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Vol. LVII No. 28
COUNCIL BLUFFS, LINCOLN, OMAHA Omaha, Neb., Frl., March 31.1978
Kashrut Controversy Decided Beth Din Hands Down Historic Ruling for Omaha
Steve Riekes Asks ~ For Procedures Steven J. Riekes, counsel for the Jewish Federation of Omaha, read the decision of the court Sunday morning to counsel for the litigants and the executive board of the Federation. Before reading the document, Mr. Riekes said, "We have a big obligation to the future not to let a situation like this happen a g a i n . . . We have learned a costly and bitter lesson . . . We need new, proper and fair procedures." Mr. Riekes said the Beth Din performed an unusual Mitzvah in that this is the first time that the court has convened outside the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. : "We should let the Jews of Massachusetts know of our appreciation,"' he said, adding, "We now have one other Job . . . to start the healing and to come together again."
The two-year-old kashrut controversy in Omaha has been decided by the Rabbinical Court of Justice of the Associated Synagogues of Massachusetts (Boston Beth Din). The decision included the following: •Rabbi Nadoff was justified in the withdrawal of kashrut supervision of Shukert's Meats, Inc. *Kashrut supervision was inadequate. * Shukert's Meats is able to regafh supervision. *A full time community "Mashgiach" should be hired. *A Kashrut Commission should be established. The complete text of the decision appears on Page 2, and other articles pertaining to the Beth Din, the proceedings, and kashrut are included in ^ t h i s i s s u e ;
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Paul Cohen, vice(presidentfif & e Jewlsfr^^eration of Omaha, said the Executive Committee of the Board has launched an immediate study of the decision and the kashrut situation in Omaha to determine as quickly as possible what the FederSteveRlekes.counselfortheJewlshFederatlonofOmaha.preparestoreadtheBethDIn'sdedjiori to members of the Federation Executive Committee and the litigants, At his left Is Paul ation's recommendations to the community should be. ••• • - ' • • ' ' ••••• Cohen, Federation vice president. (JB Photo by Maline) "' •
Riekes Reads Decision
Kashrut in the 20th Century health-related advantages of kashrut. However, if health Is the underlying motivation, one is tempted to ask why, for example, are camejs and horses prohibited while chickens"and turkeys (no enemies of dirt) are permitted. The answer to this paradox is simple. Neither the Bibllcaj texts nor laterJtab-, bfnic statements assume that health is the fundamental reason for kashrut. One would expect the laws of Torah to be hygienically appropriate, but this fact is incidental..The one Biblical reason which we are.given tor the dietary laws is: "For I am the L-rd your G-d; sanctify yourselves and be holy, for I am holy . . . " (Lev. 11:44). pietary laws lead to the holiness of the; person. They restrict humanity's baser urges. Thus, the types of foods which can be eaten arc limited lest our appetites ru]e us. A living creature cannot be cruelly killed, but must be slaughtered in a manner which will lead to a painless, quick death. (Many of my non-Jewish students who have been involved in non-kosher slaughter confirm that modern techCertain types of fat are forbidden and niques are based on the commercial effibroiling is a preferred means of prepare- ciency of the operation rather than the ^rttoBFpoints which s t a n d o u t s our eho- comfort of the animal.) The traditional ,> lesterol-consclous era. These are just a Jew is prohibited from eating blood few of the possible examples of the since the blood is the "life" of the animal By Rabbi Jonathan Rosenbaum Lecturer In Judaic Studies, UNO; Director, Department of Jewish Education. There are certain misconceptions concerning the Jewish dietary laws. One often hears the arguments that kashrut is based on ancient health laws, that it makes Jews "different," or that it is irrelevant in the scientifically oriented world of the twentieth century. Each of these statements requires a response. The common assumption that health is the underlying reason for the observance of the Jewish dietary laws misses a basic point. It is quite true that many laws of kashrut are medically defensible. Forbidden animals do bring about disease: e.g. pigs carry trichinosis and clams can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (Red Tide). In addition, ritual slaughter requires the inspection of the animal's innards including the lungs for lesions, abnormalities, and injuries (many animals which fail such rabbinical inspections will pass U.S.D.A. standards).
and to eat it would be to gloat over the death of another living creature. The Rabbis compared the table on which one eats to the Temple altar (Haglgaht7a). Not only Is kosher food prepared according to laws which morally raise the Jew, but the eating is accompanied by prayers which buttress the table's status as an altar. Prayers precede the washing of the hands before the meals and the eating of the food itself. They also conclude the meal thus reinforcing the holiness of the occasion. By avoiding the temptation to just "dig in," we more effectively control our drives and thus add a moral dimension to our actions. One often hears that kashrut makes Jews "different," separating us from the general society. This is true, but it is not necessarily negative. At a time when intermarriage and assimilation are con' stant companions from which no family is immune, kashrut helps provide an identity which separates us from these causes of religious demise. In addition; it gives us one nujre positive and tangible quality which Jews can hold in common. All of the aboye support the relevance of kashrut in the modern age. In a society where some actually
praise selfishness (see, for example, the front page of the March 26 World-Herald for several articles on this trend), the dietary laws emphasize a selflessness which conquers basic drives and acknowledges the pain of simple animals together with the responsibilities which we have to their (and our) Creator. At a time when many seek an identity and a way of life, kashrut acts as one of the underpinnings on which a life of meaning can be built. "Doing one's own thing" can be lonely and the dietary laws provide a common bond which binds individuals together without destroying their individuality. Kashrut Is not an end, but rather a means to an end. It is one part in the foundation of the Jewish way of life. It reinforces ritual and ethical mltzvot and reminds us of our major responsibilities by making even the simplest acts holy. However, it cannot stand by Itself. The Jew who precisely observes only kashrut is Jewishly incomplete. Kashrut must be an Integral part of Jewish living if it is to achieve its purpose. Only then can it provide what the noted rabbinical scholar, Rabbi Hayim Donin, lias called "a diet J forthesoul."U) ( (l)Hayim Dpnin. To Be A Jew (New York: Basic Books, 1972) 97-120.
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ThaJawWt Pratt
March 31.197S
JUWrimtal Court of 177Tnniont Street, Boston, Mast. O2I11~ Telephone* 617-426-2139 617-4264268
The Court's Decision It was with great trepidation and some reluctance that the Rabbinical Court of Justice of the Associated Synagogues of Massachusetts consented to arbitrate the controversy which arose in Omaha, Nebraska, in the matter of Rabbi Isaac Nadoff's withdrawal of su-. pervlslon from Shukert's Meats, Inc. Our initial reluctance to enter this case stems from the Haiachic presumption that the "MARA D'ASRA," the local Rabbinic authority has every right to withdraw supervision from any establishment if he cannot, in good conscience, vouch for the Kashrut of that establishment. However, after being apprised of the contentious division in the Omaha Jewish community arising from this controversy, and the willingness of all parties involved to have this grave issue adjudicated before a Beth Din, we numbly acceded to the awesome responsibility imposed upon us. The agreement to come before the Rabbinical Court was signed by Rabbi Isaac Nadoff, Nathan and Doris Shukert, The Rabbinical. Council of Omaha, and the Jewish Federation of Omaha, Inc. "The issue before the Beth Din (as stated in the agreement) shall be whether or not Rabbi Nadoff. was justified, on the basis of sufficient evidence that a violation of Shukert's establishment, which issue may include all matters pertaining to the mode, manner, burden, type and degree of proof, and all matters concerning defamation directly related to such withdrawal of Kashrut" The agreement further stipulates that "the Beth Din shall have full power and authority to decide all issues in controversy before it, and based.on its judgment, to grant any and all relief which, In Its discretion, is appropriate, including just compensation for any damages wrongfully sustained, if any, including the restoration of Kashrut supervision according to Jewish law, and any and all other relief that it deems appropriate." Our primary function in this litigation, as stated above, is to decide whether or not Rabbi Nadoff was justified in withdrawing supervision of Shukert's establishment. Put in broader terms. In the light of the testimony presented to us, the issue is whether or not Rabbi Nadoff had reason to believe that a violation of Kashrut had taken place and, therefore, was justified in withdrawing supervision, or was the withdrawal of supervision done arbitrarily or capriciously "in a vendetta by Rabbi Nadoff against the Shukerts," as the Shukertsi contend. i t is the unanimous'decision of this Rabbinical Court after hearing all the testimony on correspondence between Rabbi Nadoff and the Shukerts and the affidavits read by both
parties and the intensive cross-examination of the witnesses, that Rabbi Isaac Nadoff was entirely justified on the basis of sufficient evidence that a violation or Kashrut had taken place. In the withdrawal of Kashrut supervision of Shukerts' establishment, Rabbi Nadoff s correspondence with the Shukerts' from June 8, 1976, through August 25,1976, was most cordial, his requests for the inspection of purchase invoices were reasonable, his inferences "as to apparent Irregularities" were logical. Rabbi Nadoff had reason to believe, after analyzing the 1975 Invoices he received, "that more Kosher meat was sold by Shukert than was purchased by him in 1975." Shukert's response to this allegation was that he overbought meat in 1974 which he was unable to sell, and therefore had a very large supply of 1974 frozen meat on hand which he sold in 1975. Thereupon, Rabbi Nadoff made a most reasonable and necessary request, to inspect the 1974 invoices which purportedly would v substantiate Shukert's explanation of the "irregularities" discovered. However, Shukert refused to produce the 1974 invoices, challenging the right of Rabbi Nadoff to pursue his inquiry. The Rabbi then informed Shukert that without further explanation of his contention regarding the 1974 purchases, "withdrawal of Kashrut endorsement would immediately follow." Contrary to the Shukerts contention, that they were never informed that Kashrut supervision would be removed if they didn't cooperate with the Rabbi, we have a letter written by Rabbi Nadoff to Nate Shukert on July 5, 1976, two months before the withdrawal of Kashrut supervision, in which the Rabbi stated, "If I am to continue exercising this responsibility as it relates to your establishment, I will need your fullest and Immediate cooperation. In the absence of such full and immediate cooperation, I will no longer be in a position to speak for your establishment." Such cooperation was not forthcoming. It goes without saying, that a Kosher butcher must cooperate fully with his supervising Rabbi. The Shukerts did not demonstrate that degree of cooperation and respect required of them. The community rumors and gossip regarding the Rabbi's "preferential treatment" of .Shukert's competitors, did not give Shukert the moral right to challenge the Integrity of their supervising Rabbi. We, therefore reaffirm Rabbi Nadoff 'a justification in withdrawing Kashrut supervision from the Shukert establishment.
Related Issues . In conjunction with the primary Issue formally stipulated in the signed agreement by
The Issue Editor's Note: As-taken from the agreement, by and between The Jewish Federation of Omaha, Inc., Rabbi Isaac Nadoff, Nathan Shukert, and Doris Shukert, Shukert's Meats, Inc., and The Rabbinical Council of Omaha. •
The issue before the Beth Din shall be whether or not Rabbi Nadoff was justified, on the basis of sufficient evidence that a viola-
tion of kashrut had taken place, in the withdrawal of kashrut supervision of Shukert's establishment, which Issue may include all matters pertaining to the mode, manner, burden, type and degree of proof, and All matters concerning defamation directly related to such withdrawal of kashrut.
all parties to this litigation, this Beth Din was given "full power and authority to decide all Issues in controversy before It." We will therefore render judgment on related Issues that may be of peripheral significance to the primary issue.
Rabbi Nadoff's Past Supervision In the course of the present litigation, the question arose regarding the adequacy of Rabbi Nadoffs Kashrut supervision. In our judgment the Rabbi's Infrequent visits to the Shukerts did not afford adequate Kashrut supervision. We realize that Rabbi Nadoff has numerous Rabbinical duties and responsibilities and consequently it was difficult for him to supervise the butcher shops on a regular basis. Nevertheless, we feel that a minimum requirement of Kashrut supervision necessitates a weekly inspection by the Rabbi or by a "MASHGIACH" delegated by him and answerable to him.
Future Status of Shukert
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The consequential and fundamental issue that arises as a result of our judgment, pertains to the future status of Shukert with regards to kashrut reliability and supervision. It is the unanimous decision of this court that Kashrut supervision should be granted to Shukert Meats, Inc., under the following conditions: 1. A full time "Mashgiach" be employed to supervise all kosher butcher shops, bakeries, etc.. .In the city of Omaha. 2. Said "Mashgiach" should visit and inspect daily, all Kosher butcher shops In Omaha. The "Mashgiach" should be present when all meat deliveries are made. He should supervise Use "soaking and salting" process in addition to "TREIBERING" (excising certain blood vessels and fat sinews that may not beeaten). 3. The "Mashgiach" and his supervising Rabbi (Rav Hamachshir) should have free access to any and all invoices of the establishments under Ihelr supervision. 4. In accordance with the signed agreement that this Beth Din shall have full power and authority to decide all issues in controversy before it. Including the "restoration of Kashrut supervision according to Jewish law" and In accordance with tlie "ISSUR" (prohibitory edict) of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada, the "AGUDAS HARABONIM," (Sefer Hayovel P. 91,1916-P. U, 1926) and In accordance with the definitive judgment of Rabbi Joseph B.
Soloveitchik, world renowned Talmudlc Scholar and chairman of the Haiachic commission of the Rabbinical Council of America, It is the unanimous decision of this court that • adequate supervision, even with a full tune "Mashgiach" cannot be assured as long as the Shukerts will continue with their nonKosher trade. We, therefore, reaffirm the edict of the "AGUDAS HARABONIM" to the effect that in Omaha, Nebraska, no butcher will be allowed to be a purveyor of both Kosher and non-Kosher meat.
Kashrut Commission In order to uphold the standards of Kashrut In the city of Omaha, and to preclude communal strife and division hi this sensitive area, we propose the establishment of a Kashrut Commission. This Commission would operate under the auspices of the Jewish Federation of Omaha and would function as the administrative arm of the "RAV HAMACHSHIR" (the supervising Orthodox Rabbi) in the city of Omaha. The Kashrut Commission should be composed of laymen who are observant of the laws of Kashrut, In addition to the members of the Rabbinical Council of Omaha. The Kashrut Commission, with the assistance of the "RAV HAMACHSHIR" would engage a "Mashgiach" and stipulate the terms of his responsibilities. The "Mashgiach" so appointed would be answerable to the "RAV HAMACHSHIR" and the Kashrut Commission, it being understood that the "RAV HAMACHSHIR" would be the final Haiachic authority In all matters of Kashrut.
Conclusion The Rabbinical Court of Justice of the Associated Synagogues of Massachusetts commentis the Jewish Federation of Omaha as well as all parties Involved in this litigation for the dignified and respectful atmosphere that prevailed during Rabbinical court sessions. As a Beth Din we have adhered to the Talmudlc principle enunciated by Rabbi Judah Ben Tabbai that "when the parties In a lawsuit are standing before you, regard them both as guilty; but when they go away from you, after having submitted to the judgment, _ regard them both as innocent." , We pray that communal tranquility and harmony will forever reign In the city of Omaha and that G-d's name will be sanctified through out judgment. Signed this twenty-first day of March, 1978, corresponding to the twelfth day of Adar H.5738. Rabbi Hersh Tennenbaum Rabbi Philip Kaplan Rabbi Saul Weiss
Katskee Replies for Shukerts On behalf of the Shukerts and myself (Milton Katskee) as their counsel, we are quite pleased with several aspects of this decision. . In the first place, the decision of the court Sustains a basic contention of the Shukerts that they were entitled to the relnsUtution of supervision, and that, of course, is a unanimous decision of the Court. In the second place, this decision also sustains another major contention of the Shukerts and one that as counsel for the Shukerts I made a particular point of addressing in ray closing comments to the Court. That point being that supervision as it has been con-
ducted in the past in the City of Omaha has been inadeqate. ". The decision of the Court requiring a Mashgiach who will devote full time to the inspection of kosher establishments and the requirement for a Kashrut Commission are points that we requested of the Court, the reason being that this assures supervision based on uniform rules which are established and published, and which are uniformly applied to .everyone operating a kosher establishment witmnthecity. The decision of the Court as It regards fu(ContlhuedonPage3) >'•'•"
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Tbe freezer In Sbukert's retail operation. Mr. Shukert said at the This is the office that Mr. Shukert offered to Rabbi Nadoff for Mr. Shukert cuts rib steaks and briskets from forequarters. He proceedings that on occasion be was successful In freezing cuts examination of invoices. Rabbi Nadoff declined to use the office sabfthat Rabbi Nadoff failed to take Into account the numbers of of meat forts long as (our years. on the grounds that be wanted the Invoices In his possession. briskets that can be cut from the forequarters.
Katskee Replies for Shukerts (Continued from Page 2) ture supervision Is also consistent with a more democratic system In which one man does not act as finder of fact, Judge and jury. The decision splits these responsibilities into three well-defined areas. There is one point In the decision that we did not anticipate and that one has us somewhat confused. That particular portion of the decision Is the point that no butcher will be allowed to be a purveyor of both kosher and non kosher meat. . Our reason for confusion on that particular point stems firstly from the fact that this was not ah Issue upon which evidence was produced by either party. Further, we are unsure of the Interpretation to be given to that particular point In the decision. The basis of our confusion Is that Rabbi Nadoff some seven years ago approved Shukert's operation which involved sale of both kosher and non kosher meat products. The Shukerts for that reason have invested a great deal of capital, time and energy In the advancement of both spheres of their business. Also, confusion stems from the fact that there are establishments all over the country that operate as purveyors of both kosher and non-kosher meats. It would be our belief that the application
of this particular point in the decision be construed to mean that the two businesses must operate as Independent entitites with separate bookkeeping systems for each entity. Further confusion astothis last mentioned point In the decision stems from the statement that "no butcher will be allowed to be a purveyor of both kosher and non kosher meats." Butcher has a very restricted meaning and the fact is that Nate Shukert Is not a butcher as that term Is defined. At most, he can properly be referred to as a meat cutter, and Doris Shukert does not have skillstoeither qualify her as a butcher or as a meat cutter. Application to butchers only, If "butcher" is defined to mean someone In the position of Nate Shukert would permit supermarkets to operate under an entirely different set of rules and this would obviously deter from uniformity among all meat purveyors. Therefore, we feel that this last mentioned point needs a great deal of clarification In order that conformity to the decision can be obtained. Further, on behalf of the Shukerts, I think it is a fair statementtosay that once clarification of the decision In certain respects Is made that the Shukerts will give their dedicated support to efforts of the community to establish a viable kashrut commission andtose-
Glossary of Kashrut Terms Preedman, Seymour: The Book of KoitiniUi, 1870.
Ayver Min Ha Chay - "A limb from a living thing". Refers to a barbaric practice of slicing off a piece of flesh from a live animal and eating it. This practice is prohibited in the Torah. Bodek — "A searcher" who Inspects the Insldes of an animal after slaughter in ordertodetermine if the animal was healthy, thus kosher. Chalaf — The knife belonging to a Shochet which Is used to slaughter an animal. Chaley-Mllk. Chaylev — "Fat" which is forbidden for consumption under dietary laws. This prohibition refers to fat which was used as part of ritual sacrifice and is thus made holy. Dahm — "Blood, under kashrut, Is prohibited from consumption. "Kashering", or washing, salting or broiling the meat, removes the blood. Flayshig - "Meat". Referstomeat dishes, utensils, food and silverware. Meat Itself Is sometimes referredtoas "Basar". Glatt — "Smooth." Refers to meat which may have been Internally damaged during the animal's digestive process. If punctures or wounds are evident within the animal and such marks are covered with scar tissue or scabs, the meat is consid-
Nathan Shukert and his wife, Doris, moved their meat business from a downtown location to SOU William Street, starting here on June IS, 1970 under the supervision of Rabbi Isaac Nadoff. Rabbi Nadoff withdrew bis supervision Sept. 8,1976. cure a Mashglach who will adequately perform the traditional duties of supervision. Further, necessity demands that proper organization of a Kashrut Commission will require study and input from a great number of sources, among them, certainly, the Omaha Rabbinical Council. For, the Omaha Rabbinical Council Is the establishment which gives authority to the Rav Hamachsir (the supervising rabbi). The Shukerts, too, should, be part of any committee established to create a kashrut commission and promulgate rules for that1
commission as they are the proprietors of one of the two meat markets in Omaha that purvey kosher meat products. As counsel for the Shukerts, I can only reiterate a point made by Steve Riekes at the time that the decision of the Beth Din was announced. He called to the attention of those assembled that irrespective of the Judgment made in this case, all Jews In the City of Omaha have a big obligation for the future in terms of adopting procedures to provide protection for the person being supervised, for the supervisor, and for the entire community.
ered to be "Glatt" or smooth, and therefore, Kosher. Any open silverware. punctures or wounds would render the animal as treyf. Pluma - A mark or tag attached to kosher foods or food Hqdacha - Refers to the washing of meats: prior to salting package^ Rav Hamachshlr — "The rabbi who certifies kashrut". A or broiling to remove surface blood; after salting or broiling In ordertoremove any remaining blood; following slaughter, If the food processor employs the service of a Rav Hamachshlr who is meat has not been kashered, then Hadacha must take place a rabbi and is familiar with the laws of kashrut. The "Rav Hamachshlr" assists the Mashgiach in his performance of duties. every three daystokeep the meat fresh. Halacha — "To walk". A term referringtothose Jewish laws Shechita — The process of slaughter of animals and poultry which guide or direct the life of a Jew. for food. Fish are exempt from this process, accordingtothe Hechsber — A certificate or seal given by a rabbi, Vaad Ha- Torah. Kashrut or kashrut certifying agency, signifying that a butcher" Shochet - A slaughterer who is trained In the laws of Shechita. shop or market is completely kosher. Kashrut — The term used to denote all aspects of the prepaTahor — "Pure". Refers to ritual purity as ordained In the ration of food as derived from Jewish law. Torah. Kosher - "Fit or Proper." Refers to meat, fish, or other Tomay — The defilement of body and soul when non-kosher foodstuffs and products which meet all kashrut criteria. or forbidden food is eaten. Kosher V Pesach - Kosher for Passover. Mashglach (Mashlach) — "A Supervisor", or one who Is Trayfe (Trefe or Treyf) - "Torn." Pertains to an animal knowledgeable and qualified to supervise the production of that was attacked and killed by another animal in combat. Confoods apd materials under kashrut. Mashglachs are not nec- temporary meaning appliestoall food that is not kosher. Tsaar Balay Chaytm - "The suffering of living things". Baessarily rabbis. Mllchlg — "Dairy". Referstodairy food, utensils, dishes and sically, the prohibition of causing pain to an animal during slaughter. silver. Trayberlng - "To purge". Refers to the removal of veins or Mlicecha - "Salting". Pertains to the law of salting raw fat from a kosher-slaughtered animal. meat in ordertomake it kosher. N"Vayla — An animal carcass which died before it could be T'udab — The certificate giventoa Shochet upon completion ritually slaughtered. of his apprenticeship and studies, certifying himtobe a Shochet. Parev (Parve) — "Neutral". Referstofoods which are neithVaad HaKashrut - A committee which oversees the dignity er meat nor dairy. Can also refer to eating utensils, dishes and and observance of kashrut. ...........«.»«—...]
TlwJmMihPran
March 31.1978
Excerpts from the Proceedings The Nadoff/Shukert kashnit controverly arose when Rabbi Isaac NadoH, Beth Israel Synagogue, withdrew kashrut supervision of Shukert Meats, Inc., September 8, 1876. Thereafter, Shukert Meats, Inc., and its principal shareholders, Nathan and Doris Shukert. disputed the actions of Rabbi NadoH. An agreement was entered into on Oct. 26, 1977, to present the matter before a Beth Din. The Rabbinical Court of Justice of the Associated Synagogues of Massachusetts convened a Beth Din (Jewish Court) at the Jewish Community Center in Omaha, Feb. 27-28, 1978. ' The following excerpts were taken from the proceedings, and the reader is advised that much of the testimony is omitted. The excerpts must be read with the understanding. that they are out of context. RabM Halbflnger: "The motto of the Beth Din comes from the book of Deuteronomy, Tredek, Tzedek, Tirdof. Justice,"Justice shall you pursue." "Our deliberations and decision are based on the Shulchan Aruch, on Jewish law and Halacha." The first party called to offer testimony was Mr. Shukert, who related some of his reasons for not cooperating fully with Rabbi Nadoff. Mr. Shukert said that Cantor Fettman had predicted major changes In kashrut in Omaha, that the other meat market "was bad mouthing me" and "all of a sudden I get a demand for Invoices." He indicated that he suspected a conspiracy. Rabbi Tennenbaum: "You should remember as long as you will be in that business, you own the meat, but on the kashrut, the Rabbi is the baleboss. The kashrut belongs exclusively to the rabbi of that community and especially if be was appointed by the community. So, he's1 the baleboss of the kashrut of your : meat." "So, what gave you the right to suspect Rabbi Nadoffthat he means something..." Mr. Sbukert:' "Beth Israel members were told to buy from the other market, and Dr. Alan Sarbin (in his affidavit) stated that Rabbi Nadoff told him to buy from the other market." Rabbi Kaplan: "Rabbi Nadoff did not give you proper supervision for five to six years . . . Then it seems to me that when he tried to improve the situation you should have welcomed... you should have cooperated." Rabbi Nadoff was the next party to offer testimony. "To this day, the questions I've asked Mr. Shukert remain unanswered to satisfy the requirements of Halacha". .. "Shukert's Meat Market was selling more kosher meat that it was buying." ' Rabbi Nadoff explained that his conclusion was based on a study of purchase invoices for a two and one-half-year period, and on some records of Mr. Shukert's sales. - "There were glaring instances of sales exceeding purchases." Rabbi Nadoff also asserted that at a meeting of the Rabbinical Council on Jan. 3,1977, Shukert stated that he was able to freeze meat for as long as four years. '•-,•«•• ,". Rabbi Nadoff also said that a visit between himself and Paul Weiss, of Skylark Wholesale Meat Company, "revealed that Shukert purchased 80 to 100 non-kosher briskets a week over a long period of t i m e . . . these purchases stopped abruptly before the Inquiries began. * . . ."and at the same time, he began lmmet diately to purchase kosher briskets and other cuts in large quantities. . . ."In a. five-month period, from February to June, 1976, he purchased more kosher briskets that he did in the previous four years." . . ."I was informed that Shukert told Mr. Weiss that he made the briskets kosher; and that early in 1976, Shukert informed Mr. Weiss that it was too much bother for him to continue to do so, and stopped purchasing non-kosher briskets." Rabbi Nadoff said that the information . from Mr, Weiss' came about "long after i had already had the invoices and the questions re-
garding his purchases and methods of purchases." Rabbi Nadoff said the Shukert position paper revolved around one main point, an attempt to prove that "I was engaged in a vendetta against Mr. Shukert, singling him out for special mistreatment." Rabbi Nadoff disputed this contention explaining that on one point — collusion between the rabbi and cantor — "The contrary was the case; that if anything, on frequent occasions, I defended Mr. Shukert." Rabbi Kaplan: "Rabbi Nadoff . . . have you ever found actual meat which they were selling for kosher which was not kosher." Rabbi Nadoff: . . . "How do you identify all meats? Once meat Is cut up, it's no longer identifiable. Meat looks the same no matter what its source. I cannot answer that question intelligently at ail." "My argument is: how does he account for so much more sales than purchases; and in view of the fact that he has complete access of non-kosher meat in a totally open manner, I am very suspicious, because he bought no meat but sold a lot of it." Rabbi Tennenbaum: "How come you left everything for him. After all, you are the rabbi of the community... what do you mean four times a year to check a butcher out, especially, you know what I mean, kosher and non-kosher . .. how can you do that four or five times a year?" Rabbi Nadoff: "If it is so surely that's the Ideal, the community of Omaha is going to have to engage a full time mashgiach to do these things. "This hearing before the Beth Din has farreaching implications. The ruling of this Beth Din will be known in Jewish communities throughout the country. "This is Indeed an unusual case. It is the case of a rabbi who was on trial for rendering a religious decision. It is the case of a rabbi charged and tried for rabbinic malpractice. "It Is the case of a rabbi compelled by public pressure to defend his decision on a kashrut matter before a Beth Din, with threats, at one point, that it may even be taken before a Civil Court of Law. "It is indeed a sad commentary. "Will other rabbis learning of this case, not hesitate to speak out on such matters for fear of reprisal? "Will they now refuse to face up to such issues, lest they be brought to trial before a Beth Din or Civil Court? "The very need for me to have an attorney at my side because of my kashrut ruling implies that rendering a religious decision has become hazardous to the rabbinic profession. "... Meat sold in s butcher shop cannot be partially kosher or almost kosher as most or most of the time kosher. The kashrut of the piece of meat cannot be negotiated or arbitrated over, or subjected to a vote, or.tothe signing of petitions." The first witness called was Bernard Gurtenstein, a life insurance underwriter and a former mashgiach in an Omaha packing house. He testifed that in the summer of 1975 while walking home from Beth Israel Synagogue with Cantor Fettman and Rabbi Zelasko, Cantor Fettman predicted, "There's going to be some big changes in Omaha . . . Shukert's meat Is going to be Trayf." Cantor Fettman, the next witness, told the court that he came to Omaha four years ago from Madison, Wis., where he bad been for U years and from Montreal before that. His answer to the Gurtensteln testimony was: "No, I did n o t . . . I never said there will be any great changes m a d e . . . I did not say It." Dr. Sarbin, the next witness, said. "Win, lose, draw — ridiculous. Omaha is losing tonight It hai lost Nobody wins." "Rabbi Nadoff had suggested to me that Shukert's kosher butcher shop has an unfair advantage . . . it's right and proper for Beth Israel congregants to patronize the meat market of the member (Nebraska Kosher MeatMarket)." Testimony continued Tuesday moming, "eb.28. •
kerts had few out-of-town customers, and that they bought principally on Rosh Hashana and Passover. She pointed out also that many of their invoices are not marked kosher, explaining that the packing house sometimes refuse to label the invoices properly and are haphazard about filling out invoices. "Rabbi Nadoff assumed they were nonkosher meat invoices." - Rabbi Kaplan: "How touid you sell without buying. This is the crux of the matter." Mrs. Sbukert: "How does he (Rabbi Nadoff) know how much we sold? We have no vast amount of business. We sell a lot of veal and poultry, and he never asked for sales figures." Rabbi Nadoff commented: . . . "I don't have to know the exact number of sales . . . I'm trying to determine if there is a correlation between what is being bought and what is being sold." The next witness, Paul Weiss, responded •to the testimony of both David Richtraan and Cantor Fettman, saying that be didn't recall saying that Sbukert had told him he was making non-kosher briskets kosher. "If I did say It, it was in jest." David Rlchtman, the next witness, told the court that he took over from Omaha Kosher Meat Market In 1962. He testified that Mr. Weiss had told him that Shukert bought 60 to 80 non-kosher briskets a week and that Mr. Shukert told Mr. Weiss that he made them kosher himself. Rabbi Tennenbaum: "Mr. Rlchtman, now come you kept quiet about non-kosher briskets?" Mr. Rlchtman replied that the conversation took place after Rabbi Nadoff had withdrawn supervision from Shukert's Meats. Rabbi Weiss' questioned Cantor Fettman: "Were you aware of any violation of the Shukerts In 1975?" ' CantorFettman: "No." "" RabbiWelss:"Inl976?" CantorFettman: "Yes." RabblWeiss: "When?" Cantor Fettman: "Between April and June." Cantor Fettman went on to say that be found a chunk of beef liver and beef tongue, and ox tail in the refrigerator at the Dr. Philip Sher Home and that he was able to determine that the meat was from Shukert's and that It was not kosher. He said that he did not reveal these findings to Rabbi Nadoff because he had not been sent by Rabbi Nadoff, and that because the procedure of Rabbi Nadoff withdrawing his supervision from Shukert's was already hi process. Rabbi Halbflnger: . . . "you didn't think this would help him (Rabbi Nadoff) a UtUe bit?" Cantor Fettman: "It would be very embarrassing for me to tell him that so I did not." Rabbi Halbflnger: . . . "we feel it's gross negligence on your part of not Informing Rabbi Nadoff of this gross violation or alleged violation that you found." Rabbi Kaplan: "You were convinced that itwasnotkosher." • CantorFettman: "Right." Rabbi Tennenbaum: "Did you call Mrs. Shukert right away about It.?" CantorFettman: "I never called her." Rabbi Tennenbaum: "Why not?" Cantor Fettman: "Because I was not sent by the Rabbi." Rabbi Halbflnger: "How can you sit by and see 75 Jewish patients all that are old people, and stand by and see them eating Trayf?" Cantor Fettman: . . , "It was in the process that Rabbi Nadoff already was working on the Shukert case . , . and If I did wrong, and I know I did wrong, s o r r y . . . " Rabbi Halbflnger: "You mean you kept this for a year and a half." RabblWeiss: "No.no." Rabbi Halbflnger: "Yes, yes. He has kept this secret for a year and a half." CantorF«ttman:^Yes,Idld;'' ' _• Mrs. Shukert testified that Rabbi Nadoff Mrs. Shukert told the court that the Shunever asked for sales figures. . •,"?. x» w-\'r^
"Hls entire case is built on a comparison of our Invoices, or so much of them as he chose to accept, with the invoices of the other market. We simply can't take cash sales from our cash receipts journal and teil you how many pounds of brisket or how many pounds of rib meat went into these s a l e s . . . " Rabbi Halbflnger: "Mrs. Shukert - the briskets you purchased from Paul Weiss. What were they used for?" Rabbi Halbflnger: "Kosher corned beef?" Mrs. Shukert: "No, non-kosher corned beef... Mr. Wiener who used to own the Conant Hotel used to buy his corned beef briskets for his restaurant from us. Rabbi Kaplan: "Let me then get to the crux of the question. . . . The controversy comes down to this point: Where did be get the briskets to sell? The Shukerts say they had sufficient briskets and ribs to sell from the forequarters. Rabbi Nadoff says that he cannot see that that would be enough. I may be wrong, but it seems to me the entire controversy of two years Is coming down to this one point." Mr. Katakee: " . . . there is no way from cash receipts for the Shukerts to say that from out of a . . . $12 purchase made in this market, $5 was for rib meat and $2 was for brisket meat, and the balance f o r . . . " Rabbi Kaplan: "You're most astute. You have hittbe crux of the problem. That's it exactly. Rabbi Nadoff... why does that not satisfy you as to the explanation? " Rabbi Nadoff: " . . . There is also the very odd coincidence that in 1976 from February to June when this all started, he bought more broken brisket than all which Is recorded... in all those four years." Rabbi Weiss:.. ."Rabbi Nadoff... again In Beth Din procedure, we like to summarize what the litigants state . . . so we are clear . . . exactly what you have said. You are telling us that based on 1975 invoices, the reluctance, the refusal rather, of the Shukerts to present you with any further invoices, you felt obligated to withdraw supervision, because, in your mind there was a gross discrepancy in the purchases, correct? In their purchases and sales?" Rabbi Nadoff: "That's right." Rabbi Kaplan: " . . . Mr. Shukert, you did not want to cooperate with Rabbi Nadoff because of your suspicions of a personal vendetta against you?" Mr. Shukert: "Yes, I was afraid of him." Rabbi Kaplan: " . . . I think thi&is an important thing because of the stories which you heard . . . rumors . . . you took the very important step of not willing to cooperate entirely with the rabbi, which in my opinion is, had you done it, may have avoided this entire business." Rabbi Weiss: "I would like to disagree somewhat... the crux of the issue Is: Was Rabbi Nadoff Justified on the basis o f . . , non cooperation . . . in withdrawing the supervision..." Rabbi Myer S. Kripke. rabbi emeritus. Beth El Synagogue and adjunct professor of theology, Crelghton University, told the court "I was perhaps the one member of the Rabbinical Council who held back full agreement with Rabbi Nadofrs position . . . the evidence of the figures... were not definitive and conclusive... Rabbi Bromberg and I went to see Mr. W e i s s . . . he denied each of the points (raised by Rabbi Nadoff)..." Rabbi Weiss: . . . In other words, Rabbi Kripke, in your opinion. Rabbi Nadoff does not have blanket supervision of kashrut in Omaha?" RabbiKripke' "No, he does not" The Rabbinical Council, said Rabbi Kenneth Bromberg, president . . . has tried to stay in the middle (of this controversy)... to bean "honest broker"... There is something In this case which does represent... an attack on the integrity of a r a b b i . . , and I see also that there is a man and his wife whose life work and reputation is also on the l i n e . . . I hope that when this is over, with time, feelIngs will be restored to what they ought to be far tba usefulness of the community." Mrs. Shukert commented to the court on some errors attributed, to Rabbi Nadoff In
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March 31,1978
reading invoice* cent to the Dr. Sher Home. " . . . you can see R«bbl NadofTs difficulty in reading our invoices to the Dr. Sher Home. This indicates the difficulty that Rabbi Nadoff would have had in reading any meat invoices without assistance of someone having knowledgeof this business." Rabbi Tennenbaum: "Mrs* Shukert . . . did you trust him (Rabbi Nadoff)?" Mrs. Shukert: "We trusted Rabbi Nadoff. We did not trust the people who were surrounding him . . . We never had problems with Rabbi Nadoff before. Only since Cantor Fettman came into Omaha." Rabbi Kaplan: "Can you further elaborate, give us some of your theories, why this Isso"... Mrs. Shukert: "Because he (Cantor Fettman) became very friendly with the other meat market and he purchased a home from the other meat market.. .We Just put the two and two together..." In his closing statement, Rabbi Nadoff said, " . . , Kashrut, certainly, Is part of this communal Jewish image that is so necessary ui a community... I have to be guided by the Halachic principle... to this moment, I don't believe that the Beth Din has received replies to the core questions..." Mr. Katskee, in a closing statement,"... In every system of law, be it Halachic law or the civil practice of law . . . the feelings and the emotions and the intent and the motivation of people must be considered. . .notonly what the Shukerts were faced with, what they felt was happening to them, but also the sudden change In the way they were communicated w i t h . . . and the inability for them to communicate and explain the way they did business." Rabbi Kripke: " . . . We have heard the word discrepancy used many times h e r e . . . but, actually, a discrepancy has not yet been proved . . . and that is what bothered me all along." In his closing statement, Irving Epstein s a i d , " . . . When this dispute first started, and I visited with Rabbi Nadoff, I s a i d , . . . Rabbi are you being stiff-necked, then I had to reflect for a second and I realized that if we did not nave a few stiff-necked rabbis, we would not be here after these thousands of years. Someone must stand up for principle, and that is why we're here today. Now, the issue before this c o u r t . . . is what is the limit of rabbinic authority." . 'Rabbi Weiss: "Just a comment. Before Rabbi Halbflnger, our coordinator, will issue his closing remarks, I would just like to make a brief comment. "We have spoken about the issue, the crux of the matter, the main issue, the primary issue. "There are perhaps two fundamental Issues, limited issues that both the Shukerts and Rabbi Nadoff alluded to, and their attorneys; but over and above that, there Is an all embracing comprehensive issue, and that Is the viability of the Jewish community of Omaha that is at stake, and that will be taken into consideration in our deliberations as well as the limited issues we have mentioned in the last session. "i would only like to comment now, a brief • comment on the nature of our Interrogation. It may have seemed at times to be unduly incisive, penetrating. It was done with premeditation according to Jewish Law, according to Halacha, we must look upon both litigants... as equals, and both in fact as wicked at the outset. "So, we ask questions not because we want to Intimidate, but we want to get at the truth and the only way to do that is by penetrating and incisive questions which may hurt. They're not meant to hurt or to offend or to insult, and if we did, inadvertently insult the Balal Dlnlm, the litigants, or any witness, we apologize for that. "This is the only method we have of getting to the truth. We don't claim to have arrived at the truth, we still have to deliberate amongst ourselves and come up with some Judgment... to the satisfaction of everyone on both parts. "I hope and pray that when we leave the community and.the Judgment Is eventually rendered, both parties will accept the Judgment and then we are duty bound and indeed we look upon both the litigants . . . as righteous in that they have accepted the Judgment of the Beth Din." Rabbi Halbflnger: "Thank you, Rabbi Weiss, and on behalf of the Beth Din, I want to
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The rabbis of the court are, left to right: Abraham Halbflnger, administrator, and Judges Saul Weiss, Hersh Tennenbaum, and Philip Kaplan. thank our Chief Justice, Rabbi Tennenbaum,"I think this is important. I speak, and I Rabbi Kaplan and Rabbi Weiss for joining me don't know how many I speak to, I don't know here today and yesterday, and In listening if there are a hundred people in the room, but and acting as the Beth Din to listen to the there are many thousands in the community. complaints, the litigation of, both Rabbi NaLook at the extent and the involvement of a . doff, the Shukerts, and all the people present Rabbi, the Shukerts, the community that as well as the people who have come to offer have given a good part of their time and effort testimony. and life, perhaps for the concept of Kashrut. "You know, it's been two days and it "I think it merits your support for the fuseems like It was about two weeks because we ture. have been in this room for almost two full "One of the ways of knitting a tight comdays and the hour is late, but I think I should munity Is the shochet on the table. You know, conclude perhaps with the words that I began we Jewish people consider the table . . . an with last night. The words from Tzedek, Tzealtar. We consider the meal that we eat and dek Tirdof Justice, Justice shall thou pursue. I partake upon a sacrifice to God, and one way know this is the approach of the Beth Din of of sacrificing ourselves Is, if in the future, the (Rabbis) who are here, who traveled this we'll support Kashrut and the concept of distance at great personal sacrifice to be Kashrut, perhaps a little stronger in our here, leaving their families and communities . homes and even outside of our homes. to, in one way or the other, to assist another "So if I say, I'm not here to give you any community that we felt, that you convinced us type of admonition, this is not our intention, that you needeti us. It goes back and talks but I thought perhaps in the scope of our litiabout the greatness of our people and I think gation these last two days, we may have lost this is important. real contact with what&re the basic issues of our own faith. "The concept of Beth Din, the concept of a Jewish Court which was promulgated thou"The Rabbis will deliberate and will go sands of years ago teaches us how important back to their hotel rooms, perhaps deliberate and significant our faith is. a little tonight. They will deliberate as long as they can tomorrow. I doubt very much that a "The fact that we can be here today to sit decision will be rendered then. They hope to In judgment and utilize the Torah and the Talbe able to render a decision by the 15th of mudic approach that was developed many March, at which time It will be mailed to the years ago. community and will be disseminated to the "It speaks, I think, of the greatness of our total communnity and will be delivered both faith and I think this to beyond all else what to Rabbi Nadoff and to the Shukerts. we are trying to transmit, and I think we hope "I would like, at this time, to thank the to transmit to all the people Involved in this community, the Federation and all of those controversy. people who have made our presence here as "We have come perhaps to help a commupleasant as It was possible to be made. nity and we hope we will have, because how "I want to call upon Mr. Steve Rlekes who can we put It but to speak in terms, of our has been in touch with me and who has acted brothers, we are responsible for you and as as the attorney for the Federation before we well as you being responsible for us. There is conclude. a relationship, whether we are In Boston or we are In Israel or we are in Russia, there is Mr. Rlekes: "Worthy Rabbis, I would like the feeling of closeness and proximity which to, before I introduce the new President of our transcends geographical limitations. In this Federation, formally, thank you. I personally realm and in this spirit that we come here, would like to take this opportunity of noting and I do hope that whatever decision we'll that while we're all tired, pained and anrender, and it will be rendered, you will acguished in a sense, because of this ongoing cept and follow. controversy, nevertheless we recognize that "Permit me two more thoughts. One exif we human beings must get Involved the way pression. We have resolved and we have we do, from time to time, nevertheless this Is talked about a lot of issues, but deep down one what Court and Law are for, and I am proud of them was Kashrut. I'm not here to support that this community, and I hope the commuIn the sense meat markets, that's not my purnity to proud, that we brought this to a Court pose, but I want to tell you that perhaps out of of Law and to a Jewish Court of Law. I hope Ihls can be a greater feeling and a greater the community understands that and apprecisupport for the concept of Kashrut. ates it, and I think that they do.
"Furthermore; I think that I, personally, and you'll hear from our President, our Federation, and our community will be forever Indebted to this unusual Mltzvot, which your Court as an institution and you Worthy Rabbis as individuals have rendered this community. Surely among the annals of this community, and I dare say the entire American Jewish community, this will be an exceptional act long remembered. "We thank you and now I call upon the new President of our Federation, Mary, Mrs. Morris Fellman to give a public thanks." Mrs. Fellman: "Worthy Rabbis. On behalf of the Jewish Federation of Omaha, I thank you for honoring us with your presence, with your wisdom, with a dignity you have brought to this very painful and trying time in the life of our Omaha Jewish community. "Most of us have never had the experience of listening before a Beth Din before, or sitting in the room with a Beth Din. The only experience most of us have had Is seeing a picture of a Beth Din in action In the picture, "Hester Street," which played in Omaha last year, which was, incidentally written by an Omaha Jewish woman. "1 don't think that any of us, the hundreds that have been here will ever forget these thirty-six hours that we have been together, nor will we forget any of you. "The other night we heard a very exciting Rabbi speak to us, a Rabbi Unger, about the beauty of Jewish life. He spoke of art, music and painting, and then he spoke of the beauty of the religious Jewish lire, of Shabbat and of the Havdalah, of Kiddish. I would like to add to that list of beauties, the artistic beauties of Jewish life, the beautiful experience that has been given to us to have sat In your presence as a ruling Beth Din in this matter. "This is a very strong Jewish community. It has been so for many, many years. We have been through a time that has caused us a break in our relations. Jew has stood up against Jew, and It has been most difficult for those of us who care, and especially for those of us who observe Kashrut and care about It. "I pray that from your decision we will be able to return to Shalom in the Omaha Jewish community. "May God give you strength in your endeavors, In your decisions, and may you go in peace back to your community and we do hope that the day will come when you will visit us just for fun. We're a wonderful community." Rabbi Tennenbaum: "Thankyou.
March 31.1878
To Rabbinical Court of Justice, Teaching is Primary "The Rabbinical Court of Justice is oot Imply a Judicial body established by the community tor the purpose of deciding adver- sary situations; Us primary function Is that of a teacher.. .It is the policy of the Rabbinical Court of Justice to confront every Issue that that Is referred to it for consideration in a manner that provides a teaching medium for the entire community. Halachlc concepts must reflect the revolutionary development of tbeSinalUc revelation throughout the ages. Traditionally, it has always been the duty of > every Jew to take part In this process through deliberation and study." This Is how the Rabbinical Court of Justice of the Associated Synagogues of Massachusetts — commonly known as the Boston Beth ; Din Is described by The National Jewish Monthly. While other courts try to resolve dls• putes on the narrowest possible base — the individual case — Boston's Beth Din seeks to broaden disputes by relating them to the entire community. Other rabbinical courts have -counseled that an ulcer patient stop eating schmaltz herring; the Boston Beth Din has gone so far as calling food damaging to a man's health "worse then trelf." Rabbinical courts usually answer questions relating to Jewish marriage, divorce and adoption as well as communal disputes. Since all that is required to convene a Beth Din is three rabbis, many courts are called together only for the ad hoc purpose of a given case. For instance, a court must convene for the granting of a divorce, an adoption or a conversion. Permanent courts sitting with
regularity now exist in major Jewish communities such as New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Detroit, Los Angeles, Cleveland and Miami. Ad hoc courts exist in far more places but few people hear about (hem because of (he personal and often confidential nature of (heir cases. It is only in recent years that the Jewish court has received public attention. Articles about the Boston Beth Din have appeared in Newsweek, The New York Times, Look and legal journals. Trus publicity has focused not on the resolution of Jewish religious disputes', but on problems between Jews and non-Jews. The Boston Court's most famous case in its 35 year history involved a suit by Black and Puerto Rican tenants against (heir Jewish landlords. ' The court negotiated a 23 article formal agreement which protected the rights of the tenants and the landlords' properties, and assured rental payments. It was in 1968 when the Boston Beth Din arbitrated this precedent-making agreement. This unique agreement ouUlned and established the rights and obligations of both landlords and tenants. It was the first time In United States history that a Rabbinical Court has undertaken to deal with such a social Issue. The court tackles issues upon request from individuals or groups and charges no fee. If both parties in a case sign over rights to the court as an arbitration board, the decision is legally binding, . .Otherwise, the Beth Din's only enforce-
ment is "moral persuasion" or public presof bureucratic entanglements. Then comes sure within the Jewish community. the act of adjudicating which is designed "to All persons sitting as Judges on a given fortify the stamina of each party." It is agcase have equal votes In its outcome. The maainst the Court's policy to intimidate a litigant jority decision prevails; rabbinical courts do or to make him feel uncomfortable; the intennot issue dissenting opinions. tion is to insure that all the litigants are satAs tfco self-appointed conscience of some isfied thai they have been given an opportunity fully to state their claims. The third and 200,000 Jews in New England, the court tries final step Is the resolution of the case. to demonstrate that Judaism Is relevant to modern life. The Court's adjudication business is brisk; The court believes that centuries of Jewish however, adjudication per se is not the law can continue to provide guidance for de- Court's main function. The primary purpose cency, morality and fairness. ' of the Rabbinical Court of Justice Is to teach The Court owes its success In the landthe Jewish community. lord/tenant case and others to the Jewish The rabbinical court is playing an expandmoral law which it applies in its decisioning role in the American legal structure. Each making process. year, more Jewish courts are set up as more and more Jews are turning to them for resolu"Justice knows of no demarcation line; tion of their disputes. The reasons are diJustice does not know separate measures." verse. Some litigants expect swift justice — 'Most of the Court's cases deal with questions of Halacha — divorce, adoption, conver-' adjudication in the Beth Din can be completed slon, kashrut and conscience, such as con- within weeks, sometimes days; civil courts have backlogs often extending through a few scientious objectors. Cases involving years. Other Jews are becoming aware that religious questions must be heard by a panel tome of their legal problems have a religious of Orthodox rabbis. This is because the Court wishes its decisions to be accepted in any component and cannot be solved by secular courts. Still others look for understanding and community In the world and some commucompassion which, they feel, they can't find nities, notably those In Israel, would not give In non-rabbinic judges. weight to decisions relating to divorce or conThe Beth Din In America may not become version unless the certifying panel was constias powerful or as important as it was In the' tuted of three Orthodox rabbis. European communities of the late eighteenth The Court makes every effort to expedite, and early nineteenth centuries. Nevertheless, proceedings. Its philosophy is "Justice deits emerging greater role in toe American layed is justice denied." Jewish community provides an alternative to The Court begins a case by processing the secular adjudication. complaint which must be Immediate and free
The Bet Din . fA Jewish Court of Law) Bet(h), "House of Judgment", U basically • a Jewish court of law. This court handles rellgtous matters such as divorce, kashrut supervision and a ^ acts as a court of arbitration. In Israel, Bet Din acts as a rabbinic court, having jurisdiction in personal matters as well as in religious functions. The court in earlier times, was comprised of a tribunal of rabbis ranging in number from three Judges to 71 Judges, the latter being the "Sanhedrin Gedolah", or the Great Sanhedrin, which functioned as a Supreme Court and sat ir. the Temple in Jerusalem. Court jurisdiction in those times was arranged as such: 1. Three-Judge courts (Found only in municipalities having less than 120 occupants) ruled generally In civil matters, such as fines, ; divorcecases, conversions of non-Jews, absolutions from vows, debt annulment in sabbatlcal years (every seventh year), slave release matters, thefts and taking of evidence. Ritualistic orders and disobedience problems also fame before this court. : 2. Twenty-three judge courts (Found In towns with over 120 people) exercised juris: diction in criminal matters capital cases', : .quasi-criminal cases involving the killing of . animals, civil cases Involving criminal liabilij ty and penalties requiring flogging were also , heard In these courts. I 3. The court of 71 (Sanhedrin Gedolah) had ;,far-reaching legislative, judicial and adminj istrative powers, but in Its hearing of cases, It ' was limited In scope. This court heard cases involving criminal accusations relating to high priests, tribal chieftains or judges on the Sanhedrin. It also heard cases of rebellious ; teaching of students by elders, subversion of towns or tribes and any cases involving a death.penalty^Adultery cases could also be heard in front of this body.
Special Courts There were special courts aside from the ones mentioned above, which specialized in ritual supervision and with civil matters involving hishpriesta. These courts were eventuafly incorporated into the Great Sanbedrin. Legal experts could serve as individual Judges in some civil cases, but because of ~ problems relating to the propriety of such Judges in the religious sense vis-a-vis the role
^ then siiigejudge OT in only the rarest of circumstances and litigants were Dot bound to the judgments handeddownbytbesejudges. Judicial appointments to the Sanhedrin or Bet Din were made by the president of the Sanhedrin Gedolah. This tradition extended back to (be tune of Moses, when he "laid his hands" upon Joshua making him leader and judge of the Israelites. Judicial appointments could also be made by Kings as well. However, the practice of appointment by (he Sanbedrin president ended about 300 ACE, and was replaced by procedures similar to a modem election. In contemporary Israel, (he Bet Din judges are appointed i s approsiffisSdy the same way as are secular judges, but unlike the secular Judgeshlps^j-abblnical judges exercise a greater degree of control over appointments through a series of examinations.
Qualifications Judges who have sat on the Bet Din from Its inception to the present, must be absolutely qualified to serve on the Bet Din and must meet certain requirements which are necessary hi order to sit in judgment Historically, Judges who were unqualified to serve or who were wealthy enough to "buy" a seat on the Bet Din were treated with open contempt, and the appointment Itself wag seen as a sin of the highest magnitude. What qualifications were necessary to become a judge of the Bet Din? According to the Encyclopaedia Judalca, Moses Maimonides, the Spanish rabbi and scholar, Get down several criteria which must be met: Judges must be "wise and sensible", have knowledge on subjects other than law, such as medicine, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, sorcery and magic. A judge cannot betooaged nor may he be a eunuchorhavefatherednochildren. • , A judge must be "pure of mind", free of bodily "defects", imposing In stature and fluent in many languages. Maimonides also imposed seven fundamental qualities of what a judge "ought" to be. These are: wisdom, humility, fear of G-D, disdain of money, love of truth, love of people, and a good reputation. .
A'Good'Eye In addition, Malmonldw told down even more nuei on Judicial requirements ranging from a Judge's need for a good eye to being abto to "conquer lustful impulses" and to being ready to save the oppressed from their Other unrelated areas pertaining to judicial qualifications included that a man could not qualify to sit on the Bet Din if he played cards for money of charged interest on loans. A judge could not serve if he were a relative to one of the litigants or if he had a personal relationship with a litigant. As time progressed, the Bet Din had lost, pevrer, scope, and influence, ,but after the "Dark Ages", the Bet Din returned to some prominence. Rabbis who were sitting on the Bet Din could now hand down opinions based on previous judgments. This helped to Instill a sense of order and jurisprudence into the Bet Din. As the diaspora spread throughout Europe, the Bet Din became powerful in (hat It served as the only court system that Jews could use to settle litigation matters. Jews were not allowed to the use the gentile courts in most countries, hence, the Bet Din served ss a Jewish court where Jews could mediate disputes among themselves, and In some places, between themselves and gentiles. The Bet Din also became more powerful In that It served as part of the local government in some communities, thus having both legal and administrative powers.
Strong System According to the Encyclopaedia Judalca, the Bet Din In Spain had the strongest system of organization and power throughout Europe. The Bet Din obtained most of Its power from the King of Spain through the KabaL which was a group of Jewish leaders who maintained ties with whom ever was in power; in this case it was the Spanish monarchy. ' . . ' . . ' • • • ' "'• , The Spanish Battei Din had immense power and exercised jurisdiction over jtfj areas of Jewish flfeviHostdrthelr; ridings came from interpretations of past Jewish and rabbinic laws.
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In these Battei Din, strict punishment for offenders was not entirely uncommon and such measures as flogging. Imprisonment, bodily mutilation and the death penalty were all at one tune or another, used as sentences handed down by the Battei Din. Because of these punitive measures, some scholars saw these courts as being nothing more than the arms of the Monarchy. In other countries where "Councils of the Lands" had admlnstratlve authority, the Battei Din had a "Supreme Court" which litigants could appeal to if they so chose. This is important In that Jews now had an appellate structure to turn to if they felt they had been treated unfairly by the lower Bet Din.
Radical Change Judicial composition of the Bet Din had changed radically since Biblical times. Large communities had more (ban one Bet Dm and in these communities, the HHpmf* could select two of the Judges with those two judge* selecting the third for a three-Judge civil case. Smaller communities usually had only one Bet Din or shared one with another community. Some of the smaller Battei Din had only. the local rabbi as a judge ((his stigma had apparently disappeared,) while larger communities had seven judges who were usually the elders of the community. Most cities and towns had the traditional three-judge system if (hey could support one. As the modern age approached, (he Bet Din lost much of its power to local and national courts as Jews became emancipated. In most countries at present, the Bet Din serves as a court of arbitration whose rulings areupheld by federal statutes, . They handle mostly civil matters relating to Jewish law, such as divorce, adoptions, probate cases Involving inheritances or legacies, and matters relating to the enforcement of kashrut. In the United States, the Bet Din is used only infrequently and does not have much Impact on Jewish life. In Israel, Great Britain and France, the Bet Din Is a strong influence on Jews living in those countries and has considerably more scope and power among those communities than does the American Battei ' ^ -'iw!:*•,:/••••
Man* 31,1978
The Jswteh Prat*
Beth Din Impressions "It made me proud to be a Jew." while speaking, as is the custom in American "A wonderful method of Justice . . . of arcourtrooms, he was requested to sit, as did riving at the truth." the other witnesses. Another witness, stating be could speak more precisely in Yiddish, was "The rabbis were so learned . . . .Their, told to testify in English so that all could hear questions were so sharp I" and understand his testimony. "1 was In awe of the proceedings." For the legal layman whose knowledge of "I am Intrigued by the Idea that each party courts and trials comes from movies and teleis considered guilty at the beginning of the vision, striking differences In Beth Din proceBeth Din and innocent at the end.'' dures were quickly evident: These were typical comments made by The judges are addressed as "Worthy Omaha Jews who stood In line to attend one or Rabbi." more sessions of the Beth Din Feb. 27-28. They represented a broad cross-section of the comWitnesses are encouraged to speak fully, munity, both in age and in degree of religious > to elaborate on testimony and to be eloquent observance. Many explained that they were in stating their positions. - there not Just because they were Interested in Attorneys do not question witnesses; raththe fcashrut controversy, but also because er, they hand written suggestions to the rabthey considered this to be a once-in-a-lifetlme bis who decide whether or not to pursue the . opportunity to observe and learn about a cenrequested line of inquiry. turies-old, vital legal system. The rabbis Interrupted testimony often to Prior to the trial, the Boston Beth Din outdiscuss legal and Talmudlc principles among lined certain procedures relating to the courtthemselves, to interject comments, to clarify room arrangement, the prohibition of camerIssues and to question the witnesses. On occaas and recording equipment, and the ban on sion, they chastised witnesses for inadequate publicity and articles concerning the case testimony. until judgment was rendered. Rabbi Hersh Tennenbaum injected gentle At the opening of the trial and at various humor on several occasions to help lessen the times throughout, Rabbi HalbNnger, court tension in the courtroom. administrator,' explained additional proceAlthough the Court had stipulated that dures unique to a Beth Din, including: there be no standing room, they*permitted about 33 people to stand during the final evening session Feb. 28. They did so in recogniNo oath is administered. The court does tion of the concern and Interest shown hi these not require an oath, but each witness is asproceedings by Omaha Jewry. ^ sumed to testify as if he were under oath. The rabbis reserve the right to administer an oath In his summation, Rabbi Halbflngek obif necessary, but do so rarely. At one point in served that the Beth Din shows the Importhe trial, a witness was reminded of this fact . tance of the Jewish faith and speaks of its and admonished to remember the "dire congreatness. He added that the Boston Court sequences" of perjury. traveled 1500 miles in an effort to do good for this community. Oral testimony supersedes written. Although depositions and affidavits are a c "We are responsible for you, as you are for cepted, oral testimony Is given more weight us." And he concluded with a statement that than written statements. seemed echoed among the audience: that there is a "closeness and proximity (between No witness is to be accorded special treatus) that transcends geographic limitations." ment Thus, when one of the attorneys stood Among those who observed the proceedings were many attorneys who were fascinated by the procedure and structure of the Beth Din. Attorney Irving Epstein, counsel for Rabbi Isaac Nadoff, discussed some of those differences which make the Beth Din unique. American courts are based on an adversary system of prosecution, in which there is a defendant and a prosecutor. In some civil actions, a jury may be called in to reach a verdict based on the evidence. The judge in such a trial can hear motions, allow evidence and swear in witnesses. And, lawyers take an active role In the trial procedure.
A Beth Din, however, is not as formal a proceeding; and because of this, the procedure is different. Mr. Epstein stated that In the Beth Din, the rabbis treat both partly as equals. There is no adversary proceeding, but rather a search for all of the facts by the rabbis. They determine the weight of the evidence presented and bear affidavits. In this sense, the Beth Din Is more like a court of inquiry than a court of law. Mr. Epstein pointed out that a "Beth Din functions more like a Senate Investigating Committee, but It does not allow counsel to participate."
Kosher Meals Available From Dr. Philip Sher Home The Dr. Philip Sher Home for the Aged now offers frozen kosher meals for delivery to organizations and Individuals. According to Ben Laub, director of the Home, meals will be prepared and frozen hi the Home's kitchen per the customer's order. The customer will be responsible for delivery. Mealscan be either meat or dairy. They also can be prepared to accommodate special dietary needs for diabetics, low sodium users, and calorie controlled.
The preparation of kosher meals for homebound persons represents another step forward in providing services by the Home to members of the community, Mr. Laub added.
For cost Information and for scheduling, contact Dee Sammons at 451-7220.
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The Community Reacts To the Beth Din The feeling was in the air. Anxious people came as early as an hour before the trial, leaving their jobs and families for the afternoon to see the "so talked about" case In process. Opinions and accusations were heard throughout' the long waiting line. Worries and fears about the possibility of not being allowed to enter the room were mumbled. Finally, the doors opened but only a few people were allowed in. Sounds of disappointment filled the halls as the majority of the people were turned away with promises of later entrances. • Why would so many people gather together for this trial? For some It was a means of personal support for one of the two parties. For others it was a chance to witness a rare and exciting Jewish court of law in action. But for all, it brought Jewish people together for a cause concerning a very Jewish matter, kashrut. And if anything was accomplished at this trial, the Importance of keeping kosher was stressed. MaryBursztyn
Mr. Laub said the Sher Home will need advance orders from both Institutions like the Jewish Family Service or Jewish Community Center, and from Individuals or small groups.
~ He explained that the meals will be under the supervision of Ruth Blanchard, director of foodservlces. , ~ •.;....
Rabbi Isaac Nadoff, of Beth Israel Synagogue
Fredajnckard, • cook at the Dr. Philip Sher Home, prepares frozen kosher meals— a new service now available to members of the community. -
"I felt very privileged to be able to be
there. To me It showed something way back to biblical times could solve a modern day problem. I felt very privileged just to sit back and listen to the four very brilliant rabbis." LeonWlntroub Never did I think I would have the opportunity to be present at a Beth Din, and it was a privilege to experience it. Although I do not wish to sound .Insensitive to the feelings of the litigants, the verdict (to me) does not assume nearly the Importance as the process. The only "winner" truly Is Judaism which provided guidelines over 2000 years ago to adjudicate community disputes, a system which is still healthy, alive, and functioning. The Intelligence and dignity of the jurors who conducted the court simply had to make those present react with pride. There was no premium given to loopholes, to confusing witnesses, to clever manipulation - it was a sincere Bearch for truth and Justice. Elinor Whitman
TheJowUiPrtM
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March 31,1978
The Jewish Press Published weekly on Friday By the Jewish Federation of Omaha Silvia Roffman PaulAlperson Press Committee Co-Chairmen
~ Morris Maline
Judith Marburg
fdtor-ln-Chwf
Anoctau Editor
Sheila Polikov ':
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Vox Populi
Suzanne Somberg
Advertising Staff Second Class Postage Paid at Omaha, Nebr. Annual Subscription *9.S0 Advertising Rates on application. T)» J M W I I>M» • not rwponiibla la tl» Kwhiuth ol «o» product« MttbtHiawn.
JiAIFA - The "Utters to the Editor" column in any newspaper frequently pro{ DMdOn* for all n t w i l n d advertising popy It noon Monday. vides a clue as to what people are concerned about. It is also an outlet for frustrated journalists, and a showcase for occasional flashes of humor or This issue of the Jewish Press attempts to doc- literary brilliance. Israel's ument a most significant event in the history of newspapers are no exception. Omaha Jewry—the convening of a Beth Din, a Jew- The following are excerpts from letters in various dailies: ish Court of Law. Housing Shortage. "I am a For reasons beyond our control, the Press had full fledged Jew by all criteria been denied the ongoing opportunity toi commu- of the halacha. I am a sernicate the issues in the kashrut controversy to our : geant In the military reserves, and fought In both the Six-Day readership^ War and the Vom Kippur War. Now that the case has been decided and the full I possess the right to vote in text of the decision has been published, (See Page both the national and local 2) we no longer are prevented from publishing ma- elections. I am prepared to sell my rights based on the terial touching on the kashrut situation. above in return for an apartThus, our first seven pages—entirely free of ad- ment suitable for a young couvertising material—is devoted to Beth Din cover- ple In the Tel Aviv area," age and explanation with the hope that the Commu- Signed, Yossi Ber, Jaffa. -. Price of Prestige. "The first nity will learn, and will take pride hi our heritage. government officials to deThrough the Beth Din, Jews have a means of set- mand and, Incredibly, receive salary Increases for their feeltling disputes. ing of shame for their work A word of caution. The excerpts from the pro- were tax officials. In the ceedings are indeed excerpts and must be read meantime, others have folwith that understanding. The excerpts are chronol- lowed and there Is now a long ogically correct, but are completely out of context list of demands for similar increases. There is another side with regard to the entire proceedings. Much mate- to the coin. There are quite a rial has been omitted. "•••„••• number of occupations In the The excerpts are presented to give the reader public service which enhance the prestige of the office holdwho was not present at this historic Beth Din some ers. It seems only logical to general idea as to the type and substance of the tes- demand that these privileged timony, and the questioning by the judges of the office holders agree to a prestige deduction from their salacourt. ' • . • • ' ; ries." Signed, Mordechal Noy, Once the decision was handed down, the Press RamatChen. invited both of the litigants to make statements. Reproach from an Arab. "I Mr. Shukert, through his counsel, Milton Katskee, arrived in this country recent-
The Beth Din
accepted; and their comments are presented. Rabbi Nadof f chose to make no comment. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that the Boston Beth Din had ventured beyond the borders of Massachusetts to render a decision. It is also our understanding that a Beth Din of this - magnitude had never before been held in the State of Nebraska. Now that it is over, the work begins. We as a community have an obligation to these learned rabbis to come together, to reason, to make it unlikely that a controversy of this nature presents itself again. Morris Maline
lesson in law and justice. A man who steals a loaf of bread can be convicted of theft. One who steals a vehicle, which Is worth very much more, can not be convicted of theft, but only of "use of the vehicle without the owner's permission," for which the punishment Is much lighter. Where is the justice? Where is the logic?" Signed, Y. Avizohar, GlvatShmuel. Fraud in Israel Currency. "We were gratified to note that in his. picture appearing on the Israel Ten Pound note, Sir Moses Montefiore is shown
with his head covered. He was indeed a pious, observant Jew. However, in the additional picture printed on the side, a classic photo, taken on his lOOth birthday, the yarmelke which appears in the original has been doctored out. How dare they." Signed S. Natancli, Jerusalem. It's a Deal. "I accept the proposal by Ismail Fahmy, Egyptian Foriegn Minister, that Israel suspend all immigration for 50 years, on condition that every Arab slop breathing for fifty minutes." Signed, A Bokovsky, Ramat Gan. Grateful for Little Things. "I express my gratitude to the unknown driver of the Peugeot, license number 775-089 who on May 1st passed my car in a very great hurry and cut in sharply in front of me. Despite his reckless driving he did not kUl me or my family." Signed. Col. Dan Tzur. No Substitutions In the BUI of Fare. "1 witnessed a tourist at the Ben Gurlon airport who ordered two slices of toast. She paid, and received a toast cheese sandwich. She asked the waitress to take it back, and give her two fresh pieces of toast, since she had to avoid cheese for health reasons. The waitress refused on the grounds that the menu called for toast sandwich with cheese, and she could not change It. The tourist left the country without her toast. I wonder what she thought of Israel." Signed, Miriam Shlloh, Jerusalem. .
Letters to the Editor
TotheEditor: My, congratulations to Sandy Friedman, chairman, Omaha ADL/CRC, and Mike Richmond. ADL Regional Director, for the public school teacher's workshop they are planning for April 4 at the JCC. • Long a concern of Jewish education, it is a positive development in the education of American children to see the - Holocaust addressed as a matter of public instruction. The make-up of the planning committee and the cooperating organizations bespeaks broad support for the topic and the agenda in the education community. The workshop program is fairly comprehensive, including such topics as "Language and Propaganda," "Conformity and Totalitarianism," "Stereotypes in the Media," Nazi and Racist Movements in the United States." There is, however, a curious gap in the program — one, I regret to say, that is typical of ADL in putting together such' Rabbi Roland B. Glttelsohn, Rabbi Emeritus, Temple Israel, otherwise admirable commuBoston, being interviewed by a television reporter during his nity programs. The tapresvWttoOmahalastweeMJPPhotoby Maltoe), ,.,.,,,
GitteSsohn in Omaha
ly and have been impressed by remarkable progress in many fields. However, I am shocked to see In the press pictures of nudes (advertising films). It Is not proper to . depict King David and his wives in the nude. David was a great man and did much for the Kingdom of Israel. We Moslems believe he was a true prophet, and consider that it is sinful to show him naked, and this in the land of his birth." Signed, Sheikh Muhammed Manuwar, Kabablr Village. Where is the Logic? "Perhaps someone can give me a
agenda is that the Holocaust was almost exclusively a matter of sociology and psychology — that there was no significant spiritual or religious, dimension to It at all. Although one hopes that Rabbi Jonathan Rosenbaum will address this aspect In his "Historical Perspective," it would have been better had the ADL, on this topic especially, set aside its usual practice (which I have experienced id other communities as well) of by-passing local synagogues in favor of Federations and Federation agencies for sponsorship, and local congregational rabbis In favor of ADL and Federation professionals for programming. -Surely one or another'of the congregational rabbis of this community, representing the core religious dimension of Judaism, would have had something of value to contribute, along with others, to a workshop on the Holocaust.
Hopefully, It will achieve its stated goal of "creating an awareness of the effects of prejudice when Ignored/ or subtly._ encouraged".— even .wi(bout..<.UMV crucial1 element (hat is missing. . Rabbi Kenneth Bromberg TotheEditor •'Aloha" from one of the Hawaiian tour travelers. I am still up in the clouds, and a little tired. This was the most enjoyable tour I have ever had — One week in Hawaii, but it covered three weeks of activities. One of the most outstanding events was the Polynesian Cultural Center, where we _ learned much of the history of our beautiful 50th state to the Union. I don't think MoUie ever slept. I believe she even came into our rooms at night to tuck us In. Mrs. Charles (Berta) Stem
' Our Hawaiian trip Is now a wonderful memory and we must all give the credit to MolHe.
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Atevery turnit wasMoIlie. Moille In the morning, in between, and called In person to see that everyone was safely in their hotel rooms at night. Omaha is most fortunate to have Moiiie Delman and I personally will be happy to go with her anywhere If at all possible. Lena Grossman
The hour has come to put aside all concepts of what we owe each other. 1978 is going tor be the .decisive.'yeah. Let nobody withhold any element of his concrete support by reason of what went before or what may come after. Just as in 1948, in 1967 and in 1973, this great American Jewish community experienced a dramatic surge of solidarity that went beyond all previous targets, so The agenda of the workshop, To the Editor then, Is adequate, although in- : just a week ago I came it would be fitting If such acomplete and unbalanced.. home from one of the nicest surge of exaltation were to sweep through all your comNevertheless, the AOL-spon- trips I have made in years. It was far only a week, but munities now as well/ sored workshop is an imporht week! It was great! tant event( In(our community.
March 31,1978
TheJewtohPrw.
\AfeAreOne Around the Corner Around theWbrid .'-t__ ..Omaha . _' Combined Federation Campaign
Lincoln Jewish Welfare Federation
Jewish Welfare Federation ' of Council Bluff s, Iowa
333 So. 132nd Street ' Omaha, Nebraska M l 54
809 tlneoln Benefit life Building Li l N b r t S '68308
101 Zenith Drive, Apt. 4 Council Bluffs,, Iowa S1S01
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March 31.1978
Beth El
Council Bluffs B'nai Israel
SERVICES: Friday: 1:15 p.m. Rabbi Kenneth Bromberg, Cantor Chains Najman and the choir will conduct the service. Saturday: 9:30 a.m. — Preliminary service \ 10 a.m.—Shaharit service,
SERVICES: Saturday: 9 a.m.
Temple Israel
6:30 pnn.—Shaleshudes fol- SERVICES: lowing Mincha. Friday: 8:15p.m. Rabbi Barry L. Weinstein Sunday: will officiate. Morning Service 9 a.m. The Temple Youth Group Weekdayi: will present a creative service. 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. There will be a coffee hour MEN'SCLUBLUNCH following the service. The series of Men's Club B'NAIMTTZVAH luncheons with the Rabbi wiU Andrea Elaine Redler, •; continue on Thursday, April 6 daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Stefrom boon to 1:30p.m. ven Bruce Redler, will become a Bat Mitzvah on Friday B'NAI MITZVAH evening and Saturday mornThomas Kaon, son of Mr. ing, March 31 and April 1. and Mrs. Stewart Kahn, will . James Andrew Baker, son become a Bar Mitzvah on Fri- of Mr. and Mrs. Jack W. day evening and Saturday Baker, will become a Bar , morning, March 31 and April Mitzvah on Friday evening and Saturday morning, April 7 and 8. Amy Novlcoff, daughter of RELIGIOUS SCHOOL Mr.andMm Donald Novleofl, . Saturday and Sunday School will become a Bat Mitzvah on will resume April 1 and 2. Friday evening and Saturday MEN'S CLUB morning, April 7 and 8. Temple Israel Men's Club Brunch will be 10 a.m. Sunday "SUPERBOWL" Beth El Men's Club wiU April 2, in the Milder Confer.sponsor a family dinner and ence Center of the Temple. Guest speaker will be David Super Bowl on Sunday, .April 2, 5:30 p.m. Four groups of Kaminsky of Des Molnes, la., s t u d e n t s . K i n d e r g a r t e n who was previously scheduled through 12th grade, will com- to speak on Dec. 4, but whose pete with a group of adults an- appearance was cancelled beswering questions of Jewish cause of illness. content ••"•-• Mr. Kaminsky Is a personal friend of Prime Minister Begin and his topic will be SISTERHOOD LUNCH On Tuesday, April 4, Beth El "My Friend Begin — From Sisterhood will hold its annual My Point of View." 'Torah Fund luncheon. BeneLox, bagels, coffee will be factors pins and certificates served. Wives and guests may will be given to those women attend. Members free. . . who nave given to the Torah Fund. SISTERHOODLUNCHEON Election of officers for 1978"Marriage and Divorce, 1979 will be held and new Sis- Psychologically and Reliterhood members will be giously" will be the topic of a luncheon guests. A multi- panel discussion at the media show, "I Am Woman," Temple Israel Sisterhood -will be presented. Sitter ser- luncheon on Tuesday, April 18 vice is available. atnoon. Contact Lois Sbkolnick at The panel will be led by 333-8875. Reservations for Rabbi Sidney H. Brooks and lunch can be made with Ann Dr. Jim Davis, Assistant ProMargolin, 553-4668, or Lena fessor of Psychiatry at the University, of Nebraska MedlGrossman, 556-7740. 1 .
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cal Center. Reservations should be called into the Temple office, 5504536, by Friday, April 14. Sitter service will be available.
Beth Israel
SERVICES: Friday: Kabbalat Shabbat 6:30 p.m. Family Service 8:15 p.m. ' Rabbi Isaac Nadoff, Cantor COUPLES CLUB Leo Fettman and the Beth IsTemple Israel Couples Club rael Choir will conduct the serwill have a wine and cheese vice. rap session on April 15. "Everything You Always Wanted Saturday: to Ask the Rabbi but Were AfMorning service 8:45 a.m. raid to Ask." Several vital , Talmud Class 6 p.m. current topics will be disMlncha 6:30 p.m. cussed. Plan to Join us at the Shalosh S'eudos 7 p.m. home of Rabbi and Mrs. Barry Ma-arlv and Havdalah 7:15 Weinstein, 13917 Poppleton p.m. .':; -;-..Circle, at 8 p.m. Bring & bottle of your favor- Sunday: ite wine — we'll serve the Morning Services 9 a.m. bread and cheese. RSVP early Breakfast and Rabbi's disto Linda Simons, 334-1608, or cussion group 9:30 a.m. Carole Gladden, 496-0589, by April 12. There will be a Weekdays: charge. Morning services 7 a.m. Evening services 6:30 p.m.
Cantor Ch&lm Najman of Sunday: 9 a.m. Beth El Synagogue will be the Services conducted by Mr. "guest artist" when the JewSam Sacks. ish Community Center of Denver holds its first Cantorial Concert, April 9.
B'nai Jacob Adas Yeshuron
SERVICES: Saturday: 8:45 a.m. Sunday: 8 a.m. Assistance in selling cbometz will be given Sundays, April 2, 9, 16 from 8:45-9:15 a.m. in the Synagogue. For a special appointment call 3450903.
Dr. Sher Home SERVICES: Saturday: • a.m. Men of the community are invited to the Home to makeamlnyan.
Singles Dinner
Sabbath Candlollghttng Friday, March 31.6:M p.m. Friday, April 7, tt37 p.m. 'Benediction for Kindling Sabbath Lights:
Barukh Atoh Adonay Soheinu Melekh Haolom, Asher Kideshanu Bemhzvotav Vetzivanu Lehadlik NerShelShobbot. (Blessed art Thou, 0 Lord, Our God, King of the Universe, Who sanctifies us-by4 His: Commandments and has commanded us to kindle the. Sabbath-lights.)
Lincoln Tifereth Israel
. T h e concert will feature Hebrew, Yiddish, folk and liturgical numbers. Two performances are scheduled in the JCC's 300 seat Shwayder Theater.
SENIOR SCENE
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c Jennie Bear, local representative for the national Jewish SERVICES: \ Welfare Board, accompanied Services are conducted to p by Mrs. Michael Fried,-Mrs. the Capehart Chapel on the A Sherman Brodkey and Bess second and fourth Friday of N Aronoff, served coffee and each month, 8 p.m. An Oneg D rolls Easter Sunday morning . Shabbat follows the service. % at the Veterans AdministraServices are conducted by * tion Hospital. •--;---— Rabbi Sydney L. Hoffman.
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The concert was the Idea of Mark W. Zalkin, director of Adult and Cultural Arts Services at the Denver JCC and former Cultural and Performing Arts Director at the Omaha JCC. He also was Beth El Choir Director for four years.
Lincoln B'naiJeshurun
This Service Presented as a Courtesy by OMAHA SAVINGS AMD LOAN ASSOCIATION
The concert, in honor of Jewish Music Month, will also feature cantors from three Denver synagogues.
Omaha Jewish Singles will PlMMloln hold a Singles spaghetti dinner wit (i our fofflity on Saturday April 1 at 8 p.m. tacaMxotlng at 12217 Pierce Plaza Apt. 110. Tom'i CANTOR'SCLASSES All Jewish Singles and Single Bar Mitzvah Mondays: Frl..Morch31,8;!5p.m, 'parents are welcome. There Beginners' Hebrew Reading will be a small fee for the din- and • SERVICES: Sat.. April 1,10a.m. classes, 10 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. ner. atoathEISypogogua Friday: 8 p.m. Advanced Hebrew Reading Rabbi Henry Karp will con- 'class, 7:15 p.m. For reservations contact MflntM m •• VBMI duct the service. Diane at 330-4578 or Stu at 393BAR MITZVAH Mr. and Mrs. Sam Hale will Jeffrey Allen Schwartz, son 8371 after 5 p.m. sponsor the Oneg Shabbat. of Mr. and Mrs. Irwln Schwartz, will become a Bar Mitzvah on Saturday, April 1, CLIP AND SAVI 8:45 a.m. " , PASsbvERWORKSHOPS Two evenings will, be set aside for Passover workshops SERVICES: (Mifln98BMIM HM rfBMWIM * •«•*•«•«) conducted by Rabbi Isaac NaFriday: 8 p.m. • For the "over-60's"toreadanden}oyt doff and Cantor Leo Fettman. Saturday: .. The dates of these workshops Got out your calendars and mark these dates for Morning service 9 a.m. are: Thursday, April 6 — 7:30 days of fun. Sunday, April 2, brunch and Fiddler p.m., Thursday, April 13 — f Jr. Congregation 10 a.m. (334-8200 for reservations), April 5, drop in at 7:30 p.m. I Temple Israel; April' 16, come to the Matzo Sunday: TtflllinClub9a.in. p The workshops are designed Ball for Seniors (live combo from 1:30 to 4:00 Mondays and Thursdays 7:15 to enable congregants to gain A p.m. at the "J" for 50* per person, coffee, the skills and the practical g punch and cookies); April 19, free bus tour to knowledge that will make the - Union Pacific Museum, Bell&vuo, Lunch, oil from holiday meaningful to all fam- \ 10 to 3 beginning at Beth El. There's room for ily members. y 83 so sign up fast. The B. Manischewitz Com- CONGREGATIONAL SEDER More than 25 people took advantage of the pany will have a new potato A Congregational Seder will services of the Health Van last week. Next snack item available for Pas- be held on the first night of appearance is.Thursday, April 6 at Beth El for sover. The product is Ma- Passover, Friday, April 21, at blood pressure taking, toe-nail cutting, and other nischewitz Potato Snack 7p.m. services. Make appointments with Molfie. Sticks which come in a box Reservations will be limited ready to eat plain or In 8 sea- to 350 persons and;must be. soned variety with extra herbs paid In advance. '. ' You only'have one body, so don't let it down and spices. -. Mrs; Paul Crounse is Con- - by lock of exercise. Play your favorite records gregatlonal Seder Chairperor watch your favorjte television program while son. ..•.••• doing stretches, jogging in place, give the arm and shoulder muscles a working, flex your feet several dozen times. . . . _ - : •
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Cantor Najman Will Appear in Denver Concert
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If you have missed receiving your Social Security check on the expected date, call the Postmaster, 221-3801 to check .on it. Also for further information about the Postal Alert program, call 444-6444. Its a very good way to have neighborhood mail carriers watch your house for any signs •A N of possible problem's. D •
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Are you reading New Horizons for Senior Citizens? Call 444-6444 to be put on 1he walling list, FREEI
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March 31.1978
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Omaha Students Study Israel Peace Process .
On Monday, March 20 at 6 a.m., five high school students and I departed Eppley Airport on a historic SO-hcur mission to New York City and Washington, D.C. Our primary purpose was to involve the group of students in examining the peace process between Israel and Egypt ' whOe taking note of the cultural and educational opportunities In those two cities. The students making the trip were: Bob Chapman, president of AZA 1; Efrem Bromberg, president of United Synagogue Youth; Marsha Cooper, president of Ediar BBG; Carole Alpe.jon, vice president of Ediar BBG, and Carl Cohn, president of the Jewish Youth Council. In addition to meetings with Congressman John Cavanaugh and Senator Edward Zorinsky, we had opportunities to listen to Senators Bob Dole and Frank Church de. bate the Panama Canal Treaty, observe Congresswoman ' Barbara Jordan In the House ' of Representatives. We stoppedXTonsumer Advocate Ralph. Nader In front of the Supreme Court-Building and asked him to pose for a picture. We met in a private conference, with a representative with the Egyptian and Israeli Missions at the United Nations, toured Rockefeller Center and the Empire State i Building, attended a pertor• mance ol the award winning . Broadway play "The Wiz," ': rode through Central Park, and.shopped in.the world's largest department store, Macy'a. , Toe program embryo errupted one month to the day prior to the departure when I sent a letter to 52 individuals Inviting them to be a partlci' pant In an activity that would enable them to gather some first-hand information concerning the current peace negotiation process and to give them an opportunity to ques-
tion governmental leaders and representatives of the countries involved. Prior to the trip an in-depth briefing session was held at the JCC where Mike Richmond, Director of the Community Relations Committee discussed many of the.historic, military and psychological aspects of the Middle-East. We arrived in Congressman Cavanaugh'8 office 40 minutes early and were graciously ushered in by his administrative assistant Paul O'Hara, who one hour later departed for Omaha because of the devastating flood that ravaged three counties that very day. Congressman Cavanaugh arrived shortly thereafter with lunch In hand only to be dissuaded from eating It as he received notification he had but a few minutes to get to the House of Representatives to vote on a bill. We joined him In his trek and plied him with questions along the way. We learned that he is opposed to the sale of arms to any country but will wait to hear President Carter's view prior to voting as a member of the International Relations Committee whether to send arms to Israel and Saudi Arabia. ' The Congressman ushered us Into the House of Representatives and sat with us in .the Visitors' Gallery to hear several Congressmen discuss a proposed bill. He pointed out to us several people of prominence such as, Ms. Jordan of Texas. As we bid adieu to Mr. Cavanaugh we had about 45 minutes to spare before our meetIng In the Russell Senate building, with Senator Zorinsky. We detoured slightly in our five minute walk to his office and over to the Supreme Court Building where I recognized Ralph Nader talking to a few people. V . As we reached Mr. Nader t noted that he was in a hu but consented to poseur a pic ture with our entourage.
A hamasche atmosphere prevailed through our 45 minute meeting with Senator Zorinsky. In responding to Carole Alperson's question as to the role he feels the United States should play In the peace talks the Senator stated: "To serve in a subordinate capacity as a catalyst, not to take a leadership role hi the pre-conditions and not to dictate any of the pre-conditions, the White House should be used as a means to get both parties to talk to one another.'' He went on to note "we sit hi Congress and the Senate and are expected to know right or wrong when people in beleagured countries are the best to judge what they have to do to protect themselves." , When Efrem Bromberg questioned Senator Zorinsky as to the determining factors which dictate his vote on an Issue, he was told that there are three priorities he uses: (1) What is in the best Interests of the United States (2) What Is hi the best interests of the state of Nebraska and (3) What is in the best interests of party-family and personal.
Departing the Senator's office we rode the underground subway between the Houses of Congress and walked to Union Station thinking we had an hour and half to spare before our Metrollner tram left for New York. We were surprised but elated to learn that we had but 15 minutes to buy our ticket and board the train which would arrive earlier than planned. Leaving our hotel room we walked through Times Square at midnight. The following morning we awoke early to keep our rendezvous at the United Nations Building passing along the way the Waldorf Astoria, Time-Life Building, St. Patrick's Cathedral, and Radio City Music Hall. Our guide at the UN made the one hour and 15 minute tour an exciting adventure as she bade us farewell stating that "since wars begin In the
Tickets Available For 'LoveBall' | Ticket centers for the May ; 10 "Love Ball" have been cs; tabllsbed, according to Richard HUler, ticket chairman. : Tickets for the dinner-dance may be ordered by phone or mail through Ann Kaiman at the Federation offices in the Jewish Community Center, 333 South 132 Street, 334-8200, or at he Dr. Philip Sher
Home, 4861 North 52 Street, 451-7220. Other ticket sellers will be announced. The "Love Ball", which will celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Dr. Sher Home, will be held at the Peony Park Ballroom. Mr. HUler noted that those planning to attend should make arrangements as soon
as possible as only table reservations for eight persons will be assigned by name. Price and other details are available through the ticket sellers.. A cash bar will be available at 6:30 p.m. preceding the kosher meal.
Bob Chapman (right) takes notes as Efrem Bromberg (center) discusses a point with Rep. John Cavanaugh on the steps of the Capitol Building In Washington D.C. Bromberg and Chapman were part of a delegation of teens from Omaha who met with officials in Washington and New York on the current Middle East situation. (JP Photo by Rubin) hands of men, It Is hi the hands of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed." Then history was made as the five American Jewish teenage leaders from Omaha, met with Ayman El-Amir, press secretary for the Egyptian Mission to the UN. Mr. ElAmir greeted us warmly commenting in his overview that "Egypt is the most powerful Arab country and as far as the Arab-Israeli conflict there can be no war or peace without Egypt." He went on to state "that after 30 years of conflict we came to the conclusion: (1) that the crux of the problem Is the Palestinian problem (2) Middle East problems cannot be resolved by force of arms (3) that the problem of security cannot be resolved by occupation of territory (4) that any peace arrangement will have to take Into consideration the right of all nations In the area to live hi peace." Marsha Cooper asked Mr. El-Amir about Egypt's relationship with the PLO to which he answered: "We have a problem with them and while they are not in the best hands of leadership they do represent an important section of Palestinians." In responding to a question by Bob Chapman! "Does Egypt want the United States to play a direct medlary role In the peace negotiation pro-
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had to hang on to our cameras as we took pictures. It was a beautiful day with a heavy wind. Macy's Department store, the world's largest was two blocks away, and we shopped for an hour and then toured Rockefeller Center coming back to the hotel, eating lunch and taking a cab to the airport where we departed forborne.
Children's Department Sets Up 'Gadabouts' The Children's Department of the Jewish Community Center has begun a new Father-Daughter club called Gadabouts. According to Ellen Cohen, chairman of the Children's Committee, the purpose of Gadabouts, which stands for "Girls and Dads," Is for girls in fourth through sixth grade and their fathers to spend time together doing fun things and learning new skills. It was created by two fathers in the community, Richard Juro and Marty Wolf. Persons Interested in the program may call, Marty Wolf - 333-7448, Richard Juro — 333-0457 or Denlse Greenberg -334-8200.
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cess?" He answered: "The U.S. as the supreme power In the world should play a very active role in helping both parties arrive at a solution." The same question was posed by Bob to the Israeli representative and was answered hi the following manner: "Israeli priority Is for direct negotiations with the Arab world, but In lieu of that we will accept U.S. help in achieving a peaceful solution." Avl Beker, research assistant to Chalm Herzog at the UN and a doctoral candidate in political science at Columbia University answered Efrem Bromberg's point, as to how Israel could justify settlements-are in the Sinai now with "Israel's only concern Is a security one and these settlements are in the northeast corner of the Sinai that is desert and has never been inhabited by Egyptians since 1948, has been the spring board of all attacks against Israel." Leaving the United Nations we relaxed for a few hours and then were awe struck at the brilliance of the Tony award winning Broadway play entitled "The Wiz." After the play we dined at one of the foremost restaurants hi the Tunes Square area, saying goodnight at la.m. We awoke early the next morning and took a bus to the Empire State Building. .Getting off on the 88th floor we
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March3t. 1978
Holocaust Workshop for Teachers To Take Place, April 4, at JCC Murray Newman, Nebraska State AOL Chairman, and Sanford Friedman, Chairman of the Community Relations. Committee of the Jewish Federation of,Omaha, announce the first Nebraska, workshop on Teaching About the Holocaust, organized by the Plains States Regional Office of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith and the Jewish Community Relations Committee of the Jewish Federation of O' '»aha, at the Jewish Community Center, 333 South 132 Street, Omaha. The workshop will be held from 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. on Tuesday, April 4. It will focus on (he rationale and techniques for teaching about the Holocaust as a case study in genocide. The Holocaust, the systematic persecution and destruction of Jews and others by the Nazi regime during the 1930s and 1940s during World War II, stands as the quintessential example of prejudice and discrimination running amock in the seemingly civilized world. The co-sponsors and planning committee include the Midwest Center for Equal Educational Opportunity; the
facets of this new area of education Include "Language and Propaganda" with Rosalie Saltzman of the University of Nebraska at Omaha and Al Crounse, Jewish Federation of Omaha Board Member; a "Survey of Holocaust Literature" with Dr. Martin Wolf, Dr. Charles Speiker, for- Iowa Western Community Colmerly with the National Asso- lege; "Stereotypes In the ciation for Supervision and Media" with Amy Cassman Curriculum Development and Friedman, formerly Channel 7 presently the Director of Sec- news reporter, and Ruth ondary Education with the Erman, member of the Jewish Millard School District, at- Federation of Omaha Board; tended the ADL's national "Conformity of TotalitariaBill Rubin, 17, (left) a senior at Millard High School, and his The workshop program, conference oil Teaching About nism" with Dr. Carl Green- brother, Joel, 18, a Junior, sons of Herman and Natalia Robin, after welcoming remarks, will the Holocaust in October, 1977. berg, Department of Psychol- demonstrate the art of mathematical probleni solving after they begin with an introduction to There Dr. Speiker heard Elie ogy ' at UNO, and John w e n awarded Ont prize In a 70-school general math competiThe Record by Michael E. M. Wiesel, Paul Hiloerg, and Bernstein, Esq.; "Nads and tion recently. Richmond. The Record, de- Henry Frledlander discuss Racist Movements in Amerisigned by the Anti-Defamation facets of the Holocaust. As a ca" with Michael Richmond, League of B'nal B'rith, in co- result, the Millard School Dis- ADL/CRC Director, and Paul operation with the National trict is planning to implement Cohen, Vice President of the Council for the Social Studies, Holocaust studies in the near Jewish Federation of Omaha; details the 13-year history of future. Dr. Speiker will dis- and "Historic Perspectives" Beth Israel Synagogue will Rabbi Jonathan Rosenbaum the Nazi atrocities as an edu- cuss the curriculum impera- with Rabbi Jonathan Rosencational project in conjunction tives of teaching about the Ho- baum, UNO Department of host the Regional Conference will discuss the Ketubah. The ;' of Women's Branch, Union of afternoon session will conwith NBC-TV's series on "The locaust. Philosophy and Religion. Orthodox Jewish Congrega- clude with rap sessions on Holocaust" (April 16-19,1978). John Gilfillan, a teacher at tions of America on April 4-5. problems and successes that This workshop will be fol- Delegates are expected from Sisterhoods have encountered Mrs. Bea Pappenheimer Ralston Public Schools, will who lost family during the de- explain how one teacher, on lowed by another session of all mid-Western states. during the past year. struction of European Jewry bis own, has responded to the educators to help develop curwill describe some or her ex- need to teach Holocaust stud- riculum for secondary schools A dinner, to be held Tuesday Sigma Alpha Mu and teacher training materi- evening, will begin the event. periences while trying to es- ies. als. cape the Nazi onslaught. Sessions covering several Guest speaker will be Mrs. Sigma Alpha Mu will hold Sam Katzman, who will give the annual Sammy Handher "Impressions from a icap and Dlesbach's Delight Freshman Delegate to the on Saturday, April IS, at FonWorld Zionist Congress." ner Park Race Track in Grand testimony to the reality that will be of interest to the Amer- tion adds. Island. High School Seniors The kit will be sent to the "confronting the evil of the ican Jewish communty," Dr. The program for Wednes- and alumni may attend. Holocaust transcends Jll reli- Morton Slegel of the United local affiliates of each of the day will include the election Transportation will be.progious lines or organizational Synagogue of America says, cooperating organizations. and installation of Regional of- vided by chartered bus. Call "Through the inter-agency The 15 agencies are: self-interest." ficers. At the noon luncheon, 474-9955 for more information. UJA, Council of Jewish FedJerold C. Hoffberger, Presi- project we are anticipating erations, American Jewish dent, Council of Jewish Feder- rather than reacting." Yehuda Rosenman, Direc- Committee, American Jewish ations, stated, "To understand the Holocaust is an imperative tor of Jewish Communal Af- Congress, American Associa'• J .F. BLOOM & COMPANY not only for Jews but for all fairs of the American Jewish tion for Jewish Education, 4431 No. 20th 2701No.Mth A 481-eooo rnnxa who cherish human values. Committee, notes: "The NBC Union of American Hebrew Omaha. Nabraaka The presentation of this dra- program sensitizes Ameri- Congregations, United Synamatic theme on network tele- cans and people everywhere gogue of America, American ^^BBk^^^eal PPfcaw^ o v m se vajwa aotiDBjss vision will be of lasting impor- to the urgent need for people's Zionist Federation, American ^ • • k t ' Of nMMtMOWMf tance to our communities. For humanity to people. The TV Zionist Youth Foundation, Zithose younger people who special depicts in human onist Organization of Amerihave no personal recognition terms the conflicts and suffer- ca, Jewish Labor Committee*, of these historic events the ex- ing of several families. It is Workmen's Circle, National perience will be especially particularly important for the Council of Jewish Women-, meaningful as they will be young who were born or raised Women's League for. Conserasked to confront in a personal in the post-Holocaust period. vative Judaism, and JWB. way a tragedy which so often NBC Is particularly sensitive JWB Program Associate has been looked at only ab- to people's need for the conti- Barry Shrage is coordinating stractly. As Jews, we have a nuous struggle for human the inter-agency effort. r long collective memory and it ' dignty and human rights." our Radio Telephone Utility Is through understanding and "The viewing experience remembrance that we can will expose a vast segment of We have gathered up human preserve Jewish continuity for the Jewish population to the particles and combined them ' thefuture." realities of the Holocaust in a into a fruitful and creative nu"It is a landmark for the way that they might not have cleus of a nation revived. Such Jewish community to band to- previously been exposed," Dr. a marvel Is unique in the histogether to encourage the study Shimon Frost of the American ry of human culture. David Ben-Gurion of a major TV program that Association for Jewish EducaNational Conference of Christians and Jews; the Nebraska Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development; the University of Nebraska at Omaha, College of Education and College of Continuing Studies; and educators from various local school districts — Charles Speiker of Millard, John Gilfillan of Ralston, Gary Caldwell of Omaha, Clifton Robinson of Westslde Community; and James Dick of the University of Nebraska at Omaha.
The major address will be made by Alan Katchen, Education director of the Midwest Area Office of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. Katchen's remarks will present the rationale for teaching about the Holocaust.
Rubins Solve Problems
Beth Israel to Host Women's Regional Conference
Program Kit Ready For Holocaust Special NEW YORK - Fifteen major national Jewish organizations have produced a program kit of educational materials to help local Jewish agencies use the upcoming NBC Television Special on the Holocaust to spur programs and projects in formal and Informal Jewish educational settings. "Holocaust" will be aired April 16-19. The kit consists of five booklets — a Family Home Viewing Guide, three study guides for grade school children, teenagers, college youth and adults, and a booklet that gives a concise history of the Holocaust, a plot summary and cast of characters of the NBC special, guidelines for using the material, a bibliography, music that reflects the Holocaust, resources, and other information. Dr. Irving Greenberg, Director, National Jewish Conference Center, states in the introduction that the fact that the kit was produced by a "pioneering coalition" of 15 Jewish organizations is itself
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\ Senior Citizen Scene \ By Helen Newnum Council meeting was given by Here are the details (or the Van Farrand and Irv Janger. theater party "Fiddler on the Auto insurance for senior citiRoof set (or Sunday, April 2. zens was discussed, as well as The brunch will be served a defensive driving course. from 11:30 a.m. to 1:45 p.m. Further information may be Showtime .2:00 p.m. at the obtained by calling Dick CourCenter. A special price is tright 895-3966 or Marlon Maravailable (or the show; there rig, 451-6272. Is a small charge for the A luncheon and program brunch. Sylvia Goldberg 391- will be held at Temple Israel 6684 is taking reservations and on Wednesday, April 5, and making arrangements for the usual Thursday luncheons transportation, if you need a at the Beth El Walk-In Center ride. However, there is a bus will be on schedule. going to the Center which will Morrle Epstein has arreach there in time. ranged musical programs for In other Monday news, a re- Monday, April 3; April 10 and port on the recent Senior April 17.
Youth Activities NFTY SERVICE Friday, March 31, Omaha Temple Youth Group will conduct the annual "NFTY Night Youth Service," at 8; 15 p.m. at Temple Israel. Song leaders, David Meyer of Kansas' City and Michael Gilbert of Madison, Wis., who form the group AGGADAH wUl participate. The original and Innovative service Is open to the community and au may attend the Oneg Shabbat In the social hall at the conclusion of the service. BDIARBBO Edlar bad a successful meeting on Sunday in which many activities were planned. On'Saturday night, April 1, AZA 100 and Edlar will have an all city turnabout dance. Cquples dress up in pairs such as peanuUmtter and jelly, etc. April 29 will be an Edlar date party. It wll be a breakPassover celebration. WEIZMANN1510 Last Friday the members of Chaim Welzmann were in-
Omaha Organizations BLUE BOXES from Ellen Ross, chairman of RSVP to Ellen Cohen, 333Jewish National Fund enve- the Casino Night, at 392-1008. 6558 or Claudia Sherman, 333lopes will be mailed the latter part of March. The Blue Boxes ORT symbolize the connection of Discussing their points of ONEGSHABBAT The Hadassah Oneg ShabJews to the land of Israel, ac- view on pro-life and abortion, cording to Mrs. J. Milton Mar-' Rabbi Jonathan Rosenbaum bat will be held on Saturday golln, and Mrs. Leonard and a representative of April 1 at the Dr. Sher Home Lewis, chairmen. Box holders Planned Parenthood will be at 2 p.m. The Israeli Dance Troupe — or envelopes which yield 110, guest speakers at the Wednes118, $36 or over, are eligible day, April 5 meeting of Wom- Ron-Day Ha Keshet (Dancers of the Rainbow) will present a for a number of prizes, includ- en's American ORT. ing a trip to Israel. Beginning at .7:30 p.m., the musical program, directed by Volunteers who will collect meeting will be at the home of Miriam Oren. Mrs. Joe Sokofrom Blue Boxes include Ellen Cohen, 12930 Jackson, St. lof is chairman of the event. Mmes: Ann Margolin, Bert Rabbi Rosenbaum Is a lec- HMO CARDS Lewis, Ruth Bernstein, Jean turer hi Judaic studies at the Mrs. Julius Katzman, 397Epstein, Ruth Fox, Rose Gem- University of Nebraska at 2575, will temporarily process pie, Goldle Goldberg, Lena Omaha. He is also director of Hadassah Medical OrganizaGrossman, Ann Kaufman, the Department of Jewish Ed- tion gift cards, according to Gail Kohll, Fannie Manvitz, ucation of the Jewish Feder- Marilyn Pred, Hadassah presMollye Marcus, Sylvia Ross, ation. ident. Diane Rubin, P h y l l i s Schwartz, Mary Smith, Sis Turner and Sid Wintroub. Call either of the chairmen for a Blue Box. Ann Margolin 553-4668, or Bert Lewis 5536221.
vited to a Ner Tamld service at Sally Venn's house. Sunday marked the day of the exhausting - Welzmann Basketball Marathon. There were five teams of three, each playIng five 40 point games. Members had gotten pledges based on the number of points they CASINO NIGHT Local members of Women's could score. The money raised will go to ISF. Welzmann •American ORT are selling would like to thank all of the tickets to their "Galaxy of people who supported the Games Casino Night" hi exchange for $1,500 to play rouevent. lette, craps, wheel of fortune, blackjack and chuck-a-luck. The money ORT raises from the sale of these tickets will be used to help meet their annual financial commitment as the largest non-governmental vo' Also unique selections ol cational training agency in the world. • Personalized ttationcty • Thank'You Note* The$l,500 you'll getfor your • Napkins-Matches ticket will be play money. But • Wedding Invitations the prizes to be raffled at the end of "Galaxy of Games Casino Night" from 7:30-11 p.m. on Saturday, April 8 at the Livestock Exchange Building will be real. Among the prizes are a television set, a radio, free movie and dinner passes, gift Relax in my home and choose certificates from Borshelm from thefinestselections Cill tor tppointment Jewelry Co., Zoob's Fashions 13713 Hickory and lawn service companies. frandwood Tickets can be purchased 334-1700 tp^g\ from any ORT member or
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' ThepeopleofIsraelcanonly' negotiate for peace if they lead from strength. It is through our efforts that they will have the quality of life necessary to help them sustain their purpose and resolve. ByLeonardR.Strelitx
CARL JARL LOCKSMITHS
397-7444 PERSONALS MRS. SARAH KAHN .wishes to thank her friends and relatives for all their kind expressions extended during her recent illness.
Buy Yourself a Present Week! Just finished getting the family ready for Easter? Have had the kids home for spring vacation? Pick yourself up by buying yourself a present during this special sale at Everyday Gormet.
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TheJawWiPme
March 31.19/B
Old Timer's Review By Bv Arthur Grossman ftmmman Although the swaUows did not nuke it back to San Juan Caplstrano Mission at their usual precise time, to herald this Spring's arrival, 114 Old Tuners did their bit by making it to the JCC in time for the new season's first club meeting. Like gaudy monarch butterflies they came bursting out of snow-crusted cacoons to assemble the largest turnout the club has had in weeks. Miracle Mollie and her mltzvah-misslon belles really had to call on mystic powers to make luncheon supplies stretch out to accomodate 25 attendants'who failed to make reservations. Rumor has it, Mollie, who was sporting a grass skirt as a memento of her recent trip to Hawaii, was heard letting out a few "hula whoops" as she scurried about foraging for enough food to go around. Please guys, make reservations. The Early Bird discussion group was ably led by Morrie FeUman who chose as his lead topic a questionnaire, circulated by Congressman John J. Cavanaugh, dealing with issues of particular concern to residents in the Second Nebraska Congressional district. Also debated was the proposition, "Peace, the chances now." A preponderance of members feel peace is still possible in the Middle Bast regardless of the conflict in Lebanon. Clarence E. Schaefer, Omaha's Superintendent of Parks and Recreation, was the featured speaker of the meeting. Old you know Omaha has 121 public parks; more municipal golf courses than any other U.S. city; 21 publicly owned swimming pools; 150 tennis courts; 4,000 uncomplaining kickers playing soccer and is the Softball capital . ofthecountry with2,300teams vying cafe) ball fields? According to Schaefer the old concept of "Keep Off The Grass" Bud utilizing parks Is only an ornamental or passive manner is a thing of the past in Omaha. Park facilities are *> now being used for active participation by many of Omaha's citizenry. Of particular Interest for our members is the knowledge that there will soon be a city-wide Old Timers Golf League at Benson Park golf course. In keeping with sports it was announced at the meeting Morrie Epstein is in charge of
I
club Gin tournament (the a rlnh filn tournament (trw> playing -cards kind, not liquid). Call Morrie at 391-2766 if you wish to participate. Al MitUeman, of Detroit, was introduced as a guest of Sam Shyken. Jack Melcher rejoined the club after a period of illness. A moment of silence was observed in memory of Julius Falkenstein, Iz Sokoloff andAbeVenger. I would like to dispel a myth. There is absolutely no truth to the belief wearing an Old Timers yannulke home from a meeting will restore hair on a bald noggin. All it really does is reduce the number of yarmulkes available to wear at the next meeting. Besides which it is ludicrous to see grown men with paper napkins dangling atop their heads as the hamotzl is- being recited. So, please, leave the yarmulkes at the JCC. If not I intend to compose a song parody entitled "Bring back, bring back, oh bring back my bonnie yannulke to me" and youil be compelled to listen to It being sung at every meeting. Members are urged to get their Combined Fund pledges in. Last year our Old Timers was the first division to attain its quota. Dare we do less than repeat this year? Next meeting April 4. Shalom
Dr. Ray and Jody Goldstein announce the birth of their first child, Heather Beth, March 25. The maternal grandmother Is Mrs. Betty Kledzinski, of Los Alamos, N.M. Paternal grandparents are Mr. and Mrs. Harold Goldstein, of New York City. Mr. and Mrs. Ira Nathan announce the birth of a son, Benjamin Ross, bom March M. The Nathans also have a son, Andrew David. Maternal grandmother is Mrs. Alex Davis. Paternal grandparents are Mr. and Mrs. Paul Nathan. Mr. and Mrs. Steven Seglin of Lincoln announce the birth of a ^nnghtw Shannon Nicole, on March 16. Maternal grandparents are Mr. and Mrs. Sam Greenberg. Paternal grandparent is Mrs. Nathan Seglin. Great-grandparents are Abe Magzamin and Mrs. Philip Greenberg.
Deaths
Unco/n Lights
*
^* Adam Smith; Arrangements, Mr. and Mrs. Howard Lotman and Mr. and Mrs. lion Rosenberg. The United Synagogue Youth will assist. There will be a door prize and refreshments. Donation: $1.50 per person.
By EsteUe Rosenberg
Captains who participated in the March is worker's training session at Mrs. Max Neiden's home are: Mmse. Marry Allen, Sam Berk, Mark Blsman, Harry Breslow. John Breslow. Hyman Bricker, James T. Brown, Roy Buf him, George Burke, Sarah Burasteln, Abe Conn, Charles Conn, BUI Davidson. Everett Evnen, Eli Evnen, Louis Finkelslein, Richard Freivogel, Simon Gaiter, Irwln GoldenA memorial dedicated to the berg, Andrew Goodman, Yale Gotidiner, Robert Grant, Gary Hill, memory of Ruth Daniels will Leo Hill, Henry Karp, Edwin Katbe unveiled on Sunday, April tkee, Charles Keller, Dwayne 9, 1:30 p.m. at Mt. Carmel Kushner, Max Kushner, Harry L-e- Cemetery. Friends and relavlnson, Henry Mlsle, Julius Misle, tives are Invited to be present. Abram Misle, Jack Nisker, Hyman PoUky, Ron Rosenberg, David Rosenberg, Stanley ShapiThe monthly Tifereth Israel ro, Robert Shapiro, Jack Singer, Sisterhood meeting will be Lou Sommerhatuer, Harry Simon, Nate linger, Henry Wald, Hartan held April 4,12:15 p.m. at the syngagogue social hall. Priesman and George Williams.
Mrs. Abe Cohen recently visited with her children and grandchildren In Detroit, Mich.
Presiding past president chairman will be Mrs ,Nate Bumsteln. Luncheon chairmen are Mmes. Edwin Katskee and Harry Levlnson.
H. Paul Rosenberg, regional Mr. and Mrs. Richard Shaw of Houston, Tex. announce the UJA chalrmari for the Midengagement of their daughter, west, was the key speaker last Jill, to Jim Berk, son of Mr. week at the Federation's Big and Mrs. Sam Berk of Lincoln, Gifts luncheon. Mr. Rosenberg is president of Midland Neb. Miss Shaw received her tea- Lithography Company of Kanching degree from the Univer- sas City. sity of Texas in 1977. Her fiance is a 1S76 graduate the annual Herman Ginsfrom the University of Texas burg Memorial Lecture will be, and received a degree in com- held Sunday, April 2, at 8 p.m. munications and Journalism at Tifereth Israel Synagogue. and now Is working as sportsGuest lecturer will be Rabbi caster for K.F.D.M. TV, Chan- Stanley J. Schachter, Vlcenel 8, affiliated with CBS In Chancellor and Lecturer In LiBeaumont, Tex. " turgy. The wedding will be held. He will speak on "Forms ; % June 18 in Houston; Tex. " and* Dreams: "The Language' of Jewish Rituals." The Tifereth Israel Synagogue Sisterhood will hold an Art Auction on Sunday, April Nad Activity 9, at the Tifereth Israel Synagogue, 3219 Sheridan Boule- • "Allegmeine Juedlsche Wochenzeitung," a Jewish vard, Lincoln. There will be a preview 6:30- newspaper published In Ger7:30 p.m. and toe auction will many, reports thatneo-Nazls are "no longer content with bebe)dat7:30p.m. the occasional raising of flags The suction will feature art- with swastikas or the smearists, Edna Htbll, Leonardo ing of walls with such slogans Nlerman, Sica Calder, Dall, as 'Juda verrecke' (Jews Bculanger, Chagall and a col- perish), but are calling openly lection of French impression- for acts of terror against the ist paintings. Jewish community." Chairmen for the event are Mmse. Melvin Hoffman and Yale Gotsdiner. Chairmen assisting are as follows: Hosts, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Levinsbn; Invitations; Mrs. Emanuel Wlshnow; Refreshments, Steve Davidson; Publicity, Mrs. Edwin Katskee; Sales, Andrew Goodman, Yale Gotsdiner, Mr. and Mrs. Bruce PertControl y Breslow and Mr. and Mrs.
CREATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY
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Bton, III.; two grandchildren; one great-grandchild. MARSHALL ZALJON Graveside services were held on Friday, March 24, at Beth El Cemetery for Marshall Zalkin, 41.
Survivors: wife, Joan; son,: Steven; daughters, Cheril and Brenda; parents, Mr. and Mrs. Alien Zalkin; brother, Mark, Denver, Colo.; sisters, Delma Goodman, Omaha, JULIUS WOLK Retha Lansky, San Diego, Graveside services were Calif., Letha Pitlor, Lincoln, held on Sunday, March 26 at Ne. Golden Hill Cemetery for JuliMILDREDLEVY us Wolk, 77. Funeral services were held Survivors: sons, Paul I. Wolk and Leonard Wolk; one on March IS in Plnelawn, N.Y. for Mildred Levy, 72, of Moungrandchild. talnda!e,N.Y. • . . i. Survivors: daughter, Llla ROSE FRIEDMAN Funeral services were held Jacoby; brothers, Paul ZwelgMarch 17 at Temple Israel baum, New York, N.Y., HerCemetery for Rose Friedman, man Zwelgbaum, Mlamlj Fla.; sisters, Rae Freidman; 86. Survivors: daughter, Mrs. Miami Beach, Fla., Anna PaLeonard (Peggy) Krasne; valow, Miami Beach, Fla.; son, James H. Friedman; sis- four grandchildren.
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JULIUS FALKENSTEIN Services were held March 19 at Beth El Cemetery for Julius Falkensteln,75. Mr. Falkenstein came to Omaha about 40 years ago from Germany and worked hi the packing business. At his death, Mr. Falkenstein was the retired president of the Midwest Packing Co. Survivors: wife, Trudy; daughter, Eleanor Lapln, San Jose, Calif.; three grandchildren.
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\H March 31,1978
Th* Jewish Press
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CHOP
Fiddler on 'Roof
•T
The people at Center stage literally DID "Fiddler on the Roof in hanging this announcement at the JCC. The musical has been held over scheduling its final performance Sunday night. Reservations may be made by calling 3344200. (JP Photo by Mallne)
>•
ITddlerontheRoof Hanuttah lamps of Judsh L, Magnes Museum, by Ruth Els. Berteley, Calif. Trie Jewish Museum of the West, 1977.135 p. Photographs. A complete description and photographs of n o Hanukkah lamps, dating from the 14Ui century to the present. Also notes discussing the lamps In historical and stylistic context. Elsenstaedt's Album: Fifty Yean of Friends and Acquaintances, by Alfred Etsenstaedt. N.Y.: Viking Press, 1976. unpaged. Very generous collection of black and white portraits of famous people. . Clarifying Jewish Values, by Dov P. Elklns. N.Y. Growth Associates,^ 1977.92 p. Dr. Elklns combines the wisdom of the Talmudlc scholar with the most modern Insights of the humanistic educator. Humanizing Jewish Life, by Dov. P. Elklns. N.J. AS. Barnes and Co., 1976.264 p. The account of how n creative and dynamic young rabbi transformed his synagogue, one of the largest In North America, from a large,. unwieldy institution Into a network of small friendship and learning groups. Faith and Form, by Arthur Fcldman. Chicago. Spertus College of Judalca Press, 1976.102 p. Synagogue architecture in Illinois — an exhlbltIon organized by the Spertus Museum. The Maurice Spertus Museum of Judalca. by Arthur Feldman. Chlcago. Spertus College of Judalca Press, 1976.100 p. Maurice Spertus, Chicago businessman, anxious to secure a place for the Jewish past among the . peoples of mankind, began a collection of Judalca in 1940. The museum . under his name opened in 1968. This Is an illustrated catalog of selected objects from the museum. • '
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COME IMJOY LUNCH OH UNNMATOURNIW LOCATION: M M CEMTf It PAmwaomwto I N AtsoOntertloGo! OftMOARVll'lirii" WTMi COCKTAN. lOUMOf
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LAS VEGAS Is Coming To Omaha SATURDAY, APRIL 8! WOMEN'S AMERICAN OUT'S
"Galaxy of Games Casino Night" UnttMk bckMt* M U h f - 7>I0 p.m. Admissions tS each. Include* 11.500 In play money Cash bar Pa.try table Raffle for prizes Hors a o.uvre» Stage band Blackjack Craps Wheel of fortune Roulette Chuck-o-luck
AskyotjrORTfrltnds or «sfl SM-IOOs for tickets.
HELD OVER
O N STAGE—ORPHEUM WE NATIONAL TOUR OF THE WOW'S GREATEST MUSICAL
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Sunday, April 2 — 8 p.m. Good Seats Available
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SUNDAY "BLUNCH"' In The Bistro 10130-3:00 Deli Style Omelettes Bistro Style Scrambled Eggs Specialties: EGGS DAVID, LOX and BAGEL, FILET MINYAN andMATZABREI. APPETIZERS, SALADS, SANDWICHES/DESSERTS Strictly Table Service
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HURRY! TICKETS
GOING FAST! Saturday, April 15 — 8 p.m. Main Floor, Logo; Grand Tier, H2.S0 Middle Balcony, »11.50 Balance, $9.50
Sunday, April 16—2 p.m. & 7 p.m. Main Floor, Logo, Grand t i e r , $11.50" Middle Balcony, (10.50 Balance,$8.50 „ ,^ : TICKETS O N SALE AT BRANDEIS For Oroup Rales and Information Phone M i - T W A DICK WALTER ATTWAaiON
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March 31,1978
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