Dr. Jeffery D Whippo, a leadership consultant with years of success in business and military leadership. He believes that when measuring leadership, there are various techniques that are used to both measure the aptitude of the leaders themselves, to include their leadership competencies, as well as measuring their effect on their subordinates that are following them. According to Dr. Jeffery Whippo, some of the most commonly used measures to rate successful and unsuccessful leaders include - Rating superior’s effectiveness and performance ratings; Subordinates ratings of their job satisfaction and morale of their leader’s effectiveness; and Business unit performance indices.