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ECO EFFECTIVE HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

2019 2020

Master of Architecture College of D | A | A | P University of Cincinnati

JIANNA JIYEON LEE

thesis TITLE Eco-Effective Regenerative High-rise Buildings in Benefit of Nature and the Growth of Resilience of a City

Professors: Michael McInturf / Elizabeth Riorden Student: Jianna Jiyeon Lee

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THESIS | FALL 2020

aBSTRACT How can we make skyscrapers environmentally friendly? And what novels will eco architecture bring us in the future? The growing public concerns and awareness of environmental and social problems related to contemporary architecture and industry have led many architects, business leaders, and communities to adopt sustainable practices that remain in effect over the long term. Such strategies aim for ‘green design’, the notion of ‘eco-footprint’, in reducing resource consumption, energy use, pollution, and waste. As a discretion to a new approach to green architecture, an eco-effective regenerative building would not only restore and improve the environment by using renewable sources to generate energy but would also promote the health and well-being of occupants by adaptive design. On the one hand, plant materials such as trees, shrubs, and greenery in the design process spur the potential of architectural strategies that activate sustainable environments and can increase the ecological resilience of the community. Some might argue that the overtly green design is too bland and unadventurous. It can be equally critical to acknowledge that ‘green design’ is ‘green dressing’. However, the bottom line implies that architects who are willing to challenge the experiential paradigm often lead potential for a shift to genuine green opportunism. For the optimistic cause of architectural sustainability, this study focuses on environmentally progressive, ecoeffective design solutions that support the high-rise building development of mixed-use density to provide necessary physical and technical support for sustainable architecture.

Fig. A : Personal Collage, Urban Habitat for Trees, Birds, and Humans

aCKNOWLEDGEMENT The earth is a big birdhouse and symbolizes human beings as birds living within it. Through this image, the “birdhouse” seeks to harmonize the relationship of various living species in a confined space and aims for human beings to maintain a healthy balance with the natural environment. In order to find a technical solution for this symbolic space and the environment where humans and nature coexist, various methods can be devised to determine what needs to be done for the “birdhouse”. Based on knowledge and imagination, design and technology will lead to the improvement of environmental problems and will further suggest specific ideas for a desirable future of the global environment. The goal is to form a new symbiotic relationship between nature, society, and technology to create a bright future in coexistence with the environment. I would like to thank Michael, who gave me a starting point in sustainable architecture, Elizabeth and Ming, who guided me to study the relationship between high-rise buildings and wind, Edward and Vincent, who presented developmental focus critics, Mara, who gave me an insight of organic building typology, Eric, who addressed essential building code and zoning of the city of Chicago, William, Aarati, Ryan and Simon, who helped me construct this paper. Thank you very much for all the architects, engineers, artists, scholars, and experts for their help in making this possible. Last but not least, I can’t be more than appreciated enough my beloved family for their unlimited and unconditional support and love.

Fig. B : Personal Collage, Birdhouse

3.0.3 | Chicago Lakeside Master Plan | SOM | p.26-27 3.0.4 | 400 Lakeshore Drive & DuSable Park | p.28-29 Physical Description

3.0.5 | Chicago Wind and Climate Analysis | p.30-31 3.0.6 | City of Chicago Building Code for Height and Area Limitation | p.32-33 3.0.7 | Economic Height | p.34-35 3.0.8 | Chicago Wind and Climate Analysis | p.36-39

4.0 | DESIGN PROCESS 4.0.1 | What is Eco-effective Regenerative High-rise Building? | p.40-45 It It It It It

is an architectural device that promotes coexistance of architecture and nature. is a renewable cycle of energy to the urban environment. reduces urban polllutions. mitigates urban sprawl. is a multiplier of biodiversity.

4.0.2 | Types of Trees and Shrubs in Chicago, IL | p.46-47 4.0.3 | Irrigation System | p.48-49 4.0.4 | Green Wall / Facade | p.49-50 4.0.5 | Green Roof | p.51 4.0.6 | Solarglass PV Panel | p.52-53 4.0.7 | Wind Turbine / Wind Design | p.54-57 4.0.8 | Wind Simulation (Wind Tunnel Testing) | p.58-61 4.0.9 | Site Plan | p.62-67 4.0.10 | Building Typology | p.68-73 4.0.11 | Building Design Concept | p.74-77 4.0.12 | Final Design Development | p.78-85 4.0.13 | Building Program | p.86-87 4.0.14 | Wind Turbine | p.88-89 4.0.15 | Final Site / Floor Plan | p.90-93 4.0.16 | Final Physical Model | p.94-95 4.0.17 | Atmospheric Perspective | p.96-99

5.0 | CONCLUSION | REFERENCES |

p.100-101

p.102-110

1.0 | introduction The global rapid urbanization is an incontrovertible reality. Now more than half of the world’s population live in urban areas – increasingly in highly dense cities (Ritchie, Urbanism). [1] From Lagos to Lahore, Seoul to Sao Paulo, economic, political, and social dynamics are driving people into cities in great numbers (UN DESA 2008: see also Urbanization Indicators). [2] It is predicted that more than 80 % of the world population will live in a urban center, whereas the majority of rural center indicate less than 20% by 2050. [3] However, it was not until the 20th century that urbanization around the world had rapidly accelerated within the last few centuries. It’s clear that more of us live in cities than at any point in human history. Even though cities occupy only one to three percent of total land area in each country, they consume 78 percent of the total energy used in the world. [4] The rapid urban growth results in problems, accordingly, associated with population density – substantially such as urban heat island effects, excessive waste, poorer ecosystem quality, loss of privacy, direct sunlight, and reduction of physical and mental wellbeing. [5] Since many of the cities are made of thick, impermeable asphalt and concrete, they absorb great amount of heat, forming heat island effects in urban space. In addition, cities are places where various human activities, traffic, and industries are occupied, being responsible for 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions which has significant impact on global warming. [6] Therefore, urban spaces will be a significant starting point to make changes with positive consequences, not only for the populous but also in the fight against global climate change.

Fig. 1.0.A : . Urban and Rural Population Change to 2050 (UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2018)

[1] Ritchie, Hannah & Roser, Max. Urbanization - https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization [2] Carirns, Stephen (2018). Future Cities Laboratory (Indicia). Lars Müller Publishers, 240 pages [3] Ritchie, Hannah & Roser, Max. Urbanization - https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization [4][5][6] Carirns, Stephen (2018). Future Cities Laboratory (Indicia). Lars Müller Publishers, 240 pages

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However, the unprecedented urbanization does not need to equal polluted concrete urban sprawl. Density, nevertheless, which many leading architects of the twentieth century have demonstrated, can be designed and designed well. It can be the ultimate test of intelligent design and, at its best, generate compact and livable urban environments that make our lives greener, healthier, and sustainable for current and future generations (Cairns, 2018). [7]

SELECTION CRITERIA

Fig. 1.0.B : Percentage of Population Living in urbanized Areas in Particular Country

• The global rapid urbanization is an incontrovertible reality. Now more than half of the world’s population live in urban area – increasingly in highly dense cities • Density can be designed well and intelligently to generate a compact and livable environment in which human beings rejoice in a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

1.1 | RESEARCH QUESTIONS • How can architecture become

environmentally friendly?

• How can architecture be an alternative to solving the environmental problems that existing architecture has entailed? • Why is the ecological building

performance and sustainable design regarded as a significant aspect

in the current era? • How can we create environments and buildings less vulnerable to nature?

• How can we create architecturally bioclimatic conditions of high-rise

buildings for healthy and liveable cities?

Fig. 1.0.C : Image illustrates high-rise buildings

[7] Carirns, Stephen (2018). Future Cities Laboratory (Indicia). Lars Müller Publishers, 240 pages

THESIS | 2020

1.2 | AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The objective of the study has started off questioning how to incorporate nature to a building system as a part of ecological performance, and what types of benefits that a new type of natural-artifacial combination can offer. Related projects are collected to analyze the impact of the buildings on the environment and architectural design, linked with maintenance and resilient factors. Various architectural strategies to activate building envelope with vegetative materials: stacking layers of gardens to balcony is researched and applied to the design process. Ideas for overhangs and protrusions to place plant materials are suggested as a buffer around building enclosed spaces. In addition, the study introduces environmental architecture aimed at maximizing the use of natural energy, instead of using fossil fuels, and producing electricity using sunlight or wind to create a pleasant environment. In that sense, Green Building refers to an eco-friendly building that gives sustainability to the built domains by preserving the natural resources, harmonizing humans and the environment, securing comfort, saving energy, reducing waste, and expanding recycling. From the growing public concerns and awareness of the environment and for the optimistic cause of architectural sustainability to foster livable and viable urbanism, environmentally progressive design solutions that support the high-rise building are explored.

Fig. 1.2.A : Facade of Green Cast, Japan by Kengo Kuma, 2011

Fig. 1.2.B : Green Cast, Japan by Kengo Kuma, 2011

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Fig. 1.2.C : ‘Ring Around Tree’ kindergarten, Tokyo, Japn by Tezuka Architect

SELECTION CRITERIA • Architecture with plant material aims for the coexistence of human and natural environment. • The visual and physical linkage with the elevated garden alters the atmosphere in and out of the building. • Environmentally progressive design solutions that support the high-rise building are explored. Fig. 1.2.D : Arario Museum in SPACE, Designed by Swoo- Geun Kim, South Korea

THESIS | 2020

2.0 |precedents 2.0.1 BOSCO VERTICALE | STEFANO BOERI ARCHITECTTI Vertical Forest in Milan, Italy, was selected as one of the world’s ten tallest buildings by the Emporis Skyscraper Award. The Emporis Skyscraper Award is the prestigious award for the best building for over 100m of skyscrapers, completed every year since 2000. It was ranked second. Known as its brand-named Bosco Verticale, it is rare for two highly structured buildings, 76m (262 ft, 18 floors) and 110m (367 ft, 26 floors), respectively. The trees, shrubs and covered plants used in the apartments are characterized by 480 mediumsized trees, 300 small trees, and 11,000 covered plants and 5,000 shrubs covering the entire building surface. [1] The area of natural greenery forms gardens and terraces, fulfilling the interior green space of the apartment. The main idea behind the formation of vertical forest is that eco-friendly plant materials are applied to skyscrapers, opening the possibility of environmental regeneration and biodiversity. The key to the biological architecture applied to the building is to create a lush garden with plants for each unit of the apartment. Italian architect Stefano Boeri saids during CNN interview in Nov 2019: “The ability to enlarge green surface inside and around our city is one of the most efficient ways to try to reverse climate change. So, a vertical forest is one of the possible ways to enlarge biological surfaces, in the horizontal and the vertical. The solution not only comes from gardens: why not also the side of the building?” [2]

The architect’s aggressive attempts to reconstruct the urban environment in the city of Milan, where air pollution is among the highest in European cities, through such novel attempts are thoughtful in building a sustainable natural green environment within an urban space.

Fig. 2.0.1.A : The first vertical forest in Millan, Italy

[1] Vertical Foresting. https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/vertical-foresting/ [2] The Architect Transforming Cities Into ‘vertical Forests’. https://www.cnn.com/style/article/riba-vertical-forest-stefano-boeri/index.html

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Fig. 2.0.1.B : 117 meters tall mixeduse tower in Switzerland

Fig. 2.0.1.D : Trees, shrubs, and flowers

Fig. 2.0.1.C : 54-meter-tall mixed-use tower located within the Paris

Fig. 2.0.1.E : Terrace

Fig. 2.0.1.G : Irregation system and vegetation plan

THESIS | 2020

Fig. 2.0.1.F: Vertical Forest Plan Eco-friendly construction and renewable energy applied to the building are another premium of the vertical forest. It applies solar panels to power the building and produces and utilizes renewable energy using wind photovoltaic energy. Water used in rainwater, toilets, and kitchens is also reused as watering plants in the garden. In line with the Green Building Councilâ€™s gold certification given by the US Green Building Council, it has many functions - such as oxygen supply and humidity done for the pollution in the city of Milan.

2.0 |precedents 2.0.2 ONE CENTRAL PARK | JEAN NOUVEL ATELIER

“A flower for each resident, and a bouquet to the city” -Bertram Beissel, Ateliers Jean Nouvel One-Central Park is a green building planned and built as part of the sustainable Sydney 2030 project. Built in Sydney, Australia, the poject is a 116-meter residential complex. A distinctive feature of this building is that it has a horizontal botanical garden on each terrace from 2nd floor to 33rd floor with vine cables. [1] The building was designed, planned and completed in 2013 by French architect, Jean Nouvel, who is known as the Architect of Light, and by Botanist, Patrick Blanc, at the French National Institute of Science. [2] The lower level is a residential complex with coexisting neighborhood living facilities, and the upper level is occupied by residential facilities. The gardens are managed individually by each unit resident, and the vertical modular gardens formed on exterior walls are by the maintenance. OneCentral Park has similarities with the eco-friendly apartment, Bosco Verticale in Milan, Italy, in terms of its terrace and landscaping. However, the structure and operation system of the public vertical park formed on the outer wall is different. It is said to be “a cliff-like building in nature, as if cut off one side of the Blue Mountain range and placed in one of the cities.” Another impressive feature of OneCentral Park is a heliostat which is installed in the upper penthouse of the building as a cantilevered structure. [3] It is an architectural reflector that acts as a mirror on the upper and lower part of the building, and extends the natural light by using reflection and refraction to the shaded space.

Fig. 2.0.2.A : Performance of Heliostat Mirrors on rooftop and cantilever structure

Fig. 2.0.2.B : Heliostat consisting of mirror

[1] One Central Park, Park Lane, and The Mark Technical Paper, Published by WATPAC Construction [2] The World’s “best Tall Building” Is Jean Nouvel’s High-rise Jungle in Sydney, Chris Bentley - https://archpaper.com/2014/11/the-worlds-best-tallbuilding-is-jean-nouvels-high-rise-jungle-in-sydney/ [3] One Central Park, Park Lane, and The Mark Technical Paper, Published by WATPAC Construction

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Fig. 2.0.2.C : Activated green facade

Fig. 2.0.2.D : Horizontal and vertical sky garden

Fig. 2.0.2.E: Cantilever structures 42 meters off the side of the east tower with LED lightings and mirror reflectors

Fig. 2.0.2.F : Central Park precinct, which was masterplanned by London office Foster + Partners.

THESIS | 2020

2.0 |precedents 2.0.3 VALLEY, AMSTERDAM | MVRDV In the last two decades, the Zuidas region of Amsterdam has been developed into the international business center in the Netherlands, but the benefits for residents have been reduced in these developments. Therefore, the purpose of the development of project Valley is to improve the shortcomings of the city by transforming the Zuidas region into a more livable and complete city center. [1] The plan is to introduce a large number of residents and introduce additional public facilities within the next decade. The project was created with the aim of realising a multifunctional building, which included a mixed program of offices, residences and amenities, covering a total floor area between 50,000m2 and 75,000m2. [2] Three of the highest elevations found in the valley can reach up to 100 meters. The building consists of 196 apartments and seven-storey offices. The parking space on the third basement floor can accommodate 375 vehicles and offers a variety of retail and cultural facilities. The first floor pedestrian walkways, along with several shops, terraces and roof gardens, cross to the center of the valley and are surrounded by the Central Tower. Internationally renowned landscape architect Piet Udolf designed all the plants and kept it green throughout the year. [3]

Fig. 2.0.3.B : Fifth Floor Plan Layout

Fig. 2.0.3.A : Valley in Zuidas, Amsterdam / Mixed use, Offices, Residential, Cultural, Bar-restaurant

Fig. 2.0.3.C : Section Planter

[1] , [2] Valley. https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/233/valley [3] Valley. Architect Magazine. https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/valley_1_o

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Fig. 2.0.3.D : Mixed-use retails malls at street level

Fig. 2.0.3.E : Towers pushed to edges

Fig. 2.0.3.F : The Grotto

Fig. 2.0.3 G : The Terraces

Fig. 2.0.3.H : The Public Valley

Fig. 2.0.3.I : The Terraced Tower

Fig. 2.0.3.J : Distributed Program

THESIS | 2020

3.0 |SITE ANALYSIS 3.0.1 | URBAN WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT The waterfront is used as a phrase meaning coastal roads such as land adjacent to the sea, rivers, lakes, etc. facing the city, but today it is more used as a spatial construct meaning that provides the citizens with the pleasant natural environment of the sea or rivers. Douglas M. Wrenn, an author of Urban Waterfront Development, said that the waterfront should be considered not only in terms of the location of the water resources in the city, but also in terms of urban context. [1] It is understood from the interrelationship between the water front and city. The creation of a waterfront space can be a measure of the emotional and intellectual level of urban residents living in a waterfront city, and plays a role of enhancing the city image. The characteristics of waterfront mirrors are as follows: First, as a natural space, there is a spatial value that includes nature-friendly elements such as the ocean, lake, water surface, and water flow. Second, it is possible to spread the atmosphere that promotes the emotional development and intellectual level of city members for enhancing the city image. Third, the waterfront makes the city beautiful by providing a resting place. Fourth, the waterfront can create a visual landmark of the city and enhance the beauty of the city with interesting elements related to water. Likewise, waterfront provides the ground necessary to enrich oneâ€™s life, including peopleâ€™s values, mindsets and emotions.

Fig. 3.0.1.A : Chicago River Waterfront

Fig. 3.0.1.B : Aerial View of Lake Shore Drive, Lake Michigan, Chicago, IL

[1] Douglas M. Wrenn. Urban Waterfront Development. Published by Urban Land Inst; 1st edition (March 1, 1983), 219 pages

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Fig. 3.0.1.C : Chicago Lakefront, 1938

THESIS | 2020