April 6, 1990: Passover Edition

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903010-00 60 NEBR HISTORICAL!SOC 1500 R ST LINCOLN NE

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SEBVINQ HEBRASKlK^tfJP IOWA SJCTli VM. iXVII No. 21 Omaha. Nabr.

11 NIaan, S7S0 Friday, AptrH 6,1M0 I

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5750

1990

By MoRJB Bfaline Passover—tlM holiday which odebrates the - exodus of the Jews from Egypt to frwdom in the Promised Land—also is an (^q;KHrtunity f<nthe Jewish Press to depart from its normal weekly coverage.

This special Passover issue contains information about the Holocaust: intoviews with survivors, some photographs from the past, and other stories related to this tenible h^toi^ ical period.

The Jewish Press, recognizing its responsibility as not only a purv^or of news, but also as a historical record, attenq>ted such a special issue many years ago.

However, at that time, many of the sur^vivors declined to participate because the memory was too painful to recall V •

/

We have found that despite the passage of nume than 60 years, many survivors still find the memiary too painful to recall and still are not wUUng to tdD their stories.

On the other hand, enou|^ of the survivors agreed to be interviewed so that this special issue now becomes a meaningful document.

Copies erf this newspaper, phis audio tq>es of the into^ews, are bong forwarded to the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washmgton, D.C.. to become part of the permanent Holocaust archives.

Thus, direct testimony from survivors in the Midwest ndll be catalogued along with testinKmy taken from other survivors throughout the country to create a 'mountain' of ^ict whioi'^aimot be disassembled by historical revisi(Husts of the present and future.

Scholars how will have easy access to the experiences pf victiins and to other witnesses of the Holddaust. \ Because of the willingness of survivors to bear witnera, the historical record qf man's greatest inh^msnity to man will -be preserved—and remembeM. On a perscmal note, let me say that the ediUxccta Jewish newspaper confronts the Holocaust daily.

More than a half century has passed since the eariy 19308—when the Holocaust began— and the wires of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency hum mercilessly with story afto: story, day after day.

On the day that I wrote this introduction, word came into the Jewish Press computer announcing the death of the great photogn^her Roman Vishniac.

Mr. Vishniac, seemingly working under a foreboding of doom, traveled across Europe in the montbuB before the Holocaust taking photogrfl|ths of Jewish life in maiqr countries.

Much of this Jewish history is preserved in his photography.

The stoiy of his death hicluded a quote of his which I pass aiimg to you, because it expresses thiB purpose dt this special issue so wdh "I was unable to save my people—only thev menuMy."

Cover art Artist and aeulptor Daniel Whetstone prepared the rendmjng which appears on Uie cover of thii^ issoe.

Titled. The WUriwiad Holocanst 8c^ tare, the drawing depicts the scu^tura and ground devehxmient of the Hofecaust memorial planned by the Society of £htrvivor« in Omaha.

Aoeording to Joe Boio, omidcnt of the Sodety, the coat of the pnlset is eethnated at $140,700 and the locatitm will be on the

The Jewieh Pres^

grounds of the Jewish Community Center.

Mr. Whetstone described the Whirlwmd as foflows: "The whirlwind of the past, by using the language of scu^ture, can reassure the livhig, when by chance or intent of diqiensatkm from the suffering is granted, allowing aU human life the expression of growing throQgfa peace with k>ve.

"The iHiirlwind aeuhiture of the tragic deetruction of human Bfrby humans.

OiMrK.PoM(

ifOMMan

IhMi^ied wseMy^rMiy

By The JswHeh Fsderallon of Omaha jMIMWStWOlWt

"The numpmg of the work has been not by those who were destroyed, rather those survivors who continue to Ml the pain.

"This work repreeents, at the ground, the symmetrical fonnation of Ufe; at the center, the abeenoe of life, using negative human forms; at the top, representing a more perfect state of beiog.

"As an artist, I interpret and reinterpret what I put into sculptural form, my vision of Che past, present and future."

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To keep the past alive ByJo»Bol» BMitljjr of Bw vivuf • •ntefanporttaooftlwBoeli^olSurvivwoltlnHoiocaoat is to katp the Unflila pwt aUv* ai« wnning to eoming fHMntians. The aanw BigniflcaofM has pot the obligatian oo our ehoakkn, not to lac tiw Holocaoflt al^ into obUvioo. We owe thia to an thooe who had perished r-Jind are buried, namalsaa, in nnidwitifiad graves.

Let ua not cloee oar egree and ears, it ia writtao in the skjr, to the threatening danger, which Has not in the te, hit rather fai the vary near ftitiire. Neo-Naala and other rpdst grotqio already live in giMt nombera among us and are just waiting for the signal The elogan "Never Again" waa not written for the paat bat ahoold be JaptaBve in preeant and future diqra.

The aoth centmy goes into histoiy as the ecotoy of

"ne world didn't learn from the Holocaust" barbarism; hate beeomeetvBtaeipleezpnBsian in the media and "Love tby M^pBQP'Js rarely mentioned.

God gave us a special du^. May we use this duty in the rij^ diiectiaB according to the rule written down in the1V)rah, the odtr book iridchgivea the rii^t I to an our doubts and queetions.

a matter of Tradition

The meoMiiee oif the Holocaust win never be forgotten and may Jews and Christians never forget the mesauaof theHoloeanatt.

I agnie with Eli* WierMi when he aays, "The world didn't learn from the Holocaust" It is our obligation and reeponsibility to make our Jews understand and nmemlMr. Those who don't wadt to hear the story and those who don't want to be bothered with horror tales, because thqr may be reminded of their guflt (rf having not listened b^ore, have fbrgotteniJis most inqxirtant laws of Judaism, "humanity and mitsvah." Thqr ahouki wake up. Theae take are not fadry talte, but the pure, sincere, nalted troth-

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llw leesons of the Hok>caust have to be tauj^t ceaseleesly, without making ourseivea heroaa, without self pity, without lament. "nie Holocauat lias 8^ in^Mfiant place in iiistary, and hialory is apt to repeat itadf.

Thoae who stand thwe with folded hands and ckMed eyea avp the onee who may be inviting a new Hokmnist.

Later generations already bAve a plus in defense and reoeuee the state of Israel—our homeland, the refuge for worid Jewry, built by thoee who learned the hard way.

It is our obligaticu to siqiport and strengthen Israel in every way we can in its fifl^t for existenoe. A major taak of oiir community ia to make the bomie of the pest known—not throu^ picnics, hucheons, dinners, (with a stuffed stomach we can hardly comprehend the terrible agoqy of hunger, thirst, torture, defeat, faihuman''^ ity) but through esUhitkna, meniariab, tri^ around the country, viaita to Ifraal; which show iriiat a people, so decimated and baat^ up. can do if it pots its mind to it.

Kitaber for Paaaover

laraal la the proof of Jewiah wO^iower, Jewiah daabe to exist, to b* called a aatkm anong the nations of the world, wh«e eomnrdioe, submiHiaD to disaater, baae flattery haa no place. . We can bo proud of having created aonething of our' own power, our owA wiOingniMo, our own faiteOact, not jnat what we iaheriiad. what w« were told to do because it is traditian to do it or we are axpedad tobe "qiedal? llie other leaaoo of the Society ia that Israel cann<il exiat on the preenmptloa of being "qpedaL" WalHpe - to worit on it to maka thia prasumptkm areaUty. It la not an easy taiji. I^t we hav« ahown that we ai« eqn^iped with qnalltiee^rith wfakfa we can coDilwr great seamlngty faivindble ohetadee.

We have to nouriah an famer faith that we win win and overvooia any disaster coming our way. TUs convictkm . has to bo anchored deep within ua, but this conviction can oolly grow in us by studiSB, knowing oar adversariee and thair odioua attitadaa toward na, fay knowing iriiat to do to prevent coming disaster. Caution is the mother of wit.

If later generationa have to face, unprepared like we, " the diaaetrona atrocities, the conaequencea will be the same as they have been for us or even worse. We have to amphasiae the true facts of the psst so that our children and graodchiklran may be armed against the poaaible danger fti the future. f IWOUCa UNOn flMCT MMMICM. tUPQWISMM MMiSCHEWrrZ WINE CO.. NAPLES. NY

And oura ia the on^ flenaratlon who can do it How kngfT? We are an hi the dedhM of our livee. The laat ayewitnaae win be ffoaM hi a not too diatant futura Who will wain the coming ganaratkms of the dangerT To teO the story again and again to our cUUran and to those who don't want to hear it ia our duty towarda the dead and the Uviag and a challenge to ua for our childten'a

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Wecaaaaver put the paet behind aa. We have to be anmaed pad pnpaied to teet onrenanlae, whoever they are and whenmr they appear, and daleat then with tbalr own waapona.

Vklory. Is ours when we recognise the truth about iMiia la puaai. - ^—•*•

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lb©I?ft^© ©^@ wa@\J3^ ByB«tl4*i> lott of ua are funiUar with tluit <dd dn>B opreMioii "Ann't yon |M yew Onndpa didn't ndaa tiie boat?"

Yin haar it wfaai aomabody wanta to anmaa I plaaanre Mt at baing aonapUoa qwdafor aeebig aome astraofdiiiarity bamtifiil aoane. I ham Oltaa haard it «An tha intant had to do with gratitiMla. r, not too many timaa hava I thougiit, aeri/, about how {lad I am far tha rinpb faet that my own two Zadaa. of blaaatd matnory, daddad thia countiy waa tha filaoa to caU homa.

Like moat, I liave taken for grantad my Ufa in this oOontiy, my dtiaenah^ aa an Aoariean. My ligfata, dvil or otherwise—my freedom of dioioe in ao maqy araaa; iqy guanmteed ijj^ to vote for witomever I diooaa^ phia tlia right to expraaa my views about my candidate's oKMoant. My rii^t My fraedcxa My opportunity to be a mandMr of a synagogue congregation of my chooaiiig or, for that matter, to not be a member.

I want to the schools of my choice, with nobody telling ma I wasn't permitted, and my family could always earn their living in whatever sector of buafaiaaa they were beat suited for. Nobody ever told any of them they couldn't do this or that; th^y couldn't practice this profeaaion or that.

Ttoe were never curfews or qwdalrulee which didn't ' apply to everyone else. In othigr words, like you and yours, I have always been free to do as I pleased, providing I obeerved the lawa of my community—the same lawa everybody alae waa ejqiected to obaerve, not special ones just for me because I was Jewish. And there's nir point.

. Thqr told of wnditlnna being ao crowded bi the giiattoa and work campa. people at»aadsJt|it in shifts, lliay told of former friends (among tbeimtJews) turnhigfaito instant enemiee, and, <onveiae|y,<rfafaw who behaved decent^'.

They told of a young gill and her father befriended by auch a Christian; a man who led them to the aafsty of a bam, then put them bi the cora|May of a group who* wen hi^ng out in underground aefMy, deep hi the wooda. Thqr alept by day. movaAfboiit at i^t and apent untohl months bi tUs way. wlttdn easy proximity of the enemy. Except the enemy teoldtt't aee them and dkbi't know they wen there. It readi like a movie scr^ They were liberated, at war'a end^ froin there.

Th«y told of a jroung PdUab gfrl whoae father managed, eariy on when he aaw what was harawwing, to obtain the legal papen of a Chriatian gbi who had died. By paying a aum of monoy to a middleman, he arranged to have hia dau^ter aent to Germany where she Uved under the identity of the dead girl, in perfect safety as an Aryan until the war waa over! Does this even sound believable? It luq^Mned.

They told of Auschwitz, of Dadiau, ofBuchenwald...

'fti^bM of Anackwitz, of Dadiau, of Budienwald. '^o read personal atoriaa of Jiidocaust aurvivora ia to Ihey ton of being fan the aama camp a».the bifamous bogin to underatand what writers, iacturera, educatora, M«n|ri»-tbey wen familiar with wma of the eiqierirdMnmim and educated Jewa have beeo trying to taD fiMota rootfaialgr performed, "ia the name of science." u* for the laat 40 years. To absorb a miouscule ahred Th^y told of tartan often inflfeted, just for the enters of the horror that Uvea in the mem<xy of the aurvivors tJiinmwt of tha tortorer. A few told of one in Oodis to rsalize that no matter how often we hear it, aa spec- knowa4>ow-mwy Oannans who tnated them with a ahrad^AHaQcy< Yea, tlnn wanonaor two. ifiparentty.

At leaat One told of a place and time wtwii hunger was 80 great and deprlvntion^ monumental, he witneeeed oomflMUam. Hs told, 4<Hidd yean later, (rf hia horror pin Bselng this uBbnaghHiHIa sight Osariy, tMs is soniething navar,. aver tojbe fbrgoCtcn. What a hideous picture this poor apofiaiil^idilen away fai hia head. It is almost inoomprehanaiblo that in tUs esntury, among dviliied hnmana, such an event could have occurred, tatora to that hideona time, well never raaSy know what isn't it? itwaalike.

Aa an avid reader, I have ahrajrs thought I was quite familiar with thoae atoriaa. May I teD you here and now, I waa wrong. I only tho^fht I knew about the days of thfS Holocaust.

While preparing fm-this issue (tf the Jewiah Prsaa, I waa i^ven some material to read, material whidi turned to be tha raeoUectioos <rf some survivors of those t oat diQrs of infamy. Peraonal memoriea whidi must be imp^aaibla to araae.

I read of people who were yonngatara <A school age, IMag ia Pdand with thafr fanOiea whan tha invasion cageae; living hi viQages whan their famOiaa had Uvod for ffanerationa, moot in harmony with their Ouiatian niijiibars. They told how-thiir homeland waa carved up \a tha Sofviata and by tha Oannaaa—what happied innn one d^y dqr there was a roundup of aa maiiy Jowa as eould be found.

Tbay toU ol aoaing great numbers herded into a huge Krinaini ia a rural area ootaida of town. Seeing aoldi«« SBin gaaoUaa aD around tha outaida of tha atractun oRHrdad with Jawlah inhafaitanta, and watching aa it waa eat on fire. For aoma, thia waa the beginning of the tfMady. The fint day, tha first loss. ftaw told of being forced to leave everything they owned md becomhig part of a hurriedly eetabliabed djftta Of entire famOiaa living bi one room without Airnfibbtgi. without dothing, without aaattation. without fdsd—and the crowning touch, without dignity.

Hiew daacribad ths filth, tha lice, tha terrible hunger, tbt snilNiMMl s«tfaring whaa winter caaoa and nobody h«d adaqnat^ dothing. Thaoe ^lettoa ware commonly tfas firat atop" for moot PoUah Jaws. Some for abort paHooa trtiiM HHB ware shipped elaeSoaa wtt« Baad up «n a fsgukr baais. "aalecHB nwle and they wars removed, Bsvar to be asen

/ oaly thought 1 knew about the days of the Holocaust,

r told af unapaakabb Itfitta as wad aa unspetiuiiRMnt; aighta whkhara borMd forever in mem..ijpaopla who wws aaalgnid to dutiaa of deanI dead bwBaa. Bodte Wt where thay falT^ _jof fonaarfrisadaorparhaparilativaa. How llnoMa fartbi take all tUa In and atill maintain

Tbgy tfiU of their feaUngs and raactiana wfaan rumors bsgin to (dnpnliite tint Vberatidn waa' near. Of gates bihv^ left opittttid thoogb they wan Marved duletons, many made a run for freedom—and of the guards shootteg aa tbey ran.

Meaty <&h>'t make it, some dkl. One who did explains with heartbreaUng effort, "I didn't make it becauae I was brtter than snyone else. I was just lucky-1 was suiqiwsed to live some mne yesrs, you see?" Almost qwlogeticalhr, for having aurvived when 80 many others (Udn't. As though stiD trying to understand why she lived and otben didn't. Ia time a Unt of guOt in this regard, to a tortured mind which caniee ^ia dreadful baggage? If so, how crueL lliey remember actual Ubention, the reactions of Amarkans ^Mn aseingsome of them in concentration campa. Thqy recall how food waa offered, thrust upon them by unbdieving soldiers—and tlMy also remember how many couldn't reaist and paid the ultunate price, they d{ed with a pliM of food stOl in their hands. Most di(^'t naderstand at first that a human so starved cannot higeat (and cannot digest) quantities of food suddenly. Psopls in authority alleviated such situations, but not befon many died.

Those an only a very few remembrances of some who actually Uved through this unfcH^table time in Jewish history. Then peo|^ toU thefr stories bravely, and for the aake of thoae who didn't have the same experienoea. For hiatorical vahia—to be aure nobody ever fbrgeta that sndi a thbig happened. When aaked how they maintained their courage and kept going, most gave the same answen: "A person has to b^ve faith.

Aa kng as your eyes are open, you have to hope. And God ha^Md us."

When aaked if theee e^Mriences altered their attitudes about other people, most repltod something like this: "You can't live with hate. Everybody isn't badif you have that phibMophy you poteen Touraelf."

Most people doa*t have photos or mementos of any land from this period in theur Uves. . > When aaked if th«y wanted to return, most quiddy said. "NclWe'e itothfaig there. No famOy. no homa Not even a gnve to viait" Perhapa the moat plabitive anawer was, "My mother was buried ia a mass gnve snd I don't evan know when it ia."

Moat people don't have photognqphs or mementoe of any Und from thia period ia their livea. Imagine, if you can, living through auch violenoe, such degradation— bebig deprived (rf the sbnplest everyday familial events such as holiday cdebrationa or Shabbat dinnera togetharyOf never having a mwnorycrf graduating with your dees and havbig peood parenta wtoieaa thia pinaure. Of spadal abndias iriien sntba funOiM an reunited for thia waddbig or that Bar Mitzvah. Imagfaie not havmg auch mamoiiM. To those of na who Uved te freedom, who have been touched by then tragadiM only by virtue of our Judaism, most of this is troty inoaaosivafaiSL Ws'n veey fortunata that we oohr know about it aO from readbig or bearbig, not from Uving it I know a Uttle aamathfaig about aome of tbooe who aurvivad. I know they cany their acan with them to tUa day, as thsy cany the numban tattooed on thafr arma.

I know aome are anbject to dspreoaion, and who could blatnatham?

I know that ramay an now grandparenta, having!' raiaad famiUea* add «ra now h^ekhig at the next generation. Some an aaddataed tbat thsfar own kida never had grandparenta. It is hqpsd ttwt then aurvivors can eqjoy being grandparenta. God know* they deaarve whatever such pleasurea oome thate way. Mky th«y be blessed with good health and peaoa of ndnd. and the abOity to partidpate in everftUng commonly called "family event," big or small.

I began thia personal eeeay with an imlsvant expreesion about btfau: glad my. Zada didn't miaa the boat which broui^t niim(aod Ida) to thia country. I am truly • glad he came and somewhat filled with wonder. I wlah I could aak both my maternal and paternal 2Udas, blseeed be thebr nsnws, what m«de them dadde to cams.

When thw aa,id aaodtnr* t«jUwiriaisittM moat knew, they would probably never aee them again.

I alao wtah I MoldtaO UMtt how iMI am thay cams; how grateful I aa tb^y didi't^naudn bi Buropa, par bana to later meet tha aama fate aa so many othera. ' Sbdi thou^ta uadoabtadly helped create the famil-

in BtWfc ,',inwfc.iwtJHr.ti>l.grac»jrf Qod. go 1.".

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Ann Kibel Schwartz came to America by airplane

Mrs. Schwarts'a parents wanted her to have a happy One of tlM Brat diilam born to HokKauat aurvivora : chiUbood. Talk* ttNwt Europe it^ hA^ oo the f after Wotld War II, Aan KIM 8diwarUwaa2H]raara happy days of thiA> ddUhoodMioMi the war.^he was, ( aid wiMoahe came to tba United State*. She waahuky however, awari' of her parents' bac^rean4. "I have I aaooi^tomakatlwjaiiniqrwtthlMrpanntaonanair- oeard atoHaa *bq|tt MQiila "irh^ kjltt tlw Hobcanat a I ItloDa-HarmotlMrwaa pregnant and too ill to make the aacrat fro^ tihelf eUkMn, biit I'llavirairvw iiitt anybody Ukathat —,—w ; trip Iqr boat 1^ Mra. Schfmts's pannta, laaac and Janatte Kibel.

"My braChen know more aboirt diiallolaiianat than '. -ware bolJi from PolttuLThqr met after the war in a dis- I do baeauae I jgraw ofMiafare my pareota ladteed I waa ' {daoad piraoaa camp, were married and thcjr firat child, old enou^ to renQy understand it I abo think it was ' Ann, ma bom than. easier for my father to talk to nqr brothers becauae ^^ Mr. and Mra. Kibd were brought to America by HIAS wa« not women." t <Hebrew Immigrant Aid Sodaty). With tha growing tide Mrs. Schwartz, like many other Jewish immigrant .of immigranta, it waa decided thitt tfa« KIbda would be childrent apoka BngUah to her pwpiots bot they re';. located outaide the New Yoilt City area. Plena were sponded in Yiddifb. As a result she iinderstands Yidmade for them to move to Reading, Pa., but the family dish better than she speaks it. never made it there. there was never deapidr in the Kibel home as Ann was When Mr. Kibel waa atown a map, he ramuiiberad a growing up. Her paroits told her this was the Americouain in Mwnphlw and the family tamed aouthward. can Dream. "We lived on the crose-town bus and you Several yeara ago Mra. Schwartz found the trunks in oould get anywhere with a transfv," she said. her mother's attic with the original, labels, "Reading, Mr. and Mrs. Kibel opened a small grocery store in Pa.," atill on them. a blade ndgfaborhood in Memphis. According to their 'f (hie of the ampriqea that America held for Mr. Kibel daughter it waa not alwajra the aa&et place to be in the was cold milk. He told hia daughter how good it tasted. '608.

In Europe he had alwaya drank warm boiled milk.

Her parents worked seven daya a week at the store. ' As a child, Mrs. Schwartz spoke only German, al- The children were expected to trark there also, but like thou^ today she can barely remember it'When she first most teenagers when it pama to choi^ Mrs. Schwartz saw a Uack person, young Ann aaked her tether, "Why recalla fighting with her broUtara about whose turn it doesn't she waahT" Mr. Kibd quickly hushed his young was to wwic daughter in German.

Until Mrs. Schwartz waa 17 the family dkfai't have Mra. Schwartz's pareota didn't have Instant Ameri- a car. It was too expensive and her father's yaara in a can financial success. She remembers living in public cooceotration camp had left him unable to drivei But Jtouaing wiUi her pareota and two tMothera. She would when they finally bought a car, BIra. SchwarU became count Uie houaea to find which obe waa har'a because the temity chauffeur. tlMry an ktoked alike. But berporenta aolved that probMra. Schwarts waa the first ooft in ber family to leam lem. "TlMy bougJA na a aMng aat We were the onty onee to drive a car. Her father's fiteid* tuij^t her how to ia public hooaing with a ai^set." She aaid her par drive. "I took my parenta to tha atora. I took them to rente' philoaophy alwaya not the chikiren first the wholaaale market I took them evwywheia."

Neither Mr^ or Mra. KOMI had a hi^ school educaMra. SchwnU ccnaidera it special that ahe la a chiU tion. In the'60a it waa hard for Mr. Kibel to find a job. of Holocauat aorvivora. "I tUnk thiA it ia «total mira. "It waa tba McCarthy era and be q>oke with an accent" cle (hat I aijat at an." ; Miabpwha, axtanded faandy, became wry important.

She aqtlainad that the odda of her behig here are so H«r fatlMr'a comtfn to Memphia bacama more of a broth- great ahe must ha,ve a qiacial plaoa. "i have ahrays fdt •ar to him now that both had loot thefr relativea in the that I oouMn't do the ordinary."

Holocaust She baa footodihat iriace aa an educator. "I am in a Her father'a oooaiB gaM pairtiea for the aurvivotaand their cUkben. "Babyaittara ware unheard of," Mr*. potitioa to inflnoiOO young people," aha aakL Mdiwarta aaid. "Everybody brou^ their chikben ant^ V UvB.'Sdilratto raqambera wli4t hv (iitt^ Lthera waa alwaya one room laeeitad for deeping that ha^Md him to aurvive. "No matter how bad thinga are thiaia a atmgglebetwaeo good and evU Right now . liabiee."

evil has the umer hand, bat good will evaotually win."

Mrs. Schwartt aays good haa woo. "Here there ia hop* and freed<Na!i." ' "It can hagpaD to anybody anywfatra," aha saki <rf tha HokKauat. "It'k not a Oermlui/Jawiah cooditktn." She dted Cambodia and South Afrka as other examples of what can ha^MO "when the dark side of humanity ia allowed to eidat." i Thia daughter of survivors saya, "What makea Jaw* unk|ue is thatKM renambar. W* talk dbout it We wribi about it Wearetiie peiqile of Tlie Book. Wear* rememberara and the world needs us."

Ann Kibel Schwartz moved to Omaha in 1982 to become the Cultural Arts director of the Jewish Community Cmter. She ia now director of education at Temple larael. Her husband, Don Schwartz, ia a writer who teaches at Peru State College. Her son, Mordy, is a aeni<H- at Westside.

Her mother, Janette Kibel, now a widow, moved to Omaha in August 1989.

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The survival of Louis icl(Owicz

By J«Mt Idtowlei Mjr hmbwidwMa sorvlvar of the Holocaiut. We ell have heard about the atrodtiea and the hornnv of that time, but Louia Uked to recall and tell the story of hia •orvivaL An intensting and inq>iiing story indeed.

Like other Eunpeen Jews, he was incarcerated by Qennans darini^ World War 11. EzpeOed from home, he was forced at first into a local ghetto and subee^uently into conooitration campe. Evacuated from camp to ..^Bamp, he found himself in Buchenwald. ; Exhausted from hard wwlt and lack of food, unable to work any longer, he was finally aent to Ordruf for a week of recuperation and was obliged to return to work > was no room for "k^" people who dkln't work; ) apace could be wasted. For him the end of the road jwas near. He lay there hopaleaa, hungry and almost jiakedoo the bare bed, which consisted of a fJBwwoodwi boards.

Every day a canq> guard qipeared before Louis and counted down his remaining diljrs with a sadistic amile.

It didn't cross the guard's n^ that his scapegoat might survive. How cxiuld that happen?

Meanwhile, the Allied fbroee were qiproaching. Ge^ mans who, wanting to destroy an the mvks of thrir evildoings, decided on one more evacuation. One more attempt to destroy the human ghoets of tlua camp—no graces should remain. r In the square of the camp, great commodon—more guarda, SS men and soldiers arrived, trucks were waiting, ready for use. HW night before the evacuation a poi^ tk» dlmad and a little marnialade was handed out to the prisoners.

Now, soldiers with guns were running dl over...

•hrays ready to strike a Jew. t It was a big square place with many barracks. I don't snow how many barracks or prisoners. The aokjiers ordered the imnates to get out. One by one each barrack was enqitied. The prisonws were lining up in the square. As they 4>proached the trucks, things ware ihrown at them—clothing for a suppoeed trip. # Lode got a Uankat and a wooden shoe. Stamfing there iM^jleasly, Louis realized that he could not survive such an ordeal. His mind was good, his will strong, but his ibody very weak; be.was a skeleton. f He could barely walk, Usiegs could not support him. iRe wouU be thrown on a trudr with other weak people, jdrtven away a few milea and shot—of that he waa surf.

lite risk of attempting escape meant certain death.

If caught, What Idnd of ezcuae would he have, he wondered. But maybe, just ma^ there is a sliver of a chance to escqie. He took the chance. One must not loee :8ki«dy he started to move a«r«y. not kx4dng back. He reached the neereet bairadk did entfredthe item wbwe marmalade was handed out («tha prisODMrs the previous night What next? Uhderwhfch bed to hide? Which comtf is the safest so as not to be ditbovered? Svxtiy, the soldios will return for a final search. And indeed, they did.

For Louis, it was a momrat of tremendous fear. The darkest comer was well chosen—saved for now—he was left alone.

Louia was a good pnson. A good, believing Jew who nev^hurt a soul but was betng hunted like a criminal and now was fighting to save his life. Why? By whom?

The irraiy—by the worst criminals the world has ever poaaessed. Exhausted, he M asleep.

Louis'mbtho'appeared in his dream. She fed hiin and blessed him saying "I will see you yet h^^." Sometime later in the n^t he was awakened l^ gunfire. His first thought was that the Germans had returned. Fear gripped him.^t he survived the night.

In the mwniiy; he heard voices—a stranje and unfamiliar language, he katm it wasn't Oeraian. Americans have arrived he thou^t Thank G-<1I

The darkest comer was well cboeen—saved for now —be was left alone.

Lonia Ickowics But he couldn't stay in the room ovenii^it What if somebody vpears? He looked around. In the oeilhig was a trap door to the attic Hopel But how to get up raere?

In the room was a table, a dudr arid Also a bchnd> Now to work. Time can't be wasted.

Louis had to think quiddy of a way to get up to the attk aixi to destroy the tracea pointing up-the evkknoe of a hiding place; not an eaty task for a persoQ in his physical condition.

He had with him a thin blanket which he tore to piepes maldng a rope. He tied it to one end of the chair uid put the chair and barrel on the table.

He climbed into the attk and pulled the chair up with hun, the barrel rolled to the floor eliminating hia traces.

He was alone in his hidtag jriiace. How long will he be able to stay alive without nourishment, he wondered.

He did not know what to espact n6tt His mind and his will woriced and accomidiahed what his body could not.

He found a comw away froi6 a window, sat down, ate the bread and marmalade and prayed. He knew that wiwt was next to comw would not be the result of his own efforts. He needed O^'s hdp.

He anntmched the window and observed until he felt it was safe. Then, he opened the window and called out to the American soldiers. They helped him down and gave him food. They looked for other survivors, but could find none.

Louis was ^ only one.

General Diright D. Eisenhower was with the Mldiers and wanted to hear fix>m the sole survival-in the camp.

Louis waa very weak. H» codM jiot'stand. He could not lifi the loaf of bread which tl^F bad given him.

He was naar collapse.

In a frail voice, he described the conditions and the treatment in the concentration camp. A rabbi who had arrived with the soldiers explained to Lobis that the Jews were celebrating Passover.

It was April 1946.

Whatacoinddmce! A cdebration of freedom—of personal freedom for Louis and a r^etitioo of the centuriesold story of the Haggadnh.

His courage, perseviraiace, hope and faith in G-d enabled Louis, my dearest, beloved husband and dearest father to our sons, to survive the greatest of all crimes against hiunanity. i>

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Director mixes Hoiiywood with Holocaust to create 'Enemies' BjNmmi

The room wee hushed as Shnon dsacrfbad hsr own I waa thrilled that eomeone was still calUng me'boy,'" ordeel—kow tbe becamf diif after battUag agpinal MazaralQr tqld i rtoorter.

But the Sfii^raeNUi writer, raooveriag from a atroke, mtningltis, the reenlt of eoqH|rhnente by the aotarlouil LOS ANOELES - Wvter4lirae(«r Pud Munnlv Or. Mengele. "Thare'e no inS^io be with sny of (the ear- merely ahook Ufs hewL "I didat Ifln 1^ Barbra Strnia't tlw Und of jny jroa'd aspset to inakt • movie about vivora) without fssUng sligb4y guilty," Mesmdcyaaid, sand dkl with 'Yentll' " he snapped, end Mesureky thouiMuUy. "You di»'( went to take advahBigB of BMoted Urn there would be nbiipgfait hi Enemiee. lor a fihniMkw bwt kaawa fat kit «o«adiw: "Moon Lttir, the novelist paused ov«r afdioto oCactreas Lena what they went through to iMdw money.

OvKJ>arador," "Down aad Out in Bawriy Hilla" and (Mb (MaehaK who pbyed a ssiy artist hi The Unbeara"But they had humor," ha added, with more than a "IMboir On the Hodaon." note of wonder. "Jhiy didn't ait depreiaed at the table ble Ughtaeee (rf Bebg. "(Nt, that's a vary good Maaha," So 1^ wonid a Hollywood hinay man want to adapt he saki, knowbgty, "I thfaik you'n have a big eueceaa." end eey, 'Qy vey'i mir.' " A noval Uka laaae Baahevja Sia«ar'a "Enemies, A Love HM two apeot houre diecittehig the novel and ite hero, Qtffjr," the aaga ol nHolocaast survivor who finds UmLaet January, Masursky embarked on an even mote a man who aiwns lees than q)peeBng. "Tbcre^ eome~ '", in 1949, with tiuee wivaa? crucial virit—to Sfaigar's Miaad coadoQfaihmi far advice tUag overvdielmingtr Md about UnL Hia only pletuKBee lazunky, 69, anawmd that qoeatioB reesnt(]r, rifr- and bleeehig. The Nobel lauraate'e wife. Anna, guided seem to be eex end Qwd," mneed the director, admitt eansdijr in jeans and Topaidvs in his modeet hfan to the wisened octognaiian hy the pool "She eeid, jtag that niaUng a flbn about a guy who abandons all . Beverly HiUs irfBee. "The atoiy is univeraal not }ust 'Isaac, this Is Paul, the boy who'e going to dQlJineiniee.' Us frranan is,'well, e^eiy. about the Holocaust," hetq)lained, donninc his Holtyifood dlnctfr's cap. "A man manM to a wooMB hu » mistnes in the BroDz. He foea back and fgtth faetwesD them. Theo hie deed wife shows vp dive." Manraky panaed for dramatic effect "Now that'e a (Tsat ploti" Tito fictioBel Herman Biodsr efaafflee betwMB hie first 7511 Dodg* CARL JARLoMln'ttiiiriiy«MLNkMiitttpNiallili 393-7800 wifa, Tamara; his climnt wife, the gantile PoUehpeaaant, Yadwiga; and hie sultry mistrees, Msahe. Yadwiga braved the SS and hid HarsHn duiingthe srar, llaaha survived Dachau, and Tamara, shot into a ditdh by the Nasia, crawled over corpeee to freedom. Thqr have one thing in common beeklee Herman: they ere Holocaust iprvivors.

'•: It's an odd mixture <rf tragedy and French bedroom farce, dubbed "Fido Meets the Holocaust" by Manirsky's co-writw, Rogar Simon. There'e Yadwiga ahrieking with fright when "dead" Tamara shows iq> at UM door, Herman introducing Masha to a bueylwdy e^ has already met his other wives. 'I do the beet I can," he raplies whai Tunsmasks how hemanagM it aa "It's not BO easy."

It was this Und <rf humor tiiaf dtvw Masuraky to Singv's 1972B0vel; afkeirall.if there'eoomedy inhomeiHSsnm, s la Down aiid Out, wbv ndt the HoiocavatT "Part of me wanta to be dilHitH^banan»ped funny," Mesureky told People magirine "The otiier pert wants to be significaht So if I can just aI4> on the henana peel eignifitiently. I'm OK." Masunky has managed to do juet that, judging by the rave reviews. But the fDm has meant much more to hfan than men critice'^pprovaL It waa a dumoa to do , what the old adage ai^e you cin't: go hone again, alter IF^ fceardacadee, to. the Ni9r York of hie youth.

L P«id<BeeIrwfnlllaaMindiygre«ri9fakBi«<irtdnach ' lihk:BMder'e,<nibdstih«JINHshUOGktaiBiMMIivfle, ' , Brooklyn. Like Herman, he is of Eastern European f etadcHisfatherwaaaWPAlabonr.Uspaadff^her reed Turgmev and ate pickled hsrdig hi tiw badt RKim t ofhiscandy8tare."WehadarabUanthebkKk«ho'd n^l>ta Bitalc 88ih k V(kM Crat^ iUd • 84di & Fnidierick , chase ue down the etreet whan we'd bnakUa window *106di & Q • *140tfa & Ubtt C«ot«r R(Md i phving pundi ball" the dhwtor told a laperter. *ATM LocatioiM • FIHClniMml [ ;8o Mesureky was overwhehned with noBt4gia on k>c»I ti|B,aaifhewereetmakhl.ahoppingwithhiegrand; mother for potetoknishee. The Lower EaetSUleeet wee meticnkne, baaed OB vintage photoe. Deaigura removed TV antennae end parking meten end modem street lighte: Bctors straOed by theUkee of Leibd Bistritsky's Kodisr Gourmet Foods snd Antique Juddca on Essex ; attest, pest carte of vegetablee and roasted peenuts and Uwk-hatted Haaldhn.

Caet end crew often bantered in pkigin Yiddiak "Vee < need a biatle more energy," Mazurelqr ooce yelled to actor Ron Sihrw (Hermen), Uke en old Ubitser shouting acroae the street. "VhatT" rapUed the dewipan Sil- I ^ ver, aa a New Yeck TIsMa rspotter knked oa I ' Yet the director, unlike hie charactare, wee not directly affected by the Hohicaust His co^eriter, Roger i Simon, learned of the Shoah from the tettooed ooaceni trlitioneempenrvivarB win worksd in UalatbMr'e office.

NB4« Menreky, fatmicelly, would learn of the HolaceuBt ^ wiara he leenied moet everyUdng eleeln hie—at the

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fiis mother, s film fsnatic, often took him to two dou•turee e day hi the 1940e, never mfaid that he waa atschooL It wss a movie newareel that firat I the ehiirkiiig newe: "The oonosatration tuop I opened and theee unbelievebly pethetic men end etepped into the eunlight," remembere r, who wea horrified, neueeoue. "I'd be hrfaig 'Boy, eomeday I'mgOBuifllJike a movie ebout four years later, whfle working on "Enemies," wouki meticttkwely rseserch the Shoah. He wwtched docuiiMMtariee, read Priiao Levi, and Uataoed Id hie wife, Bat«y, who told of eurvlvors she counedsd iMhe Jewisb P)Htf)y Sinrke center :for the ehlsrly.

1^ JBven the eoaeen^tion camp tatoba on the aetore' aiMM ware hnMtivaM^ the nnmbsrs checked b regiefe#a to make mrs they wura not theea af a living peraoa thai, of course, there ware UM meetings with reelvors.>AJU«d2>Ml iitroduosd him to Magda a Hungarian Jew who endured Aoechwits aa a t was Magda who bvited Mesureky and actreae Huatoa (Tabara) for a Shabbat dinner with eurvlvors, discuaNinir tii«ir mfitrlt •ad dMfiMd Ihwi

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Holocaust revisionism scandal unfolds at Indiana University

By BICH NwBMB NEW YORK (JTAI - Wh«a stndnU «t Iwliai* l^l^daeUa^mMiy«^cin<ak1ya•t^thC^v.l6lth^^p^at autdtai, timy didn't kiMnr thejr had rim»i iq> for a wholeaewvmiODoftlieliiftxnrjr of World War II and the Naii Hokwanat Donald HiMT, a part^bne teacher at UM university who hQlda a inaatar'a deoM in hiatorr, tauflit hie own reviei(iai8tverak«oftheUrtQQr(rfthelldrdJB^ •OMTding to Ua stodeat evahiatians, he did a good jdb..

"TUa ia particolaitjr qmttinft" aaid John Barlow, dean of the Indiana-Pordoe Sdhocd of liberal Arta. "A good teacher teaching Bee and Blander ia far more dangeroua than a bad teadtM'," doing lilnwiae.

Hiaer, a biatorian epedeUiing in the histdty of the Ptnteetant Reformatioa end Martin Luther, haa tuigfat inUeUsto^rdMMa thattheKdbtiilliMb a "myth."

Among the pointa made hi hte daaaee ^rere that "the

wolrat t3iin« about Hitter ia that Witbodt him. there would siOt be an laraal. None of it makee Mnae unleea yoolook at it from the {uroqMCt of larael getttaig a lot of wvalth iiwCD fhie etoiT''of the Hotocawit.

"U the HMocanat'reaUy ooMrrei" Untt teetqted, "you wouldn't have 2.6 million in larael getting T«Mratiolia." "

"A good teacher teadung lies and slander h far more dtangmuB..."

Althoui^ Hiner haa been teacUng at Indiana-Purdue mnce the beghming of the academic yep, hie revjajoniam waa notbroopht to the attention of ontvaraity aothoritiee until Feb. 9, when aatudent, Relie Arbnckle, t^M

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om of hie hiBt(»y lecturM and brought it to Dean' Bartow, aa well aa the IndianapoUa jinea.

"It nmkea you wonder about the paa^ivi^ of aome of the atudei^ta,"«aid Biriow. "t wodd faiwgtne that nangr of Uteatudenta an aomMhiat bewildered by HiMT'a approach and accepted it He'a jiretty cagey. He eaya he'e offering an altenmtive view. But it'a not an alternate view; it'a a vkjoua Ua." RabU Alnahilm Coqier, aaeodate deanof the Simon WieacBthai Goiter, aeeaHinw'aatatemtntaaa not just Uee, but downti^^ uti-Semitiam. "Hia presentation was clearly revieionist, anti-Iarad in nature, and by extenaton anti-Semitic" Coogper said.

The Loa Angtfes-baaed center was informed of the incident by fa IndiaiiaiwHa member. Dr; Gerald Mar golia, dbector of ille center, than nlled Bariow and urged Hiner's diamiasaL Baikw has assured MargeUs that the issue will be ree^lved: "For me it's unthinkable that he should be teaching anyone."

Since the ecandalaioee, more details of Hiner's qnee-. tionable past have aarfaoed, lb 1970, while a student, Hiner was eonvieted of ateaUng bodes Mxnt Hitier from hismdvaraity library. In 1980, he was found giiflty of theft And* moet recently, in 1988, a jury convicted the educator for steaUng Nazi memorabilia.

"We did not know about his past when we faired him," said Barlow, even thou^ Hiner had been teaching on and off at various campuaee of the Indiana State Univrsity since the 70e.

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"We did not kndw about bis past wlien we lured ium."

In tect, it turns out thatFVanklin College, a local Indianapolia edu^ationa) inatitntkm, ^wnisaed Hiner after reports of reviaiooiam in the daawoom He also reportedly tauj^t Holocaust denial during science classes wUQe a part-time teacher in the Inaianif>olis public school atystem.

"HUS is i large urban university with ahnost 27,000, stndenta," Barlow said of Indtana-Puidue. "We hvve a k>t of part-timers that cone and ga And IT* don't check (4 for criminal rOcorda in our hiring. Wo'M going to have ,).to ba aaore loanftilabout the peat of s<une of the people we hire in thS'lkitare."

Hiner, wiwn contacted for oommeot, did noHiXitxan telephone meesages from the Jewkdi Teiaipl4)Ue Agency. Meanwhile, the WieeentUll Canter baa asnt a copy of its Academy Award-winning video, "Genocide" to the university's histoty department to be shown to Hiner's studente.

Rabbi Daniel Landea, the director of tfaaleanter's educatkm program and airthor of the book "CoUage Education of Genocide: Critical Issuee of the Holocaust," willeome to Indiana-Purdue to addieee an aaaembly to be attended hy univeraity studenta and faculty.

Israeli actress lectures on Shoah

By Hugh Orgel TBL AVIV (JTA) - Gila AJmagor. one of larael'a leading actieasee. eeema generally to liave succeeded in raiaiag ttte consdoaaneaa of young Egyptians about the Hokicauat Almagor, the daufl^ter of a Holocauat eui^ vivor, lectured ia Cairo reoentlb^ at the invitation of the laraeii Aoedamic Center tfaarau The center, eetabiiabed hi 1962 to fadliute reeeaich fajy Bgyiftiana atudying Uefara^ind Jewiah^viatad aubJ«cta, foaUiree weakly iecturee by lerneUa. Almagor qioka in Hebrew. For noet of her audionca of about 60 Egyptian univarailgr atudanta^ It waa their first oxpoeure to the efbcta of tfcailotoeBUst on the eui^ v|vors, tlieir children and on laiaeliain general . She used aa the cwterpieoe "The SuBomer of Aviya," an autobiographical movie in which ahe atarred and 4inct«d. It deals with a girl's relattonahip with her nkotber, who is meotaOy acarred by the Htlocaust.

Ahnagor explained that in 1961, the period deplai in the movie, "we ware trying^ to buiU the etate end I new Ufa and dkl not want the duat of the Holocaust ding to what we were creating." But later, I becams more open about diacuaaing the Uoioeaust wrote and later filmed her etery m the qtiiit of openneee, sha said.

Jeniaalom Poet correepondot^ Ben Lynflekl from Calrw that Almagor'a film and sfq^oaraiiee were' warmly raseived by nwek of ker^lmdisaee.

He quoUd Yahya Said, a student of Hebrew at Cairo oul^ : Unlvmtty.wMakld ahe had "biayfeadalitlle bit about the HokKaust before aodng iko fUm. Now I see that really must sluilv tlm Itolociiual 16 undoraUuid wlio Israelis are."

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ichard Gummers cites hate and envy against Jews

By Liypda FnMk I "Dick" Gunuiwrs said Jews can never take ' aigrtbing to granted and have to be carefiil in eveqr step of tfaair Uvaa.'"lliere's ahniys hate and envy against the ''Jews. Ills beat inbred for hundreds and hundreds of

Parents caaM to England While in England, Mr. Gummers waa also fortunate to be able to get his parents out of Oerai^. After aaeing an article tbat die mayor of Binninghahi had won a medal, Mr. Qummov' father had written a letter to the mayor caagrattOating Urn and also told him l& sin , 1. However, Mr. Oununers also said, "If there would was living in Bfrmingham. Through the efforts of the hav« be«n signs in America, 'Save the Gorman Jews.' mayor and the Church of En^^and, Mr. Gummers arUkf the 'Save the Russian Jews' (signs), the six million ranged to bring his parents to En^and. woUdn't have been killed."

"The Holland border was already dbsisd an^ they got Mr. Ounuoers has never fcigotten his hometown of He^lmnm, Germany, or its bautiful ^nagogue which on the last train from Germany to Belgium on their way was burned down during Kristallnacht in November to Enj^d," he said. Ot\ Septeaiufst 3, 1939i Jnat as 1938. And, his hometown has not forgotten him or his Chamberlain said on the ndio,''We are at war with Gerfdhw Jews who wet« forced to leave because of Hitler. many," and the bdla began ringijig, Mr. Gummers was From 1084 through 1988, the town provkled paid trips reunited with his parents. tolOO of them. Mr.Gummers was in the first group who Mr. Gummers worked in a Binninghttm bakery until returned. "They paid for our aii^fare, hotel and restaurDecember 1940, when be obtamed a visa to America and ants and gave us pocket money," he said. joined his brother in New York. "In New York, I saw Also, each year Mr. Gummov receiyes, from the pe(^ buying cars iSrst, then wondering why they duln't town's nuqror, a calendar with pictures of HeOlMtmn and use the money to get their parents out I faaive a good conscience,", he said. ., . ...«,.... a MfwalettiBr of events from the past year.

Attested in Mnidch In 1943, Mr. Gummers was drafted into the U.S. It was not in his hometown, however, that Mr. Gummars was arrested on Nov. 9,19S8. He was in Munich Army. During his sixth week in the service, he became attelidhig a cook and baker school. "My bn^iier had a U.S. citizen. It was also in the Army he changed his cotoB to the UJ5. in 1937.1 wanted to go, too. He told name from Gummersheimer to Gununers, because "at me to get out of the family Imsiness WB father owned mail call they couldn't prpnounce it correctly. They'd just say the guy with the Ibn^ name and I knew it was a department store) and leam a trade." me," he explained.

Mr. Giunmos spent three long months in Dachau.

"Every morning when the sun came up I would say, Becante an intaipretw 'Why? Whyt Why?' But I always thouj^t: up there is During his three yeara in the service, Mr. Gummers someone stronger than the Nasis. God. Hut gave me w^ an infantiyman/oook befora being sent t9 France hopfc" ••••/'••• and military intelligence schooL He became an interBeing over 60 years old, Mr. Gummers'father waa not preter aaaigned to interrogate prisoners of war in arrested. He sent a neigUxK* to Holland, to a frknd in France, Belgium, Gennany and Ccbchoelov8kia.<He re* Amaterdam. In Londim. be d^osited 200 En^iah ceived five battfe.stani and several recommendations, Pounds at Bloomsberry House (a Jewish community including ooe for wnsting Gestqto people. center). As soon as Mir. Gummers' visa to En^^Umd arrived, in Jaauary, his father went to the Gestapo and , "I had nightmares about the Geistapo when I stayed ^with my brother," Mr. Gummers said, "but after interIb^ Oanvnarf mt^ i^lMsed. jjrogating them (the Gestapo), I got rid of the ni^Although he had to cross the border with no hair on - mares." liis bead and eouM take only <me suitcase and 10 German Maries (about SIO), Mr. Gummers saki, "After leavTen days after he got out of the service in 1946, he ing the German border I felt like a million dollars!" married and two years later came to Omaha where he

opened Somberg's Raataurant m the Conant Hotel He later opesed GufiniMra' Coffse Shop in the Doctors Buildiiiig, whicfh be aold%a966.

Mr. Gununers' daughter, Claftfe, still lives in Omaha and ia a taacher.His son, Robert, is the administrator of the Unified Hebrew Cdogregation in St. Louis.

While life in America haabesD good, Mr. Gununers said it ia important for Yom HaahiMh to be observed.

"A German youth doesn't know anything and doesn't leam anything in school about the Hok>caust. In the German bodka hardly anything is written about the Hdocaust, like it didn't h^pen.

Today, the German you^ demonstrate for reunification and very ahortly th^ will demonstrate m great masses wiUt signs and shout'Give our land back we lost in Worid War II.' I'm afraid they'll want the lost territories bad[—maybe not today, but in 10 or 20 jmars, if the Russians, Fr»ch and Americans are not careful."

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Lola Reinglas has a survival philosophy ,: ''OnoeaRirvlvar,«lwi3nBiMirvivar."'IlMMaretlw [^nmds of Loh IWniJIiw. iri» aakt evw in AmttkM aha ^ud to learn to aurvtw.

1^ HOT nhfloemrfiiy of mrvhral waa laanwd at an aarly ^«ga, wiiao aa a ttmmger aha was sait to SkanQfsko Kamknaa, a «aiMWitratian eiiap in PblaDd." Yoa learn vety feet." ahe Hdd. "I knew if I tet atad felt sony for rjnyMlfteid worried aboot tooxnow, I'd never aozvive.

Hi learned to Uve for the dejr. Yon leam to dieet, eteal. ^jwhataver-to anrviva." % Mayba amne of her father's etrengUi and determina'^jtkni waa inheritad, too.'Aocording to Mrs. Reini^ae, her |,|UlMr had said.'"Whatever hiqipena I win hava to live ^loaeatha GermaiiB daCsated." He died in 1946, one day iifler HbetatiaB. ill Bom in Krakow, Poland, Mrs. Baingiaa ai^ hor fam']|l7 wera forced to move to the ghetto in 1941 and livad ;:^there nntfl 1943. '^ i\

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^ Vl^eo the Rusaan weie ooBiUBg ' doser, we w&e transported to faptbfT camp...

When her brother went to Ausdiwita. dw worked the nightsUft hi a paper foctoy |n Eleasow. "Qua night the;^ came and doaed the boiUhig, Whoever worked at that time was loaded in the wagon and taken to another can^. I woriced in an amnundtkn factory until the sumbfl944."

"When tlw Hussians were coning dooer, we were tranqpNorted to another eanqp in Polmd, Chestochowa, sod atqrad Uwre ontfl we were liberated by the RosaianB in January of 1946."

Meanwhile, she had no idea what had happened to her family. When ehe was finaQjrj^Ua to retam to Kndiow, "I Just Uvad. I don't know how," she explafaied. EveniDiJIy all unda who had been in Dadiao retained and ihen a cousin. She learned her father and brotlMr had pad bat dUn't know about her mMher and sister, anept |hat they had been in Bergeo-Bei^ai. , Mrs. Reingiaa. her onde and cousin anmgi^ thea>aehree to ft>g«ie,Cbecfaodovakia, and after two weeks. ^Mnt to Germany.

In 1949,Mr. and Mrs. Rainglas and their six-monthoU dauc^hter. Jawwtta. came to tiie United Statee, "Joe Homstein ptek«d lia op and tile nwt d^r my hdsbuid, who was a caUnet maker« went to work for him. He didn't know EngUsh so ha joat deiivend furniture.

Several months later he got a job as a cabinet maker.'

She said at first she wss afrsidxrf being in a new country with no family, no friends aflBhiolfengaage. "It was She finally received a letter firdm her mptber saying bud in the beginntaig. I had to start from scratch. I even they werp alive and on their way to South. Ame^ea ^ had to get used to the frad. likis a nawbom baby. But," Fomteen'ywrB of sepgatfon woaki pisa brfore she aitw' 'she said, "Not knowin^tiw language or cnatona and iMr mother in 1967, ana If yetfs beCtta sl^ waft ramdted not having any moo^ijgwere still determined to make with her sister. the best (rf it end succeed."

To do eo, Mrs. Rein^as went to nit^t schod to lesm to read and write and li^ by little became an American. "That meant frwdfim and not being afraid. I can apeak my mind and, moat of all, be a human being and be treated Ifln one.

"Wa stagrad in a dieplaesd persona camp," she aaid.

"My nnde goi a Job in a ko^er Idtchen UMI I woricad there, too.'^ jt was hi thi* camit die met and married her late hnaband and thigr reglMflrad to oaow «»tha Unitad Statea.

Mepnwhm die was btuQr wiitiqf letters to the Red &aas to^tiy to kieate ho'mother and sister.

In the camps we were treated likeaoimals.

"In theeanqia we ware treatedUka animals. It todc a kmg time to realize I waa a human being and could think and do things."

While she said life in America has had good times and bad timee, "I'm thankful to God for giving me a chance to be relxKii in a free countiy where jroa can accon^diah what you put your mind to." However, she eaid she WOT: ries today about her children, Jeanette and Ann, and her grandchildren because there is so much fighting around the world. And, she is afraid of a united Germany.

"There's slot of anti-Ssmitism to this day and Nada ^te coming up," shs said. "That'a why we have to remind the world end educate aeoMid and tbild generartions. History in schoob most teadt about the Hdocaust so it doesn't ha|>pen again."

Eiplahiing why she has no deaira to retora to her homeland, Mrs. Rein^g^ said, "While quite a few Polea kept Jews hkldea during the war, many were acum. For a measly five pounds of sugisr a Pde would turn a hidden Jew in to the Germana. Thay alwi^ wanted Poland without Jews. Now they've got it. Iliere aren't many Jews Mt, but a kit of poverty."

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Hilde Gottlieb sweeps her way out of Germany By lyadi naak Hilde GottUab IttMlljr m|»t htr way «nt <rf Gflr many. ''Theoalyinylooiilickiaixinmt'togetoat WM to fat a^qMrianoe aa a ImttakMpcr." ahe acid. Thia •he did, both ia jt}anna&y and Enajand, befon maUng herirar to Ataurica. } ."E««B befora the Holocanat, wa IcMir then waa no ftttna in G«tin«iiy< Wa iitt it coining nuqy yeara belora the Holocanat and tiitn waa nothiig'any of ua oooM •ay or do," aha aaid.

Whik then ware five Jewiah famiUea oat of 1,000 people in Mulheiip. whwe her fatherwaa p dtttle dealer and had a botdwjihop,' Mrs. OottUeb^nid ber younger sistar wen the-ooly Jewish difldreo in that<achooL "By the time I waa in UxtHi grade, the Nazi party had penetrated intoaven tiw^amdl viOagas,aneh as Mnl"' heini, and ny aiater and I were snbje^d to haraaaiMnt by both teachers and fellow students. I felt side every < momfiig jjutt haidng to go to achool and llsteo to the atudente calling us namee and ain^iig aiAi-Semitic aooga, like Idll and hang the Jews.' The only thing I could do would be find woric that would eventuslbr get me out of Germany." s,

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At the age of 14, she left home.,.

So.attheageofl4,8heIefthoinetogBteqierienoea8 • housekeeper to enaUe her to get a domeetic permit, a aponsw and leave the country. For ^rae yeara she worked for a Jewish fondly with four chilAvn, then he^wd other Jewish fon^iea who wen ready to emigrate. She was with a family in Dusaddorf cm Kriatallnacht

• "llien was s knock on the door to the seventlnflodr iipartmapt. Two Gestapo agaots pushed their way into ' the qMutiment and asked kt Mr. Kaufman. Thay took faimoot of bad aad^way. Hia wife, eoB^datilitar and Hayadf wan poabed to the dutside baksony and the door <raa aint^Wk thoug^tthaiy wen going topoah ua from r. the balcnay, aa they bad otbara. :; ' "We heard them amaahing everything in the apartSt and we heard bani^fkand crashing. All of a aud•varythhig waa qnkiC Wh« we walkod in from the ony, we found e^iiytbi^ waa broken. We mn : with fear.'/. •'., y,;-. ^ helping the Kaufrnkn family clean up for a few ^ lira. GottBaikWpil to bar piMiiU' haeaa, whan . |ha fbad the a«B«Adil«iHi kik*Aia±'"Tliey t^ r iatbir and onda and left anrmotlMrakiae with the cat-

- EventuaDly, ahe worked at the intematiaaal canter foB-time, tfnting a roqm whidi aha.daacribM.aa tlUhy and dirty. She had aiMmiiihaaiJiiiii in Bnglanriand the doctor ahe wdriced with "h#ld me a lot," Mrs. GottUabaakL ' In June of 1947, ahe and a friend. Blaa Kahn, journmred to America oo the Qneaa BUfsbeth. they need aOtbair money to pay fora.linfrdaMjBn ao they co«ld gafekoaher food. "I win akdc becauM I waa left akne going to another new oountry. I^ouldn't eat ode meal.

Stai," ahe aaid, "It waa a dreiam ccnne true."

Arriving in New Yoric, she apentaome time withtmisina tbanWfon leaving for Iwr MOiisar fa (hiahaL In 1948, ahb nMth<r l«t« husband. yAti>m»gi»iiik Central MuMe DktribiitiDg Gampany. He bad pu^duMd a home foe his mother.nadfftar the umA^ the three of them li^ then. Foi- extra money, th«y Hmodeled thehouse and took in ioamars. Befon her aim, Steven, was born inlStt^dwaisotfiwkaiiart^imeJobhe^phigBla^rwho had b«ea laiured inan espkieion.

Fre^ojA was everytbiag to me —Bot ia live in fear.

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She aaid, "It is good\that the U.S. is helping Russian Jews but they didn't hel^ European Jews." She feela tedaujUogy, with histiint news, may bete atop such sn evtttt from occulting again and commwidB the AlHi for "looking out for actions." 'i dkln't ndiid the housekeeping duties with the "We must look for the laaat signs," she said. "They i^DQiiien bednae I was free. FreMMh was everytUng must be invjeetigated or tb^ll get bigger and it'll be to me—not to live in fear. I even had to get used to nor- too late. People cooUn't believe it could happen. I mal oookfaig beeanae I was uaed to nttons in En^and wouldn't believe it if I hadn't been in it"

Record keeping gave Gottlieb sense of famliy ByLoradaFnak "One of the tUnffi that'a bete aabi" aaki 41-yaaivold Steven Gottlieb, 'ia that Germany ia gbodior kilHng Jcfws and keeidng ncccda." It is ^bat record keeping that baa gtveo bun a aanse of boily.

When Mr. Gottlieb, an audio engineer ibr Nebraaka Ednf^ional Talaviaton, had thm opportunity to go on aaaignnwnt to France in 1984, he deddad to atay in Europe a few extra dliys and viait the hometowna of hia paranta fa Gerouoiy.

"I had no ipadfie punxiae," he aakl, admittfaig he did have aected thoughta about going to the land that deetroyed ebnoet hie entira famfly, "but t had a curioeity about adiore my pareoti came from. My dad bad tailed about the orchard he'd stsrted and had pictnree ofit."

His mothv had kept up oomapoodenoe over the years with schoohnatea and thia granddaughter of a neiaJJxr. Mr. GottUab. aaid, by ooinekieocw, the granddaughter waa then living in the hometown of hia father.

On hie first stop, Mr. Gottlieb wae d|ie to meet with thecnplsoa of the people who |iaii bidden hia father's pa^pitp. The min and |H wife had bdlt a roombighouse which was attuatad on part of the land tiait had beionged to Mr. GottUab'agnoi^Nmnte. "It laama my gnmdmothcr gave everyddng ta tboae pebple."

He want to the imndcipel offioee kralpng for addreaees of property that belonged to Ua fatbar'a famUy. While he never found out about the orchard, a man ha^Md him go through the record hooka and be fbqbd informatioD on three or fbur geoeratioaa on hia grand^Mrenta'aide.

He met with the granddaughter of hia mother'anai^ bor, who gam bin a tour <rf the town and drove him 4» the backraada to her pamta'home and be waa able to meet ber grandmotbar and her parenta. Iluy drove him to the Jewiah oamatary in his notber'a town of Mnlbrim.

He waadared through the cametaiy, tlUngjiieturee of haadstonaa with the namaa of bla ttotbn'B family.

In the «aniatary, he oat a Ite. Boae who had an iatareet in updating tagtaMl Jewish feeoeteriea in the ana.

Mr. OottU* toki the jproMaor li» badno idea what bad bappiaed to bia family and Dr. Boae waa able to give Urn a i«i«h kka. Ha told Mr. GottUab he had npdatad a coOl^iaB of namaa op baadatonap in the area

ttt Ulbbattfilaa: TBtyOtMeVoQ^abot^ ahat OA'^Ur t off and left two Naii gaarda outakia tba bonae ao no I teighbon woddcomaebowdU. If thtydid, tbaywooM F bava teoeived the eama treatmtnt we did."

I Mn. GottUab recaivad hir domatic permit when she [was IB yaan oU and, iaavlng bar family, einignitad. In i LaadonaheworkadforafttwyvridcbliiidaMBiityaaej Am every aftamooa and "gave me a Mnfiy faeUttg and 1 Hi^jtad me learn EngHah," The family alaefooad apoa[ ton tot bar paranta and youpnr aiatar. However, the j war broke out •<"! "thai «*•• ui« ikM. T hiMrd from all (.of my family.

She wrote tft,HIV twu \ u>nn uiiu niiyuno olse ahs r (bought oaiiMiH||^Jaaata than, but toao avail Whan thaliKidl thia taipily laft COIr tbo war, ahe bad to leave. She worked for two other funiUee. She bi Binriagfaanii. Bnglapd, for aoma time being called upon to do part time war work with

and I waa atiO tiying to stntch things here," Mn. Gottlisb ai^ •tEuriand waa peaceful." she added, "but I dUn't hav4 alu^y."

In 1965, the GottUeba built a home in V<^et Omaha for theoiselvea. Bteven and dn^biar, EBan. ildbo had been born in 1963. In 1975 bar husbanl died. S» said it was hard sufhring another loas.

Mr*. GottM) still bean fromjuigbbon andtrienda in Mnlhrim and fsels for thoee'imo have been good people,'but sbsstin feels batud. "I fed nbtUog but hatred.

That's why I can't go bad(."\..

HiUe awl SlMfW Oat*lieb wWi nide'e faUM^a', ease wUah Steven retrieved tram friaada fai Ganuaiy.

and daohad a faistoiy of the area written by a former raaidaDt. After the trip to the cemetery, the family preaented Mr. Gottlieb with a cane belonging to hia motber'a father. The iqiper portion of the Uadi cane waa covered with goU and bar father'a initiala wen atffl dearly etched bito the top.

"Yean tiga they bad wanted to aand it but thoii^t it too vahiable to trust to tbs maiL lliqr bad hoped somecoe from the fsmUy would come'imd gsi it end the preeent generation had cootianed to save it. My mother was tODched and aurpriaed wbn aba^ it;" Mr. Gottlieb aaid.

Whan he returned home, Bfr^ Oottlielrraoeived a compilatloD of names of headstonea from Dr. Boae wUch wen baeed on legibnal work ol Hugo Friedman in 1929.

(Cdnddentally, Mr. Friedman had been Mn. GottUeb'a Hebrew teacher.) Uaing tbeinformatton, Mr. Gottlid) waa able to go back tbree or four gtncrationa on hia motber'a father'a akie.

Dr. Boee alao aent a hiatorical recollection which recaOadUfe Mm the Naaia and toU how the Jewa and OentiljM lived together, giving namee and dataOa,' ''TUa gave me buteht bito life befon the Naai era—Iflc^.tbe nearby town had a matzoh bakery," Mr. Gottlieb aaid.

Althwuj^ he waa in Germany cajy four days, be eaki there wu much to deal with and he was overcome emotionally. Fhan the ooJndllfioee wluch lad t9 the amount of h>formation<be was aUe to obtain and the people he waa aUe to meet in that abort time, "I got the feeling it was meant to be," he aaid.

Mr. Gottbab aakl the former cUyMmatea of hia mother and the othen hei met wen all very nice to him. "I ooubin't.aM,thepeoplaaf(Naaii,"bea«kl "Ipntmyself hi their abbas. H<^ many people could atand up and put. their own life on the line? In die little towns in the wine' country, ekbig out s living wsa the main concern.'11)eni was no real time for politics or biteDectuaEzing. My paiv ante' friends weren't actively involved in my famUy'a deatnietion, outaidws wen nought in.

"I haveaaenaeaowof fiunfly;" aaidMr.Oottlieb, who was left with little real family."It WMinal mix of amo^ tions for all of ua. They wen all atrangan but as dose to family as I could ever get"

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Herman Loewensteln:"... nobody did anything' By l^rada nnuk wont diaappdutBMat tot' Holocaiiwt Mirvfvar Hanten Lotwanatain waa "the retctioD of the worid to wlmtwaa happwiing; .Nobody did anythiag."

Ilr. LoeirtBatdn add the worid kt the Ibbcmat happen and eooooniged the G«nnaD8 i^ attaodinc the 1936 (Hpnpica.

'Jpittieri _ caIladtheB]«dcs,PoieaandCaechafaifenar 'Hmm Why did they cflhe to the 1986 Olynudca and iagiSbtt aU hia doingaT" M(««iauMitaiitty, he aaid. '"TlMiraridhaaa't learned a ttiiag. The Rolocauat hai Ummiad •fain-ane uOHaa Aighana, ia Ufaada. and UM tmm in Iraq and Iran. Did aiiybodbrbothett We dmt evan read aboot it In the newqpaiMn." Hia advice for the ftitare ia, "Don't evtr give op fifl^ iag djacriminattai, Don't liaten to people who eny not to make wavaa. We didn't duke wavaa in Oacmany."

Mr. Lowaoatete'e lathar had been a prnminaotittorn^y in (Mdeobvig, Oermany. He waa a notary, a praatigioua honor in Oannany; praaiddit of the bar aaaodation; a atate aanator of the fVee Democratic State and a monber of the board of directors of B bank.

llw yoong liOeiNliatai|i ma a star athlete fbo attaodad the Uftfeiiay paMiy tf the teiQror'a eon. None of this made any differeiiiBe efter 1986: 'Thity aaabhtd me' Ovamight hia beat friiiida tumad on Urn- "Tbey anubbad me." aaid Mr. Umranatain. vbo had bean the only Jfir in his echooL Aftat KriaUlhiacbt itt Novambar 1838, he and hia fathar ware taken to SfJiawihanaai coocentratkta camp. However, it waa a mjatahe faacauae OBfy Jews over 18 wan aiqnoaed to be tiiera and he waa 17.

So, he and hia father left and want OlagaSy to Hot land. Then, thrmgh the iafloaBM of the Datdi govmment; Mr. LoMrputein's father eaeaped by bateg dadand legdiyiliid. Mr. Loawanstein then want iOegaQy to Belghuii ia the tvunk, of A taiL In 1940. wfaan^CiMnHtta inviidad, he fled to France, but was an«Bted baeinaa 0f Ua CKnoan paaaport He waa pat into St Clndan iiMcnment eainp ia Southern Franca, then traaawred to Camp dora. ''I waa releaaad tlMNWi^t the hdp of the VMCA, ibr which I worked aaatiraiMrinthlt^anp. I was released into a fonied reaJdance, a home for students. We were free but couldn't go further than six miles fitm the house."

Qeatapo ndda houe In 1943, the honie waa riitdad by the Qeatapo. He was put into a camp in Dran^, near Paris, then into hard labor campe befdra iMfag Ubanted by AnttrkastnxqM in 1946. He went back to hia mother In Northern Oermuy.

A British officer smuggled his father back to Germany. While his father rasomed his law practice, Mr. LoewenstMn attended and-graduated from law school "I decided to leave Oannany becauae we fdt the Germans woaM still be Nads and never change. I still fed that way." he paid.

A Jewiah organiaatioa spons<B«d him to come to Omaha aiad the foOowingyaarlia aponaorad hbpaiattta, "My father wdkad Mt of a pnM^ making 100,000 Marka (about <100.000)." ha aaid. "and I oouU have walked into an aatabUahad practice but we both gave it aD iq> to oooe to Amariea."

Mr.'LoemBataia never became a lawyw because he wcpU have hadto go tmk to icliooL <'I want intoietaiL Lou Kats gave me nqrfinit jib at Rank's Army Stmre."

Married Roae Morria Mr. Loewanstaitt married the former Roae Mania of Omaha and thegr raiaed aix cUkbea. He woried for different ooomaniee and lived hi a variaty of dtieii eveotoaOy beoommg opehMdooi manager of a 60-stare home infaxmrnfept conpany, befonretfaingin 1966 aadonving back to Omaha.

"I was aaooeaaful early in bnalneee but it didn't reaOy make vp for what I gave up," he said, "but it was bittar than the hard timea."

While he can't blame today's generation and is not •fraktof Gmnany now, he aaid hemmld pever go back tbUa German houMland. His also saki he is not afraid of the possible German reunfficatkn because it is differ ant now than when Hitler came to power. ^

Thoughts on freedom Thoughts by one who saw the other aide of freed(Mn:ap|Res8i(m, fear and death.

Let us give thanks, for we Uve in a free country.

Let ua give thanks, for we may choose what we have for dinner—no government will tell us we can or cannot have turkey or ham or koaher foods.

Let us give thanks, for we have the &«edom to vote and choose our own rq>reeentative to state and local 'government.

Let us give thanks, fot no Gestapo, KGB 6r secret pdioe can invade our homee or arrest us without cause snd let menibers oi oar family diaappear.

Let us giva thaii^ for wiuite'ver farouUaa and needs we have, and we do have plenty of them; we are also much better off than moat people onJBatth.

Let ua give thanka. fior we can dislika or Iflca our government or preskient, protest agabst them, make fun of thein. even insult thetnimd Uve to tab about it ' Herman Loewenatein 1982

May You and Yours Clierish the Moments of this Passover Season

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Yedvabne Jews burned to death by Poles in 1941 «B7 Dorfi lUMbuky ^^ In 1988, while .ngaeiifctilng my husband Rkhaid's luteiul &anil)r tim, I oofitarted an lantali firat oooaiii, Mair Weinstefai, irtM than wrote na about tbil tragic U» toryot the nniainiiig family in Poland and of how he had survived dorinf Worid War II. By 1939, Folaiid had.tbe hi«jhiBst percoitage of Jew« of any Eipopean coonby, over three miDion. On Aug. 23,1939, Oennany ind Russia aliped a non-aggression pact concerning Pob^d. Folbwing that, Germany attacked Poland on the morning of'Sept. 1; Rwsia mvaded on Sept 17; and 11 days later, Pk)iand feO. Gtr 9uaiy and Rossia signed another agreenwut dividing Poland between them.

who were living under the Ri«Mian Occupation in 1939.

On June 22,1941, Genobaqy invaded Ruaaia and by December came does to r^^turing Moecow. In Yedvabne, in 1941, and ebewbere in Russian occupied Poland, the Russian amnr ooeiacripted the PoieB of all ethnic gtoi^M to he^ fi^tt Oermany. Mair Weinstdn became a Ruasia soUier at the age of 23.

Sometime after Mair left, the Pdish people of Yedvabne gathoed up the Jeiwa in their village and. while Ruasian soldiers watched, herded them into a large dwdUng and set it afire. Mafr wrote m late 1988, "In December of 1945 I was released from the amqr> then I waa aaUng about my fiunQy and I heerd what happened. Add and bar husband Moishe and childrea were burned together with aO llie Jewish peoirie in Yedvebne by the Polish people in ^ year 1941. Because of the anti-Semitic Pdish bands, I was not allowed to go to Yedvabne to visit their graves."

Adel was 41 yesrs old, Moishe wss 47, and their dangh^ Toibe and Hadasa were II and seven idien they died in that fire.

Meanw^iile. Mair aervrid in the Russian army untO 1944 when Ruasia liberatad PdLmd and he was leleaaed to serve in the newly organised Polish srmy. In April On that day in 1939, the village of Yedvabne, Lomza, of 1945, Russian troops attacked Beriin and joined Poland, came under Russian occupation. forcee with the United State* troope at Trogau aa the Around 1880 in Yedvabne, Abraham Isaac Weinstein Elbe river. Mair's group waa on their way to the Elbe married Toibe Rochet KorioBvich and they raised five river when he met his first U.S. troops. , dau^tees and two 8008. Jews in Poland wen fobjected ^niany hardships sndpgyoms in the years leadfaig up After what he heard what had hi^pened to his fam• ip 1999; conswjnentty, four Weinsfan dau^^iters and one ily, he wrote, "Then I started to my way to Israel. It km had immigrated to the United States by the time was not 80 easy. I went through Austria, Germany and the Russisna had taken control.

Italy. It was an megaleWlwigration when I first came They inckKled Sarah, who married Nathan Levinaon to Israel, and tb* En|^ anny forbid us to enter the andlive in Omaha. Neb.; Joe, who married Rose Bk)cher border to Israel and they smt me to Cyimis to a prison and lived in Tuba, Okla.; Ida. who had two husbands. for six months. Then I was set free, end happily came Hairy Kavitch and Jake Kaidan, and lived in Omaha; to my land, Israel" Gusde, who had two husbaiyJe, Nathan Osoff and Max Mair was married in 1947 to Neomy Horovits and Mittleman, and lived in Detroit, Mich^ and Fanny, who they cuirentiy Hve in Kiiyat Mozkin. Th^ have two piarried Sam Rosinsky, and lived in Omaha.

Hie other son, Izhak Weinstein, manied Hinda Kahan married dau^ters, three, gnkndsons and one grandand during a virus epfcfamfc in Poiadd. hi 1918, they (&a daughter, all living doee fay. Mair wrote they also served • month apart, leaving a siZ'month-dkl son, Msir. Mair in the Israeli wars of Independence, Sinai, Six Days and Yom Kippur.

Iras raised by bis gran^arents, Abraham and Toibe, until their draths in 1924. Six-year<dd Mair was thai This story is writtoi inloving memory of our aunt raiaed by his aunt Adel, the firth daughter, i^ho soqo Adel, uncle Moishe, cousins, Toibe Rochel and Hadasa Mnshe Fishman. Thqr bad two daughters, Fishman, and in honor Of the courage of our cousm, Mair I Rochel and Hadasa, and it was the five of them Weinstein.

By 1939, Poland bad the highest percentagfi of Jews of any European country...

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•^•^UnUH ^^HVH IwM^Vlff I

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SongofSorgs2'.1(H2

fiakeii

A|M««,f««

M%^-

Th^MatzahofUmty (To be recited during the Sedir at Y»chat2—when brieaklrig the middle M»zah)

We are about to take the middle matzah and divide it In half. This matzah which we break ands^ a^ld^ Is a symbol of our unity with the Jews of the Soviet Union, We will not conclude our Seder until the mlssfn|t pHet£ Is found and spiritually reunited. This reminds us of the indestructible link which unifies us as a world family^ Matzah Is ifie bre^d of affliction whiqh after the Exodus becomes the breiu of redemption. As we observe this festival of freedom, w6 are heartened to be part of the largest Exodus of Soviet }ews in recent history, biit we remain mindful of those refuseniks who stfll wait longingly for permission to emigrate. ]ews of the Soviet Union resisted decades of suppression with fiilth. Strui^nt ^^ I've asjews, many sought valiantly to leave for Israel; the land of Our redemptiori. Many suffered harassment; some endured prison. The forces of opprtt^fon tried to afflia them with amnesia of the spirit But, they remembered.

At last, most are allowed to go free. We know not how long die door of freedom will remain open. We walk with them in their Exodus. At this Seder, we commit ourselves ^o accompany them on their road to freedom, pledging the assistance they require.

We cannot forget those who remain behind. To those still seeking permission to leave and to those striving to build a better Jewish life in the Soviet Union, we pledge our continued vigilance, sel^Midlfice and solldinlty.

i-'.

Later, we will search for the hidden iMece of matzah. In much the same way, we have sought to find Our brothers and sisters in the Soviet Union. Onde having found the missing half, we wilt beilble'lto continue otir S^erJ So, too, will the reunification of Soviet ]^s with our homeland allow Israel to continue growing and blossomtng imothecentral core of our collective Jewish Identity. May our commitment, expr^sed here tonight as well as maintained through Op^atiOnli^us tomorrow, enhance the quality of Soviet JeWlsh life In Israel.

Am Ylsrael Hu Am Echad - The People Of Israel Are United.

\

<Lr^

Prepartd by the Uniud Jewish Appul lUbbink Cabinet ind the NjtIoMi Conterenct on Sovkt lewry in iKtnor o( Operai

>vKhS7Sa.faaoml990

««*••; 1M

Passover at Dachau, April 1945

HyCvl

> timi apring of 1B4S, IWM ia IHduo KoChr aomkn canq>. We •Ugrid in diitjr Mrrtlm bai^ I thi^loiikMl Uke cavM, midar • tomial with • roof tHaBOugl^tiM dirt W« OMlidl aniptjr food cans for eating oiieBaih and •^ Rime OB a piece ol wire attadiad to thai «nb I or Jednt, thigr were oar Ufa^awa.

Bkuka, who ran the camp, had been toU I wae >d proftiaatnnal tailor. He need my barrada aa hia r ahop with aU needed eqafamtnt Moat inqiortant I an iron Cor pneaing ovwythiag. It ha^wd my bar I beoone a lieaven on eerth in Canq> 3. • We had a rabbi from the Seven Heigfate in Hongaiy. |Ie wee vwy traa in hia atatora aa an OttiMdox Jaw. We «ared fbr him aad gave Um food. My tailor ahop waa " I eentaroleveiytUng and for evening prayera we had I there an the time, atanding oven, burning all the time, Inpt oa "; gave me greet aatiafaction to do tlila-fa^iiy [ orocaere.

Ite ftret weelc of April we atarted to tUnk about a r aadar. Oar raUi gBveneencaar^mnent in tfaia . He aaid. "We moat have a PMeovar aeder. We ) living Jewa and God wOl help that thia yeer we win rviva and hiatory win tdl that in Dachatt Jewa leiehrated Paaaover."

A We had aboat three weeln until the firat aedar ni^t. itook over the reaponafliQilgriDr'maboa, wine andpptaI lliere were 12 man to atart A group iriikh worttad for German fanoaraoutatda the eamp and Jbalped car^entara waa oigauiaed to ha^ One farmer, e good Oaiefian, offered bread and poCatoee, leftover food. Two fther men aaid they could gat flour and poUtoea. Other faen were to gat nuit to make wine. i^In two weeica time we had everything in my barradvI antic^Mition wae aa if we were prepning for a wed-

ding. We made matao dough from flour and water, we cooked it in a pan and we luld a rolling pin made by ^ carpenter. We alao had whito towele end whiU eovara end the Carpenter made a primitive fbar4agced taUe. We had eaicoto and other yean viwKtabiae.

EverytUng became a dream. We even had wine goblata and nrayer bodu. Theae were givan to oa tar a farnier lirfao had Mhar reUgiouB Jeiriah hooka left by a Jawiah friend before he waa taken away. So, we hiid raaauiiei HwggtitTiK We did qot have Ughta. In the canter of the pointed ro(if only one amaU 28-vob lamp-No wiodowa, oi4y one eBti7,aOweeetthetahletothefiBreild.WeiiBededaecurtty gnarda ao we fboiid 8i« man for that, in caae of inqiectkn by the SS men. Theae goarda, from diffirent baftradu, pnrixiaafy werit to thelatHne, ftom whkh it waa legal to waUc back fid fbrth.

Eveisrthing waa aa we wiAed. Ni^ fan and the «ve of Kaaaovar begin. Th» rabbi took thi attan glaaa ofwitielnlufl trattl^hand and, with a Aying voiea, he ai:afta#:tbaJtiddaaO^e d Btood watchfaig the rabU. witbjndi ptfdi and honor. After the kkUnah. he Ueaeed m lithM nlyer./'Bleaaed art thM b otemal. our (^Idnff of die univurae, who bait praaervedua alive, aqatainedtfe and brought najcgr thttatoaota." ^^ Weoi^y hadwine for tbk rabU. ibout 12 amaU aqpe, ao we only touched it witib'our 1^. At the proceadkig, wa had a limited aupplyotpotatoaa, two far eadiflfua.

With no platee to eat on. ymjato from the pot br luuxl to mouth. We had aaU waiecbut we didh't need Utter harba-we had plenty of fiitieneeB. Yea, the rabbi eaved a OBpof wine for Eiyah. TherdM elevated the amaU dark matib and began. "Tbia ia the bread of afflktion which^anceatora ate in tibe land of Egypt At the pteeent we celebrate it here at Dachau conoeDtratkn camp, April 1946, but next yeer we hope and wiab to celebrate it in the land of laraeL Thia yeer we

are elavaa of the German and AuatriiB Nasia, buttnei| 1 yeer we hope to be,f^ mat in the land ofbnaL An^ we cry unto the Eternal, the God of our iatiiara. heai; our bitter voicee, aee our affUctJon, our aorrow. oui! oppraeaka... Withdraw your wra|th and have mary on your choeen treeaure. Lord, God of larael. apere na. 0 Lord, in your kindnaae. let not the ^rreato rule over ua.'

Let not tbli nationa aak ua 'where ia your God?' HMV pick ten men and make them atand oppoette, in froitf ofua, and caU to them'Where ia your GodT'then opott fire and they aU fan to th9 ground, dead. King Davii aaki to die prophet, God-Let me not hdl into the hang (rfuUDL Thia ia iriiat happened to ua. Wei fan to the hkw4y Chriatian murderera'handa. How kfg muat our aoula remain bi aodi agonyT Grief haa dfann^my eyea^ UM gotyim, our enemiee, have made me aged and oU." Our mbfai atrcnfl^ pototed out to ua that Elijah ia tha angei that atopa at aff larael'a hcMnee woridwide. Wher^ ever he ia caUed ha doaen'tneed an aiiplaae or a paaa to come to the conoentratkm camp. He ia.aent directljl^ from God to help hia chMen. laraeL We atood ig> fadqg eeat The rabbi aaid to watch hia little op agaOL HW rabU lifted up the cup and aak! t« ua,''kfyi^lear btpthara, aa coetom k our traditkn, each man and woman make a wiah to your hunt and min4 in ajlant iv«yer. Phmi thia night oo. EUiiah, die aervanW' ahJdlratamtoGodtoaetnafreeaudaaXin«L" > Aaked to open die door,!^ ao. At that aamn md| ment, J beerd Ua lamienting voicse with a bnhift flfteaif rupnhig down Ua bony cheeka, bidding the omin Ui ri(^ hand and atarting to pour out wrath upon dvltftor deniua nationa. After the door waa ckwed, he turned t^ UB< Hie Ibw were quiwring end hia handa were tremr bUng. Onbr hia ayee were aUUng with i^oiy and hope that iiextyear'a aedera wouU be celebrated hi freedoni for na and for aU of larael'a children ih Jeruaalem. ^ The aecond night waa celebrated #ith fewer men. Bu| the next Paaaover waa celebrated aa we had wiahed-^ We werefreel

Passover Greetings

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,' 'So that the Banner trfU^ justice and Truth shall become the Banner of AU the Peqfrfes of the Earthas symbolized m the Menonth," On the happy occasion of the Amwal celdjration qfOhe Passo*/er holidays We Extend Out Sincerest Greetings

TOALU JNikpENdENt

ROOBNQ CCMVIilANy 901 S. 40th St. — Omaha, NE 68105 BUD PADON 348-0909

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WIDE ASSORTMENT OF Pass over.

THe Jewlah Federation of Omaha wfll not paaa over you.

An act of tndlffercnoe.

Tlw v«ry tiriiig «• can't •flbfd to do te each otlwr.

-irNatYou.WHO?WHO will 0v* klv to our >l«iilah ooomnini^. If notxBU?

We iwver hawe, fml «c rwtlL Never.

Jewish Fedemton of Omaha -^ ttttHJUItl.ltut

m^SSl!Sr;VS?^,

'>:fe'^siw.«aHwe?ra>ra5f3SiaiiP'=K*j«,'r?.K<';jw5nr;^i

Memories of a childhood spent on the run

By Jo CwroU advertisemflnt in the Aiifbsf, a Gannan Jewish nemiMfMr read. "Beatrice and Sum Stem are looldog lor any living relatives." ! BeatoioeStmPa9ben|MinMrwasborabiL«utci1>ach.

Oennany, before Kiuer came to power! Sie ranembcn tan timaa in a houae where she Uved with her younger lister, Soaie, her pannts, an undaaiMllMr gran^aother. } Her grandnxMier played with her as she dimbed in and out of a kitcbea window piddng radishes, fresh l^om thegarden.

On lamdry day, dothee weren't bleached, but laid on the la«!a in the sun to whiten.

I' la 1937 Mr*. Pappenhehnsr's lifo began to change.

She r«nniinl)«iB her mother warning her father, "Make kueyvu'n borne by the time it gets dark. I don't want jrau out at night time." ^ When the fuoilyiraa farced to move to Karlarohe, her Irandmother and unda had the foraaight to go to Israel pit.her paraota always thouc^ that God would inter IIM

f ,1Vy took tbe irtatB ,to kailaruhe and on the way Immg Beatrfeebegan lo pi«y a #o4<te bkidc game with f NasL Alterwaobijliar nldtiwr said to her/^Don't be friendiir wftli in*Mf«MM^' iiri .lififiiriv: •.v.-r

•

-—

'•

ItwaBKristallttacht"! nmmber sedag Gres all ovet the dty."

The aokUer told her, "WIHT* yon are going you won't need this doD." The youag girl, in defiance, tfaraw her ddl OB the floor and broke fte face.

The family waa taken to the raihoad station where peo|de had been waiting a long time. The train they boarded was a paaaenger ona, but very overcrowded, lie train was travel^ at a alow rate of speed. Scmie passengers tried to Jump fhMn the windows. They were immediately shot by Naria on ths roof of the train. Mrs. Pqipenheimer said, "It was my first etperienca of seeing someone die," When her mother tried to hide mone^ in her stoddng, Mrs. Pqipenheimcr was teirifiBd that bar mothsr wooM be shot She took the uMoty tram her mother and fluahed it down the toilet After boors of travelinf,,the train laachad its destination, Gura, in aouthern Fiaaoe. It waa a ihort ride in trucks to the eonoentratkn t^fw^pt.

Young Beatrice said goodbye to her father whin the men and women were aefaratad. She and hv mother and little sister were to share a mattress filled with straw and one blanket in a barrack*.

Somdiow Mr*. Stem managld to obtafai another blanket and made two cqws for'her dau^^tars.

One day Mra. Pappenfaaimir todt her little sister by the hand and went off in leaitli of the men's concentration camp. She was vaqr inmiy for her father.

She kkked one of the Frindt guards, caBad Um a ditty I^ and ran down the path with bar aistar. Th*y totad their father. He could not believe they had managed to find hint

Mrs. Pippenhaimwr said sometimee there were Swiss pacniain thecanq) who had come toyodeL Th*y came In Kvlanibe the flnai^ inoved mto an qMBtment with with tibe Red Croas who gavf tha ehOiixw Uttla Uta of lalativeB. Oaaday Mis. Pmienhsimer wasoot ptaa^ chaeea. Mrs. Pappenhaimar said they war* starving at Mth th»atlHrJawiahidi0Am and tfa«y began to throw the time. She B«ys the I<«^ 6mM did mart harm than Btooaa'at the Nazi aaidi(n.Hieii th^y ran in and out good because th*y handed out so llttie fb^d^She has 01 aUegwto awape. Hei^ino^lkrhadwati3)adikvmtbe never understood, "Why didh't ths erbnieB report the Windowand w«a hortifieii After that ah* did not aUow conditione that were gtring on in that camp? her daughtera to play ptii^da. teea^^t Mra. Pappenheinpr and berfmily awoke U^ town on fin. It was Krlstannacht "I hftWHlj^»>M tW<<ty." • tdriiMdaaii want to see what he could ragrnagogae. "W* waited for niy flithse to come back that night, but he never did." Hawapttakeo |6 Buchenwald.

2 Later Mr. Stem wa*rekseaed.Yoaag Beatrice did not terognirttha itoopad, hloodied man covered with awid The two aiatars qient tkfir dajrs on fcroad walks, pickahe saw in the doorway. Ha came in and atwted to pat ing up stones and oocaaiMUdly gi^Ung into misrJiief. lli* handa dhactly on the iron atove, "Papa, it'a hoti" Susie Stem was jrQHBg and vary frail One day she dis•be acreaaied iriiaB ahe raoogniied hint appeared. Mra. Stern toU her remaining daughter not - After h« father had rsoovsrsd, ha apant his d^r* gtv to ssy anything about it

They made a deal with the Nans,

took thsm to parks where they aaw signa that read,

rjMta^rafirbkiden." ^' Inl93l>tlMnwaaalmockattbedoaraDdtwoGestajpo me^ appwKed, TlMy told the Stems to pack enom^ ^jothea for two walks.

Mrs. Pappanbeimer remea)ber* taking her favorlta jfctD into the Uviur room. It had a face made of porcelain.

Mr. and Mra. Stern and their oldaat daughter were moved to another camp, Rivaeaaltee. on the western side rfPrimce. Mrs. Pappenheimw never knew why. She said there waa even laaa to eat there.

She saw her father one lakt time. She had been iaolated bacauaa aha was ill and he came to aay goodbye.

He waa baiag deported to MarsaiUaa. Mrs. Pappanbeimer waoU aoon leave the camp too.

06E (Oauvr* D* Sacours Auz BnfanU), a Jewish under ground organisation, wu taking children out (rf the canq>a.

They made a deal with tl)e Naiia. Th*y said th^y woukl take the children tu^ feed them and the Nasis woaU ahniys know where th*y were.

Onoe the tUkkait wwe out ol the campo they were hUden hi chataeus in lamota vlllagea.

Mr*. Peppenhaimer had never been inside a chuichi but now she was a student at a CathoUc boarding school It was the first time in years she had slept between two sheets. "I liked the way they explained the story of Jesus. I wanted to convert." But there were no conversions.The children woricad for fsimerB, pickiDg bugs off plants and weeding.

Toward the end of the war it was determined it was sale for the chiUnn to go back to the diateaus. The two youagsiataw warn Birhif»lisrei»hen the wd iiwi placed in the internationally drcnlatad newapaper.

The response was tremendous. Their grandmother wrote to them froqi Israd, two aunt* in New Yorii reeponded and an ande in England also WTota Mr*. Pappwiheimer wanted to join her grandmnthiT in larad but her aiater wa* in poor health and did not want to travel that far. So at age 12, Mra. PiVpabheimer made the dedak» for her and her nine-yearold sister to jcin their aunt end uncle in En^^d.

According to Mrs. Piq>penheimer, the trials they had endnred had left tfaam angry and full ot hatred. "We were like wild animals," ne said.

The trials they had endured left them angry and full of hatred.

Her aunt tiitd aendhig Mra. Pappenhelner to a Jewiah achod but aha laated only eix weeka. "I found it terri^ I couldn't ait stOL" She took aewing laeeona and became a aaleelady for bar uncle who manufactured Mre. Pappanheimar ransoibera telling her mother puraee.

Three years later, in 1947, the Sear* Foundation goodbye and taking with her the cape that had been brought Mn-PvpnlMimer and her datar to New York made oat of the oonoentraiion camp blanket City to Uva with aiiothar aunt and undo. She attended ^ The children were groqped in 60-100 per chateau and achod and took to the American wnr of Ufa. ' When aha waa 17 aba met the h>va ofher Ufa, Bob Pa» grew vegetable gardena in the eummer. In the winter tbear l^vad oil the land, eatiag weeda or iriutever th*y panbpimir. Ha waa the firat on* to buy her UpaUck. Hal coidd find. Farmare woiild Mmwtimoa sell them food. took her bowUng and to Jewlah dnba.

She married him and had a whiriwind honeymoon at They alaatnra oooatanlkr-iin the mova for the Nasia ware looUag for than. Ifri Pappanbeimer Uved in U. Niagara FaDa on their way to tbair new bom* b the Mid* diflerantplMaa. The chUdNB were tau^ French pnd weat. The aaw Mrs. Panpenhdmar tovad tha Midweet She eakl bar Ufe haa alw*ya moved flat but "I alw*ya 'dipt a INnch name and addroae in Paris. Sometimee they would have to move <pdte qaickly and Mra. Pap- adjuat. My dreama have all become a roaUty. I yaha^ peaheimer i«namben being driven away in a farmer'e thtnga othar people take for granted. I vahie my Je#i iahnaa* v«ry, vary much. I thfaik wa are Uke a Ught untd eart other people. I'm not a*ying wa^re better, but I fed Uka At one of 0>e chataeus. Mr».Pa|;yanhaimer eyre lit- wa have a wonderful vahie ayetem." tie i^ w^ a cMa,on just like hers. She dkin't raoogMr*. Pappenhaimar and her late huaband. tk)b, went idae herai flnt it waa heir little sister. They nevor hift to Fraaee and fooad atvaral of the ehataaoa die had Md' dan fai aa a chiM. eadt other'* side again.

She often cfves talk! to achod children about hetf \ Hy 1948. the Naii r^ had become so frequent that experience. She has managed to save saverd aweator* it watao loQger *afa UM the childran to liv* in th« her mother knitted for her and a smaU apron that sha fs<^rm!>f~'f:"in;:

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Happy Passover frvm your Jewish Community Center Board & Staff

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A career in the artiiy looked good to Rul>4n LIppett

mm.QyJoCHraD r^ Wh« RobtB I^fMti Hataned to hk mother's advice not to tnuwfar tothtHmraiian Iilaods in Jul^ of 1941. he mad* « wiM efaoko. WM Vwri H^borinM boo^ in Novanbir 1941 ^ wa* atitiMad at Ft Laooaid \ Wood, Mo. Be wbnlctieeacaonlter, bat that morning .'. ha was atlD is the aadiiriuB aodieoaa ran throiiigfa the I "^barradts yalUng, "The JWM have bombed Paiari Harbori" Mr. Unntt started his army ou^K July 1940 when r f he enliited,lurvjng just graduated froA college wiwre he had taken BOTCJobe wan scarce and the S12( the arnn^paid pwmoath kwtod yaiy aittiactive. For a Mde he wiu sUtioaed at Ft Crook, which is now SAC headquart|Bri. Moat of the man in his unit felt wer was inevitable and only a matter of time when Peerl Harbor was bombed. Stationed in the Sixth Infantry Division he was sent overseas at the time of the Battle of the Bulge in

Novenbar (rf 1944. Hie troop landed at U Havre, FtnokDa. nxre tbiy wate greeted by a aetiea of recsptka campe named after dgarettes, eoch as (M OoM and Lucky Stiflw.

Mr. U^ittt ipnaBabtrs his first trip into town quite viviiByiit was anide awfddng for him. "I walked into a bar «^ ill the patrass were scrvke pe(^ from all diflltraH'oonntrka, wearing all kinds of ditfacent nniforma. It remindsd mie of thoee filma you aee of North Africa. That'a when t knew we were teally at war."

His unit was conunltted to the front Unas in southern France and tliey b^an the co«vay tliare. After they had pawMd Paris they sttffBted their first casualties.

P-6rs,AmeiicsnplsMe that had been cqitnred by the Germsns, were strifing the troope. "I never was^O) ecaradinmylife." /"^' His unit soon took over at the fitmt linee and croeeed over into Germany in eariy December 1944 where th«y met with little raeistance. By Mey of 1946 they were in Aiisteia.

"My commanding (^oar must have known that I waa Jewiah.'Uppett gat in the Jeep. I want you to come with me.' I had no idea where w* ware foiilg. As we approadwd the town oC Web I aaMDed a honSde odor."

Mr. L^yett pulled ofi the highway into a wooded area and came to a bi|t«paoing. He eaw.two bsgelogcabintype buildiiws. Bodiee ware lying everywhere. Most of "Some bodiee etill had Ufa in then. They juat oouUn't move. Ttmy were ekfai end booee." The G«nnan troope had pulled out 86 iMMffa earlier, and Just left them. Mr. Uppett'and his eoaunauding affioer didn't Idiow iriiat do to with the people that were still aUva, l^r ««it hito town and rouadsd 19 the dvilisn popslaUoo to he^ move the live bodiee to the neariMt ho^ taL "The bodiee were so fragile you ooddn't put tham on a stretcher, you had to put tbam on a blanket," Mr. Lipflett recaDed. ' Mr. IJ|q;>ett will never forget nor believe the civilians in the toini who claimed not to know anything about what was going on at the log cabina.

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Her full name is Sonia Marllyrt Poloniki Breslow Bjr Mofric MaUM I a lot to me... Soni* Marilyn PolonaU^Ma 117 fnadinothar's nama, M4 it'a tlw on^ thing that I have of her."

Mrs. Brealow, a child of Holocaoat survivora, said the only memory that her family liaa of her father's mother ft a afaif^ phMogh^ "My father's entire family waa lost in the Holoeavat and most of m^y mother's fami^ as well... i "As a yoonjt child, there was a certain sadness in my nmfly that I didn't undnntand."

Mrs. Brealow said that as she got older she asked where her grand^Mrents were. ' "My mother would cry 'Hitler tock them away.' " She described the upbrhiging she, her aistar, Rose, and brothers, Morris and Lynn, had as "chSd-centered and protective."

She painted out that only Ykidiah waa qxiken at home untfi ahe reached the third grade. "It waan'tuintO junior hi^ achool that we were allowed to do tnaiqr of the tUnga outaide the home that-other cfaildm took for

grained.

"Uy pareota 'seemed always to be more aware of dangers, aurroundinga and ware veiy cautious in what they allowed uB to do."

She explained that knowing what she does about idiat her pamts ezperienced-aU the hdrnr atoriea-she can only offer them her heartfelt tlianlq for anrviving. "lliere were many caaea whoe victims hurled themselves sgainst electeifiedmices to end their miseries, but ray parents bdieved that no mattar how bad things can gat, there will-be a sunny d^."

She added, "We were taught to be the best you can and to live on a good name... I never knew my grandmother, but I am so proud to carry her name."

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Life in Vienna was hard even before Hitler came

u sccux for^eedoitv open mivjwi^ns ^ in man's (Uicsi

By JoCanoU Henaan Manluiiner, a retirad farrier in Omaha, waa bom in Vienna, Aoatria before Wwld War I. He recalls a youth of poverty and Jiardahine.

His fatherwaa killed dmring WWI and hia mother took in wnring to make ends meet. The family lived in a aif^b«drto(Mn apartment, sharing the water in tlie hall witii three other families.

A Hebrew teacher came to the attartmeot and taught Mr. Manheimcr and his brotlterB nntil he was nine years okL He attended a pnblic school ontO he was 14 when he went to work in the fur trade.

He was the yonngest in a ahop of 11 peofde who made imr coats. It waa not an asseaibly^line ptQoess and he learned to cut, match. Siw and put togetlMr furs.

These talents would last him a UfeUme. The economy of Vienna! was vaty bad at this time. Mr. Manhaimar notieiMl he didn't see many older people on. ihe

Mr. Manheimer nianaged to board a' train for Switserland. He got off one stop beta* the bonier and hiked the rest of the way to avoid the botxler guards. He hadaopaaqMrt, no'visa, nop^ienof any kind.

He spsnt nine monthsln Switzorland.'

He pcnihaded a Oentile fnirier to hire» him and he qpeot his hm^ Iwfura snd his spari time at ihe Amelrican consulate acqniiiiw the neoeasary pqMTS to travel When awed how he was aide to get these papera Mr. Manheimer repUed, "I learned to be'ereative."

An afSdavit from an unknown tmde in New Yoik City was recfived.and Mr. Manhdmer was able to board the SS Paris for America.

Whan he arrived in New York City it was 1939, the hei^t of the l!)«ins8ion, and he couldn't speak Enj^isli. But ha was undaunted.

Telling a landlady he would pay his

Anti-Semitism grew worse and Mr. Manlteimer saw Jewkb people stoned by the masses.

%

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streets. He realized this was because many of them had starved to death.

Antj-Semitism was also on the rise and lie found himself in many physical fifljits as ateenags'.

When bsirfts 21, he went into thefnr business for himself and moved out of his mother's apartment. He still shared his income with hot and' she still did some cooking for him. "My mother was a genius when it came to preparing food.

AU sh« needed was a little shortening, Efloor, some vegetidiiles, a little landsngar." 'f?, ti-SemitiBm grew worse and Mr. Manheimiirtear Jewish peo|rfe stoned by the maases. Jews were not allowed to l^evoi go to the barber or to a paik. He began to have to pawn-things so he iPrtMld have money for food.

rent in two we^ when money arriveii from a relative in California, he set out for the nearest paric Here he gatlieFed coats that needed to be mended and took them back to the apartment to b^Tsewn at id|^t. In two wews be had more ttian oiou^ for the rent and the landlady never knew that there wasn't any relative in California.

Mr. Manheimer remembers his firsi taste of American food veiy well, "A kai' ser roO and Uverwttrst." ' In: three montfaa ho had moved to Ixmf Island and had a little business for him£ self . He met his wiis in a nic^t chib i^flr danda^ B«t h(»soon found Long Island to be too social for him and he moved to' Great Neck. He joksa as he speaks of his store there, "I took a store where rich

When he arrived in New York City it was 1939, the height of the Depression.

A Jswiali igency sent out pamphleta warning Jews not to try to leave the country illegally, telling them they should Vait until they have the pn^jopapers.

people were, but in the winter time the rich people went to Flwida."

In 1964, Mr. Manheimer moved to Omaha and opened a fur business on Douglas Street in the downtown area.

He deeoribes his customers in Omaha as When the Nazis occupied Vietuba, Mr. bdng more rdazed and preferring mink.

Manheimer stsyed only four months. "A He advertised strictly by word of mouth, lot of pfopls bdieVed it (the invaaitni) "I had to create my own customer." waa Just tenmoraty. My (d>8ervation8 He recsOs that many of his customers toU me that Hilter waa gstting stronger were Oentilee. "Every reUgkn is a differwith support fh>m the maaaee. ent style of God," he said.

He was in business for 37 years ia "It is do ase to d;«y ids place where Omaha bdore he retired. "I appredats you are aurrouBded with enemies. I knew everytiiing I have today. I feel comfort' I had to take a chance. When you take able and good. I'm very satisfied that I a cbaaea oithsr you make it or yon was aUs to raiae five kids and I never, don't." needed any h^ from anybody."

50 years ago Wiirsaw ^ew8 facing extinction unles$ help cortie$ soon COPtlNHAOEN, Feb. 16,1940 (JTA) dty. rsiidved bara. through • trustwor-.

— Hanied M ({iaease, Itun^ptr, Nazi thjrsaures, tbt IptiUii ConoDUVity organisation. iism and pniMer, Warsaw's entire Jtwiah ponulation of moratha^ 400,000 is continulai to su)9l^ 100 Jewiah wwkw titttidibr siported toda^ to IM facing ar*'dally ror flouyqlswy rsmovai of Ktinction within a comparativdy abort defatiaaod other poMlc woriu. Nevertheless, IfMd street hoats for Jews still ((ontlm^' '' ' ' Unless bslp arrivsa a<HM, anfihilatlon tinue. ^k> Jew who leaves his hontp is. of the eatiif Jewish commonny of the sure of Muiulag.

HumiHatjona mi tortures ywtinua to iomer PoUth capital ia'.a nutter of months. This was (hf conviction ex- be iofUcted upon ths imprassed Jewish ptaaaed in an eyawttoasa teport of tbs wotkera, itho mtonii t9 daaas, sing,' Utosi dovolopmsnts la thsMsMMkl , nadnas.aad balitbflr JIMI>.II|INK« ^I7if •- •f^-'^ner^ .^'j-.tts.

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Sophie Kahn left Gemionyin 1938 Soon they shared an apartment with Mra. Kahn's s»'' ter and brother. Ihere were eifl^t Uvhig together the first year to try to save monegr. "And I waa venr happy," Mrs. Kahn seid. "We knew only buaineee and gstdng

Sophie Kiihn viiite Iwr Umik'pa lidadiy md ThuraBot have ban idita to if ahalud not peniiaded bar InuIband to IMW GtanumgriB 19S8. ; liis.KjdmHMiMiil(BlMMt4IhfMliB«litttev^^ Meniich. Gennaay: Oidy tiro Jevith fittnOiM Hved Uien. IV)'joined 20 otfaar Jewidi (amiliea U • nanrby faMni for Slubbat eervkee. Until 1988 the atmoephen wu natixditical et eD. ^Mn. Kahn iita tA yamgBet of aeveii cUldran. Her r died wben ahe waa 17 mooths eU and her fatlier her to live with an aunt When World War I atatted, ahe rejoined Iwr fanSy bee«u<) her father waa afraid she waa too elooe to the front.

'IMTS. Kahn recaOa that ahe waa a apoiled child and it waa hard for her to get uaed to the other children.

Her father was a cattle biqw. "It waa better to be in businees than to work for aomeone elae," ahe aaid.

"My father waa alao a ahoehet bat he did not do it comfOMrdally, he did it only, for the family'a uae."

Aa a yoong adult, Mia. Kahn wasn't aware of what was hq^Mning politically in Germaqy. "I tell yoo some;thing. It took ua a long time becanae we Hved ao far ^ay from where they were doing thinga.," Moot of her nei^UMTB were GathoUc and didn't beiiave hi adiat the Nazis were doing.

In 1933, when Mrs. Kahn waa pregnant with her aecoiid child, a group of Naaa dragged her hnsbfnd oot of bed hi the rnkkOe of the ni^ and putr Uu hi Jaa beeaoae ^ waa Jewish. FVirtunatety ahe waa dbfe tohtty his free'"'dom.

She decided that the family had to leave Germany for . the aaka of thefr chOdnn. it wea dnoat five years later ^hefoie they had enough taaaey and the proper papers 'toeacapa.

ThsirnottJewiefa aeighhora were nj/jwyful, accnrd; iiq( to Mrs. Kahn: Her father, however, wofold not leave; "Thfjr can put •^aaebinaadkin. I'mnbtleavhig," hetoldUadanghtDT. htar* . fmdlfre. kahn flwda their way to Belgfaan, then mbatttt^*4iere tbqrhaa abw Bn^ah leeaona and ' 6ndBy faito Holland. In HoBand thegr beanled the Nienw ; Ami|ardam eUp for the trip to AoHika. A rldi AmeriViSm Mwiah man had signsd so that 60 ' nakethiatr^. ^ • '• l'

Mr. Kahn first worked aa a weUer hUDmaha. "I stayed home with my children and I've UTNya been greieful to God that I did." Wben her hoaband came home, dinner would be ready. Mra. Kahn haa always kept a kosl^ Idtcbm and still eats hum some of her grandsMther's plates she brought from Gomany.

"In 1948 we got oiur first car," she said. "I dkb't know aiaytliing about jt car. My husband didn't either." She gave her sen a cfaedi for $700 to btqr a car frtmi his unde.

She was 48 years old before she lesmed how to drive.

Her chUdren ahined shoes and soU papers after work.

When-Mr.^ Kahn could no longer wmk as a welder he began woridng as a Fuller Brush saleaman and ahe soU Av<m. "I codd keep my own hoursi" she wtplslnwd.

Her husband began to sdl plastic goods door to door and soon branched out to clothing items."The day he sold seven dresses I thought we wen in heaven."

She bouf^ a pressure cooker so that meals could be on time while ahe worked. "We went to bed eaiiier and we got up earlier."

She went back once to see her birthplace in Germany in 1961. The house was still there. The fantfly livhig m it had bought it from her fr^her. Ihey were very friendly.

They brou^t out all kinda of cbeeaea sndfrMh breada and winee to serve Mr. and Mrs. Kahn.

But Mrs. Kahn could not eat anything. "I waa cmahedL" The memoriee of home had all come back t% "Ha waa reqioeiaible far ^rhat you did if you did aomeUdagv^neig hi the Unlted'SUtee. You know how Jews work, ooe helpo the other."

When she speaks of theearikr days in Omaha ahs.

Bay8,"We knew what we had but we (Ud not know whalt we would get into when we came here, lliat was whin was nard." But she raminda hersdf, "I would be crazy to regret that I came to Omaha."

Thegr arrived bi the United Statee during the depreesign. Tlmaweie no jobeftr the American people much leee hnrntgranta, Mn. Katm recalla. .1

niey were aent fanmed^taly to Omaha, whne they ehocked fay ite aiae. they had never Uved hi auch a lai«i town, na firak %«r daya thoy stayed at the LoiaiilldtaL ^

She doeen't drive anymore."You cannot awim agahist the stream and I didn't want another accident. " "I tqr to stay young," Mra. Kahn says. And she doy a good job.

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SInea 1936 . .. ^•^•••••••i far itatitaTf T-aT-"* T'"*--—'^r"**-*"'

.J$ii:M Tempi* Israel IIDAY: ServkM at 8:16 p.m. lUbU Sidaqr H. Biooka ami Cuitor HkraU I. FinatoM will ofSdate. , * Mamben of Outreach wOl partkipota In a panel dia. IteOnegaiabbatwiUbeqiaaaaradlnrMr.aiidMra. Hy Shriaf in honor of their 60th weddhig wadding aimiveraaiy. ' #1

SnTBB sntvicE.

.

Sitter service ia available for the 8:16 p.m. ShaUtat Evning Service. There ate no fadlitiee for infanta.

Raaarvatiooa are needed.

SATUBDAY: Shabbat Morning Service, 11:16 a.m.

Simcafa B'^iabbat-Tha ooopfegatiaii. togsthar with Rabbi Braoka, win atudy the Tarah portioa liar the week.

PEP Parallel Eduoatipa for P^rnta win meat >^>rfl 8,9-JO ia.ra. RabU Azrial win lead a diacosaiOD oo "Raapdnea; Jewiah (Jueationa and Habbiaic Anawara."

The aeeeiflo wiU beigin with a breakfeat for par tidpanta and their chSdntL ADULT EDUCATION Thnraday, .^wfl 12 Ood> JSwy ^f^'- The propheta—9:30-10:30 a.m.

The FhreScrdla-10:30-11:30 ajn.

Prayer Book Hebrew—11:30 a.nL-12:S0 p.m. < PASSOVER * MoMlay, April 9 Evening servlpa , 6:30 pjn.

INieadajr. i^Kll 10

'.Horsing aervfea — '.Congregatiaaal Sadar

11:16 a.m.

6 p.m.

Coa^aaioa of Paaaover Saaday.AprillS

Eveningaervice

. .6:30^pan.

HoMlay, April 16 Morning aervioe and Yiakor

11:16 aon.

Blumkih Home FRIDAY: EvMJng aervioa, 7 p.m.

SATURDAY Mocaiiig Mrviee, 9 ajB.

The reaidanta anf Btaff of the Roae Bhimkin Home iayita th^familiaa, vohmtaara and. Menda of the reai'.imtMM^iim4 mnkm in the Baibart Ooidal^ OoveL ffidihiah followB sarvkea'oa fihabbat.

Offutt Air Base FRIDAY: Servioea la the Capehart Chapel ev«nr FHday at 8 pjn.

AA.O|iag Shabbat foUowa the aervice.

PASSOVER Monday. AptU 9 Offutt Conumuity Sadar win take placa at the Offutt Air Force Baaa N.C-O. Cbb at 7 pja TMaday^Alrilll A apedal-nakor aarviti win be held at tha Cqiehart Chapal KiJJtM pJBi. AB nfUtary, retired, d^Mndents and DOD ^MBaaa may attend.

I?

Uneoln B'llll Jashurun

FRIDAY: Sabbath aervicee, 7:45 p.m.

SATURDAY

c

^•bbatti CandWIflhMno for Friday. April 6; 7:36 p.m.

Bath El Synagogue Rabbi Paid Oraaan and Caator Emfl Berkovita wiU condoct the aervkea.

FRIDAY: Servicea at 6 p.m.

SATURDAY: Momiag aecvice, 9:30 ajn.

Kkldnah wOt foflow in ^ aodal haU. ^tter aervioa available at 10 a.m.

Jtmior CasigTaigatiaa at 11 a.m.

Shabbat Story Tima (for 3-6 yearolda) and K'taatan (gradee 1-3) 11 ajn.

MiadHhMa'arhr aarvioea, 7:46 p.m.

SUIfDAY: Sarvioaa at 9 km. and 6:80 pja.

PASSOVER Maaday.April9 Siyyum Bechorim .6:80 a.m.

Sbuartt ....... . .

6:66 a.m.

B'aor Ha^ietc before 11 a.m.

Miaha/Ma'ariv ... .6 pjn.

Toeadayi Apifl 10 EDu&iiirtt .9:30 a^n.

Miaha/Ma'ariv 6 p.m.

Secoad Sadar FoOowing aervicea Wadaeeday, Apeil 11 iSuharit 9:30 aJB. Miaha/Ma'ariv 7:6Sp.nL Tharadar. Apift 12 Shahartt '. .6:46 ajn.

Miaha/Ma'arhr........ .V: 9:30 pJn. Mday, April 13 Shaharit ..A...^ 6:46 a.ih.

Miaha/Ma'ariv .., ... .6 p.m.

Satarday, ApvB 14 Shaharit 9'.30aJn. Minha/Ma'ariv -i^.... .7:65 pan.

Soaday, i^iril 15 Shaharit.-.

9 a.m.

MhdwAla'ariv 6 p.m.

Moodit^, April 18 Shaharit v 9:30 a.m.

Miaha/Ma'ariv 6 p.nL Tneaday, Apall 17 Shaharit (Yiakor ia radted) 9:30 aJa. Mfaiha/Ma'ariv 8:10 pjn,

Council Bluffa B'nal Israel SERVICES.Chndren'a aervka Aprfi 6-"%iag iato Sprb^' a •pedal back to the earth aarvioa wRh abttviHaa piaftMd for cUkfattt^Silvtoaa bagia at 7:80 pjn. An Oaag Shabbat foBowB afrrieaa.

BaMovar tMtaeMondpy, April 9. No ayaagogua Serrioea are opei to tbi|«oomiUBity. The aynagogua iakicatadat614 MyaatariaCouaeilBhiffa. For aaora bftematk]^ ooatact Uada Sadotaky at 346-31S8 or Brent BkMxn 346-9664.

CANDtEUGHTING TIMES FOR THE PASSOVER HOLIDAYS 1 Monday, Apifl 9 7:39 p.m.

Tneaday. Ayrfl 10 7:40 p.m, Friday. Aprffl 13 7:43 p.m.

Soadagr, A^iitt 16 7:46 p.m. j«aiday. April 16 7:46 p.m,

Beth Israel Synagogue FRIDAY: Kabbalat Shabbat. 7 p.m.

Late Family Service., 8 p^n. ^ LudUaZetiiUlky win deliver the P'v4r T»ah.

Siateriiood will boat the Oneg Shabbat reception in the aodal hail foUowing the fomily aervice.

SAfmtlHIt;

Morning aervioe, 8:46 ajn.

Ridt Katsman wfll deBver the D'var Torah.

Babyfi^lig airvioe wiU be provided throu^ the courteay «the Siatarhood ao the parents of the youag chfldrea may attend Sabbath aervicea.

Jr. Cottgi^egation for Tahaud Torah atudenta ia the OddatabLChapal at )0 a-m. Shiri^y Ooodmaa wffl lead the "little ^e^'a Servke" for ehOdrea fai Uadergarten throu^ aeeand grade at 10 a.m. in the racreatio^ Mincha; 7:80 p.nL Mincha wffl be foUowad by Ma-ariv and the Havdalah aervioa.

SUNDAY: Mhiyan, 9 a.m.

PASSOVER Maadi9,April9 Evenfaig aervice :.. .6:30 FiratSedar -.- ' Tnaeday. April 10 Morning aervice .8:45 a.m.

Eveoiag aervioe 6:30 p.m.

Secoad Seder » Wedaeeday, ApcQ 11 Morning aervice 8:46 a.m.

Evening aervioe 7:30 p.m.

Choi HaaMMHJ April 12,13,14 aad 15 Thuraday 7 ajn. and 7:30 pjp.

Friday 7 a.m. and 7 p.UL Saturday 8:46 a.m. and 7:30 p.m.

Sunday 9 a.m. and 7:30 p.m.

Coadnaioa of Paaaover 8aaday,Aprai5 Eveniag aervice v..T. 7:30 p.qL Monday, April 16 Morning aervice 8:46 a.m.

Evening aervice 7:30 pjp.

Taeeday, April 17 Morning aervice 8:46 a.aL Yiakor lie.*.

Evening aervioe 7:30 p.m.

Lincoln TNarath Israel FRIDAY: , ^EiM'^l^^•• Bv•llillg aervioa ^^i.iU'Vi ..«u^.. .6 pjn.

Tin Oaeg Shabbat wffl be boated by Sophia and Joyce DavidaoiL SATURDAY: • Servioaa ifcJO ajn. >twidar Ctmmnfkia —MhU aja.

Taen Loek-ia, gradaa A-12, for aynagotva and tamria nth.

PASSOVER MoMday, April 9 i.for Brat bom 7:16 i .,« p.m.

Miacha* Maartv FiratSedar Tn«Mlay, April 10 9:90 a-mu Shachaiit iSeder Wedaaaday. April 11 .9:80 a.m.

Fridiqr, April 13 ; aervice 8 p.m.

Sataid^y. April 14 aervioe .-.l 9:80 a.m.

Mewlay, April 16 It 9'.30a.ni.

Taaaday. Apry 17 O'AA >• tn , iadadbig Yiikor

Important accomplishment WASHINGTON, DC. ^ '^Ona of the moat iavor.' taat thhiga that wa have arennipHahed ia the (annual Hofocauat) Ramembraaoa Dqr ceremony md now... every Ihgia state ttt the anian hia a Baaaambraoce.

Day/whiab ie tamaricabla," Nobel L«tiwiia lilis:' Wieaai tokl aa audienoe laat night of neariy 400 high ; adiool teariwre, Hakicauat aurvivora aad acholara. *}.

"We can change the woikl if we kaow who we are." §• an/' I Wiaaal, faoaiUng chainaaa of the Uaitad SUtea , Hokicanat Menairial CaaneO, which epoanora the '.'< natkm'a aaaoal dbaarvaaca of the daye of Ramem- ' braaea, addrieeed the TUrd National Hoiocauat .

Teachera Cmlneaoa mnioMd by ilM Uaitad Statee ^ HoioeatoCMenKirial (Soundl. the American Oathei^ ; bg/Fadanttian o( Jewiah Hokxvust Survival, the {< Americaa FMentiaa of Ttaefaara aad the Educatora'I Chapter oi the Jewiab I^bor Committee. ^ Wieaai aipreaead tatzad (aalinga about the raoent evanU in Eaatara BuNpe. "What ia happening in Eastern Europe ia neat," he aaki, "and how can wo not apnlaad HT It'aliea^mil lu aaa paopla ngatelng -^ their freedom. But whan I fsaUaa it nugr be at the' eipenaa of Jawidi meaaary... how can I not be

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Esther Taylon survived war-torn Poland "A Utiie nudaty atfll ahom M EttlMrractlla bar battla to aarviva in war-torn Poland. Even aftar oomiqc to tba Unitad Stataa in 1961, Bin. Taj^do aaid aha cri%Ml wiian aha haard amoUxcyda, "bacauae tliat'a wliat tha Naiia drovac" waa afraid of peopia in vniibnn, and ia atil leary of givinc oat tha nama of the main paraoB WIK> h^adher.

"Aw native of Baranowkaa, Poland, aptnt twoyaara in tha ghatto bafen foinc into bUng. oontinnaUy on tba mova and conatanttjr awan danger lurlud around

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When war broka out in IfeSd, 1<ra. Tkjrlon, who bald a maater'a dagraa in nandi litaratara and civiUiktian, waa atudeat taacUng in WOno. Her hnriNmd bad gooa 4o BaranowicM and, alia later would laam, waa t^nn to a canq> in RoMia In Vrano, Mra. Taykn becama frieiodly with a PoUah nun and bia relathraa, a Oenaan nfkigaa ooopla. HW reftagea woman offered to Uda Mra. "niylan ao aba wouldn't have to go to tba ghetto. Mra. Ta^on dadfawd tba ottar but gave the waman Jawaby and dotUng to bide. While Mre. Tqdon waa In tha ghetto, the woman faroui^ her ftood and aold aome of Mra. Ta^fan'a thfaigB wiun reqnaatad and brought bar tha aautf.

She firat worhad in tbelMtohonttal. thn ahe and her Mend. Mtrhto Maiamad, waa Uauaieiiaa to a buildbig outaide the iMto wbn*4heir job ^aa to aort nnifonna and underwear. "We etartedeiieing Bee end blood but w« had t« do it,?'Mra. TMon aidd Onee, ahe wfee aent to tiw fleide to replace one of the worieera. "A German didnt ^ aomMiing I did and pjdnd iq> a thoval to Jdt me but be didn't Tliat'a idMo I jbeUeved bi God." eaid Mra, T^yloa ''Midik wa»atigrW^tl> Mrs. "IMon when, earhr one morabig, aomaobe at worii capie to Micbla and told her, "Nowlathatimalfjmiwant^togetoatoftliaghetto."

Micbia, wbio bad a aiater and brother4»taw in Udfaig, di^'jtWffittOfOldMia and peraajMlad 1^ Taylan to iiriiiBiipiiy Biiiir •$;••. -.i v,^. -,-.•"I uwaya bad my coat, with the atar aewn on. and my puree whf^ ciMtatned a.toathbn^ oonl^ and aoap," Ma.1V|laQ aaid. "At the gate ware Jawiab poUea, end women who helped take off the etare and

HM refugee woman waa there and told them to go to a cburph. ten the prieet the truth abaut themealvaa but not tp aqr who aent them. Unfortuiiatel:(r, be wea not able to help. "With nowhere to go and nowhere to bide, wetoidilB we ware goingbedc to the^Mtta" Alarmed, the prfeatwnt them eleawfaare to tiy te help. Michla. feeling in, dedded to go to her aiater and brotberifrlaw.

Mra. Taj^ went on alone.

Eventually ahe waa helped by e man aba calla her "eavior." A converted Jew iriio lived in the part of Poland where German waa ^oben. be had receded a po(dtian bi the German Lite'Depeitment Wha tha war tmbnout bacenaaha ^xiha German. Hia job waa toaand people to work in Germany. People would come to him and aak to bava their fiba eat aalde. For payment) be aakad them to Uda people in their bomee. It waa in 22 -of thaimplaoee Mra. Taykn anent the next 10 montba. . However, Mra. Taykn aaid miradee contfawed to obeur. For example, in eoma plaoee aba would eee eomeone wfaoLknew aha waa Jaenah but the peraon either foiled to reoogniae her Of to eiqr anything, and onofe ahe waa aleeping in a bam when a German came and atudc abif fddtfai the hqr, but it didn't roMdt her.

Hebing her eavior bi faia endeavor to hide people waa lOehd, ^ acted aa thdr meeeengar. One night, Mkhd took her to a field and ahe apent the ni|^ fai a dog houie.

Another time, the only place ha couhi find waa the home of a praatitnte.

Another time, the only place he could find was the home of a prostitute.

Eventually ahe wouU apend time bi an area of lay nunaiHw bad their own abopa and houaee end wimelao did tMd work. Illqr took berto the homo of Lodda, e weaHHiy woman who aupportad them. Even efter Mra. TajHIon left there, Lodda ooiMimMd to help her.

In 1^, HitnL IVkin was staying at'the'estate of e lawyer^ tiie nephew of one of the lay prieeta who was podng aa aii agriculturd wiorlHr. |A«. Taylon alao learned to milk cows, plow and apread manure. Unfortunately, the lack of vitamina canaed her to have

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abacaaaee on her feet and under her anna and she bad no time to take care of them properiy.

In June or July, abfighta over Wllno Inought refogaee t«tha conntiyddB and to the eetate. One day it alee broul^ a Ruaaian officer end his patrol Mrs. Taylon ran to bfan and he eaked her if there were many Jewa there. She told him ebe waa Jewiab but no one knew.

He aaid be alao waa Je^rieb.

The Taykmsweatto Warsaw so her husband^oould look for his family*

The office^ adud if she naoded enytUng end she tdd him about the abeeeaeee. He diepatcbed her to a nurae at hia camp. AftfV a.few days, she went bade to her houee ita WbMr, whew ebe leaned her parents bad died but bar brother waa bAdc bi Berenowicae. She went ther^ and waa dao remdted with her husband.

The "Ti^lans went to Wareiaw ao her husband coull look for bis family. Then, fai 1947, they went to Paria, where Mrs. Taj^'a aiater lived. In 1948, tbeu- eon.

Akdn, was'bom and in 1960 eon, Cbarlea.

A Mother Sq^wior bad once toU Mre. Taylon God saved her fbr a reeeon and that be bad a ndaaian for hei^.

"Many yean brter,".Mrs. Tas^cn eaid, "I thoofl^tabout it. My misaian was to give Urtb to childreD to make mote Jews."

In 1961, throuj^ the aid of HIAS, the Tajdon family came to New YoriL After doing menid woric:, her hueband eventuaQy became a buyer in the garment distrkt and, after taldng daasee and exams, Mrs. Tsylon became a Frendi teacher. S|e tan|bt unto 1977, when her bnebaad'a heart problema forced him to retbe. He wanted to go to Florida, ao ahe quit bar job and they moved to S^ Peteraborg. Two yeara later be died.

Her eons, meanwhile, had gone to medical school, and in January Mra. Taylon jdned one of them in Onialia.

Omaha. "lAiradee exist," Mrs. Taylon was tdd by a Torah teodier to Fkdda. "Fcr thoae who believe they are mbt^ dee; for non4)dievers they are odnddenoee." After ^>«t aha survived, Mrs. Taykm is a bellew.

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After Rjtier 'thihgswere very different'

By JoCamU i.<tagr M AUea 'ntutJn.or L^Mi* aa ha- frimtdu I hir, IMP Iwvinc sdwol. she foona to bar aiupnM t^tteotolUMl ttrmed a doobla oetiidor taeUm atudari^ to walk tlunqgh. It was 1038 i^\^tniia apd HiUer had Joat taken over. It wa»<iie hat diqr phe would go to aefaool for many yeara.

Bofcre the daya ot Hidv. Vieona had been a plaaa«nt phoe for young L^Miia.to growiq). Her familjr took Wiifcyantioaa in the fiiothflla of the A^ She r«neinbm phying ganas that tven iadoded Monopoljr. The cUkbea had no idea of what thettattee oo th* c**^ BgNant, bat the inatnictkoa wan taGaman so thqr had aPgrand tfana playing. Her father: ailoi^ come up on wHfonda and thajy^wun an|d took k»g walks.

After Hitler came thlaga ifn« vary different, "We ware having auHMT when the newa came over tha radio tlHit Hitler had taken over." The temilty was very frif^ "in aevo-forgit the tarriUa fear," Mra. IVuatin said.

She remembcra oooe that aha and some girlfriends saw Niffei youth appmaching on the a^Mt She «nd her IH^jods ran into a nearby store and escaped thMugh a raiv entrance.

"I rmember Bteittg Jewiah people beatn and dragged by the^Jiabl oo Sundaya."' ahe taid. She related that it waa Sunday entetidiqMnt for this t<^ hqifMn. "It waa rliORlbIa tl^ng to aes." , JVhin Mrs. Tn|{rti^]>aar8ite«rvisirs from nooslewa^ «ho lived fai the a^ and aaid dtiqr dkUt know what waa going on it oudtea heir yairj^ mad. "They are aboohiteUars."aheaakL . . ...

She aaidanaw»^»<ap|aihhad willed. "JEteMraer" in idileh grqdiic pictorea were diqilayad about what waa happening to the Jews.

Mrs. I^ustin'a bck ataite^ to diange wiien her mother, who had been a nnrae in WWI, Inmd out ahe ooidd 8it a job in En^and. She aooeptad thfejcib in Manchester, Enfl^L Rdativ^Ba aahed fairmpther;"Iiow can yon leave your hnsbattd tad tlie ehildreb?" Her reply was, "Soinebody has to get out of here." She left in January of 1939 when ehe wai^over 40 fun old tad coukl not apeak Engliah.

Once in En|^and she haunted every Jewish Welfare office, puttinglier chOdrea's naawa on every Hat to nt out Europe, fflie was partially suooeeafnl: Alice imd her aister got to England and thnteauBta were reeooed. She waa unable to read! her husband and hie did apt get apt.

AUoe left Vienna with her aister on a sealed train, tak-

ing only one suitcase and kxddng very acared. At one time the Oertaana got«the train and walked arooBd. Ones iafloUand, the Dutch go» (m and brought the difl<bta clKlBdIato and other gobdiee to eat MrK IVnatin was met in England by her mother and Mra. Bichey.« family she wqnld live with Ibr the next few years. Shalater learned tiut although the Rich^ys «ere KpfiayHan, a Qudcer, organisation had reacued them.fl(baiJ|un)pe.

MrkTVoMin said that the kkheye were "True Christians in the large aense a< moral and ethical batieCs." Mr. Richey waa Scottish and a mrofeeeor at a university.

Her eiater wtat to liv»irit]i«n aunt becanae ehe was 16 and had to woric Mrs. T^rnstin went to achod and met a tutor who bcfan giyfai|: her leeaona. One evening ehe went to a dob iriure ahe Mw the tutor. Most of the young mm were Conimuniate. "I didn't Bke that To m«, it was no better than being a Nazi." ahe aaid.

"The lUchws never tried to take the«Iaee of my par. ants," she said. Their "stiff ui^ l^** awtade was good for ma, ahe recalla. During tMf bad air raids, most Europeans would have fallta apart ahe aaid. llie \ftmb ahdter waa a cdbby hole under the stairwagriHiere thqr placed sleeiiing iMga. The RIduya wodd tan har,ateriea. "They gave us candty aitd somehow seemed t<»deftise things."

IWaatiM war ended, Mrs. I^^osdn joined her aister SSsJIaaetath of London. Sfaa'wocked for ukauranoe ~ .eooiMny. She learned th«|^.^fflerfeaa8 ware advertiafaig fior liogttiata to wo^ in Geiinaqy. She and her aistw and a frfand applied b^t had taffrijt aeverd months bactaee Mia^ IVustin w«a not yet Itfyaera M. "I was vary aaodffna to fbt back." recalled Mrs. Truetin "I became a aecretazy to an adjunct and I immediatefy b«gu making htnrfriae aa to what had hiq)pened to the reet (rf the tamQy.'?

The Jewieh WaUan B^iard began hoUing sendees every FHday ni|^ and fiat's where she met her husbta(^ Yale, a young Amaflcta pilot.

"Bv«7 Sd«day we w«^ IP to the PX end buy anything we oouM: aoqi, tdlatifapar, tooti^asta. And then on Sunday we woukl go to the diqilacad persons camps end give the things eway.TlMie wvs ao qiany. We went to a dittvent one every Week. It made me fed wonder^ ful to be able to do it "At the synagognee in Germany the young rabbis were eo committed The people thwe were mostly soi^ vivore. We had wonderful mecnssions on FMday eveninga after atrvioee."

Mrs. "nrustin went bade to Eoi^and topadc her dotha* and flew toNelmuka whe^.within a week she becante ta Air Force bride. She had to land at Lincoln because at the time Omaha didn't have an airport She rememr hers that ahe had never seen cornfields. Sfte waa need to countryside that crtntahwd mountains.

"My husband was off flying. It was a pleasant life.'

But if he had come home and eakl we w«e moving, I wouldn't have thought aqytbing about it." Because of her war esperieocee, Mrs. Trustin says she has never Mt oompletety setttedL "Nothing is in stooe. It just ita't "I tUnk of oyself aa ta American," Mra. Tniatin eakL "With all that's wnmg here they are the best people iat the worid. Ilie form of government needs a k>t of inif proving, but &ere ia no other place in the world thar haa the freedom that we have. It has the goodneee that' ia oontinnoudy being spread all over the workL" About her foith she says, "My Jewish fidth is strfctfai one of heritage and ethicd and mord vahiee. And to nta God ia everything." ^

IHHftAivi W»ilLi<eKI

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CeitTiac ilu HnmuBu louiy Ha oepcgotMHU H pamieimu ee nononam. 9n uauta.

Koropym loi paanouanH H ernoaoinH B crapoiiy, aBiwetcat zaatmncM. Hunero ewaicraa o <iiwnnf Coancxoro CMOOB. Ifu He aaaepmHM Ham.Gatflep AO rex nop^ noaca He HaftawM mmocmiomKft xycoK H He oflmnHtniMcg jqrzoBHa 3n> HanoiaaiaeT nau o iiepymxuoft CBOSK. xtnopda o6i«tniiHaer HOC B onHy acaiaqxiyio ceioiOL

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-EqieH CoBercEoro CoioQa juabmKmmaaaB. coapanmnmrma tsofusBiwaao HX Upaxi HO Ha rejpmmt tUkOBMoy. B 6apy6e aa caoe crpemnamB mifn Kax. •apa*. uHorMB nHpowneewM mrnmiak aarnxKO, m KapaiWb - ctpany HBQiflro ocaoCoxjvsmuL tfHorHe -noorpaAanK, oaaaanMCk B nopumx. Cwiu AacjKRWuia H ymeTeHHs crapanncb nopar autk ax tfoneoHMO Ayxoanpro aafiseHHs. Ho DBX nQMMHnBl

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Hmxaumi. 6onmamcTBy paapewHmi yntrnn, Ifu HO aHseu aas Aonro >paTa CBO0OAU" oanayrcm ampunom. ku BMBore e taoai MASII K awrtcwe. Ha arou Cenqw uu npMMHiiaeH na 'date titeaaTemcTBO conposoa^itin HX ua nyru K CBotfoifle H onmtytuM nouoiick xoropas HM Mu He Moxau aafiun rex, no ocnncs nooBAH. Tau, no ame nuraarca yexarik M TBHi no cTpaiaiTQB noorpoim nvumyio '" ~ rjo aooHk B CoMntesow Goiaaik ia| Hamy ifonvatKark, oaMonoacepifH oonanKpHOon. nanca loi iymu Mcxan cnparaiouiA myoovmt uauu. To>u<o TBK JM MU erpekuinua HBJtm Hamnc OparteB M oecrrep B Co^BicEou Gonna. Kas fo^^MO mAxtpu HaaKrtaiPDQno nonoBMiQri MU OMoaimi npaxtpnaam HBIU Canep, M'^aocooanHHeKHa ootoiCBKx eapaaa c Huam'pofm»aA naamonmt HapaiuDo enp nttouaa BpacTM a oynpaoon mmtik odmaA wpafttacih tmnnmnynnuncm. nycn Haunt •oropue npoaayi^m OMXAHH u 6yffyr wuBtoma^hcm HB nper^UMMKH BOM OmpBUKB 3x60^70 aaBipa, ynyttmaT MIOM ooaercxoro eBpflJIcrBa B U^mHne. HapoA HapaMna Ejvut: AW Kcpean Vy ku 9»Bn

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Pnjttr«d by the Unltni JcwUi Appeal RjbMnk OMnct and (b* Natlonal Confefma on Soviii }mrf In honor ol Operation EMdMi-fi»ad» STSO-fiwwr IWO '"Tsr^nvmHSEE^fmni

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Joe Boln spent six years in concentration camps ByLorwUFtMk "If I evtr fBt out of tliig in IdO •vary Qcnnan I era find." TlMM»««re the MotinMnts of 16-yawoid Joadiim "Joe" Boin who iptnt the next six yMis of his Ufb away from Ua famity tocpncanfraHfln-pampa, From 1989 to 1946, Bdn was WSaehaiihfctismrDiidMti, Auadivitz and Laotarwerk.

Although he says his hatred for the Gennans is gone, Mr. Boin said he would still IdU a guy if he knew he had itted those atrodtias and he'd hit a guy waaring . And, while 6e admits the generation today ^different, he wains, "We i^eed to wiAch the Naziparties in America and Germany. I don't think aqy Jew ahoukl like Germany. "m never forget the criee of children taken from their mothers and thrown against wsUs or ripped in haU. I never will be able to fivget, but there are gootl-tlifaigB in people, toa People must he mads aware ol it Wa must lean to understand people."

He aaid the American Jewish mmmnnity is one of the moat ignorant about the Holocaust because it's in the past. "Jews have been oppressed over the centuries and by not caring couU make it happn again. The U.S. Nazi party is pretty active and we need to watch this."

whofe family was seat to Thenaieiistadt, iMar Ptvgue, frtxn their home In Vienna. "I dUn't know what to expect I waa afraid.

Newqtapers and radio were forbidden for Jews. We didnt Imow about Auschwitz."

Death of a f aorily By the end of the war, she already knew her first husband had died in ths camp, but it wasn't until after the war shs learned her pannta had died in Auachwita, hw brothers had died in Buehenwald and her sister in Bii^ kenau. Fiienda had aeen her parents go to ths gas chambers and.other friends had ssen her brothers and sister die.

Mrs. Boin attributes her survival to her father's phikMophy of looking for the silver lining. "When we had to wear a yaOow star, everyone waa afr-aid. My frither told me to think of it like tlie gdd star of merit echoolchildrea recdved."

After she wtA liberated, frfanda frvm Holland asked her to CO with them. All road* to Holland had been

"...Ian'teq>lain..."

Mr. Boin recalled that in 1936 his unde had told Mr. Boin's father to get out but "my father felt he'dfrxuht in World War I, paid his taxes and worked, so what sould they do? No one imagined thqr'd be treated Iflcs linttle. If you're put in a raflroad car with no room to jnoveorsitdown... and the stauB—urine and dead peolife. I can't explain what happened in the camps." f Mr. Boin said his mother, who was very reUgiouf, iQiiestiooed God, but he was strong and capiable of takmgmmishment.

"Then I thou^ maybe there's a reason. There's alwqrs a rsasoo." Today, Mr. Boin fMa that without the Holocauat the state ni Israel may not have been horn. Mr. Boin and his wife, my, have flrst4i|a»dknoiHedge, they spent the firrt 20 yean after the w4r in Israel Mrs. Boia'a journey to freedom wae not easy either.

In 1942, she was a 84-yaarold married woman when her

deetroyed so th^y went by airpian* to France. In Paris, she waa impriaoned for a weak because the police thoufl^t she was a spy. Eventually aha made it to Holland, where she waa put into a displaced persons camp.

There she met and maniad Joferaiim Boin.

The newlyWeds were tdd there was only one place to go—Palestine. They went They made their home in Jerusalem, raised a family and Mr. Boin fought in the Israeli army.

Joachim Boin inacrtbed In Jerusalem's ""riie Golden Book of the Heroes in the Fight for Jerusalem," in big letters, among many other namee, is inscribed the name Joachim Boin.

The Boins'daughter, Hani, and son, Dani. eyantuaUy came to America. The Boiiis foOowed their cUMren but having come as tourists, the cmly way for them to stay was to do work Americans didn't want Mrs. Boin became a maid and Jier husband worked as a butler.

After a year, thqr received tUr green cards and became ptrmanant residents. In 1984, th^ became U.S. dtizens.

For two years Mr. Bofat was curatw for a botanical garden but became sick from tiie chenucals. Then, without any ttaming; he opened a kxksmith shop in St. Paul, Minn. Todsy, they nudu their hoose in Omaha.

"We're hi4>py to be in Omaha," Mr. Boin said, "People in On^dia and Lincoln are very understanding."

He said he eojiqrs the freedom of reading, going to moviee and reading Morris Maline's editorials in the Jewish Preaa "becauae he's not afraid to write what ha thinks. In the U.S. we take freedom of Speech for granted."

Deoeribiv the Holoeanst To make sure nothfaig like the Hofecaust happens sgain, Mr. Bcin talka to atudents and dvic groups about JVocld War II and the Holocauat He is slto working onhaving a Holocaust memorial built in Omaha by the end of 1990. And, Mrs. Boin. who said she doeo "not hate the whofe country (Germany) or the whole peq>le (Germane), only individuals," spoit three years writbv a book about her experiences. ^ My Sloi^, by Lilly H. Boin, is available through C^ tact Publications in Linodn.

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The Vanns' European trip includes a visit to Dachau While en but one of the baindks have bean diias8em< bM to keep laU out, the alabo aia atiU thm. "Viewing the rsnudning barracks and alao seeing a frils of shoea ia a buBker. from baJqr dMSs to large men sitee, Mre. Venn aakl she kept thinUag, "Oh my God, Oh my Ood. I can't believe this happanad."

The Vanna found it inaie that near the site of the crematorium, and not listed on the map, was a beautiful huh garden. "It was n«rbid to tUnk it was hiah Aseanaa of «4iat ia unMlt. It waa groea. Too groaa f« ViSvaBfarMn.Vann.if^isnowintheproceesofooiik' worda," Mr. Vann sahL " " wting to Judaiam, questialu of the inhumanity which 0ecuired hen mied throoi^ bar mind. "I kept aaidi^ " How eouIdiihaiipaBT flow ooold people treat people Uke thi«T How could people hate to this itT" lira. Vsnn'said.

'It mada you fad tanaa," oho aaid. "Emotiona ran real 1 and you w<i« eomtaotly laoUttg war your ahonlr baeanw you Wt nba yw won batag watched. It was . You hnswlMilfyit things want OBshnoat irnIt waa Uke going paat an imaginaty Una, aa : inaida you'd aavw gat out Your agree darted an Thars waa also a ganka wbare high-ranking otBoera knowing whit had happened and not knowing antartainad. lira. Vann aaki under the waD-manicared toaJTact" I Vaanaaahl the ramp ia pretty andiaa it waahft, gafdsB wan bodiia. "I found it unbaliovabla thqr conkl the additiaa of aeveral iwnnrialw jho Intana- walk in there knowing what was ondsneath," She also llamorial an iroaw«l|k of toctorad paofiU, "ia a sakl there waa a bkMd-stainad wafl at the gardaa and It'ahowyoiMMlwiMBymi'taava. You that even after all thaaa yacrs "you can stiU t«D it's , and «M lor what kappMed. You feel for the Mood."

On a tour of the camp, they saw a movie which told ma crimes that took phoe," Mn. Venn aakL I "Until yon aee a ttanauU ation camp, you don't biBaw -how the Naaia pridsd thanaalvea 00 craativa ways of i" htf knabnd aakL "Uatfl yon aaa the rise of the eattarminathig people. Mra, Vann recalled oaaeocb indand reaUae how coaopactad thqr wwe and the dsnt wfasrspfctcres of hsp)^ people were paJHian OB the windows of a van. Howewir, a hoae waa hooked up eo ivy digrae of nqpnla-."

U^At tlM mtamBtm$M titf ai«i "AriMit maeht M" ••vork ml^ OM frai). TUa «M the gtMting pri«oaen ^pir u thQr aottnd I^ehas. f- i^In Jane ofl987,1t'wwalM the graeting welcoming > In 36-3reirald8,Leriiemd Tom Vaim, as tbqr visited the aite of the fanner ceBcantiation cany. On a tr^ throiu^ Eunye with Mr. Vann'a fanailjr, it was munMieo but underatood I7 all Uiey would be viaiting i.

Oft my God, Ob my Godi J can *t beMeve ibis bappened.

the aodianst went bito the van and gaaaed people. Thoee entering the van had unknowini^ thon^t this was a good pliwe to goi.

Also in the movie, reaklenta of the dty were interviewed and Mra. Venn found it difficult to believe when they eaid they didn't know what was going on.

"Ooukfai't they see it? CouUn't they ameU it?" she queetioned, adding that an odor still lingers.

"It's hard to fadiom people could hate so mudi because of religion. Tha habad was so immoise. I couUn't imagina having my child torn from my arms.

It's too wrenching," said Mrs; Vsnn, wiio has a threenK»tlw>kl son, Michael "Honestly, I don't know if I couhi have survived. I felt anzioua and scared even knowing DO one would grab me."

She aaki visiting Dachau made her have a greater tolerance for people who are diflarent and "made me tngfy and uaajrmpathMic toward gnaqia who can ratknaUEe hate. It made me much more awara and coQoemad about gnmpa that hate, aapadally thoae that hate Jtwa. The Holocwut now has namee iad faoee. Before it waa an srvant, now it has personal dgnificanoeL I feel it in my haart now instead of my mind."

"We're h>dnr they laft it (Dachaii), ao people would remanibar what hi|i|ianad.It'aon» good tMBg Germany haa done," aaU llr. Vann. who noted, "The Germans give the q>paaranea they regret it and it won't be repeated."

Hie Vanns said the visit made them feel ludcy to be livbig now and hi the United Statea rather than in Garmany 40 yaara ago.

WJ CFDENKSI

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. iioUfrapha fnot

New Nazi sadism

i^over special on Kfwl) features Holocaust survivors |jholoc»U9t flondvan Caaitt Leo Fsttman and CantOT Kifl Barirovitf are among the members of the Jewish ctMnmunity fsaturedin the first program of "The Tents of Jacob," a series of qpedals beiiag produced at KIWR, 89.7 FM, cdebrating Jewish cultore in America.

The program, which is part of a long-term project at KIWR-FM, features members of the Omaha/Council Bluffs Jewish community, and has been nrodooed in coopwation with local clergy and the Jewish Cultural Arts Council In order to make it available to as many listeoers as possible, the program will air twice: Sunday, April 8 at 7 p.m, and Wednesday, April 11, at 2 p.m.

While designed as a Peeach program of general

TRIESTE, Ita)y, March 18. 1940 (JTA) - The ,N«^ were remrted todnr tobave darvaloped a new wiinkls b anOJewilh iwURn in Warsaw, taking the form of a "White Ltdy" who rtMunfl the streeteatriking Jews in the. face with d giove.

The "White Lady," so i. >uBe she is clad in white from bead to foot, is followed on her trips through the streets of the former PoUsh capital by k group of Naiis. Jews who dare to resist her assaults are merdleesly beat«i by the Nazi eecort. The Germans reportedly are hiring more such "White Ladies" bam the Warsaw underworld and it is believed that women have even bbm brouj^t from Oermany tor this purpose.

interest, in it. Cantors Fettman and BarluvtoalHi talk about thejr e^MtioioeB in Europe at the tioV of Oil Hdocaoat, and about how their faniliee tried to keep the hdiday.

"I hope that this release will mark the first in a substaitial series of programs about Jewish culture," Mi Davkl Pai^, KIWR Program Director. "I've felt that such a series of programs has been needed for a long time."

"The Tents oi Jacob" was produjced by Foster Kawder, a rabbi stationed at Offutt Ah-Force Base, and

Mr. Paisley.

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To die is easy, ^o stay alive is tough': Joe Poionsid "To die is any, to ttay aliw it tougfal" said JoMph ' PoioAskL "I was nmnt afraid of anything. I had I Stnpg^ I took dhaacaa." >rhiMWiflirlndadBarifii^t twice from the Naria.

I in SttmdU, Ftpland, ta 1985, Mr. Polon^ was fiint to the oonnntratioD camp in IWiUaka. After aix ItJiMlcs, he end two others escaped and went bade to Uw ghetto. When the final liquidation from the t^to came in 1942, he was put on a train back to Treblinka.

"I knew I didn't want to go back, so I jun^ted from the train ilfad went into the woods and joined the under ground. Oiir only hope was t6 survive. Everycme was lookfaig for a mfrade."

For Mr. PolonsU, the miracle came in 1944 whan he waa liberated.

After the war, he w«it to Germany. "To remain in Poland was like to stay in a Communist bloc," he said.

In Germany, he attended a tecfanfcal school in Eschwega and studied eiectnaucs for three years. Wanting to leave Oermany, he then went to the Landsberg immigration JBtnter. i Two weeks bcAxe coming to Amedca, he met a yoong woman and it was love at first sij^t They decided to get engaged and many in the U.S. Maiiiaa40yeara Now his bride of 40 yesrs, Bhima Pdonaki was 10 yeam old when ahe was stpanited from bar family. fVbm 1940 until 1945, ahe was pot in concsntraticm eampa, never aeeing her parenta again and "not Mpderstanding, except that tbqr wanted to kill us because we were Jews."

Like her husband, Mrs. Polonaki also had atrength and took a chfnce. Bafore har liberation from Anachwitx, she said tbara waa a sdection. "I was little and akinny. Mengefe directed ua to the right or left Aa I paaaed him, be polled me back with hia cane and choked me in the left akb."

Although aha had been directed the way she knew meant death, "I wap smart and didn't give my number and got myaaif ndnrd up with the people going out."

She had aavad herself and waa ah^iped ont to make wires.

"Of coarse," she said, "wfate we rarvivad we were mifk. We didn't cry ai^ymore becauae our teara ware

dried up. We bad to learn to survive like an animal, had no food, we were swoOsn and had no hair on i heads. Many timee I just wantwl a piece of Inead i to die."

Liberated May 8,1945 When she was liberated May 8,1945, she waa take first to the Red Qrass, then to a home where she < get her strength back.

"I thouj^t to go to Erate Yisrad but with all suffering, I thought Israel wiD always have trouble 1 the Araba. So. I decided to go to the U.a" At the UN-operated Laaddberg immigration cent near Munich, she met her fiiture husband and was i reunited with hw sister aiyl brotberin- law.

In 1949, the PdonsUs came to the U.S. by boat 1 Pokmski came to Omaha, where she had been t by the Jewish community. Mr. Pokmsld first stayed i New York, where he had an aunt and uncle as sponsors, before coming to Omaha. On Jan. 8,1960, ibey were married at the Omaha Jewish Community Center.

"I'm thankful I coukl start a new life in the U^S. and build my own buaineBS," said Mr. Pdonski, who started Ak-Sar-Ben TV Service in 1954. "I'm h^ppy I had the <4>p(nrtunity to come to this country, to be free from psaecution, not have to be afraid for our livee. It's wonderful to hcva the opportunity to do whatever as a free man. I'm grateful fbr the American people."

A beantifnl Hfe BAra. Pokmaki deecribes her hfs tod^r aa beautifuL "It couldn't be better. I love every minute of it. After the war, I had to stand (m my own two feet, not to cry anymore and to be brava I'm haiq^r to have my children and grandchildren. "This is lUy lifs now," she ssid of har chikfren—Saaia,'Mottis, Roaa and Lynn—and their children.

The Polonakia said they have no desfre to go bade to Poland. "It meana nothing. We left behind every tovad one and aU our bdooginga," Mr. FotooaU said. "I hope it never hqipena agate." Ha feda lAora communicatioa mayhap.

Atthoagh ahe said they have more bad feelings than Sejmfioe, Mra. Pofendd aaki, "I would never like acmay to go back to Pdand. Tlwre ia Jewish blood crying out from the ground."

Our Passovec May your home be filled wilh health arid hi^iness this Passover and tfaiDughout the year.

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A woman of substance and valor

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ByLjMlaFMBk From the Kovno ghetto, Mrs. Ddgoff was sent to attending buaiaeaa achool on the GI JBilL witk Jaeqne Dolfoa Stutthof concentration caiiq>. Years li^, «o a doctor's On Mr. Dolgo«ra Slat iiMhdayt Nov. 38, ,1947, they Tomomm (April 7> woukl haive been Adele Dolgoffs medical historyjBorm, it waa noted thai wUte at Stut- were married at the Dolgoff iunlly hooEM in, the Mfai66th birthdiiy; After BurviviDg a Lithuaaian giiBtto and thof, aha "suftead from rheumatic fevar, ty^ua. mal- naluaa «rea of Qnuhi^ Mr. Dolgoff worked in Us famStutthof concentration canqi, sbe mKcambed to multi- nutrition and other forms of severe physicu and pey- ily's hardware bnshiees OMB, a year lat«. he and his ple acleroaia in 1971. chdogical stress." bride returned to New York. Mrs. Dolgoff had heard According to her neurologiat, "While an exact canae i ofmulti^aclerocisiaunkaiMni, thestraaaoftheconcentiatian camp coold be raiatad to the onset or exacer bation of mult^ aderoais." ^^. Her husband, Jaoque Dolgoff, rtinembera his wife as ^Ba woman of substance and valor." Mr, IMgoff eaid his ^$Hfe did not often talk of her otdeal in Uthotaiia and Germany, but he has been able to piece togrtber some of the facts.

Eusenia LancenowsU JMmenstein, a formar beauty some of her Lithuanlah friends from the camp were fat conteat winner, gave birth to a daughter, Adrii jtai a By the time aha was liberated by the British in April mat^nity hoapital in Kooigaberg, tithuania, onAjiril 1944, the 6'&" woman walgfaad only 70 pounds. She New Yoric and she wanted to be doM to th^ Upon thdr return to New York, Mrs. Dolgoff became 7,1S26. She and the baby then rejoined Iwr husbimd, spent the wxt few monthim a German rehabititatiai very involyed with the Jewish Lithuanian Assistance Joeeph, in Kaunas (KovnoK Lithuania. Mr. Dimenst^ hoqittal to regain her stmgth and than was transferred had a successful buataieas aupidyingpn^eesionals with to a rehabilitation camp for refugee Jewa hi Sweden, LeaguA, bilping others as she had been he^ied. She also worked in the ladies wear and ooametics departibettta medical, surgical and optical supidiee. wfakh waa ran by dw govenunaat Hare she learned of several department storea and, because of bar abilThe <mly child of afffaient parente, Adele was privi- Swediah and En^Uah iraile naing her French worUng ity with languages, would often be sent to stwes near leged to learn Rtiasian and German, as wail as her native in a French ahop.

Faric Avenue t^here many foreigDers shopped.

Lithuanian. Attending Hebrew day achool, she also Her father periahed at Dachau and she n^ver kfamed Meanwhile, the Dolgo^ raised three eons. Eugene teamed Hebrew and Yiddiah. When she reached (our) whathmened to her mothir. However, ahe had (B stltat junior hig^ age, her pareota, who had rel^vae in Avis, in New York whom ^ contacted. Htr cousin, a promi- Joeeph, named after ws. DolgofTs parents, was bom eon41ed her.at a Catholic girls' school there tod she nent boaineaeman in motioo pkture theetHs, qpoteored in 1950; Gary, bom hi 1963; and Doo^as, bom in 1966.

"Whan ahe #as working;" Mr. Dolgoff saM of hia wife, added French to her langnage abilitiee. her to come to America. Sbearriviid in 1947, storing "she had he^ fai the houae to take can (rf the kids and she waa the one who paid for it" He aaid New York was very aypenaive and thqr Uved fa> a sniall qiartment, with the three boys aleeping in one set of bunk beds. "We had it roo^ by Omaha standards," he explained.

In the wunmar .of 1968. the caaet of mnltipla ederosis stnck Mrs. Ddgoff,. who had beanne a U.S. dticen in 1961. When the DolgoBs had used iqi thdr hisurance benefits, Mrs. Dolgoff became finvolved with Medicaid.

Although disebied and aide, die got on the phone aiid During a school reoeea in 1939, aha waa home visit- at the YM/YWHA and woridng as an usher at one of dkl #oik and reseaKh to eqihb the DoIgoffH to get the ing her patento wlap the German anny moyed faito lith- her coOsin's thiatcta. * ituiia and put Jews into the Kovno c^ietto'. Mrs. Dol- ^ Daring a YM/YWHA entertainment a&ow, she did a mtidkd aki thqr needed. lUs laduded; accordhig to her gi^ dnoe,tpUl her hudwnd, "When tbqr came in they Hawaiian hnia, idiicb cau|^ the attention of native husband, "makbig i pest of harsdf to thohSttiator t(Widtof ny ^'apraperty and moved people into our Omahan Jaoqne Dolgoff. Inratmn, Mr. DolgoiTa stag- Robert Kennedy. She bothered the life out of his office."

EventnaBy Mia. Dolgoff was confined to a whedchsir iqiartment." Her pnze possession, a Bedoftein piano, ing caught her attention. At the time, Mr. Dc^goff was also waa taken. also livtog at the YM/YWHA while studying voice and and, at a|i 46, ahe pawed away.

Her father perished at Dachau and she never learned what happened to her mother.

Adele was privileged to learn Russian and German, as well as her native Lithuanian.

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Rachel Rosenberg 'wanted a home with big windows' Whan Radwi RoMolMtg cot off tbe train in Omalu in 1949, aha a«w a iraman with a ear and fiir coat She vowad aoinad«y aha woold haw* thoaa thlnga. toa Moa^. thott^ "I wantwl ahotnawith bfs windom." 'd the woman whrf accompliahad thoaa ^cla deapite iviaf hm wtthao nMMy aodAot qwaldng thalan-

From the early age of five, hi 1930, Mr. Roeanbera rememiwrs living with an>»8emltiam to Radom. Poland.

"TbaChristhm chlMnn wek« taught to call Jaws dhty namso snd throw stones at ua."

After finlshtog sdMMl, ha Jeunad tailating and moved to Warsaw. He soon was aUa to brtog the rest of his fanrily hara, too. Then, atthe agaof zl, he was drafted faito Aa Poltah terny, «rt>are. ha aaid. "The Jmriah men to onifarm wwe mistreated to the knraat way."

Although he had bean hooorably dischnged, when Nasi Germaqy attadmd, he was agato called to military du^ and aerved on the front line as a machtoe gunner, "lah^tham..."

"At the time." he exidatoed, "I didn't halve any hate for the Germans, the hate I leama^ later oh. I shot them because they attadnd OS. I wish niow I coukl have wqied them out; it was not enoQi^ to just kill 800,400,600."

Aftar 21 days on the line, there was a cease fits and a few days later he r^otort his parmts m Warsaw and worked to a tailor shcf). A German dvilian hekbew told hhn secretly, "The Waraaw (Mto is finished and to Uiare the dasttoy is death." Mr. Rosanberg decided to leave. The neoct day, disguised as a Christian, he walked out of the ghatta HeevBQtaally want to an uncle's house to Wolanow and found work as a taikr. Whan the Germans began taktog young people away to trucks to work to an ah^ base they had opianed. he vohmteerad, "for a better chance to live another day."

the fae^ of the late Paul Verat of the Jewish lonitjr Ceotar, Cari and Rachel Roaeabws began tohuild a new life. Thqy started eaniing money by aewbag and than, hi 1960, Mr. Veret gave them 990 and rented a store for them so they could start their own tailoring busineoB. "We woriud hard," Mis. Roat«ibarg said. "We ;-aGhiev«d a lot. We have a home, our own bu^ness, w« - baloog to a aynaftogoe, ha«« beautiful friands and a good fife." Theiy also have three children: Morris, born in 1948; Annie, bora in 1962, and Stewart, bom in 1968.

While ^h*y are now aO leading sucoeesfiil lives in CaliJ^mia, Mrs. Roaenberg said they have had their ahare oif searching and auffaring.

"The chBdreit of survivors are hurt by their psrmts' suffering, but it serves as an example.

Hard to forget "It'a hard to forget what we've been through but we must tiy to forget the past and live a normal, healthy life," she advises.

Her sufiering began when the Getmana destroyed her home in WoLmow, Poland, hi 1939. When they made a Fortunately, be was befriended hy the commander, .:cam|> there ior the Jews, htr mother Defused to stiy, optOtto Bus8i.who told him aacietly, "I want you to know yfaig to go to a small town when her family lived.

Tm German but a Christian snd I wont hurt any of your One day. Mrs. Roeoiherg gave a gidd ring to a Gerpeofris. Illtdmeareof you." Mr. Rosenberg said, "That man in exchange toe taking her to pidt up.iier motlier was the beginning of life for the future." and brother. Her mother ai^ she'd come hi a few days.

"I ahodd never hava left her," Mrs. Rosenberg sidd, Worked as a taikr "becsnse that day has nsyar come. The mat my was From May 1940, Mr. Roaenberg worked aa a taikr and Yom K^iiHu- and thoy took all the Jews tnta the little the commander'was good to him snd the others to the town to IMiUnka." camp. He even hd^ ^puggk Mr. Rosenberg's parents Mrs. Roseobarg than aaked a GoDtOe fHaodhi Wola- and sister to the camp. now to check the attic to see of anyone was slive. He When other Jews were betog UquUated. th^Vomfound her sisters, Manya and Bhima, hk&ng hi bay, and mander alao arranged fw the 560 Jewa to his care to go brought tham to the camp. Whan Mis. Roawberg aakod to a deaoted POW camp. "Iliere were no beatings, them.iriMre their mother was, th^y t<dd her ahewas whippings or, cssuslties," Mr. Roaenberg said. "Otto gone.

Busd saved our livea."

Evgntaal^ Mrs. Rosenberg wouhl apend thne in Howewir, atiernian turned Mr. Buaai to as a Jew kver Anscfawita^TlwraaieBstsdt and anotlwrBttle camp. She and he waa taken away. Hia raplacement, who had been ' waa in a Ciechoalovakian camp when she was liberated raised to a Hitlar youth camp. 'Vas one of the bkodi,tr jtiKHuaiana on Apcfl 8,1946.

'SM; a pMfBSsiatal haterof-Jaws and a killer of Jewa.^' Want to Prague Mr. Roeenberg said. ' She first went to Ptagua with aome of her cousiDS and Thare were many executions and open graves. Mr. then to Qwmany, white th«y ipst up with har cousin Roaet^Mrg said his mother witneesed the execution of Cari Roaenberg, who gave tham food and dothing. In his younger brother.

July 1946, Cari and Radial Rosenberg were maniad at In Api^ 1948, the S.8. titok over and sent them to Landsberg-am-Lech, a diq)laced persona camp.

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wiU. In October 1944. tfa^y wtra toaded to cattle cars and transported to Dachi^u. "...a paradise of death..."

"Survivors codid never eqtlato Auschwits to othtr people." Mr. Roaenberg said. but. "Auschwitz was a paradise of deaiJi compared to DaAan.'^ On a death march from Oachautt Innsbruck, tbey were left to the lower "ryral mountains wfaers the Qermana had farma. It waa hiwe^ fai a bam, that he waa Hberatad by the Amarkana oo May 2.1945. Mr. Rosenberg waa 29 years old and wajj^wd 106 pounds..

While Mrs. Rosenberg iwkl she would consider gomg back to her hmneland. "put of curiosity, if a group from the JOC went," har husband said, "I wouM never, never go badi to the bloody aoQ." . Aa Ood la My Whneee, an account of Mr. Roenberg's eapetiaBcasi'limUishad hydlokicaust Survivare PuUiahing, is due out this month.

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7910 Dodge 13117 West Center Road 106th and Maple 16th and Faraam located in Parkfair Shopping Mall 501QS. 108th Gallerla Plaza Kevee tOmhenbaum iMMMiHli

Cantor Leo Fettman: 'Hell, what God? folfllled thiirs but he waa div« because he had not fulfflledhia.

This-made snse to him, feqiedaOy baoase of a particular inddant He was ratd chargae agahist him and senteneed to haf«. Qrd«tsd to stoR} te a chair, a rape was placed around UM neck and three' diflerent Jews were told to Iddc the chair. 1^ nfased.

The one and otily ttnw liafMtmui questioned God was whra he fniebti hir fumta and grandmdthsf ^eing led to a concentration camp building for a "shower." ' He heard sliouting, rnssing. «•»—mitig and yeiUngi cootfiwlcOBi the building. "I turned to my brother aaS said. %dL.what God?!'"

Today, he is a man with a mission and ths cstator at Beth Israel Synagogue in i:kfiaha. but his Journey was aloogone.

As a 19<]reti--old rabbbiical student, he was roasted from his hoHM inJKyimdaajr. Hmipry, and moved to a Jewish ghetto. Later, he and his fanoily ware loaded hito a train box car boond for Autehwltt.

A birious rortimandwtldcked it himsetf but Cantor Fettman.dropMd to the i^oond. The ro|M had broken.

The obcnhnmhnr inmed, "Coagratnlaticns, dog, JntaraaticBd^JaW statee aman cannot be hanged twice."

Not cmly was it miraeuloiM that the rape broke but

The Nans conigtmitfy took pictures... If it were/n't tor the pictures,.. who would ' believe usf Of the horrors, he said, "The Na«ia cooitintly took pictures and I'm glad. If it weren't for the picturee and movies, who would believe us?" ' ~ Cantor Fettman was forced to woric in six different labor camps. Physically and mentally sick and tired, at one pdnt he tried to kill himself, but failed. Anbtho' time, he wanted to be put in the hospital where pec^^ who'didn't get well ia a few days were exterminated.

Leg was broken However, when he waa oventuaUy put in the hoepital, he Uved. TUs happened when he was ainiM out for jprniishment and beaten. His leg was broken and healed m a beat positkm, leaving him crippled.

When be was liberated by the Ridisians in Durnhau ghetto, he was taken back to Hungary and underwent several operations to correct his impaimMi^ He then spent two years in a displaced persons camp waiting to emigrate to Ier«el, CanMa or the Uoitad Stttee. WUk Ms first preference waa Israel, hewoondnp in Canada. : After the wv,hi8coaseiaDoe bothered Um. "Why dU I anrvive and my parents die? Was la batter b«ing, a better ^wT" he asked. Whn he was In Montreal he took his proUen to a^abbi «Hip told bin thitt ewaqr bdng is created to fulfil] a misskm and that hfirparnta had

that the Nasi wouU i^tually comply with the intemi' tional law was itself. unbelievable. Cantor Fettman addei MWth this in mind, in 1948, Cantor Fettman continued Us rabfainkal stwBes fai MontiesL gra(hiati% aa a rabbi, cantor and teadi«f. He became il^iritual leader k a smaB community ^ Ontario and later r^jbtered to come to the U.8. wfaare he served eongr6gatk>ns in Guy, Ind.. and Madiaon, Wis., before coming to Omaha in 1974.

Today, he oontinueeto work on his mission, educating nofrJews about ths Holbcaust and about Judaism.

Ftf the past 26 yean he has spoken 70 to 80 times a year throoahoot the United States "spreading knre and pswe to w vrnth, trying to bridge the gap between Jews and aoliJaws.

"That* Will ahraye be differtfices,' be said. "As kmg as we dco't accept or respect di^erencee we'll have a corrapt world." , Jewl^ Hood Whik he has no aesin UkMartito Europe, "There's too much Jewish bk>od soakediatotbe ppmid," he also said he felt terrible bekig in Canwla and thei Uidted Statee where the free Wgrid sat back while Jews were being murdered. "Tim* were Jews Who had power but didn't want to lock the boat," he said.

Cantor Fettman, his wife, Annette, and their six children have had a relativdy good life hen. He does not conaidar this his hmne. "Israd is my home," he said "America^is where I live." He said if something wouU happen now he woaU have a home to go to and that Jew^BUist Bttppiari iarasL "Our life is nc^ safe if Ivael isiwtaaf^" The poesibility of £ferman reunification frightens him becauM hQ aaid the Nasis didn't chang^and tniy are still an ovw Europel ".^ews intlds oduntiy shonU be against it We lost six niflioo phis, but Jews in this country are forgttting about it<^Na>ia Uye hare, too. It can happen here."

Cantor Fettman said th« security systems in his own Omaha home are the result of Nui threats.

Naai threats Meanwhile, ha oontinnee his mMon <rf teaching about the Hotocaust and wBuM also Hire to iiif«tmjiUmfiriT,y in a Jewidi oametejr for tbooe kMt hi the Hoiocaust "So I can go pnd abed tears oooe a year. My parents have no grave. I want to be able to grieve like other Jews."

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f ArnktmUlx Kurt HtmmrtMmf$ fuQ{ly WM nude ^ baoos by KtfM WdlHlm In 1470,« Ma«t G* hw iMp^ Ito himaelf mita now, evw Ua uMocntic hndfy wta V not inmunw fram the davutatlaaa of Worid War II. I And aoetidac that botbtnfatadia that Jews in the [< United Statea nav«r t«Oc about TNauniatzia, a Nad t camp in the Soviet Ukraine wfawe Mrh„imm made pgninea pigs of the Jam, Indodbg Mr. FnOMlrs'a , motlMr. t "AIotofpe(^diedtb•r^"BaidMr.Fr«ftMrg,who noted hit htfaer, a barber, was apartid because lie took !> care Of baircots at tliri camp. t A friead of Mr- Frcftwrg's from the Polish under-

grovid eventoalty hel^ gat hie panuta to IflMi, i^Mre ha aaid Ua mother died at an earljr age from the Transniatria«eetii«.

Hia father than came to Omaha, farfaiging with Um pktaraa and jeweia rM»v«red aft* the war in a steal boK in the raina of diair hooiB Jn EoDwiiu Mr. FreOierg waa a dMgii atttdant hi Cacaowits, Romania, tai 1941 when the Ituaatana too]| aU the don-, tors and young mm out beCorie the Nads oodia get them.

AB were aant to. ttia fioviat Union.

"I told him I wanted to go to the United State*. It just so hapHMMd he waa havfag ko^ tha^ day with the dM praeeimtarof llie US-Ahiiii4FMM." Hit Jtkige aigded hia imnd|praina papers, allowing Urn to 9nie to America.

*1ln^ 'ae^ two dollars, one suit and one God," be «iHv«d b Oie US. m Migr 1949. Hia de^tin^tian w*» Omaha becauae a friand in ^oqiiter-inteOigeace liad family here.

"I fanmedtately Hound it (America) was a free, wonder fol ccuntnr where you can have anything if yon worit for it," said Mr. FVelbeig, who at first lived wfth the Roeenblatts. tf He attended night daeaaa to learn more about U.S. Ustoiy and the language becanae "I only qwke O.L Joe EnaJUsh." Mr. Rosenblatt helped him k>ok tfarouglf the newspaper toe a job, which was as a dental technkiab.

Mr. fMberg spent two yean in labor camp |866 Wanting to Mm more money, he quit after a few where^he said, "God was with me 28 hours a day and months and went to work at a packingiiouse for better I with him." ^ Mr. Freibag was able to eecqpe and joined tliB Soviet- w«ges and overtime. Howew, he was disdiarged Poliah army, serving from 1943 until after the war. By because he didn't have the money to join the union.

He next worked in the shoe department at J.L. Branooinddence, lie said, in June 1946, near Warsaw, Lt. FreilMrg and his company ware takon priaonera 1^ the deis & Son Department Store. When they found out Pdish andergromuL The underground aslrad for his about his interior design background, he waa hirad to work in that area. Later, he was nired away by Nebnaka lic^.

"I toki them I wanted to get (|ut Tbaty eaid if I helped Furniture Mart, where he lias been for over 10 years. them, they'd help me eecape to the Wfet." He hei^ the underground, woridog with a Jean Hariowkwk-anke oamed Stella Go^inluulila. Goi(}inka geve him counterfeit papers with an Italian name, eeying he waa a f* former POW in Poland returning to. Itdy. throogb Vienna. • He iiad aaked to go to Vienna becauae be had relativee Meanwhile, he had gotten married in 1968 to a woman there. Unfortunately, when he arrived he found they liad from Connecticut whan he'd mat on a bUnddatabB^faw been killed by the Nazia. they divorced in 1972, th«y had two sons: Eric bora in For a time in Austria, Mr. Freiberg woriud Uti U.S. 1960, and Scott, bom in 1962. Mr. Freiberg raised the Army counteHnteOi^ence. C.I.C.. attac^.to Det. 430, boys in his West Omaha home, whii^h is now decorated 2nd Rainbow Divisi<m, and woriced with Goiaral Mark with fine art and the creot of hia baronage.

Clark. He also hung out with other barons at Bad GasAlthooi^ he haa no desire to go back to Romania. tien, a resort, "In Auaiiia, tliey knew from my nl^ne.I "Where fbey killed so maqy Jewa," he ia plpaaed frith was a baron," he said. the events ui Eastern Europe. "I'm pretty sure there Through his undercover assignment as a student of will be a united Eiurope, something 1 woriciad for when interior design, Mr. Freiberg was also able to finish his I was in Austria." degree. , . . ,,. ,.

Howisw, he w^uned, "If we in the U.S. don't wake Luck was with him in Austria He met a Canadian who up, they're (pAat to he,more succeeaful in businsss than knew his family and aaked if he'd like to go to Canada. we are here."

**God was with me 28 hours a day,

With only two doUars, one suit, and one God..

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Aron Zefderman believed he would be a witness Bjr Ljwia Fruk wUfe Uvinc in Lodk iMta Aroo Zaiderman told a pMdntirtk oonaia. "I bcUeva I win b« frw aad I wiU IM a tdtnan." T64«x> ti">B^ to • needle, thimble uul •dnon. he is both.

Somehow, while other matarial goods and hia difpiity w«n Btrinped awajr, he maiiaiged to aIw<Qr8 cany with Urn the t0(tf(^ hirtrada. Irib. ZtfaUnnan came from a nUgkNia temiljf ia Sakjo*. Pelaad After finishing pohtte aehooi he attended Yeahiva in Poland but told his father he wanted to leani a trade.

Against the wishes of his father, be learned taikdng, a trade that would later save his Ufa. At the age of 21, he began his miUtaty service, sarvi«g hi artiOny for 19 months. He was later called back and sent near the German bordar. A week later the war broke out and he was in combat with Oecmans for thrse days before his division was destroyed and sorvivors wen taken prisoners.

As prisoners they were put in barradts and kept eight days without food or water, eating grUss to survive.

Rkht before Roeh Haahanah, he was transferred to a mffitaty camp in Germany where fanners coukL and did take them to wwfc.

Wotfced hard, bat had food "I was satisfied," he said, "because we worked hard but had food."

They slept on the floor and iriien snow and water crept undir them, Mr. JMderman aaked to be sent elsewhere ' for work.. He wWked in a forest hi Bast Oennany before being transforrsd to the OsMd oosl mine. Conditicms there were a little better beeauae they had food, a wo6den bed and oouM wash. Tliey alao were able to get pqier bonusee to use to buy thhigs in the canteen.

However, Mr. Zeideiman sidd, "HW commandant was a aadist and, during faispectkne, would have men beaten for a misshig button."

One evening, with frost on the ground, the men were taken naked and made to ran hy the dectric fence. The dty people, hearing the aereams, were outraged and reported the man, whoae arrest was witnesssd by Mr. ZeUarmsa snd his fellow prisoners.

Hxy would Ister learn the man was sentenced to three months in prison and then sent to ths war front In Msrch 1940, Mr. Zeiderman was sent home to Poland, but at the laat ststion before his home, he and the otlMr 50 Jewiah aokUtn were taken to jdL

Fortan^»|y. the dliairman of the Jewish Fsdmition waa able to pay money to the Geotapo toaavo asm. Mr. ZMdannan waa then aent to Lods ghetto, where he reeifvad dothing, ration cards for food, and a job as a taikr.

By the age of 28, Mr. Zeidarman became weak and often it tow him an' hour^aid-a-half to climb the stairs to hU seoohd Story room.

"I woke up in the night and took VaUum drape, whidi made me fad batter," he eakL And, he eaid he mind the ofl for coddng with sugar and took teaqxxmsfnl for extra energy.

befriended him, tddag Um to his home, givhig Um food, dganttes and mmey. "He told me to keep it a secret," 'tit. Zeidermsn said.

Afraid to go home After the war, he was afrdid to go hpme. "I thqui^t ths Pblss would kill m& The groi^ was like a oonetery, fIDed with Jewish bkxxL" So^ he took a chance and Irft illegally tor Caediodovakia but, he said, "I wanted to go far away."

For a bottle of vodka, a Rueaian soldier took him to Austria. In SaUberg, the Jewish Community Canter he^Md him find work and he also became invdved with Zionist groupa.

WItti a pomit from the Americans, he went to Munich where he left his name on the wall of the Jewish center.

"I was hoping someone from nv family ormy dty would see it but no one ijyd," he add. "I waa done."

He went to Paleetine in 1947 and joined the anny, again woridng hi artillery. After UVk months, he was released from the army and opened his own tailoring shop. He also recdved a diploma in tailoring, which hangs in his 8h<^ today.

It MS also important to remember to love America,

^ Ann ZaUannaB with hie wife, Pela, < *en. bahy Kebeeca and Maria.

Igraadddl-

Sick and tfred of the ^letto, Mr. Zeiderman vohmteersd to leave. He found himself dose to irtwe he'd been hi the miUtaiy, Hasag Petaeri. a Ug ammunitiiHi frwtory. Hera he woriud with Christians and Pdes.

Rram the ghetto, ha had good shirts, underwear, a scarf and boota. He aold these to the Polee to buy bread and rhidran He was called in to do tailor woric for one of the officera. Pleaaed with the woric, he waa given a tailorhig job. An eogfaiMr, for whom he did tailoring,

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In 1961, he married his wife, Pda, who had'also come to Israd from Pdand. Thdr aon, Abe, bora in 19!12, ia now a Denver attorney, married to the former HdJly Copper. They have two children, Maria and Rebecca.

After 16 years in larad, Mra. Zddannan's sister, who hsd Uved hi Omaha doca I9i8, bltmi^t them hen.

"Aoieijca is my last station," said Mr. Zdderman, who haa II aooesoeftd Omaha taikring bndneea.

"We fbond a home and WiSre been hen 26 years. I'in happy to be an American, to be free. I like my pe^."

Active in his synagogue and a member of the Chevia Kadiaha, a gnnqi which prepares Jews for burial, Mt. Zdderman ofibn thia advice: "It is important to rememhcryoo^ Jewish and stay with the fdth; to taani fitn the oqiMtkBOe of what the world dfal to ua. People are jealooi and we'va suf^lred frjr notUng. It is alao hivarUmt to rabeoAer to krve America. I don't can who's president. If he's praddent, I'm behfaid him."

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PASSOVER OREEHNeS to ail of our friends

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Hortfble- that was, aMTs, Joe GInsb&rg's reaction Honibb !• tlM aiJjifetiM mad nMMt oftai by JoMnb aeririsf as e inadie in ^ miafutor BafiiBcat of th« 69th InfMlnr Dtviskm.

Wliiie iniA hw IwiB Mid of tb^ iibaration of krg* caiBiw. aoch « Oafehm. Mr. OinriMiv Mdd tbooMnda of paopb in labor campc alM naadMl UMntins. It wu Joat aoch a eanv hia nnit anoonntacad ahorttjr after croaaing tbe Rhine Biv« from Balgium. "Tbe Ug Ubtr^ atioo hadn't bagvn y^"Hs. OinriMiy aaid "Wa bappeoad to hit a podHt of hoRibIa raaUty. "Of an tba pMiila I aaw, and I aaw a9v«e(]r masaacrad paoide aa a mwUc. I didn't towirwhat being hurt waa until I saw what I aaw during liberatioa The Anqy waa tbve far a purpoee, getting injured was port of the duiy, it was horrible but nnderatandaUe." As a medic Lt Ginsberg was the first to be called to the scene oo March 28,1946, when the unit, on its way to U^Kig, found a gnnqi of over 100 slave woriars near Ddim in a small seven-room bouse without bet^ Peo* pie were lying upon pe(^

BH^K.

Lt. Ohiabvg conld do ma caD for ba^ and atop the OK from givint Ae paoote K-aad Ccatiaaa. whidi woolj have basB top hio^lor than to.dlfsat, - i^ Aa a movijit Armjr unit, tha M^ntBt'e atajr lasted onljr about Mlbura but, by the ihne UM^ left, the medical eorpa. a IIASH-Uk* unit, had anfved.

Tte only Jaw fa>U8bettaliafi,Mr;0lDriMrgeaidaftar this aqMiinaaithi otihen aseaed to Ittok at hfan bira««p> eDoe. "If you ware a Jew you knew what waa going on in Germany, but this waa the first reeUty of it. No one bad believed what waa happening to Jews."

Marching on toward. Kaaasl and ta^Kift atreams of Uberatad pe«h cama^Ofward th«ni eartying bags of bdongi^g^^^e couhfai't ^ve them nuch except to throw a fM Orations and K-raticpas. We had nothing to give them."

CM the evenhig of Aprfl 18, in Leipdg, members of the unit reached a graiqi of buildingB tlut wia housing thousands of slave labonin. The naid; d^r. they heerd aj{iA» speaking En^iah. It beknged to the Counteas de Maduit. the former Roberta Lonie of Boeton, wlw showed them the ooncentraticm canqM.

'My first experience at this labor c^mp was tbe worst experience of my life... Every soldier was sick to his stomacb. *.

"My firatesperisDceatthialabar camp was thaworet ' eoqierlenoe of my lifetime. Opening the door and aeaing thoee pec^ in disarray. Every soldier was aidi to his stomach, figurat^«iy and literally. It dfended all my aenaee," Mr. Gfaubeitg BfU. "Th* ai|^t of seeing this horrible thing. The otte of 100 pe6ple unattended. The toodi-^they ware more thaii emadated, aUn waa bang. tag OB their bfioea. Ihay hfednt had food. And the sser»^ ^ tta, they bad noidiere to go. I also saw a maaa grave where those wlio had died were thrown; there were many, numy, many."

The Urvivors seemed to'be in the last stagea of dying and were barely al>le to communicate "in whatever Ian* guage they spdu." Mr. Ofaisberg aaid becanae the peo•^ ^ were either undothed or hi tattera he was unsure wbo thQy ware.

S Unfortnnetely, wfih his linited nM«nl smpBse, thwB was notUngmadlc Ginsberg could 80. And. becenae the people were b»hifBCted« thqr would need to be detouaed ind denned up before reoeivfaig medieal attention. AU'

According to tbe unofficial history of the regiment: "Tsara rolled down the cheeke of tbe men aa thqr were ebown the aea of people subjected to barbarous treatment The peyi^ came wiien tbqr aaw what remahied of a boOding the SS had bomed to the gramd. To keep tbe record of the Krauta atsaigfat. thqr had crowded apne apO patienta kto it bef^ igniting the firewttlcs.

The eight waa not a ^eaaant oon, The troops raatbnd ti»t the enemy was all and more than eqyone had ever ima^rined."

After the. war, Mr. Ginsberg married Beth Oajmes BernateiB and moved to Omaha. OrigfauSy fromDes Moinea, he h«l'been the firet to be drafted in Iowa.

Although he had been eager to aerve his country, he has Ifaio* tried to forfst the five yeers he siMMit in the Ai^y.

Even in 1979, when the Society of Survivors *of the Hotoeaust pneented him a plaque in gratitude far his contribution to the liberation, he aaii he had to rMM^. t|>e regbnant'a btetory book.>bocaa8e he bad blocked iha faonible memoriea of inddeota^ which be was being

Big Town Printing In A Small Town Environment k.

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Joe Ghwberg in Ids office, above, aad behnr, looking at Ua copy of the "Hietoiy of the 272 Infantry."

•1

H

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Passover Greetings

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The lighter side of PIdsbver:I toThat's the way the matzah crumbies opne flt«ii th« Hibnw term "mataata," or to praaa, fanoa "praaaad bvaad" or flat, unleaIT. PAJUL-r PaHoMr it ranisr • v«3r Mriooa 4«w- vened breid. Bai, tha origlB of the word "matsah" is M iMfr dior. hit It hM Hghtar M|MCU u waD. IB tlM not antlreiy f^rt-^ la Ught of tUa, it migltf) be intmatiBf to cttar an old arfdittf UM raoolbdian of Uw tMflnaiBC of tha J«wa — • piUili. UMW tn •too momwita <rf humor tht, of qaistiati t« baiMwd b Jawtoh W'*Wby >a awtuh called matiahT" Hie anawar ia: "Bacanae it haa the coatm an tjiffesOIr JawUdL ' Wt iniiK 1>MI« IIJ IMI'I '^^r thm TI mnranrhilTtl shive df matsah; it has email hotoa Uke matsah; it i« dry »ditlOBa <rfUi>H>««l>h tiupa my oUwr J»wtoh twwk. aa matsah; it taataa like mataah. What sbe can you call |t has bMB noted ttufe tiw|» am {dmoot 8.000 oditioiia it but mataah?"

Ma'ot cliittim (idieat mooay) to a Jewiah conospt to Ttba Hacgadah and doaa to 400 dtfhrant cwnmwiinaure that avaryJew. aveo the poorsat, to aUa to celethcco aiiats doMoa of art raproductioiui of the brate Paaiwver tai a ormer manner.

At timaa to history, ^biVBwish oommunitiee leveled vahiabU editioBa of the Haggadah. aevaral KibHioadab*, a Holo^auat nafgwlah, a Shalom a compidaary oomnninty t«K to be coUacted on tha eve _ a woaMn'a Haggadah, a vagatarian Ha«- of Pasaow, to'pmrlda lor tha leae fortunate Jews. In kadah. aa wtO aa Qrtfaodooc. Bafdnn aadCoaaarvativa l^t of this, the ItaD^nHiC avtnt takae on maning: A Gommoni^ repreaentstive.wept to the hone of a haggadaha. llMn an amn aaeutor and hnmaniatic HagwealtQy Jew on the avaofPasaom to eolidtma'ot chitr gadaha. The Uat ia Mkdkaa.

Some Hagfidaha add a fifth cup of wina in honor of tim. Ha n|iped an tiw door, awakening the affluent one the eatabl^meatof the Sute of larael and use a bOdi- from hto aftamooo nap. Angry that bto rest period was , disturiied, the wealtliy Jew opened the door in a sour cal v««e to juatfiy it Othm delete the paaaage "Stoffl forth your *rath moon.

Hto moiod was aoon tranatoted taito acUqa when he saw upon tha jfationa" aa being too hardi. and aome «van tranalata the plaguea into modem terma, the vwmin the community reprsoentative and he etopped hto face. bifay tha dJaiaawin the riume and the death of the flrat- Tha ooasmunlty npraaeBtativa plaoed one hand on hto face to eoothe the stinging pain and extended hto other bom miieatating a poaaiUe nodear holocaaat.

L Inli|^oftbia,itiawQrthr«:alIingthatanemedie- hand to the rich man, aayfaig, "The elap you have given |ral Jewiah bumdriat once mnailDtd: "If I had been me. Now^ what wiD you gh^ to the poor?"

HoqriMlity to the hallmark of the eeder service. Jews Moaea, I wooUhavelaaproivadiqpanthe'Paaaovwatnmgemanta. I would have given the Egyptians ontjr fonr go to gi«*t Isngths to make certain no one to akoe on plagoM aad I would have provided for the Jem 10 ciqie thto sacred m^ Thto to eipteeaed hi the ritual words that are rsdted 4rfwine."

I Matiah. the nnleavMied brand, ia, of eouiae, the moat at the van^beghming of the aeder service, "Let all who teat with ua." It to qipropriato for ' Inportant vymbol of Paaaover. It recalls that tha Jews left Egjrpt so n^iidly that thiy did not even havipaMmgh thehoattobeesperiaByconstdarateandgraciouaonthto evening. time to permit the bread to rise.

Happy Passover

.^ M 4^ IJ

SpedahtB in one^-»kind anUgue. old and new ni0t since 1973.

ruE Etkafe aad caotcaiporary dethi^ gf aatafal flbo* OriMtai eaifsU aad

•ot Albwta A«*. MlawiM. N|E etOOS (8 Mock* South of SoulhraMls) •

RabU Akfvtf Agar, a great talibde acbolar, waa very aeakms ajMnt ofhring hoapitaU^ at the PasaiWar aeder.

Once, at tha aadsr taUe, a gneet tipped over a goUet of wise.

To spare ihs visitor smbairaaamant, RabU Akiba quiddy moved the table, kndddng over hU own cup of wine, and tamatkad apotogettoallyi i"It aeema to me that the tabto to noli standing prdperiy."

TUs brings us to the modem era. Paaaover has become a part a( ooatemporary Ufa, found fii art, Utera' tun, musk and even humor. The following iOuatration mikm the point very wait One day, a low of art brought home a large canvai in an ordata frame. Diqtlaying it to hto wife with de^ pride, be eaid: "Look at thto beautiful Paaaover paint" ing I booghtl" The wife stared in amaasment at the canvas, for it was oonqdetely blank.

"I do not see anything on thto canvaa. Did you buy it at the Gallery of Modem Artr' the wifie naively inquired. "What to it supposed to be?" "lUs to apatotingof the Jewa cnaefaigtbe Red Sea," the husband repUed rnndaecsnitingly.

"But when an the Jews?"

"The Jews already paaaed throng the sea and tboy an on the ahon."

"AAd What* are the Egjnitlanar' "The Egyptians an still pursuing the children of larad and thqr have not yet reached the, eea."

"And where to the aaaitaeif?"

"The watan of the eea are divided and have receded to the shoraa. aothat tha Jews should be aUe to croes."

In sum, PiiaaoVer to a uniqua festivaL It to a remarkabto blend of histoi;^religion, litentore, music and, yes, even humor.

BabU Bamnrd 8. BaAsa acrves Temple ot Aaron Congiegatioa in St. Paal, BliBa.

Ybuname it... we'll orchestrate It Let us take Ihe hassle out of plorviingi your evisnt. Wa acid the creative louche ttxst make your partyAeceptkxVdimer/meeftfng/ serrilrxar/converftkxi memorobfe.

Esatk Jmraky aad glfU

W 731-2622

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1 The lighter side of Piissover: Thft's the way theRabUmatah crumbles Alilvil liir, a paat taBte^ adifikr, 8.

9r. PAin. — funtwt k •awiy » wry wrioua Jwirkb hdJ^ day, but ItliM Vi^itw aapwta M waU. In tha ndibt ol tht raoollKtiaii (tf tha tMsinafaw o( thft J«wa «M • paAplSb thani «• BIM momMits o( hiuDor that, 4rf • W* vaiihliMbi by aoKm thte than an mon «Utku«fth«Hacga(bhthMany<ithirJ( ' i|t has batn notad that thva an akaoat 8,000 acUtions ill tha Haggadah and doaa to 400 diffvant conunea' Today than eiktadoMoairf art reproductioaa of tha HMMt vahiabto aditiaiia of the Haggadah. aavanl Kibbate Higgadaha. a Hakcaaat Haggwkh, a Shalom Haggadah. a wonMn'a Haggadah, a vagatariao Hagndah. aa mO aa OrthodooCri Baforu and Coaaatvativa haggadaha. Ulan an avan aacukr and bumanktic Haggadaha. Tha Uat k aaflaaa.

Soma Haggadaha add a fifth ctq> of wine in honor of tha aatabUahment of the SUte of land and OM a biblical vana to Jnatify it Otbn ddete UMT paaaage "^rill forth your wrath nxm tiia riationa" aa being too harah, andaonaevan tranriate tha pkguaa into modara tarma, tha vermfai beii« tha dkaaaaaintha ahnna and tha death af tha firatbora letaeaanting a poaaibto noekar hokicaaat - In li^t of thia, it k worth recalling that one medieval Jewiah humoriat once renHurkad: "If I had been Moaee, I woaUl'haVa iasprovad ttfon the Paaaovar w rangeaoenta. I woold have givea the Egypdana only four pkgoaa and I wonU have provided for the Jewa 10 cupa pfwina."

MatoJi, thaiaakavenad bcaad, k, of eourae, the moet important aymbol of Paaaovar. It recaUa that the Jewa left Egypt 80 nqpidly that they did not even hava enoui^ time to permit tha bread to liae.

Happy Passover

Mataah aaama to QHbafrMi thi Hdbraw term "mataats," or to praaa, hanoa "pnaaad taraad" or Oat, nnkavanad ktaad. Bat. tha ocigia ol tha word "matsah" k not entirely ftf*»*" In Ught of tUa, it might be taitanatinf to dta an old quaatka ta ha iMBd in Jowkh kM. "my k awtaah caUad mataaht" Aa anawar k: "Baeanae H baa the ahapeo<niataah;ithaaamanholaainnimataah;itladTy aa mataah; it taatea Uka mataah. What eke can you call it but mataah?"

Ma'ot cUttim (wheat money) k a Jewiah concapt to inaon tha^ awaiy.Jaw, fvfo tha pqronat, k abk to cakbrate PaaiMvtr tai a prtvir manner.

At tiaaaa hi Uatory, aoma Jewiah oommnnitiee kvakd a compolaory coi)iniaiiity t«B to ba coUactad an tha ava of Paaaovar, to pnvlda far tha kaafortonata Jewa. In light of thk, tha fall0wiag aw«Bt takaa on maanfaig: A Goakamity ftpraaaatativa want to tha home of a waateHyJawopthajwaoiPMaom to aoBcit ma'ot diittim. Ha nqpped on tha door, awakening tha affluant one from hk aftamooo nap. Angry that hk net period was , diataibad, the wealthy Jew opebed tha door in a aour Wa mood waa aoon tranaktad b^ actkB when ha aaw the community repraaentative and he akpped hk face.

The coinnMinity laptaaautativa placed one hand on hk face to aootha the atinging pain and exteodad hk other hand to the rich man, aaykg, "The alap yon have given me. Now, what wUl you g^ to the poor?"

HoapiMli^ k Uw halbnuk of the aeder aervica. Jewa go to graat kngtha to make ovtain no one k alone on thk aacrad night lUa k inpiaaaed in the ritual words that an ndtad at the vary beginning of the aedar awica, "Let aU who anhnngiy coma and eat with ua." It k aniropriata for the hoat to be eepedally oonaidarate and gradouB on thk avtningt

Speddbts In oneof«kind anUgue, old and new njga tince 1977.

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aaakus about olMng boapttaUty at the Paaaovar aeder.

Onoe. at tha aadar table, a gueat t^iped over a goblet ofwtea.

To apan tha vlaitor embairaaament RabU AUba quiddy moved the taMe, knocking over hH own'cup of wine, and taaoailtad apokgetiBany, "It aeems to me that the tafak k not at^mding propariy."

TUa faringa aa to the modem era. Paaaover has becoatt a pait«l eoattamporary Ufa, found b art liters' tun, mude and even humor. The followfaig illustration makaa the point vary wall One day, a kvar of art brought home a large canvas ia an tniaUlnam. Diaidaying it to hk wife with deep pride, ha add: "Look at thk baantifal Paaaovar paintp ing I booghtl" The wife atarad fai amaaament at the canvaa, fbr it waa oonqdetdy Uank.

"I do not aaa anything on thk canvap. Did yoa boy it at the OaUary of Modem Art?" tha wife naively faupdred. "What k it aiqipoaed to be?"

"Thk k a pdntkg o«he Jewa croadng the Red Sea," the i«i»ftfM npbed fninkac^''^*"g*y "Bat whan an the Jewa?"

"HM Jewa already paaaed through the aea and thay an on tha ahora."

"Ahd whan an tha Egyptiansr "The Egyptiana an BtOl purauing the children of larad and they have not yet reached the aea."

"And whan k the aaaitaeUT" "The watan of tha aea an divided and have receded to the ahoraa ao that the Jewa ahould be able to croea."

In aum, Paaaovar k a uniqae kstivaL It k a remariKabk blend of histoty, religian, literature, music and, yes, even humor.

RabU Bernard S. Raakaa CoagregatioB in St Paal, Bfinn.

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''he Sephardic tradition Some Passover customs and recipes BrEdttliSdiMfaua I sweet red wine Itdblea In "Fiddler on tU RM( " Tnyi Mid. "BeoniM of our tn- 2 Ishlispaens wi§tr ditii»,«Mqraneofaakii0inwiM>lwisandwfaat6<Ml«iiwcta ConUne dataa, aprioota and apples. Add water to cover. of Urn." E«ch (amOjr I knoir hu its own traditiona, sooM Cook on low heat imtfl tender enough to maah. at leaat W pM—ddownfJwnfMrttfciinfooobyMidgoBMtraditkM hour. Drain water. Maah. Add nuts, red wine end sugar. crelfad by this gtumtkm.

Blend together.

AtnotinwiytUamaracvidiBtUuaiatPHach. If yoamra Ilie Seder iteeif has diftefooea that can be noted. In the cooM into ny Aahlnnad konw, yon would find • tradi- H^jarhaBnetewqroneatthstlhlswsshss their hands and th> 'SBdvHllfOMmit Woiiffl follow tbacuatonis and trih pitcher or container lapaeeedby the youngest woman at the ditians we lunra Mknrad ifain I wu • UtUe girl and my hus- table. When the plagues vstedted. the wine ia poorad into band wMaHtU* boy. Addtowdm are those Jews of Gcnnan, water inaHot to dhJchfttwplagnas and then taken to the PoUib and Ruasian daaoent ' bathro<»tobtw«ibait«iwgr.In my honie, my husband d^ Uy«uw«et»cototbebanaeofJaime,HandSaraRabbca Ua fing*into tibawhieiorenchplague and puta the lOdroiM Hn}ar,87,your«q)eriwiCB would be quite different for they onapWA, ' ' are Sepharak Jews, of l^Mmish deatentj eapedalJly from %Min and Portugal After the ei^ulaion from Spdn in 1492, d^ppiiw the grriaisfaistead of salt waUr."It'soar tradition," theee Jews qnadintoNortli Africa, Greece, IHnlcqr.Egypt shesakL AnotherififferenceforRocl)alleisthitthe(»derof and the Neer Bat fDdqr.ithasconMtoindudeaB Jaws idiQ theservicslsupsatedevegrliiiietlielsalfhe fisimstosnother do not trace their'anoeetry to Northern Enrope. Jaime'e part of the aairiee (breaking themataotdfaxiing the gnen^ deecendante are-Attm Syria md Egypt and Sara .Rebbca eating tbe haroaea, etc.). In many Sephardlc hMnfea, a piece comes from Meiiea Thqr have a daughter, Tami, 6, and a ofmiritaahisplaesdflnthebaekofeachpersaeipNsebtitorapson, Jonathan, 3. rreeent the unleavened bread that the Jews eittied out of At my house, the Chvoeat repieeenting the bricks and Bgypt It is done as ths isadar atplains wfast thi matuh is. mortar made by the Jews when they were slavee, would be At thsendof the sendee, the eongs are often sung in Ammade in the way (rf SH Ashkenaaon: hie or antique Spaniah. sun another intrignfaig custom that 2 ea]ie applea, peded and chopped was the famfitiMi ol Sephardics fai soms plaoee was that of 1 enp walnta ar peeaa wearing giaas hats sna of covering the floor of the dining"" Vi cap sweet red wine roomwjthgwaioathelsstdeyflitheholfalay.'niestrawhsts Si and graaa qm^Mliaed the parting of the Red Sea which •Dqwad the Habnws to eecane the Egyptian army. VVhm the Finely chop ivpias and nuts togsther. Blend togethv with wtfar parted, the reeds and grass at the bottom of the sea all other ingredieats. iMeunooverad.

The Paaeover menu reflects some of the most pronounced InaSsphardic house, this essential part <rf the Seder would dlQeuMjee between the Aahkenaric and the Sephardic tinbe madeqiiiita diffenntly. ditloafcMymeMuwnMldhirhidemat«oballaoup,g«filtefish H Hip aiceddatae, pitted (swimtinise homemade), diickSsn or tnricey, potato kugel, Vi cap dried ^irieots tiiimmsa. and Mriffsidal rhocolata macaroons. ''S caps aBplea» peeled and. chopped AMOficKBt ti Ssphardk piactlM. lasomee euch as beani ^ cnp wrfwrts, ehspped andpeaMttdrieejqqrbe aarved at Paasovar. This is differ^

ent from the practice of Aahkenaxi Jews, who do not eat thesa fDods.at PDseover.

•He menu InaSenhsnBc home wouMfaidnds rice, no gefilte -tlil[t"Weeatanlyfreahfiafa."LysetUHslperatoUms.),an Arabic Bwest and sour vagstaUe soup or chicken and rke soup, Calavasa Beinado (stufbd squssh), Kiftrs de Preesa (meat and leek pattiee), and fmhapt qui^ado (meat piee).

Hie foUowingdishes might be served inaSephardic home dut^ Paaaover. l%ey oooe tnm the book, "From My Qrandmother'e Kitchen." fay Vlviane Akheich Miner with LindaKrinn.

CALAVASA REINADO (Staffed Sqoidh) Meatmizture: "" 1 pound ground meat VitaaqMMm pepper 1 teaapoon aalt 2eggs Vi cap matao meal 3 tableepeens dwpped ^araley 2tableqMonsaU Sauce: Vi cup tomato sanoe Vi cup water Vi teaspoon sugar Vi teaspoon salt Peel 1(>-12 medhimsias yellow squssh. Cut off stems, then halve end scoop out pulp. Plncepu^ end stems inacasseroie and sstaakkSiirinkls squash with sslt Stuff with meat miKturs. Then dip meat aids in cske mesl, then into beaten egg and brawn inhot oil Transfer tocasserofe, meat sideup. Add a tableepoon of dl fimn fryingpini. Pour saucB over sU. Bske, covereo, in SOOniegreeovenliM' 1 hour. Bake uncovered an additional 10 mfaitttee.

(Continaad on Page 60)

Hagpgfy M^€Mss€»ver mWE GIVE u110% Passoiref Oreetings

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Helena Tichauer:'Cherish liberty and democracy'

By Lcraib Fraak ' "I owe Blot to tlM United StatM,"aaklHe>aDaTich: luer, who "eamt becuue I wanted to obme, not l&e ' otlMniHioludnodK)toe."ShealM«ivinapMidiiMra. ^•especially ymng people, "to cherish the liberty and ^rdemocracy we have." |u' Hie daniKhter of an electrical engineer, Mrs. Tichauer WM a 16*y«ar«ld high sdMMl stoJUot hi Krakow whan the Naaia invaded Polaod on Septl, 1939.

"We were reqtiired to wear identification—armbancis with the Star of Dayid. We «ne forUkfaien access to parte of the city and had curfiews. And, we were subjected to the Mdiam of the Nazis."

After six months of oooqMtion, Jews were enclosed in aghetto. Dining this period, she said, they endured hunger, disease, and Inqirisonment into forced labor.

Her 14-yearold brotl^er, Natan, was taken by S.S. troops and was never seen again. .

InMayl942,^«ndlNrllitharwerestattoalab<Hcanqp in Plwaow. TwQ days before, her nMitbn'and sister had btfen sent to the Mune eanqp, whkh was built on a Jewish cemetery. At the camp, she witnessed mass ahootings by the S.8„ tndnriing hundi^ of children.

She was also sqparated frinn her sister who had been moved to another camp. "j: On crowided cattle train 'iln 1944, she and her mother boarded a crowded.cat&» train toward an unknown destination. After many hours, the train stopped at a station and a sign told them . they were at Auschwitz.

"1 saw elevated watchtowm manned by S.8. guards Iffith machine guns" and signs tdling of de^ified fencing.

While sll belongings were taken from the group of womm and ekterly, Mrs. Tfchaner was able to save one |»beoflilMtidi. which she wouU later ^jplydaSy to her , jmother's chedcs to make her look healthy. /Always fesring morning wouldn't come, Mrs. .

Tichautf yoluntea«d to go to Bergen-Bdsen, where abe : found conditions were not much better. "Dead bodies , were piled around the barracks. We sl^t crosswise and lengthwise on the beds and at 3 a.m. there was a pris-,'' pner count, so there was not much sleeo." >.

She described the food as dirty dishwater and, al-.^ it kept them alive, she said many suffered paramnesia from malnutrition^ AlUraugh she and her were Uberated by EngUdi troops on April 15, 946, over 100 members of her large family perished in camps.

Taken to Hamburg From Borgen-Belaea, ahe and her mether were taken Hamburg. They had the opportuni^ to go to Sweden ' inJuly 1946, left for Mahno, where they were put quarantiDe. Her mother, who was very iU. was then it in a sanitarium to be cured.

Mrs. Tichauar, after taking a short course, became a lurae. She was dwrlNnrMotectingorgaabatioDs, tryg to locate her father, sister and brother. i Eventually, she received a letter frmnfaw sister say\ ng that ahe was alive hi Germany and wanted them to ome. However, Mrs. Tichauar had sworn she would «ver go back to Germany. She and her mother decided 0 go to Mootevkleo, Uruguiy. wbare her mother's irother lived.

He sent them money and was able to quickly obtain for them. She wrote her sister promising that when got to South America, "I would make papers for her I her husband." ^^ In July 1946, Mrs. Tkhauer and her mother arrived Uruguay, where they lived for a while with her aunt "Atfirstldidn'tUnitandwwtedtogobdk^ but after three months I changed my mind."

Sephardic tradition (CoBtiaaed froai Page S8)

She then began working to bring her aister, borrowing 1300 bmn the German-Jewiah Sodefy to do sa She coukhi't get pi^Mrs for Uragu^r but she dkl get them for Paraguay. Her sister, however, had decided to go to the United States.

In South America, Mrs. Tichauer worked at various nursing and houaekeeping^lobe to support herself and her mother, Sbi also ihat Walter Tichauer, who had emigrated from QIawitz. Germany, in 1938. After one month they became mgaged and were married on December 18, 1947.

Mr. Tkhauer had ben hicky because, prior to Kiiatallnacht, his parente had started iJDBffligratian papers for him. After only one ireek in Buchenwald, his pliers came and he was raleaigied. All of biM fandSy had gone to coooantratian camps and he had hoped to bring them to South America. It was not ea«y to do and he had no mooay. To this day, he doee not know where they wmt or mat happened to them.

In 1962, there was big turmoil in South America and the Tichauers feared fw the safety of their sons, Carl, 14, and Fred, II. "Castro poiaoned the whole continoit and I was afraid the same things would happen like in Europe," said Mn. Tidunier, who has good memoriee of her time in South America.

Starting over again Starting over for the third time, in June 1963 they joined Mrs. Hchaner's sistar, Lola Reinglas, in Omaha.

It waa not easy. Mr. Tichauer, a glasiar, was 66 yearr <M and had trouUe findinga job bacanse of the unions.

And Mrs. Tk:hauer, who bem used to having a maid in South America, found she had to do things barseU. Eventually he found a job, and with the hdp of Irving Eisenberg, she eoroUed in beauty school to Isara to manicure. Mrs. Tichauer worked as a manieurist then venttued into aeveral bnaJneeses—a harawate store, a wig shop and a gift ahop.

Tod^y, rfw oonnatrttea OD hv hobbiee and they both take pride in what thay have accoiiHshed (educating their chiMren was important to them) and hi their f amUy. Carl, his wifSb Oayle. and their two chiklren live in Omaha, hed, his wife, Marty, and their three chiklrto live hi OaUaa.

fW^I!

BOBIANIAN PASSOVEB MBAT PIES 3 medimn potatoes, beOed, peded, and maahed 2 caps autaah cake meal 4eggt> beaten Vi CIV olive eO 1 teaspoon each aalt and pipper 00 far deep frying H pound veal UvMT, tUaly sliced H pound cUeken livers H pound gnmnd beef OUvaaa 1 oaioa, vary Ibeiy chopped 1 cop ehopped pairaley 1 «dove guile, pieaaed M teespoen each sab and peppsr 2 tablMpoens asatsvah BMal With an electric mixar beat potatoee,8aqMmattehmesl. eggs, oUve oil, sslt and pepper. Turn out oo a surftee and kneadwmahiing matish mesl into the dou|^ for 16 minutes.

Allow to reot2 Bouta before usfaig.

Make the filling: Broil veal liver and chicken livers. Santo ground beef in oil, stirrfaigconstantly; remove to a cdandSr. In the same pan, saute onions until soft. Add parsley and cook 6 minutes more. Drain. Chop the livers hi a grinder or food processor. QomMne Bwr.grwmd bed, parsley, onkms, garUc, salt, pepper, matzah meal and eggs. Stir well PinchoffpiscMofdon^thesizeofaneggsrollottttosV' diameter. Flace 1 helping teaqioon of filling hi the canter; fold doo^ over the fiffing and pinch shut Place a ^ass rim ovw eadi half moon and press down finnly to remove esceas dough. Press sn imprint sll tbs way around the cut edge with the tinee of a fork to seal Deep fiy to golden brown. Makai aboutBdoesB. > Hers are still more Sephardk redpes, these taken from "The Sephardk: Cooks," con^Oed and published by Congregation Or VeShakun Sisterhood of Atlanta, Georgia.

SALATABGYPTIiNNE (Egyptian Salad 2 eadi red, yellow and graea beO peppers 4 medinm onions VicupoBveoU 1 cop tomato Jniea , 6 medhuB tooMtoee, cat into wedges 1 teaqMOB each salt aafl pepper Vi cup red wine viaegar Remove seeds from baOileppars. Cut all vegetables lengthwise into Vi"slioee.

In a large frying pan, saute the onions in olive oO untfi translucent, then add peppera and cook a few minutee more.

Add tomato juke, cover, and cook en medium heat far 6-10 mhmtee. Add the tomatoea. salt and pepper covtr and cook 16 mhiutee longer. Add vin^ar, cover and cook another 1016 minutee. Serve hot, cold or at room temperature. Servee MASADEVmO (WlneCooUed

IcapoO Vi cap ewaet wise VicBpsBgar 3W cape rake aeeel 1 cap chapped Bate, eptioaal 2 taUespooas potato starch Mix sugar, oil, and wine well. Add dry ingrediente. If too soft, add a little more flour. DMda faito4 piseee. Roll out to H faKh. Cut with eooUe cutter to desired ahape. With tines of fbrii. press saeheookis far design. Bake at 860 degreee for Vibour.

(Edith SchalBMB le a free laaee witter IB Maitland, FlaL, Bad is Aasodato Editor fbr Hvitage narida Jewidi NewsJ

Happy Passover Br •^P^^W Ww'

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I in|.-:|r.|n|::|.ifnnini.-: -iyS|.':ta<g^S|S|tMarar

JewUih Press Board and Staff m Fmim/jn-^m titnn f»nmnnuw •HO a^vtwr/ i7:fTtMt'^a&.'i'':'zi: •-*'::•:•. ,:i t'

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imiiuiiUHniHiiHimiia

April 6, 19*0

kn Hal &Cm(fy Daub & PASSOVER QREETiNQS toaHoor Mends a cuMoiiMrs

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]

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Survivors should tell their story: IMiriam Grossman ByLomUFnak 'o fed hate ia 01^ to poiaon yminttt," Mid Miriam iriw feela It la important ior aurvivon to tdl their atary. jp^It pnto oo ma and day faiMniiidad bidividual tiw ntttaa&Oity to witDtaa to othm adiat hato and ii^ttitice Id. and if not cutbad, will do again."

Bora in Konin, Poland. Mrs. Qrofaman waa ooa of ninaddldniiinamiddledaaafas^. Howavar, ahaadd «vaa bate* the fall of Pdand in 1M«, conditieBa had baeomabML Sbv waa hi her 208 iriieo the UitijMeg of Polaiid ooconad and aha qpeot the next five yaara hi aghetto. ''WaiapNgivwi rations, barely enough to aoatain Ufe. People wen starving and many were beaten far no raa•OD at aH We wan cat off from the outaida world juat waiting for a aU to end." la the ghetto ahe worked in a hoqiital with veiy few medieal aoppUee and ahared a small room with hofethcr, mother, youngar brother and younsBr sister. "We alept on mattresses and used a mskeahift stove, burning the wooden beds to keep from freeaing."

Moet of her older dblinga and tbefr families were takm fromtfaa^etto and >^ nerver ftamd out what hq>peoed to them. Her mother and father starved to death.

When the ghetto waa daaied k IMS, ahe waa {taken to Anschwits in a cattle wagon. Hen she described conditions as "not even suitable for animals." Fortunately for bfa, an order came that more women were needed in the factories.

"They lined us up naked before a group of aoidlan with Mengele pdnting either right or ML WhOe her sisto-.aiatenn-law and a cousin were loaded in a truck, Mia. Oroaaman was showered and shipped to an aii^ plane parto factory.

After liberation, she was in a displaced persons can^)

- inUuE-riiadarmichel, Auatria, whan a nurae aha had pany for 28 years. While he admitted he may have beoi worked with in the gbttto he^ hi^ to function agafaL taken advantage of, being a foreigner and not knowing Bfra. OroaamaB worind widi the camp ambulanee and the language, "I waa just grateful for the om>ortunity also met her -Ighac, "1.0." Groaaman, from Ruzooi- to woriL It felt good to be independent."

Although he la retired now, he atOl has a shop in the berok, Ciechdilovakia.

A trained mechanic, Mr-^Qroiinin had been work- back of his home. "We worked vny hard. We had no ing in a factoiy brfora joining the Caaeh ab-force dur- hizuriea, no furniture," Mrs. Oi^asman, hte helper, said. ing Worid War II. Whan he waa idiot down, he waa capr They an proud they made it on their own and wen able t; tured by Naaia and qient 1989 and 1940 in a priaon. to raise Alex in a fres countiy. A. ' " Along with other solders, he waa then sent to AuachTfldfiy, he Is an electrical enghieer at Boys Town Instiwibc, when he wodked as a mai^iniat in a foctocy, tute; h^ wife, Mary, woriu in a bank and they have two Deutche Auaristung Werke. children, Sarah and Joshua.

After 18 months, he waa transferred to a rubber Even with their lifetime of struggles, the Oroasnians products plant, Buona. He then was relocated to Bucheowald, Mauthaussen and Quaaen II, an under- remain qpen-minded. ''Peoide are people," Mrs. Grossman said "We aiayed hi our home while everyone ground Meeaerachmitt airplane factory.

In 1946, he was liberated in Ouaaan II by the Ameri- (whites) moved," she sUd of their north Omsha home.

However, she is awan of the great prejudice that cana and went to Lodz, when he woriMd as a madihiist exists. "I think if the Chr^ian pec^ don't diangs their for the American Army.

"They wanted me to go to Jqian but I refuaed," he attitude toward Jews,, I don't see a better future."

She also said pec^ should not ignore the venom of said. "I wanted to go back to <!!zediddovakia." He did go home, but finding everything and everyone gone, he the Ku Khix Klan and the neo-Naaia who go bqraod freereturned to the eanqt. He worked as a slMat meehank dom of speech and UlL and met Miriam, whtnn he married la 1947.

Mrs; Oroasman has no desire to go back to her hone"We wanted to start life again," Mrs. Grossman land whidi she ftaid was very snti-Semitic even before explainad. the war. Her husband, however, still has good memo"Then was ho dating, no falling in love, just a dedi- riee of his JiomelaBd beitause he was not persecuted as cation to be good to eieh other." a Jewin Owchoslovalda.

Thrir aon, Alex, was bora in the camp hi 1948 and the "I can't Ufememy country," he said, "only the Nazis, foOowkig year thay cameto the United Statea. "It dUn't for losing'tny whole family." matter when we wen goini;" Mra. Oroaaman sakL "We juat wanted to BtaHi a aonnal life."

Not knowing the lanfaage and having ahnost nothr ing, they atill relbaed charitgr. All Mr. Grasaman wai^ was a/ob. "I wanted to m^ mtaiay inynlf,"< he aaid.

Mr. Groaaman woriced aa a meehank at a motor ^oilih

Editor's note: Qia*aiMe aeWfcaa for igaac Oroeaasan, 79, wsn Maadi l»at Me«Bt ttaai CeoMtery. la addKloa toMa wife, MMam. Mr. Groaaman la i.vtvad by a aan. Alei, and two gtandehOdrea.

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Wishing You A Happy Pasaover r Roean

Clarfc Swartz

Tom Bernstein

Botched circumcisions t>etray 16 Nazi spies PARia Feb. 18.1940 (JTAI - Undtr the YUdiah caption "ShwM- tau aein a Yld" (It's haid to be fe Jew), the newapaper L'OMnm r*pdrt«d toda/that 16 Nad qiiea who entered the Nathsriaida iDthe gudaa of Jawkh nfogeei — even tkking the precaution of being drauDdsed—wan unmaskad when it wu detanninea through a rabbi that th«y wannot drcumdaed aocordfaig to the Jewiah ritual.

Aoooniing to tharepcct. the Oeatapo aelected 16 men who kwksd u Jewiah aa poaaibia, had them attaiid «ynafDgua aervioaa fat aaveral weeka to acquaint tbamaehrea with Jewiah ceremrmiala, had them drcnmdsad. fumiahad th«m with paaaporU stamped with "4" (Jew) and ant them into Holland.

The Netherlanda anU-espkmage aervke, suspecting that they «r«n apiee, arrested tte men. After eumining them, tbe aiithoritiaa called a labfat and. witbaitt informing hfan about tiie dataila of the caae, asked him to ascertain whether the ram wan draimcised in the Jewiah manasr. Ha reported that they wen, no4 I L'Oeam commented: "To be a Jew one miiat hthaip

II' •

Speaking, despite pain Bfra, Mfriam Grossman has spokan to several groupa about the Holocaust. Thsae are her thoughts oo why ahe has put aaUa her pdn to do ao: For many yean we heard that we ahouki iorgat and farajhre the barren we Uved through and the irreplaceable loaiee of our dear onea. That we shoukl go on with life and k>ok to the futun because notUng good wouU come out of remembering bitteraeea.

History shows that forgetting bringa on repetitfen, and tlut it is not humuly poesible to forgive the deetruction of livea which belong only to God. It makaa one aware how wrong government is wlien it treats ndnoritiee like secoad-claas citicena.

It should alert us to what hato and hijustioe can do to other human beinga.

It shows how tragediee occur when people think about their own gains without cansideration of how it affects others—that power without juatice leads to corruptiaB. It makaa ms sensitive to the valut of ev«y human being, regardleae of their aUtua, material poasesekm, or appearance.

It makaa me reapect the iadividuality of othen, without loaing my own, unleaa they're bent on deetroylng the dignity of othen.

It makes me ahw ^pprsdata Uadnsss and goodossa in each individual, regwdtees of their beekgroond, national wigin or retigioua preference.

It puts on me and any fair-minded individual the rasponaibility to witness to othera what hato and injustice did, and if not curbed, will dp again.

April*, IMO

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nobodi§puta togeUierm better pmiAttge for nouihMn..,

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Happy Passover

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One ttlid of flie menora is mlsifaii tp s^boHze flie loss of one Olid of our fpeople.

Matf we never f0*0^

afl fboee ni^ho survived and an those who did not

man Gordman iMirinmin

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