Wikipedia National Portrait Gallery, London The Pride and Passion of Mr Babbage - Science Museum Babbage entry - Waking the Dead project Books: Charles Babbage | Anthony Hyman Irascible genius | Maboth Moseley The Cogwheel Brain | Doron Swade

John Martin, Painter and innovator

b: 19 July 1789, Haydon Bridge, Northumberland | Age now in 1822: 33 d: 17 Feb 1854, aged 64 | Buried: Kensal Green Cemetery, London

Famous for large-scale epic panoramas | Usually inspired by historic and biblical themes of disaster | Drawing tutor to Prince Regent's daughter Charlotte | Never accepted as serious painter by art establishment and Royal Academy | Appealed direct to public with prints of his work | Devised schemes to improve London, including building embankments, sewers and underground railway system

Wikipedia National Portrait Gallery, London Tate Gallery Books: John Martin | Thomas Balston The Prometheans, John Martin and the Generation that Stole the Future | Max Adams

Observations about the news from 1822

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ave you ever heard of Amelia Curran? No, me neither. She was an Irish portrait painter around our time in the 1820s. It is her painting in our report of Percy Shelley's death. It was her most famous work, though not one apparently with which she was happy. Richard Holmes, in his acclaimed biography of the poet, recounts how Amelia Curran was about to burn the painting when Mary Shelley said she wanted it. Amelia is just one of the many women artists, writers, scientists and campagners we are featuring to do our bit to redress the gender imbalance of the time.

If you have seen another portrait of Shelley, chances are it says it is 'after Amelia Curran' and bears a strong ressemblance to hers.

Amelia Curran may have been little-known in her 1775-1847 lifetime. The same cannot be said of Catherine Tylney Long, one of the richest women in the UK and owner of the ill-fated Wanstead House. She made what was ultimately a disastrous choice of husband in the 1810s. Pursued by the Duke of Clarence, she instead chose what the couple's biographer Geraldine Roberts calls 'the cad' - a former MP, related to the Duke of Wellington, who frittered away her heiress's inheritance.

Painter John Martin was working in cinemascope 100 years ahead of his time. The blockbuster we feature this month has a fascinating history. In 1928 The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum was badly damaged when the Tate Gallery's basement was flooded. The painting was extensively restored in 2011. It is on show at ACMI, Melbourne, until November.

The duke became King William IV in 1830. Had Catherine chosen him, the odds are that one of their children would have become king or queen, not Victoria, in 1837. All her descendants would have been minor royals, not the monarchs of the last 185 years.

What actully happened at Lord's cricket ground 200 years ago as we report earlier in this edition, is far from certain. There are sceptics.

Sir John Major, in his book, More than a Game, calls it a widely accepted, charming but dubious legend of the sport.

The same applies to the role of Willes's sister, apparently seeking a bowling action for a woman with a hooped skirt.

But this report in Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle on 21 July 1822 does seem to confirm at least the bare bones of the tale.

CATHERINE TYLNEY LONG (C. 1810) IMAGE COURTESY OF GERALDINE ROBERTS

NEWSPAPER IMAGE © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. WITH THANKS TO THE BRITISH NEWSPAPER ARCHIVE

Polymath, mathematician, computer pioneer and engineer | Working life dominated by automatic calculating machines | First was 1822's experimental difference engine | Got public funding for large fully engineered machines | Inventions and ideas included railway black box, tidal power, decimal currency and speaking tubes linking London and Liverpool | Parts of his brain at London Science Museum and Royal College of Surgeons

b: 26 Dec 1791, London | Age now in 1822: 30 d 18 Oct 1871, aged 79, London | Buried: Kensal Green Cemetery, London

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NOTES FROM NOW

Fast facts on news-makers from 200 years ago

John Rickman, Census inventor and organiser

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Bicentenary: honouring pioneer astronomer Herschel

WILLIAM HERSCHEL, PAINTED IN 1814, AGED 76

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s well as doubling the size of the known universe when he identified Uranus, Hanover-born William Herschel (1738-1822) made telescopes, including a record-breaking 40-foot one, discovered infra-red radiation, introduced the term 'asteroid', and investigated the possibility of life beyond Earth, and sunspots and climate. He was a talented musician and composer, becoming director for a time of Bath's orchestra, for which his sister was a soprano soloist. He was Dr Herschel, not 'Sir William', as he is often wrongly known, as he was never knighted in Britain.

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BRENDA J PEART #DAVISUALGRIOT | CREATIVE COMMONS CC BY-SA 4.0

Spoiler alert: The death of Dr William Herschel, who discovered the planet of Uranus from the garden of a Bath townhouse in 1781, will be reported in our September 1822 edition. He has been called the Einstein of his time.

ATH: An exhibition highlighting the achievements of William Herschel and his contribution to our understanding of space has begun at the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, and continues until the end of 2022.

This is the house where Uranus was identified and where Dr Herschel and his sister Caroline lived in two spells in the 1770s and 1780s, part of their 16 years in Bath.

In conjunction with the Royal Astronomical Society (of which Dr Herschel was the first president in 1821) and his descendants, the Bath Preservation Trust will be exhibiting original artefacts.

These include William's notebook, including his entries on the night he observed Uranus (almost two billion miles away), family letters, and a catalogue of stars compiled by Caroline Herschel, who herself became a professional astronomer.

S

LOUGH: In partnership with the Herschel Museum, Slough Museum is marking the 200th anniversary of the death of Dr Herschel – who lived, married and is buried in Slough – with a series of free public workshops, performances and exhibitions.

William Herschel came to live in Berkshire after being appointed the King's Astronomer (not the same as the Astronomer Royal), and lived there until his death.

ABOVE: A REPLICA OF THE 7-FOOT 'URANUS TELESCOPE' AT THE HERSCHEL MUSEUM. LEFT AND BELOW: THE GARDEN AND MUSEUM FRONTAGE AT 19

Sister Caroline worked as his assistant. She was reputedly the first woman employed in a government role.

Commemorative events include an exhibition starting on 25 August, the date of the bicentenary, family activities, and a light installation of the stars Caroline discovered.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

Herschel Society Herschel Archive (Archives Hub) Royal Astronomical Society American Astronomical Society webinar In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 (2021)

NEWS IN BRIEF

Charleston's 1822 slavery legacy

Ireland's revamped National Famine Museum in Co. Roscommon is now open.....Fonthill Fever, a free exhibition about the 1822 sale by William Beckford, is at Gold Hill Museum in Shaftesbury, Dorset, until 31 October.....Biscuit Town, an exhibition about 200 years of Huntley and Palmer at the Museum of English Rural Life in Reading, runs until 25 September.

This statue of Denmark Vesey was unveiled in Charleston in 2015, but the leader of the revolt has been a controversial figure, with critics calling him a terrorist and 'a man determined to create mayhem'.

His plans for an uprising did include murdering slave owners, though it is hard to see how any revolt could have succeeded without such action.

DENMARK VESEY MONUMENT

EDITION 2: JULY 1822/2022

More information: Official report of the trials of sundry Negroes.... Charleston, 1822 'Charleston formally apologizes for role in slavery' ABC News 'The awkward questions about slavery from tourists in US South' - BBC News Denmark Vesey's House Discover South Carolina

TOP AND MIDDLE PICTURES: (C) BATH PRESERVATION TRUST

© THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE SCIENCE MUSEUM CREATIVE COMMONS CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

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