SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture
BUILDING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS REPORT IT APPLICATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN [ARC 62004] JOCELYN JILL JOSEPH
Ar. Lee Sze Ee June, 2021
0332751
CONTENT
BUILDING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS REPORT
SECTION I 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Project Objectives 1.3 Methology 1.4 Study model analysis 1.4.1 Floor Plans 1.4.2 Atrium Study 1.4.3 Service Core 1.4.4 Building Orientation 1.4.5 Elevations
1.4.6 Sun Path & Wind Path Study 1.5 Building Performance - Prior ReDesign 1.5.1 Solar Radiation Analysis 1.5.2 Daylighting Analysis 1.5.3 Building Energy Analysis
SECTION II 2.1 Design Strategies towards Energy-Efficient Building 2.1.1 Passive - Facade , Roof and Landscaping 2.1.2 Active - Solar and Lighting System 2.1.3 Other Strategies in Optimization
SECTION III 3.1 Building Performance - Post ReDesign 3.1.1 Solar Radiation Analysis 3.1.2 Daylighting Analysis 3.1.3 Building Energy Analysis
SECTION I
1.1 Project Introduction The 5-storeys hotel was designed based on a concentric layout with an open spaces where the central courtyard helps enhance the interaction between spaces. It also plays with openings which allows ventilation to occur across the building. It mainly uses columns and beams as the core structure with curtain wall facade inserted between the columns and a mixture of shear wall as the secondary structure.
1.2 Project Objectives This report is of a case study that includes the energy and environmental performance analysis workflow with its post design approach. The analysis achieved through performing various energy simulation tools and softwares for an office building that is located in Taylor’s University (beside the commercial block). Figure 1 shows the proposed site location of the case study. (Google Maps Coordinate: 3.062876 101.616241).
www.autodesk.com/revit
No.
Description
Date
1.3 Methodology After applying the base version of the Building Energy model (BEM) from project 1, many steps taken to see the effect of various strategies such as changing the facade, applying sun shades to minimize solar heat gain, sun shades to reduce the harsh daylight through the atrium.
SITE 2656 sqm/0.65 acre
Owner Project Name Unnamed 0001
Project number
Issue Date Author
Drawn by
Checker
Checked by
1
SITE PLAN 1 : 500
0
10
20
A101
50 Scale
1 : 500
27/03/2021 12:11:32 PM
Date
Figure 1 • To develop an awareness of the performance-based design approach, with building performance analysis as part of the design process in producing anenergy and environmental efficient design scheme. • To develop an understanding of the climatic impact on building performance and how couldarchitectural design could optimize the building performance.
As changes are made, the model are being test run to see which changes being made are to be finalized. The results of the changes being made may be high or may be lower than the building energy simulation prior to any changes. The study helps us to understand the effect of building facades inside the spaces and how to analyse a building energy usage. In this study, The unit used for building energy analyzation is kWh/m2/yr . Exp : It takes 380 Kwh to heat up a m2 of space in a year.
SECTION I
1.4 Study Model Analysis 1.4.1 Floor Plans
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
1.4.2 Atrium Study
Second & Third Floor Plan
Fourth Floor Plan
1.4.3 Service core
The services core contains amenities room, security offices at the ground floor while the basic services all the way up to the top level. The are also two feature lifts for customers and one service lift. Building service core is situated at the top left corner of the hotel layout. The location of the service core are closer to the West end in order to block the harsh evening sunlight. This allows for the offices, living area, break area to be located at the East, where the morning sun is not very harsh, and at the North and South end to have optimized comfort throughout the day without the harsh sunlight.
An Atrium is large open space within a building providing daylight and visual amenity for the surrounding building space (Kleiven, 2003). Vitiated air from the building is removed by the process of stack effect through atriums as warm air is lighter and rises up while cold air is denser and falls to the ground. It also gives an attractive environment that can be used for many purposes ranging from gardens, cafes or canteens and traffic areas.
1.4.4 Building Orientation
The section shows how the atrium allows for stack ventilation as a passive design strategy for the building. Not only that, the translucent polycarbonate sheet allows for daylight to penetrate into the meeting spaces.
The building sits on a empty parking land with the surrounding context of trees on the West, Taylor’s University Commercial Block on the North and overlooking the manmade lake on the South. Therefore, the site has abundant of sunlight throughout the day.
SECTION I
1.4 Study Model Analysis 1.4.5 Elevations
1.4.6 Sun Path & Wind Path Study Shadow Analysis - 10 am
Shadow Analysis - 5 pm
10:00 AM
N
N
E
E 5:00 PM
1 February 7:27 AM
W
7:26 PM
S
7:27 AM
W
7:26 PM
1 February
S
Continues amount of light throughout the day predominantly effects the East and West facade. North Elevation
Windrose Speed Annual
Monthly Temperature
The windrose shows that the prevailing wind mainly comes from the South amd East Northeast with a speed up to 10 Km/h. East Elevation
The total average windspeed is 1 km/h. Strong winds tend to blow during the monsoon seoson but maintain a hoft and humid climate throughout the rest of the year
Windrose Speed Monthly Dec - Feb
Mar - May
Jun -Aug
Sep - Nov
South Elevation Weather Station ID : 1446543
SECTION I
1.5 Building Performance - Prior ReDesign 1.5.1 Solar Radiation Analysis
1.5.2 Daylighting Analysis N
Solar analysis analyzes how much of the sun’s energy hits your site or building. This analysis doesn’t measure illuminance (light level). Quantifies the distribution and intensity of solar radiation on Revit model surfaces. The analysis considers shading by adjacent objects such as vegetation and surrounding buildings. Solar analysis can help identify locations for maximizing solar gain by considering shading effects. This project sun study was set from 1st of January, 12:00:00 to 1st of November, 23:59:00 for a yearly study.
W
The daylighting analytical model is to show the daylight exposure in the morning 9 AM of 18/06/2021. S
E
N
W S E
The daylighting analytical model is to show the daylight exposure in the afternoon 3 PM of 18/06/2021.
W
N
The 3D model solar radiation are most intense at the short facade at the East and West while the North South facade are exposure during the morning sun. Defferent sides of the faacdes receives different exposure of light during different times.
S
The daylighting analytical model is to show the daylight exposure in the evening 5 PM of 18/06/2021.
Third Floor Plan
Roof Floor Plan
The reading clearly shows the impact of solar heat gain surrounding the building especially towards the East and South. Although the East and West facade faces the hot morning and evening sun, the orientation of the service core becomes a blocking mechanism to lower down the solar heat gain from the Western evening sun.
E
N
W
S
E
SECTION I
1.5.2 Daylighting Analysis Ground Floor Plan
1.5.2 Daylighting Analysis - Illuminance LUX Render Third Floor Plan
Roof Floor Plan
Roof Floor Meeting Room
9 AM 18 June 2020
Atrium
3 PM 18 June 2020
Second Floor Lobby
5 PM 18 June 2020
The illuminance daylight analysis of the hotel shows the exposed surrounding spaces to the daylight during each time of the day. While the service core and toilets remain not exposed to the natural sunlight, the yellow zones shows a high lux reading which is above a standard ideal comfortable lux which is around 500-1500 lux, light blue zones. The daylight exposure also increased due to the existing atrium in the middle.
Space analysis for illuminance render choosen are the meeting room which facade faces the South, the atrium exposure to daylight and the second floor lobby which facade faces the East.
SECTION I
1.5 Building Performance - Prior ReDesign 1.5.3 Building Energy Analysis
Insight Analysis Prior Redesign Optimized
The benchmark comparison dropped to 128 with: • Window Wall Ratio Northern Walls: WWR to reduce to 30% area (Dropping by 7%) • Window Wall Ratio Southern Walls: WWR to reduce to 36% area (Dropping by 7%) • Window Wall Ratio Eastern Walls : WWR to reduce to 30% area (Dropping by 6%) • Window Wall Ratio Western Walls : WWR to reduce 15% area (Dropping by 5%) • OPERATING SCHEDULE: TO REDUCE TO 12/5 (Dropping by 25%) As to be seen at the schedule comparison, the wall construction and the operating schedule drops the most effecting the benchmark.
SECTION II
2.1 Design Strategies towards Energy-Effiecient Building 2.1.1 Passive - Facade , Roof and Landscaping
2.1.2 Active - Solar and Lighting System
PHOTOVOLATAIC PANELS -
These panels are located on the roof and generate close to 3.5kW of electricity from the sun’s energy and responsible for systems in the pie chart using solar power. VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL FACADE • Box shading is used on the South and North Facades to protect mainly the private rooms in the hotel while still allowing plenty of view towards the outdoor. The shading is managed through extending the floor and walls beyond the original grid boundary to protect from sun glare from the East and West. STUDY -
Vertical shading devices protects from sun for a horizontal shadow angle (HSA) at all sides such as East and West sun.
Horizontal shading device protects from sun at high angles to create a vertical shadow angle (VSA)
The photovoltaic (PV) cells are made from materials that are able to transform sunlight directly into electricity. By harvesting the sun energy, it creates a renewable energy without producing air pollutants or greenhouse gases.
Fully Closed
Partially Open
Fully Open
The use of timber louvres correspond to the natural light intensity as the sun approaches the East façade, the louvres are used to block the intense light therefore the use of active lighting systems will increase. ROOF • Replacing the batik fabric roof into a solid wooden roof to reduce the solar heat gain especially during the afternoon sun. This allows the space to usable during all hours of the day.
Combination of both shading device protects from sun in all orientations getting both VSA and HSA.
• Louvers on the atrium roof diffuses the sunlight for glare reduction. The louvers also allows spaces of opening in-between the blades for cross-ventilation.
OPERABLE VERTICAL LOUVERS FACADE • As for the East Facade, installing an operable louvers are the best option as it prevents excessive glare due to direct sunlight from the East and therefore reducing the solar impact. Opted for a operational devices as the sun-shading blades can be adjusted manually based on the different solar angles throughout the day and across the solstice annually.
• Reduce air-conditioning usage therefore reducing the cooling load and energy consumption effectively.
VEGETATION Minimizing building footprint by regenerating the indoor atrium and creating shade for the users. It also helps to cool down the ambient hot air trapped in the building and also effectively increase the oxygen level inside the building. As the plantation absorb solar radiation, the leaves would utilize it for phosynthesis. Bucida buceras
ACTIVE LIGHTING SYSTEM Timber Louvres • The East facing façade is covered with a system of timber louvres that pivot to optimize the penetration of natural light protect the façade from the harsh Eastern sun. T5 Lighting System • The use of T5 light fittings for ambient lighting and individual task lighting for spaces will consume 65% less energy
Caladium
Dieffenbachia
Needle Palm
SECTION II
2.1 Design Strategies towards Energy-Effiecient Building 2.1.3 Other Strategies in Optimization HVAC SYSTEM
RENEWABLE ENERGY
COOLING SYSTEM Council house 2 deal with heat load by re-chilling recirculated air. The air is refreshed twice an hour, removing around 40 per cent of the heat load from the building. Remaining 60 per cent of the heat load is stored during the day and removed at night.
REGENERATIVE LIFTS Regenerative drives capture the heat generated by elevators during use and convert it into reusable energy for the building rather than wasting it as heat.
Chilled Beams The chilled beams consist of copper tubes looped through a metal structure. The tubes tie into chilled water supply and return lines running in the cavities behind the precast concrete panels.
Roof
4000
20000
Level 5
3500
16000
Level 4 12500
Level 3 8000
9000
Level 2 4500
Level 1 0
The lifts in the building generate power when it is in the breaking mode. This happen due to the building equip with power regeneration drive whereby energy is regenerated as electricity whenever the lift machine is operating in a generator mode. When the lift travels downwards with heavy load or upwards with light load, the traction machine will act as a power generator and the lift is in the regenerative mode which convert the energy generated from the lift motor driven by gravity into electricity for other uses
In passive mode, fresh air is supplied from the floor and through natural ventilation only.
In active mode, the chilled beams operate and cool down the air supplied from the floor. Hot air would rise up towards the chilled beams while hold air would enter the space to cool the internal spaces
LIFT By adopting the lift power regeneration technology the CH2 can reduce the energy consumed by building transportation systems by up to 70% . To compare between the conventional lift and regenerative lifts are 20% to 30% more energy efficient.
2.1.4 To achieve
THERMAL COMFORT To achieve a thermal comfort above 50% for occupants and workers inside the building with a stable amout of airflow in and out of the building.
Workers
AIR QUALITY To surpass the Building Uses Studies Benchmark (BUS) with the average satisfaction percentage going over 50%.
Occupants
LIGHTING To increase the uses of natural daylight inside the building to lower down the energy usage benchmark while lowering down the glare.
SECTION III
3.1 Building Performance - Post ReDesign
3.1.2 Daylighting Analysis
3.1.1 Solar Radiation Analysis
N
Solar analysis analyzes how much of the sun’s energy hits your site or building. This analysis doesn’t measure illuminance (light level). Quantifies the distribution and intensity of solar radiation on Revit model surfaces. The analysis considers shading by adjacent objects such as vegetation and surrounding buildings. Solar analysis can help identify locations for maximizing solar gain by considering shading effects.
W
The daylighting analytical model is to show the daylight exposure in the morning 9 AM of 18/06/2021. East Facade as main shade.
This project sun study was set from 1st of January, 12:00:00 to 1st of November, 23:59:00 for a yearly study.
S
E
N
W
S E
W
N
S
The 3D model solar radiation are most intense at the short facade at the East and West while the North South facade are exposed during the morning sun.
The daylighting analytical model is to show the daylight exposure in the evening 5 PM of 18/06/2021. Service core as main shade.
N
Third Floor Plan
N
Roof Floor Plan
The reading clearly shows the reduced of solar heat gain surrounding the building especially towards the East, North and South. The vertical and horizontal louvers caused drastic effects towards the North and South reducing the heat gain while the East are less exposed through the operatable veritical louvers.
E
The daylighting analytical model is to show the daylight exposure in the afternoon 3 PM of 18/06/2021. North facade and roof louvers as main shade.
N
W
S
E
SECTION III
3.1.2 Daylighting Analysis Ground Floor Plan
3.1.2 Daylighting Analysis - Illuminance LUX Render Third Floor Plan
Roof Floor Plan
Roof Floor Meeting Room
9 AM 18 June 2020
Atrium
3 PM 18 June 2020
Second Floor Lobby
5 PM 18 June 2020
The illuminance daylight analysis of the hotel after optimization shows a less exposed surrounding spaces to the daylight during each time of the day. The atrium has less lesser sun glare being around 1500 lux reading while minimizing the daylight from the East, South and North almost reaching the standard comfort and also adding additional windows to darker parts of the building for natural sunlight.
Space analysis for illuminance render shows the spaces are less exposed and overheated which reduces the glare issue with just using curtain panels as facades. The addition of louvers and overhang shades lowering the lux reading.
SECTION III
3.1 Building Performance - Prior ReDesign 3.1.3 Building Energy Analysis
OVERALL ENERGY ANALYSIS The overall energy performance of the office building has reduces greatly and the benchmark changed from 251kWh/m2/yr above the ASHRAE 90.1 lowering to 251 128kWh/m2/yr and lowering more to 104kWh/m2/yr way below the ASHRAE 90.1 benchmark. -
-
1
2
8000
3
8000
4
8000
5
11
8000
8000
43
27
Roof
3075
20000 4000
1600
6
Level 5 Deluxe King
16000 3500
810
8000
8000
firestairs
7
Outdoor Smoking Area
8000
Level 4 12500
Fire Riser
3500
Suite
Storage / Ameneties Room Service lift
8 Lift
-
-
8000
40000
ELV Riser firestairs
Electric Riser
Electric Meter
-
Level 3 9000
Lift
Pump Room
9 Open Lounge (interactive platform - traditional leisure games - chess/congkak etc.)
8000
Suite
Level 2
Outdoor Smoking Area (view towards main road / high rise building)
4500
4500
10
8000
firestairs
8000
-
4500
Telephone Riser
Deluxe King
12
Level 1 0
OPTIMIZED OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCES Strategizing, equipting and regulating the operational performances helps to lowering down the enrgy consumption and increasing the building performance. This helps to lower down the benchmark and reducing the cost needed to heat each sqm per yer.