Skip to main content

Heichal HaTorah Bais Medrash

Page 1

Heichal is m

heichalbm.org

is a post-high school yeshiva where an amazing chevra of serious Bnei Torah can grow in Torah, avodah and middos, while pursuing a college degree on a campus which includes a new Bais Medrash, a new dormitory, a gym and a pool.

2


Heichal is a warm Torah environment. My son has a supportive and encouraging framework to guide him on life's path. We are grateful for the role Heichal plays in the family and for Klal Yisroel. HEICHAL PARENT

heichalbm.org

my home Bais

3


Introduction MISSION p6 MESSAGE FROM RAV ARYEH STECHLER p8 HEICHAL LEADERSHIP, FOUNDERS AND DEDICATIONS p10

LEARNING AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL

YOUR CAREER IS OUR BUSINESS

MESSAGE FROM RAV YITZCHAK REICHMAN p14

MESSAGE FROM DR. ELLIOT PRAGER p30

MORNING SEDER p14

HEICHAL/LANDER COLLEGE FOR MEN PROGRAM p32

AFTERNOON SEDER p16

MESSAGE FROM RAV MOSHE DON KESTENBAUM p42 HADRACHA p44

HEICHAL/FDU PROGRAM p36

CHABURAHS p18 REBBEIM p20

Guidance

50

C ONC ERTS

Learning at the Highest Level

Your Career is Our Business

Personal Guidance from Personable Rebbeim

12

28

40


CONTENTS

Student Life & Special Programs TEHILIM-ATHON p48 CONCERTS p50 SUMMER MEGA SIYUM & SIMCHAS BAIS HASHOEIVAH p52 SHABBATONIM, MELAVA MALKAS & OTHER SPECIAL EVENTS p54

Admissions

Features

โ€ซืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื›ืœโ€ฌ

MESSAGE FROM RAV AVI EPSTEIN p58

AMENITIES p62

โ€ซื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ฌ

ADMISSIONS PROCESS p59

HEICHAL BM LEARNER EARNER p64 SPOTLIGHT ON TALMIDIM p66 SAMPLE MENUS p68

48 T EHI LI M-A-THON

p80

โ€ซืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืžื” ื‘ื’ื˜โ€ฌ p78

โ€ซื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงืจื ืฉืœื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื ื”ื’โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ p76

โ€ซื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ฌ p74

Student Life & Special Programs

Admissions

features

46

56

60


HEICHAL MISSIO heichalbm.org

6

โ€ซืช ืœืž ื•ื“ ืช ื• ืจื” ื›ื  ื’ื“ ื›ื• ืœืโ€ฌ L E A RNING AT THE HIG HEST LEV EL Heichal HaTorah Bais Medrash is a serious makom Torah in the heart of Teaneck with learning on the highest level, where talmidim can receive a derech haLimud, strive to reach their full potential in avodas Hashem, and refine their character. Shiurim are focused on giving over a derech haLimud based on lomdus and clarity in the sugya. Vaadim are also offered on Halacha, Mussar, Chassidus, and Machshava. HBM is the yeshiva where serious bnei Torah can become talmidei chachamim.

โ€ซื™ืคื” ืช ืœืž ื• ื“ ืช ื• ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจ ืš ื ืจ ืฅโ€ฌ C O LL EG E @ HEICHA L Heichal believes that talmidim should be equipped with the skills to succeed in their chosen career path. To that end, we encourage talmidim to find the right time to take off one seder a day to pursue a college degree at Farleigh Dickenson University (1 year), Touro University (2yrs) or Columbia University (2yrs). FDU courses are offered in the Heichal building. Heichal maintains a special partnership with Touro, which affords Heichal talmidim special scholarships to Touro University.

โ€ซืขืฉื” ืœ ืš ืจื‘โ€ฌ P E R SO NA L G U IDAN CE FROM P E R SO NA BL E REBBEIM Personable rebbeim will guide you in every aspect of your learning and life. Even though our talmidim remain connected to their yeshivos in Israel, it is critical for each talmid to create a home base in America for their continued spiritual growth during their formative years and beyond. At Heichal, each talmid establishes a kesher with a rebbe in America, who will guide you throughout your dating and marriage, and continue to be a source of hadracha for your entire life.

โ€ซืงื ื” ืœืš ื— ื‘ ืจโ€ฌ STU D ENT L IFE & S P ECI AL PROGR AM S Heichalโ€™s chevra is focused on a single goal โ€“ growing as ovdei Hashem. Talmidim come from various backgrounds, but join together to form one unified yeshiva. The yeshiva coordinates amazing special programs to create a sense of chevra among the talmidim. These include: in-Shabbosim, Rosh HaShanah, Yom Kippur, Simchas Torah and Shavuos as a yeshiva as well as concerts and kumitzs with Eitan Katz, Beri Webber, Zusha, Yosef Karduner and so much more. The yeshiva regularly goes away for extended weekends at camps and hotels. In addition, the yeshiva also coordinates fun ski and waterpark trips to give the boys exciting times and much needed breaks throughout the zman.


heichalbm.org

7 SUNDAY - THURSDAY

SH ACHAR IS 7:55 AM MO R NIN G IYU N SE DE R 9:30 AM IYU N SHIU R WIT H R AV KE ST E N BAU M AND R AV RE IC HMAN 12:15 AM MIN CHA 1:00 PM

Heichal gives you the space you need to develop and blossom into your true best self while also being there to guide you and keep you on the right path. LEVI SPITZER, BROOKLYN, NY

LU N CH AN D BR E AK 1:15 PM *AF T ER NO ON IYU N KAL SE DE R 3:45 PM

FRIDAY

C H ABU R AH S 5:30 PM

SHACHARI S 7:55 AM

DIN N E R 6:00 PM

I YUN SED ER 9:30 AM

* N IG HT SE DE R โ€“ BE K IU S , C HAZ AR AS H A SH IU R 8:00 PM

I YUN SHI UR/ PARSHAS HASHAVUAH 11:45 AM

MA A RIV 9:40 PM T H U R SDAY N IGHT PAR SHA WIT H R AV KE ST E N BAU M 10:00 PM

*The yeshiva encourages talmidim to attend college during afternoon or night seder at the appropriate time.


H

eichal HaTorah Bais Medrash began with a dream.

A dream to establish a small and passionate makom Torah in the heart of Teaneck where talmidim can strive to reach their full potential in learning and avodas Hashem. A Bais Medrash with learning on the highest level, shiurim that transmit a derech haLimud, with sincere davening and refinement of character at its core. A place where serious bnei Torah can become true talmidei chachamim. Under the guidance of world class maggidei shiur and mashgichim, talmidim would be able to plummet the depths of Gemara in a growth oriented and warm environment. That dream became a reality three years ago.

heichalbm.org

A PLACE WHERE SERIOUS BNEI TORAH CAN BECOME TRUE TALMIDEI CHACHAMIM.

8

Building on the incredible success of Heichal HaTorah High School, we welcomed 20 talmidim to begin the Bais Medrash. A small student

body came together from various yeshivos across Eretz Yisroel, afforded the talmidim an opportunity to forge lifelong relationships with their rebbeim and chaverim. Now 50 talmidim joined the Bais Medrash. As Heichal grows, we remain a place where your rebbeim know where you are holding. The yeshiva has regular Elul, winter, and summer zmanim, and bi-monthly in-Shabbosim. Heichal HaTorah Bais Medrash is located on the Heichal HaTorah campus in Teaneck, NJ, with over 200 high school talmidim. Talmidim of the Bais Medrash learn in the newly renovated Rozehzadah Bais Medrash and have access to all the wonderful facilities of Heichal HaTorah, including beautiful shiur rooms, an Olympic sized swimming pool, basketball court and workout gym and our brand new dorm opening Elul of 5753. At Heichal, we believe that talmidim should be equipped with the skills to succeed in their chosen career paths and provide for their families. To that end, we encourage talmidim to pursue a college degree with our


heichalbm.org

9

AT HEICHAL, WE BELIEVE THAT TALMIDIM SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH THE SKILLS TO SUCCEED IN THEIR CHOSEN CAREER PATHS AND PROVIDE FOR THEIR FAMILIES.

university partners, such as FDU, Touro University and Columbia University, at the right time and pace for each individual. We look forward to many more years of nachas from our talmidim. At Heichal we are here for you for life. ` BH, you have successfully completed a few years of bais medrash. Do not let your Avodas Hashem plateau there. Join us at the Heichal Bais Medrash to take your learning & avodah to the next level. Sincerely,

Rav Aryeh Stechler Rosh Yeshiva, Mosdos Heichal HaTorah

Rav Aryeh Stechler Rav Stechler founded Heichal HaTorah of Teaneck, NJ in 2013 and currently serves as the Rosh Yeshiva and Dean. Heichal is home to over 200 high school students and 60 talmidim in its Post-Israel Institute for Yeshiva and College Studies. Rav Stechler received his BA in Philosophy from Yeshiva College, semicha from RIETS under the guidance of HaRav Hershel Schachter and Rav Michael Rosensweig, and holds a certificate in School Leadership from Harvard Business School and Harvard School of Education. During the summers, Rav Stechler is the Rosh Kollel of Camp Shoko, the summer program affiliated with Heichal HaTorah. He offers lectures in Business Leadership in the Petrocelli School of Fairleigh Dickinson University in Teaneck, NJ. Prior to founding Heichal, Rav Stechler served as rabbi in Ahavath Torah in Englewood, NJ and Anshe Chessed in Linden, NJ. Rav Stechler also served as Executive Vice President of the RCBC and was a Gemara rebbe in High Schools for over a decade.

Rav Stechler is always available to answer your questions at ras@heichalHaTorah.org or call, text or WHATSAPP at 201.956.1965


Heichal Leadership Lay Leadership and Committees RABBINIC ADVISORY BOARD Rav Menachem Genack, CEO, OU Kosher Rav Mordechai Willig, Rosh Yeshiva, YU HEICHAL BOARD OF GOVERNORS Rabbi Simcha Katz, Chair Rabbi Josh Blass Avi Goldenberg Dr. Aron Schwarcz Gail Stechler HEICHAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS Yehuda Jacoby, Founding President Avi Goldenberg, Past President

Dr. Aron Schwarcz, Current President Avrom Forman Aliza Frohlich Avi Giloni Avi Goldenberg Betti Jacobson Rabbi Mark Karasick Nesanel Milstein (Advisor) Scott Rothenberg (Advisor) Rabbi Daniel Senter Aryeh Sheinbein Yudi Walden Aaron Wertentheil Tsvi Zilberstein

Educational Leadership Rav Aryeh Stechler, Rosh Yeshiva & Dean, ras@heichalHaTorah.org Rav Moshe Don Kestenbaum, Bais Medrash Mashgiach, rmdk@heichalHaTorah.org Rav Avi Epstein, Director of Admissions and Student Life, aviepstein@heichalHaTorah.org Rav Daniel Schwechter, High School Mashgiach, rdschwechter@heichalHaTorah.org Dr. Ari Klein, Director of Guidance, aklein@heichalHaTorah.org

Operational Leadership Teri Normand, Executive Director and CFO, Tnormand@heichalHaTorah.org

heichalbm.org

Aliza Blumenthal, Marketing and Development Coordinator, ablumenthal@heichalHaTorah.org

10

Yitti Karfunkel, Executive Assistant to the Rosh Yeshiva, yk@heichalHaTorah.org Rabbi Shimon Kronenberg, Facilities Manager, rsk@heichalHaTorah.org


heichalbm.org

11

Avrom & Ayelet Forman

Ephraim & Elana Sudwerts

Dr. MECHy & Ruchi Neiman

Dovid & Vivian Kestenbaum

Allen & Kami Tischler Blair & Elisabeth Axel Dr. Philip & Leah Kazlow

Yoel & Shoshana Dreifus

Aaron & Rachel Wertentheil Rabbi Menachem & Sarah Genack

Dr. Benjamin & Elana Rosenbluth

Henry & Vivian Rosenberg

Rabbi Simcha & Pesh Katz

Rabbi Mark & Linda Karasick

Moshe & Risa Lamm

The Bram Family

Zev & Suzy Litman

Yitzchak & Yaffa Buchen

Donny & Racheli Abramoff

Blair & Elisabeth Axel Avrom & Ayelet Forman

Stechler, Licht, Dayan, & Davidowicz Families

Naftalee & Tamar Zomberg

Mordechai & Zipporah Gasner

Robert & Deborah Marcus

Rabbi Simcha & Pesh Katz

Erik & Michelle Gross Nesanel & ALIZA Milstein

Yudi & Chaya Walden

Dr. David & Rena Resnick

Bistritzky Family Jonathan & Anne Rand Tim & Rita Levart Jonathan & Anat Stein

Tsvi & Sara Zilberstein

Shimon & Chana Assouline

Jonathan & Anat Stein

Leibel & Paula Rozner

Allen & Kami Tischler

Dr. Mark & Susan Wiesen

Shimon & Chana Assouline

Jackie & Chaya Feigenbaum

Levi & Michal Muller

Eli & Chedva Treitel Moshe & Tammy Greenberg

Binyomin & Bracha Wilhelm

Dr. Joseph & Lori Rozehzadeh

Yanky & Miryam Wurtzel

Avi & Anya Giloni

Aryeh & Arielle Sheinbein

Lenny & Chani Grunstein

Avrumi & Chana Frischman

Dr. Jonathan & Sherry Lewin

Robert & Deborah Marcus

DORMITORY ROOM DEDICATION

BAIS MEDRASH FOUNDERS

Rabbi Menachem & Sarah Genack

Gabriel & Polly Bousbib

Scott & Chedva Rothenberg

Rabbi Danny & Jodi Senter

Tim & Rita Levart

Scott & Chedva Rothenberg

Mordechai & Zipporah Gasner

Ephraim & Elana SUDWERTS

David & Feige Koegel

Rabbi Ruben & Dr. Sarita Gober

Naftalee & Tamar Zomberg

Erik & Michelle Gross

Yaakov & Miryam Wurtzel

Bram Family

Rabbi Yona & Leah Katz

Dr. MECHy & Ruchi Neiman Rabbi Mark & Linda Karasick

DORMITORY BED DEDICATION


โ€ซื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•โ€ฌ

heichalHaTorah.org

Learning at the Highest Level 12


heichalHaTorah.org

13

After learning at Merkaz HaTorah and the Mir, I was looking for a Bais Medrash with highlevel learning and warm rebbeim. Heichal Bais Medrash provides a perfect environment for growth while being accommodating to the needs of each individual talmid. I really cherish my close relationship with the mashgiach โ€“ Rav Kestenbaum. TZVIKI LIFF, BROOKLYN, NY


Learning at the Highest Level @ Heichal Bais Medrash

D

ear Talmidim,

Our goal in the Heichal HaTorah Bais Medrash is to help the talmidim continue to grow in their limud haTorah and avodas Hashem. These two goals are intertwined as Chazal say, (:โ€ซืชื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•โ€™ (ืžืกโ€™ ืขโ€ื– ื“ืฃ ื›โ€ฌ Although this is true for all forms of limud haTorah, there are specific forms of learning that are more effective than others. Rav Yisroel Salanter writes in his Iggeres Hamussar โ€ซื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ ื“ื™ื ื™โ€ฌ,โ€ซ ื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื– ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื”ื™ื˜ื‘โ€ฌ,โ€ซืœืชื—ืœื•ืื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื”โ€ฌ. Why is this true? R Yisroel explains, โ€ซื›ื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืชื•ืœื“โ€ฌ ,โ€ซ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸโ€ฌ,โ€ซืจืง ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืจื’ืœ ืจื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซ ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ,โ€ซืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืง ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืื• ืœืžืฆื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืง ื”ื™ื˜ื‘โ€ฌ,โ€ซื–ื•โ€ฌ .โ€ซ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขโ€ฌ,โ€ซืงื ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื ืคืฉโ€ฌ

heichalbm.org

Why is โ€ซ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌthe only way to make a strong โ€ซ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉโ€ฌthat will make a person naturally averse to the โ€ซ ?ืขื‘ื™ืจื”โ€ฌThe answer can be found in the โ€ซ ืžื”ืจโ€ืœโ€ฌin his โ€ซ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌin (โ€ซืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื˜ื”โ€ฌ .โ€ซ)ื“ืฃ ื›ื‘โ€ฌ

14

The Gemara there says, โ€ซืงืจื ื•ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืชโ€ื—โ€ฌ โ€™โ€ซ ืจโ€ฌ- ])โ€ซ[ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” (ืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืืจืฅโ€ฌ:โ€ซืืœืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจโ€ฌ. What is the reason for this? Why is someone who is proficient in the whole Tanach and Shisha Sidrei Mishna

considered an โ€ซ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅโ€ฌfor not having spent time with a rebbe to teach him the โ€ซ ืกื‘ืจื•ืชโ€ฌof the underlying reasons? The โ€ซ ืžื”ืจโ€ืœโ€ฌexplains, โ€ซ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœืโ€ฌ,โ€ซื›ื™ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืงืจื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืงื ื” ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ ื›ื™ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื›ืœื•โ€ฌ,โ€ซืงื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœืžื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืœืโ€ฌ,โ€ซื•ืื– ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขื ื”ืื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” [ืขืœ ืขื•ืžืงื”] ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจืง ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืจืง ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืงืจื ืขืโ€ฌ,โ€ซืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืื“ื [ื•ื”ื•ื] ืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ืงื ื” ื“ื‘ืจโ€ฌ. The essence of a person is his thinking mind. As Rashi says in the beginning of Bereishis (โ€ซ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœโ€ฌ- โ€ซื›ื“ืžื•ืชื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซ ื›ื•โ€ฌ,โ€ซ(ืโ€ฌ. Learning Torah with understanding is a mitzvah but is not changing the essence of the person. Only through deep understanding is the Torah connecting to his essence and becoming truly his. This is why Rav Yisroel says that โ€ซ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌis the way to change your nature. In the Heichal HaTorah Bais Medrash, we emphasize this โ€ซ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื”ื“ืง ื”ื™ื˜ื‘โ€ฌand โ€ซืฉื™ืžื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ืโ€ฌ. The rebbeim are always available and are constantly working with each bochur to bring him to the precise understanding of the depth of the sugyos. This is key to personal growth in all areas of avodas Hashem. Sincerely,

Rav Yitzchak Reichman Rav Yitzchak Reichman Iyun Maggid Shiur


15 heichalbm.org

SEDER

โ€ซืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœืโ€ฌ

Overview Morning seder will be the most important part of your day at Heichal. It is the seder where you will acquire the skills necessary to become a lamdan. Under the guidance of world-class maggidei shiur and mechanchim, you will learn your way through the yam haTalmud. Talmidim often write up their notes from iyun seder and take tests on what they are learning to solidify the limud and remember it far beyond that zman. Rav Yitzchak Reichman is a preeminent talmid chacham with years of experience teaching talmidim โ€œhow to learn.โ€ In his shiur, you will be carefully guided through each sugya, understanding every point in the Gemara and Rishonim until you have complete ownership of the sugya. You will be able to develop a real โ€œgeshmakโ€ in learning. On Friday mornings, Rav Yitzchak gives a very popular Chumash shiur on the Parshas Hashavua. Our mashgiach, Rav Moshe Don Kestenbaum, gives the other Iyun shiur in the morning. Rav Kestenbaum starts off the morning with a vaad discussing topics that talmidim encounter in their day-to-day lives including dating, middos, and shalom bayis. Rav Kestenbaum gives a very interactive shiur where each talmid is encouraged to participate and ask questions during shiur. We are fortunate to have two outstanding Shoel Uโ€™meishivim, Rav Nechemia Spitz and Rav Yitz Wagner. They are available throughout morning seder to learn with talmidim individually or to ask any question you may have in the sugya being learned. Of course, all rebbeim and meishivim are available outside of seder to review, take on an extra limud, or just to shmooze.

RAV YITZCHAK REICHMAN Rav Reichman is a talmid of Yeshiva Shaar HaTorah in Queens, where he developed a close relationship with the roshei yeshiva, Rav Kalman Epstein, shlitโ€a, and Rav Sholom Spitz, shlitโ€a, his father in law. In Eretz Yisroel, he learned in Yeshivas Brisk under the leadership of Rav Avrohom Yehoshua Soloveitchik. For 14 years, he learned in kollel in Bais Medrash Govoha in Lakewood, New Jersey, including, 6 years as a rosh chabura. This chabura focuses on the combination of classical lomdus and halacha, attracted a large number of outstanding avreichim interested in the derech haLimud as well as the hadracha they would receive in formal chaburos and oneon-one discussions. Rav Yitzchok also collaborated with his father, Rav Herschel Reichman of Yeshiva University, on a number of volumes of Reshimos Shiurei HaGrid Soloveichik, the shiurim of Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik, Rosh Yeshiva of YU.

RAV YITZCHAK REICHMAN is always available for questions at ryr@heichalhaTorah.org


Learning at the Highest Level @ Heichal Bais Medrash

D

ear Talmidim,

Our main goal at Heichal is your success as an eved Hashem. Your years spent in yeshiva are a critical time to develop your skills in learning to last you for the rest of your life. Some of the most important skills will be attained in the afternoon seder. In the afternoon, the main purpose is to cover ground with your chavrusa in the mesechta being learned. There is nothing sweeter than struggling through a Gemara and ultimately coming to a correct pshat. That is how you will gain the skills you need to become an independent learner and talmid chacham. I also offer a bekius shiur in the beginning of seder to get the talmidim started on what we will be learning that day. In addition to the chavrusa learning, there are lots of chabura options during the afternoon seder. These include: Pnimius with Rabbi Schwechter, Hilchos Shabbos with Rabbi Steinhart, Gemara Bekius with Rabbi Genack and Parsha with the Radziner Rebbe. Coming to Heichal will be one of the best decisions of your life. There will be a rebbe to help you every step along the way.

heichalbm.org

Sincerely,

16

Moshe Genack

Rav Moshe Genack Afternoon Seder Coordinator


SEDER

Overview Afternoon seder is of utmost importance in Heichal HaTorah. While during morning seder, talmidim are taught how to learn by their rebbeim, in afternoon seder, the talmidim put those skills into practice. The yeshiva learns the part of the mesechta which will not be learned in the morning THE AFTERNOON SEDER with aspirations to AFFORDS TALMIDIM complete the entire THE EXPERIENCE OF mesechta at the end LEARNING ON THEIR of the year. There is OWN AND DEVELOPING a festive and joyous THEIR OWN SKILLS. WITH seudas siyum at LOTS OF ADDITIONAL the end of the year CHABUROS AND SHIURIM celebrated with the OFFERED, EACH TALMID high school. CAN FIND THEIR OWN CHELEK IN TORAH AND Afternoon seder WHAT INTERESTS THEM. begins at 3:45. Talmidim are paired up into chavrusos and learn together during most of the seder. At 5:30, a variety of shiurim and chaburos (chugim) are offered. On Monday and Thursday, Heichal Mashgiach Rav Daniel Schwechter gives a Pnimius chaburah on a topic related to the parshah and personal growth. Additionally, every day at 5:45, Rav Raphi Steinhart gives a Hilchos Shabbos Chaburah on the 39 melachos and modern day applications. Before the Yamim Tovim, there are shiurim offered on inyanei dโ€™yomah by Rav Moshe Genack and Rav Ephraim Weller. Rav Englard, the Radziner Rebbe, often gives chaburahs on Chassidus during afternoon seder or night seder. Those who go to college in the afternoon often are able to move around their learning schedule to learn part of the seder every day, or the full seder on some days of the week. We encourage talmidim to take their college courses seriously, and whenever they are not in class, they can easily return to the bais medrash. The afternoon seder affords talmidim the experience of learning on their own and developing their own skills. With lots of additional chaburos and shiurim offered, each talmid can find their own chelek in Torah and what interests them. They can always reach out to one of the many rebbeim for guidance and chizuk.

R A BBI SKU L NIC K โ€™ S AF T E R NO ON SE D ER CHABURA Rabbi Pesach Skulnick is the 9th grade Senior Ram at Heichal HaTorah. He is renowned for his bekius in Shas and taking the Dirshu bechinos on all of Shas with Rashi and Tosafos numerous times. Rav Skulnick was a pillar of the Bais Medrash in Ner Yisroel for many years before coming to Heichal. There he ran a chabura of highly motivated talmidim who finished the yeshiva mesechta and took bechinos on it. For those talmidim in the Bais Medrash who are motivated to have a โ€œkinyanโ€ on the mesechta, Rav Skulnick gives special chaburos and bechinos enabling them to reach this tremendous accomplishment. He leads an elite afternoon seder in the Heichal Bais Medrash that masters the yeshiva's mesichta cover to cover.

17 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœืโ€ฌ

RAV MOSHE GENACK Rav Moshe Genack has been teaching Torah in formal and informal settings for over ten years. His shiurim have become known for their clarity of thought and presentation, as he is able to make complex sugyos comprehensible and coherent. A talmid of Shaar HaTorah and Mir Yerushalayim, he credits his rebbeim for their profound impact on his derech haLimud. The author and editor of numerous seforim, he most recently published Kalos Moshe, about which Rav Asher Weiss wrote, โ€œI am astounded how the author dove into intricate topics with great knowledge and lucidity.โ€ Rav Genack graduated from Touro College with a B.A. in Psychology and received an M.B.A. in nonprofit management. He completed his semicha at RIETS where he studied under Rav Hershel Schachter.

Rav GENACK is always available for questions at RMG@HEICHALHaTorah.ORG


Learning at the Highest Level @ Heichal Bais Medrash

heichalbm.org

Finding a chevra at Heichal was so easy. The Rebbeim care for each of the talmidim like weโ€™re their own child.

18

MOISHE SCHMELZER, MONSEY, NY


19 heichalbm.org

CHABURAHS

โ€ซืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœืโ€ฌ

DAILY MUSSAR CHABURAH Rav Moshe Don Kestenbaum, world renowned author of Olam HaMiddos, begins each day with an optional chaburah in Mussar. The schmoozin focus on how we can become better people, husbands and fathers.

HILCHOS SHABBOS CHABURAH Rav Raphi Steinhart, afternoon Shoel U'Meishiv, is known for his warm personality and open home, where the talmidim are always welcome for a Shabbos meal. Rav Steinhart offers a daily chaburah at the end of afternoon seder. He learns through Hilchos Shabbos in a complex, but clear style, explaining the lomdus behind the halacha.

PNIMIOS CHABURAH Rav Daniel Schwechter, famed mashgiach of the Heichal High School, is always available to meet with Heichal Bais Medrash bochrim. He hosts small chaburahs in his office with Bais Medrash talmidim, usually in Seforim HaKedoshim. In addition, he gives a weekly chaburah in Pineemus in the Rozehzadeh Bais Medrash, exclusively for Heichal Bais Medrash talmidim.

CHASSIDUS CHABURAH Rav Nosson Englard, known the world over as the Radziner Rebbe (Teleporter Rebbe), can often be seen in the Heichal Bais Medrash schmoozing with the bochrim. One of the highlights of the year is the Shabbosim the rebbe spends at Heichal. The Rebbe offers weekly chaburahs in Ishbitz/ Radzin seforim and shares his family stories, traditions and approach to Yiddishkeit with the Heichal Bais Medrash talmidim. SHIURIM FROM HAGAON RAV SHOLOM SPITZ , SHLIT โ€A This year, we have been privileged to have Rav Sholom Spitz shlitโ€a deliver shiurim to the Bais Medrash on a bi-weekly basis. Rav Spitz is the Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivas Shaar HaTorah-Grodno and one of the preeminent maggidei shiur of our generation. With thousands of talmidim, Rav Spitz is known for his breadth and depth in all areas of Torah. He is especially renowned for his clarity of thought and ability to impart a derech haLimud. He is the rebbe of many of our rebbeim, including his son Rav Nechemia Spitz and his sonin-law Rav Yitzchak Reichman. We feel very fortunate to have Rav Spitz be marbitz Torah within the walls of Heichal HaTorah.


Learning at the Highest Level @ Heichal Bais Medrash

โ€ซื•ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื ื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื•ืื•ืช ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจื™ืšโ€ฌ

Rav Moshe Don Kestenbaum Mashgiach

Heichal HaTorah is a place where a young man transforms into a Ben Torah. Rebbeim dedicate their total โ€ซ ืœื‘ ืฉืœืโ€ฌto ensure the success of each โ€ซืชืœืžื™ื“โ€ฌ.

heichalbm.org

Rav Yitzchak Reichman

20

Rav Aryeh Stechler Rosh Yeshiva

Rav Rafi Steinhart


21 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœืโ€ฌ

Rav Nosson Englard

Rav avi epstein

Rav Moshe Genack

Rav Mordechai Reiss

Rav Daniel Schwechter

Rav Nechemia Spitz

Rav Yitz Wagner

Rav Ephraim Weller

Rav Eli Zakutinsky


Learning at the Highest Level @ Heichal Bais Medrash

OUR REBBEIM R AV ARYE H STEC HL E R Rosh Yeshiva

Rav Stechler founded Heichal HaTorah of Teaneck, NJ in 2013 and currently serves as the Rosh Yeshiva and Dean. Heichal is home to 181 high school students and 40 talmidim in its Post-Israel Institute for Yeshiva and College Studies. Rav Stechler received his BA in Philosophy from Yeshiva College, semicha from RIETS under the guidance of HaRav Hershel Schachter and Rav Michael Rosensweig, and holds a certificate in School Leadership from Harvard Business School and Harvard School of Education. During the summers, Rav Stechler is the Rosh Kollel of Camp Shoko, the Torah and fun summer program affiliated with Heichal HaTorah. He offers lectures in Business Leadership in the Petrocelli School of Fairleigh Dickinson University in Teaneck, NJ. Prior to founding Heichal, Rav Stechler served as rabbi in Ahavath Torah in Englewood, NJ and Anshe Chessed in Linden, NJ. Rav Stechler also served as Executive Vice President of the RCBC and was a Gemara rebbe in high schools for over a decade.

heichalbm.org

Rav Stechler is always available to answer your questions at ras@heichalhatorah.org or 201-956-1965.

22


R AV MOSHE GENACK

Rav Moshe Genack has been teaching Torah in formal and informal settings for over ten years. His shiurim have become known for their clarity of thought and presentation, as he is able to make complex sugyos comprehensible and coherent. A talmid of Shaar HaTorah and Mir Yerushalayim, he credits his rebbeim for their profound impact on his derech haLimud. The author and editor of numerous seforim, he most recently published Kalos Moshe, about which Rav Asher Weiss wrote, โ€œI am astounded how the author dove into intricate topics with great knowledge and lucidity.โ€ Rav Genack graduated from Touro College with a B.A. in Psychology and received an M.B.A. in nonprofit management. He completed his semicha at Yeshiva University where he studied under Rav Hershel Schachter.

RAV MOSHE GENACK

Rav Genack is always available to answer your questions at rmg@heichalhaTorah.org.

R AV PE SACH SKULNI CK

Rav Skulnick is the Senior Ram and 9th grade rebbe and the first rebbe who partnered with Rav Stechler to form Heichal. Rav Skulnick learned in Ner Yisroel in Baltimore for 17 years and offered an afternoon chaburah to advanced students. Hundreds of Ner Yisroel talmidim consider Rav Skulnick their Rebbe Muvhak. He has spent the last 15 summers at Camp Romimu, where he teaches the ninth grade shiur. He completed his undergraduate degree and CPA studies at the University of Maryland. He studied in Kerem Bโ€™ Yavneh for two years. Rav Skulnickโ€™s warm and personable character, coupled with his deep concern for the religious and emotional development of each talmid, make him one of the most sought-after rebbeim in the country. Rav Skulnick enjoys playing basketball with the talmidim and often invites them over to his home to enjoy the rebbetzinโ€™s baking. Rav Skulnick is always available to answer your questions at rps@heichalhaTorah.org.

RAV PESACH SKULNICK

R AV DANI EL SCHWECHTER

Rav Reuven Tzvi (Daniel) Schwechter learned in Yeshivat Reishit for one year under Rav Chaim Soloveitchik, and at Y.U. under Rav Baruch Simon. Rav Schwechter has an undergraduate degree in psychology. He received semicha from Rav Schachter, having learned in his kollel for three years, two of which he spent in the satellite kollel in the DRS bais medrash with Rosh Kollel Rav Shmuel Marcus. After receiving semichah, he became a rebbe at Westchester Day School, and eventually became the mashgiach ruchani. He is a close talmid of Rav Judah Mischel and can often be found in the Bais Medrash Ishei Yisroel in Woodmere, learning from Rav Naftali Tzvi Weitz. Rav Schwechter is renowned for his commitment to, and connection with, all types of talmidim, and gives shiurim both in the high school and bais medrash. He is available to meet with talmidim, one-on-one, to help guide them along their personal path in avodas Hashem. He lives with his wife and children in Woodmere. Rav Schwechter is always available to answer your questions at rdschwechter@heichalhaTorah.org.

RAV DANIEL SCHWECHTER

23 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœืโ€ฌ


Learning at the Highest Level @ Heichal Bais Medrash

OUR REBBEIM R AV MO SHE DON K E ST E N BAUM Mashgiach

Rav Kestenbaum was a rebbe at the Mesivta of Waterbury for more than a decade. He writes a weekly column in the Yated Neโ€™eman and gives daily shiurim on Torah Anytime. He has also authored four sefarim, two in Hebrew, Olam Hamiddos and Olam Haโ€™avodah, as well as two in English, Run After the Right Kavod, and The Heart of Parenting. The sefer Olam Hamiddos was published in English by Artscroll.

heichalbm.org

Rav Kestenbaum is always available to answer your questions at rmdk@heichalhaTorah.org.

24


RAV RAFI STEI NHART

Rav Rafi Steinhart oversees the Heichal Bais Medrash Bekius program where every talmid is encouraged to finish the mesechta the yeshiva is learning that year. In addition to finishing the mesechta, Rav Steinhart encourages the talmidim to delve into the sugyos they are learning, by looking at the Rishonim and Achronim. Rav Steinhart taught at Yeshiva Gedolah of Teaneck and Heichal HaTorah High School. Rav Steinhart also offers a Hilchos Shabbos Chabura where he goes through the modern day applications to the 39 Melachos. Rav Steinhart lives in Teaneck with his wife and children and often can be found hosting the talmidim for Shabbos meals.

RAV RAFI STEINHART

Rav Steinhart is always available to answer your questions at rrs@heichalhaTorah.org.

RAV EPHRAI M WELLER

Rav Ephraim Weller is a product of Yeshiva of Far Rockaway, where he learned under Rav Moshe Brown and Rav Yechiel Perr. He learned in Eretz Yisroel in Yeshivas Ner Moshe under Rav Sholom Schechter. After getting married, he returned to Eretz Yisroel to learn in Yeshivas Mir under Rav Asher Arieli, who he still has a close connection with. A prolific mechaber seforim, Rav Weller is the author of Bnei Binah and Shashuey Ephraim which are seforim on the moadim. He also gives shiurim on various Halacha topics throughout the year. Rav Weller is in Heichal in the afternoon and is often sought after for his vast knowledge of Halacha. Rav Weller is always available to answer your questions at (917) 574-9736 or eweller4@gmail.com.

RAV YI TZ WAGNER RAV EPHRAIM WELLER

Rav Yitz Wagner was born and raised in Passaic, NJ. He learned in Yeshiva Gedolah of Passaic under Rav Meir Stern, with whom he still keeps a close kesher. He learned in Eretz Yisroel in Yeshivas Mir. After he got married, he returned to Eretz Yisroel and served as a shoel uโ€™meishiv in Yeshivas Aderes HaTorah (Rav Chaim Zvi Senter) where he became increasingly popular. Rav Wagner is in Heichal in the morning to help talmidim prepare for Rav Kestenbaumโ€™s shiur. He lives in Passaic with his family. Rav Wagner is always available to answer your questions at (602) 390-3401 or Yitzyisaac@gmail.com.

RAV YITZ WAGNER

25 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœืโ€ฌ


Learning at the Highest Level @ Heichal Bais Medrash

OUR REBBEIM RAV YI TZCHAK REI CHM A N Maggid Shiur

Rav Reichman is a talmid of Yeshiva Shaar HaTorah in Queens, where he developed a close relationship with the roshei yeshiva, Rav Kalman Epstein, shlitโ€a and Rav Sholom Spitz, shlitโ€a. In Eretz Yisroel, he learned in Yeshivas Brisk under the leadership of Rav Avrohom Yehoshua Soloveitchik. For the past 14 years, he has learned in kollel in Bais Medrash Govoha in Lakewood, New Jersey, including, most recently, 6 years as a rosh chabura. The chabura, which focused on the combination of classical lomdus and Halacha, has attracted a large number of outstanding avreichim interested in the derech haLimud as well as the hadracha they would receive in formal chaburos and one-on-one discussions. Rav Yitzchok also collaborated with his father, Rav Herschel Reichman of Yeshiva University, on a number of volumes of Reshimos Shiurei HaGrid Soloveichik. He currently lives in Lakewood with his wife and children.

heichalbm.org

Rav Reichman is always available to answer your questions at ryr@heichalhaTorah.org.

26


R AV NECHEM I A SPI TZ

Rav Nechemia Spitz attended high school in Yeshiva Shaar HaTorah, founded by his father Rav Sholom Spitz shlit"a. He then went on to learn in Yeshivas Torah Temimah and Yeshivas Zichron Moshe - South Fallsburg, and studied under Rav Shlomo Feivel Schustel and Rav Elya Ber Wachtfogel, respectively. He then went on to learn in Eretz Yisroel in Yeshivas Brisk under Rav Avrohom Yehoshua Soloveitchik.

RAV NECHEMIA SPITZ

Rav Spitz was a member of the kollel at Beth Medrash Govoha for more than a decade. Before coming to Heichal HaTorah, Rav Spitz served as a popular Shoel U'meishiv in the bais medrash of Yeshiva Shaar HaTorah. Rav Spitz helps talmidim prepare for morning shiur and has many individual chavrusos with talmidim during bein hasedarim or bein hazmanim. Rav Spitz is always available to answer your questions at (732) 309-4179.

R AV ELI ZAKATI NSKY

Rav Eli Zakatinsky is a night seder rebbe at Heichal. Rav Zakatinsky learned in Yeshivas Shaar HaTorah and the Mir, where he learned under Rav Asher Arieli and Rav Akiva Friedman.He went on to receive semicha from Yeshivas Mir and Rav Zalman Druck. Rav Zakatinsky served as a shoel uโ€™meishiv in Yeshivas Merkaz HaTorah for two years before moving back to America. Rav Zakatinsky currently lives in Passaic with his wife and children. Rav Zakatinsky is always available to answer your questions at rez@heichalhaTorah.org.

RAV ELI ZAKATINSKY

R AV M ORD ECHAI REI SS

Rav Reiss is a tenth grade Bekius rebbe and a bais medrash night seder rebbe at Heichal HaTorah. He is excited to be part of the thriving learning environment that makes Heichal HaTorah special. Rav Reiss grew up in Flatbush, where he attended Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim for elementary and high school. He attended Philadelphia Yeshiva for bais medrash where he learned under Rav Shmuel Kaminetsky shlitโ€a and earned a BA in Talmudic Law. He then learned in Eretz Yisroel in the yeshiva of Rav Dovid Soloveitchik ztโ€l where he spent two years learning Kodshim. He then went on to learn in Bais Medrash Gavoha for a number of years, earning a masters in Talmudic Law. Rav Reiss currently resides in Passaic, where he was a member of the Passaic Clifton Community Kollel for three years. He gives a weekly Halacha shiur at Rabbi Halberstamโ€™s shul in Passaic, as well as numerous other shiurim in the Passaic and Bergenfield communities. Rav Reiss makes sure that every talmid understands their rebbeโ€™s shiur clearly by reviewing with them at night seder. Rav Reiss has most recently been learning and teaching at the Passaic-Clifton Community Kollel. Rav Reiss is always available to answer your questions at rmr@heichalhaTorah.org.

RAV MORDECHAI REISS

27 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœืโ€ฌ


Your Career is Our Business

โ€ซื™ืคื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ฌ

your career is our business

heichalbm.org

COLLEGE OPTIONS FOR THE HEICHAL BAIS MEDRASH FAIRLEIGH DICKINSON UNIVERSITY LANDER COLLEGE FOR MEN/TOURO UNIVERSITY

28


29 heichalbm.org

โ€ซื™ืคื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ฌ

After spending two years at Netiv Aryeh, Heichal Bais Medrash offers me the perfect balance of serious learning and being able to pursue a college degree at FDU. I could not have asked for a better chevra. YONI SOKOL, WOODMERE, NY


Your Career is Our Business

D

ear prospective talmidim,

Here at Heichal, your career is our business. We believe that you should be able to pursue whatever career you choose, whether it be in business, medicine, or klei kodesh. To that end, we will help you along that path to begin your dream career. As the head of college and professional guidance, I work with each talmid individually to work out an achievable college plan to meet his goals.

WE BELIEVE THAT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO PURSUE WHATEVER CAREER YOU CHOOSE, WHETHER IT BE IN BUSINESS, MEDICINE, OR KLEI KODESH. TO THAT END, WE WILL HELP YOU ALONG THAT PATH TO BEGIN YOUR DREAM CAREER.

heichalbm.org

We are partners with FDU and Lander College for Men, where talmidim can conveniently pursue their degree while learning full-time at Heichal. The deans from each respective university will work with you to find the right courses for you to take. It is a seamless process and you will be done with your degree before you know it.

30

Professor Goldman of FDU and Dean Sokol of Lander College for Men regularly visit Heichal to explain your different college and career options at their respective schools. We have partnered with excellent universities including FDU, Landers and Columbia where you can receive a college degree while learning full time at Heichal, in many cases without leaving our building. I look forward to meeting you, and guiding you through every step of your journey. Sincerely,

Dr. Elliot Prager Dr. Elliot Prager College and Professional Guidance Heichal Bais Medrash

I love the diversity of the guys and how no matter what age or background you are, it's one family. ELI SOLED, PASSAIC NJ


31 heichalbm.org

โ€ซื™ืคื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ฌ

Lander College for Men Heichal talmidim who pursue a degree at Lander College for Men take Lander courses on Monday and Wednesday evenings. Most students drive to the campus in Queens, which is a 30 minute drive at that time of night. Others Zoom into classes or take the Heichal van to Lander College. The Lander BA is usually completed in two years, depending on the major.

Fairleigh Dickinson University Heichal talmidim who pursue a degree at Farleigh Dickinson University take FDU courses at 2pm or 5pm either Mondays/ Wednesdays or Tuesdays/Thursdays. This allows them to easily attend two, and sometimes three sedarim a day. These courses are sometimes offered online and sometimes offered in person in the Heichal classrooms. FDU degree consists of 10 FDU courses in your area of specialization and then allows for the transferring in of 72 Yeshiva credits, of which some or all can be earned at Heichal HaTorah. In addition, 6 exams are required.

DR. ELLIOT PRAGER Dr. Elliot Prager has worked in the field of Jewish education for over 30 years. Dr. Prager advises and guides talmidim regarding their best options for choosing a career and college education. Dr. Prager has lived in Israel where he taught at the Institute for Youth Leaders from Abroad, Hebrew University, and Yad VaShem. Upon returning to the U.S., he served on the faculty of the BrandeisBardin Institute, and held Head of School positions at the Reuben Gittelman Hebrew Day School in Rockland County, the Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School in Rockville, Maryland, and The Moriah School in Englewood.

DR. ELLIOT PRAGER is always available to answer your questions at DRPRAGER@HEICHALHaTorah.ORG.


Your Career is Our Business

evening program FOR STU D EN TS L E AR N ING I N H EIC H AL DU R ING TH E DAY, T H E TO U R O EVE NING CO LL EG E DEGR E E PR OGR AM AL LOWS YOU TO GE T A CO LL EG E E DU CAT ION AT N IG H T. During the commuting times to and from the Queens campus, Lander is a 30 minute drive from Heichal. Currently, there is a carpool of students, but should the number of students grow, Heichal will provide a van. There is also the option to Zoom into classes at Touro, from the Heichal college room in the new dormitory.

heichalbm.org

The Evening Program maintains the hallmarks of a great Touro education - exceptional faculty, small classes, personal attention and excellent placement rates. From common majors in business and the natural sciences to profession-oriented majors in prehealth and pre-engineering, the Heichal/Touro night college program offers a variety of options that are designed to guide you toward a fulfilling and successful career.

32


RABBI DR. MOSHE SOKOL , DEAN Dean Moshe Sokol, who holds a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, where he was a Thyssen Foundation Research Fellow, received semicha from the Israel Torah Research Institute (ITRI) in Jerusalem after seven years of post-high school studies in yeshivos in Philadelphia, New York and Israel. He has taught at the University of Pennsylvania, New York University, and Touro College graduate and undergraduate schools. Dean Sokol has served Touro College in various administrative capacities, including founding and directing the Graduate School of Jewish Studies and a collaborative medical program with the Technion in Israel. He has also served as Senior Program Officer at the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture, where he traveled around the world organizing seminars and educational programs. Widely recognized in his field, Dean Sokol, who holds the rank of full professor, has written or edited four books and published some two dozen articles on ethics and Jewish Studies in major British, American and Israeli journals, and lectured at conferences around the world. Dean Sokol is always available to answer your questions about the Lander BA Program. Email: moshe.sokol@touro.edu Phone: 718-820-4888

To learn more about the program visit: https://lcm.touro.edu/evening-program To apply visit: https://app.applyyourself.com/AYApplicantLogin/fl_ApplicantLogin.asp?id=touro

33 heichalbm.org

โ€ซื™ืคื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ฌ


Your Career is Our Business

Lander Career Services can help you take the next step.

E

arning your degree is just one of many steps in your journey. Crafting a strong resume, exploring your networks, attending job fairs, helping you with your job search, finding (or starting!) the company that will use and develop your skillsโ€”these are all important parts of your path to the right career. We can provide you with the tools and confidence to put your best foot forward.

CORE REQUIREMENTS No single major can teach you all youโ€™ll need to know to thrive academically and professionally. The Lander Core Curriculum provides students a broad base of knowledge across the natural and social sciences and humanities, with an emphasis on writing, research, and analytical skills.

heichalbm.org

Core requirements include nine courses equaling 27 credits, as follows: โ€ข LLE 101 and 102: English Composition I and II (6 credits) Unless exempted by placement examination โ€ข LLE 223 or LLE 224: Survey of Western Literature I or II (3 credits) โ€ข HIS 223 or HIS 224: Survey of Western History I or II (3 credits) โ€ข HIS 155 or HIS 156: Survey of Jewish People I or II (3 credits) โ€ข One semester of Mathematics (3 credits) Cannot include MAT 111 โ€ข One semester of a Liberal Arts & Science (3 credits) Course must be outside of major department โ€ข One semester of Natural Science (3 credits) For students not majoring in Natural Science โ€ข One semester of Social Science (3 credits) For students not majoring in Social Science โ€ข MCO 140 or MCO 104: One semester of Computer Science (3 credits) For students not majoring in that area

34

In addition to the core curriculum, all students must satisfy the following degree requirements to graduate: โ€ข Completion of 120 College-approved credits โ€ข BS Requirements: 60 credits of liberal arts and science โ€ข BA Requirements: 90 credits of liberal arts and science โ€ข Completion of at least 3 credits of Intensive Talmud each full-time semester โ€ข Completion of JSL 187 Contemporary Problems in Jewish Law course โ€ข Completion of a major โ€ข 50% of major courses should be completed at the college โ€ข 45 credits completed in residency at the College โ€ข Cumulative GPA of 2.0; at least a 2.3 GPA in an approved major โ€ข Some departments require examinations, additional course work, or a higher grade point average โ€ข SPLN 501 Succeeding after College: Communications Workshop (0 credits) Required for students who start LCM September, 2021.

Students may seek a waiver of college curricular requirements if they propose an alternative plan equal in academic breadth and depth to the stated requirements. Such a plan must receive prior written approval from the Dean of the College, Dr. Sokol.


TUITION & FEES

LIST OF MAJORS/MINORS

Tuition and fees are payable to Touro upon registration at the beginning of each semester. Students may pay by personal check, bank check, certified check, money order or credit card. Students financing a portion of their education through grants, loans or scholarships must pay a deposit toward their tuition and will be refunded any excess once the college receives the award.

MAJORS โ€ข Accounting and Business โ€ข Accounting (for CPA candidates) โ€ข Finance โ€ข Management/Marketing โ€ข Managerial Accounting โ€ข Computer Science and Information Technology โ€ข Computer Science โ€ข Information Systems Data Communications Track โ€ข Management Information Systems โ€“ Programming Track โ€ข Education โ€ข Chinuch Track โ€ข Natural Sciences and Pre-Health Professions โ€ข Biology (Honors Track Available) โ€ข Chemistry โ€ข Pre-Physical Therapy โ€ข Pre-Dental Sequence โ€ข Pre-Medical Sequence โ€ข Pre-Occupational Therapy โ€ข Math and Pre-Engineering โ€ข Mathematics/Actuarial Studies

These are the current charges for the 2021 โ€“ 2022 academic year. Tuition and fees are subject to change. The Touro College Board of Trustees reserves the right to change the fee schedule without prior written notice. Talmidim who are also registered in the Heichal HaTorah Bais Medrash receive significant discounts on these fees.

FALL & SPRING SEMESTERS Part-time Tuition (1-11 credits)

$810 per credit

Full-time Tuition (12-18 credits)

$9,675 flat fee per semester

Full-time Tuition (18+ credits)

$9,585 + 800 per credit for each credit over 18 per semester

Administrative fee

$150 per semester (non-refundable)

Technology Fee

$100 per semester (non-refundable)

SAMPLE SCHEDULE YECHEZKEL JUNI

(HEICHAL /L ANDERS) 7:55 - Shachris 9:35 - Statistics (M/W) 8:45 - Breakfast Night Seder (S/T/TH) 9:30 - Morning Seder 12:00 - Shiur 1:00 - Mincha 1:15 - Lunch 3:45 - Afternoon Seder (S-TH) 5:55 - Principles of Biology (M/W) 7:05 - General Chemistry ((M/W) 8:10 - Break

โ€ข Pre-Engineering โ€ข Behavioral and Social Sciences โ€ข Political Science (Honors Track Available) โ€ข Pre-Law โ€ข Psychology (Honors Track Available) MINORS โ€ข Biology โ€ข Chemistry โ€ข Finance โ€ข History โ€ข International Business (for business majors) โ€ข Jewish Studies โ€ข Information Technology (Management Information Systems) โ€ข Management/Marketing (for non-business majors) โ€ข Mathematics/Actuarial Studies โ€ข Political Science โ€ข Psychology

HEICHAL/TOURO EVENING PROGRAM FACULTY ACCOUNTING Prof. Chayim Herskowitz Michelle Wang

JEWISH HISTORY Moshe Y. Miller Joseph Sonnenblick

BIOLOGY Artur Babayan Majeedul H. Chowdhury Kenneth Danishefsky

LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE Matthew Zarnowiecki

COMPUTER SCIENCE Shmuel Abrahamson Mordechai Adelman Moshe Erlbaum Jonathan Robinson CHEMISTRY Jacob Newman Ann E. Shinnar ENGLISH Herbert Schlager FINANCE Kenneth Bigel FINANCE AND PHYSICS Gabriel Feldmar William Fischbein HISTORY Richard Ninness

LITERATURE Dean Mendell MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING Ira Teich MARKETING Dr. John Tantillo MATHEMATICS Oleg Friedman POLITICAL SCIENCE Thomas Rozinski, JD, MA Israel Singer PSYCHOLOGY Leib Litman Cheryl Miodownik Alan Perry SPEECH Alan Rodin

35 heichalbm.org

โ€ซื™ืคื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ฌ


Your Career is Our Business

Fairleigh Dickinson University evening program DE SIG N E D FO R TH E O RT H O D OX J EWISH CO M M U N ITY, T H E YESH IVA AN D SE MINARY PR O G RAM AT FAIR L E IGH DIC K IN SO N U N IVE R SITY allows yeshiva and seminary students to transfer up to 72 credits from yeshiva and 18 credits received from taking exams, and then earn a Bachelor of Arts degree in less than 15 months (in just 10 courses at FDU). As a student in FDUโ€™s Yeshiva Program for men or Seminary Program for women, youโ€™ll complete your bachelorโ€™s degree and achieve career success through exceptional academics, supportive professors and affordable tuition.

heichalbm.org

The Yeshiva and Seminary Program has graduated hundreds of yeshiva and seminary students who have gone on to graduate and professional schools such as Harvard, Columbia, and Penn Law Schools, Johns Hopkins Medical School, the FDU Silberman College of Business MS in Accounting program, Rutgers Dental School, Wurzweiler and Touro Schools of Social Work, Wharton School of Business and various MBA Programs. Our students have also pursued various careers in business with their college degrees.

36

Program learning outcomes Each college program has identified outcome measures that indicate whether students are successful in meeting the specific outcomes for the program. The following are outcome measures that will be assessed for the Bachelor of Arts Degree Completion program:

โ€ข COMMUNICATION: An FDU graduate will demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively in written documents, when making oral presentations, and, when appropriate, by using graphic presentation software. This outcome is also aligned with FDU University learning outcomes for written communication, oral communication and information literacy.

โ€ข CRITICAL THINKING: An FDU graduate will demonstrate the ability to define problems; to use information resources such as libraries and computers; and to analyze and integrate knowledge, perspectives and techniques. This outcome is also aligned with FDU University learning outcomes for critical thinking.

โ€ข GLOBAL AND CULTURE UNDERSTANDING : An FDU graduate will demonstrate an understanding of the historic and global context of events and achievements over time as treated in subjects such as history, the arts and the humanities with an awareness of and sensitivity to global problems and social issues, including those involving ethnic and cultural differences. This outcome is also aligned with FDU University learning outcomes for Global Understanding and Cultural Understanding.

โ€ข SPECIALIZATION: An FDU graduate will demonstrate the mastery of a body of knowledge in one subject area or a group of related areas that will be considered the graduateโ€™s specialization.


DEAN ERIC GOLDMAN Eric A. Goldman is the dean of the FDU Yeshiva program. Mr. Goldman is also an adjunct associate professor of cinema at Yeshiva University, as well as the founder and president of Ergo Media Inc., a New Jersey-based film distribution company specializing in Jewish cinema. Dr. Goldman serves as the film reviewer for Northern New Jerseyโ€™s โ€œThe Jewish Standard.โ€

37 heichalbm.org

โ€ซื™ืคื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ฌ

Dr. Goldman is a known scholar and lecturer on Yiddish, Israeli and Jewish film and a noted film educator. He is former director of the Jewish Media Service, which was a national clearinghouse on film and television for the North American Jewish community and was curator of film for the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. He has also curated several Jewish film festivals, including the Ring Family Israel Film Series at Y.U. in Spring 2012. Eric Goldman received a Ph.D. in Cinema Studies from New York University and was a fellow of the Max Weinreich Center for Eastern European Jewish Studies at Columbia University. He was also adjunct fellow in cinema at The Center for Advanced Judaic Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. In addition, Dr. Goldman holds graduate degrees in Contemporary Jewish Studies and Theater Arts from Brandeis University. He is the author of โ€œVisions, Images and Dreams: Yiddish Film Past and Presentโ€ (Holmes and Meier Publishers, 2011) and a new book about the American Jewish encounter with cinema, โ€œThe American Jewish Story through Cinema,โ€ published in April by University of Texas Press. Dean Goldman is always available to answer any questions about the FDU Yeshiva degree program. Email: goldman@fdu.edu

To learn more about the FDU/Heichal/Yeshiva program or to apply visit https://www.fdu.edu/program/yeshiva-and-seminary-program/

ADMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS

FACULTY

โ€ข Completed online application. There is no fee to apply. โ€ข Proof of a high school diploma (official transcript) or GED. โ€ข One year of post-secondary yeshiva/seminary studies in a recognized program. โ€ข Official yeshiva/seminary transcripts.

PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS โ€ข In-person as well as synchronous and asynchronous online classes. โ€ข Tuition is approximately $20,000 for the entire degree. โ€ข Transfer up to 90 credits (up to 72 credits from prior yeshiva and seminary study and up to 18 more from the CLEP or other exams and colleges) into the program and complete your BA in just one year. โ€ข Dedicated faculty who deliver highly specialized career development and graduate assistance that is tailored to meet the needs of yeshiva and seminary students. โ€ข Get ahead with shorter terms, including โ€œBein HaZmanimโ€ mini sessions. โ€ข Customize your degree with a specialization in business, psychology, entrepreneurship, public administration, healthcare administration, or pre-med.

DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

Additional contact information: Dr. Francisco Parra, Assistant Director and Academic Advisor 201-692-2746 201-692-2503 fparra@fdu.edu

โ€ข Catherine Acosta: catacosta@fdu.edu โ€ข W. Antoine Alexakos: wantoine@fdu.edu โ€ข Mike Dyrek: dyrek@fdu.edu โ€ข Moran Goldfarb: goldfarb@fdu.edu โ€ข Eric Goldman: goldman@fdu.edu โ€ข Miranda Haines: m_albert@fdu.edu โ€ข Henry Heinemann: henry_heinemann@fdu.edu โ€ข Ira Jaskoll: jaskoll@fdu.edu โ€ข Leon Kurland: lkurland@fdu.edu โ€ข Robert Medaska: rmedaska@fdu.edu โ€ข Francisco Parra: fparra@fdu.edu โ€ข Aliza Rabinowitz: cfadr123@gmail.com โ€ข Aryeh Stechler: ras@heichalhaTorah.org โ€ข Yitz Stern: bigyitz@fdu.edu โ€ข Michael Stone: mstone0123@gmail.com โ€ข Thomas Swanzey: thomas_s@fdu.edu โ€ข Riki Traum-Avidan: profrt@fdu.edu โ€ข Ira Treuhaft: itreu001@fdu.edu โ€ข Athos Vardouniotis: athosvar@fdu.edu

โ€ข Completion of 120 credits (at least 30 at FDU) โ€ข Cumulative GPA of 2.0 in upper-level courses completed at FDU โ€ข Completion of 18 credits in the chosen specialization Every student must take at least 30 credits (including online courses) with FDU. Out of these 30 credits, the following must be taken at FDU: โ€ข 6 credits of Advanced English โ€ข 18 credits of the degree concentration โ€ข 6 credits of CORE courses (Global Issues and Cross-Cultural Perspectives) In addition, the following requirements must be fulfilled: โ€ข 6 credits of English (English Composition/Writing I & II) โ€ข 3 credits of Speech/Public Speaking โ€ข 6 credits of Natural Science โ€ข 6 credits of Math, 3 of which may be in Computer Science If you are seeking financial aid, you must provide proof of high school graduation or of having attained a GED. All transfer credits should be submitted prior to the beginning of coursework and before students complete their FDU studies. The programs must be completed with FDU credits; that is, your last class must be taken at FDU. If you are taking a break, you should apply for a leave of absence. If you are gone from the University without a leave of absence, you must re-apply. You cannot simultaneously be a student at FDU and at another institution of higher learning (not including your yeshiva/seminary).

โ€œI chose to attend the FDU Yeshiva Program because it offered a flexible schedule, which allowed me to continue my Judaic studies, while still partaking in an undergrad program that would afford me all the professional opportunities I was looking for. While there, I was able to seek advice and utilize FDUโ€™s pre-law counseling to help me determine and get into the law schools best fit for me.โ€

JOSEPH NEUBURGER, HEICHAL BAIS '18


AQS

Your Career is Our Business

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Q: How many credits must I have before I may apply to the program? A: 30 transferable credits, or if you are currently enrolled for at least one semester in a post-secondary yeshiva or seminary program. Q: How many credits may I transfer into the program? A: 90 credits. Up to a maximum of 72 credits from yeshiva/seminary study and whatever is needed to reach 90 credits from other colleges, through CPEP or other standardized exams. Q: I have taken FDU Middle College credits and/or APs. How many may be transferred? A: Up to 24 middle college credits can be applied, plus all APs with a score of 4 or more. They count toward the 90 credits that a student may bring with them into the program. Q: What is the minimum number of credits that I must take โ€œin residenceโ€ at FDU? Can they all be online? A: You must take at least 10 FDU courses (30 credits) once you have been admitted into the program. These courses may be any combination of in-classroom and/or online courses. Q: How do I choose classes? Know what courses to take to meet the requirements? A: You work with your advisor, who will assist in choosing what courses and/or exams will fulfill your requirements. Q: Should transcripts from my yeshiva, seminary or college be submitted prior to applying to the program? A: It is preferable to do so. In this way, you know how many credits may be transferred. These initial transcripts do not need to be official. However, in order to have credits officially transferred to your FDU records, we require that the institution of higher learning send an official transcript directly to the attention of Dr. Parra in our office. Q: The BA requires that you specialize in a subject or area of study. How many courses must be taken in that area? A: 6 courses (18 credits). Q: Is financial aid available? A: Our program already offers a 50% tuition reduction; However, there are many aid programs available to our students, like Federal Pell grants, NJ TAG grants, Work-Study and other government financial aid. FDUโ€™s Financial Aid office assists our students in seeking assistance. Q: What specializations are available? A: Starting in Fall 2021, students may specialize in any of these areas Psychology, Business, Technology Management, Public Health Administration and General Studies (which covers a vast array of subject areas). You develop your specialization in consultation with your advisor. Some specializations may only be available online. Q: May I take courses at other colleges at the university? A: The Yeshiva/Seminary program is part of Petrocelli Center. You may take any online course at Petrocelli Center and the cost of the course remains the same. Other courses offered at Petrocelli will not be men or women-only courses. You may also take any course offered at any college at FDU, but the cost of the course will not have the reduced tuition that Yeshiva/Seminary courses enjoy. Note: Some courses require that prerequisites be completed before you can take a particular class. Q: What is the cost of each 3 credit course offered during 2021-2022? A: The cost for each course taken in the program during 2021-2022 is $1,926, plus a $36 technology fee. There may also be a small โ€œoffcampusโ€ fee.

heichalbm.org

Q: Can the Yeshiva/Seminary program be completed fully online? How long should it take to complete? A: You may choose to take all of your classes online. We offer both Zoom synchronous online classes as well as asynchronous online classes. Some students are able to complete all exams and course work in 12-14 months. Others take longer.

38

Q: What degree do I receive upon graduation? A: Our graduates receive a Bachelor of Arts in Individualized Studies. This is a Bachelor degree like any other and is recognized as such across the world. Our students who choose to continue their studies on a graduate-level have been accepted into the finest institutions of higher learning in North America and Israel.

SAMPLE COURSE OPTIONS FA L L II (YE S H IVA- ZO O M ) October 25โ€“December 15โ€“ Classes will be taught synchronously online on Zoom. [Note: ECON 2000.E1 and BUSI 2450.E2 used toward Business Specialty. COMM 3147. E2 used toward Business & Psychology Specialties. SPCH 1155.E1 used toward Speech requirement.] โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

SPCH1155 .E1 Public Speaking [M, W, 2:00 โ€“ 5:00 pm โ€“ Prof. E. Goldman] COMM3147 .E2 Organization Development & Strategy [M, W 6:00โ€“9:00 pm โ€“ Prof. A. Vardouniotis] ECON2001 .E1 Intro to Microeconomics [T, Th, 2:00 โ€“ 5:00pm- Prof. M. Stone] BUSI2450 .E2 Business Dynamics [T, Th 6:00โ€“9:00 pm โ€“ Prof. Y. Stern]

FA L L II (O N L IN E โ€“ YE S H IVA A N D S E M INARY) October 25โ€“December 15โ€“ Classes will be taught online asynchronously. (No set class time.) [Note: PSYC 1201.E2D and PSYC 2234.E1D used toward Psychology Specialty. MKTG 2021.E2D used toward Business Specialty. ENGL 2206. E1D used toward English Writing Requirement. UNIV 2002. E5D used toward University Core Requirement.] โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

ENGL2206 .E1D Intro to Critical Writing [Prof. R. Traum-Avidan] PSYC2234 .E1D Social Psychology [Prof. C. Acosta] MKTG2120 .E2D Principles of Marketing [Prof. A. Vardouniotis] UNIV2002 .E5D Global Issues [Prof. P. Kleiner]

WIN TE R 2022 (O N L IN E โ€“ YE S H IVA & S E M IN A RY ) January 3โ€“ January 19โ€“ Classes will be taught asynchronously. (No set class time) [Note: PSYC 1141.E2 used toward Psychology Specialty. BUSI 2645.E2 used toward Business, Technology Management & Public Health Administration Specialties.] โ€ข โ€ข

January 3โ€“ January 19โ€“ Classes will be taught asynchronously. (No set class time) [Note: PSYC 1141.E2 used toward Psychology Specialty. BUSI 2645.E2 used toward Business, Technology Management & Public Health Administration Specialties.]

S PR IN G (O N L IN E โ€“ YE S H IVA & S E M IN A RY) January 24โ€“ May 17, 2021โ€“ Classes will be taught online asynchronously (No set class time). [Note: PSYC 3322.E1 used toward Psychology Specialty. MIS 2245.E1, and PSYC 3322.E1 used toward Business, Technology Management & Public Health Administration Specialties. UNIV 2002.E5 used toward University Core requirement] โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

MIS 2245. E1 Current Technology Issues [Prof. R. Medaska] PSYC 3322. E1 Industrial Psychology [Prof. C. Acosta] UNIV 2002. E5 Global Issues [Prof. P. Kleiner]


S PRI NG (SE MI NA RY- ZOOM) January 24โ€“ May 17, 2021โ€“ Classes will be taught synchronously online on Zoom. [Note: BUSI 3210.E2 and COMM 3147.E1 used toward Business and Psychology specialties.] โ€ข โ€ข

BUSI 3210. E2 Career Management [W, 6:00- 9:00pm โ€“ Prof. I. Jaskoll] COMM 3147. E1 Organizational Development and Strategy [Th, 6:00- 9:00pm โ€“ Prof. Y. Stern]

S PRI NG I (YE SHIVA ) January 24โ€“ March 17, 2021โ€“ Classes will be taught at Heichal HaTorah and synchronously online on Zoom. [Note: BUSI 2430.E1, MKTG 2040.E1, and BUSI 3001.E1 used toward Business specialty. SOCI 2244.E1 used toward Science requirement] โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

SOCI 2244. E1 Society: Disaster & Disease [M, W 2:00- 5:00pm โ€“ Prof. T. Swanzey] BUSI 3001. E1 Personnel Administration [M, W 6:00- 9:00pm โ€“ Prof. Y. Stern] BUSI 2430. E1 Sem. on Business in the 21st C. [T, Th, 2:00- 5:00pm โ€“ Prof. M. Stone] MKTG 2040. E1 Advertising and Promotion [T, Th 6:00- 9:00pm โ€“ Staff]

S PRI NG I (ONL I NE - YE SH IVA A N D SE MI N ARY ) January 24โ€“ March 17- Classes will be taught online asynchronously (No set class time). [Note: COMM 3118.E1, BUSI 3645.E1, MKTG 4344.E2 used toward Business specialties. COMM 2099.E3 used toward Speech requirement. ENGW 3006.E2 used toward English Writing requirement.] โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

COMM 3118. E1 Social Media- Branding/Leading in the Dig. World [Prof. R. Medaska] ENGW 3006. E2 Persuasive Writing [Prof. Traum-Avidan] COMM 2099. E3 Professional Communications [Staff] BUSI 3645. E1 Business Management II [Prof. I. Jaskoll] MKTG 4344. E2 Public Relations [Prof. M. Goldfarb]

S PRI NG I I (YE SHIVA) March 21 โ€“ May 17โ€“ Classes will be taught at Heichal HaTorah and synchronously online on Zoom. March 21 โ€“ April 14. [Passover Break] Resume April 25- May 17 [Note: MKTG 2121.E1, PHIL 2255.E3, MGMT 1110.E1, and PSYC 1802.E1 used toward Business specialties. PSYC 1802.E1 used toward Psychology specialty.] โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

PHIL 2255. E3 Business Ethics [M, W 2:00-5:00pm โ€“ [Staff] MGMT 1110. E1 Business in a Global Society [M, W 6:00- 9:00pm โ€“ Prof. Y. Stern] PSYC 1802. E1 Career Development [T, Th 2:00- 5:00pm โ€“ Prof. M. Stone] MKTG 2121. E1 Fundamentals of International Marketing [T, Th 6:00- 9:00pm โ€“ Staff]

S PR IN G II (O N L IN E - YE S H IVA A N D S E M INARY) March 21- May 17โ€“Classes will be taught online asynchronously (No set class time.) [Note: BUSI 2565, MGMT 2261.E2, COMM 3311.E3 used toward Business specialties. PSYC 1201.E3 used toward Psychology specialty. ENGL 2259.E2 used toward English Writing requirement. UNIV 2001.E3 used toward University Core requirement.] โ€ข UNIV 2001. E3 Cross Cultural Perspectives [Prof. P. Kleiner] โ€ข BUSI 2565. E1 Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship [Prof. I. Jaskoll] โ€ข ENGL 2259. E2 Creative Writing [Prof. R. Traum-Avidan] โ€ข MGMT 2261. E2 Human Motivation and Behavior [Prof. M. Goldfarb] โ€ข COMM 3311. E3 Customer Service [Staff] โ€ข PSYC 1201. E3 General Psychology [Prof. C. Acosta] S PR IN G II (O N L IN E - YE S H IVA A N D S E M INARY) March 21- May 17โ€“Classes will be taught online asynchronously (No set class time.) [Note: BUSI 2565, MGMT 2261.E2, COMM 3311.E3 used toward Business specialties. PSYC 1201.E3 used toward Psychology specialty. ENGL 2259.E2 used toward English Writing requirement. UNIV 2001.E3 used toward University Core requirement.] โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

PE S AC H Z โ€™ M A N (YE S H IVA ) April 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26 โ€” Classes will be taught at Heichal HaTorah and synchronously online on Zoom. [Note: BUSI 2648.E1, BUSI 3210.E1 used toward Business specialties. HIST 2297.E3 used toward Science requirement. UNIV 2002.E4 used toward University Core requirement.] โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

UNIV 2002. E4 Global Issues [M, T, W, Th, F 9:00am-12:00pm โ€“ Prof. E. Goldman] BUSI 2648. E1 Business and the Law [M, T, W, Th, F 9:00am-12:00pm โ€“ Staff] BUSI 3210. E1 Career Mgmt. Seminar [M, T, W, Th, F 1:00-4:00pm โ€“ Prof. M. Stone] HIST 2297. E3 History of Science and Technology [M, T, W, Th, F 1:00-4:00pm โ€“ Staff]

PE S AC H Z โ€™ M A N (O N L IN E - YE S H IVA & S EM INARY) April 6 โ€“ 26, 2021 โ€” Class will be taught online asynchronously (No set class time.) โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

SAMPLE SCHEDULE EZRA STROOK

UNIV 2001. E3 Cross Cultural Perspectives [Prof. P. Kleiner] BUSI 2565. E1 Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship [Prof. I. Jaskoll] ENGL 2259. E2 Creative Writing [Prof. R. Traum-Avidan] MGMT 2261. E2 Human Motivation and Behavior [Prof. M. Goldfarb] COMM 3311. E3 Customer Service [Staff] PSYC 1201. E3 General Psychology [Prof. C. Acosta]

MIS 2111. E1 Internet, e-Commerce & Technology [Prof. M. Wadhwa] MIS 1135. E1 Introduction to Computers [Prof. P. Blank] PSYC 1173. E3 Group Dynamics [Prof. C. Acosta]

7:55 Shachris 8:45 Breakfast 9:30 Morning Seder 12:00 Shiur 1:00 Mincha 1:15 Lunch 2:00 Public Speaking (M/W) MicroEconomics (T/Th)

5:00 Afternoon Seder 6:00 Dinner (Business Dynamics T/Th) 7:30 Night Seder 9:40 Maariv

39 heichalbm.org

โ€ซื™ืคื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅโ€ฌ


Personal Guidance from Personable Rebbeim @ Heichal Bais Medrash

โ€ซืขืฉื” ืœืš ืจื‘โ€ฌ

heichalbm.org

Personal Guidance from Personable Rebbeim 40


41 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืขืฉื” ืœืš ืจื‘โ€ฌ

My son found a second home at Heichal. The Torah environment combined with the warmth and concern for every talmid is the perfect recipe for an amazing yeshiva. HEICHAL PARENT


Personal Guidance from Personable Rebbeim @ Heichal Bais Medrash

D

Dear Future Heichal Talmidim, Here at Heichal Bais Medrash, we want to help instill in our talmidim a love not only for learning Torah, but for living Torah as well.

While we focus most of our time and energy on delving into the depth and knowledge of Gemara, we also spend time learning about ourselves and how to become true avdei Hashem. After all, the entire purpose of Torah learning and our lives is selfperfection and connection to Hashem.

heichalbm.org

While some of our talmidim will be zoche to remain in the walls of the bais medrash the rest of their lives, many will need to go out and provide parnasah for their families. We want them to be equipped in navigating the challenges of life and become ambassadors of ehrlichkeit and middos wherever they go. Perhaps even more importantly, we want them to be wonderful husbands and fathers. These months and years are critical for working on oneself and developing the tools towards become a successful person in all areas of his life.

42

The rebbeim at Heichal are here for you every step of the way. We want to help you in any way we can, bโ€™gashmiyus and bโ€™ruychniyos. We want to build a kesher that will last well beyond your years in Heichal. The environment of the yeshiva is filled with love and respect, from rebbeim to talmidim, talmidim to rebbeim, and talmidim to one another. We will have it no other way, for this is the mandate of the Torah. Each bochur is celebrated for who he is; he is encouraged to forge his own path. He is not judged by superficial metrics, but embraced for being himself, both by his rebbeim and his fellow talmidim. This


43 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืขืฉื” ืœืš ืจื‘โ€ฌ

explains the diverse group of talmidim found in Heichal and the unparalleled achdus that exists between them. I am so proud to be associated with our stellar talmidim, both alumni and current. Bochurim coming to Heichal are not just looking for a place to hold them over while they are doing other things; they are looking to be part of our mission of growth in their learning and avodas Hashem. They are authentic, sincere, and awesome young men! They are invested and connected to our illustrious Heichal family. If these ideals speak to you, we would love to have you join our family!

Moshe Kestenbaum Rav Moshe Don Kestenbaum Mashgiach, Heichal Bais Medrash

Guidance Department Talmidei chachamim of the highest caliber will guide you in every aspect of your learning and life. Even though our talmidim remain connected to their previous yeshivos, it is critical for each talmid to create a home base in America for their continued spiritual growth during these formative years and beyond. At Heichal, you establish a kesher with a rebbe in America, who will guide you on the derech throughout your dating and marriage, and continue to be a source of hadracha for your life.

Rabbi Stechlerโ€˜s guidance and insight is something you will not find anywhere else from a rosh yeshiva. He does not sit behind a desk, he is part and parcel of the daily life at Heichal. HEICHAL PARENT


heichalbm.org

ADRACHA

Personal Guidance from Personable Rebbeim @ Heichal Bais Medrash

44

RAV ARYEH STECHLER Rav Stechler founded Heichal HaTorah of Teaneck, NJ in 2013 and currently serves as the Rosh Yeshiva and Dean. Heichal is home to 181 high school students and 40 talmidim in its post-Israel Institute for Yeshiva and College Studies. Rav Stechler received his BA in Philosophy from Yeshiva College, Semicha from RIETS under the guidance of HaRav Hershel Schachter and Rav Michael Rosensweig, and holds a certificate in School Leadership from Harvard Business School and Harvard School of Education. During the summers, Rav Stechler is the Rosh Kollel of Camp Shoko, the Torah and fun summer program affiliated with Heichal HaTorah. He offers lectures in Business Leadership in the Petrocelli School of Fairleigh Dickinson University in Teaneck, NJ. Prior to founding Heichal, Rav Stechler served as Rabbi in Ahavath Torah in Englewood, NJ and Anshe Chessed in Linden, NJ. Rav Stechler also served as Executive Vice President of the RCBC and was a Gemara rebbe in High Schools for over a decade. Rav Stechler is always available to answer your questions at ras@heichalHaTorah.org or 201.956.1965 RAV MOSHE DON KESTENBAUM Rav Kestenbaum was a rebbe at the Mesivta of Waterbury for more than a decade. He writes a weekly column in the Yated Neโ€™eman and gives daily shiurim on Torah Anytime. He has also authored four sefarim, two in Hebrew, Olam Hamiddos and Olam Haโ€™avodah, as well as two in English, Run After the Right Kavod, and The Heart of Parenting. The sefer Olam Hamiddos was published in English by Artscroll. Rav Kestenbaum can be reached at rmdk@heichalhaTorah.org or at 848.482.1706 RAV DANIEL SCHWECHTER Rav Reuven Tzvi (Daniel) Schwechter learned in Yeshivat Reishit for one year under Rav Chaim Soloveitchik, and at Y.U. under Rav Baruch Simon. Rav Schwechter has an undergraduate degree in psychology. He received semichah from Rav Schachter, having learned in his kollel for three years, two of which he spent in the satellite kollel in the DRS bais medrash with Rosh Kollel Rav Shmuel Marcus. After receiving semichah, he became a rebbe at Westchester Day School, and eventually became the Mashgiach Ruchani. He is a close talmid of Rav Judah Mischel and can often be found in the Bais Medrash Ishei Yisroel in Woodmere, learning from Rav Naftali Tzvi Weitz. Rav Schwechter is renowned for his commitment to and connection with all types of talmidim, and gives shiurim both in the high school and bais medrash. He is available to meet with talmidim, one-on-one, to help guide them along their personal path in avodas HaShem. He lives with his wife and children in Woodmere. Rav Schwechter can be reached at rdschwechter@heichalhaTorah.org


DR. ARIEL KLEIN Dr. Ariel Klein serves as Heichalโ€™s Director of Guidance. Dr. Klein has served in a variety of leadership roles in schools, community organizations, and summer camps. Most recently, he helped grow MTAโ€™s academic support programs as the Learning Center Coordinator. Dr. Klein is a certified school psychologist. He earned a Masterโ€™s degree in School Psychology from Fairleigh Dickinson University and completed his doctoral course work at Rutgers Graduate School for Applied and Professional Psychology. Dr. Klein graduated from Yeshiva University and The Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy (MTA), and spent time learning at Yeshivat Shaarei Mevaseret Zion. His main role at Heichal is to help students navigate their socialemotional and academic challenges. He works hand in hand with parents and teachers to support the studentsโ€™ needs. Dr. Kleinโ€™s warm, caring and fun personality make him easily approachable and his office a favorite hangout for students. Dr. Ariel klein is always available for questions at aklein@heichalhaTorah.org RAV NOSSON E NGL ARD Rav Englard was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Rabbi Yeshayahu Englard, who was one of the rabbonim of the Radomsker Shul in Brooklyn and the eldest son of Grand Rabbi Avrohom Yissochor Englard of Radzin. His mother is a daughter of Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Tewel, a rav and rosh yeshiva in Poland and in the US. Englard studied at Yeshivas Novominsk under the leadership of Grand Rabbi Yaakov Perlow of Novominsk. He remained a very close disciple of Rabbi Perlow until the latterโ€™s death in 2020. Rav Englard shared a very close and unique relationship with his grandfather, Grand Rabbi Avrohom Yissochor Englard, the previous Rebbe of Radzin, being that he was his oldest grandson. Avrohom Yissochor spent much time teaching and learning with his grandson, training him in the ways of his heritage. Rav Englard gives chaburahs in chassidus at the Heichal Bais Medrash. Rav Englard can be reached at radziner@heichalhaTorah.org

45 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืขืฉื” ืœืš ืจื‘โ€ฌ


Student Life & Special Programs @ Heichal Bais Medrash

โ€ซืงื ื” ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจโ€ฌ

heichalbm.org

Student Life & Special Programs 46


47 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืงื ื” ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจโ€ฌ

Heichal HaTorah is exactly who they say they are. Intent on creating the next talmidei chachamim while maintaining a deep commitment to middos tovos mixed in with good old fashioned fun. HEICHAL PARENT


Student Life & Special Programs @ Heichal Bais Medrash

heichalbm.org

Throughout the year Heichal hosts many large events for our talmidim and the entire community, including the Kumzitz Selichos - a meaningful singing Selichos experience, Heichal Tehillim-a-thon - together Heichal talmidim recite and sing all of Tehillim, Heichal Simchas Bais HaShoeva and Summer Mega Siyum, the crazy and famous Heichal Purim Chagigah, and Tomchei Shabbos Pesach Packing Day - when our boys pack 1,000 boxes for those less fortunate to enjoy Pesach. These are some of the most special programs of the year.

48


heichalbm.org

โ€ซืงื ื” ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจโ€ฌ 49


Student Life & Special Programs @ Heichal Bais Medrash

CONCERTS

heichalbm.org

Music, song, and dance are powerful methods of awakening our spirits and souls as Jews. Singers who have performed at Heichal include Zusha, Eitan Katz, Joey Newcomb, Karduner, Beri Weber, Uri Davidi, 8th Day, Yoni Z, Mordechai Shapiro, Dudi Knopfler, Melich Krohn, and Yosef Karduner. These events, from kumsitzes to chagigahs and concerts are powerful opportunities for the talmidim and rebbeim to bond while opening their hearts to Hashem. The exuberance and achdus displayed during these special events is inspiring to all and a hallmark of the Heichal experience.

50


51 heichalbm.org

โ€ซืงื ื” ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจโ€ฌ

I am always amazed by the bein adam lโ€™chaveiro at Heichal. The guys are consistently thoughtful and caring when they interact with each other which creates a great environment where everyone is comfortable being themselves. It definitely makes my job as the Guidance Director a lot easier! DR. ARI KLEIN, DIRECTOR OF GUIDANCE


Student Life & Special Programs @ Heichal Bais Medrash

Summer MEGA Siyum & Simchas BAIS HaShoeva

heichalbm.org

Most of the boys who complete the masechta during the past yeshiva year review the masechta again over the summer. During the yeshivaโ€™s Simchas Bais HaShoeivah, the talmidim who chazered the masechta over the summer are invited to join the rebbeim on the dais to make their second siyum. All the boys who complete this second siyum have their names listed on a banner, which is hung in the Heichal Bais Medrash.

52


heichalbm.org

โ€ซืงื ื” ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจโ€ฌ 53


Student Life & Special Programs @ Heichal Bais Medrash

heichalbm.org

CONCERTS, SHABBATONIM, MELAVA MALKAS and OTHER SPECIAL EVENTS

54


heichalbm.org

โ€ซืงื ื” ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจโ€ฌ 55


56

heichalHaTorah.org


WALKING YOU THROUGH EVERY STEP OF THE PROCESS

admissions

The warmth and care at Heichal is something you cannot find anywhere else. The careful attention and detail given to each talmid in guiding them through their academic needs and their overall growth is immeasurable. In Heichal a talmid's confidence soars since he is celebrated for what makes him special. HEICHAL PARENT

heichalHaTorah.org

57


Walking You Through Every Step of the Process

D

ear Future Talmidim,

The next step of your life is a crucial one. What career will you choose? Who will you marry? What type of husband will you become? What type of father will you be?

Letโ€™s build the next steps together. Now you will need a rebbe for life! Someone who will help navigate you through the exciting but sometimes challenging next chapter of your life. Post Israel, nobody wants to stop growing. There is no better place to reach higher levels than the Heichal BM. Join our close-knit chevra. Be a talmid of our world-renown rebbeim. Our college guidance team will assist you in picking the right program that you will excel in. We know you will be working hard. Another aspect of my job is to ensure that you guys will be happy. Our shabbosim are beautiful! We are very excited about our new dorm building just around the corner from yeshiva. Every Thursday night we have parsha with cholent and poppers followed by ball. Throughout the course of the week you will have an Two of my sons attended Heichal. opportunity to participate in a 3-on-3 league. We They could not be more different also have an indoor pool. in personality as well as academic We love special events. Over the last few years we have welcomed a whole bunch of singers. To name a few, we recently had Lipa, Eitan Katz, Zusha and Joey Newcomb.

interests - yet they both excelled at this school. Heichalโ€™s staff hones in on each boyโ€™s strength and helps him shine. HEICHAL PARENT

Looking forward to meeting you,

AviEpstein heichalbm.org

RavAv, Director, Heichal Bais Medrash

58


59 heichalbm.org

Admissions @ Heichal Bais Medrash

ADMISSIONS PROCESS

1

APPLY AT WWW.HEI CHALBM .ORG

2

FAHER I N ERETZ YI SROEL OR AM ERICA

3

RECEIVE ACCEPTANCE LET TER

4

REGI STER FOR HEI CHAL BAI S M EDRA S H

5

BEGI N YOUR HEI CHAL BAI S M ED RASH JOURNEY

TUITION BREAKDOWN

REGI STRATI ON: $1,000 TUI TI ON: $10,000 D ORM FEE: $ 4 ,000 (for dormers only)

For all tuition questions please reach out to Teri Normand - CFO and Executive Director of Heichal HaTorah and Heichal Bais Medrash tnormand@heichalhaTorah.org Mrs. Normand is a seasoned operations professional, with over a decade of experience managing non-academic operations and facilities for prestigious local institutions. She oversees fiscal management of the yeshiva.


heichalbm.org

FEATURES

60


heichalbm.org

61

I love the atmosphere at Heichal. Itโ€™s a serious place, but thereโ€™s also time to chill and relax. NAFTALI WALKIN, LAKEWOOD, NJ


62

heichalbm.org


heichalbm.org

63


A New Dorm for the Heichal HaTorah Bais Medrash

heichalbm.org

Heichal HaTorah has recently closed on a building that will be transformed into a dorm for close to 60 Bais Medrash students this coming Elul. This announcement is an important milestone for the Heichal Bais Medrash program, now in its third year. The Bais Medrash, under Rav Aryeh Stechlerโ€™s leadership, is staffed with the highest caliber rebbeim who offer its nearly forty talmidim from across the United States and Canada an atmosphere of warmth and growth that Heichalโ€™s high school is known for.

64

The Bais Medrash was started after a growing number of high school alumni approached Rav Stechler requesting a smaller Bais Medrash

and college option that would offer them the best features of their Heichal high school experience. In response to this demand, Rav Stechler invited several world-class talmidei chachamim and rabbonim to serve as the inaugural faculty of the new Bais Medrash program. Among the first to join were Rav Yitzchak Reichman, shlita former rosh chaburah of one of the largest halacha chaburos in Beth Medrash Govoha, as senior maggid shiur, and son of Rav Hershel Reichman, Rosh Yeshiva at YU and author of Rav Soloveitchikโ€™s shiurim on Shas. Rav Moshe Dan Kestenbaum, shlita, the popular columnist, advisor and well-known author of many sefarim

on personal growth and parenting, joined as Mashgiach of the Bais Medrash program. Rounding out the stellar staff, the Bais Medrash includes young and dynamic talmedei chachamim such as Rav Moshe Genack, Rav Eli Zakutinsky, Rav Mordechai Reiss, and Rav Rafi Steinhart, all of whom contribute to the Bais Medrashโ€™s vibrancy and warmth. Talmidim speak glowingly of their warmth and ability to guide their students in both learning and personal growth. โ€œFinding a chevra at heichal was so easy. The Rebbeim care for each of the talmidim like weโ€™re their own childโ€, says Bais Medrash talmid, Moshe Schmelzer from Monsey, NY.


heichalbm.org

65

Heichal is grateful to the Rozezahdeh family for beautifully building the Bais Medrash Zichron Baruch in a way that makes the talmidim feel comfortable and at home. โ€œEverything about this represents who my father was and what he believed in. My father would have delighted in the chance to see young men learning Torah in an open environment where they are free to pursue their Judaism and spiritual growthโ€, Joe Rozehzadeh said. Students in the Bais Medrash program can choose to learn a full day with three daily sedarim, or they can learn two sedarim while taking classes with college programs, such as CUNY, FDU or Landers College for Men whose schedules are designed to match the yeshiva schedule so they can obtain Bachelorโ€™s degrees while minimally infringing their learning.

Currently the talmidim dorm in houses and apartments throughout Teaneck. In order to allow the students to live together in a central location closer to the yeshiva, Heichal decided to build a dorm so the talmidim could be located near the yeshiva in one central location. To that end, Rav Stechler and Mr. Avrohom Forman, formed a Dorm Committee along with committee members Tzvi Zilberstein, Aaron Wertentheil, Aryeh Sheinbein, and Isaac Mirwis, all of whom worked tirelessly to bring this dream into a reality. Mrs. Suzy Littman ran a successful campaign to raise funds to purchase and renovate 133 Cedar Lane, a building located just one clock from the Yeshiva, for the future site of the dorm. After six months of hard work, the Dorm Committee, working with lawyers, architects and the seller, obtained

local zoning approval and closed on the site in December 2021. Construction is expected to start shortly in time for the dorm to open to 60 talmidim this coming Elul 5783. Heichal is optimistic that this next new step will have a positive influence on Teaneck and the wider Jewish community, expanding the options for young men who wish to pursue their yeshiva studies in a warm, growthoriented environment while also completing their college education. For further information about the Bais Medrash, Rav Stechler invites you to email him at ras@ heichalhatorah.org or click on https://www.heichalhatorah.org/ baismedrash. Or, if you are nearby, stop by the Bais Medrash anytime.


Heichal BM Learner Earner Isaac and Sophia Mirwis What Heichal means to me: Learning at Heichal has been a life-altering opportunity. Before Heichal, I had preached making Torah a pillar in our home and an integral part of my life. However, not until Rabbi Stechler and the Heichal Bais Medrash opened their doors to me did I truly live a life of Torah. I am proud and thankful that learning at Heichal has been my preoccupation as I strive to be a ben Torah for life.

Bio: Isaac grew up in Houston, Texas, and moved to Teaneck after learning for a year and half in Torat Shraga in Israel. He and his wife Sophia and their 3 kids - Shira, Leah and Elchanan - live in Teaneck. Isaac graduated YUโ€™s Sy Syms School of Businessโ€™ Honors Program Cum Laude, and he currently works at Greystone as a mortgage banker. Isaac is dedicated to leading a Torah-oriented life and following ratzon Hashem.

From SOPHIA:

heichalbm.org

I feel so privileged to be part of the Heichal family. The Heichal Bais Medrash has allowed my husband to grow in his Torah learning, which has truly transformed our family and brought us closer to Hashem.

66


Heichal encourages married men who work to join Heichal Bais Medrash for morning seder. These men serve as role models for our talmidim to remain connected to Torah and keep growing as they raise and provide for their families.

Moshe and Michele Moskowitz What Heichal means to me: Walking into Heichal every day makes me feel like I am the luckiest man alive. I get to learn from the best rebbeim with an amazing chevra. Not only does Heichal afford me the opportunity to shteig in learning and become a talmid chacham, it has an incredible effect on my entire family. My children see a dad who is a role model and someone focused on his avodas Hashem. I am so grateful to Rabbi Stechler and all the rebbeim for what they have done for me.

Bio: Moshe attended Rutgers University before starting his career in finance. A survivor of the 9/11 attacks, Mosheโ€™s unwavering emunah has always brought him closer to Hasham. Moshe is now an entrepreneur and owns Jump into Shape, a connected fitness program focused on jumping rope and leading a healthy lifestyle. He learns at Heichal in the mornings in Rabbi Kestenbaumโ€™s shiur. He lives in Bergenfield with his wife Michele and four children.

From Michele: It is the greatest privilege that my husband spends his days engrossed in Torah at Heichal HaTorah. Not only is it amazing for his growth and avodas Hasham, but it has a positive influence on our whole family. I hope he can spend many more years in the special makom Torah that Heichal is.

heichalbm.org

67


spotlight on talmidim YECHEZKEL JUNI

Yechezkel grew up in Lakewood and attended Yeshivas Shaar HaTorah for High School and one year of Bais Medrash. This is his second year in Heichal where he attends the shiur of Rav Yitzchak Reichman. He attends Lander College for Men at night where he is majoring in Biology. YECHEZKEL JUNI

heichalbm.org

NETANEL DAVID

68

Netanel grew up in Woodmere and attended Yeshiva of Far Rockaway for High School. He then went on to learn in Yeshivas Toras Chaim in Eretz Yisroel for four years before coming to Heichal. He is in Rav Reichmanโ€™s shiur and makes custom suits on the side! NETANEL DAVID


DOVID ROTBERG

Dovid grew up in Passaic and went to Heichal HaTorah for High School! After spending two years in Netiv Aryeh he returned to his roots for Bais Medrash. He attends Rav Kestenbaumโ€™s shiur and goes to college at FDU. He loves the ruach at Heichal and has aspirations to go to business school in the future. DOVID ROTBERG

NATHAN SHAPIRO

Nathan grew up in Chicago and went to Ida Crown for High School. After spending a year in Kerem Bโ€™Yavneh he came to Heichal HaTorah. He goes to Rabbi Reichmanโ€™s shiur and hopes to pursue a career in chinuch.

NATHAN SHAPIRO WITH RAV STEINHART

USHER KLEIN

Usher grew up in Monsey and went to Heichal for High School. After learning for two years in Mevaseret he returned back to Heichal Bais Medrash. He now attends the shiurim of Rav Kestenbaum and goes to FDU in the afternoons majoring in Business. USHER KLEIN WITH RABBI ZAKUTINSKY

heichalbm.org

69


Heichal bais LUNCH MENU #1

LUNCH MENU #2

LUNCH MENU #3

Monday โ€ข Italian Style Baked Ziti โ€ข Tuna & Veggie Wraps โ€ข Homestyle Potato Knish โ€ข Cucumber Salad โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh Pastries โ€ข Free soft serve ice cream!

Monday โ€ข Veggie/Cheese Calzone โ€ข Served w/ dipping sauce โ€ข Breaded fish wedges โ€ข Hashbrowns โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Corn Salad โ€ข Fresh Pastries โ€ข Free soft serve ice cream

Monday โ€ข Classic Mac Nโ€™ Cheese โ€ข Tuna & Veggie wraps โ€ข Homestyle potato knish โ€ข Potato salad โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free soft serve ice cream!

Tuesday โ€ข Pastrami Burgers โ€ข Served w/ lettuce, tomato, pickle & crispy coated fries โ€ข Coleslaw โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free slushy! Wednesday โ€ข Authentic Poppers โ€ข Choice of sauce, breaded or bbq โ€ข White rice โ€ข House salad โ€ข Teriyaki string beans โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free slushy!

heichalbm.org

Thursday โ€ข EJโ€™s pizza โ€ข Spicy Fries โ€ข Caesar salad โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free soft serve ice cream!

70

Tuesday โ€ข Hero Sandwich โ€ข Served w/ lettuce, tomato, pickle โ€ข Coleslaw โ€ข Onion rings โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free slushy! Wednesday โ€ข General Tsoโ€™s Chicken โ€ข White rice โ€ข Grilled teriyaki veggies โ€ข Cucumber salad โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free slushy! Thursday โ€ข EJโ€™s pizza โ€ข Crispy coated fries โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free soft serve ice cream!

Tuesday โ€ข Classic Hot Dogs โ€ข Chili w/ caramelized onions โ€ข Spicy Fries โ€ข Coleslaw โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free slushy! Wednesday โ€ข Mexican Style Burrito โ€ข Served in soft tortilla โ€ข Potato puffs โ€ข Terikayaki string beans โ€ข Chips & Salsa โ€ข Corn salad โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free slushy! Thursday โ€ข EJโ€™s Pizza โ€ข Crispy coated fries โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข House salad โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free soft serve ice cream!


LUNCH DINNER

LUNCH MENU #4

MON/THURS DINNER MENU

Monday โ€ข Fettuccine Alfredo โ€ข Breaded fish wedges โ€ข Hashbrowns โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Corn salad โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free soft serve ice cream!

Mondays

Tuesday โ€ข Hero Sandwich โ€ข Served w/ lettuce, tomato, pickle โ€ข Coleslaw โ€ข Onion rings โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free slushy! Wednesday โ€ข Spaghetti Bolognese (Spaghetti w/ meat sauce) โ€ข Homestyle potato knish โ€ข Grilled vegetables โ€ข Caesar salad โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free slushy! Thursday โ€ข EJโ€™s Pizza โ€ข Crispy coated fries โ€ข Soup of the day โ€ข House salad โ€ข Fresh pastries โ€ข Free soft serve ice cream!

โ€ข โ€ข

EJโ€™s Pizza Served with: Spicy Fries, Crispy Coated Fries, Onion Rings & House Salad w/ Assorted Dressings

Thursday Night Options:* โ€ข Wings Sample Combo โ€ข (Includes breaded, buffalo & General Tsoโ€™s wings) โ€ข

BBQ Pastrami Sub (Sliced pastrami slow cooked w/ sauteed onions)

โ€ข

Classic Pastrami Sub (Topped with lettuce, pickle, & tomato)

โ€ข

Shwarma Pita (With all the classic toppings, sauces & sides)

*Plus our weekly Heimishe Kugel & Dessert Buffet Featuring: Potato, Yerushalmi, Apple & Sweet noodle Kugels โ€ข Warm Chocolate Brownies โ€ข Free Slushy & Bottled Water

AVAILABLE DAILY โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

Water bottles Fresh whole fruit Fresh bread Tuna salad Butter (dairy meals) Jelly Plain pasta w/optional marinara sauce Assorted condiments

heichalbm.org

sample menu

71


Rozehzadeh Bais Medrash

heichalbm.org

On December 24, 2019, Dr. Joe and Lori Rozehzadeh dedicated the brand new Bais Medrash Zichron Dovid that the Bais Medrash talmidim learn in. Joe, a Torah visionary from West Orange, dedicated the beautiful Bais Medrash in memory of his father Dovid. โ€œEverything about this represents who my father was and what he believed in. My father would have delighted in the chance to see young men learning Torah in an open environment where they are free to pursue their Judaism and spiritual growth,โ€ Joe said. Lori was also involved in every aspect of the project and supervised every detail of the construction of the new Bais Medrash. e Rozehzadeh Bais Medrash provides a beautiful new learning space for Talmidim to focus on their learning. Heichal HaTorah feels fortunate to have such partners as the Rozehzadehs, and looks forward to many more years of Talmud Torah in Bais Medrash Zichron Dovid.

72


heichalbm.org

73

โ€ซืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื›ืœโ€ฌ


โ€ซื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืจื™ืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืชืขื’) ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ ืขืžืจื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืจืคืก ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืจ"ืช ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืจืคืก ืขื ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื“ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืœืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืคืฉื•ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืง ืื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžื•ื›ื— ืžืงื•ืฉื™ืชื ื“ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืคืกื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ืงื™ื“โ€ช" ).โ€ฌื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื” ื•ื—ื–ืจืช ื•ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉื ื™ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืืข"ืคโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจ"ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื›ื•'"โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืช"ืง ื•ืจ'โ€ฌ โ€ซืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืช"ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ืœืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ื“ ืฉื (ืงื˜ื–โ€ช ).โ€ฌืฉื‘ื™ืืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืžืจื ื“ืœืคื™ ื”ืช"ืง ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืœื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื™ืฉ ืงืคื (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืจืก ืื• ืชื•ืœืขืช) ื‘ืžืจื•ืจโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืกื›ื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื–' ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื' ื–"ืœ "ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื•' ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื™ ืคืกื—"โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœื ื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœืœ ื“ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื“ื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืืœื ื“ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื”ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื“ื•ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ื™ืฉ ื "ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืช"ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื“ื•ืง ื“ื”ื•ื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช "ืืงื‘"ื• ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจื•ืกืช"โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืช"ืง ื“ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง "ื•ืื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ื”"โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” (ื–โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื) ืฉื›ืชื‘ "ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื"โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื“ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื”ื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื ืžืฆื ื“ื™ืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื”ืช"ืง ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืคืกืง ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื“ื•ืงโ€ช. .โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืกืง ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง (ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืจื• ืจื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื)โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื” "ื•ืž"ืž ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืขื ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื›ื•'โ€ฌ โ€ซ"โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ืคืกืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืž"ืž ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืฆ"ืขโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” โ€ช -โ€ฌืื›ื™ืœื” ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื”ื•ื ืœืื›ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื“ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœืชื” ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืข"ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ืจ ื‘ื” ื•ืื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื—ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช ื‘ื”ื˜ื•ืจ (ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื)โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื (ืก'โ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื–ื” ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ืฉืœืžื ืื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช "ืืงื‘"ื• ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจื•ืกืช"โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื“ื›ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘"ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืจืžื‘"ื") ืœืชืจืฅ ืงื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆ"ืข ื“ืืข"ืค ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืจื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื›ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืž"ืž ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืฉื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืชื‘ ื“ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ืกื‘ืจื ื–ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ืฉ ืœืืžืจ ื“ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืื ื• ื“ื”ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืคืกืง ื›ื”ืช"ืง ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืกื•ืง ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืืžืจ ื“ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื’ื ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืงโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื "ืืงื‘"ื• ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจื•ืกืช"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ืœืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื"ื› ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืจ ืžื–ื” ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื“ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื”ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื—ื™ืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื—ื™ืืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื”ื’ื”ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ (ืคืจืง ื– ืื•ืช ื˜') ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“"ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื“ืฆืจื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงืœื•ืฉื™ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืœื“ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืค' ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื“ื”ื ื•ื”ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงืœืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื“ืง ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื"โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืขื‘ ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ืื• ื“ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื›ืจ ืœื“ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืจ' ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืชื” ืขื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื“ืงโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื‘ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื–โ€ช .โ€ฌื“"ื” ืฆืจื™ืšโ€ช).โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžืจื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืชื” ืขื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื–ื›ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืง ื•ืžื” ื”ื "ืž ื“ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื ืขื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช74โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช75โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืœืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื“ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืกื“ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื”ื•ื” ืคืขื ืขื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื“ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื‘ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื“ืง (ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ื”ื˜ื•ืจ)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื "ืœ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื–ื” ื“ื”ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื” ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื•ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ืœืคื™ ืž"ื“ ืื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืž"ื“ ื“ื”ื•ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืœื“ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžืฆื ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ืช ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื“ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื•ืœืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื”ื˜ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืื ื• ื“ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืจืคืก ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื "ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืžืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืœืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืงืื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ื›ืœื” ืœืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืจืคืก ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื“ื"ื› ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืœืคื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืก' ืชืขื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื˜ืขื ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื“ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœื™ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืฉื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ' ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ "ื“ื”ื ื•ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืจื›ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฅโ€ช".โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื“ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืจืง ื‘ืกื“ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื ืชื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘' ืฉืœื‘ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื "ืž ืื ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ืš ื ืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจื•ืกืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ืื• ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื™ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื™' ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื—ืจืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืก' ืชืขื’ ืฉื›ืชื‘ "ื•ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืชืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืขื‘ ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื•ืจ"โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื“ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื“ืืข"ืค ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื”ืจื™"ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื• ื‘ื”ืืฉืจ"ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืž"ืž ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื” ืœื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืื ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืง ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืฆื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœืืžืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื•ืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื "ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื™ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจืง ื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–ื” ื“ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ืฆืจื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขืจื•ืš (ืžื•ื‘ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื‘"ื— ืื•"ื— ืก' ืชืขื’ ืื•ืช ื“') ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ "ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชื•ืงื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจื•ืจื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ"โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžืฆื” ื“ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ื’ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืจื™ืจื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื "ืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘ "ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืžืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื›ืจ ืœื•ื™ืžืจืจื•"โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื˜ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื”ื•ื ืจืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื ื“ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื™ืจื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื"ื› ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื“ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืกืช ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื™ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื"ื› ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืจื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืจ ื‘ื”โ€ช( .โ€ฌื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ืจ ื‘ื” ื™"ืœ ื“ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืงืคื ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื•ืื›ืž"ืœ)โ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฉื"ื›โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื•ืกืช ืœืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื›ื™ืœืชื” ืขื ื”ืžืจื•ืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื–ื›ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืจืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื™ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ืจื ื“ืœื ืจืง ื“ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืขื ื”ืžืจื•ืจ ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืœืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื”ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ื˜โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื”ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื”ื•ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืจ ื•ื–ื” ืข"ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืคื™ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื—ืจื•ืกืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซืื“ื ืžืขื™ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื˜ืขื ื” ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ื“ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืื–ืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื ืœืขื™ืœ ื“ืกื‘ืจื™ ื“ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื™ื– ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื ืืคื™โ€™ ื‘ื‘ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืžืขื™ื– ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืกื™ืงื• ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื“ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ื”โ€ื› ืฉืœ โ€œื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”โ€โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ื’ื• ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื•ืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจืฉโ€ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืกื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื—ื–ืงื” ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื– ืฉืคื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื• ื“ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ื‘ืขื™ ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขื ื“ืžโ€ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”โ€ ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื’ื–ื”โ€ื› ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื“ื•ืงื ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื•ืช ื–โ€™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืžื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”) ื‘ืชื•ื“โ€ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืงโ€™ ื”ื ื‘ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžื™ ืืฉืชืžื•ื˜ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืš ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืกืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชื™โ€™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื“ืžโ€ืž ื”ืขื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื›ื•ืคืจ ื—ืฆื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื’ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื ืจืื” ื“ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืื–ืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืฉื™ื™ืš ืกื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืฉื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืžืŸ ื“ืฃ ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื”ืงโ€™ ื”ื’ืžโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ื ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื“ืžืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืœื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืกืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื™ืžืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื’ื• ื“ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืžืžื•ื ื ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืฉื‘ื•ืขืชืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืฉืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืžืžื•ื ื ื“ืžืขื™ื– ืคื ื™ื• ืœื›ืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืœืื• ืœืืฉืชืžื•ื˜ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืงโ€™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื”ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืืฉืชืžื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื“ืงื•โ€™ ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืกืช ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื™ื›ื ืœืžื™ืžืจ ืžื™ืฉืชืžื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืฉื™ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื˜ืžื™ื˜ ืจืง ื‘ื–ื•ื–ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืœื ื”ื•ื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืืคโ€ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืกืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืคื™ืจ ืื™ื›ื ืœืžื™ืžืจ ืžื™ืฉืชืžื™ื˜โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฆโ€ืข ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืฉืกื‘ืจ ื“ืœื™ื›ื ืœืžื™ืžืจ ืžื™ืฉืชืžื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื’โ€ช .โ€ฌื“โ€ื” ื“ืœื™ื›ื)โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืงื ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืกืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื™ืฉืชืžื™ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขื™โ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจืžื‘โ€ืŸ (ื•โ€ช ).โ€ฌืฉืชื™ืจืฅ ื“ื›ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื“ืืฉืชืžื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืงืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืชืžื™ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื“ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคืจื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืžืขื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืฉ ืขื–ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื“ืžืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื•ื—ืงื ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืœื‘ืขโ€ื— ื›ืœืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื“ืื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื“ื ืชื•ื‘ืข ืืœื ืโ€ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืœื™ืžื ืžื—ื–ืงื” ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืš ื ืชืงืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืกืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ืœื•ื“ื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคโ€ื– ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืžืžื•ื ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืฉืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืŸ (ื•ืงืฆืช ืฆโ€ืข ื“ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื’ื•ืจืก ื‘ื’ืžโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ื“ื”ื•ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื•ืคืจืขื ื ืœื™ื”)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•) ื”ื ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืงืฆื•ืช (ืœื“โ€ช:โ€ฌื“) ื•ืžื”ืจโ€ืŸ ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ื”ื•ื“ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืื” ืขื“ื™ื ื“ืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžื”ืจโ€ืŸ ืœื‘ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื“ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืื“ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืฆืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœื—ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื› ื”ื ื“ืžื”ื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืชื•ืจืช ืžืชื ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื ื™ ืœืš ืžื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€“ ืžื“ื™ืŸ โ€œื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืืขโ€ืค ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ื’โ€ื› ืคืกื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžโ€ืž ืคืกื•ืœ ื›ืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืง ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืœื ื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื•ื“ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ โ€œื ืืžื ื•ืชโ€โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืกื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื“โ€ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื“ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืื” ืขื“ื™ื โ€“ โ€œื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืจื™ ืฉืกืžืš ืขืœ ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื•ื“ืืชื•โ€โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื›ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื”ืจโ€ืŸ ืœื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌื—ื“ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืื™ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ื•ืคื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืžืžื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืื” ืขื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืžื™ โ€” ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืคื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืขื“ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื”ืจโ€ืŸ ืœื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆโ€ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืคื™ื• ืœื™ื›ื ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื“ื™ื ืืœื ื“ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืฉืš ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ืžื” ืœืคื™ื• ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซื•ื‘ื”ื–ืžื” ืชืืžืจ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื”ื–ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืžื™ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืงโ€™ ื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื ืœืคื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืคื™ื• ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ื•ื”ื–ืžื” ื›ืœืœโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืื“ืจื‘ื ืขื“ื™ื ื—ืžื™ืจื™ ืžืคื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืงืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื ืื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืจืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื™ื›ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื› ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื”ืจโ€ืŸ ืœื‘ ื“ื”ื•ื“ืืช ื‘ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ื•ืจืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื—ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืžื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื”ืจโ€ืŸ ืœื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืื ื”ื•ื“ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ื“ืฃ ื’โ€ช :โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœโ€ชโ€œ ,โ€ฌืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฆืœื• ืžืžื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื’ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืชื• ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœโ€โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขโ€ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื ืจืื” ื“ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ืื™ื›ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืžื—ืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืจืจื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ื”ื•ื โ€œื›ืขื™ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœโ€ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืฆืช ื ืจืื” ื“ืžืฉืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืคืจ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื“โ€ื” ื”ืฆื“ ื“ืฃ ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืงืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืช ื–)โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื› ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืขโ€ืค ื“ื”ื—ืžืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืคโ€ื” ื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื–ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ื ืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ืจืื” ื“ื˜ืขื ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืชื• ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื–) ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกืงื™ื ืŸ ื“ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืืช ืขื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืœืžื“ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉื•ื” ืžืคื™ื• ื•ืขื“ ืื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื” ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื™ืŸ ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ืชื•ื“โ€ื” ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื•ื” ื”ืงโ€™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืโ€ืช ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื›ื™ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขโ€ื™ ื˜ืขื ื” ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื” ืคื˜ื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืชื™โ€™ ื“ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื•ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื“ื›ืฉืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืื• ืขื“ ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ื ืจืื” ื“ืžืฉืงืจโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจืš ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื”ืจืโ€ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื โ€ืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ืชื• ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื—ืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื•โ€ช[ .โ€ฌื•ืงืฆืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆโ€ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืœืคโ€ื– ืœืžื” ื‘ืขื™ ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืœืขื™ืœ ื’โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืฉื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื“ืžโ€ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”โ€ ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื“ื“ื•ืงืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืฆโ€ืข ืœืžื” ื‘ืขื™ ื’ื–ื™ื”โ€ื›โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื ืœื™ื›ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘โ€ช ].โ€ฌื•ื™ื“ื•ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื“โ€ื” ื˜ืขื ื” ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ โ€œื–ื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืŸโ€โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉืžืข ื“ืœื ื‘ืขื™ ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืจืง ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืคืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืืžื ื ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืงื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืœืžืงื•ืžื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ื“ื–ื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืคืจ ื•ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ื”ื ื” ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ื‘โ€ืง ื“ืฃ ืงื–โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื“ื›ื•ืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื– ื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืง ื‘ืžืœื•ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื– ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืฉืืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื•ืกโ€ืœ ื“ืœื™ื›ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืœื™ื›ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื›โ€ฌ โ€ซื™โ€ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื™ ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืš ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจืง ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืื™ื›ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื”โ€ช( .โ€ฌืืœื ื“ืœืคโ€ื– ืฆโ€ืข ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืœืžื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื›ื ืฉื›ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืžื‘โ€ช,.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•โ€ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ื›ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื•ืœื™ื›ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื“ืื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื“ื ืžืขื™ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืื›โ€ืžโ€ช).โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช76โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช77โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉโ€ฌ

โ€ซื) ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ (ื‘โ€ืž ื’โ€ช-.โ€ฌื’โ€ช):โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื ื” ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื“ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืœื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœื•ื ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืžืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื– ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืžืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื– ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื ืชื”ื ื”ื•ื“ืืช ืคื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืขื“ืืช ืขื“ื™ื ืžืงโ€ื• ื•ืชื ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ื ื ืฉื ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ ืžืฆืืชื™ื” ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ื•ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืชืคื™ืก ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืžืื™ ื“ืชืคื™ืก ื”ืื™ ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืื™ ื“ืชืคื™ืก ื”ืื™ ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืงืชื ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื“ืืช ืคื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื”ืขื“ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื“ื™โ€™ ืžืงโ€ื• ืฉืœื ืชืืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื“ืืช ืคื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืžื™ื ืจื—ืžื ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื“ืจื‘ื” ื“ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ื“ื” ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื™ืฉื‘ืข ื—ื–ืงื” ืื™ืŸ ืื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื™ื– ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขโ€ื— ื•ื”ืื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ ื“ื ื›ืคืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื“ืœื ื›ืคืจื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื– ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื”ืื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ ื“ืœื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ ื“ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ื“ื™ ืืฉืชืžื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืงื ืžื™ืฉืชืžื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ื” ืกื‘ืจ ืขื“ ื“ื”ื•ื• ืœื™ ื–ื•ื–ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืคืจืขื ื ืœื™ื” ื•ืืžืจ ืจื—ืžื ื ืจืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ืœื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื•ืœื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื“ืืช ืขื“ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ื ืœืžื™ืžืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืื™ืžื ืœื ืงืžโ€ืœ ืงโ€ื•โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื›โ€ื“ ื”ื’ืžโ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ื“ื›ืžื• ื“ืื™ื›ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ืš ืื ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืืœื ืฉืขื“ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื’โ€ื› ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืžืกืงื ืช ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืœืžื“ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉื•ื” ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช (ืืžื ื ื”ืจโ€ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ืืžืช ื ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื“ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขโ€ืฉ)โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื™ื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืจื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ื“ื‘ืขื™ ื™ืœืคื•ืชื ืœื“ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืจโ€™ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืกื“โ€ื ื“ื“ื•ืงืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื™ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืœื ื”ืขื“ืืช ืขื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืจื‘ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื™ืฉื‘ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€“ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉโ€ื™ (ื“โ€ื” ืžืคื ื™) ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืœืคื˜ืจื• ืฉืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื•โ€ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื“ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ืงโ€™ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ืชื ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืคืจืง ื”ื ื™ื–ืงื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฆื™ืื” ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคื ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืขืกืงื™ื ืŸ โ€” โ€œืžืคื ื™ ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื”โ€โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ื”ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืกืชื ืžื™ื’ื• ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ื›ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื“ืกื‘ืจ ื“ืžื™ื’ื• ืœืืคื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžืจื™ื ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื“ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื™ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื ื™ ืจืง ืžืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžื•ืจื• ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘โ€™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฆื™ืื” ืื™ื›ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืœื™ื›ื ื“ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืœื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ[ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ืโ€ช ,:โ€ฌืžื ื” ืœืื‘ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืื›ืœืชื™ื• ืคืจืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื—ื›ืžื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืฉื•ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ื“ืœื™ื›ื ื“ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืœื™ื”]โ€“โ€ฌ โ€ซืื– ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืื™ื›ื ื“ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืœื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืคื˜ืจื•ื”ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ืงโ€™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขโ€ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื ืžื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื“ืื™ื›ื ื“ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืœื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ืงื•ื“ื ื“ื™ื“ืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื—ื–ืงื” ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื– ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขโ€ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืื“ื ื›ืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื™ื›ื ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืœืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื– ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขโ€ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื”ื™ื›ื ืชื™ืชื™ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืื“ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื”ื“โ€ื ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœื™ื›ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื ื“ืจืจื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื‘ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌืโ€ื› ื‘ื”ื•โ€ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืžื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื‘ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืื›ืœืชื™ื• ืคืจืก ื“ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื“ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’) ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื“ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื™ื”ื ื ืืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื™ื’ื• ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ื›ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื“ืžืฉื•ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•โ€ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืคื˜ื•ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื”ื™ื ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืžื™ื’ื• ืœืืคื˜ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืœืงืžืŸ ื“ืฃ ืฆื–โ€ช :โ€ฌืฉื”ืงโ€™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฉืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืืžืื™ ื™ืฉื‘ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื”ื ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื• ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื›ื”โ€ื’ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื“ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืคื•ืจ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื’ื ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฉืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืชื™ืจืฆื• ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืกื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืžื’ื• ืœืืคื˜ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื“ืืขโ€ื’ ื“ื‘ืขืœืžื ืžื’ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ื ื™ ืœืืคื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื›ื ื“ื”ื•ื™ ืžื’ื• ื“ื”ืขื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขโ€ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืžื”ื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื“ืฃ ืœื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื“ื”ื ื”ื• ืขื™ื–ื™ ื“ืื›ืœื• ื—ื•ืฉืœื ื“ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื“ืžื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ืืžืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืขื–ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืงืจื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื› ืžื•ื›ื— ื“ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื’ื• ื“ื”ืขื–ื” ื•ืœืžื” ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืžื™ื’ื• ื“ื”ืขื–ื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื ืืžืจื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื‘ืืจ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื—ื ืŸ ื–ืฆโ€ืœ ื“ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืื™ื›ื ื‘โ€™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืโ€™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื“ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ื“ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ืžื” ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืงืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘โ€™ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืื™ื›ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืขื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื– ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืโ€ื› ื‘ืžื’ื• ื“ื”ืขื–ื” ืœื™ื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืœื• ืœืฉืงืจ ื“ื”ื ืื“ื ืื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืงืจ ื‘ื”ืขื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืขื›โ€ืค ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื ื›ื— ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื› ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืžื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื ื”ื• ืขื™ื–ื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžื’ื• ื“ื”ืขื–ื” ืืขโ€ื’ ื“ื”ื•ื™ ืจืง ื›ื— ื”ื˜ืขื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžื’ื• ื“ื”ืขื–ื” ื“ืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื“ืื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื”ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืืžืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“) ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื’ืžโ€™ โ€œื•ื”ืื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ ื“ืœื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”โ€ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืจืฅ ื•ื”ืื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื™ื” ื•ื›ื•โ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืชื‘ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื“ืžื’ื• ื“ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืžืžื•ื ื ื—ืฉื™ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉื‘ื•ืขืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขโ€ื– ืชื™ืจืฆื” ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื“ืืฉืชืžื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืงื ืžื™ืฉืชืžื˜โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืœืคืจื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืžืžื•ื ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ืงโ€™ ื‘ืชื•ืกโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื”ื ืžืกืงื™ื ืŸ ืœืงืžืŸ (ื“ืฃ ื•โ€ช ).โ€ฌื“ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืžืžื•ื ื ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืฉื‘ื•ืขืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืืชืจ ืฉืชื™ืจืฆื• ื“ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืงืื™ ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืฉื™ื˜ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ื™ื™ ืœืงืžืŸ ื“ืกื‘ืจ ื“ืกื™ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื—ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžื ืกืคืง ืžืœื•ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื“ืœื ื›ืจโ€™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื“ืกโ€ืœ ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืฉื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœืคื™ ืื‘ื™ื™ ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืžื’ื• ื“ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืžืžื•ื ื ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืืฉื‘ื•ืขืชืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขโ€ืฉ)โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื“ื”ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื’ืžโ€™ ื“ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื—ื–ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืขื™ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืžื” ื™ืฉื‘ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื• ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื•ืคืจ ื”ื›ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœื•ืžืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื• ื“ื”ืขื–ื” ื“ืฉืชื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื• ื”ืขื–ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชื™ืจืฆื” ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื“ืืฉืชืžื•ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ื•ื˜ืขื ืช ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ืขื–ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืงโ€™ ื”ืžื”ืจืฉโ€ื ืœืžื” ื‘ืขื™ ืœืืชื•ื™ื™ ืขืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืžื’ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸโ€ฌ


โ€ซื‘ื” ื›ืื—ื•ืชืš ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ืœืš (ืจืฉโ€ื™)] ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืืœื ืฉืจื‘ ืกืคืจื ื“ื•ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืœ ืชืงืจื™ ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ืืœื ืื™ ืงืจื™ื ืŸ ื ืžื™ ื•ืฉืœืฉืœืชืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืื•ืคืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืืกื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื™โ€ื– ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจโ€ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืืฃ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” โ€˜ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ืชื โ€ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืชโ€™ ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืœื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื“ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืœื–ื” ืกื’ื™ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืœื” ืžื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืคืจืฉืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชโ€ืช (ืคโ€ื ื”ื™โ€ื โ€“ ื”ื™โ€ื‘) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืœืฉ ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืืš ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืืš ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงืจื [ืชืœืžื•ื“]โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืฉืœืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืชืฉืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชืฉืข ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคืจื“ืก ื‘ื›ืœืœ [ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“]โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืœืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ื’ื“ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœื ืœืขืกื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื™ืงืจื ื‘ืขืชื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื›ื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืคื ื” ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืžื™ื• [ืœืชืœืžื•ื“] ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ืขืชื• ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ืจโ€ืช ื•ืคื•ืกืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื โ€ืข ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืฉื‘ืขโ€ืค ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืฉืœืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืงื™ ื‘ื”ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคืกืง ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ืื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืžโ€ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจโ€ืช ื•ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœืคื™โ€ื– ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจโ€ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื ื•ืžืฉื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœืจืžื‘โ€ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื โ€ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืจโ€ืช ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉโ€ื› ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉื•โ€ืข ื”ื โ€ืœ ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื“ ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืืš ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืืš ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงืจืโ€ฌ โ€ซ[ืชืœืžื•ื“] ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืจื™ ืฉื’ื ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื“ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื โ€˜ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื“ืฃ ื”โ€ช ).โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ โ€ช :).โ€ฌื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืŸ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืืชื ื” ืœืš ืืช ืœื—ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืžืงืจืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืžืฉื ื” ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืœื• ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื›ื•โ€™ [ืคื™โ€™ ืจืฉโ€ื™ (ืฉื)โ€ช :โ€ฌืกื‘ืจืช ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืžื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืฆืื” ื”ื•ืจืื”] ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›โ€ื› ื”ื’โ€ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืืœืื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืจโ€ื ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ืžื›โ€ืฉ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ื—โ€ื• ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉโ€ืก ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื”ืœื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืขืฉื” ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ืขื›โ€ืœ โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื“โ€ื” ื’ืžืจื ื›ื•โ€™ ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื’ืžโ€™ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ืžื˜โ€ช ):โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืื ื™ ื—ื›ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ื‘ื ื” ื›ืจโ€™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื” [ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€“ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื›ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื™ืœืชื ื“ืชืœื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ืจื] ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืขื™โ€ื– ื‘ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ืžืกโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื•ื›ื” (ืฉื) ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ โ€˜ืชืœืžื•ื“โ€™ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ื–โ€ืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ โ€ช -โ€ฌื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืจืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืชื•ืžื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื˜ืขืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืื—ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ืžืจืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื ืงืจื ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžืฆืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ โ€˜ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื˜ืขืโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื›ืžืฉโ€ื› ืจืฉโ€ื™) ื•โ€™ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช [ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•โ€ืข ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื™ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฆื•ืช] ื•ื”ืื™ืš ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ (ื›ืžืฉโ€ื› ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื)โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื ืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• โ€˜ืฉื™ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืš ืฉืื ื™ืฉืืœ ืœืš ืื“ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืชื’ืžื’ื ื•ืชืืžืจ ืœื• ืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื•ืจ ืœื• ืžื™ื“โ€™ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืœโ€ช .).โ€ฌืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืฉื‘ืขโ€ืคโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ืžื’ื•ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื ื” ื’ืจืกื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืคโ€ืง ื“ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื“ืฃ ื™ืโ€ช ).โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื‘ืžืชื ื™ืชื ืชื ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืืกืชื™ื โ€ช -โ€ฌื‘ื™ืžื™ ื›ืฉื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื–ืจื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ื’ืขืœืชื™ื โ€ช -โ€ฌื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื“ื™ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืชืชื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื›ืœื•ืชื โ€ช -โ€ฌื‘ื™ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืืกืชืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื”ืคืจ ื‘ืจื™ืชื™ ืืชืโ€ช - ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซ[ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื]โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”โ€™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืขืžื™ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ืฉโ€ืข ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื โ€˜ื•ืื ื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”โ€™ ืจื•ื—ื™ ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ืš ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืš ืœื ื™ืžื•ืฉื• ืžืคื™ืš ื•ืžืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื–ืจืขืš ื•ืžืคื™ ื–ืจืข ื–ืจืขืš ืืžืจ ื”โ€™ ืžืขืชื” ื•ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ โ€“ ืขื“ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื–ื•โ€ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ โ€˜ื”ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืœื›ื ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื ืœื›ื ืจืขโ€ืโ€™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื’โ€ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ืฆโ€ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• โ€˜ื”ื ืœื›ื ืจื‘ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ืœื›ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื–ื•โ€ืโ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌืืœื• ื”ื ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืœื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ื”โ€ืงโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขืคโ€ื™ ืจื•ื—ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื—ื–ื•โ€ื ื–ืฆโ€ืœ ื ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€˜ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกืชื•ืžื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื˜ืขืโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื’ืจโ€ื— ื”ืœื•ื™ ื–ืฆโ€ืœ ื ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€˜ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจโ€™ ื•ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืš ืฉืื ื™ืฉืืœืš ืื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืชื’ืžื’ื ื•ืชืืžืจ ืœื• ืืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื• ืžื™ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื’โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจโ€ื (ืฉืโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืงื™โ€ื“) ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ โ€˜ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“โ€™ ื•ื–โ€ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื™ื“) ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•โ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื›ื ื›ื•โ€™ ื•ืขืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื›โ€ื— ืโ€™โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช78โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช79โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื‘ื›ื”โ€ื’ ืืžืจื™โ€™ ื“ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืžืจื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœืžืคืจืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืงื ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ืชื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื–ื” ื™โ€ืœ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื ืชื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืฆโ€ืข ื“ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื โ€ืž ืžื–ื” ืฉืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืžืจื” ื•ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื โ€ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™โ€ืœ ืฉื‘ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืกื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืฉื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืœโ€ืค ืขืคโ€ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื (ืกื™โ€™ ืจืžโ€ื’ ืกืงโ€ื•) ืฉื”ืงืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ืชื ื• ืœืžโ€ื“ ื“ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ื–ื›ื• ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ื”ื ื“ืžื”ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื˜ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ืชื ื• [ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืกโ€ื” ืขโ€ื‘] ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืืฃ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืขื ื“ืขืฉืืŸ [ืœ]โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืขืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืžืžืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื’ืจืฉ ื”ืืฉื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืืฉืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกืคืจื• ืชื•ืจืช ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ืจื™ืฉ ืคโ€ื’) ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืงื•ืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืงืจื™ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืชืžื•ื” ืœื”ืš ื“ื™ืขื” ื“ืกโ€ืœ ื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื“ื•ื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืงืจื ืื‘ืขืœ ืงืื™ ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืžื” ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืžื™ื ืงื˜ ื˜ืขื ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ืžืฉื›ื—ืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื ืฉื™ืคืกื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ืืฃ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื™ื— ืœืกื•ืคืจ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืฉืชื• ืฉื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื”ื‘ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ื•ืื—โ€ื› ื ืžืœืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื’ืจืฉ ืืฉืชื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ื”ื™โ€™ ื›ืฉืจ ืืœื• ื”ื™โ€™ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืโ€ื› ื”โ€ื  ืื ื›ืชื‘ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื’ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ืืคื™โ€™ ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ื•ืื—โ€ื› ื’ื™ืจืฉ ื‘ื• ื’โ€ื› ื›ืฉืจ ืื™ ืืžืจื™โ€™ ื“ืโ€ืฆ ืœืฉืžื” ื‘ื’ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื›ืš ื ืงื˜ ื”ืžืฉื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืคื™โ€ื– ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ืชื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื™ื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื• ืœืžืคืจืขโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงืจื ืฉืœื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื ื”ื’โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื™ื™ื›ืžืืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉโ€ฌ

โ€ซืโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ืจืกื™ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคโ€ืง ื“ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื“ืฃ ืœโ€ช ).โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืกืคืจืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื ืจโ€™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื—ื ื ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘โ€ช :โ€ฌื•ืฉื ื ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื ื™ืš? ืืœ ืชืงืจื™ ื•ืฉื ื ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื ื•ืฉืœืฉืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉืœืฉ ืื“ื ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงืจืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™? ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ื•ืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซ(ืฉื ื“โ€ื” ืœื™ื•ืžื™) ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉืœืฉ ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจืžื‘โ€ื (ืคโ€ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืœโ€™ ืชโ€ืช ื”ื™โ€ื) ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉื•โ€ืข ื™ื•โ€ื“ (ืกื™โ€™ ืจืžโ€ื• ืกโ€ื“)โ€ช .โ€ฌืืžื ื ืขื™ื™โ€ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ืจโ€ืช ืคื™โ€™ ืฉืื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื”ื ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ื›ื“โ€ช).โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื“ื’ืžืจืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ืœืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจืžโ€ื ื‘ื™ื•โ€ื“ (ืฉื) ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ื™โ€ื ืฉื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื’ืžืจืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœโ€ช( .โ€ฌื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจโ€ืช) ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื• ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืžืงืจื ื•ืžืฉื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื โ€ืš ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจืง ืœื•ืžื“ื ืคื” ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืœื™ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื ืจืื” ืœืคืจืฉ ืขืคโ€ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคื โ€ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื–โ€ืœ ืืžืจ ืจื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืกืคืจื ืžืฉื•ื ืจโ€ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ืœื‘ื ื™ืš ืืœ ืชื™ืงืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉื ื ืชื ืืœื ื•ืฉืœืฉืชื ื›ื•โ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืœืคืจืฉ ืœืคื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืžืฉื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœืžื“ืชื ืืœื ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื ื” ื•ืโ€ื› ืชื• ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ืŸ ืœืžื™ืžืจ ื“ืœื ืื™ื™ืจื™ ืงืจื ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื’ืžืจืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืโ€ื› ืฉืคื™ืจ ืงืืžืจ ื“ืื™ ืืคืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ืืœื ืื™ ืงืจื™ื ืŸ ื ืžื™ ื•ืฉืœืฉืชื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื• ื›ืื—ื•ืชื• ืืโ€ื› ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื–โ€ืœ ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌื•ืฉื ื ืชื โ€ช -โ€ฌืฉื™ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื™ืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืื ื™ืฉืืœ ืœืš ืื“ื ื“ื‘ืจ โ€ช -โ€ฌืืœ ืชื’ืžื’ื ื•ืชืืžืจ ืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื•ืจ ืœื• ืžื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื ืืžืจโ€ช :โ€ฌืืžื•ืจ ืœื—ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ืชื™ ืืช ื•ื’ื•โ€™ [ืฉืชื”ื ื‘ืงื™โ€ฌ


โ€ซื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื (ื“โ€ื” ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช) ืฉื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื• ื•ื–โ€ืœ ืชื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ื•ืจโ€™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืคืœื™ื’ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ื ื˜โ€ช ).โ€ฌืžืฉืžืข ื“ืžื•ื“ื• ื“ืœื ืืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื ืžืžืชื ื™โ€™ ื“ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•โ€™ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื’ื˜ ืœืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืื ื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืื“ื ืกโ€ืช ืœืฉืžื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืœื ืžืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ื˜ ื›ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืžืงืฉื™ื ื“ื–ื” ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื“ื›ื•โ€ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ื™ ื›ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ืžืžืชื ื™โ€™ ื‘ื“ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืกโ€ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื” ืžโ€ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื—ื ื“ืขืช ืจโ€ืฉ ื“ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืžืคืงื™ืข ื”ืฉื ื›ืœื™ ื™ืคืงื™ืข ื”ืฉื ืœืฉืžื” ืžื”ื’ื˜โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžืชื ื™โ€™ ื“ื›ืœื™ื ื“ืื™ื ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืืชืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื“ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขืฉื” (ื•ืœื ืžื™ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ื™ืจื“ื• ืขโ€ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืคื™โ€™ ื‘ื™ืจื“ื• ืขโ€ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžื™ ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื•ื ื“ืจื—ืžื ื ืงืจื™ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื˜โ€ช ):โ€ฌื”โ€ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ื”ืฉื ืœืฉืžื” ืžื”ื’ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืขโ€ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืกโ€ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืฉืžื” ืโ€ื ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื ืœืฉืžื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืขโ€ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืฉื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชื™ืจืฆื• ื‘ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ื™โ€ืœ ื“ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ืืฉื” ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ืžืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉืื ื™ ื’ื˜ ืžืกโ€ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืกโ€ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื ื’ืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื” ืžืฉืโ€ื› ื‘ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื’ืžืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ืชืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืœืฉืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืฆโ€ื‘ ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืœืฉืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืจื™ ืืขโ€ื’ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ืชืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื˜ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฃ ื‘ื’ื˜ ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืœืฉืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืžืจื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจื—ื ื• ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื“ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืฉืžื” ื‘ื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืฉืžื” ื‘ืกโ€ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืžืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืฉืžื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืฆโ€ื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื‘ืœืฉืžื” ื“ื’ื˜ ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉื” ื–ื• ื™โ€ืœ ืฉื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืงื ืื” ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื โ€˜ื”ื ื’ื™ื˜ืšโ€™ โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื˜ ืฉืœืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื’ืžืจื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืœืฉืžื” ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื•ื ืชื™ื ื” ื“ืžืกื‘ืจื ื”ื•โ€ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืœืฉืžื” ื”ื›ืœ ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืืžื ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ืคโ€ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”โ€ื) ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื™ื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ื— ืœืงื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื” ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฃ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื— ืœืงื‘ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ) ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื ืืžืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” (ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืชืฉืกโ€ื) ื‘ืœืžื“ื™ ืžืกื›ืช ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ืจื•ื“ื ื” ืืฆืœ ืžื•โ€ืจ ื”ื’โ€ืจ ืงืœืžืŸ ืขืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜โ€ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื” ืฉืœืคื™ื”ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืœืฉืžื” ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืœืš ืื—ื“ ืืžืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืฆื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ืจืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ โ€˜ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœื” ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื”โ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืจืง ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื’ื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืคื™โ€ื– ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืโ€ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื˜ ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืงืœืฃ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื˜ ืฉืœื• ืขื›โ€ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ื‘โ€ื™ (ืกื™โ€™ ืงโ€ื›)โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–โ€ืœ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื“ืจืš ืื“ื ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื• ืื ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ืจื›ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืขื›โ€ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื ื ืืžืจ ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืโ€ื›โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื” ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืœืคื ื™ื ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืืžื ื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืง ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืื‘ืขืœ ืงืื™ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืขืฆืžื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืขื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื“ืฃ ื›ื‘โ€ช :โ€ฌื“โ€ื” ื•ื”ื) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจโ€ื™ ื“ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื“ื•ื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื• ืื‘ืขืœ ืงืื™ ืืœื ืืกื•ืคืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื› ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื’ื˜ ื‘ืขืœืžื ื•ืจืง ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืจืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื•ื›ืชืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ื“ ืฆื“ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืžื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ื’ื˜โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืžื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื“โ€™ืคืœื•ื ื™โ€™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”โ€ชโ€˜ ,โ€ฌื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ืชโ€™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื›ื•โ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืœืขื™ืœ (ื“ืฃ ื™ื˜โ€ช .โ€ฌื“โ€ื” ื“ื™ื•) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจโ€ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”ื• ืœืฉืžื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืจื‘ ืื—ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจื‘ื ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœืโ€ื” ืื ืื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืงืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ืืžืจื™โ€™ ื“ื™ื• ืขโ€ื’ ื“ื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ื›ืชื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืฆโ€ื‘ ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืžื” ืœืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืคื™โ€ื– ื ื™ื—ื ืฉืœืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื โ€“ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื โ€˜ืคืœื•ื ื™โ€™ ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ื•ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืขื›โ€ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขืคื™โ€ื– ื‘ื™ืืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื“ื›ืชื‘ ืขโ€ื’ ื›ืชื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื›ืžโ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืคื™โ€ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซื™โ€ืœ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื’ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื ืชื™ื ืชืโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ืžื™ื‘ืขื™ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ื“ืงื™โ€ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจื” ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉืจืง ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืขืช ื ืชื™ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ืžืจ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžโ€ื“ ืขื“ื™ ื—ืชื™ื—ื” ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื ื’ืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืžโ€ืž ื™โ€ืœ ืฉื’ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ (ืืคื™โ€™ ืื ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืืกื•ืคืจ ืงืื™ ืืžื ื ื‘ืขื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•โ€™) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืืฉืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื˜ โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžื•ืชืจืช) ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืžื” ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื ืชื™ื ืชื• ืฉืื– ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื“ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื’ืžืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืœืœืฉืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื’ื˜ ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœื™ื“ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื‘โ€ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ื ื˜โ€ช ):โ€ฌืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื•ืกโ€™ ื‘ืฉืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื‘ื• ื”ืจืโ€ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ืจโ€ื• ื”ื™ื›ื™ ืงืกโ€ื“ ืžืขื™ืงืจื ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ื ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื˜ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื ื—ืชื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืืฉื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืฉื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืœื ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืœื ืœืืฉื” ืฉื—ื–ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืชืจืฆืชื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขืฆืžื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ืชืชืงื“ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื•ืœื ืœืื• ื›ืœ ื›ืžื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชืชืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืกโ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื”ืชื•ืกโ€™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื™ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืœืฉืžื” ื•ืจืง ื”ืงืฉื• ื“ืœื ืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืฉื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืโ€ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื” ืฉืืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœืฉืžื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืฉืžื” ืกื’ื™ ื‘ื–ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืžื• ื™ืจื™ื“ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืžืืชืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืงืขืชื• ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืชืจืฅ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘โ€ื ืฉื ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื ืจโ€ื• ื“ืื ืŸ ื”ื•ื” ืกโ€ื“ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืžืจ ืœืขื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ื—ืชืžื• ื•ืชื ื• ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืขืฉืื•ื”ื• ื•ื”ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ืœื ืžื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื’ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืœืžืคืจืข ื•ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืฉืื•ื”ื• ืžื“ืขืชื ื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื™ ืœืฉืžื” ื•ืคืกื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื˜ ืœืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืคืจืข ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ืคืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืคืจืขโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกโ€™ ื‘โ€ื‘ (ืื•ืช ืชืžโ€ื) ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืคื™โ€ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื” ืžืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ืืฉื” ืชื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ (ืžืชื ื™โ€™ ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืคื™ืจืงื™ืŸ)โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืœืคื™โ€ื– ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืคืจืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื“ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ[ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื] ื“ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืžืคืจืข ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืžืขื™ืงืจืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™โ€ืœ ื“ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืฉื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืชื• ืœื™ื›ื ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘โ€ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ืœืขื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ื—ืชืžื• ื•ืชื ื• ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฆโ€ื‘ ืœืžื” ื ืงื˜ ืฉืืžืจ ืœืขื“ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ืชื ื• ื•ืžื™ ืœื ืžืฆื™ ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื“ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื™ืชื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืคื™โ€ื– ืžื•ื‘ืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช80โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช81โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื“ืจ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ื“ื—ื ื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืœืคื›โ€ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืืœื ื”ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื“ืืชืžื•ืœโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉ ืœืขื™โ€™ ืœืžื” ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืชื™ืงื ื• ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”? ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ืชืงื ืช ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื ืก ืฉืขโ€ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืโ€™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืก ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื“ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื—โ€™ ืœื™ืœื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืโ€ื› ื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื—ื–โ€ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจโ€ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืžืื™ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืขื ืชื™ืงื ื• ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื”?โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘โ€™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื”ืงโ€™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ื“ ื‘โ€™ ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ื–ืจ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืฅโ€ช .โ€ฌื—ื“ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืงโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘โ€ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืื™ืš ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื–ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืจื™ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืื”ืจืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืืžืจืช ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ืขืœืชืš ืืช ื”ื ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื›โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื›ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉโ€™ ื”ืžื โ€ื— (ืžืฆโ€™ ืฆโ€ื—) ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจโ€ืž ื•ื”ืจืื‘โ€ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืคื™ื“ื ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชืžื™ื” ืœื™โ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชโ€ื› ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคโ€™ ื™ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ื“โ€™ ืคโ€™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืŸ ื‘ืคื™โ€™ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ืš ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืชโ€ื› ื•ืฆโ€ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ื“ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชโ€ื› ื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขโ€ื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืขโ€ื™ ื–ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืฅโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชื™โ€™ ื”ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžโ€™ ืคโ€ื– ื•ืฉื•โ€ืช ืกื™โ€™ ื โ€ื‘) ื“ืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืฉโ€ื› ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืขโ€ื™ ื–ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ื ื›ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›โ€ื› ื”ื—ื–ื•โ€ื ื”ื โ€ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ืฃ ืœื—ื ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื“ืืคืฉืจ ื“ื–ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื”ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื ืจืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ื“ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื ื ืืžืจื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื ื›ื‘ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื ื›ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช[ .โ€ฌื•ืขโ€ืข ืจื’ืžโ€ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ื—ื•ืช ื โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช].โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืืขโ€ืค ื“ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืžืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืืœื ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื“ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื“ืื™ ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขโ€ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื ื›ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื›ืœ ืขืฆื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ื•ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคโ€ื– ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื“ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืžื ืจ ืœื ืจ ืœื ืžื“ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืืœื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€œืชืžื™ื“โ€ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ื‘ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ืงืคื“ื™ื ืŸ ืืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืžื›โ€ืž ืžืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืžื›โ€ืž ื›ืฉืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ื•ืจื” โ€ช -โ€ฌื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืื—โ€ื›โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ช( .โ€ฌืืโ€ื› ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื› ื‘ืขื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืžืืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืœื”โ€ช ).โ€ฌื•ืขืคโ€ื– ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ื—ื–โ€ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืขโ€ืคโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื“ืืชืžื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืขื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื“ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืžื” ื‘ื’ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื™ื™ื›ืžืืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉโ€ฌ

โ€ซืโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื•ืœื— (ื“ืฃ ืœื‘โ€ช ).โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื— ื’ื˜ ืœืืฉืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื’ื™ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืœื™ื— ืื• ืฉืฉืœื— ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉืœื™ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ื’ื˜ ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœืš ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืœ; ืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ (ื“ืฃ ืœื‘โ€ช ):โ€ฌื ื—ืœืงื• ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื•ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืชโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื• ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ[ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื• โ€ช -โ€ฌืื ื ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื’ื˜ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืื• ืื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ โ€ช -โ€ฌืžื™ ืืžืจื™ื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื˜ืœ ื’ื™ื˜ื ื•ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ื›ื—ืกืคืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ื“ื™ืœืžื ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื ื“ืฉืœื™ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ื˜ื™ืœ ืœื™ื” ืขื“ ื“ื”ื“ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืฉื•ื™ ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื— ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ื˜ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœโ€ช ].โ€ฌืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžืจโ€ช :โ€ฌืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืœื›ืชื ื›ื•ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื ืงื™โ€ืœ ื”ืœื›ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืจโ€™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืืžืจโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ[ืคื™ืจื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ื–ืจืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจโ€™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืืžืจ ืœืืฉื” ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื™ ืœื™ ื‘ืžืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืœืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื˜ืœืชืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ื”ื• ื—ืœื™ืŸ ื”โ€ื  ืœื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื˜ืโ€ช ].โ€ฌื”ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื›ื ื ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื ื“ืฉืœื™ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื™ื˜ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื” ืžื™ ืงื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœโ€ช[ .โ€ฌืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ช :โ€ฌื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื โ€ช -โ€ฌืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงื“ืฉืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืจืฆืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืขื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืื ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื“ืขืชื” ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ื›ื ื ื”ื™ โ€ช -โ€ฌื”ืื™ ื“ืืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืœื’ืจืฉื” ื‘ื’ื˜ ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื’ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ืคืกืœโ€ช ].โ€ฌืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ื”โ€ื’ ื’ืจืกื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ื ื˜โ€ช ):โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ื”ื™ืœื›ืชื ื›ื•ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืจโ€ื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืงืžื™ื™ืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ื•โ€™ ืืชื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืงืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืœื›ืชื ืื”ื™ืœื›ืชืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžืจืชโ€ช :โ€ฌื”ื™ืœื›ืชื ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌื”ื™ืœื›ืชื ื›ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืื™ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื”ื•โ€ช :โ€ฌืžื”ื• ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจโ€ช :โ€ฌื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืืžืจโ€ช :โ€ฌืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌื”ื™ืœื›ืชื ื›ื•ืชื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืชื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชื•ืจืช ื’ื˜ ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ


โ€ซื’ื“ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ โ€ช -โ€ฌืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื โ€ื— ืฉื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื (ื‘ื‘ื™ืืžโ€ืง ื˜โ€ช:โ€ฌื•) ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื”ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื• ื–ืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื ื”ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื”โ€ื› ื ืคืจื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื‘ืชืžื•โ€ืž (ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื‘) ื•ื”ื“ืœืงืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื›ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื”ืŸ ื–ืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืคโ€ื“ ื”ื’ืจโ€ื— ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื”ื“ืœืงื” โ€œื›ื“ื™ืŸโ€ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืขืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื• ื–ืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื“ื ืœืžื“ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžโ€ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ ืฉืืขโ€ืค ืฉื”ื“ืœืงื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื• ื–ืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื”โ€ื› ื“โ€ืชืžื™ื“โ€ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื’ืจโ€ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื• ื–ืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืโ€ื› ืืคื™โ€™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืžื™ืœื ืื ื›ื‘ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขโ€ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืืคื™โ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืขื›โ€ื“ ื”ื’ืจโ€ื—โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื ืจืœโ€ืค ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉโ€ื› ื”ื’ืจโ€ื— ื“ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช ืžื“ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€œืœื”ืœืขื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ ื•ืœื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื• ื–ืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื ืจืœโ€ืค ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ื›ืžืฉโ€ื›โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืจโ€ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืžื ืจ ืœื ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื ื• ืžื”ื’ืžโ€™ ืœืขื™ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื“ื™ื™ืง ื”ืžื โ€ื— ืฉื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื ืจืœโ€ืค ื“ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืžื ืจ ืืœื ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืžื ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ืžืื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื–ื• ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉืžืŸ ื›ืžื“ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืคืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื“โ€ื” ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืชื”ื ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžื“ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจื•ืช ืฉโ€ืž ื”ื•ืงื‘ืข ื ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื–ื”ื• ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™โ€ช ...โ€ฌื•ื”ื›ื™ ืชื ืŸ (ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื’โ€ช ).โ€ฌื ื›ื ืก ื•ืžืฆื ื ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื–ืจื—ื™ื ื“ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืžื“ืฉืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืœืง ืฉืžืžื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžื“ืœื™ืงื• ืžืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืขื•ืœื” โ€ช ...โ€ฌื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืœืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ื–ื• ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ื—ื– ื”ื™ืฉื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื• ืžื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืคืชื™ืœื” ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื› ืจืฉโ€ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื—ื•ืœืง ื”ืจื™ื‘โ€ื ื‘ืชื•ืกโ€™ ืฉื ื“โ€ื” ื•ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ื•ื–โ€ืœ ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืœื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืœืงืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืžืžื ื” ื”ืฉืืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืคืชื™ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืขืช ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื“ื•ืœืงืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื›ืœ ื”ื–โ€™ ื ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื‘โ€ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืžืงื•ืžื” ืขโ€ื™ ืคืชื™ืœื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื•โ€™ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื—โ€ื› ืžื“ืฉืŸ ื”ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื“ื™ืŸ โ€œืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ ื”ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ื ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขโ€ื™ ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื“ื•ืœืง ืžืืชืžื•ืœ ืื• ืขโ€ื™ ื ืกโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื›ื‘ื” ื ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืขื•ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืœืงืช ืžืฉื•ื ื ืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืขื“ื•ืช ื”โ€™โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืžืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืžื ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ื• ื“ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ืจ ืœื ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืืœื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืžื ืจ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื•ื ื“ื›ืŸ ืขืฆืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืืชืžื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขโ€ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืžื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื ืก ืื• ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืžืชื•ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืืœื ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืžืชื•ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื”ืœโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื•โ€ืž (ื’โ€ช:โ€ฌื™ื‘) ื•ื–โ€ืœ ืžื”ื• ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”? ื›ืœ ื ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืชื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืจ ื•ืžืงื ื—ื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื• ืคืชื™ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ืฉืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื™ ืœื•ื’โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ืฉืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฆืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืขื ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืชืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื ืจ ืฉืžืฆืื• ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ื” ืžืชืงื ื•โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขโ€ื›โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื“ื™ื™ืงื• ื”ื’ืจื™โ€ื– (ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืœื™ื•ืžื ื›ื“โ€ช:โ€ฌื• ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื)โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ื ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื ืจ ืœื ื›ื‘ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœื“ืฉื ื• ื•ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืžื—ื“ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืง ืœืชืงื ื• ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื“ืืชืžื•ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื™ืื”โ€ื“ ื“ืžืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืจืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืืชืžื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื›ื‘ื” ื”ื ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื ื›ื‘ื” ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืžื–ื‘ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืžืžื™ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขืคโ€ื– ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืžืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื“ืโ€ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืžื•โ€ืž ื”ื โ€ืœ ื•ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื”ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ ืขโ€ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื“ืœืงืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืโ€ื ืœืžื”ืฉื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืื ื™ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื›ื‘ื” ื”ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืืคืœโ€ืคโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืœืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืคืฉืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืจืง ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืืชืžื•ืœ ืขโ€ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื›ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขืคโ€ื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’โ€™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื) ื›ื‘ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘) ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’) ื•ืืคื™โ€™ ืงื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื›ื‘ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื” ื“ื“ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืžืชื•ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืžืžื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื ื›ื‘ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืžื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืžื ืจื•ืช ื“ืืชืžื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื› ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื•ืš ื“ืœื•ืงโ€ช( .โ€ฌืœืคื™ ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ืงื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœืจืžื‘โ€ืŸ ืจืง ื–ืงื•ืจ ืœื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™โ€ช).โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื™โ€™ ื‘ืฉืคโ€ื ื”ื โ€ืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื ืœืžื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื“ืืคื™โ€™ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืžืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืคื โ€ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื”ื•ื™ ืงื™ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืขโ€ื› ื“ืื ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–ืจ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืžื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ืื—โ€ื› ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืžืชื•ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคโ€ื– ืืคื™โ€™ ืื ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ืงื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื“ืืชืžื•ืœโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื“ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืœื•ืง ืขโ€ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืžื ืจื•ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชืžื•ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›โ€ื– ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช82โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช83โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชheichalbm.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ื›ืœืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืฆื•ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ืฉื‘ืช (ื›ื‘โ€ช):โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–โ€ืœ ื“ืื™ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื”ื• ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืื• ื”ื ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”? ื•ืžืกื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืžืจื ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืงืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉโ€ืž ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉโ€ืžโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืžื” ื ืคืงโ€ืž ืœื”ืœื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืืžืจื” ืžื”ื ื“ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื ื”ื ื—ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช1.โ€ฌืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื›โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช2.โ€ฌืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ืฉื ื“ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืžื ืจ ืœื ืจ ื•ื–โ€ืœ ืโ€ืจ ื”ื•ื ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื—ื–ื™ื ื ืื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ืจ ืœื ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื›โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช3.โ€ฌืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขโ€ื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืฉืชื ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื—ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื˜ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื›โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช4.โ€ฌื•ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉโ€ืข ืชืจืขโ€ื’ ืกโ€ื‘ ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืคื™ื›ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื›ื‘ืชื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื›โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช5.โ€ฌืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืฉโ€ืข ืฉื ืกโ€ื‘โ€ช :โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ื ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ื™ืจืš ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื•ืื—โ€ื› ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืŸ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื›โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืื• ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื›โ€™ ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื ืชืงื ื” ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืžืฉโ€ื› ื”ืจืฉื‘โ€ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื›ืโ€ช ):โ€ฌื“โ€ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื•ื–โ€ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืขืžื ื“ืžื™ืœืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื•ื ื“ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื ื•ืจื” ืชืงื ื•โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืœื›ืš ืขืฉืื•ื” ื›ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื›โ€ช .โ€ฌืโ€ื›โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขืฆื ืชืงื ืช ื—ื–โ€ืœ ื“ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ืžื โ€ื— (ืžืฆื•ื” ืฆโ€ื—) ืžื‘โ€™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื“ืœืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื“ืื™ ืœืื• ืœื ื”ื™โ€™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ื“ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื’ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื›โ€ื’ ื“โ€ื” ืื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ื•โ€™ ื›ื“ืืฉื›ื—ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื›โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช1.โ€ฌื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื โ€ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื“ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืš ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช?โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช2.โ€ฌื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื โ€ื— ืจืื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืช ืžื”ื ื“ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ืจ ืœื ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ื“ืจื‘ ืกโ€ืœ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžื ืจ ืœื ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ืžืชื™ื‘ ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืชโ€ชโ€œ :โ€ฌืžื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื™ืขืจื•ืš ื•ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื•ื”ืœื ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ืจื• ืืœื ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื–ื• ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉืžืŸ ื›ืžื“ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืขโ€ื› ื”ื’ืžโ€™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ื“ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžื ืจ ืœื ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืœืคืžืฉโ€ื› ื”ื’ืžโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ื ืจ ืžื ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืโ€ื› ื‘ื ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›โ€ื› ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื“ื ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžื ืจ ืœื ืจ โ€œื›ื“ืืฉื›ื—ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ชโ€.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื’โ€™ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื“ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช1.โ€ฌื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช (ืคื—โ€ช ):โ€ฌื“ื›ื‘ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื” ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืคืžืฉโ€ื› ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ืœืขื™ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื›ื‘ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื” ืขโ€ื›โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืง ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช (ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื‘โ€ช :โ€ฌื“โ€ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ืืจโ€ื”)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช2.โ€ฌืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื“ืจืง ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื“ื™ื›ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ืคโ€ื˜ ืžื”ืœโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืื”ืžโ€ืง ื”โ€ื– ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืžื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื–ืจ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื›โ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื”ืงโ€™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืงื— ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžโ€™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ืช (ื›ื‘โ€ช ,):โ€ฌื“ืœืžื“โ€ื ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื ื•ืจืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืโ€ื› ืื™ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื“ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื–ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ืžืงื•ื ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”? ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ืžื โ€ื— (ืžืฆื•ื” ืฆโ€ื—) ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ืชื™ ืขื“โ€ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืจโ€ืž ื“ืื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืžื•ืชืจ ื–ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื”ื ื‘ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช...โ€ฌื•ืฉื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขโ€ืž ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื•ืื™ ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ ื โ€ื— ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื ืขโ€ืฉ ืโ€ื โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœื•ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื™ืš ื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจโ€ืž ื•ื”ืจืื‘โ€ื“ ื“ื”ื“ืœืงืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื“ืœืงโ€™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ? ื•ืื—โ€ื– ืžืฆืืชื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื• ื‘ืกโ€™ ืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืงื— ืœื—ื›ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืคืจื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจโ€ืž ื”โ€™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขโ€ื›โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ื™ืืจื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ืื‘ื โ€ื– ืชืงื”โ€ช:โ€ฌื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืœโ€ื— ืชืฆื•ื” ื‘โ€™) ื“ืขโ€ื› ืกโ€ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื“ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช3.โ€ฌืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžโ€™ ื™ื•ืžื (ื›ื“โ€ช ):โ€ฌื“ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืœืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ืจืžื‘โ€ื ื”ื โ€ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื–ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ื™ืœืง ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืขื™โ€™ ื‘ื—ื–ื•โ€ื ืžื ื—ื•ืช (ืœโ€ช:โ€ฌื—) ื“ื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืžื‘โ€ื ืงื•ืฃ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” (ื“ืœื ื›ืžื โ€ื— ืฆโ€ื— ื“ืืขโ€ืคโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื–ืจ ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•โ€ืง ื•ื›โ€ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ืฃ ืคืกื•ืœื™ื)โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืžโ€™ ื”ื โ€ืœ ื“ืื ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืžื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขโ€ื› ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงื•ืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืฉืจ ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฆื™ื ื• ืกืชื™ืจื” ืื ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืื• ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฆื“ ืโ€™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ื“ื—ื–ื™ื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžื ืจ ืœื ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื“ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื“ื›ื‘ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฆื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืขโ€ื™ ื–ืจ ื•ืืคื™โ€™ ืขโ€ื™ ืงื•ืฃ?โ€ฌ


โ€ซืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื›ืœโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื“ื•โ€ืช ืžืจื‘ื ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”โ€ฌ


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Createย aย flipbook