The Twenty-First Issue of JEAN

東亞泉志

No.21

2021.1 / Issue 39

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

19世紀的新博物館 The Neus Museum in the 19th Century

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

新建後的柏林新博物館 The Neus Museum after restoration

1912 年新疆維持統一會獅子雙旗圖銀質紀念章 1912 Sinkiang Unification Society Silver Medal

2021 年柏林一盎司紀念銀章 2021 WMF Berlin 1 Ounce Show Panda

『本期專題 | FEATURES 』 奈弗提提半身像

The bust of Nefertiti

中國錢幣學的幾個基本概念

Some Basic Concepts in Chinese Numismatics

近代史上的粵海關稅銀方鏪

Square Trough Sycees of the Canton Customs in Modern China

中華邊疆的共和曙光——1912 年新疆維持統一會紀念章尋蹤

The Dawn of the Unification of China's Border Areas— A Study on the 1912 Sinkiang Unification Society Silver Medal

西班牙 8 裏亞爾硬幣和中文戳記詮釋

Notes on Spanish Eight Reales and Chinese Chops

僅供內部使用

JEAN

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學 專家史博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專

《東亞泉志》

業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢 幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

2022 免費訂閱

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了

18期。2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東

中英雙語 - 電子季刊

亞泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成 功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、 人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。

25 th

No. 21

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

2021. 1 / Issue 39

東亞 泉 志 東亞

No. 15

東亞 泉 志 亞泉志

2019. 07 / Issue

No. 14

33

泉志 東亞

No. 17

32 / Issue 2019. 04

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

ue 38

Welcome to contribute articles. 歡迎投稿 !

Chinese / 中文 / jeanzg@163.com English / 英文 / championghka@gmail.com

Advisor

Chinese Editor

Che-lu Tseng

Yuan Shuiqing

顧問

中文主編

曾澤祿

袁水清

Hans-Henning Goehrum 漢斯 · 亨寧 · 格魯姆 Technical Advisor

Ma rket i ng Adv isor

US Correspondent

European Correspondent

Gu Jun

Mark Sutton

J. Matthew Brotherton

Oliver Strahl

技術顧問

市場顧問

顧軍

馬克·修頓

美國通訊員

馬修 · 布拉澤頓

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Michael H. Chou

Esther Zhao

Senior Editor

Design Director

出版人、總編輯

奧利弗·斯特拉爾

廣告與發行經理

周邁可

趙婷婷

高級編輯

美術設計

Bruce W. Smith

Steve Feller

史博祿

「 中英雙語 · 電子季刊

歐洲通訊員

史蒂夫·費勒

|

Tan Wanmei 譚婉梅

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly」

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ďźˆ

FOREWORD

Welcome to the 21st issue of the journal.

O u r jou r n a l t e a m w i l l a g a i n wo rk w it h le a d i n g numismatic author and editor Ron Guth on a book about the NC collection. The format will be similar to the 2015 Howard Franklin Bowker book, which was also edited by Ron Guth, Bruce Smith, and Michael Chou. Based on ten years of interviews with the owner of the NC collection, this book will give insight into one of the great collectors of Chinese numismatics and his family.

We have and ar ticle on the Smithsonian National Numismatic Collection's report on the digitization of 5,810 Chinese banknotes, which includes 4,500 notes from the collection of Alexander Pogrebetsky, in 1969 directed by Howard F. Bowker to NNC curators Vladimir and Elvira Clain Stefanelli, is extremely interesting.

Former Chinese Numismatic Museum curator Dai Zhiqiang's interesting article about Basic Concepts of Chinese Numismatics gives insight into this important topic.

Dr. Tseng Che-lu continues his analysis of coins from the fabulous collection of Chinese cash coins from the legendary Nai-chi Chang Collection with an article on the Yuan Dynasty Tien Chi Tung Pao 3 Cash Coins .

Our editor Zhou Bian has an interesting article on ThreeHoled Spade which gives insight into these fabulous Chinese ancient spade rarities.

NGC’s David Vagi continues his series on ancient coins in an article about the Four Aging Emperors . Spain's Salvador Ballesta's article about Spanish Eight Reals and Chinese Chopmarks gives insights into this interesting area of Chinese-Spanish numismatics. Our German correspondent Oliver Strah has submitted two reports about the World Money Fair panda.

Champion Auction will host its 25th anniversary auction in Macau in May 2021 at the Macau Sofitel Ponte 16 hotel. We will feature coins from the NC collection similar to the NC collection auction we held in Macau in 2015. Many excellent Chinese rarities and finest known coins will be in this NC auction, such as a 1916 Yuan Shi Kai f lying dragon dollar with L. Giorgi signature, ex-Kann Collection, NGC MS64, extremely rare and finest known. Another highlights include 1912 Yuan Shi Kai large beard dollar in brass, ex-Kann Collection and possibly unique NGC UNC Details, 1911 Empire long whisker pattern dollar ex-Kann Collection and finest known.

Stephan Dai continues his analysis of Chinese silver ingots in his article Silver Square Troughs of Canton .

There is an extremely interesting article by Cheng Bin on the background of the 1912 Sinking Unification Society medal.

Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS

04 08 14 36 42 44

The Cultural Connotation of Coin Charms —Coin Charms of the Han Dynasty : The Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 29th Book in the China Numismatic Book Series NC Collection: The Collection of a Chinese Gentleman

Champion

Champion 2020 Macau Auction Highlights and Other Events Show Panda Medal World Money Fair— Berlin 2021

Champion

Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

Last Years of Yuan Dynasty “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script 3 Cash Three-Holed Spades—A Legend In The Past 200 Years

FEATURES

48 54 61 78

COLUMN

82 91 101

Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕

DEPARTMENTS

05

A New Work by Stephen Tai —A Studough Syceesy on Square Tr: To Explore the Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 History of Silver Ingots

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Some Basic Concepts in Chinese Numismatics

Dai Zhiqiang〔Beijing〕

Square Trough Sycees of the Canton Customs in Modern China

Stephen Tai〔Baipei〕

The Dawn of the Unification of China’s Border Areas— A Study on the 1912 Sinkiang Cheng Bin〔Urumqi〕 Unification Society Silver Medal Notes on Spanish Eight Reales and Chinese Chops

Salvador Fontenla Ballesta〔Spain〕

Chinese Banknote Project Final report prepared for Michael Chou Four Aging Emperors Official World Money Fair Berlin Show-Panda 2020 8- & 16-Gram

NNC〔USA〕

David Vagi〔USA〕

Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

前言 yan

（

qian

歡迎閱讀《東亞泉志》第21期。

古代布幣珍品進行了探究。

《東亞泉志》編輯部將再度與錢幣界一流的作者和編輯古富（Ron

成斌先生的《中華邊疆的共和曙光——1912年新疆維持統一會紀

版的《霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克——錢幣學研究先驅者》一書類似，

維持同一會發起人及會員的徽章，作為參加活動的憑證。

Guth）合作，共同為 NC 收 藏著書。該書的形式將與2015年出

後者也是由古富、史博祿和周邁可先生編著。NC 收藏著作將基

於過去十年對與 NC 的採訪，對 NC——中國錢幣界最偉大的藏 家之一，及其收藏家族進行深入介紹。

念章尋蹤》一文，詳細考證了該紀念章的產生背景，認為是新疆

NGC 的大衛 · 瓦吉先生（David Vagi）在文章《四位羅馬皇帝的

肖像變化》中繼續對古錢作了系列研究。西班牙的薩爾瓦多 · 方特 納 · 巴列斯塔（Salvador Fontenla Ballesta）攥寫的《西班牙8裏

史密森美國國家歷史博物館國家錢幣收藏（NNC）對其5 810 張

亞爾硬幣和中文戳記詮釋》一文中對中國錢幣的這一有趣領域進

案涉及4 500 張來自亞曆山大 · 波格列別茨基的紙鈔，1969 年收到

也供稿了兩篇關於世界錢幣博覽會展會熊貓紀念章的報告。

紙鈔的數位化專案做出了報告，報告內容非常有趣。紙鈔數位化專 了來自霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克基金的支持，由 NNC 館長弗拉基

米爾（Vladimir）和埃爾維拉 · 克蘭 - 斯特凡尼利（Elvira Clain-

Stefanelli）主持。

原中國錢幣博物館館長戴志強先生撰寫了《中國錢幣學的幾個基本 概念》，對這一話題進行了深入研究。

曾澤祿博士繼續就來自傳奇的張叔馴收藏中的精美中國古錢進行了 分析，撰寫了《元末篆文徐天啟折三錢》一文。

戴學文先生則繼續研究中國銀錠，並撰寫了《近代史上的粵海關稅 銀方鏪》。

上海的周邊先生也撰寫了一篇有趣的文章《三孔布》，對這類中國

行了研究。我們的德國通訊作者奧利弗 · 斯特拉爾（Oliver Strah）

2021年5月，冠軍拍賣將在澳門十六浦索菲特大酒店舉行 25周年

拍賣。此次拍賣將和2015年的澳門拍賣一樣，以 NC 收藏為亮點。

此次 NC 收藏專場拍賣中將有很多中國錢幣珍品，不少都是已知 品相最好的，包括原耿愛德收藏的1916 年袁世凱像飛龍壹元銀幣

L. Giorgi 簽字版，經評 NGC MS64，非常稀少，也是已知品相

最好的一枚 ；原耿愛德收藏的1912年袁世凱像大鬍子壹元黃銅樣 幣，經評 NGC UNC Details，這可能是唯一枚該等級的袁世凱

像大鬍子黃銅樣幣 ；原耿愛德收藏的1911年長須龍壹元樣幣，同

樣是已知品相最好的一枚。

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人 ：周邁可

目錄 mu

06 07

戴學文先生又一新作——《方鏪考——一種歷史銀錠的探索》

11 25 39 43 46

NC 收藏——一位華人君子的收藏

lu

周邊〔中國上海〕

尋找壓勝錢的文化內涵——中國錢幣叢書甲種本之二十九——《漢代壓勝錢》

周邊〔中國上海〕

冠軍 2020 澳門拍賣成交亮點暨其他活動簡介 2021 年柏林世界錢幣博覽會展會熊貓紀念章 元末篆文徐天啟折三錢

部 門

冠軍研究室 冠軍研究室

奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

三孔布——傳奇兩百年的錢幣

曾澤祿〔美國〕

周邊〔中國上海〕

專 題

51 58 70 80

專 欄

87 96 105

中國錢幣學的幾個基本概念

戴志強〔中國北京〕

近代史上的粵海關稅銀方鏪

中華邊疆的共和曙光——1912 年新疆維持統一會紀念章尋蹤 西班牙 8 裏亞爾硬幣和中文戳記詮釋

薩爾瓦多·方特納·巴列斯塔〔西班牙〕

中國紙幣數字化項目最終報告 四位羅馬皇帝的肖像變化

戴學文〔中國臺北〕

成 斌〔中國烏魯木齊〕

2020 年柏林世界錢幣博覽會 8 克及 16 克官方展會熊貓紀念章

美國史密森國家錢幣收藏集

大衛 · 瓦吉〔美國〕

奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

A New Work by Stephen Tai

A Studough Syceesy on Square Tr: To Explore the History of Silver Ingots Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

A Study on Square Troughs: To Explore the History of Silver Ingots (《 方鏪考 —— 一 種 歷史 銀 錠的探索 》 ) by Stephen Tai ( 戴 學 文 ) was published by Boduoxi Studio ( 波 多 西 ) in September 2020 (ISBN 978-986-87260-5-5). Boduoxi Studio is located at 231 Fuxing 2nd Rd., Room 803, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302, Taiwan (ROC); email: hwta@ ms9.hinet.net .

A Study on Square Troughs: To Explore the History of Silver Ingots by Stephen Tai was newly published. It is another significant result in the study of Chinese silver ingots after A Study on Legendary Yunan Archway Ingot of the Late Qing Dynasty (1996) and The Illustrated Catalog of Yunnan Silver Ingots (1999). origin of silver troughs and explains their development. The second to seventh chapters describe throughs of Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Anhui in the Ming and Qing dynasties. It constructs a complete system based on the inscriptions on existing silver troughs and other information.

The eighth chapter involves silver ingots of other provinces to be studied. The last chapter focuses on the identification and historical speculation of silver troughs. The book involves silver troughs to be studied and analyzes the identification of silver troughs in detail. Therefore, it is an excellent reference book for classification, identification, research, and collection of silver troughs, and it has taken the study of Chinese silver ingots to a new height.

The square trough was a kind of silver ingot widely used in southern China in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Through a long period of development and evolution, it underwent many changes in its shapes and standards, and there are only a few existing so far. All these make it challenging to study square troughs. However, Mr. Tai, with his rigorous and meticulous attitude, made a systematic classification of silver troughs innovatively. The book is coherent and cites abundant evidence.

It explores the origin and development of silver troughs and put forward many new ideas, achieving many new results.

A Study on Square Troughs: To Explore the History of Silver Ingots contains nine chapters. The first chapter explores the

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The Cultural Connotation of Coin Charms Coin Charms of the Han Dynasty - The 29th Book in the China Numismatic Book Series Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Coin Charms of the Han Dynasty 《 ( 漢代壓勝錢》) by Gong Baiqing ( 公柏青 ) was published by Zhonghua Book Company ( 中 華書局 ) in September 2020 (ISBN978-7-101-14722-3). The 174-page book, 787mm x 1092mm, is about 180,000 characters in length. Price: 78 RMB in China.

Coin charms of the Han dynasty are a carrier of Chinese history and culture. Inscriptions and patterns on these coins reflect the cultural tradition and world view of ancient Chinese people.

The previous numismatic study mainly focused on their age, authentication, and classification, yet Coin Charms of the Han Dynasty analyzes their inner spirits from their historical and cultural connotations to better understand the politics, economy, thought, and culture of society. The book is of great academic significance as it points out a new way to study coin charms.

and reasons for their minting. These two chapters also make a classification for these coins. The second and fourth chapters reveal their cultural connotations to show the religious and inner spiritual world of ancient Chinese people, which shows the uniqueness of coin charms in the Han dynasty. The last chapter concludes the cultural connotation of coin charms of the Han dynasty. There is a preface by Dai Zhiqiang ( 戴志強 ) and references and a postscript at the end of the book.

Numismatic culture is so extensive and profound that there is a vast space for us to explore, as an essential research field for the numismatic community to study. We should study shapes, inscriptions, patterns, and historical records of coins to integrate the social and historical environment into our research. It will also contribute to modern minting by inheriting and developing the historical and cultural connotations of ancient Chinese coins.

The book contains five parts. It makes an in-depth study on the inscriptions and patterns of coin charms of the Han dynasty, their auspicious patterns, the belief of Tiān ( 天 , the celestial aspect of the cosmos, often translated as "Heaven"), the worship of Hsi Wang Mu ( 西王母 , the queen of the immortals in charge of female genies), and the concept and connotation of ascending to heaven embodied in these coin charms. The first and third chapters analyze shapes, patterns, inscriptions,

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戴學文先生又一新作

評

《方鏪考——一種歷史銀錠的探索》 周 邊〔中國上海〕

《 方鏪考——一種歷史銀錠的探索》一書，由波多西工作室出版，初版一刷 ：2020年9月。ISBN:978-986-87260-5-5（ 平裝）。 波多西工作室 ：臺灣302新竹縣竹北市復興二路231號8摟之3， 電郵 ：hwtai@ms9.hinetnet 。 戴學文先生的新作《方鏪考——一種歷史銀錠的探索》完

《方鏪考——一種歷史銀錠的探索》一書分九章，第一章

年）、 《滇銀圖鑒》（1999年）兩書之後探究中國銀錠又一個

章至第七章分別描述明清兩代廣西方鏪、廣東方鏪、湖南

成出版了，這是繼《晚清傳奇貨幣——雲南牌坊錠考》 （1996

方鏪探源，講述方鏪錠的歷史淵源和它的流變過程。第二

重要的成果。

方鏪、福建方鏪、江西方鏪與安徽方鏪 ；用方鏪實物，鏪 錠上的文字並結合資料，構架出一部方鏪的完整體系。第

方鏪，是明清廣泛流通於中國南方的銀錠形式，通過長時

八章其他省份的待考方鏪。第九章方鏪真假與歷史思辨。

間的發展演變，其形式與標準變化多，而至今留存數量少，

對待考品和方鏪真偽品進行細緻的分析。對方鏪的分類和

這些都為研究方鏪錠增加了難度。而戴學文先生卻以嚴謹

辨別、研究與收藏都是一本不可多得的好書。也使中國銀

的精細的研究精神，開創性的對方鏪錠進行了系統的整理

錠研究領域的水準增添了新的高度。

分類，條理清晰，廣征博引，溯源探流，提出了許多新觀點， 取得了不少的成果。

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尋找壓勝錢的文化內涵

中國錢幣叢書甲種本之二十九——《漢代壓勝錢》 周 邊〔中國上海〕

壓勝錢上的祥瑞圖案、壓勝錢上體現的西王母崇拜和升天

公柏青著的《 漢代壓勝錢 》 一書， 中華書局2020年9月出版。 為787X1092毫米 1/16開本， 174頁， 字數180千字。 國際標 準書號 ：ISBN978-7-101-14722-3。 定價人民幣78元。

觀念、漢代壓勝錢內涵綜述等問題分別進行深入的研究與 解讀。第一章與第三章對漢代壓勝錢的形制、錢文、圖案

以及產生原因進行分析與分類。第二章與第四章則揭開漢 代壓勝錢的文化內涵，可使讀者領略古人宗教信仰與內在的

精神世界 ；還探討了漢代壓勝錢在同時代器物中的獨特性。

漢代壓勝錢作為中國歷史文化的一個承載物，其文字圖案

第五章對漢代壓勝錢的文化內涵進行了綜述總結。前有導言

折射出當時古人的文化傳統與宇宙觀價值觀。之前錢幣界

與戴志強先生作的序言，書後有主要參考文獻與後記。

對壓勝錢的研究，多側重在考證年代、真偽與分類上，而

《漢代壓勝錢》則從更深的歷史文化內涵上來剖析解讀它

的內在精神，從而使我們得以瞭解當時社會的政治、經濟、

錢幣文化的內涵博大精深，有着廣袤的探究空間。通過對

書產生了重要的學術意義。

並將它融入到當時的社會歷史環境中來思考立論，是錢幣

錢幣的形制、文字、圖案、史籍的更深層次的探討與研究，

思想與文化，為今後探究壓勝錢指出了一條新的路徑。本

研究的一個重要方向，也是對當代中國錢幣製作上繼承發 揚歷史文化內涵的貢獻。

本書分五章，分別就漢代壓勝錢的形制和文字、天的信仰、

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The Collection of a Chinese Gentleman Champion

The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) editorial

at auction for more than USD 10,000 in 1975, a Heaton Mint

department will publish a book based on ten years of visits and

Hunan dollar, NGC SP67, which realized USD 15,500. We will

conversations with NC in the first half of 2021.

introduce the background story of how NC came to acquire the record-breaking Hunan dollar in the book. The coin was later

NC built one of the greatest machine-struck Chinese coin

purchased by Champion in 2014 for over USD 1,000,000 in a

collections. The collection includes the first Chinese coin to sell

private transaction.

1897 Heaton Mint Hunan Dollar Silver Pattern

The previous auction record of machine-struck Chinese coin was a 1903 Fengtien Tael, sold in the auction of Kann's

collection in 1971 for USD 4,000. This coin was later purchased by Taipei collector Haru Chang (張秀青) for USD 187,000 in the auction of Goodman's collection, setting another record of machine-struck Chinese coins.

Dealers who supplied coins to NC include Hans Schulman of

NGC Chairman Mark Saltzberg said, "it will be many years before we will see another Chinese collection with the depth

New York, Chang Huang ( 張 璜 ) of Hong Kong, former head

and quality of the NC collection."

of Spink & Son’s coin department André de Clermont, D.C. of California, and J.S. Lee of Taipei.

Michael Chou, the publisher of the JEAN , interviewed some dealers who supplied legendary coins, which helped form

Bruce W. Smith and Michael Chou also helped with the NC

the NC Collection to get their first-hand account of these

Collection, Bruce Smith helped to catalog the collection, and

transactions. Besides this, Mr. Chou also got to know other

Michael Chou submitted the NC Collection to NGC for grading

transactions that NC conducted with some legendary dealers

in 2013. The Hunan dollar in the collection was graded NGC

through his personal notes and research by Bruce Smith. All

SP67. In 2014, Champion Auction purchased this coin for more

these dealers built a network in the area of Chinese vintage

than USD 1,000,000, the third NGC certified Chinee coin

coins supplying Chinese rarities to NC.

to sell for over USD 1,000,000. In 2015, Champion Auction held its first NC Collection auction in Macau, and the second

NC started his Chinese collection with the world's most famous

specialized auction will be held in Macau in May 2021. The

world coin dealer Hans Schulman, King Farouk's coin dealer

consignment deadline is March 31, 2021. It is an excellent

who helped handle the Chinese collections from AM Tracy

opportunity for collectors to purchase legendary coins from

Woodward and Eduard Kann.

the NC Collection. For further information, please email mhlchou@yahoo.com.

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Hans Schulman

King Farouk

Tracy Woodward

DEPARTMENTS

Eduard Kann

NC had six main criteria for building his collection

1. Concentrate only on high quality (EF or higher coins).

4. Be flexible in collecting. Some coins are just unobtainable

Quality is important. Do not acquire a low-grade coin or a

or more often unaffordable. Be an opportunistic investor.

common coin to fill a void in the collection.

5. Regularly review and prioritize your “ want ” list. NC

kept an updated want list and sent the list to important

2. When in doubt, pass. If not sure why you want to buy a

dealers so they could contact him when they had any coins

coin, then pass.

on his list. Once a coin is acquired, it is removed from the

3. When you have conviction in the long term value of a coin,

list, so the dealers do not chase coins he has already had

overpaying is okay. NC mentioned that up to 40 percent is

[unless the grade is significantly superior].

acceptable as some coins appear very infrequently, and

6. Deal with everyone in collecting circles with integrity

you may have only one or two chances to acquire it in your

and generosity.

lifetime.

The book will introduce why he started to collect and his

of building the collector and recollections with famous dealers

philosophy and strategy on collecting based on his background

and collectors.

in financial modeling and trading and his interest in Chinese

We plan the release of the book in the first half of 2021, and its

history and the development of the modern Chinese economy.

structure will be similar to the Howard Franklin Bowker book,

It will also include NC's favorite coins and his most important

which we published in 2014. Michael Chou will be working

coins, important coins he missed out on, coins he refused to

again with former PCGS President Ron Guth, Bruce Smith, and

collect, and his dream coin. All information from NC will allow us to look into the great collector's thoughts and his joy

the NC family on this project.

Vicken Yegparian, Michael Chou, Ron Guth and Ellen Feingold at 2019 ANA World s Fair of Money Chicago

Bruce Smith, Michael Chou and Colin Gullberg at Chicago China Town in 2015

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NC Collection Highlights

10

CHINA-ANHWEI 1898 One Dollar Silver, short Chinese character “ 四” (4) with small rosette NGC MS66, �inest known

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 One Dollar Silver, long-whiskered dragon NGC MS64, �inest known

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1914 Yuan Shi Kai One Dollar Silver with Signature L.GIORGI NGC MS65, �inest known

CHINA-CHIHLI 1907 One Tael Silver Pattern 3 tiny dots on �lame-ball arranged in a straight line, NGC MS63

CHINA-EMPIRE 1906 One Tael Gold, large clouds, plain edge NGC MS64, �inest known

CHINA-KIRIN 1901 10 Cash Copper NGC EX DETAILS, the only known. The plate coin on the cover of Kirin Copper Coins by Zheng Renjie, is one of the rarest Chinese copper coins

CHINA-REPUBLIC (1916) Yuan Shi Kai One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon with L.GIORGI NGC MS64, �inest known, ex-Kann Collection

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND (1912) Yuan Shi Kai (previously named Chin Te Chuen) One Dollar Brass Trial, NGC UNC Details

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一位華人君子的收藏 冠軍研究室

冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生在過去十年中多次拜訪好友和導

他在1975年拍賣會上以15 500美元買下的1898年喜敦造幣

《東亞泉志》編輯部將根據 師 NC，並與其進行深入交流。

廠湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣，這也是第一

於2021年上半年正式發行。

破紀錄的價格買下這枚錢幣的背後還有一段有趣的插曲，

這些溝通交流的內容為 NC 收藏編寫相關書目，成書預計

枚成交價格超過10 000美元的中國近代機制幣。而 NC 以 這個小故事也將在書中揭曉，敬請期待！2014 年，這枚錢

NC 收藏是最大的中國機製幣收藏之一，其珍罕藏品包括

幣通過私人交易以超過100萬美元的價格被冠軍拍賣買下。 1897年喜敦造幣廠湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分 銀質樣幣 此前中國近代機製幣的拍賣紀錄是古德曼在1971年 耿愛德舊藏拍賣會上以4,000美元的價格競得的1903 年奉天省造癸卯光緒元寶庫平銀一兩 ， 簡稱 “ 奉天一 兩 ” 。 這枚 “ 奉天一兩 ” 後來又在1991年古德曼舊藏 拍賣上 ， 以187,000美元的價格被臺北買家張秀青競 得 ， 又一次打破中國近代機製幣的拍賣紀錄。

烈 · 德 · 克萊蒙特（Andre de Clermont）、加利福尼亞的

NGC 總 裁 馬克 · 薩 爾茨伯 格（Mark Saltzberg ）曾這 樣

評價 NC 收藏——“想必我們要等很多年才能見到另一個

D.C.、臺北的李振興等等。

深度和品質都與 NC 收藏相當的中國收藏。”

後 來，史博 祿 先 生（ Bruce W. Smith）和周邁可先 生也

《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可先生為本次的項目拜訪了幫助

為 NC 收 藏 錢幣 提 供了幫助。史博 祿 幫助其對自己的收

幣，並獲得第一手交易資料。同時，周先生也通過另一些

過 NGC 進 行 認 證。NC 買到 的 湖 南 省造 光 緒 元 寶 庫平

NC 建立收藏的一些幣商，瞭解他們向 NC 提供的著名錢

藏 進行 編目。周邁可先 生 則幫助其對 收 藏 的所有錢幣通

七錢二分銀質樣幣經評 NGC SP67，2014 年，冠軍拍賣

傳奇幣商的個人手記及史博祿先生的相關研究瞭解了 NC 與他們的交易情況。這些幣商共同構建起了中國近代機製

以超過1 000 000 美元的價格買下這枚幣，這是第三枚價

幣的交易網，並向 NC 提供了諸多珍品。

格超過1 000 000 美元的經 NGC 評級的中國錢幣，而之

前的兩枚也均是 通 過冠軍拍賣 成 交。2015年，冠軍拍賣

最早為 NC 提供錢幣的是全世界最有名的幣商漢斯 · 舒爾曼

在中國 澳 門 舉 辦了第一場 NC 收 藏 專 場 拍賣。另 外，冠

，他也曾是為埃及末代國王法魯克二世 （Hans Schulman）

軍拍賣也計劃於 2021年5月舉辦第二場 NC 收藏拍賣，委

（A.M. （King Farouk）提供錢幣的幣商，也曾經手過伍德華

託截止日期為2021年3月31日。此次 拍賣也是各 位 藏家從 Tracy Woodward）和耿愛德（Eduard Kann）的中國收藏。 傳奇的 NC 收 藏中收穫中國精品錢幣的大 好機會。中國 大 陸 地 區可發 送 郵 件至 jeanzg@163.com ，或 添 加 微信

向 NC 提 供 錢 幣 的 幣 商包 括 紐 約的 漢 斯 · 舒 爾曼、中國

1026841006 獲得更多信息 ；港澳臺地區及海 外藏家可發

香 港的張璜、原斯賓克公司 (Spink's) 錢幣 部門主任 安德

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漢斯·舒爾曼

法魯克二世

伍德華

耿愛德

NC進行收藏時遵循六大標準

1. 要關注錢幣的品質（ 極美品或品相更好的錢幣 ） 。品相

4. 收藏的時候要具有一定的靈活性 ， 就是如何應對會存在

非常重要 ， 不要為了填補收藏中的空白而購買品相低的錢

買不到的錢幣 ， 更經常的情況是有價格難以承受的錢幣 。

幣 。 因此 ， NC收藏中的很多錢幣不僅非常稀少 ， 而且有

作為投資者 ， 要看準時機 ， 在市場行情向下調整或有大收

很多都是已知品相最好的 。

藏出現的時候出手。

2. 不對有所猶豫的錢幣下手 ， 也不要對不知為何應該入手

5.定期回顧自己的願望清單 ， 並確定其優先順序 。 NC有一

張自己的願望清單 ， 這便於一些重要的幣商在遇到其願望

的錢幣下手。

清單上的錢幣時聯繫他 。 當購得清單上的部分錢幣後 ， 他

3. 如果自己對一枚錢幣的長期價值有信心 ， 那麼即使付出

會將得到的錢幣從願望清單上移除 ， 這樣幣商們就不會再

更高的價格也可以 。 如果一枚錢幣不常出現在市場上 ， 或

去尋找那些錢幣。

一生只有一兩次機會可以得到 ， 那麼可以支付高出市場價

6. 誠實且慷慨地和收藏界裏的每個人交往。

格40%的價格 。

我們可以從這本書中得知，NC 具有一定的金融貿易背景，

都基於 NC 提供的信息，這些信息讓我們可以深入瞭解這

也正是基於此，選擇中國錢幣開始自己的收藏活動。書中

建立收藏時的喜悅之情。

他對中國的歷史及中國現代經濟發展有着濃厚的興趣，他

位大收藏家的想法，並且感受到他在通過著名幣商和藏家

還會介紹 NC 最喜歡的錢幣、他收 藏中最為重要的錢幣、 他錯失的重要錢幣、他拒絕收藏的錢幣及拒絕的原因、他

我們計劃在 2021年上半年正式發行該書，其結構將類似於

維肯·葉格帕裏安 （Vicken Yegparian ） 、 周邁可 、 古富 、埃 倫·費恩戈爾德 （Ellen Feingold） 合影於2019年芝加哥美國 錢幣學會年會

2015年史博祿 、 周邁可及高林先生在芝加哥的華人街聚餐 合影

我們2014 年出版的《霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克——錢幣學研

夢想得到的錢幣、他的收藏理念和策略。所有的這些內容

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博祿先生和 NC 家族都將為該成書項目提供大力支持。

究先驅者》一書。原 PCGS 總裁及錢幣文學公會執行董事

《東亞泉志》資深編輯及創辦人史 古富先生（Ron Guth）、

NC收藏亮點

1898 年 （ 光緒二十四年） 安徽省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分 銀幣，扁四 ，小星花版； NGC MS66， 已知品相最好的一枚

1911年（宣統三年 ）長須龍大清銀幣 ，NGC MS64，已知品 相最好的一枚

1914 年 （ 中華民國三年） 袁世凱像壹圓銀幣L.GIORGI 簽字 版，NGC MS65, 已知品相最好的一枚

1907年 （ 光緒三十三年 ） 北洋光緒元寶庫平一兩銀質樣 幣 ， 火球上三個小圓點成一條直線， NGC MS63

1901年 （ 辛丑 ） 吉林省造光緒元寶制錢十個 ， NGC,EX DETAILS ， 可能是唯一一枚 ， 是鄭仁傑所著 《 吉林銅元 》 一 書封面圖片的原幣 ， 這枚也是最為稀少的中國銅幣之一

1906 年光緒丙午年造大清金幣庫平一兩光邊大雲版 ， NGC MS64，已知品相最好的一枚

1916 年中華帝國袁世凱像洪憲紀元飛龍銀幣L. GIORGI簽字 版，NGC MS64，已知品相最好的一枚，可能為原耿愛德收藏 J

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Auction Highlights and Other Events

Champion 2020

Champion

Champion 2020 Macau Auction

Champion 2020 Macau Auction, held on November 29, was a great success. The auction sold 191 out of 209 lots for a 91.39% success rate, realizing USD 2,162,617.50 (including the buyer’s commission). The three highest prices at the auction were LOT 021 - 1897 Heaton Hunan 50 Cent Silver Pattern (USD 540,000), LOT 025 – 1911 (Year 3) Long Whisker Dragon Dollar Silver (USD 312,000) and LOT 026 - 1911 Year Standing Dragon 50 Cent Silver (USD 132,000).

Again, the coins from the Howard Bowker Collection with original envelope toning set many new records and attracted many bidders to Macau. We had a record number of phone and Liveauctioneers bidders at this auction.

The perfect weather and hospitality of the Macau Numismatic Society headed by David Chio ( 趙康池 ) and C.S. Wong ( 黃志成 ) helped make everyone welcome, and we think everyone enjoyed their stay in Macau.

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Highlights LOT 020

KOREA 1916 Bank of Chosen 50 Sen Block 2, Pick 22, PMG AU53 NET, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price: USD 100 Realized Price: USD 1,187.5

LOT 020

(1)KOREA 1916 Bank of Chosen 20 Sen, Block 4, Pick 21, PMG Choice VF35; (2)KOREA 1919 Bank of Chosen 10 Sen, Block 4-7 Character Imprint, Pick 23a, PMG EF40 NET. Total 2 Pieces, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price: USD 100 Realized Price: USD 2,500

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LOT 021

CHINA-HUNAN 1897 50 Cents Silver, PCGS SP66+, Finest Known example and only 2 graded by PCGS, Chinese Family Collection Starting Price: USD 230,000 Realized Price: USD 540,000

LOT 021 spirited bidding between three Taiwan natives and two mainland bidders. Two of the bidders had already previously purchased this rare pattern from Champion. Two of the Taiwan bidders were in Taiwan and one overseas.

One bidder bid on the Liveauctioneers platform, one by mail bid and third by phone, and this coin went to the Taiwan phone bidder at USD 540,000, setting a new world record for a Chinese half dollar. This 50 cent coin was the top price realized at the 1991 Goodman Auction.

Now four out of six known examples of the Heaton Mint Hunan 50 cent coins are owned by Taiwan natives, and all three graded by PCGS or NGC have been auctioned or sold by Champion Auction, with a PCGS SP63 coin from the same famous Chinese Family Collection auctioned by Champion in 2008 for USD 92,000 and an NGC SP66 coin sold privately to a Taiwan collector in 2014 who also purchased the dollar from Champion. This time, Champion Auction auctioned the second example from the Chinese Family Collection and the finest known example of PCGS SP66+ to a Taiwan collector.

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LOT 024 CHINA-EMPIRE 1907 50 Cents Silver Pattern NGC MS65, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price: USD 5,000 Realized Price: USD 57,200

LOT 024 was a 1907 50 cent coin from the Howard Bowker Collection, NGC MS65. It generated spirited bidding with a floor bidder from northern China and an overseas bidder, with the northern China bidder winning at USD 57,200, setting a new record for this coin graded by NGC.

LOT 025

CHINA - EMPIRE 1911 Year 3 Long Whisker Dollar Silver Pattern NGC MS64, Bowker Collection Starting Price: USD 30,000 Realized Price: USD 312,000

LOT 025 was a 1911 Long Whisker Dollar from the Bowker Collection, NGC MS64. This finest known example of this rare pattern aroused lively bidding by a Shanghai bidder on the floor and by a phone bidder from northern China. This lot started at an estimated USD 30,000 and realized USD 312,000, with the Shanghai bidder winning and setting a new auction record for this coin.

LOT 026 CHINA – EMPIRE 1911 Year 3 Standing Dragon 50 Cent Silver Pattern NGC MS62, Bowker Collection, Raised Flame Starting Price: USD 10,000 Realized Price: USD 132,000

LOT 026 was an extremely rare 1911 50 cent pattern from the Howard Bowker Collection. It realized USD 132,000 to an overseas buyer who was the underbidder for the Hunan 50 cent pattern of the Heaton Mint. This NGC MS62 coin set a new record for the coin in NGC MS62 grade.

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LOT 028

CHINA – EMPIRE One Dollar Silver NGC MS64, Bowker Collection Starting Price: USD 10,000 Realized Price: USD 105,600

LOT 028 was also a Howard Bowker coin. Two phone bidders and a floor bidder underwent energetic bidding, with the northern China bidder winning at USD 105,600, setting a new record for an NGC MS64 coin.

LOT 029 CHINA-REPUBLIC 1919 Goat Medal Silver Diameter: 27mm, Weight: 16.9g, Width: 2.2mm NGC MS64, Chinese Family Collection Starting Price: USD 1,000 Realized Price: USD 36,000

LOT 029 was a 1919 Year of Five Goat medal struck at the Tientsin Mint from the Chinese Family Collection, and it realized a record USD 36,000 to a Macau floor buyer who beat out nine phone bidders to win this lot. Previously a similar example was sold for USD 3,250 at the 2015 Steven Album Auction that Champion purchased for a client.

LOT 032

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1927 Sun Yat Sen One Yuan Copper NGC MS61 BN, NC Collection Starting Price: USD 6,000 Realized Price: USD 31,200

LOT 032 was a rare 1927 copper pattern from the famous NC collection, and it was sold for USD 31,200 to an overseas phone bidder.

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LOT 049

CHINA-CHIHLI 1896 10 Cents Silver NGC AU55, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price: USD 1,000 Realized Price: USD 11,875

LOT 049 was a 1896 10 cent coin from the Howard Bowker Collection, NGC AU55, setting a new record of USD 11,875 for this coin after selling to a Singapore Liveauctioneers bidder.

LOT 065

CHINA – HEILONGJIANG Otto Beh 50 Cent Brass Pattern NGC AU55, Otto Beh Mint Pattern Starting Price: USD 20 000 Realized Price: USD 67,500

LOT 065, a German Otto Beh Heilongjiang 50 Cent Pattern, was sold on the Liveauctioneers platform to an overseas buyer over another overseas phone bidder for USD 67,500, setting a new record for this NGC AU55 pattern.

LOT 078

CHINA-HUPEH 1904 One Tael Silver Small Characters, NGC AU53, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price: USD 5,000 Realized Price: USD 62,400

LOT 078 was a superb NGC AU53 1904 Hunan Tael with a starting price of USD 5,000, with many phone bidders and

Liveauctioneers bidders bidding on this lot. This coin realized USD 62,400 to a Shanghai floor bidder, setting a new record for an NGC AU53 coin.

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LOT 080

CHINA-HUPEH 1920 20 Cents Silver NGC MS61, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price: 3,000 Realized Price: 36,000

LOT 080 was one of the most popular lots with many floor, phone, and Liveauctioneers bidders. A bidder from Sichuan won this lot, setting a new record for an NGC MS61.

LOT 096

CHINA-KIRIN 1882 One Tael Silver, Fantasy NGC MS63, Ex.Kann - Bowker Collection Starting Price: USD 1,500 Realized Price: USD 19,200

With over ten phone and Liveauctioneers bidders on this superb fantasy coin, it finally went to a northern China bidder, setting a new record for an NGC MS63.

LOT 124

CHINA – MANCHURIAN 1907 Dollar Silver NGC AU58, NC Collection Starting Price: USD 38 000 Realized Price: USD 67,200

LOT 124 went to a northern China phone bidder, outbidding an overseas bidder on this nice example of 1907 Manchurian dollar.

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LOT 125 CHINA-PEKING 1900 20 Cents Silver Pattern, Original Strike NGC MS60, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price: USD 20,000 Realized Price: USD 62,400

There was spirited bidding between a northern China phone bidder and a Shanghai floor bidder, with the Shanghai floor bidder winning at USD 62,400. An overseas phone bidder could not bid on this lot as the auction time passed midnight local time and missed out on this extremely rare coin.

LOT 140

CHINA-SINKIANG 1912 Unification Society Silver Medal with Lion and Flags Patterns NGC MEDAL AU55, NC Collection Starting Price: USD 8,000 Realized Price: USD 21,600

LOT 140 was an extremely rare 1912 Sinkiang medal from the NC Collection, and it was sold for USD 21,600 to a phone bidder, setting a new record for this NGC AU55. One previously was sold at the 2015 Champion Auction for USD 12,000.

LOT 151

CHINA – TAIWAN 1852 Old Man Dollar Silver NGC AU55, Bowker Collection Starting Price: USD 10 000 Realized Price: USD 91,200

LOT 151 was a Taiwan old man dollar from the Howard Bowker Collection, NGC AU55. This finest known example of NGC AU55 set a new record of USD 91,200 after spirited bidding between a Hong Kong phone bidder and a Macau floor bidder. The previous record for an old man dollar was USD 72,000 set in 2019.

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LOT 152 CHINA-TAIWAN ND(1853) LOTUS MILITARY RATION Silver NGC AU DETAILS, Chopmarked Coin, NC Collection Starting Price: USD 20,000 Realized Price: USD 40,800

The bidding was between an overseas bidder and a Hong Kong phone bidder, with the Hong Kong phone bidder winning at USD 40,800.

LOT 163 CHINA-TIBET SKAR 1910 Hsuan Tung Treasure Coin NGC MS64 RB, H.F. Bowker East Asia Collection Starting Price: USD 300 Realized Price: USD 10,800

LOT 163 was a superb 1910 Tibet coin, with many bidders from overseas bidding by phone and the Liveauctioners platform. It realized ten times the starting price at USD 10,800 to a floor bidder from Suzhou.

Other Events

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In addition to the auction, Champion Auction held and participated in many other events.

On the evening of November 26, the Macau Numismatic Society held the opening ceremony of the 2020 Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo at the Kam Pek Community Centre. Michael Chou, the President of Champion Auction, attended the ceremony as the advisor of the society.

The opening ceremony of the 2020 Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo on November 26

2020 Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo Gilt 2 Ounce Commemorative Panda Medal Sample

Michael Chou and David Chio reveal the plaster of the 2020 Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo Commemorative Panda Medal at the opening ceremony

On the afternoon of November 28, Yuan Shuiqing ( 袁 水 清 ), the Chinese editor of the Journal of East Asian

Numismatics (JEAN) , was invited to attend the expo and delivered a speech about Chinese commemorative notes. He explained the background and issuance of some 20 commemorative notes in mainland China, Hong

Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. His article the Review on Chinese Commemorative Notes (《 大中華紀念鈔概覽》)

also won the second prize of the third Great Bay Area Numismatic Competition.

On the same day, Champion Auction held a reception lunch at the Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16. Before the lunch, Michael Chou released the premilitary survey result of the third edition of Top Chinese Coins (《中國近代機製幣

精品鑒賞》), and Mateo Zhao ( 趙振陽 ), the Asian Business Expansion Director of NGC, introduced NGC and the Bowker Collection. In the evening, Champion Auction offered a cruise dinner and held a prize draw.

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Yuan Shuiqing delivers the speech

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Michael Chou releases the premilitary survey result of the third edition of Top Chinese Coins

Mateo Zhao of NGC introduces NGC and Bowker Collection

Cruise dinner on November 28

Prize Draw

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冠軍 2020

DEPARTMENTS

拍賣成交亮點暨 其他活動簡介 冠軍研究室

拍賣現場

冠 軍2020澳 門 拍 賣 於11月29日 圓 滿 收 官， 此 次 共 推 出 錢 幣 類 拍 品209件， 成 交191件， 成 交 率

91.39% ；成交總額 2 162 617.5美元（含傭金）。其中，單件成交價10萬美元以上4件。成交價最高的前

三名分別是 LOT 021 - 1987年湖南省造庫平三錢六分銀質樣幣（成交價為540 000美元）、LOT 025

- 1911年宣統三年長須龍大清銀幣（成交價位312 000美元）和 LOT 026 - 1911年宣統三年立龍伍角 銀幣（成交價為132 000美元）。

霍華德 · 包克收藏的錢幣再次吸引廣大藏家前往澳門，創造了多項新的拍賣記錄。包克收藏錢幣長期 保存在信封中，呈現出精美的原包漿。此次拍賣的電話委託數量以及在 Liveauctioneer 網站上出價的

人數也是歷史新高。

拍賣期間，澳門氣候宜人，澳門錢幣學會理事長趙康池及名譽會長黃志成的熱情招待也讓每位來參加 拍賣的客人都感到賓至如歸，想必大家都在澳門度過了一段愉快的時光。

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成交亮點 LOT 020

1916年朝鮮銀行五拾錢 Pick 22，PMG AU53 NET，包克藏品 起拍價：USD 100 成交價：USD 1 187.5

LOT 020

1916年朝鮮銀行貳拾錢，PMG Choice VF 35 1919年朝鮮銀行拾錢券，PMG EF40 NET, 共2枚 起拍價：USD 100 成交價：USD 2 500

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LOT 021

1897年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀質樣幣 PCGS SP66+，華人家族收藏 起拍價：USD 230 000 成交價：USD 540 000

LOT 021吸引了3位中國臺灣買家和2位中國大陸買家，大家都對這件拍品志在必得。其中兩位買家更是已經通過冠軍拍

賣入藏過這一珍稀樣幣。3位中國臺灣買家中，2位身處中國臺灣，還有一位居於海外，分別通過 Liveauctioneer 網站、

電話委託和書面委託出價。最終，這件拍品被中國臺灣的電話委託買家以 540 000美元的價格成交，這一價格打破中國 伍角硬幣的世界拍賣紀錄。這枚伍角錢幣也曾是1991年古德曼拍賣中成交價格最高的一件拍品。

喜敦 造幣廠的湖南省造庫平三 錢六分銀質樣幣已知僅6 枚，其中4 枚都在中國臺灣藏家手中，這4 枚中有3枚 經 NGC/

PCGS 評級，都經由冠軍拍賣成交。其中2位買家又再次參與此次競價。在冠軍拍賣經手的3枚中，同樣出自華人家族收

藏的一枚經評 PCGS SP63，2008年通過冠軍拍賣以92 000美元的價格成交，一枚經評 NGC SP66的樣幣在 2014 年通

過私人交易被賣給一位中國臺灣買家。此次第二枚出自華人家族收藏的樣幣是已知品相最好的一枚，經評 PCGS SP66+，

也被中國臺灣買家收入囊中。

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LOT 024

1907年（丁未）大清伍角銀幣 NGC MS65，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 5 000 成交價：USD 57 200

LOT 024是1907年丁未伍角銀幣，出自霍華德 · 包克收藏，經評 NGC MS65，來自華北的現場買家和一位海外買家都 志在必得，最終華北買家以57 200美元的價格得標，打破 NGC 評級的丁未伍角的成交價格紀錄。

LOT 025

1911年宣統三年大清長須龍壹圓銀幣 NGC MS64，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 30 000 成交價：USD 312 000

LOT 025是包克收藏的1911年長須龍壹圓銀幣，經評 NGC MS64，是這款珍稀樣幣中已知品相最好的一枚。上海的現

場買家和華北的電話委託買家都對其志在必得。這件拍品的起拍估價為30 000美元，最終以 312 000美元的價格成交，

打破拍賣紀錄，代客競標的上海買家最終得標。

LOT 026

1911年宣統三年大清銀幣伍角 NGC MS62，包克收藏，陰陽旋 起拍價：USD 10 000 成交價：USD 132 000

LOT 026是極為珍稀的1911年伍角樣幣，NGC MS62 ，出自包克收藏，最終以132 000美元的價格被一位海外買家得

標，打破拍賣紀錄，而這位買家也參與了之前喜敦造幣廠湖南省造庫平三錢六分樣幣的競爭。另外，這枚伍角銀幣也打破 了 NGC MS62分錢幣的拍賣紀錄。

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LOT 028

1910年宣統年造大清壹圓銀幣 NGC MS64，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10 000 成交價：USD 105 600

LOT 028同樣出自包克收藏，經評 NGC MS64，2位電話委託買家和1位現場買家都對其志在必得，最終華北買家以 105 600美元的價格成交，打破拍賣紀錄。

LOT 029

1919年天津造幣廠生肖羊年歲在己未銀章 直徑27mm，重量16.9克，厚度2.2mm NGC MS64，華人家族收藏 起拍價：USD 1 000 成交價：USD 36 000

LOT 029的1919年羊年紀念章由天津造幣廠鑄造，出自華人家族收藏。中國澳門的現場買家和9位電話委託買家展開了

激烈的競爭，最終以 36 000美元的價格被中國澳門的現場買家購得。此前冠軍拍賣曾在 2015年的 Steve Album 拍賣會 上為一位客人以 3 250美元的價格買下一枚類似的紀念章。

LOT 032

1927年孫中山像開國紀念壹圓銅質樣幣 NGC MS61 BN，NC藏品 起拍價：USD 6 000 成交價：USD 31 200

LOT 032是一枚珍稀的1927年孫中山像銅質樣幣，出自著名的 NC 收藏，以 31 200美元的價格被海外電話委託買家得標。

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LOT 049

1896年光緒二十二年北洋機器局造一角銀幣 NGC AU55，包克藏品 起拍價：USD 1 000 成交價：USD 11 875

LOT 049是霍華德 · 包克收藏的1896年壹角銀幣，經評 NGC AU5，被一位新加披買家通過 Liveauctioneer 平臺以11 875 美元的價格成交，打破拍賣紀錄。

LOT 065

1896年黑龍江省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀 模銅打 NGC AU55，奧托·拜赫德制中國樣幣 起拍價：USD 20 000 成交價：USD 67 500

LOT 065是奧托 · 拜赫德制黑龍江省造庫平三錢六分樣幣，經評 NGC AU55，兩位海外買家分別通過 Liveauctioneer 和電話委託進行競價，最終通過網路平臺出價的買家，以67 500美元的價格打破該幣成交紀錄。

LOT 078

1904年光緒三十年湖北省造大清銀幣庫平一 兩小字版 NGC AU53，包克藏品 起拍價：USD 5 000 成交價：USD 62 400

LOT 078是一枚精美的1904 年光緒三十年湖北省造一兩大清銀幣，經評 NGC AU53，起拍價為5 000美元，很多電話

委託和 Liveauctioneer 上的買家都對其進行競價，最終上海的現場買家以62 400美元的價格成交，打破 NGC AU53分

錢幣的拍賣紀錄。

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LOT 080

1920年中華民國九年鄂造貳角每五枚當一 圓銀幣 NGC MS61，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 3 000 成交價：USD 36 000

LOT 080 也在現場買家、電話委託買家和 Liveauctioneer 買家中大受歡迎，經評 NGC MS61，最終一位四川買家以 36 000美元的價格成交，打破 NGC MS61評級幣的拍賣紀錄。

LOT 096

1882年光緒八年吉林機器官局監造廠平壹 兩銀幣 臆造幣，NGC MS63，原耿愛德-包克藏品 起拍價：USD 1 500 成交價：USD 19 200

LOT 096是一枚精美的臆造幣，也吸引了超過10 位電話委託買家和 Liveauctioneer 買家，最終被一位華北買家以19 200 美元的價格得標，打破 NGC MS63分幣的拍賣紀錄。

LOT 124

1907年東三省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 NGC AU58，NC藏品 起拍價：USD 38 000 成交價：USD 67 200

LOT 124是一枚精美的東三省壹圓銀幣，一位華北買家以67 200美元的價格力壓海外買家得標。

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LOT 125

1900年庚子京局製造光緒元寶一錢四分四 釐樣幣初鑄幣 NGC MS60，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 20 000 成交價：USD 62 400

LOT 125讓一位華北電話委託買家和上海現場買家都志在必得，最終上海現場買家以62 400美元的價格得標。在競拍這

枚錢幣時，時間已晚於美國當地時間十二點，因此一位買家因已經休息而無法競標，錯失這枚珍稀錢幣。

LOT 140

1912年新疆維持統一會獅子雙旗圖銀質紀 念章 NGC MEDAL AU55，NC藏品 起拍價：USD 8 000 成交價：USD 21 600

LOT 140出自 NC 收藏，是一枚非常稀少的1912年新疆紀念章，經評 NGC AU55，以 21 600美元的價格被電話委託 買家得標，打破拍賣紀錄，這枚紀念章曾在 2015年冠軍拍賣上以12 000美元的價格成交。

LOT 151

1852年道光年造臺灣老公銀餅壹圓 NGC AU55，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10 000 成交價：USD 91 200

LOT 151是霍華德 · 包克收藏的臺灣老公銀餅，經評 NGC AU55，是已知品相最好的一枚，中國香港的電話委託買家和

中國澳門的現場買家展開激烈競爭，最終以91 200美元的價格打破拍賣紀錄，此前的拍賣紀錄為2019年時的72 000美元。

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LOT 152

1853年臺灣如意軍餉 NGC AU DETAILS，NC藏品 起拍價：USD 20 000 成交價：USD 40 800

LOT 152的競價主要在海外買家和中國香港的電話委託間展開，最終中國香港的電話委託買家以40 800美元的價格成 交。

LOT 163

1910年西藏造宣統寶藏銀幣 NGC MS64 RB，包克藏品 起拍價：USD 300 成交價：USD 10 800

LOT 163是一枚精美的1910年西藏幣，很多海外買家通過電話委託或 Liveauctioneer 平臺出價，成交價高出期起拍價 10 倍，是由一位蘇州的現場買家以10 800美元的價格得標。 除了拍賣之外，冠軍拍賣還參與或組織了很多相關活動。

其他活動

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冠軍拍賣除了此次的現場拍賣活動外，還舉辦並參與了諸多其他活動。

11月26日晚，2020年澳門錢幣學會年會開幕儀式在澳門金碧文娛中心隆重舉行。澳門各界代表及眾多

錢幣界人士蒞臨儀式現場。冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生作為澳門錢幣學會的學術顧問，也出席了此次的 開幕儀式。

11月26日舉辦的2020年澳門錢幣學會年會開幕儀式

周邁可、 趙康池揭示2020年澳門錢幣學會年會熊貓紀念章石 膏模

2020年澳門錢幣學會年會2盎司鍍金熊貓紀念章樣品

11月28日下午， 《東亞泉志》中文主編袁水清先生受邀參加澳門錢幣展 2020活動，並以“大中華紀念

鈔概覽”為題進行講解，詳細介紹了中國大陸及港澳臺地區民國和當代的20 種紀念鈔發行背景和有關

情況。而袁水清先生的《大中華紀念鈔概覽》一文也榮獲了第三屆大灣區錢幣競賽展銀獎。

同日中午，冠軍拍賣在澳門十六浦索菲特大酒店六樓舉辦了招待午宴，眾多藏家出席午宴。宴會開始前， 冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生公佈了《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第三版的問卷調查初步結果。NGC 亞洲 市場拓展總監趙振陽先生介紹了 NGC 與包克收藏之間的淵源。晚上，冠軍拍賣舉辦了郵輪晚宴，並 進行抽獎活動。

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袁水清先生進行演講

周邁可先生公佈問卷調查的初步結果

趙振陽先生介紹 NGC 與包克收藏之間的淵源

抽獎活動

郵輪晚宴

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Show Panda Medal World Money Fair - Berlin 2021 Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

A new year is upon us in the world of numismatics, but

daily activity is instead focused on the online section.

with many restrictions. Nevertheless, there is a little bit of

Here collectors can continue to exchange knowledge or

hope on the horizon for the long-lost normality.

acquire new coins.

The Corona virus remains a constant companion in

As in the previous year, the Numismata 2021 in Munich

everyday life to this day and continues to bring us sad

has now been cancelled at an early stage.

record numbers. Many countries around the world are

A significant blow to numismatics is the postponememt

in a lockdown due to the pandemic, and nightly curfews

of the 50th Anniversary of the World Money Fair 2021 in

are also in effect. Our yearning for freedom will hopefully

Berlin. The initial date for the world's largest coin fair was

be fulfilled this year with vaccinations now taking place.

scheduled for January 29-31, 2021. Up to 15,000 visitors

In 2020, we were forced to follow many rules and even Christmas was held only in the smallest circle.

and more than 330 exhibitors are counted here every

My thoughts are with all the families who have lost a loved

position, but the event was disallowed by the authorities.

year. The well-planned hygienic concept was already in

one forever, like our family, due to the difficult fateful year

The World Money Fair is accommodated by the ECC

of 2020.

These restrictions of c o u r s e a f f e c t o u r numismatic s. Many coin dealers had to close their local stores, moreover, coin fairs and c o l l e c to r s' m e et i n g s were cancelled without any replacement. The

Ticket for 2021 WMF

Berlin (formerly Estrel Congress Center), which would have started this year with a notable expansion. With an investment of around 25 million Euros, the new glassroofed Estrel Auditorium will be opened. This light-flooded extension with state-of-the-art technology, including escalators, offers an additional of 3,500 square meters - making a total of 28,500 square meters of event space available.

Estrel Congress Center, Berlin 36

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The 50th Anniversary of the World Money Fair 2021 has

at the Shanghai New Century Mint. This private mint is

not been completely canceled, but merely postponed

known for accomplished standards in terms of quality.

indefinitely. As a replacement, the World Money Fair`21

Many numismatic rarities that fetch high auction revenues

#DigitalFair will start in the same period. On the official

were minted here. On the NGC label, "China 2021"

World Money Fair homepage exhibitors can present

appears as the country of issue and "Berlin World Money

themselves and coin dealers can show their wares. Virtual

Fair 50th Anniversary" as the official occasion of issue.

meeting rooms will be made available for the personal

The mintage numbers, individually or collectively, often

contact. Further events such as the Media- or Technical

reflect the 50th Anniversary number of the Fair.

Forum and the Coin of the Year Award 2021 Ceremony

The Berlin World Money Fair Show Panda 2021 will be

will also be held on a virtual level.

released in the following proof varieties:

The guest of honor this year is the China Gold Coin

1 Ounce

Incorporation (CGCI). Perhaps there will be a matching Silver

sh ow c o in i s sue availab l e to o r der o nline at t he #DigitalFair.

50 Gram

200 Pieces Gilt

8 Gram

300 Pieces

16 Gram with 1 Gram Silver / Gold Gold Inlay

What would the World Money Fair be without the Official Show Panda 2021?

Gold

The new issue will certainly be a top-class sensation.

The mintage of the 1 Oz silver issue has been drastically

250 Pieces

50 Pieces

1 Ounce

5 Pieces

50 Gram

15 Pieces

Brass

reduced from 500 to just 200 pieces. The additional

40mm

8-gram silver version also counts a mintage of only 300

Antiqued 50 Pieces

Copper

pieces.

All Issues

Since Kuenker's advertisement appeared in the Kuenker

Samples – Pattern

Brass & Copper each 55 Pieces

January auction catalog and German Panda Collector Facebook Group, the entire German allocation of both 100 pieces of 1 ounce silver and 8 gram silver have been completely sold out before the start of Kuneker online store sale in February. There are another 100 pieces of 1 ounce silver reserved for the market outside of Germany.

200 out of 250 50 grams silver will be certified and sold in the USA for a much higher price by the US marketing company.

The award-winning and renowned Designer Yu Min crafted the complete design, as he did for the previous year’s issues. The Show Panda medals were minted

Neus Museum

1 Ounce/8 Gram Silver Panda

1 Ounce Gold Panda J

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Each Show Panda medal received its own consecutive serial number by an applied laser technique, or the special designation for an extremely rare pattern medal (which served as a gift and display sample).

On the reverse is the Neus Museum with corresponding silhouette in the background. The New Museum was built between 1843 and 1855 by Friedrich August Stüler.

After being heavily destroyed in the Second World War, it was reopened in October 2009 after an elaborate reconstruction and restoration. The building is part of the architectural ensemble of the Museum Island Berlin and belongs thus to the world cultural heritage of the UNESCO. The bust of Nefertiti

Since the reopening of the Neues Museum, it has housed the Egyptian Museum with the Papyrus Collection of the

On the obverse of the medal are the two panda twins

National Museums in Berlin. The most well-known exhibit

Meng Xiang and Meng Yuan from the Berlin Zoo. The

and a true crowd puller is the bust of Nefertiti, donated by

very successful representation shows the young and

James Simon in 1920. The famous bust, dated to 1338

playful pandas in the enclosure of the Panda Garden.

BC, is depicted on the current Show Panda medal as a

Posing, one of the two cute pandas climbs straight on

gold-plated inlay.

a stone, which shows a circular hole in the middle. The second delightful panda, which has placed itself in front

The legend "World Money Fair Berlin 2021" as well as the

of a bamboo, almost formally and thereby blissfully greets

officially licensed World Money Fair logo were also minted

the audience present with outstretched arms and open

on the reverse.

mouth. In the foreground you can see a fence, which was built in the Chinese architectural style. Above the two

Many more interesting new issues from the Designer Yu

frolicking pandas hang two Chinese lanterns, which are

Min appeared recently. This is among others the Macau

gently moved by a breeze. On one of these lanterns is

Show Panda 2020 with reference to Michael Schumacher.

an imprint with the number 50, which is symbolic of the

The medal is in high demand among many Formula 1

Anniversary Fair.

fans, especially in Germany. Another sought-after followup issue represents the Space Panda 2020 from Cook

The circumscription reads " World Money Fair 50th

Islands, whose predecessor sold out in record time.

Anniversary".

The Show Panda "World Money Fair Berlin 2021" can be ordered in the Künker Coin Shop from February:

https://www.kuenker.de/en/shop/stuecke?filter=highlight&sko=WMF+2021++PANDAS A presentation of the Show Pandas can be found in Künker's auction catalog 346.

Issue Price: 1 Ounce Silver - 95 Euro / 8 Gram Silver - 45 Euro

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2021年柏林世界錢幣博覽會 展會熊貓紀念章 奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

錢幣界又迎來了新的2021年。這一年，錢幣活動仍將受到許

針對疫情的限制措施無疑也對錢幣界產生了一些影響。很多

多限制。儘管如此，人們仍希望那些久違的常規活動能夠順

幣商不得不關店歇業。此外，很多錢幣交易會和藏家見面會

利舉行。

都被取消，且不得重新舉辦。日常的活動重心轉至線上，藏 家們也在線上繼續交流知識或是入手新的錢幣。

新冠疫情仍在持續，感染人數不斷創下新高，這樣的現狀令 2021年的慕尼克錢幣展和2020年一樣，在早期階段便遭取消。

人沮喪。這場全球性的大流行病讓世界各地的很多國家都處 於閉關狀態，有些國家甚至採取了宵禁措施。2020年，我 們被迫遵守許多規則，即便是耶誕節這樣的節日也只在小範

而恰逢50周年的2021年柏林世界錢幣博覽會也被延期，這

圍內進行慶祝。現在各地逐漸開始接種疫苗，因此今年我們

無疑是對錢幣界的一次重大打擊。柏林世界錢幣博覽會是全

有望獲得渴望已久的自由狀態。

球最大的錢幣展會，每年有約15 000名參觀者及超330家展 出方參與。2021年的展會原計劃於1月29日至31日舉行。展

2020年是困難的一年，也是對未來有重大影響的一年。我

會已精心安排了防疫措施，但遺憾的是，當局仍不允許這一

與那些和我一樣在這一年失去摯愛之人的家庭感同身受。

活動如期舉行。

2021年柏林世界钱币博览会入场券 世界錢幣博覽會的舉辦地點為柏林埃斯特雷爾會議中心，該 中心本應從2021年開始進行大規模擴建。新建的埃斯特雷 爾大會堂即將開放，大會堂帶有玻璃天頂，投資超過2500 萬歐元。其擴建工程採用了最先進的技術，即便是自動扶梯 也是如此。這個可以享受到陽光的大會堂為會議中心額外提 柏林埃斯特雷尔会议中心大楼建筑

供了3 500平方米的活動空間，總活動面積達28 500平方米。

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2021柏林世界錢幣博覽會將發行以下精緻版別紀念章 ：

但是2021年世界錢幣博覽會50周年的活動並沒有完全被取 消，只是被無限期推遲。數字交易會將在原定日期舉行，以 代替線下活動。參展者可在世界錢幣博覽會的官方網站上展

1盎司

示自己的展品，幣商也可以線上上展出自己的商品。大家還 可以通過虛擬會議室進行溝通。此外，線上還將舉行媒體

銀章

或技術論壇及2021年世界硬幣大獎賽頒獎典禮。

200枚

50克

250枚

鍍金

8克

300枚

2021年展會的主賓是中國金幣總公司。 銀 / 金章 2021年可能還會在線上交易會發行展會紀念幣，供大家線 上訂購。柏林世界錢幣博覽會也一定會帶來官方發行的2021

16克帶1克金質鑲嵌

50枚

1盎司

5枚

50克

15枚

金章

年展會熊貓紀念章。 新發行的2021年柏林世界錢幣博覽會展會熊貓紀念章一定

黄銅章 40毫米

會引起巨大的轟動。1盎司銀章的鑄造量從原來的500枚驟

50枚

仿古

紫銅章

減至200枚，而8克銀章的鑄造量也僅有300枚。

其他

昆克拍賣原計劃於2月開始正式在其線上商店 Kuenker.de 以

樣品

黃銅及紫銅各55枚

相對較低的發行價格發售上述兩枚展會熊貓紀念章。但隨 着昆克拍賣在其1月的拍賣目錄上刊發相關廣告，向德國市 場投放的100枚1盎司銀章和100枚8克銀章很快就都售罄了。 另外有100枚1盎司銀章為德國以外的市場保留。而250枚50 克銀章中會有200枚在美國進行認證，並由美國的銷售公司 以更高的價格出售。 紀念章與往年一樣，由世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主，著 名錢幣設計師余敏先生操刀紀念章設計。此次的紀念章由 上海新世紀紀念幣製造有限公司製造，該私營造幣廠以其高 質量標誌而聞名，許多獲得拍賣佳績的錢幣珍品都是在這裏 鑄造的。NGC 標籤標注了發行國家、年份——“中國2021”， 還表明了發行場合為“柏林世界貨幣博覽會50周年”。此外，

柏林新博物館

紀念章的鑄造量（總數及各個規格的鑄造量）還反映了博覽 會“50周年”這一具有紀念意義的數字。

1盎司 /8克銀章（ 正背面）

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禮物用的樣章） 。 紀念章的背面以柏林新博物館（Neus Museum）的輪廓作 為背景。柏林新 博物館由弗裏德裏希 · 奧古斯特 · 斯圖勒 （Friedrich August Stüler）始建於1843年至1855年間。二戰 期間，博物館受到嚴重破壞，後經過複雜的重建和恢復工作 後於2009年10月重新開放。新博物館是柏林島博物館建築 群的一部分，因此也屬於聯合國教科文組織的世界文化遺產 之列。 自柏林新博物館重新開放以來，便收藏了原埃及博物館和柏 林國家博物館館藏的紙莎草紙藏品。而館內最著名的展出品 奈弗提提（ Nefertiti） 半身像

則是奈弗提提（Nefertiti）半身像，這也是吸引了最多參觀

紀念章的正面是柏林動物園的一對雙胞胎熊貓——夢想和夢

捐贈。這尊著名的半身像的歷史可以追溯到公元前1338年。

圓。章上形象生動地展示了熊貓園裏年幼而頑皮的熊貓形象。

2021年柏林世界錢幣博覽會熊貓紀念章上，有一版銀章將其

在這兩只可愛的熊貓中，有一只爬到一塊石頭上，石頭中間

做成了鍍金鑲嵌的版本。

者駐足的藏品，由詹姆斯 · 西蒙（James Simon）在1920年

有一個圓孔。另一只則站在一根竹子前面，很高興地張開雙 臂，嘴微張開，似在正式地向在場的觀眾致意。畫面中有一

“2021年柏林世界錢幣博覽會”字樣及官方授權的“柏林世

個按中國建築風格建造的柵欄。兩只熊貓正在嬉戲，頭頂掛

界錢幣博覽會”標誌也鑄刻於紀念章的背面。

著兩只中國燈籠，隨着微風吹動而輕輕搖擺。在其中一個燈 籠上印有數字50，象徵着世界錢幣博覽會舉辦50周年。

最 近 還 新 發 行 了很 多 有 趣 的 紀 念 章， 也 是 出 自 設 計 師 余 敏 先 生 之手。 其中 便 包 括了以 馬 克 · 舒馬 赫（Michael

紀念章的外圈上用中英文寫着“世界錢幣博覽會50周年紀

Schumacher）為主題的2020年澳門錢幣學會年會紀念章。

念” 。

這款紀念章在 F1方程式賽車比賽愛好者中非常受歡迎，尤 其是在德國。此外還有即將發行的2021年庫克群島太空熊

每一枚展會紀念章都有各自的編號，編號採用鐳射技術印刻

貓紀念幣，前一版的太空熊貓紀念幣的售罄時間也是非常

完成。也有極少數樣章帶有特殊名稱標記（展出樣品或只做

之短。

2021年柏林世界錢幣博覽會展會熊貓紀念章自2月起可以在昆克錢幣商店訂購 ：

https://www.kuenker.de/en/shop/stuecke?filter=highlight&sko=WMF+2021++PANDAS 您可以在昆克拍賣目錄 #356中可以查看該展會熊貓紀念章的相關介紹。 發行價格 ：1盎司銀章 - 95歐元 / 8克銀章 - 45歐元

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Last Years of Yuan Dynasty “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script 3 Cash Che-lu Tseng〔USA〕

Lo Po-Chao wrote an article The Discovery of “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script which was published on Ch’uan Pi (28th issue) magazine. This article reported where NaiChi Chang obtained his two “Tien Chi Tung Pao” coins in details as follows:

has one and Nai-Chi Chang has two. Recently, there are 2 more unearthed “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script coins.

There are 5 genuine “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script coins in total so far.

The “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script no missing, 31.00cm in diameter, is the prototype coin of An Illustration Talk on Old Dynastic Coins by Ting Fu-pao. The “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script with missing piece is 32.00cm in diameter, which is bigger than “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Regular Script 2 Cash, almost big as 3 Cash (32.00cm34.00cm). So “in my opinion, the two ‘Tien Chi Tung Pao’ Seal Script coins are 3 Cash in denomination.”

1. “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script with missing piece: in the early Republic period, a child found one “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script with missing piece when he played around the riverbank at Huishui Trench in Chongqing.

Liu Shuzhi met the child and bought the coin from him.

Unfortunately, Liu cannot read the inscriptions on the coin, so he showed it to Mao Houqing. Mao told him that was “Tien Chi Tung Pao” and bought it for one Yuan.

Then Mao probably sold it to Zhang Wenbin in Chengdu at the price of 35 Yuan. Later, Zhang sold it to Gong Xitai for 70 Yuan. Gong’s collection appeared in Shanghai soon.

Nai-Chi Chang really loved it so he offered one thousand Yuan high price to buy it.

2. “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script no missing: Suzhou Chen Yangmin learned numismatics from Wang Yinjia who authored to a Chinese ancient coins book. Edward Kann had Wang’s book script and presented it to me [Lo Po-Chao]. There was a rubbing of “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script in the book, but it was said that the coin was brand new so some numismatists doubted if it was genuine. That is why the coin was sold to Zhou Zhongfen at a cheap price. Then this coin with other coins all sold to Nai-Chi Chang. Chang held it for a long time. But the rumor may be wrong. The coin is with rich and strong underlying toning. It is impossible for a fake coin to have such beautiful toning.

“Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script with missing piece

Some numismatists thought there were no genuine “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script coins. But there do be genuine “Tien Chi Tung Pao” Seal Script coins since Lo Po-Chao

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元末篆文徐天啟折三錢 曾澤祿 〔美國〕

按第二枚完整篆文天啟錢是丁氏古錢圖說之原拓泉，

《泉幣》第28期刊有羅沐園《篆文徐天啟錢先後發現 史》一文，記錄張叔馴2 枚來源有序之篆書天啟錢。

直 徑31.00cm ；第一 枚 缺 角 篆 文 天 啓 錢 略 大， 約 有

32.00cm 。這比徐壽輝天啟真書錢之折二錢大，近於

1. 缺角篆文 錢 ： “民初重 慶洄水溝有小童淘溝，得一

折三錢 (32.00cm-34.00cm)，故餘意將其歸類為折三

缺角篆文錢。劉樹之遇而購之，苦不識其文，以示毛

篆文徐天啟錢為宜。

厚青。毛曰，天啟耳，以一元得之。後售成都張文彬， 得三十五元。張持歸售龔熙臺，價七十元。未幾 , 龔

氏藏走申江，齊齊見此缺角錢，文字如一，色澤渾古， 愛不釋手，償以千金。蓋得此品，足證前品之不膺也。”

2. 完整篆文錢 ： “近人吳門陳揚民，號百尺樓主，嘗學

泉於王蔭嘉，著有錢幣匯考。闞恩君得其稿以贈餘。 中有篆天啟原拓，聞其錢光亮如新，毫無色彩，同好

因疑 之，周仲芬遂以 廉 值易去，後與他 泉同歸齊齊， 齊齊素好奇，亦漠然置之久矣。”按因是聞說恐有誤

缺角篆文天啟錢

傳，依據此相片是色澤渾厚溫潤，篆文神韻古樸，豈 後世所能偽哉。

前有泉家認為無篆文天啟泉真品，然由羅沐園之一品 加上張叔馴二品共有3枚傳世品 , 確是有真品無誤。加 上有文獻記載明代喜宗見有篆文徐天啟錢 , 並有秦征

蘭天啟宮詞詠此曰 ： “少府呈錢次第看。篆文肉好盡朱 丹。織腰拜舞天威霽。詔免雲臺召史官。”又加上近見 報之出土品綠繡澀結等2 枚 , 至少共5枚篆文徐天啟真 品可供証。

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THREE- HOLED SPADES A LEGEND IN THE PAST 200 YEARS Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Two three-holed spades (sang kong bu 三孔布 ) graded by the Huaxia Coin Grading Company received prominence at the China Guardian 2019 Spring Auction. One half tael three-holed spade with xian fu ( 莧阝 ) inscriptions realized RMB 1,265,000, and the other half tael inscribed with mou ( 牟 ) realized RMB 1,058,000. Tracing back to the China Guardian 2010 Spring Auction, a one tael three-holed spade with wu yang ( 武 陽 ) set a record for an ancient Chinese coin after 40 bids at RMB 3,528,000. At the Chengxuan 2012 Autumn Auction, a large 17 tael three-holed spade inscribed with xia bi yang (下邲陽 ) set a new auction record for an ancient Chinese coin selling for RMB 3,680,000. This spade was minted during the Warring States Period. It originally belonged to Zhang Yanji ( 張延濟 ) during Daoguang's reign in the Qing dynasty, and was sold to an overseas collector.

collector Luo Boshao ( 羅 伯 昭 ), only had a damaged one.

Regarding those recorded after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, there were six pieces documented in the Rubbing of Domestic and Foreign Coins from Dai Baoting's Collection (《 戴 葆 庭 集 拓 中 外 錢 幣 珍 品 》), and the book published three of them for the first time. Wang Guichen ( 王 貴忱 ) published the Collection of Three-Holed Spades (《三孔 布彙編》) in 1984, and it contained rubbings of 57 three-holed spades. In terms of those collected in museums, few museums have three-holed spades except for some state-owned museums such as the Tianjin History Museum. A majority of known three-holed spades are in the hand of foreign collectors, most of whom are Japanese. The List of Coins in East Asia by Masahiro Okudaira records 14 pieces, 10 of which belong to the Bank of Tokyo Ltd. According to the data, there are no less than 27 three-holed spades in the hands of Japanese banks or collectors.

A three-holed spade features a round "handle," two round "shoulders," two round "feet," and a round "crotch," and each spade has "three holes" with one in its "head" and two in its "feet." Spades were first invented and used in the late Warring States Period. Researchers assumed that three-hole spades were issued by the Qin, Zhongshan, or Zhao states based on the currency system and place names inscribed on the spades. In recent years another opinion suggests that the Wei state issued these spades. However, it is more reasonable to assume that the Zhao state struck three-holed spades because they have the same round "shoulders" and round "feet" as spades of the Zhao state. Place names inscribed on these coins were also in the territory of Zhao.

Recently, some other three-hole spades have been unearthed and exhibited. A small 12 zhu ( 朱 ) th ree-holed spade with song zi ( 宋 子 ) was auctioned at the Yachang 2013 Auction; a 12 zhu three-holed spade with a feng shi ( 封 氏 ) inscription was exhibited at the exhibition with coins from Dai Baiting's students, and it was originally from the collection of Luo Zhenyu. Another three-holed spade inscribed with song

It has been two hundred years since three-holed spades were first mentioned in the Catalog Record: Ji Jin Suo Jian Lu (《吉 金 所 見 錄 》) by famous epigraphist Chu Shangling ( 初 尚 齡 ) in 1819, but few people have owned these spades in their collections. These coins were also documented in the Book of Coins (《泉說》), the Book of Coins-Continued (《續泉說》), and the Collection of Manuscripts Written in Guangu Pavilion (《觀 古 閣 叢 稿 》) by Bao Kang ( 鮑 康 ) and the Coin Collection of Liu E (《 鐵雲藏貨》) by Liu E ( 劉鶚 ) during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor in the Qing dynasty. Some of these spades were in the collection of Zhang Tingji ( 張 廷 濟 ) and Chen Jieqi ( 陳 介祺 ). Zhang Shuxun ( 張 叔 馴 ), Fang Yaoyu ( 方藥 雨 ), and Chen Rentao ( 陳仁濤 ), who were all famous numismatists in the Republican Period. They had some threeholed spades in their collections, while another well-known

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zi ( 宋 子 ) unearthed in Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province in 1983 is now in the collection of the National Museum of China.

One inscribed with wang dong fu ( 亡冬阝 ) and wu zhong ( 無 終 ) unearthed at Xiangfen County in 1986 is now housed in the Shanxi Museum.

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臺 ), du yi ( 妬邑 ), bei jiu men ( 北九門 ), wen yan xiang ( 文 雁 鄉 ), mou , xiang ( 相 ), a ( 阿 ), xian fu , feng shi , and wu zhong . The inscriptions on their reverses are mostly weights and denominations. The large spades are weighed with the unit "tael" and the small ones with "zhu" (12 zhu is equal to half a tael). The exchange rate of a large spade to that of a small spade is 2:1, which means the value of a large three-holed spade is equal to two small ones.

Most inscriptions on the obverse of spades are names of places, such as shang fu ( 上尃 ), xia fu (下尃 ), shang ai ( 上艾 ), an yang ( 安陽 ), an yin ( 安陰 ), nan hang tang ( 南行唐 ), shang bi jie yang ( 上匕卩陽 ), xia bi jie yang (下匕卩陽 ), ping tai ( 平

Due to their great rarity, three-holed spades are listed as one of the fifty most valuable ancient Chinese coins. Their shape is unique, their appearance is pleasing, and their inscriptions are varied. Also, their places and dates of minting have not been identified. All these inspire numismatists and collectors to make further explorations in this field.

17 tael three-holed spade inscribed with xia bi jie yang ( 下匕卩陽 ) Chengxuan 2012 Auction Realized: RMB 3,680,000

12 zhu three-holed spade inscribed with xian fu ( 莧阝)

12 zhu three-holed spade inscribed with mou ( 牟 )

Guardian 2019 Spring Auction

Guardian 2019 Spring Auction

Realized: RMB 1,265,000

Realized: RMB 1,058,000

Reference: 1.Xu Haibin ( 徐 海 斌 ): Review on the State and Date of Three-Holed Spades (《 三 孔 布 的 國 別 與 年 代 綜 論 》), Journal of Southwest Guizhou Teachers College for Nationalities (《興義民族師範學院學報》), 2016 (3).

2.He Linyi ( 何琳儀 ): Study on Three-Holed Spades (《三孔布幣考》), China Numismatics (《中國錢幣》), 1993 (4).

3.Yang Ke ( 楊科 ): Another View on the State and Date of Three-Holed Spades (《也說三孔布的國別與年代》), China Numismatics, 1988 (2).

4.Zhang Chi ( 張弛 ): Identification of Three-Holed Spades (《三孔布考辨》), History of Cultural Relics (《文物春秋》), 1990 (4).

5.Peng Weixin ( 彭信威 ): A Monetary History of China (《中國貨幣史》), Shanghai People's Publications, 1965.

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傳奇兩百年的錢幣 周 邊〔中國上海〕 中國嘉德 2019 年春拍“承齋長物中國古錢甄選專場”已經

近年來，三孔布在國內漸有展露和出土，除上述拍賣會的4

“牟” 最後， “莧阝”背“十二朱”三孔布人民幣126.5萬成交、

孔布1枚 ；2019年紹興“戴門弟子藏泉選展“展出1枚“封氏”

年嘉 德春拍古錢專場上， “武陽”背十五 / 兩三孔布經40

西朔縣出土1枚“宋子”三孔布，現藏國家博物館 ；1986年

枚外，2013年雅昌拍賣會上有小型“宋子”背“十二朱”三

落下帷幕，拍品中的兩枚由華夏評級的三孔布備受關注， 背“十二朱”三孔布人民幣105.8萬成交。令人回想起 2010

背“十二朱”三孔布，為羅振玉舊藏。可喜的是，1983年山

次激烈競價以 352.8萬人民幣創中國古錢拍賣紀錄 ；2012

襄汾縣又出土1枚面文“亡冬阝”釋“無終”的三孔布，藏山

年誠軒秋拍，一枚原系道光時張延濟所藏，由海外回流的

西省博物館。

368萬元再創中國古錢拍賣新紀錄。

三孔布面文多為地名，有：上尃、下尃、上艾、安陽、安陰、

戰國時期“下邲陽”背“十七 / 兩”大型三孔布錢幣，又以

南行唐、上匕卩陽、下匕卩陽、平臺、妬邑、北九門、文雁鄉、

三孔布的主要特徵是圓首、圓肩、圓足、圓襠 ；布首及兩 足各有一只圓孔。鑄於戰國晚期，其鑄地從錢幣衡制或地 名推測有秦國、中山國和趙國之說 ；近年來又有魏國鑄布

的新見解。根據三孔布上的地名，目前觀點比較集中於戰

國趙國鑄幣說，因為圓肩圓足的趙國布與三孔布在形制上 有承繼關係，發現的三孔布上的地名也大都在趙國疆域之 內，定為趙國鑄三孔布有很多合理的成分。

自清嘉慶二十四年（1819年）金石名家初尚齡著《吉金所見

錄》首刊後，至今正好兩百年，其間獲者寥寥。歷年來可 見於清代道光年間的鮑康《泉說》 、 《續泉說》和《觀古閣叢 稿》；劉鶚的《鐵雲藏貨》；張廷濟、陳介祺亦有收藏。民國

時收藏大家張叔馴、方藥雨、陳仁濤藏有數枚，羅伯昭僅 得一殘三孔布。1949年中華人民共和國成立後，在《戴葆

庭集拓中外錢幣珍品》一書中載有6枚，其中3枚錢文首見。

1984年王貴忱的《三孔布彙編》書中載有三孔布錢拓57枚。

“武陽”背“十五 / 兩”三孔布

國內除天津等少數公立博物館外，私人收藏寥若晨星。發現

的三孔布大多流散海外，以日本最多。奧平昌洪的《東亞泉

2010年嘉德拍賣會

志》書中刊14枚，其中10枚藏東京日本銀行。從資料顯示，

成交價 : RMB3 528 000

藏在日本銀行和私人藏家手中的三孔布不少於27枚。

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“下匕卩陽”背“十七 / 兩”三孔布 2012年誠軒拍賣會 成交價 : RMB3.680.000

“莧阝”背“十二朱”三孔布

“牟”背“十二朱”三孔布

嘉德2019年春季拍賣會

嘉德2019年春季拍賣會

成交價 : RMB 1 265 000

成交價 : RMB 1 058 000

牟、相、阿、莧阝、封氏及宋子、無終等 ；計約三十種。背

三孔布由於發現數量稀少被列為中國歷史古錢五十珍之一。

背文“十二朱”即半兩。大小布值恰好為2 ：1，1枚大型三

疑等問題，又使研究與收藏者增加了探究的興趣與激情。

文有紀重和紀值文字。分大、小二型，以“兩”、 “朱”計重。

但其形制奇特、鑄造端美的外觀，錢文繁多，鑄時鑄地存

孔布可折抵 2 枚小型三孔布。

參考文獻 徐海斌 ： 《三孔布的國別與年代綜論》， 《興義民族師範學院學報》2016 年 6月第3 期。 何琳儀 ： 《三孔布幣考》， 《中國錢幣》，1993 年第 4 期。 楊科 ： 《也說三孔布的國別與年代》， 《中國錢幣》，1988 年第2 期。 張弛 ： 《三孔布考辨》， 《文物春秋》，1990 年第 4 期。 彭信威 ： 《中國貨幣史》，上海人民出版社，1965 年。

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Some Basic Concepts in Chinese Numismatics Dai Zhiqiang〔Beijing〕

What is the research purpose of numismatics? The research purpose of numismatics is not currency.

In the Chinese language, the research purpose of numismatics is not currency. Currency is an economic term, and it refers to the medium for exchange. Currency serves as a measure of valuation and an approach of circulation, payment, and deposit.

We can even use some currencies globally. Once we take a kind of currency out of circulation, it will lose the above functions and become "historical currency," the currency circulated in a particular time and region in the past.

Numismatics is a cultural term in Chinese. It studies currencies in circulation as well as "historical currencies." It also covers the so-called "cultural derivatives of currencies," including products related to currencies and currency culture. Therefore, it is the general name of cu r rencies and their cult u ral derivatives, mainly made up of historical currencies that gave birth to currency culture and cultural derivatives.

Dai Zhiqiang

What is "Chinese numismatics"? "Chinese numismatics" does not refer to "monetary policy."

Primitive currencies were material objects that could be used as currencies and had their practical value. For instance, when shells were used as a currency, they still functioned as decorations and artifacts. It was said that shells could protect a woman giving birth, so women used to hold shells in their hands when giving birth. Therefore, every family could not live without shells. The monetary function and practical value of material objects are the origins of currencies and their cultural derivatives. Likewise, gold is a symbol of fortune as well as a kind of natural currency. Besides, it could be made into decorations, artifacts, and raw materials in industrial production.

Chinese numismatics (hereinafter referred to as numismatics) does not refer to monetar y discipline. Monetar y policy focuses on economic issues concerning the monetary theory, the financial system, and purchasing power. Numismatics does not concentrate on economic issues. It works to solve cultural problems related to money, identify the authentication of money, appraise the property, function, date, and place of money, and evaluate the value and rarity of money. The discipline also aims to find existing treasures by studying their varieties and reproduce the brilliant culture and history of China through textual research. Moreover, we can conclude previous experience to offer reference value for formulating monetary policy and designing, producing, and issuing money.

Finally, we can enrich our cultural life, uplift our minds, and build a better spiritual environment by building up a collection, arranging related documents, displaying collections, and promoting numismatic culture.

Ancient coins issued as cur rencies were called "for mal coins" ( 正 用 品 ), and their cultural derivatives were called "informal coins" ( 非 正 用 品 ), or or "yansheng coins " ( 壓 勝 錢 , numismatic charms, originally written as 厭 勝 錢 ).

According to archaeological results from excavations of Shang dynasty tombs, funerary objects buried in different places had different meanings. Shells in mouths, by heads, and in the hands of bodies were buried as currencies, and strung shells tied on necks and wrists of bodies were buried as decorations.

In some small tombs, shells were buried under bodies together with dogs or people to suppress evil spirits. The last function might be the origin of the name "yansheng coin," as the

However, numismatics is closely related to monetary theory or monetary economics. Both disciplines involve monetary issues, but they research from different angles with different targets, so they use different study approaches and achieve different results. Therefore, they are two intersecting circles, which means each of them has its own research scopes, methods, purposes, and significances.

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character yan was written as " 魘 " in ancient Chinese, which features a suppressed ghost.

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In modern times, machine-struck coins came into being, and derivatives of such coins are called commemorative medals.

In the Chinese language, ‘medal’ is a word borrowed from western numismatic culture. In the West, numismatic museums are museums of currencies and medals, and their vaults house both currencies and medals. In traditional Chinese culture, commemorative medals were developed from yansheng coins, and they are yansheng coins in modern times. Therefore, Chinese numismatics studies both coins and medals.

Chinese numismatics is an old discipline, and it used to study ancient coins. coin charms inscribed with lucky words

Chinese numismatics was known as the "discipline of ancient coins," which has a history of over one thousand years.

According to available data, people started to collect and study ancient coins from the Southern and Northern dynasties, and they also compiled catalogs for ancient coins. The discipline used to focus on old Chinese coins, mainly metal coins in ancient times.

As time went by, numismatic cult ure kept developing.

Traditional Chinese cash coins evolved to gold, silver, and copper coins struck by machines from the end of the Qing dynasty to the Republic of China. In this circumstance, more and more people started their numismatic collection from the 1930s to the 1940s, and the range of collection also expanded to machine-struck coins and paper notes. Some researchers also began to carry out the study on machine-struck coins and paper notes. Therefore, some foresighted collectors who used to collect old coins put forward a new concept of "numismatics" to replace the "discipline of ancient coins" in line with the trend of the times.

Peng Weixin and his A Monetary History of China

Peng Xinwei ( 彭 信 威 ) was the first to put forward the term numismatics in China, and he used the term in his book A Monetary History of China (《 中 國 貨 幣 史 》). Peng set a specialized chapter about numismatics in the book. However, it was only a theoretical point put forward by a few scholars, and it did not arouse wide attention in the domestic numismatic and monetary community.

Unabridged Dictionary issued in 1999

In 1982, the China Numismatic Society was founded. Since then, the academic and professional community has gradually refined the idea of numismatics. The Unabridged Dictionary (《 辭 海 》) added the word "numismatics" in 1999. It writes, "numismatics was known as a discipline of ancient coins, as it used to study ancient coins. After founding the People's Republic of China, the study expanded to modern coins, paper notes, and other related cultural relics, so the name of the discipline was altered to numismatics. The discipline

After the birth of metal coins, coin charms' content was integrated with folk culture and kept expanding. Then came coin charms inscribed with lucky words, designed for games and awards, used in imperial palaces, etc. The materials, shapes, and minting techniques varied along with their evolutions. Since original yansheng coins are the first kind of informal coins, all ancient coins for informal use are called yansheng coins. Given they are closely related to folk culture, they are also named folk coins.

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of ancient coins only studies coins, while numismatics explores developing rules, historical roles, values, and social significances of money based on money in kind and relative cultural relics."

production rather than high-end products. However, their techniques should be slightly better than the average technique level of the time, as their anti-counterfeit ability and security must be ensured, which is a requirement for safeguarding a country's dignity.

Yet, the new connotation of numismatics does not have a long history in China. As an emerging discipline, it requires our efforts to make greater academic progress and make more contributions to its theoretical construction. Then, the academic community and the public can genuinely accept its significance and social value.

Commemorative coins and banknotes refer to another concept.

Both ordinary commemorative coins (and banknotes) and precious metal commemorative coins are legal currencies.

However, they are produced by small mints or printing factories, so the mintage is much smaller than ordinary circulating ones, which creates objective conditions for meticulous work. What's more, the themes of commemorative coins (banknotes) are mainly historically and practically significant or full of cultural connotations, with high standards and specifications. Therefore, designs, topics, materials, and techniques of commemorative coins (banknotes) have higher and stricter requirements, and their techniques should also be better. For gold and silver commemorative coins, the preciousness of materials can highlight their quality. For instance, there are some gold and silver commemorative coins of large sizes, such as 5kg silver coins and 10kg gold coins with large diameters. There are also some commemorative coins of different shapes and specifications, such as rectangular and fan-shaped coins. All these provide an excellent platform for designers and engravers to perform. These coins and banknotes should be the primar y car rier for creating an advanced numismatic culture in modern times.

Numismatics should keep pace with time.

Current numismatics is no longer the discipline of ancient coins, and now we have a fresh understanding of old coins.

With the development of society, modern Chinese money and its derivatives cover a complete range, and it also vastly enriches the content of Chinese numismatics.

I n ter ms of coi ns, t here a re ord i na r y ci rcu lat i ng coins, ordinar y commemorative coins, precious metal commemorative coins, and various derivatives (such as gold and silver bullion and production). There are also medals of different shapes and materials.

As for paper notes, there are ordinary circulating notes and commemorative notes. Their cultural derivatives include anticounterfeiting bills, certificates, watermarked paper, handcarved printing products, and so on.

Commemorative medals, commemorative notes, and other products related to numismatic culture are not currencies, so their design and production are not controlled as strictly as currencies. The cultural derivatives of currencies have complex content. Some are manufactured by state-owned enterprises, and some by private companies. Some are highquality products that can lead to the new trend of modern numismatic culture, but some inferior products would be considered the dross of the times. As far as national mints and banknote printing plants are concerned, they must set a high standard and make derivative products in a relatively free and open environment. We should take numismatic derivatives as a carrier to explore experience for the development of techniques and numismatic culture. Designers can fully emancipate their minds in designing derivative products by showing all their ability and flexibility. They can also have a broader world to bring their techniques and styles into full play. The mintage of medals and commemorative notes are small, so they can be an experimental field for mints and banknote printing factories to test advanced techniques and packages with new raw materials.

Hence, commemorative medals and other derivatives related to the numismatic culture can also play a pioneering role in exploring an advanced numismatic culture.

Regarding e-money, there are bank cards and credit cards with or without a monetary function.

G ive n wh at is me nt ione d ab ove, t he st udy obje c t of numismatics can be grouped into two types. One is currency, and the other is the cultural derivatives of currency. All of them have different properties and usages.

Ordinary circulating currencies include paper notes and metal coins. From the aspect of numismatic culture, ordinary circulating currencies reflect the comprehensive strength of modern society, involving its economic power, technology strength, and cultural quality, so it is a name card of the society.

Their producing techniques should represent or be above the level of modern techniques of a country. As the ordinary circulating currencies should meet the need for circulation on the market and the public's economic and financial need, it must be economical. China is endowed with a vast territory and a large population, so it needs many currencies in circulation.

Therefore, ordinary currencies should use mature production techniques, and they should be produced through large-scale

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中國錢幣學的幾個基本概念 戴志強〔中國北京〕 研究的主要對象都是貨幣，或者說是和貨幣相關的各種問

題，只是研究的角度不同、切入點不同、目的不同，所以 研究的方法和研究所取得的成果也就不同。因此，錢幣學 和貨幣學之間的關係猶如兩個套在一起的圓環，它們各自

有各自研究的範圍、研究的方法、研究的目的和意義，它 們之間既無法分離，又不可能重疊。

二 什麼是“錢幣”？“錢幣”不等於“貨幣”。 在錢幣學裏， “錢幣”和“貨幣”是兩個不同領域的專用名 詞。眾所周知， “貨幣”是經濟領域的一個名詞，是指物物

交換的媒介。貨幣的職能是價值尺度、流通手段、支付手段、 儲藏手段和國際貨幣。貨幣一旦退出流通領域，便不再行

使貨幣的職能，不再是貨幣，只能說在歷史上某一個時期， 某一個地區曾經行使過貨幣的職能，因此可以稱之為“歷史 貨幣”。

“錢幣”則是文化領域的一個名詞，它既包括正在流通使

用的貨幣，也包括歷史上曾經使用過的貨幣，還包括因為

作者照片

貨幣和貨幣文化而產生的其他相關的東西，我們稱之謂“貨

幣文化的衍生物”，所以錢幣是貨幣和貨幣文化衍生物的總

一 什麼是“錢幣學”？“錢幣學”不是“貨幣學”。 稱。當然，錢幣的主體是歷代貨幣，因為只有有了歷代貨幣， 才會有貨幣文化，才會有它們文化意義上的衍生物。

錢幣學不是貨幣學。貨幣學要研究的是貨幣理論、貨幣制

度、貨幣政 策、貨幣購買力等等與貨幣相關的經濟問題。

最初的貨幣——實物貨幣，是具有兩重性的，它們既行使

的視角，是與貨幣相關的文化問題，是要鑒定錢幣的真偽，

譬如海貝取得實物貨幣的地位以後，仍 然是一種裝飾品，

錢幣學則不注重有關經濟的理論問題，錢幣學投之於貨幣

實物貨幣的職能，同時也保留着它們自身帶來的實用價值。

鑒定錢幣的性質、用途，鑒定錢幣的鑄行時間和區域，鑒

仍然是一種神器，據說婦女在生育的時候，手中握一枚寶

定錢幣的文物價值、珍稀程度，並通過錢幣版別的研究，

貝，可以保佑順產，保佑母子平安，所以家家戶戶都離不

篩選出遺存的稀世珍寶 ；要通過錢幣的考證研究，再現中

開他。實物貨幣的兩重性便是貨幣和貨幣文化衍生物的源

華文明的光輝歷史 ；要通過錢幣學的探索研究，總結前人

頭。同樣的道理，黃金是財富的象徵，是天然的貨幣，同時，

和他人的成敗得失，為當今貨幣政策的制訂，貨幣的設計、

黃金也可以打制飾件，打制工藝品，還可以用作工業生產中

製造和發行提供有益的借鑒 ；要通過錢幣的集藏、整理、

的原材料。

陳列、展覽和錢幣文化的宣傳教育，豐富人們的文化生活， 陶冶情操，做好精神文明建設。

古錢學家把歷史上曾經作為貨幣發行的古錢稱之為“正用

然而，錢幣學和貨幣學之間又有着密切的關係，因為它們

用品又被稱之為“壓勝錢”。壓勝錢的原名應該是“厭勝錢”。

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我們在商墓的考古資料中發現，寶貝殉葬，有不同的擺放

金屬鑄幣誕生以後，厭勝錢的內含和民俗文化相結合，不

有的握在手中，這些多是作為貨幣下葬的貝 ；有的成串放

信錢、瘞錢、冥錢……各種不同的門類，它們的材質、器

位置，其含意也是不同的。有的含在嘴裏，有的放在頭邊，

斷豐富，不斷擴大，於是有了吉語錢、遊戲錢、賞錢、宮錢、

在項間，有的成串套在手腕上，這是作為飾物下葬的貝 ；

形和製作也隨之有所變化。因為它們始起於厭勝錢，所以

有的小墓，貝卻是放在墓主人的腰下，它的用意或許和商

後來也就把非正用品的古錢統稱之為“厭勝錢”，即“壓勝

代大墓中，墓主人身下腰坑中的殉狗、殉人一樣，其用途是

錢”。因為它們和民俗文化關係密切，所以也把它們稱之為

為墓主人鎮魔壓邪的，是為了保障墓主人冥途通達，這或

民俗錢。

許便是“厭勝錢”之名的來由。 “厭”字，真筆寫作“魘”，

到近現代，機器打製貨幣的時代，把機製幣文化的衍生物

很明顯其本意是要把魔鬼鎮壓住。

又稱之為紀念章。 “紀念章”這亇詞是外來詞，是西方錢幣 文化中的專用名詞。在西方，把錢幣博物館稱為貨幣和章 的博物館 ；錢幣的保管部門稱為幣和章的保管部。從中國

傳統文化而言， “紀念章”其實是壓 （厭）勝錢的繼續和發展， 是近現代的壓勝錢。從這個意義上講，也可以把錢幣理解 為： “幣”加“章”。

三 中國錢幣學的前身是“古泉（錢）學”，一門 古老的學科。 在中國，錢幣學的前身是古錢學。古錢學已經有一千多年

福德長壽本命元神吉語花錢

的歷史，根據現在掌握的資料，至少在南北朝時期，已經

有人在專門收集和研究古錢，並且編纂了錢譜。 “古泉（錢） 學”的研究對象是古代錢幣，主要是古代的金屬鑄幣。

隨着時 代的進步，錢幣文化不斷更 新。到清末民國初年， 中國傳統的金屬鑄幣——方孔圓錢逐漸演變為機器打製的

銀元、金元和銅元。面對這樣的現實，到20世紀三、四十

年代，在錢幣收藏出現新高漲的時期，錢幣收藏的範圍也 相應有了新的開拓，有人適應時宜，開始把機製幣、紙幣

也列入了收藏的對象，並對它們開展了研究。於是，在古

彭信威和他的《 中國貨幣史 》

泉學界，便有先知先覺者，順應時代的潮流，提出了“泉幣”

（即錢幣）的新概念。

在中國，最早提出“錢幣學”的名詞，是彭信威先生在 20

世紀50 年代出版的《中國貨幣史》。在他的書裏，設置了“錢

幣學”的專門章節。但是，這在當時只是少數人的認識， 只是個別學者提出的學術觀點，並沒有引起國內錢幣界和 貨幣史學界的廣泛關注。

1982年成立中國錢幣學會以後， “錢幣”和“錢幣學”才逐

步被學界、業界所接受，逐步被社會所認同。1999年版的

“錢幣 《辭海》新增了“錢幣學”的辭目，辭條是這樣寫的 ：

《辭海 》 1999 年版縮印本

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學舊稱古錢學。研究歷代錢幣的學科。過去以研究古錢為

因為普通流通幣的主要職責是要滿足市場貨幣流通的需要，

並兼及其他有關文物，故改稱為‘錢幣學’。古錢學的研究

必須注重它的實用性。中國的國土遼闊，人口眾多，對於流

主，故稱 ‘古錢學’。建國後研究範圍擴大，包括了當代錢幣，

是要滿足廣大人民群眾經濟、金融生活的實際需要，所以

方法主要是就錢論錢，錢幣學則從研究錢幣實物及有關文

通貨幣的需用量巨大，所以普通流通幣只能採用已經成熟的

物出發，進而探索錢幣發展規律、歷史作用、文物價值和

生產工藝，是形成規模的大生產的產品，而不是高精尖產

社會意義等。”

品。但它的技術含量會略高於時代的一般水準，這是由貨

幣本身的特性決定的，是由貨幣防偽和安全的必要性決定

但是，全新意義的錢幣學在中國的歷史畢竟還很短，還是

的，也是為了維護國家尊嚴、社會形象的需要所決定的。

一門新興的學科，要真正迎頭趕上，在我國的社會科學界 真正取得一席之地，它的重要性和社會價值，真正被學界

關於紀念幣和紀念鈔，則是另外一個概念。無論是普通紀

有待於我們在學術上取得更多的成果，也有待於我們為錢

紀念幣（鈔）的生產量和普通流通幣相比，小得太多，對

所接受，被 社會所公認，還有待於我們做出更大的努力，

念幣（鈔），還是貴金屬紀念幣，都是國家的法定貨幣，但

幣學學科的理論建設做出更多的貢獻。

造幣廠、印鈔廠而言是小生產，這在客觀上為紀念幣（鈔） 的精工細作創造了條件。更主要的是，紀念幣（鈔）所要表

四“錢幣學”的生命力在於與時俱進。

現的主題多是高標準、高規格的，具有重大歷史和現實意

義的題材，或者是具有豐富文化內涵的題材，因此，對於

我們現在認識的“錢幣學”，已經不是“古泉學”。現在對“古

紀念幣（鈔）的設計、選材、用料和技術力量的投入，勢必

泉”的理解，也已經有了全新的認識。隨着時代的進步，社

會要求更高更嚴，它勢必會擁有更多更高的技術含量。對

會的發展，當代的中國錢幣，門類齊全，大大豐富了中國

於金銀紀念幣來說，其材質的高貴，會更加突顯出它們的

脫俗氣質。在金銀紀念幣中更有不少大規格的幣種，如5公

錢幣學的內容。

斤銀幣、10 公斤金幣等直徑大、面積大的紀念幣，還有長

① 就硬幣而言，有普通流通硬幣、普通紀念幣、貴

方形、扇形等不同形制、不同規格的紀念幣，都為設計雕

金屬紀念幣，以及相關的衍生物——各種金銀條塊、

刻人員提供了優越的表現平臺。它們應該是開創當代先進

金銀製品，和不同材質、不同形制的紀念章、牌等等。

錢幣文化的主要載體。

② 就 紙幣 而言，有普通流 通 紙幣 和紀 念 鈔票，

紀念章、紀念张（券），以及其他與貨幣文化相關的製品，

以及它們文化意義上的衍生物——防偽的票據、

不是貨幣，所以它們的設計、製造不會像貨幣那樣受國家

證件、浮水印紙張、手工雕刻印製品等等。

的嚴格控制。貨幣文化的衍生產品內涵龐雜，既有國家企 業製造的，也有民間企業製造的 ；既有高質量的精品，它

③ 就電子貨幣而言，有銀行卡，以及相

們會引領當代錢幣文化的新潮流，也有不負責任的劣質產

關的各種信用卡，包括具有貨幣性質的信

品，勢必成為時代的糟粕。對於國家造幣廠和印鈔廠而言，

用卡和不具有貨幣性質的信用卡。

應該是高標準的，應該充分利用包括紀念章在內的衍生產

品比較自由開放的屬性，為科研探索，為攀登新的錢幣文

從現行錢幣的上述種類來看，歸納起來，仍然包括兩大類：

化高峰，把它們作為實踐的載體，去摸索經驗。在這些衍

一類是貨幣，一類是貨幣文化的衍生物。不同的錢幣具有

生產品中，設計人員可以充分解放思想，在手法的運用上，

不同的性質，有着不同的用途。

可以靈活多樣，各盡所能 ；技術人員也會擁有比較廣闊的

天地，個人的技巧和風格可以盡情發揮 ；因為它們的發行

普通流通貨幣，包括紙幣和金屬硬幣。如果從錢幣文化的

量少，對造幣廠、印鈔廠來說，可以把它當作試驗田、練

層面來分析，普通流通幣的文化含量，從一個側面反映了當

兵場，先進的工藝技術，包括原材料的新選擇和新配製，

代社會的綜合實力，包括經濟實力、科學技術實力和文化

都可以在紀念章、紀念张（券）上試驗、實踐，所以紀念章、

的（券）素養，所以說它是社會的名片。它的技術含量應該

紀念张（券）和其他與貨幣文化相關的衍生產品，可以扮演

是當代科學技術水準的代表，或者略高於時代的一般水準。

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imported and exported goods. There were seven major ports under the Canton Customs, including Guangzhou (Canton), Macao, Chaozhou, Huizhou, Gaozhou, Qiongzhou and Leilian, among which Guangzhou and Macao were the crucial ones. The above seven ports consisted of 75 sub-ports. Customs officials were appointed at each port to collect tonnage dues, kirei taxes

SQUARE TROUGHS Sycees OF the

( 規禮 ), and other related taxes from foreign merchants.

In the second year after the establishment of the Canton Customs, Wu Xingzuo ( 吳興祚 ), Viceroy of the Two Guangs, Li Shizhen ( 李

士 楨 ), Governor of Guangdong province,

and Yier Gegu ( 宜 爾 格 圖 ), Supervisor of Canton Customs, deliberated over the differentiation of the domestic commercial taxes and customs duties. In the end, they worked out that the zhu tax ( 住 稅 ) and xing tax ( 行 稅 ) were to be levied

CANTON CUSTOMS

on domestic goods and foreign goods respectively. Zhu tax refers to a type of tax on goods traded in Guangdong province from other provinces in China, which was levied by the local tax department in Guangdong. As zhu tax was part of local

IN MODERN CHINA

financial income, it was cast in the form of square trough sycee in Guangdong. The xing tax refers to a type of commodity tax on imports and exports, which was collected by the Canton Customs. To manage the two types of taxes, the government established two commercial organizations, namely the Jinsi hong and Yanghuo hong (literally “hong for foreign goods”),

Stephen Tai 〔Taipei〕

the latter also known as the Thirteen Factories.

The government of the Qing dynasty was wary of foreign merchants then. To ensure the tariff revenue and avoid interactions between Chinese and foreigners, the government

Located in China’s southeast Guangdong Province, the Canton

retained tight control over foreign merchants. It was strictly

Customs imposed customs duties in the form of square trough

stipulated that foreign merchants could not declare taxes by

sycees for nearly 200 years, from its establishment to the end

themselves and trade freely in Guangzhou. Instead, they must

of the Qing dynasty. However, it is rarely known that square

conduct trading activities through licensed Chinese merchants

trough sycees of the Canton Customs can be divided into three

(also known as hong merchants or hangshang ), including

types, namely official square trough sycees cast by the Thirteen

paying import and export duties, selling their goods in China,

Factories (also known as the Canton Factories), customs sycees

purchasing goods from China, conveying messages to the

of foreign merchants, and those of Chinese merchants, which

authorities, etc.

were affected by major historical events in China, such as the Canton System (literally “Single-port commerce system” in

The above conservative regulation became even stricter after

Chinese) and the First Opium War. The customs policy under

implementing the Canton System in the 22nd year of the

several hits was not only reflected in how the Canton Customs

Qianlong Emperor’s reign (1757). Under the Canton System,

imposed customs duties, but also on the surfaces of square

foreign merchants could not trade in Ningpo (Ningbo) port,

trough sycees.

Amoy (Xiamen) port and other ports in China. All commerce must be conducted via a single port — the Canton port.

54

In the 24th year of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign (1685), the

According to Guangdong Customs Chi (

Canton Customs was established to levy customs duties on

number of foreign merchant ships arriving in the Canton

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), the

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port increased after the

As the amount of foreign trade was too large and the customs

implementation of the Canton

responsibilities involved were too heavy to be borne, hong

System, from seven at first to

merchants often went bankrupt, followed by arrears of customs

100 in the early years of the

duties. In the 25th year of the Qianlong Emperor’s reign (1760),

Jiaqing Emperor’s reign, that is,

under the joint petition of nine hong merchants, the Thirteen

the early 19th century. Shortly

Factories were established to manage related issues in the

before the First Opium War,

form of a guild, known as the Cohong with a joint guarantee.

the number of foreign merchant

The Cohong was dissolved in the 35th year of the Qianlong

ships doubled again. Imported

Emperor’s reign (1770) due to different opinions and shirking of

goods were cot ton, copper,

responsibilities among hong merchants. It was not until the 18th

tin, ginseng, pepper, fur, and

year of the Jiaqing Emperor’s reign (1813) that the Cohong were

a large amount of silver, while expor ted goods i ncluded

re-established. After that, the joint guarantee of the leading

Guangdong Customs Records

merchants and small merchants became a regular phenomenon of foreign trade.[1]

Chinese tea, raw silk, Nankeen cloth, and so on.

Illustration of Canton Customs

Canton Customs in the Republic of China Period silver into square trough sycees weighing about 0.5 kg for each,

(1) Official Square Trough Sycees Cast by the Thirteen Factories

which served as customs duties. Such square trough sycees were originally cast by the government solely, but then the

Cohong was also granted the privilege.

TCustoms duties on foreign goods had always been collected and cast by the Thirteen Factories, which acted as trade agents

The special official silver trough sycees cast by the Thirteen

for foreign merchants in China, and bore joint guarantee

Factories were the customs sycees of foreign merchants in the

responsibilities. This special status of hong merchants, namely

early days of the Canton Customs, which were very few in

being both a merchant and an official at the same time was

types and quantities.[2]

also reflected in the customs duties on foreign goods paid to Canton Customs by them. In their names, hong merchants cast

[1] 林仁川 . 1997.《中國海關史論文集》[M]. 香港 : 香港中文大學崇基學院出版 .

[2] 戴學文 . 2020.《方鏪考 一種歷史銀錠的探索》[M]. 臺北 : 波多西工作室 .

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Thirteen Factories on the same street

Thirteen Factories in the 1920s

(2) Customs Sycees of Chinese Merchants

During the implementation of the Canton System, the Thirteen Factories acted as agents for foreign trade, thus the customs duties imposed by the Canton Customs were not mainly from imported goods, but exported goods,[3] which took the form of 10-tael square trough sycees. The earliest square trough sycee so far is “the 10th year Jiaqing’s reign/Canton Customs/the

10th year Jiaqing’s reign ”. Other square trough sycees before the First Opium War are “the 13th year of Daoguang’s reign/ the Canton Customs/the 13th year of Daoguang’s reign ”, “the

Busy business area in Guangzhou

13th year of Daoguang’s reign/the Canton Customs/June ”, etc.

The chopmarks on these sycees stated the year, customs name

Ports where British Merchants may reside, and to permit them

and month (or year if lacking the month) respectively. Since the

to carry on their mercantile transactions with whatever persons

sycees were cast by the Canton Customs, there was no identity

they please”.[4] Therefore, the Thirteen Factories of Canton no

information of relevant silversmiths on them.

longer cast customs sycees of foreign merchants or collected customs duties on behalf of the Canton Customs from then

After the First Opium War, Britain established five treaty ports

on. The Canton Customs itself collected all customs duties of

at Shanghai, Canton (Guangzhou), Ningpo (Ningbo), Foochow

Chinese and foreign merchants.

(Fuzhou), and Amoy (Xiamen) in China. It was stipulated in the Chinese-British Five Ports Trading Charter ( 中英五口通 商 章 程 ) that the above five ports were open for trade: “The Government of China, having compelled the British Merchants

(3) Customs Sycees of Foreign Merchants

trading at Canton to deal exclusively with certain Chinese Merchants, called Hong Merchants (or Cohong), who had been licensed by the Chinese Government for that purpose, the

Since that point, customs sycees of Chinese merchants

Emperor of China agrees to abolish that practice in future at all

continued to be cast, such as “the 29th year of Daoguang’s

[3] 張海鵬、張海瀛 . 1993.《中國十大商幫》[M]. 安徽 : 黃山書社 [4] [5] Chinese-British Five Ports Trading Charter: Custom Tariffs. 1843.

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reign/Canton Customs/the 29th year of Daoguang’s reign ”, “the 29th year of Daoguang’s reign/Canton Customs/May ” etc.

FEATURES

surfaces. This is the appearance difference between customs sycees of foreign merchants and those of Chinese customs.

Whereas, newly added customs sycees of foreign merchants were used to replace the official square trough sycees cast by

Due to the surging foreign trade after the enforcement of

the Thirteen Factories.

the Chinese-British Five Ports Trading Charter , the customs revenue of Guangdong became the highest among all Chinese

However, according to the relevant provisions of the Chinese-

provinces and regions, and even far exceeded its land and salt

British Five Ports Trading Charter , the methods of casting and

tax revenue.[8] The custom duties levied by the Canton Customs

collecting customs sycees of foreign merchants were actually

were from Chinese merchants and foreign merchants. They

different from those of Chinese merchants.[5] The Charter

were all cast in the form of square trough sycees, which were

also stipulated that British merchants had to pay customs

collectively called “customs sycee” or “customs fang”[9], and

duties before they left China. To facilitate the conversion

were also called “three types of official square trough sycees”

of foreign currencies into sycees, the Customs authorized

in Guangdong together with fan sycee ( 藩 紋 ) and yan sycee

the establishment of official silver firms to act as tax banks

( 鹽紋 ).

for British merchants, and the consideration of foreign currencies and sycees was supposed to be determined by the

Customs sycees were generally cast in the Xianfeng era and

British consuls at each port in consultation with the customs

the Daoguang era, but were rare in the Kuangxu era and the

officers. Since then, all Chinese customs had authorized the

Tongzhi era. As far as we know, the last customs sycee was cast

establishment of customs official banks at ports to handle

in the 10th year of Kuangxu’s reign.

tax matters, most of which were handled by draft banks (also known as piao hao , 票號 ) and bank dealers.[6]

In the late Qing dynasty, Guangdong adopted the remittance method to pay military and police salaries, while casting silver

Therefore, to comply with the Chinese-British Five Ports

dollars instead of sycees for circulation. In the 13th year of

Trading Charter ,[7] the Canton Customs approved the opening

Kuangxu’s reign, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi

of official silver firms in Guangzhou and Macao. In order to

petitioned Emperor Kuangxu to cast silver dollars; he said that

collect customs duties from foreign merchants, official silver

the use of Guangdong silver dollars was “to give out all kinds

firms cast sycees in the name of the Canton Customs, but

of official expenses and to collect money from the Cohong

the silversmiths from official silver firms had to sign their

in the forms of likin taxes ( 厘 金 ), salt taxes, miscellaneous

names and be responsible for these, which became the biggest

taxes, and customs taxes.” [10] In the 16th year of Kuangxu’s

feature of the customs sycees of foreign merchants. So far, the

reign, a large number of silver dollars were cast in Guangdong.

earliest customs sycees of foreign merchants is “the 29th year

Soon after, the Guangdong Customs replaced customs sycees

of Daoguang’s reign/Canton Customs/April Zheng Xinglong ( 鄭 興 隆 ) ”. Cast by the Canton Customs, customs sycees

with silver dollars. From then on, customs sycees had become history.

of Chinese merchants just have the customs names on their

( This article is excerpted from a Study on Square Troughs: a historical exploration of silver ingots by Stephen Tai 《方鏪考——一種歷史銀錠的探索》) [6] [7] 黃鑒暉 . 1992.《山西票號史料》[M]. 山西 : 山西出版傳媒集團有限責任公司 .

[8] 林仁川 .《粵海關與清代廣州的海外貿易》[M].

[9] 佚名 . 光緒年間 .《各路元寶目錄》[M]. 江蘇 : 金閶中市聚源齋銀號 .

[10] 張惠信 . 1994.《中國貨幣史話》[M]. 臺灣 : 臺揚出版社 .

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近

粵海關，位於廣東省境內，自成立起至滿清即將結束為止，將近兩百多年期間，按照慣 例以廣東地形銀——“方鏪”徵收關稅。但，罕有人知的是，粵海關稅銀存在着十三行

代

商鑄官鏪、洋商關紋與華商關紋三大類型，各自牽動著一口通商、鴉片戰爭等重大歷

史

史事件，歷次衝擊之下的關稅政策，不僅反映在粵海關的徵稅作法，也寫在關稅方鏪 的臉上。

上

康熙二十四年 (1685 年 )，粵海關成立，對於外洋販來貨物及出海貿易貨物，徵收關稅。

的

其下轄廣州、澳門、潮州、惠州、高州、瓊州、雷廉等 7個總口，及各總口統管的子口

共75個 ；其中又以廣州、澳門兩大總口最為重要。每一關口，各設稅官，徵收外商的船 鈔、規禮及其他有關稅款。

稅銀方鏪

粵海關成立的第二年，兩廣總督吳興、廣東巡撫李士楨和粵海關監督宜爾格圖等針對

國內商稅和海關貿易貨稅的劃分，進行商議，協調出住稅和行稅兩種貨物稅之徵收方

法。住稅，是指落地本省進行交易的內陸貨物稅，由當地稅課司徵收 ；該收入，因屬地

方財源，系按照本省錢糧形式鑄成稅銀。行稅，則是指外洋運來及出海貿易的貨物稅， 由粵海關徵收。為了經理住、行兩大稅餉，分別成立金絲行與洋貨行兩個商業組織 ； 後者，又稱“十三行”。

當時，清廷對於洋商存有戒心，嚴加管制，一則確保關稅收入，另則避免華洋接觸， 因此嚴格規定，外國商船到達廣州不得自行報關納稅或自由進行貿易，必須由行商代為

繳納進出口關稅、銷售進口貨物、採購出口商品並向官方傳達訊息等，同時由行商擔任 保證人。

這種封閉保守的政策，至乾隆二十二年 (1757年 )“一口通

戴学文〔中國臺北〕

商”之後，政策強度仍在持續加大中。一口通商政策下， 洋商不得再到寧波、廈門等港口貿易，出口內地產品、進

口海外貨物，都必須全部集中廣州。根據《粵海關志》之

記載，到達廣州港的外國商船，因此從最初的 7艘，不斷

增加，到了嘉慶初年，即19世紀初，每年已突破100 艘 ； 到了鴉片戰爭前夕，數量又翻倍。運來棉花、銅、錫、人

參、胡椒、毛皮與大量白銀，也運走中國的茶葉、生絲、 南京布匹等商品。

由於洋商貿易金額與涉及的關稅責任均極為龐大，並非

《粵海關志 》

個別行商財力所能承擔，因此行商破產，逋欠關稅難以追究的情事，時而發生。乾隆

二十五年 (1760 年 )，在九家行商的共同奔走奏請下，十三行總商成立，開始以“公行”

形式，管理相關事宜並連帶保證。其後，雖曾因行商之間意見分歧、推諉責任，導致公

行於乾隆三十五年 (1770 年 ) 宣佈解散，直至嘉慶十八年 (1813年 ) 才又恢復成立，但 此後總商、散商聯名具保，成為洋商貿易的常態1。

1 參閱：林仁川， 「粵海關與清代廣州的海外貿易」，收錄於《中國海關史論文集》，香港中文大學崇基學院出版。1997年12 月初版。

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粵海關省城大關示意圖

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民國時期的粵海關

( 一 ) 十三行商鑄官鏪 有關洋商關稅，一向是由承充洋商在華貿易代理人的十三 行行商代征代鑄，並負連帶保證責任。行商同時擔任粵海

關與洋商的代理人，這種既商既官的特殊身分，也顯現在 行商繳納給粵海關的洋商關稅之上——行商是以自己名義

將稅銀鑄造成為一種重約十兩的方鏪銀錠，鑄造關稅銀錠， 原系官府的特權，行商也被授予，但，這同時也是其責任。 這種特殊的十三行商鑄官鏪，就是早期粵海關的洋關稅銀 形式。這種十三行所鑄的洋商關稅方鏪，存世種類與數量

1920 年代的十三行

均極少2 。

( 二 ) 華商關紋 一口通商期間，由於 十三行代 理洋商貿易及其稅餉之故，

粵海關自行徵收的關稅，就 只有與洋商貿易無關的部分， 主要是來自廣州商幫出口的貨物稅3。這種稅收，相對於洋

商關稅，等於是華商關稅，鑄成的稅錠，也可稱為“華商關

紋”。這種關紋，也是一種十兩型的方鏪，由粵海關鑄造， 目前所見，最早一件銘文是“嘉慶十年 / 粵海關 / 嘉慶十

年”。同樣出自鴉片戰爭之前的華商關紋，還有銘文為“道 光十三年 / 粵海關 / 道光十三年”“道光十三年 / 粵海關 /

六月 日”等幾件。其特徵都在於，三個戳印分別注明年份、 海關關名與月份 ；如無月份則重複年份。因系粵海關自鑄

十三行同文街一景

鴉片戰爭結束後，中英簽訂的五口通商章程規定，廣州與

例全歸額設行商，亦稱公行者承辦”的制度被廢除，嗣後 “凡

之故，所以不再出示銀匠身分。

有英商等赴各該口貿易者，勿論與何商交易，均聽其便”4。

“向 福州、廈門、寧波、上海等五埠開放通商。過去洋商貿易

2 詳參 ：筆者，《方鏪考—— 一種歷史銀錠的探索》，第三章。波多西工作室，2020 年 8月出版。 3 參閱 ：張海鵬等，《中國十大商幫》，頁 215 。 4 五口通商章程，第五條。

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稅務事宜，當時多交由票號與銀錢業者開設經辦 6 。 因此，洋商關稅雖改由粵海關自行徵收，但為遵守規定， 粵海關分別在廣州、澳門等地核准開設海關官銀號 7。為了

代納洋商關稅，海關官銀號以粵海關名義代鑄關紋，但， 號內銀匠必須具名負責，這也成為洋商關紋的最大特徵 ； 目前所見最早者的一件，銘文為“道光二十八年 / 粵海關 /

四月鄭興隆”。華商關紋，由於是粵海關內部自鑄，因此僅 見海關名。這是兩者在外觀上的區別。 繁忙的广州商馆区

拜洋商貿易不斷激增之賜，五口通商之後，粵海關稅收居

各關之冠，甚至遠超過廣東省的地丁與鹽課收入的總和8 。 粵海關所徵收包括華商與洋商的關稅，都是以方鏪形式鑄

十三行不再代收代鑄洋商關稅，華、洋兩商關稅全由粵海

造，合稱為“關紋”，或“關方”9，且與藩紋、鹽紋並稱廣

關自行徵收。

東三大官鏪。

( 三 ) 洋商關紋

關紋，一般以咸豐、道光年間所鑄為主，光緒、同治則反 而少見。目前所知，最晚的關紋實物為光緒十年所鑄。

此後，華商關紋仍繼續鑄造，存世品如有銘文“道光二十九 “道光三十年 / 粵海關 / 五 年 / 粵海關 / 道光二十九年”、

清代晚期，廣東一面積極爭取改用匯兌解餉，另則鑄造銀

月 日”等，除此之外，新增的洋商關紋，是先前所無、用

元取代銀錠的流通。光緒十三年，兩廣總督奏請試鑄銀元

以取代十三行商鑄官鏪的類型。

時10即表明，開鑄廣東銀元的用途，是“得用於支放各種餉 需官項，與徵收厘捐、鹽課、雜稅及粵省洋關稅項向收洋

然而，根 據1843年中英 五口通商章 程 之中 海 關稅 則的 規

錢者。”光緒十六年，廣東銀元大量鑄行，不久之後，粵海

定，洋商關紋的鑄造與繳交方式，實際上與華商關紋有所

關全面改用銀元，關紋則走入歷史。

不同。有關條文內容大致規定 ，雖然英商於離境前必須繳 5

納關稅，但為了方便英商以各種外國貨幣兌換成銀錠起見， 海關應授權設立官銀號，准予代納英商稅銀。有關外國貨

( 本文摘錄自作者2020年8月出版之《 方鏪考——一種歷史銀

幣與銀錠的對價，另由各口英國領事與海關官員協商云云。 此後，中國各海關紛紛在口岸授權設立海關官銀號，辦理

錠的探索》一書 )

5 該條文全文 ：VIII.- MANNER OF PAYING THE DUTIES. It is hereinbefore provided that every English vessel that enters anyone of the five Ports shall pay all Duties and Tonnage Dues before she be permitted to depart. The Superintendent of Customs will select certain shroffs, or banking establishments, of known stability, to whom he will give licences, authorising them to receive Duties from the English Merchants on behalf of Government, and the receipt of these Shroffs for any moneys paid them shall be considered as a Government Voucher. In the paying of these duties different kinds of foreign money may be made use of, but as foreign money is not of equal purity with sycee silver, the English Consuls appointed to the different ports will, according to time, place, and circumstances, arrange with the Superintendent of Customs at each, what coins may be taken in payment, and what percentage n1ay be necessary to make them equal to standard or pure silver.

6 如閩海關，在福州、廈門兩地所設者為胡雪岩旗下裕誠、悅來兩家銀號，胡破產後，先是改由當地的天益、永豐兩號接手，光緒中期，又改由票號源豐潤經營。參閱 ： 《申報》 1892 年10月22 日，1893 年2 月4 日，轉引自山西票號史料，頁125 。 7 日本駐廣州領事上野吉，明治四十年 (1900 年 ) 六月十二日報告 ： “… 茲僅以 ( 廣州 ) 其中承辦稅關所屬銀錢出納之官銀行載之。 其一，即拱月門之慎裕銀行，專以紋銀即馬蹄 銀經付關稅者 ；其他即興隆大街之粵海關官銀號，此專辦經付中國所發兌之銀幣及紙幣，於紋銀則專辦申水…”。轉引自《山西票號史料》，頁317。 8 以嘉慶十六、十七年為例，粵海關稅收分別為1,165,263.1 兩與1,347,936.8 兩，是同時期全國其他二十三稅關收入各別為3,111,300.7 兩與3,131,271.2 兩的37.45% 與 43.05% 。 嘉慶十七年，廣東全年實征地丁銀為1,054,724.2 兩，較粵海關稅收少了293,212.6 兩 ；同年廣東鹽課銀為703,641.1兩，僅為粵海關稅銀的 52.2% 。參閱 ：林仁川，前揭文。 9 光緒年間，江蘇金閶中市聚源齋銀號，《各路元寶目錄》手抄本。 10 《清代宮中奏摺》( 光緒朝 ) ：光緒十三年正月二十四日。轉引自張惠信，《中國貨幣史話》頁494 以下。

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The Dawn of the Unification of China’s Border Areas

A Study on the 1912 Sinkiang Unification Society

Silver Medal Cheng Bin 〔Urumqi〕

Abstract

purchased this medal from famous Hong Kong coin dealer Zhang Huang ( 張 璜 ) in the 1970s. It seems to be the only 1912 Sinkiang Unification Society Silver Medal seen in the past three decades. I have focused on Sinkiang medals and coins for many years, so I am quite interested in this new variety.

The year 1912 saw the fall of the Qing

dynasty and the rise of the Republic of China. A silver medal was given birth in a short-lived society in a border province during this year, and its origin is still a mystery. I worked to explore the origin of the Sinkiang Unification Society medal based on limited clues. I found out the lineage of existing medals, searched ancient books and documents, and collected historical images. Besides this, I made field investigations and visited collectors to get oral accounts. Finally, I proved that the Sinkiang Unification Society medals are the badges of the society’s founders and members. These medals were used as certificates to participating in society meetings, and they were often holed in the top for hanging.

Key word

The 1911 Revolution in Sinkiang The year 1912 is of great significance in the history of modern China. The 1911 Revolution put an end to the feudal monarchy, which had ruled China for over 2,000 years, and it also ushered in a new stage - the Republic of China. However, the republic was not realized at one stroke, and society underwent several transitional forms at the very beginning. The Sinkiang Unification Society was a short-lived political group built in a border province against the founding of the ROC. Unfortunately, there are few records about this society in the historical documents. The silver medal, which aroused wide attention in the numismatic community, was directly related to the society. Therefore, this paper strives to corroborate the origin of the medal with related historical records.

the 1911 Revolution, the year 1912, the

Sinkiang Unification Society, badgeInt

Introduction

The political situation was highly volatile in 1911 and 1912.

On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out as the prelude to the 1911 Revolution. The trend was followed nationwide. On November 28, 1911, Liu Xianjun ( 劉 先 俊 ) rebelled in Dihua ( 迪化 , modern Urumqi), Sinkiang Province, which is the beginning of the 1911 Revolution in Sinkiang.

However, the rebellion was a failure due to the considerable discrepancy in power. Then, another rebellion burst out in Ili ( 伊犁 ) on January 7, 1912, and revolutionists succeeded after fierce fighting. On the second day, the Xinyi Governor’s Office ( 新伊都督府 , the governor’s office of the new Ili City) was set up. On February 12, 1912, the last emperor of the Qing dynasty abdicated. On May 19, 1912, the Beijing government appointed Yang Zengxin ( 楊 增 新 ) to be the governor of Sinkiang. On May 26, 1912, the Sinkiang Unification Society was founded.

Sinkiang Unification Society medals were struck against this background.

Image 1 - 1912 Sinkiang Unification Society Silver Medal (LOT 140 of Champion 2020 Macau Auction) A 1912 Sinkiang Unification Society Silver Medal (LOT 140, NGC MEDAL AU55, NC Collection, image 1) realized USD 21,600 at Champion 2020 Macau Auction on November 29, 2020. According to the auction catalog description, its estimated price was USD 8,000-16,000. NC might have

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Image 2 - The cover and related page of the catalog of Champion 2020 Macau Auction (Source: WeChat official account of Champion Auction)

The pat ter n a nd lineage of Sink ia ng Unification Society medals The Sinkiang Unification Society silver medal is one of three lots on the Champion 2020 Macau Auction’s catalog cover (image 2), and 2/3 of page 58 is an introduction of the medal including a large image. According to the past auction information, this was not the first time the medal has been auctioned. It was once auctioned at the Champion 2016 Macau Auction (LOT 252, estimated price: USD 3 000 to 6 000), realizing USD 12 650.

Image 3 1912 Sinkiang Unification Society Brass Medal (Source: Beijing Chengxuan 2007 Spring Auction, LOT 1802)

Based on the information released by Champion Auction, the medal might belong to Chang Huang (1909-1984), the president of the Hong Kong Numismatic Society. NC bought the medal from Chang Huang in the 1970s. In 2016, it appeared at the Champion 2016 Macau Auction. In 2020, Champion Auction auctioned the medal at Macau again.

In May 2007, a brass medal was auctioned at the Beijing Chengxuan Spring Auction (image 3, LOT 1802, estimated price: RMB 500-800, ABOUT UNCIRCULATED), realizing at RMB 5,060.

Image 4 Sinkiang Unification Society Silver Medal (Source: Chinese Antique Net)

Apart from auctions, some images of Sinkiang Unification Society medals were released on online numismatic forums.

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In March 2009, Zhang Jiabao ( 张家宝 ), the owner of a silver medal, released photos of his collection on Chinese Antique Net (image 4, no. 63809 on the net). The design of his coin is the same as the brass medal above. However, its inscriptions and patterns were rusted, and we could not see its edge. An anonymous appraiser estimated its value at RMB 1,000 on the forum, and he indicated that there was also known copper variety.

Feng bought several Sinkiang Unification Society brass medals years ago. I interviewed Xi Feng and knew that he had focused on medals for a long time. He once saw a brass medal at an antique market at the Sinkiang International Market in 2011. In 2018, he bought two brass medals from Russia and sold them to Chinese collectors. The diameter of the above medal is close to that of Sinkiang 10 cash copper red coin which were melted to strike copper wares.

In February 2015, collector Qin Quan ( 秦泉 ) posted the image of a brass medal with a hole on the online forum Ancient Coin Field (image 5) for consultation. From my perspective, its design is the same as the medals above, and its inscriptions and patterns have some corrosion. There are two holes for hanging at the edge above the inscription. Therefore, I presume that its original owner used to wear the medal after boring the hole.

Xi Feng also provided me with a paper, An Association of a Medal (《 一 枚 紀 念 章 的 聯 想 》) by Gao Bozhou ( 高 伯 舟 ), published in the second issue of Sinkiang Coins in 1998. 1 The copper medal from Gao Baozhou’s collection is 40 mm in diameter, and it also has a hole at the top for hanging. The paper makes a detailed description of the medal and includes a rubbing. It also makes a presumption about the background, as a rare specialized article about Sinkiang Unification Society medals.

We can divide the above five silver, copper, and brass medals into two varieties according to their fineness. The inscriptions and designs of these medals are the same. Their inscriptions indicate that the Sinkiang Unification Society was founded on May 26 in the first year of the Republic of China ( 新 疆 統 一 維 持 會 大 中 華 民 國 元 年 五 月 廿 六 號 成 立 ). The inscriptions interlock with the outer beaded circle and the Chinese expression of the inscriptions was informal. Though the pattern of Champion Auction's silver medal is similar to other medals, the details of the lion are different from other medals. The lion on the silver medal auctioned by Champion Auction is more elegant and magnificent, and its hair is clear and vivid. Therefore, we may identify it as a "choice medal."

In comparison, the lions on the other three medals are obscure, showing a cuter character. Also, their engraving style is similar to the silver and copper coins struck by the Dihua Mint. So, we may call them "common medals."

Image 5 - Sinkiang Unification Society Brass Medal (Source: Ancient Coin Field forum)

Besides, lions, colorful f lags, and the Earth on Sinkiang Unification Society medals were also used commonly on matches, notes, and porcelain pillows at that time.

Image 6 - Sinkiang Unification Society Copper Medal (Source: Xi Feng)

Historical Records about the Sinkiang Unification Society

In December 2018, medal collector Xi Feng ( 兮 風 ) sold a grade 5.5 brass medal (image 6) on 7788 Collection Net for RMB 2,500. The medal is seriously abrased, but the design of the lion is relatively clear. It also has a hole at the top, with a mark at the outer edge. The side with lion and dual-flag design has some scratches. Xi Feng named the medal design as a “picture of a lion, the Earth and colorful flags.” According to the scale by the image, its diameter is 39 mm.

There are few records about the Sinkiang Unification Society.

We can refer to the entry "Hu Yanwu" ( 胡 炎 午 ) in the List of the Classification of Rebelling People and Soldiers in Dihua (《 迪 化 民 軍 起 義 分 類 一 覽 表 》) compiled by the Sinkiang Investigation Society and signed by Yang Zengxin 2.

The entry records the information about Hu Yanwu, one of the Sinkiang Unification Society's founders. "Hu Yanwu, 37 years old, also known as Shaoan ( 少庵 ), was a native of Xiangtan,

According to Sinkiang coin collector Cang Quan ( 藏 泉 ), Xi

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the 33rd year of Guangxu’s reign, Hu Qingyuan, also known as Chujiang, was 64 years old, and he was the head of Luopu County. On the ninth of the eleventh lunar month of 1911, Hu sponsored 2,000 taels for the civil army. He was generous and forthright. When Liu Xianjun rebelled, he and his nephew Hu Yanwu did their best to support him. As the rumors flew, Yuan Dahua strived to search for a trace of Liu Xianjun, and Liu almost had no place to hide. At this time, Hu should have entertained Yuan at his home. After that, Hu sponsored 2,000 taels for military rations to support the rebellion. Despite the failure of the rebellion, we can still see his passion for supporting the civil army and building a republic.”

Hunan Province, and he lived at Hetuwan, Huashi District, graduated from the Hunan Normal School. Hu once planned to rebel with Liu Xianjun. After Liu Xianjun's rebellion, Yuan Dahua ( 袁 大 化 ) wanted to get some information about the rebellion from Hu Yanwu. Hu entertained Yuan at home. He also suggested his uncle Hu Qingyuan ( 胡 清 源 ) sponsor the rebellion. When the civil army was organized, Hu assumed the position of staff officer and commander in chief. Afterward, he denounced Yuan Dahua, praised the martyrs, and inspired his comrades to sponsor the civil army. At the time of the Republic of China's founding, Yuan Dahua escaped, and the conf lict between the army and the people broke out in the provincial capital. Hu and other comrades launched the Unification Society to maintain unity and safeguard the border areas. He died of tuberculosis a few days later."

All these indicate that the Sinkiang Unification Society's founders were closely related to the revolutionists of the rebellion in Dihua during the 1911 Revolution. The Unification Society was designed to get support from the people and safeguard the border areas.

According to the entry about Hu Qingyuan in the List of the Classification of Rebelling People and Solders in Dihua , “In

Image 7 The Public Telegraph of the Sinkiang Unification Society (Source: the second page of the Shanghai News on June 17, 1912)

There was a Public Telegraph (《 公 電 》) published in the Shanghai News (《 申 報 》) by the Sinkiang Unification Society on June 17, 1912 (image 7)3. The telegraph explains the situation of Sinkiang, emphasizes the importance of raising military rations to support the economy, and implores the central government to appropriate funds to safeguard the border areas. The complete content is below.

had little revenue, and military budget relied on appropriations from the central government. Since the rebellion last year, we have had no allocation. Besides, soldiers' expenditures are large, and there are some conflicts with other countries in the south.

Therefore, we have no military rations left. Sinkiang is a remote province facing border areas. Now, we have no silver dollars in reserve. Consequently, we even fail to pay wages to officers, and we can only use notes. Our finances are in crisis, and we are losing our credits. We can hardly support ourselves. The morale of the troops is falling. Against this situation, we can barely maintain the stability of Sinkiang. As we are adjacent to Mongolia, the whole country would be influenced if we are

Telegraph from the Sinkiang Unification Society: The society was founded after receiving approval from the President at Beijing, Vice President at Wuchang, Senate, State Council, provincial governors, and regional political parties. Sinkiang

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in trouble. We see this dangerous situation, so we would like the president to think about the stability of the border areas.

Sinkiang is important for the overall peace of China, so we implore to you to appropriate 100 000 taels to Sinkiang to resolve the pressing danger. We are looking forward to your reply.

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There is more research about Peng Yiyuan. Peng was famous in the newspaper industry in modern times, and he launched

As the Public Telegraph writes, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the provisional government approved to found the society as a political group. The Chronicle of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China 4 (《 民國初年臨時政府內務部大事記略》) collected in the First History Archive of China does record the approvals for 81 social groups of 4 catalogs by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the provisional government, with the Sinkiang Unification Society included.

The Shanghai News published the Record of the Rebellion in Dihua (《 迪 化 兵 變 補 紀 》)5 on August 4, 1912. “On the midnight of June 4 (the 19th of the 4th lunar month), in the provincial capital Dihua, Xinjiang, the army outside Dihua City moved from the outer city to the Old South Gate and the New South Gate. Fortunately, the gates were closed, and the army failed to get into the city. The army was stopped after the negotiation by an officer. The next day, Governor Yang investigated the cause of the incident, and he found out that it was the army that had just come back after fighting enemies.

It charged Yuan Dahua of making a fool of the army, as they fought against Yili and killed more than 1 000 enemy soldiers, but they got no pension. But these soldiers were finally beaten, and more than 100 soldiers fled in the morning. The Sinkiang Unification Society and the Chamber of Commerce feel the discontentment of the army, so we assumed that it would inevitably lead to the destruction of the government in the future. Therefore, we wrote to tell soldiers that they had made great and painstaking efforts so that we would reward them. In addition, even those who protected the people in the province should also be treated well. We want to prepare some silver taels to reward them later. The total cost of thousands of silver taels would be borne by the Sinkiang Unification Society and the Chamber of Commerce.” Both the Sinkiang Unification Society and the Chamber of Commerce were involved in this affair, which indicates that the Unification Society had played its role as a representative of Dihua, and the actual leader of the society was Yang Zengxin, the governor of Sinkiang.

The 1911 Revolution in Sinkiang (《 辛 亥 革 命 在 新 疆 》) by historian Lu Yiran ( 呂一燃 ) also testifies to the content above.

“The Sinkiang Unification Society was a political group. Peng Yizhong ( 彭翼仲 ), the president of the society, was the chief editor of a newspaper in China. He was sent to Sinkiang by the Qing government for his ‘improper speech.’ Peng plotted with Liu Xianjun to follow the leaders of the rebellion after the Wuchang Rebellion.”6

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Image 8 Photos in the Morrison’ s Visit to the Northwest China in 1910 by George Morrison N

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Sinkiang Unification Society Medals are badges of society members

the Enlightenment Pictorial (《 啟蒙畫報》) in 1902, the Beijing Daily (《 京話日報》) and the Beijing Newspaper (《北京報》) in 1904. In 1906, he revealed the scandal that the Qing dynasty did in setting up a constitutional government, so he was sent to Dihua, Xinjiang in 1907. In 1910, George Ernest Morrison of the Times of England went to Sinkiang and met Peng Yizhong7 (image 8). In March 1913, Peng came back to Beijing and began republishing the Beijing Daily in August.

How did Chen Gan learn from public channels that Peng Yizhong was the president of the Sinkiang Unification Society?

I found a piece of news which is the most important and most related to the medal in the Shanghai News of August 6, 1912.

That is, the sixth page of the Record of the Meeting of the Sinkiang Unification Society 8 (Image 9,《新疆維持統一會大 會紀事》) of the Shanghai News on August 6, 1912.

According to those who researched the life of Peng Yizhong, there are few records about what Peng experienced when he was in Sinkiang. Peng is the only known leader of the Sinkiang Unification Society. This information comes from another telegraph sent by Peng’s student Chen Gan ( 陳 幹 ) from Xuzhou on August 22, 1912. It writes, “To the president of Sinkiang Unification Society: we have not connected for eight years, I think of you from time to time. I suggest you stay in the border areas rather than coming back to the central government.

From Chen Gan, commander of the 39th army brigade.”

The news accounts for the first meeting of the Sinkiang Unification Society held on May 26, 1912, and the date on the medal is the date of the founding of the society. President Peng Yizhong delivered a speech at the meeting first. Then Sinkiang Governor Yang Zengxin made a speech to explain society's principle and indicated that all members would be treated equally no matter where they came from.

There is an account related to the medal, “some 1,000 members will attend the meeting, and they will only be admitted by ticket.” “There is an office set for the Unification Society at the capital of Sinkiang. Previously issued tickets should be exchanged for badges. If a member has not attended meetings three times, the Unification Society will withdraw his badge and remove him from the society. If a member cannot attend meetings due to personal affairs, he must ask for leave at the office in advance.”

Chen hadn't connected Peng for eight years. However, he still knew that Peng was the president of the Sinkiang Unification Society, which indicates that the society did have some impact in China. However, Peng didn't follow the advice of Chen. He arrived in Beijing on April 22, 1913, and began to republish the Beijing Daily in August. We can presume that he might have participated in society's activities for half a year.

Image 9 the Record of the Meeting of the Sinkiang Unification Society (Source: the sixth page of the Record of the Meeting of the Sinkiang Unification Society published in the Shanghai News )

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coins with a dragon pattern have both Chinese characters and old Uighur characters. It would be better if the coins could be deeper struck. Anyway, these silver dollars are much better than those circulating in Sinkiang. It is said that the mint can produce 1,000 taels of coins in a day. These coins are being struck to pay for soldiers from now on, and then will gradually replace the current notes.…… It is said that the ammunition factory can provide work for three people, and the mint may be the same. A few months ago, the mint had recruited a group of new workers from eastern China. In addition, the government has attached great importance to arms and mints for some time.

It is believed that both the ammunition factory and the mint will be put into production soon."

Therefore, so-call “medals” were issued as badges of society founders and members, and they were the certificate allowing him to attend the meeting. The society also set up rules regarding withdrawing badges and asking for leave. Therefore, some medals have a hole at the top for hanging and keeping.

Given “some 1,000 members will attend the meeting”, the mintage of medals should be around 1,000. Medals of different materials might be issued to founders and members of different levels, so the mintage of silver medals was less than that of brass/copper medals.

The Dihua Mint The Sinkiang Unification Society was located in Dihua, Sinkiang. The mint that struck coins and medals circulating in Dihua was sited at the Sinkiang Machinery Bureau in Shumago. Its name should be the Dihua Mint as inscriptions on the Sinkiang silver dollars indicate.

The Dihua Mint was built at the end of the Qing dynasty, and was attached to the Sinkiang Machinery Bureau. As it was moved to Shumago later, it was also commonly known as the Shumago Mint. The mint used water-powered minting machines. The Records and Maps of Sinkiang: Records of Food and Goods (《新疆圖志 · 食貨志》)9 published in the winter of 1911 includes information about its foundation. It recorded the situation of the mint when it was just set up in 1907 and 1908.

“On the fifth lunar month of 1907, the commissioner Wang Shuzhan ( 王 樹 枬 ) applied to set up a machinery bureau to mint silver dollars at Shumago. On the fourth of the sixth lunar month, an official seal was issued to the mint, and the mint started operation on the second of the seventh lunar month. The mint struck coins in four denominations, including five mace, four mace, two mace, and one mace. Every 100 taels allowed for seven maces of loss. The mint could strike 20,000 taels per month. Since it was formally put into operation in the sixth lunar month of 1907 to the 7th lunar month of 1908, it minted 320,000 taels except for the four months of suspension in 1908.”

Image 10 Shumago Mint and its workers (Source: Page 265 of Diary Performed during My Trip to Central Asia and China by Mannerheim) There are few records about the change of the Dihua Mint around the 1911 Revolution. Researchers think that the mint only struck a few silver ration dollars in the early Republic of China when there was no military appropriation from the central government. The above Public Telegraph of the Sinkiang Unification Society can testify as to the situation.

Numismatic researchers mainly focus on the change of Sinkiang coins from their patterns. For instance, the design on silver ration dollars changed from dragon to dual flags and a lion, and the inscriptions changed from the reign title of emperors to the Republic of China. All these indicate a new atmosphere of the society.

We can know about the Shumago Mint from the description

by Finnish explorer Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim. He visited the mint when he was in Dihua in 1907 and took some photos, which are quite rare (image 10). In his Diary Performed during My Trip to Central Asia and China 10, he writes, "August 9, Dihua. Today, I went to Prince Ziyi's ( 載漪 ) villa. His villa in Shumago, five Russian miles northeast of the city.…… We took a walk along the river to take some pictures. We also visited the nearby ammunition factory and mint.…… 5-6 bullet machines were standing by a long wall in the ammunition factory. Only striking machines worked at the mint. The mint strikes silver coins, which are the same as those circulating in eastern China, including one tael, half tael, 1/5 tael, and 1/10 tael. These

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The Silver Medal were not Restruck from One-Tael Silver Ration Coin In the catalog of Champion 2016 Macau Auction, it describes Lot 252 as "the medal might be restruck based on 1913 one-tael Sinkiang Crossed Flag Silver Coin". In 2020, the catalog writes,

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June 4, 1912, the society and the Chamber of Commerce awarded the army after the Dihua Rebellion.

"it was restruck from a 1912 One-Tael Sinkiang Dual-f lag Silver Coin". Champion's WeChat official account also released a specialized article attached with the photo of a 1912 One-Tael Sinkiang Dual-flag Silver Coin from the NC collection (Lot 206 in the Champion 2019 Macau Auction).

June 17, 1912, the Sinkiang Unification Society released the Public Telegraph.

However, I did not see any trace of restriking on the above five medals. Logically, medals have a higher requirement for appearance, so they tend to use new blanks and dies. Even those restruck medals were restruck based on previous silver coins that were no longer produced than one-tael dual-f lag silver coins that were newly put into circulation. According to some records, dragon dollars and Yuan Shikai dollars were still used in Sinkiang in the 1930s and 1940s. Given the Sinkiang Unification Society focused on orders and pursued an ideal situation, the society would not make medals by restriking.

On July 1, 1912, the society participated in the Celebration Party for the Dihua becoming a republic.

The Weight of 7 mace and 2 candareen coins According to the Records and Maps of Sinkiang , the weights of provincial coins were 7 mace and 2 candareen, 3 mace and 6 candareen, 1 mace and 4 candareen, and 7 candareens, which followed the western coinage system. In the past, Sinkiang silver coins were initially known as tiangang [ 天 罡 ], and copper coins puer [ 普 爾 ]. The weights of tiangang coins inlcuded 5 mace, 3 mace, 2 mace or 1 mace. Though they were all silver coins in Sinkiang, they did not use the same weighing system as other provinces.

Both one-tael dual-flag coins and Sinkiang Unification Society medals were minted in Dihua in 1912, but their designs were different. Stripes on the flags of Sinkiang Unification Society medals are horizontal, which is the same style as the f lag pattern used across the nation. However, stripes on the flags of one-tael coins are vertical, and they also used plants to decorate flags. One-tael coins' flag pattern is different because it was too remote for the mint in Sinkiang to know the exact design.

This error pattern lasted an even longer time on the silver and copper coins minted in Kashi. We can know from the Record of the Meeting of the Sinkiang Unification Society that the meeting place was well decorated. For example, "five-color national flags are erected inside and outside the city gate. Fivecolor flags are hung in the meeting place, and between two flags are white banners which word 'long live the republic' and 'live nationalities are one family.'" The decoration of the meeting place shows the society principle that it upheld a republican system in which people from different ethnic groups and provinces would be treated equally. During the celebrations, the Sinkiang Unification Society devoted itself to publicizing republican ideas. For instance, on July 1, 1912, Dihua, the capital of Sinkiang Province, held a celebration meeting to celebrate the republic. Most of the people who attended the meeting were businessmen and scholars, and only one out of five was a politician. The gates of the city were decorated with colorful national flags. The society set a couplet at the entrance on which was written "long live the Republic" and "democratic constitutionalism"11 Therefore, the design of the society medal should be elegant with lofty morals.

The silver medal sold by Champion Auction weighs 27.8 grams, close to the weight of 7 mace and 2 candareen coins (about 26.5 grams). The weight is not in line with the previous weight system of tiangang coins. A 1912 one-tael silver coin weighs 35.5 grams, is 86% silver and 39.5 mm in diameter12; a 5-mace silver coin weighs 17.6 grams, is 88% silver and 33.6 mm in diameter.12 They are obviously different in weight.

However, medals are not silver coins that were minted to circulate, so they do not need to follow such a weight system.

If Sinkiang Unification Society medals were struck by the Dihua Mint, which produced tiangang coins, engravers and workers might have a mindset when making blanks so that the weight might be 5 maces rather than 7 maces and 2 candareens.

However, the other 4 medals' weights and diameters were no published, so we need more research to find the answer.

Conclusion As the theme song The Great Wall Never Falls of the hit TV series Warrior fearless in the 1980s sings, "this sleeping lion is awakening," which manifests that the Chinese people were ambitious to save the nation. From the "Heirs of the Dragon" to the "Oriental Lion," the change is also vividly reflected in coin and medal designs. The Dihua Mint in Sinkiang in western China still produced silver dragon coins in 1911, but in 1912, it started to mint coins with a lion and dual-flag pattern. The wheels of history are rolling forward. There is still a long way for the Chinese nation to go after the dawn of the republic.

The major events of the Sinkiang Unification Society released in the Shanghai News are as follows: May 26, 1912, the Sinkiang Unification Society held its first meeting.

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Coins and medals are micro archives of history. They are not only cultural relics but also a form of historical literature. They exist in large amounts and are easy to conserve, so they can help us get close to history. The 1912 Sinkiang Unification Society Silver Medals were witnesses of the related history.

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Their design is interesting and the story behind them is even more exciting and inspiring. At present, we still know little about the exact background of the medal. We need to explore more documents, analyze other medals in kind and find out the lineages of other medals to find the answer.

About Cheng Bin ( 成斌 , 1988- ) ○

Master's degree

○ Member of the Sinkiang Numismatic Society ○

The host of the 2019 annual academic project of the China Numismatic Society

Cheng Bin focuses on studying modern Sinkiang coins, coins along the Silk Road, and the monetary and financial history.

He has issued papers on the Sinkiang Coins and other journals, and he has made speeches at the Sinkiang Numismatic

Society annual conference for two consecutive years.

Reference ： 1 Gao Bozhou, An Association of a Medal, [J] Sinkiang Coins , 1998(02), p.31-32.

2 Yang Zengxin, The List of the Classification of Rebelling People and Soldiers in Dihua, Wuchang Uprising Archives (Part 2) , Hubei People's Publishing House, 1981.08, p.282283, p.419-420.

3 The Sinkiang Unification Society, The Public Telegram , [N] Shanghai News , 1912.6.17, p. 2.t 4 Ding Jinjun, The Chronicle of the Major Events of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China , [J], Historical Archives, 1999(01): p.70-77.

5 The Record of the Rebellion in Dihua , [N] Shanghai News , 1912.8.4, p. 6.

6 Lv Yiran, The 1911 Revolution in Sinkiang , [J], Study on Modern History, 1980 (04), p.214-234.

7 George Ernest Morrison, Morrison's Visit to the Northwest China in 1910 (Part 1), Fujian Education Publishing House, 2008.12, p. 165.

8 The Record of the Meeting of the Sinkiang Unification Society , [N] Shanghai News, 1912.8.6, p. 6.

9 Wang Shuzhan, Zhu Yuqi, Records and Maps of Sinkiang (Part 1) , Shanghai Guji Publishing House, 2015.12, p. 645.

10Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Diary Performed during My Trip to Central Asia and China (1906-1908) , [M]. China Nation Photographing and Art Publishing House, 2004, p.

264-266.

11 Celebration for the Republic in Dihua , [N] Shanghai News, 1912.8.20, p. 6.

12 China People's Bank, China Silver Coin Catalog , 1980.12, p. 165, p. 169-170.

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中 華 邊 疆 的 共 和 曙 光

1912年新疆維持統一會紀念章尋蹤 成 斌〔中國烏魯木齊〕

摘要 ： 一段興亡更替的歷史年份，一方休戚與共的邊疆省

一 辛亥革命在新疆

這背後究竟隱藏着怎樣的玄機奧秘？筆者從幾條有限的線

1912年是中國近代史上一個重要的年份，此前爆發的辛亥

份，一個短暫存在的集會結社，一枚身世成謎的紀念銀章， 索入手，通過梳理紀念章流傳，查閱古籍文獻，收集歷史

革命結束了中國兩千多年的封建帝制，開啟了共和的新紀

造的本來面目。經考證此章是該會發 起人及會員的徽章，

多過渡形態。新疆維持統一會，就是這一歷史背景下，在

元。但共和的實現並非一蹴而就，在其草創之初曾曆過許

影像，實地勘察遺跡，尋訪藏家口述，試圖復原紀念章鑄

中國邊疆省份短暫存在過的政治社團，其在史料中記載僅

作為參加活動的憑證，使用時常在章上方穿孔以便掛繩。

有寥寥數語。而引發錢幣界關注的這枚銀質紀念章，又是

關鍵詞 ： 辛亥革命，1912年，新疆維持統一會，徽章

與該會直接相關的幣章。

引言

辛亥、壬 子兩年間，時局風雲 變 幻。1911年10月10日，武

2020年11月29日，冠 軍2020澳 門 拍賣會傳 來 消息，編 號

1911年11月28日，先是劉先俊等人在省城迪化（今烏魯木齊）

昌起義爆發，拉開了辛亥革命的序幕，全國各地紛紛回應。

LOT140 拍品1912年（民國元年）新疆維持統一會“獅子雙

發動起義，揭開辛亥革命在新疆的序幕，由於寡不敵眾，迪

指出 ：這枚紀念章鑒定評級為 NGC MEDAL AU55，估

激戰，革命黨人取得最後的勝利，次日新伊 都督府成立。

旗圖”銀質紀念章（圖1），成交價 21 600美元。拍品描述

化起義失敗。隨後，1912年1月7日，伊犁起義爆發，經過

價8 000-16 000美元 ；出自 NC 收藏，NC 可能是在 20世

1912年2月12日，宣統皇帝遜位，清朝統治結束。1912年5

章，這似乎是過去30 年中唯一已知的一枚。多年來，筆者

26日，新疆維持統一會成立。紀念章也是在此背景下鑄造的。

紀70 年代從中國香港的著名錢幣專家張璜處買入這枚紀念

月19日，北京政府正式任命楊增新為新疆都督。1912年5月

持續關注新疆幣章的鑄造，見到新現品種，正好一探究竟。

二“獅子雙旗圖”紀念章的形制與流傳 在《冠軍2020澳門拍賣會拍賣目錄》封面選刊的3幅紀念

章圖中，就有該章的“獅子雙旗圖” （圖2），內文第58頁又

使用2/3頁版面，配較大尺寸圖片對該章加以介紹。經查詢

歷年拍品資訊， “獅子雙旗圖”紀念章並非首次出現在拍賣

市場。該章曾現身於冠軍2016澳門拍賣會，拍品編號 252 ，

估價3 000-6 000美元，成交價格12 650美元。

據冠軍拍賣發佈的資料，該銀章已知的流傳順序是 ：或曾

圖1 1912年新疆維持統一會獅子雙旗圖銀質紀念章 （見於冠軍2020澳門拍賣會， LOT 號140）

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圖2 《 冠軍2020澳門拍賣會目錄》 封面及相關內頁（ 見於“ 冠軍拍賣” 微信公眾號）

70年代 NC 可能是從張璜 處買入 藏品 ；2016年現 身冠軍

除拍品外，在錢幣類網路論壇中，也出現過“獅子雙旗圖”

2007年5月，北京誠軒春拍曾出現過一枚新疆維持統一會

2009年3月，持寶人張家寶在“中華古玩網”發佈一枚“新

2016澳門拍賣會 ；2020年再次現身冠軍2020澳門拍賣會。

紀念章的身影。

獅子雙旗圖銅質紀念章（圖3），LOT1802 ，估價500-800

疆紀念銀章” （圖4）圖文（編號：63809）。版式與銅章一致，

用品。

定師鑒評為 ：新疆維持統一會銀質紀念章，價格在千元以

人民幣，成交價5 060人民幣，拍品描述稱 ：該章為近未使

字跡圖案磨蝕，側視圖未見邊齒。在該貼中據未具名的鑒 上。此章尚有紅銅質地。

圖3 新疆維持統一會獅子雙旗圖紀念銅章 （ 見於北京誠軒2007春拍， LOT1802）

圖4 新疆維持統一會銀章（見於中華古玩網）

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圖5 新疆維持統一會銅章（ 見於古泉園地論壇）

圖6 新疆維持統一會銅質紀念章（ 章友“ 兮風”提供）

2015年2月，藏友秦泉在“古泉園地”發佈了一枚帶孔的新

多有交錯，日期使用“廿六號”，非書面語常見的“廿六日”。

同上，字跡圖案磨蝕，字面上方外緣有兩個相鄰小孔，應

圖”比較，雖然構圖近似，但是獅子圖案在細節上有明顯

疆維持統一會銅質紀念章（圖5）諮詢帖。筆者觀察，版式

而冠軍拍賣所現銀章與其餘4 枚銀、銅章背面的“獅子雙旗

為穿繩之用，或可推知紀念章可穿孔掛繩佩戴。

差異。冠軍拍品銀章獅子形象雕刻手法寫實細膩，毛髮筋

骨栩栩如生，形象威猛，威風凜凜，姑且稱之為“精製章”。

2018年12月，新疆章友“兮風”在“ 7788收藏”以 2 500元

而相比之下，其餘3枚銀銅章獅子面目模糊，線條粗獷，憨

人民幣出售一枚5.5品的新疆維持統一會銅質紀念章（圖6），

態可掬，雕刻風格與以往所見迪化銀元局鑄造的銀元、銅

該章磨損較為嚴重，醒獅圖較為清晰，頂端穿有一個小孔，

元相符，姑且稱之為“普通章”。

孔眼有向外緣的勒痕， “獅子雙旗圖”一面有多處銳器刮痕。

“兮風”將紀念章圖案稱為“醒獅地球五色旗圖”。從圖片旁

此外，獅子、五色旗、地球等圖案元素的組合，亦見民國

放置的尺規來看，銅質章直徑約為39毫米。

初年的火花、匯票、瓷枕等物品上有所運用。

經新疆錢幣藏家“藏泉”介紹， “兮風”數年前經手過數枚

三 新疆統一維持會史料發凡

間較長，曾於2011年在新疆國際大巴紮的古玩市場見過銅

文獻史料中對於“新疆維持統一會”的記載十分有限。關

並於同年轉手給中國內地藏家。

新等人署名的《迪化民軍起義分類一覽表》 “胡炎午”條目2 。

該銅質紀念章。據筆者採訪“兮風”得知，其關注該章時 章，又於2018年從一批來自俄羅斯的章中收入兩枚銅章，

於該會成立的歷史背景，可參見新疆稽勳調查會編、楊增

該條目記述了胡炎午生平及作為新疆維持統一會發起人之 一的情形 ：“ 胡炎午， 字少庵， 湖南湘潭人， 時年三十七， 畢

“兮風”還為筆者提供了一篇研究文章，即高伯舟所著《一 枚紀念章的聯想》（載《新疆錢幣》1998年第2期）。高伯舟 1

業於湖南師範學堂，與劉先俊同謀起義，住址在十五都花石河

先生所藏的銅章，徑約40 毫米，紅銅質，上中一孔作穿掛

圖灣。劉先俊運動起義時，袁大化秘探消息，該員竟款其於家，

行背景進行推測，是少有的研究該章的專文。

總司令。 事後宣佈袁大化罪狀， 表揚諸先烈事實， 激發同志贊

用。文中對銅章形制進行了描述，刊布了銅章拓片，並對發

並勸叔父胡清源，輸貲千金相助。民軍組織時，該員任參謀兼 助民軍， 多出其手。 及至民國成立， 袁大化設計脫逃， 省城軍

“獅子雙 旗圖”章有銅質、 從 上 述 5枚 紀念 章的圖片來看，

民水火勢將決裂。該員又與各同志發起維持統一會，維繫人心，

銀質2 種材質，按獅子圖案精細程度不同又可分為2個版別。

顧全邊局。 ”

銀、銅章正面字跡及版式相同，紀念文字均為“新疆統一維 持會 大中華民國元年五月廿六號成立”，文字與外緣珠圈

另據《迪化民軍起義分類一覽表》“胡清源”條目記載，歲

注釋 ： 1 高伯舟 ： 《一枚紀念章的聯想》，[J]《 新疆錢幣》,1998(02).31-32。 2 新疆稽勳調查會編 , 楊增新等 ： 《迪化民軍起義分類一覽表》，轉引自 ：政協湖北省暨武漢市委員會等編《武昌起義檔案資料選編（下）》, 湖北人民出版社 ,1981.08, 第282-283、419420頁。

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圖7 新疆維持統一會《 公電》（見於1912年6月17日《申報》 第二版）

六十四，為縣知事（光緒三十三年時為洛浦縣知縣），宣統

持統一會在內的四項類別、81個集會結社組織在民國臨時

三年十一月初九日，協助民軍，輸資二千兩。胡清源，字

政府內務部批准立案的情形。

該員與其侄胡炎午極力贊助。及至謠風日熾，秘探劉先俊

1912年8月4日《申報》刊載的《迪化兵變補紀》5一文記載 ：

臨事湊貲二千金輸作軍餉，以期玉成此舉，事雖未成，而

馬隊槍聲隆隆，直撲老南門、新南門，幸城門緊閉，未得入城，

楚江，年近古稀，性豪俠，慷慨仗義。劉先俊運動起義時，

蹤 跡，嚴為防閑，先俊幾無托足之地，該員竟款於其家。 “新疆迪化省城於六月四號（陰曆四月十九）三更時，城外陸軍 其協助民軍贊襄民國之熱誠已可概見。

又經某官長痛苦力勸乃止。 ……翌日， 楊督調查起事原因， 系

由此可見，新疆統一維持會發起人與辛亥革命之迪化起義

伊犁， 現白砍死了一千餘人， 一無撫恤， 二無下落。 ……後事

前敵回來軍隊，謂袁大化把我們軍隊不當人，一味愚弄，去打

者關係密切，該會名為“維持統一”，旨在“維繫人心，顧

未成功， 清晨逃去一百餘人。 維持統一會及商務總會， 以軍隊

全邊局”。

有此意見，將來不免玉石俱焚。乃寫白話公啟數張，分送各營。 略謂前敵軍人， 出過大力， 辛辛苦苦， 我們兩會應該犒勞犒

1912年6月17日出版的《申報》刊登了新疆維持統一會的《公

勞，就是在省保護人民的各營，也要一律善待。今日特備銀兩，

餉為經濟命脈，懇求內地撥款以圖維繫邊陲。

譜， 均由兩會分負雲。”維持統一會與商務總會一同出面斡旋

電》（圖7），該電進一步向全國闡述了新疆時局，強調協 3

聊代羊酒， 晚半天當即送到， 望諸位收留云云。 共費銀數千之 此事，由此可見維持統一會曾作為迪化方面各界代表發揮 過相應的社會功效，而實際主政者則是新疆都督楊增新。

作為政治類集會結社組織已在民國臨時政府內務部批准立 案。從中國第一歷史檔案館館藏弼德院檔案中選刊的《民

國初年臨時政府內務部大事記略》4，就記述了包括新疆維

據史學家呂一燃在《辛亥革命在新疆》一書中的考證 ： “維

3 新疆維持統一會 ： 《公電》，[N]《申報》1912.6.17, 第2版。 4 丁進軍 ： 《. 民國初年臨時政府內務部大事記略》，[J]. 歷史檔案，1999(01):70-77。 5《迪化兵變補紀》，[N]《申報》1912年8月4日 , 第6版。

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持統一會”是“政治黨會之組織”，會長彭翼仲原是內地報

館主筆，因“痛低當道，祖護孫、黃”，被清政府發配新疆。 武昌起義後，他曾同劉先俊密謀响應。6

關於彭翼仲的生平研究成果較多，其為近代知名維新報業 《京話日報》《北京 人士，相繼創辦《啟蒙畫報》（1902）、

報》（1904）。1906年，因在報紙上刊登新聞，揭露清廷“預

備立憲”中的醜行被捕獲罪，後以“發新疆效力贖罪，到配

後酌加監禁十年”的罪名，於1907年底抵達新疆省會迪化。

1910年英國《泰晤士報》記者莫理循來新疆時，曾與彭翼

仲會面並合影7（圖8）。1913年3月回到北京，並於同年 8月 複辦《京話日報》。

研究者坦言，關於彭翼仲在新疆六年經歷的記載很少，彭

翼仲是目前僅知的新疆維持統一會負責人（一說為副會長）， 具體依據來自一則電文，是其弟子陳幹於1912年8月22日自

徐州拍來的電報，電文為 ：“ 新疆省城維持統一會會長彭翼

仲先生鑒，八年未通一字，秋風天末，懷想我師，願教化邊地，

切勿來中土也。楊君統此致意。陸軍第三十九混成旅旅長陳幹。” 陳幹與彭翼仲“八年未通一字”，竟得知其已是“新疆省城

維持統一會會長”，可見陳幹從公開管道獲悉消息，亦可見 新疆維持統一會在內地確曾產生過一定影響。

四 紀念幣實為會員徽章 那麼，陳幹是如何從公共管道獲悉，彭翼仲擔任新疆省城

維持統一會會長一職的呢？在1912年5月26日至8月22日之 間的《申報》上，最終找到了一條與“獅子雙旗圖”紀念章

相關性最高、也最為重要的新聞史料。即1912年8月6日《申

報》第六版所載的《新疆維持統一會大會紀事》8（圖9）。

這條 新聞史料較為詳盡地記 述了1912年5月26日，新 疆 維

持統一會召開第一次正式大會的情形，據紀念章所鑄文字

表明當日即為該會成立的日期。會議先是由正會長彭翼仲

做演說，接着由新疆都督楊增新做宣講，闡明統一會宗旨， 並表明無論省籍、族別均一視同仁。 圖8 莫理循《1910 莫理循中國西北行》 內頁書影

6 呂一燃 . ： 《辛亥革命在新疆》，[J]. 近代史研究，1980(04):214-234。 7（澳）莫理循圖文 ；竇坤，海倫編譯 ： 《1910莫理循中國西北行（上）》, 福建教育出版社 ,2008.12, 第165頁 .。 8《新疆維持統一會大會紀事》，[N]《申報》1912.8.6, 第6版。

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圖9《 新疆維持統一會大會紀事》（ 見於1912年8月6日《 申報》 第6版）

“ 入會者約千人， 文中與紀念章發行意圖最為密切的記載是 ：

磨溝，又被俗稱為“水磨溝造幣廠”，使用水動力鑄幣機。

人、 會人之券紙， 概換徽章， 以昭憑信。 並聞屆開會時， 如有

年）冬的《新疆圖志 · 食貨志》9，內容主要記述的是1907、

關於迪化銀元局創辦的史料主要來自成書於宣統三年（1911

均執券入場。”“ 現在省城設有維持統一會事務所， 所有前發

“（光緒） 三十三年五月，藩司王樹枬 1908年創辦階段的狀況。

三次不到者， 追繳徽章， 開除名字， 若有事竊身者， 或出省者，

詳情就省城水磨溝機器局鑄造銀元， 委員管理。 六月初四日，

必須至該所掛號，聲明事由。”

頒發銀元局鈐印一顆，先於初二日開局試鑄，鑄成五錢、四錢、

由此得知，所謂“紀念章”的發行本意是作為發起人及會

二錢、 一錢四種銀元。 每銀一百兩准火耗銀七錢。 ……每月

員的徽章，以及此後參加會議活動的憑證，並規定了徽章

可鑄銀二萬兩。 計自三十三年六月開局起， 至三十四年七月止，

追繳機制和請假外出報備制度。這解釋了為什麼有多枚銅

除三十四年分停鑄四個月不計外， 通共鑄過銀三十二萬兩。”

章上端鑿有小孔的原因，是便於穿掛保存。從“入會者約千

人”來看，徽章的鑄造量或為千枚左右。不同材質的紀念章，

關於水磨溝造幣廠更為直觀的描述來自於1907年造訪新疆

銅章。

。 《馬達漢西域考察日 幣廠，還留下稀見的照片影像（圖10）

烏魯木齊的芬蘭探險家馬達漢，他實地走訪了水磨溝的造

或分發給不同層級的發起人和會員，銀章的鑄造量應少於

8月9日， 烏魯木齊。 今天我到醇親 》10記述 ： 記（1906-1908）

五 迪化銀元局一瞥

王載漪的別墅去。 別墅位於城東北約5俄裏路的地方。 這個地

方叫水磨溝（Shumago） ……我們沿著河流散了一會兒步， 以

新疆維持統一會會址位於新疆省城迪化，當時迪化的幣章

便照幾張相， 同時我們還參觀了附近的彈藥廠和造幣廠……在

鑄造機構，應是位於水磨溝的新疆機器局內設之造幣廠，

車間的一面長牆邊有4-5臺鑄幣機， 另一面牆邊則有5-6臺造

即新疆銀元銘文中的“迪化銀元局” 。

子彈機。 只有鑄幣機在運作。 鑄幣機現在正在鑄造銀元， 與

迪化銀元局建於清末，後附設於新疆機器局內，因移駐水

之一兩。 銀錢上鑄有漢字和老維吾爾文。 龍紋圖案。 印章如果

中國東部流通的銀元一樣， 即一兩、 半兩、 十分之二兩、 十分

9 王樹枬纂修 ；朱玉麒整理 ： 《新疆圖志（上）》，上海古籍出版社 ,2015.12, 第645頁。 10 馬達漢著 , 王家驥譯 ： 《馬達漢西域考察日記 (1906-190）8》，[M]. 中國民族攝影藝術出版社 ,2004. 第264-266頁。

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2019澳門拍賣 LOT 206），即壬子雙旗圖“餉銀一兩”。 經觀察5枚銀、銅章，均未見圖案重疊等痕跡，如需鑄造紀

念章，必對美觀有較高要求，可使用新的胚餅和模具衝壓。

從邏輯上講即使需要重打，也應優先使用停鑄的前朝銀幣， 而非新行用的“雙旗圖”壬子餉銀一兩。從一些文史資料 中記述，時至 20世紀 30、40 年代，在新疆市面上流通的銀

元中，仍存在龍洋、袁大頭等並用的情況。從所見新疆維 持統一會史料來看，該會注重秩序禮儀、追求理想化，不 應採取這種折中妥協的辦法。

“雙旗圖”壬子餉銀和“獅子雙旗圖”紀念章同為1912年

圖10 烏魯木齊造幣廠及其工作人員 （ 見於《馬達漢西域考察日記（ 1906-1908）》 第265頁）

在迪化鑄造的幣章，但設計上卻有差異。 “獅子雙旗圖”為

橫向五色旗，與全國通行的制式五色旗相符，且成飄揚狀。

但壬子餉銀“雙旗圖”為豎條五色旗，並裝飾以植物紋飾，

刻得更深些， 就好了。 不管怎麼說， 這些銀元比在新疆流通的

這與制式五色旗形制不同，是由於內地邊疆交通遙遠，資

錢幣要好多了。一天鑄幣量聽說有1 000兩。鑄幣的目的是從今

訊不暢，僅知五色，而不知具體形制所致，這一錯版在喀

以後士兵發餉都用硬幣，然後逐漸用銀兩替代現在流通的“銀

什所造銅銀元中持續的時間更久。從《新疆維持統一會大

票” ……聽說子彈生產可以為3個人提供工作， 鑄造錢幣大致

會紀事》不難看出，該會在會場佈置上也頗用心思，注重

上也一樣。 在幾個月前工廠裏已經從中國東部招募了一批新的

提倡各省籍、各族人士一視同仁，以示大同，而符共和政

工人。這一情況，加上政府重視軍火和造幣機構已有一段時間，

體之要素。如“ 門內外均豎五色國旗， 場內多掛五色布幅， 間

就可以讓人相信，在不久的將來，工廠將開始生產活動了。

以全白布幅， 上題‘ 共和萬歲’‘ 五族一家’ 等字樣。”即便是

辛亥革命前後，關於迪化銀元局的變化鮮有文字記載，由

在參加慶典，新疆維持統一會也在致力於宣揚共和主張，

於內地協餉斷絕，民國初年僅鑄造少量“餉銀”銀幣。這

如1912年7月1日，新疆省城迪化開慶祝共和大會，是時到

“ 省城孤懸一隅， 庫 在新疆維持統一會《公電》中也以表述，

會者以學商兩界居多，政界中人僅占十之二……滿城門戶各

漸失， 悉索敝賦， 羅掘俱窮”。錢幣研究者主要是從其鑄造錢

有橫額二，一題曰“共和萬歲”，一題曰“民主立憲” 。11這也

豎五色國旗並張燈結綵……統一會另抬一架四面皆紙紮成

空如洗， 官虧將近二百萬金， 專恃紙幣周轉， 金融阻泄， 信用

幣圖案的變化來描述的，如餉銀銀幣從蟠龍紋樣，變為雙

印證了“獅子雙旗圖”紀念章設計精巧、寓意高遠。

獅，顯示氣象更新。

至此，簡要梳理《申報》新聞史料中所見“新疆維持統一會”

旗圖，從光緒宣統年號改元民國，而紀念章將蟠龍改為醒

大事記如下 ：

六 銀制章並非“餉銀一兩”壬子銀幣重打而成

1912年5月26日，新疆維持統一會大會召開第一次大會。

冠軍2016澳門拍賣會 LOT252拍品描述為， “該紀念章可

能是由一枚實際使用的硬幣打造而來，其原始硬幣最有可

1912年6月4日，迪化兵變後統一會、商務總會犒勞軍隊。

拍品描述為“是在1912年民國新疆雙旗壹兩銀幣上重打而

1912年6月17日，新疆維持統一會發佈《公電》。

維持統一會獅子雙旗圖銀質紀念章》專文，文中貼出同為

1912年7月1日，統一會參加迪化慶祝共和大會。

。2020年 LOT140 能是1912年新疆交叉五色旗一兩銀幣” 成” ，還 通 過“冠 軍拍賣”微信公 眾號 推 出《1912年新 疆

NC 藏品的“1912年新 疆中華民國元 年壬 子 銀幣”（ 冠軍

11《迪化慶祝共和會紀盛》，[N]《申報》1912.8.20, 第6版。

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七 七錢二分的重量之謎

結語

“ 各省銀元， 其枚數、 輕重， 或七錢二 據《新疆圖志》記載 ：

20世紀80年代熱播電視劇《大俠霍元甲》的主題曲《萬里

之銀元亦有數等， 重五錢、 重三錢、 重二錢、 重一錢， 取例於

來救亡圖存的豪情壯志。從歷史悠久的“龍的傳人”，到威

長城永不倒》中的“這睡獅漸已醒”，唱出了中華民族百年

分， 或三錢六分， 或一錢四分， 或七分， 取例於西人也。 新疆

震寰宇的“東方雄獅”，這一變化在幣章上亦有生動體現。

天罡也， 近來二十餘年矣。 所謂銀元者， 尚不能與各省之銀

地處中國西陲的新疆迪化銀元局，至1911年還製造着蟠龍

元同歸一律， 而新疆一帶居然指銀元為天罡， 指銅元為普爾， 是誠以先入之言為主矣。”

紋飾的“餉銀”，1912年就已改鑄雙旗圖“壬子餉銀”。歷

冠軍拍品的“獅子雙旗圖”銀質紀念章重量為27.8克，應與

興之路還有很長很長。

史的車輪滾滾向前，迎來共和的曙光過後，中華民族的復

庫平或湘平七錢二分（約26.5克）接近，不合新疆天罡銀

元兩、錢、分的舊例。同為1912年鑄造的壬子銀幣“餉銀

一枚幣章堪稱是一部微型的“實物檔案”，兼備文物與文獻

重量17.60克，成色88% ，直徑33.6毫米。 三者相比之下重

人接近歷史真相，並通過幣章觸摸其被鑄造的那個時代，

“餉銀五錢” 一兩”重量35.50克，成色86% ，直徑39.5毫米 ；

的雙重價值，而由於它數量多、耐保存的特性，有助於後

12

宛若時光隧道之鎖匙。本文所述1912年新疆維持統一會“獅

量差異明顯。

子雙旗圖”紀念章，就是對這歷史節點中的幣章見證，其

圖案令人興趣盎然，背後的故事更是耐人尋味、發人深思。

當然，鑄造紀念章並非銀幣，不用於流通，也無須合乎計

目前，對於該幣章的發行始末還知之甚少，深入研究尚有

重慣例之必要。但若同為在天罡銀幣體系下的迪化銀元局

待於檔案文獻的繼續發掘、幣章材質的化驗分析，以及對

所鑄，雕刻師、工匠在製作鋼模碾片胚餅時應有思維定勢，

更多實物的流傳考證。

為何單單這枚章重量約七錢二分？難道意在與內地接軌？由

於其餘4 枚銀銅章鈞未見確切的重量、直徑等數值資訊，其

中緣故，尚有待進一步考證。

作者簡介 ： 成斌（1988-）， 碩士研究生學歷， 中國錢幣學會、 新疆錢幣學會會員， 中國錢幣學會2019年度學術課題主持人。 主要研究方向 為近代新疆錢幣、 絲綢之路錢幣與貨幣金融史。 錢幣學論文發表於《新疆錢幣》 等刊物。 電子郵箱 ：1512403395@qq.com。

12 中國人民銀行總行會計發行局編輯 ： 《中國銀幣圖冊》，中國人民銀行總行出版 ,1980.12, 第165，169-170頁。

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Notes on Spanish Eight Reales and Chinese Chops Salvador Fontenla Ballesta〔Spain〕

PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

Time 1730 1735 1740 1745 1750 1755 1760 1765 1770 1775 1777 1780 1782 1785 1789 1790 1795 1800 1805 1807 1808 1810 1815 1820 1821 1825

The Chinese chopped Spanish coins to guarantee the f ineness and weight, and to protect merchants from fakes. To better understand the coins that were chopped I have tracked chopmarked Spanish eight reales for many years by date and mint (see graph). I have collected data on a total of 2,055 coins that have appeared in the catalogs of auction houses Numinter, Cayón, Castán, Melillense Numismatic Association, Machiletra, Domingo Martín, Artiles, Valencian Numismatics, Sisó and de Guillermo.

Note, it is clear that an undetermined number of coins will have been sold repeatedly, not always being sold in the same house.

In my theory, in general, the entry of the Spanish coins in the East would occur in the same year of issuance or very close to the minting date.

The chops, although they were made at later dates, are a statistical estimation of the quantity of coins that circulated in the East for years.

Mexico City

Lima

Potosi

Total

1

1

2 2 4

2 2 4

1 20 38 35 38 35 65 50 30 45 60 40 50 35

2 10 8 10 10 10 20 20 10 10 25 18 25 1

10 5 22 10 10 10 8 8 10 15 25 20 50

1 12 35 68 55 58 55 93 78 50 70 110 78 125 35 1 1

Population figures of chopmarked colonial Spanish 8 reales from Spanish auction houses.

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coincided with the French Revolution. This event caused a shift in international trade in Spain’s favor, at the expense of France. A boom occurred in England in 1790, and there was a considerable decrease in coins minted in 1792.

Mexico City Lima Potosi Total

From the previous date up, with some ups and downs, the previous levels held steady leading to a spectacular rise from 1802 onwards. This spectacular hike, with the exception of the year 1807 in which the English took Montevideo and attacked Buenos Aires, strongly diminished with the War of Independence and the loss of Spain’s colonies in America. The mints of Lima and Potosí disappear completely in 1809. The mint of Mexico is sustained somewhat in 1809, but in 1810 Hidalgo state in central Mexico revolted in September.

The nearby Mexico City Mint languished until ceased production in 1812.

Graphical interpretation of the data from the previous chart.

CONCLUSIONS The oldest coin with a Chinese chop is an 8 reales from Felipe V, minted in 1735, at the mint in Mexico City (Numinter 09/1979). Between this date and 1765, chopmarked coins are scarce, perhaps because business relationships were sporadic. It is possible that some of these pieces entered later, with other later date 8 reales.

After the War of Independence (1808-1814) some chopped coins minted in Lima in 1817 sporadically reappear, and also from Guadalajara, Mexico in 1818, which had begun minting in 1812.

The mint of Guadalajara f inished minting Spanish coins in 1821 (Cayon 01/1979) and the last Spanish eight reales were in 1821 (Mexico City), 1825 (Potosí), 1824 (Lima), 1817 (Santiago) and 1823 (Guadalajara, Mexico).

Population numbers increase slightly in 1766. In that year the mint at Lima (Cayón 07/1979) begun production, and in 1768 the Potosí mint (Numinter 01/1979), which had started work in the previous year.

No 1772 8 reales with chopmarks are known from this mint which might because be that date is already considered rare.

Logically, the monopoly of the silver f low to the East was almost exclusively from American mints, and among these, Mexico City predominated (63%), followed by Lima (19%) and Potosí (17%), with small amounts of 0.44% for the rest (Guadalajara, Madrid and Santiago).

The f low of silver coins to Asian countries (China and Japan) was strengthened between 1771 and 1776.

There was a boom in 1777, probably as a result of the war of Independence of the US, which would hinder England's trade with the East. The preponderance of the use of the 8 reales is maintained, which may have resulted in the increase of foreign counterfeits of the worldwide recognized currency. In 1782 there is a depression in the flow of silver, with a recovery in the following year, when the Treaty of Paris (1783) was signed and Honduras and Florida were reconquered.

The end of the flow of eight reales to the East did not mean the end of their circulation there (China and Japan). International prestige would give it a long life.

(Originally published in Numismatic Notebooks No. 24-25, May/June 1980)

There was great momentum in the year 1789, which

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西班牙8裏亞爾硬幣 和中文戳記詮釋 薩爾瓦多·方特納·巴列斯塔〔西班牙〕

概述

年份 1730 1735 1740 1745 1750 1755 1760 1765 1770 1775 1777 1780 1782 1785 1789 1790 1795 1800 1805 1807 1808 1810 1815 1820 1821 1825

中國人在西班牙硬幣上加蓋戳記，以此保證硬幣的純度和 重量，同時也可以防止商人收到假幣。為了能對戳記硬幣有 更加深入的瞭解，多年來，我一直在根據年份和造幣廠對 西班牙8裏亞爾戳記幣進行追蹤統計。我從各大拍賣行的拍

賣目錄上共收集了2 055枚戳記幣的資訊，包括紐明特拍賣

（Numinter）、凱昂拍賣（Cayón）、卡斯坦拍賣（Castán）、 梅 利 倫 斯 錢 幣 協 會 拍 賣（Melillense Numismatic

Association）、馬基萊特拉拍賣（Machiletra）、多明戈 · 馬

丁恩拍賣（Domingo Martín）、阿提爾斯拍賣（Artiles）、 瓦 倫 西 亞 錢 幣 拍 賣（Valencian Numismatics）、 西 索 和 德 · 吉列爾莫拍賣（Sisó and de Guillermo），等等。

但是請注意，因為同一枚幣並非始終經由同一家拍賣行進行

拍賣，因此我並不確定上述 2 055枚中有多少是反復出售的。 在我看來，一枚西班牙硬幣流入東方國家的時間一般是在 其發行的那一年，或是與其鑄造時間非常接近。

儘管硬幣上的戳記是之後加蓋的，但是可以讓我們對有多 少西班牙硬幣曾在東方國家流通有一個統計性的估計。

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利馬

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總計

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1 20 38 35 38 35 65 50 30 45 60 40 50 35

2 10 8 10 10 10 20 20 10 10 25 18 25 1

10 5 22 10 10 10 8 8 10 15 25 20 50

1 12 35 68 55 58 55 93 78 50 70 110 78 125 35 1 1

西班牙拍賣行中西班牙殖民地鑄造的8裏亞爾戳記幣數量

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國家貿易，而不再是法國，這大大地推動了西班牙的硬幣

鑄造數量上漲。但1790 年，英國經濟開始繁榮，因此到了

1792年，西班牙的鑄幣量又大幅減少。 墨西哥城

這些年裏，流入中國的西班牙銀幣數量有增有減，總體卻

利馬 波托西城

較為平穩。在1802年往後，數量開始大幅增長，但1807年

總計

卻是個例外。1807年，英國佔領了蒙德維的亞，並攻擊了

布宜諾斯艾利斯，隨着美國獨立戰爭勝利，西班牙喪失了 在美國的殖民地，因此鑄幣量也大大減少。1809 年，利馬

和波托西城造幣廠徹底退出了歷史的舞臺。西班牙在墨西

西班牙拍賣行中西班牙殖民地鑄造的8裏亞爾戳記幣數量

哥的造幣廠勉強維持到了1809 年，但次年9月，墨西哥中部

的伊達爾戈州發生了叛亂，附近的墨西哥城造幣廠便一直 萎靡不振，直到1812年停產。

總結

獨立戰爭（1808-1814）之後的1817年，偶爾有一些在利馬

鑄造的戳記幣，還有1818年，也有一些墨西哥的瓜達拉哈

最早加蓋了中國戳記的西班牙8裏亞爾硬幣是在1735年腓力

拉鑄造的戳記幣（該造幣廠從1812年開始鑄造）。

五世（Felipe V）執政時期由墨西哥城造幣廠鑄造的（1979

年9月紐明特拍賣）。可能是因為當時兩國之間只是偶有貿

1821年，瓜 達 拉哈拉 造 幣廠停止 鑄 幣（1979年1月凱昂拍

易往來，因此1735至1765年間鑄造的戳記幣較為少見，有

賣），各地最後鑄造的西班牙8裏亞爾分別是1821年墨西哥

些或許是和之後鑄造的那些一同在1765年之後流入中國。

城造幣廠鑄幣、1825年波托西城造幣廠鑄幣、1824 年利馬

造幣廠鑄幣、1817年聖地亞哥造幣廠鑄幣和1823年瓜達拉

1766年鑄造的戳記幣數量略有增加。這一年，利馬（今秘

哈拉造幣廠鑄幣。

魯境內）的造幣廠開始投入生產（1979 年7月凱昂拍賣）；

1768年，在之前一年便已經開始運作的波托西城造幣廠（今

玻利維亞境內）也開始投入生產。第1772號 8裏亞爾戳記

幣便是出自這一造幣廠，而這一年份的鑄幣一般被認為是 非常稀少的。

一般來說，流向東方國家的銀幣幾乎完全來自美洲的造幣

廠，其中，墨西哥城鑄造的占絕大部分（63%），其次是利馬

（19%）和波托西（17%），其餘的只占0.44%（瓜達拉哈拉、 馬德里和聖地亞哥）。

1771年至1776年間，流入亞洲國家（中國和日本）的銀幣

8裏亞爾不再流向東方國家並不意味著8裏亞爾不再在那些

數量有所增加。至1777年，可能是因為美國獨立戰爭阻礙

國家（中國和日本）流通。其國際聲譽讓它們繼續被使用了

了英國和東方國家之間的貿易往來，因此流入的西班牙銀

很長一段時間。

幣數量大幅增加。8裏亞爾在貿易中的優勢繼續凸顯，這可 能也是為什麼西班牙銀幣作為全球通用的外國幣，其假幣

數量會增多的原因。1782年，銀幣流入略有減少，但次年

簽訂了《巴黎和約》，洪都拉斯和佛羅里達重新被西班牙征 服，流入中國的銀幣數量又有所回升。

1789年發生了法國大革命，各國開始傾向於和西班牙進行

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Chinese Banknote Project Final repor t prepared for Michael Chou NNC〔USA〕 Thanks to your generous gift, Emily Pearce Seigerman

of up to 25 objects in a single window: https://iiif.si.edu/

has completed the cataloging and digital imaging

mirador/?manifest=https://ids.si.edu/ manifest/NMAH-

of 5,810 Chinese banknotes—the total collection of

AHB2018q118768 . A third digital platform through which

Chinese notes and related financial documents within the

users can engage with these digitized objects is Learning

National Numismatic Collection (NNC). All images will be

Lab. While geared towards teachers and classrooms,

available online through the Smithsonian’s Collections

anyone can construct a Learning Lab group comprised

Search Center by November (after final internal image

of catalog records, object images, blogs, articles, even

processing).

bibliographic links.

Among the many signif icant donations of Chinese

Emily created a basic catalog or “Collection,” of the

banknotes to the NNC, the Alexander Pogrebetsky

NNC’s East Asian Highlights including many of the

collection will be especially exciting to see online.

Chinese banknotes: http://learninglab.si.edu/q/ll-c/

The collection has a special history and connection

bW7uyywqDfrGc1VN . Since Learning Lab is an outward

to the Howard F. Bowker family. In 1969, East Asian

facing interface, visitors can take the digitized data and

Numismatist Howard F. Bowker contacted NNC curators

curate their own narrative by selecting objects, designing

Vladimir and Elvira Clain-Stefanelli describing the late

object placement, and writing labels. An exciting addition

Pogrebetsky’s collection and advised them to inquire

to the success of the Chinese banknote digitization is the

with the family about it. Pogrebetsky's daughter Marion

launching of nine 3-Dimennsionally scanned East Asian

Leigh and her husband James made several donations

coins models. Researchers can access these models on

of paper money from her late father’s collection to the

the Smithsonian’s 3D Digitization Programs webpage:

Smithsonian totaling more than 4500 Chinese paper

https://3d.si.edu/model/fullscreen/p1b-1564353087416-

notes and banking documents and including many unique

1564421489483-0 . The models include guided tours that

sample prints. Thanks to the Chinese Bank Note Project,

take digital visitors in, out, and around each coin while

these objects are now available for digital research across multiple Smithsonian platforms. Researchers and visitors can access the entire Chinese banknote collection via the Smithsonian’s Collection Search Center website: http://

collections.si.edu/search/detail/edanmdm:nmah_1881920 ?q=NU.74.17.237&record=l&hlterm=NU.74.17.237 Additionally, since all images are formatted according to the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF), banknotes can be compared side-by-side with no need for users to switch between open internet tabs. Selecting the IIIF icon on the catalog record takes users to Mirador,

Marilyn looking at the banknotes at the NNC vault

an internet image viewer that allows for easy comparison

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describing the significance of characters and images

these banknotes. Emily has worked with the National

depicted on the objects.

Museum of American History’s Audience Engagement Education Team and the Smithsonian Center for Learning

In addition to completing the project, Emily has worked

and Digital Access to bring this transcription project into

diligently and creatively to trial digital interactions between

local high schools. Several teachers intend to use the

the public and these banknotes. She has worked with the

transcription project as a classroom tool for language

Smithsonian Institution’s Transcription Center to pilot the

learning for Spring 2020. These teachers will employ this

use of crowdsourcing transcription and translation of the

project as a classroom activity, a homework task, and

banknotes. Members of the public are using their language

extra credit assignments.

skills to engage with these objects while providing the Museum with important information to be added to an

Your generous patronage made this project possible and

object’s catalog record. In addition to the digital public,

we are deeply grateful for your support of our goal to make

undergraduate students of East Asian Studies from the

the National Numismatic Collection a global resource for

George Washington University, Georgetown University,

the study of money.

and the University of California San Diego are transcribing

Ellen, Marilyn, and Michael Chou in front of the Bowker display on May 15, 2018

Dr. Andrew Shiva at U.S. Treasury location of board dinner

1903 Honan 1,000 cash note digitalized by NNC

1903 Honan 1,000 cash note from the Bowker Collection

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About Alexander Pogrebetsky

In his political views, Pogrebetsky was attracted to the Social Revolutionary Party since his youth and became active since 1907.

During the period from September 1909 to January 1910, Pogrebetsky was exiled to Irkutsk by the then Irkutsk

General Governor A. N. Selivanova (А. Н. Селиванова)

due to his revolutionar y activ ities. In October 1913, Pogrebetsky returned to Irkutsk and got his passport back.

After that, Pogrebatesky worked in journalism for some time.

Before the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Pogrebetsky was an active public figure and one of the activists of the

East Siberian cooperation. During this period, he became

Basic Information

more aware of the economic situation in the region. In July-August 1917, in the provincial conference of the Social

Name: Alexander Iliych Pogrebetsky (Russian: Погребецкий Александр Ильич)

Revolutionary Party held in Irkutsk, Pogrebetsky was

Born: 1892 , Irkutsk, Imperial Russia

nominated as a candidate for membership of the Russian Constituent Assembly.

Died: October 13, 1952, Tel-Aviv, the State of Israel Nationality: Russia, Israel

Turbulent years

Occupation: Economist, financier, numismatist

Alexander Iliych Pogrebetsky was a Russian economist

In 1917 (or 1918, exact year unknown), Pogrebetsk y

Vladivostok in the Russian Far East, he was in charge of the

marriage.

m a r r ie d M a r g a r i t a Fade e v n a Wol sk a (М а рг а ри т е

and financier by training. Once as head of the board of

Фа деевне Вольской). They had t wo daughters af ter

the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) that linked Chita with company's financial and accounting departments. Through his work and travels, Pogrebetsky was able to create an

The period of the Russian Civil War (1917-1922) was a

important collection of Chinese and Asian banknotes and

crucial turning point in his life, but his whereabouts from

coins. He also wrote many books and articles in economics

the end of 1917 to December 1919 remain controversial.

and finance.

T he Ru ssia n his t or ia n Ma r g a r it a Fadeev na Wolsk a (Будницкий, Олег Витальевич) claims that Pogrebetsky

Early Life

ser ved as the governor for the Irkutsk Branch of the

People’ s bank of Sov iet Russia during t hat period.

However, according to the records of the Bureau of Pseudo-

Alexander Pogrebetsky was born in Irkutsk in 1892 (exact

Manchurian Diaspora Affairs, Pogretsky was working

date unknown) in the Irkutsk merchant family of Jewish

for the anti-communist provincial government in Omsk

origin. After graduated from a Russian high school, he did

southwestern Siberia led by Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak

not receive higher education,

(адмирала Колчака).

Speak ing of Irk ut sk's polit ical opposit ion, t he Saint

On December 19, 1919, immediately after an anti-Kolchak

Petersburg historian Andrei Ivanov (А. А. Иванов) listed

uprising broke out in Irkutsk, the Political Centre of

Pogrebetsky in the number of local revolutionary activists.

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local power. Subsequently, Pogrebetsky was appointed

Chinese banknotes and coins by a Westerner, currently

department, he gradually became interested in research

In 1929, Pogrebetsky wrote Currency and Finance of China.

as Finance Minister of the Political Centre. In view of

valued at 40,000 to 50,000 rubles.

the frequent work communications with the archival

documents and the related materials which would serve as

It is an important document for studying modern Chinese

material for his future writing.

currency and finance, currently valued at 35,000-40,000 rubles.

On January 25, 1920, the Political Centre, which had been

established for just over a month, was replaced by the

In March 1935, after the Japanese army seized the Chinese

Bolshevik-controlled Military Revolutionary Committee.

Eastern Railway administered by the Republic of China

In February, Kolchak, the leader of the White Army was

and the Soviet Union, the Pogrebetsky family moved from

shot. On April 6, 1920, after Soviet Russia established the

Harbin to Tianjin. He co-founded a commercial bank with

Far East Republic, Pogrebetsky left Irkutsk and came to the

others there. As Pogrebetsky didn’ t return to the Soviet

coastal border area of the Far East Republic to serve as the

Union, his Soviet passport was revoked, thus he purchased

finance minister of the Far East Provisional Government.

a Portuguese passport and continue to live in China.

China

In 1942, Pogrebetsky’ s elder daughter was admitted to Shanghai University, and the family moved to Shanghai.

During his stay in China, Pogrebetsky had close ties with

Since the Far East Republic was merged into Soviet Russia

Jewish organizations. He was a member of the board of

in November 1921, Pogrebetsky left for Harbin China to

directors of Harbin Jewish National Bank (1925-1934) and

serve on the board of directors of the Chinese Eastern

Far East Jewish Commercial Bank, and also a member of

Railway. While on duty, he was in charge of the company's

Tianjin Jewish Club“Kunst”and Shanghai Jewish Club.

finance and accounting departments. It was during this period that the peak of his writing occurred. He wrote three books and more than 20 articles in 10 years.

Later life

He also wrote some articles for the Russian edition of Manchuria Monitor (Russian: «Вестник Маньчжурии»),

In 1948, Pogrebetsky and his wife left China to settle in the

a monthly magazine edited and published by the Chinese

newly established Israel. They stopped in France for a few

Eastern Railway Administration in Harbin. It mainly

months before going to Israel. In Nice France, they met the

published articles about the economy of the Pseudo-

writer Mark Aldanov and his wife. On March 22, 1950, they

Manchuria State and the local historical records.

left Nice and stayed in Italy for a month and a half before arriving in Israel.

Early in 1953, Pogrebetsky died in Tel-Aviv of liver cancer.

Banknote donation

In the 1960s and 1970s, part of Pogrebetsky’ s collection was given to the Smithsonian's National Numismatic Collection (NNC) by his family, totally more than 4,500

Harbin Railway Station in the 1940s

Chinese paper notes and banking documents and including

In 1924, Pogrebetsky wrote Money and Banknotes of the

many unique sample prints. The rest of his collection

Far East during the Period of War and Revolution (1914-

was auctioned respectively in May and December 2015 at

1924), which became one of the first reference books on J

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Publications

The Alexander I. Pogrebetsky family archives (part 1)

consisted mostly of Chinese and Asian banknotes, including many extremely scarce examples that rarely come up for bid at auction. The collection has remained untouched

1. Money and banknotes of the Far East during the period

by his family, intact, over 60 years.

Востока за период войны и революции (1914-1924)» )

of war and revolution (1914 -1924) ,1924

since it was put together by Pogrebetsky between 1916 and

(«Денежное обращение и денежные знаки Дальнего

1949, prior to his immigration to Israel, and was then kept

2. Economic essays of modern Japan,1927

(«Экономические очерки современной Японии»)

3. Currency and Finance of China, 1929

(«Денежное обращение и финансы Китая»)

References

[1] Погребецкий, Александр Ильич [2] Alexander I. Pogrebetsky

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I._Pogrebetsky

[3] Results From Archives International Auctions' Sale Held On May 24

https://antiquesandauctionnews.net/articles/Results+From+Archives+International+Auctions%60+Sale+Held+On+May+ 24%0B%0B

[4] Погребецкий А. И. ( 1893 - 1953 )

https://bonistika.net/library.php?par=1&id=112 [5] Политическая экономия и статистика

https://naukaprava.ru/catalog/435/1381/5522404

[6] Rare, circa 1900 Chinese Chefoo Bank $2 issued private banknote brings $8,430 at Hong Kong auction

http://www.artfixdaily.com/artwire/release/6492-rare-circa-1900-chinese-chefoo-bank-2-issued-private-banknote-bri [7] 哈爾濱俄僑名人傳 ：金融專家 А.И. 波戈列別茨基 https://www.imharbin.com/post/50160

[8] 王偉國 ：蘇俄時期的地方紙幣 http://bbs.shouxi.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=20951

[9] THE AUCTION HOUSE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION PRESENTS THE FIRST AUCTION OF ANTIQUE AND SECONDHAND BOOKS

[10] https://www.auction-house.ru/en/news/rossiiskii-auktsionnyi-dom-predstavliaet-pervyi-auktsion-antikvarnykh-ibukinisticheskikh-knig/

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中國紙幣數字化項目最終報告 美國史密森國家錢幣收藏集

周邁可先生 ： 由 於 您 的 慷 慨 饋 贈， 艾 米 麗 · 皮 爾 斯（Emily Pearce Seigerman）目前已完成史密森尼國家錢幣收藏集（以下簡稱： NNC）內全數5 810張中國紙幣及相關銀行券的編目和數字成 像工作。所有圖像將在最終的內部處理完成之後，於2019年 11月前向公眾開放，屆時訪客可在史密森尼藏品搜索中心進行 相應搜索。 在所有向 NNC 捐贈的中國紙幣中，亞曆山大 · 波格列別茨基 （Alexander Pogrebetsky）生前收藏的紙幣頗讓人振奮。這 些紙幣與霍華德 · F · 包克家族有着特殊聯繫。1969年，東亞 錢幣收藏家霍華德 · 包克（Howard F. Bowker）曾向 NNC 策 利（Elvira Clain-Stefanelli）介紹過已故收藏家波格列別茨基

馬瑞林在 NNC 保險庫欣賞紙鈔後與艾米麗交談

收藏的紙幣，並建議他們向波格列別茨基的家人打聽這些紙

中國紙幣數字化項目的另一矚目成就在於 ：推出了9個三維掃

幣的下落。 波格列別茨基的女兒瑪麗昂 · 利曾攜其先生詹姆

描的東亞硬幣模型。 研究人員可以在史密森尼3D 數字化項

士向 NNC 捐贈過數筆其父生前收藏的紙幣，總計超過4 500

目網頁上訪問這些模型 ：https://3D.si.edu/model/fullscreen/

張中國紙幣及相關銀行券，其中包括許多獨特的樣幣。 如今，

p1b-1564353087416-1564421489483-0 。網頁上有導覽服務，

得益於中國紙幣數字化項目的展開，人們可在多個 NNC 平臺

能夠帶領訪客欣賞每一枚硬幣的外形和材質，並以文字形式展

對這些紙幣進行數字化研究。以下是史密森尼藏品搜索中心網

現硬幣上的銘文和圖案背後的內涵意義。

展人弗拉基米爾（Vladimir）和埃爾維拉 · 克萊恩 · 斯蒂芬內

址，訪客可通過該鏈接搜索中國紙幣藏品 ：https://3D.si.edu/

model/fullscreen/p1b-1564353087416-1564421489483-0 。

除了完成中國紙幣數字化項目之外，艾米麗還創造性地嘗試過

其中所有圖像都是按照國際圖像互操作框架（IIIF）格式化而

營造訪客同這些紙幣之間的數字互動。 她曾與史密森尼學會

成，訪客可以並排比較紙幣，無需打開多個網頁進行來回切

轉錄中心合作，試圖採用眾包方式對紙幣進行轉錄和翻譯。

換。 訪客還可以選擇目錄記錄上的 IIIF 圖示進入 Mirador 互

即召集志願者使用他們的語言技能接觸這些藏品，與此同時，

聯網圖像查看器介面，在一個窗口中方便地比較多達25個對

這些志願者會向博物館提供藏品目錄記錄中所需要添加的重

象 ：https://3D.si.edu/model/fullscreen/p1b-1564353087416-

要資訊。這些志願者中還包括來自喬治華盛頓大學、喬治城

1564421489483-0 。 “學習實驗室”是訪客可使用的第三個數

大學和加州大學聖地牙哥分校的東亞研究專業本科生。 艾米

字平臺。 雖然這是一個面向教師開發的授課型平臺，但是任

麗已與美國國家歷史博物館的觀眾參與教育團隊和史密森尼

何人都可以在此建立一個由目錄記錄、照片、博客、文章甚至

學習與數字訪問中心（SCLDA）建立合作關係，將會把這個轉

書目鏈接組成的學習實驗組。艾米麗創建了一個 NNC 東亞重

錄項目引入到當地高中。一些老師打算把這個轉錄項目作為他

要藏品基礎目錄，其中包括許多中國紙幣 ：https://3D.si.edu/

們在2020年春季語言學習的課堂工具，將該項目加入到學生

model/fullscreen/p1b-1564353087416-1564421489483-0 。

的課堂活動、家庭作業以及額外的學分作業中。

由於學習實驗室是一個面向外部的介面，訪客可以通過選擇 對象、設計對象位置和書寫標籤來獲取數字化數據，操持自

我們衷心感 謝您對於中國紙幣數字化項目的慷 慨資助，使

己的敘述。

NNC 成為研究錢幣的全球性資源。

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2018年5月5日， 埃倫（ Ellen）、 馬瑞林（ Marilyn） 與周邁可 合影於包克藏品展前

2016年， 安德魯參加美國財政部舉辦的史密森美國國家歷史博 物館董事會晚宴后留影

NNC 數字化的1903年豫泉官錢局壹千文錢票

包克收藏的1903年豫泉官錢局壹千文錢票 PMG Choice VF35

附 ：波格列別茨基生平介紹 基本信息 姓名 ：亞曆山大 · 伊裏奇 · 波格列別茨基

（ 俄文 ：Погребецкий Александр Ильич）

出生 ：1892年， 俄國伊爾庫茨克

逝世 ：1953年， 以色列特拉維夫 國籍 ：俄羅斯，以色列 職業 ：經濟學家、 金融家、錢幣收藏家

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亞曆山大 · 伊裏奇 · 波格列別茨基是俄國經濟學家、 金融家，

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洲國俄國僑民事務局記載， 波格勒貝茨基當時在西伯利亞西南

他曾擔任中國東清鐵路（ 俄國赤塔 - 海參崴鐵路中在中國境內

部的鄂木斯克市， 為以高爾察克（ адмирала Колчака） 為首

的一段鐵路系統總稱） 的董事會成員， 主管公司財務和會計

的反共主義臨時政府工作。

部門。 由於工作原因和自身的遊歷經歷， 他收藏了一些中國和 亞洲的重要紙幣和硬幣， 並且撰寫過許多金融、 經濟領域書籍

1919年12月19日，伊爾庫茨克爆發了反高爾察克起義，社會革

命黨和孟什維克的政治中心（ Political Centre） 隨即奪取當地

和文章。

政權。 波格列別茨基則被任命為政治中心財政部長， 鑒於工 作關係， 波格列別茨基需要經常跟檔案部門打交道， 期間漸

早年經歷

漸對研究文件和相關材料產生興趣， 這些材料也成了他日後的 寫作素材。

А 亞 曆 山大 · 伊 裏奇 · 波 格 列 別茨 基（ 俄 ：Погребецкий лександр Ильич， 英 ：Alexander Iliych Pogrebetsky） 於

1920年1月25日， 成立僅一個多月的政治中心被布爾什維克控

1892年（確切日期不詳）出生於俄國伊爾庫茨克的一個猶太商

制的軍事革命委員會取代， 次月， 白軍首領高爾察克被槍決。

人家庭。 他從當地一所私立高中畢業後，便沒有繼續接受教育。

1920年4月6日， 蘇俄建立遠東共和國， 波格列別茨基離開伊

爾庫茨克， 來到遠東共和國的濱海邊疆區， 擔任遠東臨時政

聖彼得堡歷史學家安德烈 · 伊萬諾夫（ А. А. Иванов） 在談及

府的財政部經理。

伊爾庫茨克的政治反對派時，將波格列別茨基列為當地的社會 革命黨活動家， 認為他在青年時期就加入了社會革命黨， 並於

来到中國

1907年之後開始活躍起來。 1909年， 由於政治反對派活動， 波格勒貝茨基被時任伊爾庫

1921年11月 遠東共和國併入蘇俄。 次月， 波格列別茨基來到

茨克總督安德烈 · 塞利凡諾夫（ А. Н. Селиванова） 流放到西

中國哈爾濱， 在中國東清鐵路公司董事會任職， 主管公司財務

勒貝茨基回到伊爾庫茨克， 並領回了自己的護照。 之後， 波格

創作巔峰， 共撰寫專著3部， 文章20餘篇。

伯利亞的托木斯克。 1913年1月， 流放結束。 當年10月， 波格

和會計部門。 在東清鐵路公司工作期間， 波格列別茨基達到

雷貝茨基從事過一段時間的新聞工作。 他 為 俄 語 版 的《 東 省 雜 誌 》（ 俄 文 名 ：«Вестник 俄國革命前夕， 波格勒貝茨基活躍於東西伯利亞合作組織。 合

Маньчжурии»， 英文名 ：Manchuria Monitor） 撰寫金融文

作組織的工作讓他對於東西伯利亞的經濟形勢有了更敏銳的

章。 該雜誌是由東清鐵路管理局在哈爾濱編輯出版的月刊， 主

認知。 1917年7月至8月， 在伊爾庫茨克舉行的社會革命黨會

要刊載偽滿洲經濟、 地方史志有關的文章。

議上， 波格列別茨基被提名為俄國立憲會議成員候選人。

动荡岁月 1917年（ 或1918年， 確 切年 份不詳 ）， 波 格 列 別茨 基 與 瑪

格麗特 · 法 傑耶芙娜 · 沃爾斯 卡婭（ Маргарите Фадеевне

Вольской） 結婚， 婚後育有二女。

蘇俄內戰時期（1917-1922） 是波格勒貝茨基一生中至關重要 的轉折期， 然而有關他在1917年底至1919年12月間的行蹤說

20世纪40年代的哈尔滨火车站

法不一， 至今難以證實。 俄羅斯歷史學家奧列格 · 布德尼茨基

（Будницкий, Олег Витальевич） 稱波格勒貝茨基曾在蘇俄

1924年 波格列別茨基撰寫的《 蘇俄內戰和革命時期（1914-

內戰時期擔任蘇俄人民銀行伊爾庫茨克支行行長。 而據偽滿

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最早收錄中國紙幣和硬幣的書籍之一， 現估價為4萬 -5萬盧布。

出版書籍

1929年 波格列別茨基又撰寫了《 中國幣制考與近代金融 》，

1.《 蘇俄內戰和革命時期（ 1914-1924） 遠東的貨幣流通與紙

該書是研究中國近代貨幣和金融的重要文 獻， 現估價為3.5

幣》（ 哈爾濱，1924）

萬 -4萬盧布。

«Денежное обращение и денежные знаки Дальнего Востока за период войны и революции (1914-1924)»

1935年3月 日軍武裝攫取由中蘇共管的東清鐵路後，波格列別

2.《 現代日本經濟文摘 》（ 哈爾濱， 1927）«Экономические очерки современной Японии»

茨基一家從哈爾濱搬到了天津居住。 在天津，波格列別茨基與 人合辦了一家商業銀行。 由於沒有返回蘇聯， 其蘇聯護照被撤 銷， 於是私下購入一本葡萄牙護照繼續在華生活。

3.《 中國幣制考與近代金融》（ 哈爾濱，1929） «Денежное обращение и финансы Китая»

1942年 他的大女兒伊戈麗娜考入上海大學， 於是全家搬到了 上海。

在中國期間，波格列別茨基與猶太組織關係密切，他是哈爾濱 猶太國民銀行（1925-1934年） 和遠東猶太商業銀行的理事會 成員， 同時也是天津猶太俱樂部“ 康斯特”（Kunst， 意為“ 藝 術”）和上海猶太俱樂部的成員。

晚年生活 1948年，波格列別茨基與妻子離開中國，欲前往剛建國的以色

列定居。 前往以色列之前， 他們先在法國停留了幾個月。 在法

國尼斯，他們結識了作家阿爾達諾夫和其妻子。1950年3月22日， 兩人離開尼斯，在意大利停留了一個半月後，最終到達以色列。

參考文獻 [1] Погребецкий, Александр Ильич [2] Alexander I. Pogrebetsky https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I._Pogrebetsky [3] Results From Archives International Auctions' Sale Held On May 24 https://antiquesandauctionnews.net/articles/Results+From+Archives+International+A uctions%60+Sale+Held+On+May+24%0B%0B [4] Погребецкий А. И. ( 1893 - 1953 ) https://bonistika.net/library.php?par=1&id=112 [5] Политическая экономия и статистика

1953年初， 61歲的波格列別茨基因肝癌病逝於特拉維夫。

錢幣捐贈

https://naukaprava.ru/catalog/435/1381/5522404 [6] Rare, circa 1900 Chinese Chefoo Bank $2 issued private banknote brings $8,430 at Hong Kong auction http://www.artfixdaily.com/artwire/release/6492-rare-circa-1900-chinese-chefoobank-2-issued-private-banknote-bri [7] 哈 爾 濱 俄 僑 名 人 傳 ：金 融 專 家 А.И. 波 戈 列 別 茨 基 https://www.imharbin.com/ post/50160 [8] 王 偉 國 ： 蘇 俄 時 期 的 地 方 紙 幣 http://bbs.shouxi.com/forum. php?mod=viewthread&tid=20951

20 世紀60-70 年代， 波格列別茨基的部分藏品由其家人贈予 美國史密森尼學會博物館， 總計超過4 500張中國紙幣及銀行

券， 其中包括許多獨特的樣幣。 其餘藏品於2015年5月和12月

在美國檔案國際拍賣公司（ Archives International Auctions）

分兩次拍賣。

波格列別茨基的藏品主要為中國和亞洲紙幣， 其中包括許多極 其罕見的紙幣， 鮮少出現在拍賣會上。 這些藏品是波格列別茨

注： 1. 有關 Alexander Iliych Pogrebetsky 的出生和離世年份，俄語和英語網站所提供的年 份有別，本文以俄語網站為准。 2. 由於 Alexander 的葡萄牙護照是購買所得，所以在國籍處沒有加葡萄牙。

基移民到以色列前（ 1916-1949） 所收集， 之後由他家人保存

了60多年，至今完好無損。

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Posted on 11/12/2019

Four Aging Emperors David Vagi〔USA〕

A popular way to collect ancient Roman coins is by emperor.

most emperors reigned while already adults, yet another factor that limited the opportunity for "maturing" portraits.

Portraits are one of the hallmarks of coins of the Roman Empire. For centuries, collectors have marveled at the images of emperors and members of their families that appear on coins.

Not surprisingly, portraits often are the focus of collections.

On some occasions, though, emperors began their reigns as youngsters and ruled long enough that a meaningful transformation in their appearance can be observed.

We've selected four such emperors to illustrate this phenomenon. We'll start with the infamous Nero (A.D. 54-68), whose reign ended amid a civil war while he was still a relatively young man.

The reigns of most emperors were short enough that there is no real opportunity for the style of their portraits to change significantly. Also, 1

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Shown above is a silver cistophorus (3 denarius coin) of A.D.

Three years later, Nero as a 22-year-old is shown with a light

50-51 from the provincial mint of Pergamum, which portrays

beard. He's portrayed on a silver tetradrachm struck in the

Nero at about age 13, before he became emperor. At this time,

period A.D. 59-60 at the provincial mint of Antioch in Syria.

he held the title of Caesar and was being groomed for the throne by his uncle Claudius (A.D. 41-54).

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Nero was about 19 years old when this artful portrait appeared

Still another three years later, when Nero was about 25 years

on silver denarii of A.D. 56-57. Nero appears to have aged

old, he's shown rather youthfully on this gold aureus struck at

significantly since his portrait of six years earlier.

the Rome mint A.D. 62-63.

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After yet another three years had passed, we observe a

Our final coin of Nero was struck within about a year of his

significant change in Nero's appearance. When this menacing

suicide. He was about 30 years old when this silver denarius

portrait appeared on a silver tetradrachm of A.D. 65-66 from

was struck at the Rome mint in A.D. 67-68. At this late stage of

the mint of Antioch in Syria, Nero was about 28 years old.

his reign, Nero's portraits become almost caricatures.

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Our next subject is Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-180), who was

One of his earliest coin types, illustrated above, is a silver

given the title Caesar in A.D. 139 – long before he was hailed

denarius issued A.D. 140-144, when he was age 19 to 23. On

Augustus (emperor) in 161. His portraits undergo a significant

this piece he appears almost fictionally young for his age.

evolution during the approximately 40 years he appeared on coins of the Roman Empire.

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The brass sestertius above is from the same period as the

On this silver denarius, issued A.D. 147-148, Marcus Aurelius

previous coin. On this piece, however, Marcus Aurelius appears

has matured further still, with a light beard. At the time he was

to be more mature. It may have been struck at the end of the

26 or 27 years old.

date range, whereas the denarius may have been issued toward the beginning.

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Marcus Aurelius now looks like a mature adult with a full

This denarius of A.D. 179 was issued the year before Marcus

beard, being 37 or 38 years old when this silver denarius was

Aurelius died of natural causes. He was about 58 years old,

issued at the Rome mint in A.D. 158-159.

when this portrait was engraved, and he now has the full, flowing "philosopher beard" for which he was known.

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Now about 44 years old, Marcus Aurelius appears older still.

We’ll now examine the coin portraits of Marcus Aurelius’ only

This denarius was issued in A.D. 165, as proven by the dating

surviving son, Commodus, who succeeded him as emperor

formula on the reverse: He was hailed imperator for the third

of Rome, holding that title from A.D. 177 to 192. Above is a

time in 165, with his fourth occurring in 166, thus restricting

gold aureus portraying Commodus as heir to the throne. It was

this coin precisely to 165.

struck in A.D. 175-176, when Commodus was 14 or 15 and held the rank of Caesar.

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Issued in A.D. 172, this silver denarius portrays Marcus

In A.D. 179, when this silver tetradrachm was struck at the

Aurelius at about 51 years old. He looks still older than he did

provincial mint of Antioch in Syria, Commodus held the rank

on the previous denarius, with his beard being longer.

of Augustus (emperor) alongside his father, who was nearing the end of his life. Commodus was about 18 years old when this elegant portrait was engraved.

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Two years later, in A.D. 181, this gold aureus was struck at the

After another two years had passed, this brass sestertius was

Rome mint. Commodus was then about 20 years old and at the

issued in A.D. 183, with Commodus then being about 22 years

helm of the Roman Empire, for his father had died in March

old. He looks substantially older than on the previous coin, as

of the previous year. He no longer has the appearance of an

if he'd aged many years. Sometimes emperors were portrayed

adolescent.

fictionally youthful or elderly with a political purpose in mind, and this may be just such a case.

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On this silver denarius issued at the Rome mint in A.D. 186,

Issued in A.D. 191, the year before he was murdered in a palace

Commodus appears positively elderly, though he was only 25

coup on New Year's Eve of 192, this silver denarius depicts a

years old.

haggard man, even though Commodus was only about 30 years old.

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Our final subject in this brief survey is Caracalla, who held

We’ll start with the child-portrait of this future emperor which

the title of Augustus from A.D. 198 to 217. His real name

appears on the silver denarius above. It's of a type issued at

was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, but he came to be known as

the Rome mint from A.D. 196-198, before Caracalla had been

Caracalla because of a particular style of Gallic cloak of that

hailed emperor. During those years, when Caracalla was just

name that he enjoyed wearing.

8-10 years old, he bore the junior title of Caesar.

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When this gold aureus was issued at the Rome mint in A.D.

Several years later, in A.D. 209, this silver denarius was

202, Caracalla was about 14 years old, and already shared the

struck at the Rome mint. At about age 21, Caracalla has finally

title of Augustus with his father (though at this age he hardly

taken on the looks of a young man, having shed the cherubic

could have performed any serious functions as emperor).

portrayals of his early years.

Late in A.D. 203, when this silver denarius was issued and

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Caracalla was about 15 years old, his portrait remained almost unchanged. Indeed, he looks more like a child than a teenager.

Merely two or three years later, Caracalla has transformed

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from a relatively innocent looking young man to a fearsome individual. His bearded portrait on this sestertius of A.D. 211212 depicts the emperor as a 23- or 24-year-old.

This great leap forward in Caracalla's appearance surely had more to do with political circumstances than rapid aging, for in A.D. 211 he had assumed supreme control of the empire with the death of his father (of natural causes) and his murder of his co-emperor brother, with whom he nursed a bitter rivalry.

In A.D. 216, when Caracalla was about 28 years old, this

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silver double-denarius was issued at the Rome mint. It bears the same mature and menacing portrait of the sestertius shown previously. It would have been interesting to see what Caracalla's portraits looked like 20 or 30 years later, but that was prevented by his murder in a military coup in April of 217.

（Orginally appeared in NGC website）

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四位羅馬皇帝的肖像變化

發表於2019年11月12日

大衛 · 瓦吉〔美國〕

一種流行的古羅馬硬幣收藏方式 ：收藏羅馬皇帝肖像幣。

了限制肖像“成熟”的另一因素。

肖像是羅馬帝國硬幣的標誌之一。幾個世紀以來，錢幣收藏

不過，也有些羅馬皇帝即位時比較年輕。由於統治時間長，

家不禁為出現在硬幣上的皇帝及皇室家族成員肖像驚歎。硬

他們的肖像變化則表現得較為明顯。

幣上的肖像無疑是收藏的焦點。 本文選擇了四位皇帝來說明這種現象。先從臭名昭著的尼祿 大多數羅馬皇帝的統治期都較短，他們的肖像風格無法在短

皇帝（公元54年 -68年在位）開始。尼祿的統治在一場羅馬

期內發生顯著變化。且多數皇帝在上位時就已成年，這也成

內戰中結束，他當時年齡尚輕。

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上圖為基斯託福魯斯3第納裏烏斯銀幣，於公元50-51年鑄 造於珀加蒙省造幣廠（Pergamum），幣面上是尼祿成為羅

馬皇帝之前的模樣，年齡約為13歲，此時的他已擁有凱撒

三 年 後， 尼 祿 的 肖 像 出 現 在 了 一 枚 四 德 拉 克 馬

（Tetradrachm）銀幣上，此時的他留有淺色鬍子。這枚銀 幣由敘利亞安提阿省造幣廠鑄造於公元59-60 年。

頭 銜。 公 元54 年， 克 勞 狄 烏 斯（41年 -54 年 在 位 ） 去世，

尼祿繼承為羅馬帝國的皇帝。

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上圖這枚 奧 裏 斯金幣由羅馬造幣廠 於公元62-63年鑄造，

上圖為鑄造於公元56-57年的羅馬銀便士，肖像雕刻精美。

當時尼祿約為19歲，相較於六年前，似乎年長了不少。

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此時的尼祿約25歲，可謂風華正茂。

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又過了三年，尼祿的外貌發生了顯著變化。在這枚由敘利

最後一枚尼祿皇帝肖像幣為羅馬造幣廠在公元67-68年所鑄

亞安提阿造幣廠（Antioch ）於公元65-66年鑄造的四德

造的第納裏烏斯銀幣，當時的尼祿約30歲出頭。公元68年

拉克馬銀幣上，尼祿 28歲，此時的他看起來頗為兇惡。

6月9日，尼祿自縊身亡，終年31歲。尼祿統治後期，他的

肖像風格就開始怪誕化。

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下一 位 要 講 的 羅 馬皇帝 是 馬爾克 · 奧 列 裏 烏 斯（Marcus

（ 譯者注 ： “ 凱撒” 代表合法繼承的頭銜， 而“ 奧古斯都” 代

Aurelius，公 元161-180年 在位）。公 元139年，奧 列 裏 烏

表羅馬皇帝的頭銜，登基之後才可使用）

的時間，即公元161年。奧列裏烏斯在位的大約40 年間，他

奧列裏烏斯發行的最早硬幣類型之一（如上圖所示）是公

斯便被授予凱撒稱號，這遠遠早於他被授予奧古斯都頭銜

元140-144 年發行的第納裏烏斯銀幣，當時他的年齡約為

的肖像經歷了重大的變化。

19-23歲之間，硬幣上的他看上去較為顯嫩。

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上面的塞斯特提烏斯黃銅幣與前一枚第納裏烏斯銀幣鑄造

在這枚發行於公元147-148年的第納裏烏斯 銀幣上，奧列

於同一時期（公元140-144 年）。不過，這枚塞斯特提烏斯

裏烏斯留著淺色鬍鬚，更顯老成。當時他約莫二十六七歲。

銅幣上的奧裏利烏斯看起來更為成熟。原因在於，這枚銅 幣或鑄造於同時期的末尾——公元144 年左右，而上一枚銀 幣或鑄造於同時期的開端——公元140 年左右。

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在這枚於公元158-159 年發行於羅馬造幣廠的第納裏烏斯

這枚第納裏烏斯銀幣發行於奧列裏烏斯去世的前一年（公

鬚。

飽滿、飄逸的“哲學家鬍鬚”。

元179 年）。該肖像幣開始雕刻時，他大約58歲，留着一把

銀幣上，奧列裏烏斯已有三十七八歲，留着一把濃密的鬍

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這枚第納裏烏斯銀幣上的奧列裏烏斯大約44歲，看起來頗

我 們 再 來 研 究 奧 列 裏 烏 斯 唯 一 倖 存 的 兒 子 —— 康 茂 德

奧列裏烏斯在公元165年第三次加冕為皇帝，第四次是在公

王位，於公元177-192年擔任羅馬皇帝。上面是這枚奧裏斯

為老態。該幣發行於公元165年，由硬幣反面的紀年估算 ： （Commodus）的硬幣肖像。奧列裏烏斯去世後，康茂德 元166年，因此這枚硬幣的發行日期正好限制在公元165年。

金幣正描繪了康茂德擁有王位繼承人的身份。該幣鑄造於

公元175-176 年，當時的康茂德十四五歲，擁有凱撒頭銜。

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公元179 年，當這枚4 德拉克馬銀幣在敘利亞的安蒂奧克省

這枚第納裏烏斯銀幣發行於公元172年，當時的奧列裏烏

斯已是51歲，看起來比上一枚銀幣還老邁，鬍鬚也變長了。

立造幣廠鑄造時，康茂德同他父親一樣擁有奧古斯都的頭 銜，當時他的父親已是氣息奄奄。這枚肖像幣上的康茂德 大約18歲，十分優雅。

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兩年後的公元181年，羅馬造幣廠鑄造了這枚奧裏斯金幣。

兩年後的公元183年，上圖這枚塞斯特提烏斯黃銅幣發行，

月，其父奧列裏烏斯去世後，他開始執掌羅馬帝國。

長得多。有時出於某種政治目的，皇帝的肖像會被雕刻成

硬幣上的康茂德約有20歲，已褪去青蔥模樣。公元180 年3

當時的康茂德大約22歲，但是看上去比前一枚肖像幣要年

比現實生活更為年輕或年長的模樣，這枚肖像幣可能就是 後者的情況。

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這枚第納裏烏斯銀幣發行於公元191年，也就是康茂德在

公元186年，羅馬造幣廠發行了上圖的第納裏烏斯銀幣，此 時的康茂德年僅 25歲，但已略顯老態。

宮廷政變中被謀殺的前一年。硬幣上的他看起來極為憔悴， 儘管僅有30歲左右。

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我們要談 及的最後一位 皇帝是卡拉卡拉（Caracalla）。公

我們先從卡拉卡拉在第納裏烏斯銀幣上的兒童肖像開始。

名為馬庫斯 · 奧勒利烏斯 · 安東尼努斯（Marcus Aurelius

拉卡拉僅有8-10歲，還不是羅馬皇帝，不過已經擁有初級

元198-217年，卡拉卡拉被授 予奧古斯 都的頭銜。他的真

這枚硬幣為羅馬造幣廠於公元196-198年所發行，當時卡

Antoninus），卡拉卡拉這一名字取自他酷愛穿的一種高盧

凱撒的頭銜。

披風。

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幾年後的公元 209 年，這枚第納裏烏斯銀幣現身於羅馬造

公元 202年，羅馬造幣廠發行這枚奧裏斯金幣時，卡拉卡

拉大約14歲，已經與他的父親同享奧古斯都的頭銜。不過

幣廠。銀幣上雕刻的是卡拉卡拉約21歲時的肖像，此時的

由於年紀尚輕，他幾乎不能履行任何重要的帝王職責。

他已褪去早年的可愛純真模樣，儼然有了一副年輕男子的氣 概。

公元 203年年末，當這枚第納裏烏斯銀幣發行時，卡拉卡

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拉大約15歲，他的肖像幾乎沒有變化。的確，他看起來更

像一個孩子，而不是青少年。

僅僅兩三年之後，卡拉卡拉的外貌便從天真無邪轉變為兇

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悍可怕。在這枚雕刻於公元 211-212年的塞斯特提烏斯黃 銅幣上，卡拉卡拉留起了鬍子，實際年齡只有23或 24歲。

卡拉卡拉外貌上的明顯變化肯定不是單純出於年齡，更多 是與當時的政治環境有關。公元 211年，卡拉卡拉父親去世

（自然死亡），羅馬帝國由他和他弟弟共同統治，兩人之間

競爭激烈。為取得國家的最高統治權，他不惜謀殺自己的 親弟。

公元 216年，左圖這枚 2第納裏烏斯銀幣發行於羅馬造幣廠，

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上面的卡拉卡拉大約28歲，同前面塞斯特提烏斯黃銅幣的 他一樣成熟且具有威脅性，讓人不禁想知道二三十年後的

卡拉卡拉肖像又會是什麼樣子？然而我們都沒有機會再看到 了。公元 217年，卡拉卡拉在一場軍事政變中遭謀殺身亡。

（ 原刊載於NGC網站）

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Official World Money Fair Berlin Show-Panda 2020 8- & 16-Gram Wantde: The Panda with the Two Different Eye Colors Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

From the mint error and its discovery, on the origin of the frosted areas on a coin, up to their official recognition as a variant by the third-party grading company NGC

Picture 1: World Money Fair Panda 2020 - Mirrored / Frosted Eyes

At the World Money Fair 2020 in Berlin, the new Show Panda medals were released just in time for the start of the fair on January 31, 2020 at 10:00 a.m., together with the Chinese Show Panda Catalogue 1984-2019.

500 members, is constantly growing and thus lets the general buying interest in these areas slide upwards.

As in previous years, two different silver Panda Show medals were available for purchase at the Künker booth on the World Money Fair. On the one hand, a 1 Oz silver issue from the Shenzhen Guobao Mint Co, Ltd. with the motif of the newborn Berlin panda twins and on the other hand an 8-gram silver medal from the Shanghai Mint Co, Ltd. with a depicted panda baby head, which is additionally framed with a fantastic hologram effect.

The anticipation for these traditiona l issues was enormous this year, due to a worldwide returning strong increase in demand for the official Show Panda medals.

In add it ion, the Ger man col lectors' com mun it y for Ch inese num ismat ics is ex per iencing a tr ue renaissance, the German Facebook group for NGCGrading and for Chinese coins, which has more than

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sought-after rarities. The after-sale price (first release prices 89.- and 39.- Euro) has already been raised since the fair and in free trade the value is even higher - a graded PFUC70 1 Oz silver Berlin Show Panda 2020 recently fetched 239 US Dollars in an online auction.

The distributor therefore immediately checked the available medals from his own stock and discovered around 50 pieces with the identically minted frosted eyes, which he sent together in a submission with a total of 100 pieces of the 8-gram pandas to the experts at NGC Shanghai for certification and verification of a variant. The subsequent review of the remaining Show Pandas still available on the market did not reveal any further finds. Thus, according to current figures, an estimated 370 Show Panda medals of the total circulation have the minting with the mirrored/frosted eyes. NGC Shanghai estimates the circulation of the version with the two frosted eyes to only 21% (about 130 pieces). The same design of the 8-gram issue also appeared on a rare 16-gram piefort silver version, which has a smaller circulation of only 100 pieces.

This piefort medal was not for a free sale, but it served as an exclusive gift. Here, about 30 pieces features the frosted/frosted and 70 pieces the mirrored/frosted eyes. The rare versions are not in circulation according to the current status. The Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. had first produced 200 Show Panda medals for the Künker auction house. These f irst mintages went directly to Berlin for the distribution at the World Money Fair 2020. All the Show Panda medals supplied have already been checked for the striking detail by Künker and the results show the more frequent variant in all cases. The second margin of the remaining 300 pieces was delivered to the distributor to its headquarters in Shanghai. Michael Chou met for a talk with the Shanghai Mint Co, Ltd. and the chief designer Yu Min. Here the two different types were discussed, and the assumption of the new variant was confirmed.

Both issues of the Pandas quickly moved across the sales counter during the fair from Friday to Sunday. After the World Money Fair, I took photos for an article and had a closer look at the Show Panda medals. With the 8-gram silver version, I noticed a cute detail - the left eye was mirrored, and the right eye was frosted. This weird detail was first mentioned in my article in the 18th issue of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics. I asked the distributor if this was deliberately designed that way or if it could possibly even be a rare mint error. The surprise and uproar were great when the experts from NGC confirmed that it was an error, or rather a newly discovered variant.

The sold pieces from the Künker auction house all had two different eye colors and so the legitimate question arose as to how many pandas in total were minted with the two correct frosted eyes. Discussions took place in collector circles and the acquired Show Panda medals were appraised. The treasure hunt started, and higher prices were called out for the error-free version, but unfortunately not a single piece with the two frosted eyes could be found.

During an investigation in the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. the error came to light.

To give a coin frosted surfaces, this requires a very special processing step. For this purpose, the coin die used is covered with a transparent adhesive tape and the areas that are to appear in a white frosted shine are precisely cut out under the microscope in f ine handwork with a scalpel. The coin die is then placed in a sandblasting machine - by the sandblasting of the cut-out areas the desired frosted effect is now achieved during the minting process. When cutting out, the left eye was accidentally forgotten and remained protected by the transparent tape. This prevented the

Picture 2: Frosted Eyes

Picture 3: Mirrored / Frosted Eyes 102

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Picture 4: World Money Fair Panda 2020 - Frosted Eyes

frosted effect on the left eye, which is of benefit to the collectors of variants and of course makes them very pleased. A post-processing of the coin die with the sandblasting technique would be possible for further additional frosted areas. The coin die is taped again and the desired surfaces, which should have a frosted effect, are cut out. An example are the subsequently frosted sports motifs, such as the 5 Yuan Football 1986 or the 10 Yuan Volleyball 1984.

Corporation (NGC). The discovered error was so signif icant for NGC that it has now been off icially included in the VarietyPlus Grading database. For a small additional fee, the respective variant will be ind icated on the label in the f uture, thereby considerably increasing the value of the medal. In addition, NGC has dedicated a separate article to the variants of the official World Money Fair Show Panda 2020 to emphasize the significance of the relevance.

At the first swing of the Show Panda medals with the two different eyes, it is estimated that the coin die used broke at about 370 minted pieces. This happened shortly before the completion of the entire mintage and the coin die had to be replaced. For the new coin die production, both eyes were cut out correctly and the remaining quantity of the total circulation of 500 pieces was f inally minted out. The previous error was not noticed, which resulted in the delivery of all medals and no more replacement of the first minted variants. All in all, there are therefore two made and slightly different coin dies regarding the frosted area of the eyes. When the first coin die was used, initially 70 piefort Show Pandas were minted in the same time. The remaining quantity of 30 pieces was finally minted with the new second coin die.

For coins with a high circulation, such frosted variants occur more frequently and can still be very valuable, depending on the quantity minted.

Some examples of variants are the 5 Yuan coin 1993 Yin & Yang Philosophy (Frosted Yin), the 5 Yuan Silver Panda 1994 (Frosted Gap) or the 5 Yuan Gold Panda 1997 (Frosted Gap).

Among the variants are also forgotten as well as erroneous details like at the 5 Yuan Genghis Khan 1997 (with and without parentheses) or the golden Basel Show Panda 1988 (AU and Pt - designation of the same precious metal).

With the Basel Show Panda 1988, most medals had a Pt designation for platinum - but the medal consisted of gold. This mishap was discovered comparatively late, only at the end of the coin show, and the very small remaining quantity, which had not yet found a

After exchanging views with the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Michael Chou made an appointment with the third-party grading service Numismatic Guaranty

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buyer, was exchanged for an error-free version with the correct AU designation. Therefore, there are considerably fewer exemplars of the Basel Show Panda with the AU designation, very similar to the presented World Money Fair Berlin Show Panda 2020.

Picture 5: Mirrored Yin

The new variants of the 8- & 16-gram World Money Fair Berlin Show Pandas 2020 will also be added in the revised issue of the Chinese Show Panda Catalogue 1984-2020.

Picture 6: Frosted Yin

The distributor is releasing two NGC VarietyPlus special sets in China including its own NGC label with the two different weight units - the wave of demand for this sets is already overwhelming and represents a great enrichment for the collectors of Show Pandas.

Picture 7: Basel - AU

Picture 8: Basel - Pt

Issue price in China for the 8-gram set (Frosted & Mirrored Eyes + Frosted Eyes) NGC “Yu Min Label” PFUC 69: 5.888 RMB NGC “Yu Min Label” PFUC 70: 6.888 RMB Issue price in China for the 16-gram set (Frosted & Mirrored Eyes + Frosted Eyes) NGC “Yu Min Label” PFUC 69: 11.888 RMB NGC “Yu Min Label” PFUC 70: 13.888 RMB

To learn more about NGC ’ s VarietyPlus attribution service, visit NGCcoin.de/Variety-Plus 104

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2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會8克及16克官方展會 熊貓紀念章 異色貓眼熊貓紀念章讓藏家們趨之若鶩 奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

從霜面錯版到第三方評級公司NGC官方認定的附加版別

圖1 2020世界錢幣博覽會展會熊貓紀念章——該版別兩只熊貓眼睛分別為鏡面和霜面 2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會展會在2020年1月31日上午10點

盎司銀章，上面繪有柏林新生的雙胞胎熊貓。另一款則是上

正式拉開帷幕，新版的展會熊貓紀念章及《中國熊貓紀念章

海造幣有限公司鑄造的8克銀章，上有幻彩熊貓頭像。為了

目錄（1984-2019）》也在此刻正式發行。

激起藏家的購買熱情，每個規格的鑄造量都被減少至500枚， 讓2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會熊貓紀念章成為炙手可熱的

2020年，世界各地對官方展會熊貓紀念章的需求呈現出強

珍品。兩款紀念章最初的發行價分別是89歐元和39歐元，

勁的增長態勢，因此人們對世界錢幣博覽會上發行的紀念章

但在展會開始之後的自由貿易中，價格不斷上漲。近期，評

抱有巨大的期待。

級為 PF UC70的1盎司銀幣線上上拍賣網站上的價格已經高 達239美元。

除此之外，德國錢幣收藏界對中國錢幣的收藏熱情正在復 蘇。德國臉書上的“NGC 評級和中國錢幣”臉書群裏有超

展會舉行時間為週五至周日。期間，展會熊貓章很快便銷售

過500名成員，且人數持續增長，這也讓大家購買中國錢幣

一空。我在展會結束之後想要為此撰文，便拍攝了幾張紀念

的興趣普遍增加。

章的照片，並仔細觀察了一下這些熊貓紀念章。我注意到8 克銀章的版本上有一個很可愛的細節，那就是熊貓的左眼是

前幾年的柏林世界錢幣博覽會上，藏家們都可以在昆克公司

鏡面的，右眼則是霜面的。我在18期的《東亞泉志》中第一

的展位上買到兩種不同規格的紀念銀章。2020年同樣也推

次提到這個奇怪的細節。我詢問經銷商這是否是故意為之，

出了兩款紀念銀章。一款是深圳國寶造幣有限公司鑄造的1

還是出現了少見的不合格品出廠錯誤。之後，NGC 的專家

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圖2 眼睛均為霜面

圖3 眼睛分別為鏡面和霜面

們證實這是錯版，或者說是一個新發現的版別。這一發現讓

如果想要在錢幣表面形成霜面的效果，就要經過特殊的處

藏家們感到非常驚訝，且引發了巨大的騷動。

理步驟。為此，需要用透明的粘性膠帶覆蓋在幣模上，之 後用刀具進行剪切，就是在顯微鏡下將要做出白色霜面效果

昆克拍賣公司此次售出的所有紀念章都有兩個不同顏色的眼

的區域上的膠帶精准地減去。在鑄造過程中，幣模之後會被

睛。因此，我們也就產生了一個合理的疑問，那就是總共有

放置在噴砂機器上，對減去膠帶的區域進行噴砂處理，以此

多少枚熊貓紀念章的眼睛是全部正確的，即兩只眼睛都是霜

取得想要的霜面效果。在剪切的過程中，熊貓左眼處的膠帶

面的。收藏家們就此進行了討論，並對各自獲得的展會熊貓

可能被遺漏，幣模仍被透明膠帶保護着。這樣，左眼就沒有

章進行評估。 “尋寶活動”自此開始，正確版本的熊貓紀念

形成霜面的效果。這對喜歡收藏版別的藏家無疑都是一個

章價格不斷上漲。但遺憾的是，大家並沒有找到擁有兩只霜

讓他們高興的好消息。

面眼睛的熊貓紀念章。 大家估計造成這種狀況的原因，是在鑄造的第一批展會熊 於是，經銷商立即在其自己的存貨中查看了所有可售的紀念

貓紀念章的時候使用了未減去左眼膠帶的幣模生產出了兩只

章，發現了約有50枚紀念章是擁有兩只霜面眼睛的。經銷商

眼睛不同的紀念章，幣模在生產到370枚左右的時候損壞了。

將總共100枚8克紀念章一起寄送至上海 NGC 的專家處進行

在未鑄造完全部紀念章前幣模有所損壞，因此不得不用新的

認證，並確認版別。之後又查看了市場上可售的熊貓紀念章，

幣模替代。新的幣模上，熊貓左眼睛處的膠帶則被減去了。

但是沒有發現兩只眼睛都是霜面的版別。現在，所有已經投

最後共鑄造了500枚紀念章。但是生產人員並沒有注意到製

入市場流通的展會熊貓紀念章中，約有370枚上的熊貓是有

作第一款幣模時的錯誤，因此沒有將第一批生產的版別替換

異色眼睛的。據上海 NGC 估計，在已投入流通的紀念章中，

掉，而是將它們全部都寄了出去。因此，這兩種不同的版別

兩只眼睛均為霜面的只占21%（約130枚）。16克厚胚熊貓紀

是由於生產所使用的幣模上，熊貓眼睛的效果略有不同而產

念章的設計與8克熊貓紀念章設計相同，並且也存在這個問

生的。使用第一個幣模的時候，造幣廠還生產了70枚厚胚

題，但是只有100枚投入了市場流通。鑄造厚胚的紀念章並

的紀念章。剩下30枚則是用第二個幣模鑄造的。

不是為了銷售，而是作為獨家的禮物而鑄造。現在，約有30 枚厚胚的紀念章是正確的版別，還有70枚的熊貓眼睛顏色

在和上海造幣有限公司交換意見之後，周邁可先生和第三

是不同的。根據現在的狀況，並沒有稀少的16克霜面版（兩

方評級機構 NGC 相約見面。因為發現的錯版數量非常之

只眼睛均為霜面）在市場流通。上海造幣有限公司第一批鑄

大，因此這一版別被 NGC 納入了其官方附加版別評級的資

造了200枚紀念章，供在2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會上昆克

料庫內。只要支付一點點的額外費用，就可以在這一版別的

拍賣公司銷售，這批紀念章直接被寄往柏林。昆克公司檢查

NGC 標籤上添加附加版別的標注，從而大幅增加這枚紀念

了這些展會熊貓紀念章的鑄造細節，結果發現，這裏面大都

章的價值。除此之外，NGC 還為2020年柏林錢幣博覽會官

是眼睛不同的版別。之後第二批的300枚被直接發往在上海

方熊貓紀念章的版別發佈了一篇專題文章，強調這一發現的

的經銷商。周邁可先生和上海造幣有限公司的負責人及設計

意義。

師余敏進行了溝通，就這兩個類別進行了討論，並提出了有 在此之後又有一件事產生了更大的轟動，那就是發現了第三

新版別的設想。

種版別——極少數展會熊貓紀念章的兩只眼睛都是鏡面的。 這一錯誤版別應該是在生產前面兩種版別的中間階段產生

上海造幣有限公司在調查研究之後，明確了確實存在出廠錯誤。

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圖4 2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會展會熊貓紀念章——兩只眼睛均為霜面 的。這可能是在製作幣模的時候，操作人員對熊貓的眼睛究

《中國展會熊貓紀念 章 ：1984-2020》修訂版中也將加入

竟是霜面的還是鏡面的尚有疑問所導致的。所以在鑄造了幾

2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會8克和16克展會熊貓紀念章的新

個樣本並與余敏先生的初始涉及進行比對之後，相關工作人

版別。

員用噴砂技術對幣模進行了重新加工。因為相較於製作另一 個新的幣模，對原有的幣模進行修正所產生的問題可能會更 小一些。 對於一些流通程度較高的硬幣，這種霜面的版別就更常見一 些。但如果其鑄造量較少，就有很高的價值。 這樣有霜面版別的紀念幣包括1993年陰陽哲學5元紀念幣 （太極上的陰儀為霜面）、1994年5元熊貓紀念銀幣（有一凹 槽為霜面）和1997年5元熊貓紀念金幣（有一凹槽為霜面）。

圖5 太極的陰儀為鏡面

圖6 太極的陰儀為霜面

此外，有一些存在其他細節錯誤的版別則被忽視了，如1997 年成吉思汗5元紀念幣（括弧版和無括弧版）和1988年巴塞 爾展會熊貓紀念金章（採用同一貴金屬材料鑄造的紀念幣， 其材質標注不同，分為 Au 版和 Pt 版）。 大多數鉑金紀念章的材質會標注為 Pt，但是1988年巴塞爾 展會熊貓紀念章中有很多黃金材質的紀念章被標注為 Pt 材

圖7 Au版巴塞爾熊貓紀念金章 圖8 Pt版巴塞爾熊貓紀念金章

質。這一錯誤幾乎是到展會結束的時候才被發現，距發售 已過去相對較長的一段時間。此時還有極少量紀念章還未售 出，發行方便將其換成標注了正確的材質的無誤版本。因此，

紀念章的經銷商正在中國發行有 NGC 標籤上標注了附加版

標注了 Au 的巴塞爾展會熊貓紀念章數量相當少，這種情況

別的特別套裝，一套兩枚，有兩種不同重量規格。藏家們對

非常類似於此次的2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會展會熊貓紀

這一成套出售的紀念章的需求已經勢不可擋，這一套裝對展

念章。

會熊貓紀念章的收藏者來說也能夠極大地豐富他們的收藏。

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一套8克銀章（霜面版+鏡面版）發行價

NGC余敏簽名標籤PFUC69：5 888元 NGC余敏簽名標籤PFUC70：6 888元 一套16克銀章（霜面版+鏡面版）發行價

NGC余敏簽名標籤PFUC69：11 888元 NGC余敏簽名標籤PFUC70：13 888元

您可以登陸NGCcoin.de/Variety-Plus網站瞭解更多NGC的附加版別認證服務

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Presenting Exceptional Rarities from the

Stack’s Bowers and Ponterio April 2021 Hong Kong Auction Auction: April 5-8, 2021 • Online Bidding Available: March 1, 2021

ANNAM. Gold 9 Tien, ND (1848-83).

PCGS UNC Details.

CHINA. Silver Dollar Pattern, CD (1907).

PCGS MS-65+.

JAPAN. 20 Yen, Year 10 (1877).

PCGS MS-64 Prooflike.

CHINA. Chihli. Silver Dollar Pattern, ND (1889).

PCGS SPECIMEN-45.

HONG KONG. Silver 2 Mace Pattern, 1867.

PCGS SPECIMEN-62+.

CHINA. Silver Dollar Pattern, ND (1928).

PCGS SPECIMEN-64.

PHILIPPINES. Philippines – Mexico.

8 Escudos, ND (1834-37).

PCGS MS-61.

JAPAN. Oban (10 Ryo), ND Tensho Era (ca. 1588).

EXTREMELY FINE.

Contact Us Today for More Information!

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PRESS RELEASE:

Artist Yu Min was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by Krause Publication Coin of the Year Award Committee

Editor of World Coin News David C. Harper (L.) and Chinese Embassy Culture Department Secretary Dr. Li Gang

Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. senior designer Yu Min is watching CCTV News live

A Lifetime Achievement Award in Coin Design was given to Yu Min of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Feb. 4 at the Coin of the Year Award ceremony at the World Money Fair in Berlin, Germany.

He began designing and engraving coins in 1980 and participated in the entire development process of gold and silver Pandas as a designer and engraver since the first gold panda coin was issued in 1982.

The trophy was accepted by Dr. Li Gang, Secretary of the Culture Department of Embassy of People’s Republic of China to the Federal Republic of Germany.

Yu Min is the first Asian Designer to win the award, the previous three edition of the award went to Herbert Wähner of Austria, Maria Carmela Colaneri of Italy, and Heinz Hoyer and Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer of Germany.

Giving the award was David C. Harper, editor of World Coin News, founding sponsor of the award. The award is also sponsored by the World Money Fair.

The publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Michael Chou, introduced Dr. Li. His publication is the third sponsor of the Coin of the Year Awards and it prepared a biography of Yu Min. Yu Min graduated from Shanghai Arts and Crafts School in August 1980 and entered the Shanghai Mint (now known as the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd.) to design and to engrave coins in the design and pattern shop at the same year.

From February to June 1996 he went to Russia and studied in the Sculpture Department of Repin Academy of Fine Arts. He was enrolled as a member of the China Sculpture Institute in July 2004.

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

His 1983 silver Panda won the Best Silver Coin award in the 1985 Coin of the Year competition. He has designed and engraved over 200 Modern Chinese coins including over 40 commemorative Panda coins, including the 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 gold and silver commemorative Panda coins, over the years. Mr. Yu Min may hold the world record for the number of coins designed/engraved by a artist for a modern mint.

The 2009 Panda coin designed by Yu Min was named the Best Commemorative Coin by a German magazine.

Among commemorative coins, he designed and engraved the portrait of Chairman Mao on the circulating coin to mark the 100th birthday of Mao Tse-tung. It was very difficult to engrave a raised image of the chairman to be struck on a very hard nickelclad steel coin. Yu Min accomplished this after repeated trials.

In the selection process of the 2008 Beijing Olympic coins, Yu Min’s design was one of the finalists and his four joint engraving designs (the fencing, pentathlon, archery and soccer coins) were adopted by the head office of Bank of China.

Champion Shanghai Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China Tel: 86-21-62130771 championghka@gmail.com

余敏榮獲克勞斯出版社世界硬幣大獎評委會頒發的 終身成就獎

《世界錢幣新聞》主編 David C. Harper（左）和中國駐德國大使館文化部秘書李剛

本屆世界硬幣大獎賽頒獎典禮於2017年2月4日在德國柏林的世 界錢幣展上舉行。本屆的世界硬幣大獎賽錢幣設計終身成就獎

上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏在觀看 CCTV 新聞頻道

1993年獲工藝美術師任職資格，並被聘為工藝美術師。2004 年7月，被中國雕塑學會吸收為會員。

的獲得者是上海造幣有限公司的設計雕刻師——余敏。 余敏從1980年從事錢幣設計雕刻至今已30年，從1993年聘為 中華人民共和國駐德意志聯邦共和國大使館文化部秘書—李剛

工藝美術師至今也已23年。從1982年發行第一枚熊貓金幣起，

代表獲獎者領獎並發表獲獎感言。

至今已有近三十年歷史。余敏作為設計雕刻人員參與並見證了 熊貓金銀幣發展的整個過程。

余敏是首位獲得這項大獎的亞洲錢幣設計師，前三屆終身成 就 獎 的 獲 得 者 分 別 是 ：奧 地 利 的 赫 爾 伯 特 •韋 納、 意 大 利

由余敏設計雕刻的1983版熊貓銀幣獲得了1985年世界硬幣大

的 瑪 利 亞•卡 梅 拉•柯 蘭 納 瑞以 及德 國 的 Heinz Hoyer 和

獎賽最佳銀幣獎，這些年，余敏一共設計和雕刻了40多枚紀

Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer 夫婦二人。

念 熊 貓， 包 括2005、2006、2008、2009、2010、2012和 2013熊貓金銀幣。余敏為現代造幣廠設計和雕刻的錢幣數量之

獎項由《世界硬幣新聞》主編及世界硬幣大獎賽的發起人之一

多，很可能在當今世界範圍內也無出其右。

的大衛•C• 哈珀負責頒發，而世界錢幣展也是本屆獎項的贊助 商之一。

他所設計的2009版熊貓幣被德國錢幣雜誌評為最佳紀念幣。

《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可先生為李博士做了一下介紹。周先生

紀念幣方面，余敏設計並雕刻了毛澤東誕辰100周年流通紀念

的《東亞泉志》不僅贊助本次的世界硬幣大獎賽，同時也準備了

幣中的毛澤東頭像一面。在非常堅硬的鎳包鋼產品上製作浮雕

一篇余敏的生平簡介。

是一個近乎苛刻的任務，經過多次實驗之後，余敏最終圓滿完 成任務。

余敏1980年8月畢業於上海工藝美術學校（中專）。同年進上海 造幣廠（上海造幣有限公司前身）設計製模車間從事錢幣設計雕

在2008北京奧運幣的競標中，余敏的設計成為了入圍了最終的

刻工作。

決賽圈。余敏與他人合作的設計（擊劍、五項全能、射箭、足球） 也在競標被中國銀行選中。

1996年2月至6月期間，赴 俄羅斯列賓美 術學院雕塑系進修。

冠軍拍賣有限公司 地址 ：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室 電話 ：86-21-62130771 传真 ：86-21-62130773 Email ：championghka@gmail.com

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

East Asia Journal 1984 Issue 《东亚通宝》第 1 期 1984 年发行

First Issue of JEAN digital edition January 2016 Issue 《东亚泉志》电子杂志第 1 期 2016 年 1 月发行

2020.11.1.13:00

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拍賣亮點 /HIGHLIGHTS

LOT 21 1899 年（光緒二十五年）北洋造光緒元寶庫平七 錢二分，NGC MS65，包克藏品 起拍價：200 000 元

LOT 42 912 年 黎 元 洪 開 國 紀 念 銀 幣 壹 圓， 錯 版“H”， CIIINA，NGC MS62，華人家族藏品 起拍價：100 000 元

LOT 35 1910 年新疆餉銀伍錢，背面小花結， NGC MS64，包克藏品 起拍價：30 000 元

LOT 44 1922 年（民國十一）湖南省憲成立紀念幣壹圓 NGC AU55，包克藏品品 起拍價：30 000 元

LOT 48 1927 年（民國十六年）孫中山像總理紀念銀幣貳角， NGC MS67，NC 藏品 起拍價：30 000 元

LOT 49 1928 年（民國十七年）貴州省政府造貴州銀幣汽 車幣壹圓，NGC XF DETAILS，華人家族藏品 起拍價：30 000 元

LOT 50 1934 年（民國二十三年）孫中山壹圓銅樣，齒邊 損傷，NGC UNC DETAILS，NC 藏品 起拍價：30 000 元

LOT 30 1890-1905 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀幣 NGC MS62，包克藏品 起拍價：10 000 元

LOT 45 1926 年 ( 民國十五年 ) 龍鳳銀幣貳角，每五枚當 壹元，NGC MS62，包克藏品 起拍價：10 000 元

LOT 55 雲南省造大清銅幣二十文臆造幣，有腐蝕，NGC UNC DETAILS，耿愛德 - 包克藏品 起拍價：10 000 元

LOT 51 明朝洪武八年欶賜歲貢銅質臆造幣 NGC AU58 BN，原古德曼收藏 起拍價：10 000 元

LOT 53 1894 年（AH1311）新疆阿城光緒銀圓，貳錢臆造幣， NGC AU58，耿愛德 - 包克藏品 起拍價：10 000 元

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2019 Champion Macau Auction Successfully Concluded HIGHLIGHTS

Lot073 CHINA-QING Dynasty 1853 Hsien-feng Yuan-pao 500 Cash, Board of Revenue Diameter: 57.3mm, Weight: 54.7g,Height ： 3.6mm, GBCA VF78(03), Howard F.Bowker Collection Estimate：US $300-600 Realized：US $3,500

Lot160 CHINA-CHEKIANG 1897 20 Cents Silver, L&M273, OTTO BEH Pattern Extremely Rare， NGC PF62 Estimate：US $20,000-40,000 Realized：US $4,560

Lot081 CHINA-QING Dynasty 1853 Hsien-feng Yuan-pao 100 Cash, Board of Revenue Diameter: 52.2mm, Weight: 50.7g, Height: 4mm, GBCA EF85, Howard F.Bowker Collection Estimate ：US $100-200 Realized： US $2,640

Lot181 CHINA-KIAU CHAU 1909 10 Cents Copper-Nickel, NGC PF66, NGC highest graded population 2 Estimate：US $3,000-6,000 Realized：US $3,960

Lot094 CHINA-KIRIN 1885 3 Maces Silver, L&M506, K918a, PCGS AU58, Finest known example and only 1 graded by PCGS, Chinese Family Collectionn Estimate ：US $20,000-40,000 Finest known 1885 Kirin province 3 mace PCGS AU-58 , only 1 graded by PCGS , 1 other graded by NGC AU-55. Graded by PCGS in 2006 of China's first machine struck coinage from Kirin Province. Chinese Family Collection. So far only two graded.

Realized： US $70,000

Lot182 CHINA-KIAU CHAU 1909 5 Cents Copper-Nickel, NGC PF67, NGC highest graded population 3 Estimate：US $3,000-6,000 Realized：US $4,800

Lot128 CHINA-EMPIRE ND(1908) Central Mint One Dollar Silver, L&M11, Y14, PCGS MS64 Estimate ：US $10,000-20,000 Realized：US $31,200

Lot304 CHINA 1995 Pig 100 Yuan 1 Oz .9995 Platinum Proof, Mintage 300, CC-670, PCGS PR69DCAM Estimate：US $6,000-12,000 Realized：US $9,000

Asure Champion Hong Kong

Room 907 Silvercord Tower 2,30 Canton Rd, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon Tel: 852-2150-5744 Fax: 852-3007-4311 championghka@gmail.com

Champion Shanghai

Ro om 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Road, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China Tel: 86-21-62130771 Fax: 86-21-62130773 championghka@gmail.com

Champion U.S. Partner Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 Tel: (+1) 941-952-0100 Email: jericainternational@gmail.com

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成交亮点 /Highlights 5.17 第一次微拍

LOT 13

LOT 23

LOT 32

1911 年（宣统三年）十文大清铜币 NGC MS64 BN，包克收藏 起拍价：3,000 元（人民币） 成交价：115,500 元（人民币）

1898 年（YR24）安徽省造库平一钱四分四厘光绪元 宝银币 NGC MS64，NC 藏品 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：83,600 元（人民币）

1910 年新疆饷银伍钱 NGC MS61，包克收藏 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：61,600 元（人民币）

LOT 43

LOT 44

1924 年甲子二月十六日两湖巡阅使萧耀南五轶纪念铜 章 NGC MS63 BN，精品军阀纪念章，NC 藏品 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：101,200 元（人民币）

1927 年（民国十六）中华民国国民政府孙中山陵墓壹 圆臆造币 NGC MS62， 原耿氏收藏 起拍价：30,000 元（人民币） 成交价：110,000 元（人民币）

LOT 34 1949 年 ( 民国三十八年 ) 新疆省造币厂铸壹圆银币 NGC MS62，包克收藏 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：52,800 元（人民币）

LOT 45

LOT 46

LOT 50

1928 年（民国十七年）四川壹圆银币 NGC VF25，NC 藏品，极为珍稀 起拍价：100,000 元（人民币） 成交价：330,000 元（人民币）

1929 年（民国十八）阎锡山纪念币壹圆臆造币 NGC MS61，原耿氏收藏 起拍价：30,000 元（人民币） 成交价：110,000 元（人民币）

1941 年蒋介石像半圆 NGC MEDAL AU DETAILS 起拍价：3,000 元（人民币） 成交价：57,200 元（人民币）

5.31 第二次微拍

LOT 5

LOT 10

LOT 11

1908 造币总厂戊申开铸三年记（纪）念牌 NGC MEDAL AU58 BN，NC 藏品 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：55,000 元（人民币）

1902 年江苏省造每元当钱二十文光绪元宝铜币 NGC MS65 BN，包克藏品 起拍价：20,000 元（人民币） 成交价：126,498.9 元（人民币）

1902 年江苏省造每元当钱二十文光绪元宝铜币 NGC MS64，包克藏品 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：26,400 元（人民币）

联系我们：上海市常德路 1211 号宝华大厦 1808 室

电话 : 86-21-62130771

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LOT 13

LOT 15

LOT 21

1906 年新（疆）省光绪元宝市银一分五厘 NGC MS63 BN，NC 藏品 起拍价：30,000 元（人民币） 成交价：110,000 元（人民币）

1930 年（民国十九年）四川边铸中心“川”每枚当 一百文铜币 NGC UNC DETAILS，包克藏品 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：37,400 元（人民币）

1911 年（宣统三年）壹圆大清银币 NGC MS63，包克藏品 起拍价：30,000 元（人民币） 成交价：242,000 元（人民币）

LOT 24

LOT 29

LOT 32

1903-1908 年福建省造库平七分二厘大龙光绪元宝 NGC UNC DETAILS，包克藏品 起拍价：3,000 元（人民币） 成交价：11,550 元（人民币）

1912 年（民国元年）军政府造汉字壹圆四川银币 NGC AU55，包克藏品 起拍价：1,000 元（人民币） 成交价：11,550 元（人民币）

1927 年（民国十六）中华民国国民政府孙中山陵墓壹 圆铜质臆造币 NGC MS62 BN，包克藏品，原耿氏收藏 起拍价：30,000 元（人民币） 成交价：75,900 元（人民币）

LOT 33

LOT 34

LOT 35

1933 年（民国二十二年）孙中山帆船壹圆银币 NGC MS64，包克藏品 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：53,900 元（人民币）

1934 年中华苏维埃共和国川陕省造币厂造壹圆 NGC AU50，包克藏品 起拍价：60,000 元（人民币） 成交价：181,500 元（人民币）

1934 年闽浙赣省苏维埃政府壹圆臆造币 NGC AU58，包克藏品，原耿氏收藏 起拍价：30,000 元（人民币） 成交价：105,600 元（人民币）

6.14 第三次微拍

LOT 21

LOT 37

LOT 38

1908 年造币总厂光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币 NGC UNC DETAILS，华人家族藏品 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：31,900 元（人民币）

湖北武昌造币厂铜质徽章 NGC AU DETAILS，包克藏品 起拍价：30,000 元（人民币） 成交价：80,300 元（人民币）

1915 年湖北省造五分镍币 NGC AU DETAILS，黄华枢藏品 起拍价：20,000 元（人民币） 成交价：101,200 元（人民币）

LOT 41

LOT 50

LOT 51

1918 年（民国七年）湘粤桂联军总司令谭浩明赠 NGC MEDAL AU55 BN，NC 藏品 起拍价：20,000 元（人民币） 成交价：80,300 元（人民币）

1916 年唐继尧像拥护共和纪念银币库平三钱六分 NGC UNC DETAILS，包克藏品 起拍价：10,000 元（人民币） 成交价：61,600 元（人民币）

1918 年（民国七年）冯国璋像壹圆臆造币 NGC MS62，Ex.Kann/ 包克藏品 起拍价：30,000 元（人民币） 成交价：121,000 元（人民币）

联系我们：上海市常德路 1211 号宝华大厦 1808 室

电话 : 86-21-62130771

邮箱 : championghka@gmail.com

2020.7.5 冠军上海微拍圆满成功 扫一扫，关注我们

成交亮点 /Highlights

LOT 36

LOT 30

LOT 49

1943-1944 年法属印度支那铸造鹿头正银一两 NGC MINIT ERROR MS63，华人家族藏品 成交价：60,500 元（人民币）

广东省造寿字光绪元宝库平重半两臆造币 NGC UNC DETAILS，华人家族藏品 成交价：47,300 元（人民币）

台湾老公银壹圆臆造币 NGC MS61，原耿氏藏品，包克藏品 成交价：34,100 元（人民币）

LOT 50

LOT 16

LOT 51

1912 年孙中山开国纪念银币贰角 NGC MS62，包克藏品 起拍价：27,500 元（人民币）

清代 1853 年咸丰重宝当三十宝苏局 GBCA 美 80，包克藏品 成交价：22,000 元（人民币）

1926 年 ( 民国十五年 ) 龙凤银币贰角 NGC MS63，包克藏品 成交价：21,450 元（人民币）

LOT 04

LOT 40

LOT 47

先秦三字刀齐法化 GBCA 美 82，包克藏品 成交价：18,700 元（人民币）

1897 年（光绪二十三年）北洋机器局造壹角银币 NGC AU55，NC 藏品 成交价：18,700 元（人民币）

1895-1907 年湖北省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分 NGC AU58，包克藏品 成交价：17,050 元（人民币）

LOT 01

LOT 28

LOT 03

1926 年 ( 民国十五年 ) 龙凤银币贰角 L&M82，NGC MS63，包克藏品 起拍价：6,000（人民币）

先秦直刀 - 城白 GBCA 美 82，包克藏品 成交价：8,250 元（人民币）

先秦梁充五十当寽 GBCA 美 82，包克藏品 成交价：12,100 元 （人民币）

联系我们：上海市常德路 1211 号宝华大厦 1808 室

电话 : 86-21-62130771

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冠军上海 VIP 精品微拍 （德制奥托·拜赫公司（Otto （德制奥托·拜赫公司（Otto Beh）中国样币专场）圆满成功 Beh）中国样币专场）圆满成功

扫一扫，关注我们 扫一扫，关注我们

2020/07/19 2020/07/19

成交亮点 成交亮点 /Highlights /Highlights

LOT 32 LOT 32

1908 年北洋造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币，连云版， 1908 连云版， PCGS年北洋造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币， MS66 PCGS MS66 成交价：495,000 元（人民币） 成交价：495,000 元（人民币）

LOT 23 LOT 23

1897 年湖南省造光绪元宝当十铜元 1897 年湖南省造光绪元宝当十铜元 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币 NGC PF63 RB 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币 NGC PF63 RB 成交价：294,800 元（人民币） 成交价：294,800 元（人民币）

LOT 24 LOT 24

1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当二十 1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当二十 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS MS63 BN 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS 成交价：198,000 元（人民币） MS63 BN 成交价：198,000 元（人民币）

LOT 26 LOT 26

1911-1915 年云南省造光绪元宝，库平七分二厘铜质 1911-1915 年云南省造光绪元宝，库平七分二厘铜质 样币，奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP64 BN 样币，奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP64 BN 成交价：104,500 元（人民币） 成交价：104,500 元（人民币）

LOT 33 LOT 33

1914 年福建袁世凯福州海运局镍质代币 1914 NGC 年福建袁世凯福州海运局镍质代币 AU58，华人家族藏品 NGC AU58，华人家族藏品 成交价：68,200 元（人民币） 成交价：68,200 元（人民币）

LOT 37 LOT 37

1889 年广东省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分五厘银币 1889 年广东省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分五厘银币 NGC AU55，包克藏品 NGC AU55，包克藏品 成交价：357,500 元（人民币） 成交价：357,500 元（人民币）

LOT 17（宝台 88 分） LOT 17（宝台 88 分）

康熙通宝罗汉式套子钱 20 枚大型 ,GBCA 美 75（05）， 康熙通宝罗汉式套子钱 枚大型 ,GBCA 美 75（05） 1 枚；GBCA 美 80 ，1 20 枚；GBCA 美 82，10 枚； ， 1 枚；GBCA 美 80 ，1 枚；GBCA 美 枚，包克藏品 82，10 枚； GBCA 美 85，5 枚；GBCA 美 88，3 GBCA 美 85，5 枚；GBCA 美 88，3 枚，包克藏品 成交价：220,000 元（人民币） 成交价：220,000 元（人民币）

LOT 29 LOT 29

1939 年（民国二十八年）党徽背布币图下“桂”字 1939 年（民国二十八年）党徽背布币图下“桂”字 壹分铜币，NGC MS65 RD，包克藏品 壹分铜币，NGC RD，包克藏品 成交价：176,000MS65 元（人民币） 成交价：176,000 元（人民币）

LOT 25 LOT 25

1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当十铜币 1903-1905 年四川省造光绪元宝当十铜币 SP62 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，加厚版，PCGS 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，加厚版，PCGS SP62 成交价：103,400 元（人民币） 成交价：103,400 元（人民币）

LOT 03 LOT 03

先秦五字刀 - 即墨之法化，187mm，57.2 克 先秦五字刀 - 即墨之法化，187mm，57.2 克 GBCA 美 80，包克藏品，原方药雨收藏 GBCA 美 80，包克藏品，原方药雨收藏 成交价：66,000 元（人民币） 成交价：66,000 元（人民币）

LOT 30 LOT 30

1898-1899 年浙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分银币 1898-1899 年浙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分银币 NGC MS63，华人家族藏品 NGC MS63，华人家族藏品 成交价：352,000 元（人民币） 成交价：352,000 元（人民币）

LOT 22 LOT 22

1896 年黑龙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分铜质样币 1896 年黑龙江省造光绪元宝库平三钱六分铜质样币 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP Genuine 奥托·拜赫德制中国样币，PCGS SP Genuine Scratch AU DETAILS Scratch AU DETAILS 成交价：214,500 元（人民币） 成交价：214,500 元（人民币）

LOT 36 LOT 36

1905 年吉林省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分 1905 PCGS年吉林省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分 MS62 PCGS MS62 成交价：126,500 元（人民币） 成交价：126,500 元（人民币）

LOT 10 LOT 10

清代 1853 年天国圣宝，直径 38.6mm，重 24.4 克， 清代 1853 年天国圣宝，直径 38.6mm，重 24.4 克， 厚 3.2mm，GBCA 美 80，包克藏品 厚 3.2mm，GBCA 美 80，包克藏品 成交价：77,000 元（人民币） 成交价：77,000 元（人民币）

LOT 38 LOT 38

1890-1908 年广东省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币 1890-1908 年广东省造光绪元宝库平七钱二分银币 NGC MS61，包克藏品 NGC MS61，包克藏品 成交价：61,600 元（人民币） 成交价：61,600 元（人民币）

經驗：

NGC評級師均是訓練有素，經驗豐富的專業 人員，並在錢幣學研究領域處於前沿。每一枚硬 幣均由多名專業評級師進行檢驗，以保證準確 性與一致性。

參考：

診斷：

我們的綜合研究圖書館 為NGC評級師提供最相 關的參考資料。他們同時 也向全世界的專家進行 咨詢。

評級師參考我們數據 庫中數百萬的真假幣 圖像，包括非常詳細 的診斷圖像。

科技：

X射線螢光光譜分析，結合特定的重力 與顯微鏡評估，幫助判定硬幣表面成分 與鑄造工藝。

專業硬幣評級的要素

每一次NGC評級背後都是一整套高度複雜，經過時間考驗的過 程。依憑於我們行業領先的專業技術，超過4700萬枚硬幣被委託 給NGC，其中甚至包括許多來自世界各地的頂級硬幣。

了解更多，敬請瀏覽 NGCcoin.hk/expertise

NGC以及第三方认证的优势 关于NGC

NGC是做什么的？

提供专业的鉴定、评级以及封装服务。

2. NGC对硬币进行归类和描述。

NGC成立于1987年，为硬币、代币和章 时至今日，NGC已经认证了4700多万

枚硬币、代币和章——评级数量全球领

先。每一枚经NGC认证的硬币都由NGC

提供综合的等级及真品保证，这给予客 户更多的信心。

NGC的优势

经NGC认证的硬币： •真品

•精确的评级

•妥善的保护 •综合的保障

•被市场信赖 •更具价值

•更具市场流动性

NGC因何创立？

20世纪80年代中期，硬币收藏市场受到 两大颇具挑战性的威胁： 1. 假币变得司空见惯。

2. 卖家给自己的硬币评级——这是一种

明显的利益冲突——买卖双方很难在 硬币等级和价格上达成共识

NGC通过对硬币的真实性和等级提供

精准、一致和诚信的评估，解决了这些 问题。

1. NGC对硬币进行鉴定。

3. NGC 对硬币从1至70级进行评级。

4. NGC将硬币封装在具有保护作用的 封装盒里。

什么是70级？

NGC将一枚放大5倍未见生 产后瑕疵的硬币定义为原

厂状态（Mint State）或精制 （Proof）70级的硬币。

检验NGC认证

每一枚经NGC认证的硬币都会被分配一 个独一无二的认证号码，这使得硬币的 信息可以在全球范围内追踪。要确认一

NGC价格指南

了解一枚硬币准确的公允市场价非常

重要，这样您就可以避免高价购买、低

价出售亦或是低估一枚硬币。由于世界

各地的收藏家、经销商和拍卖公司都信 赖、理解以及使用NGC评级，所以NGC 认证使得确定一枚硬币的价值更为容

易。 NGC还在其网站上提供了一整套

价格指南，以帮助收藏家们研究硬币的 价值。

枚硬币的描述和评级等级，您只需访问 NGCcoin.hk/certlookup进行查询。

全球影响力

在过去的33年里，NGC使硬

币市场更安全、更透明、更具 有活力。

世界各地的收藏家们都乐于

在网上无法看见实物的情况 下购买经NGC认证的硬币。

NGC认证已吸引了无数新收藏 家加入并促进了全球市场。

了解更多

NGCcoin.hk

注册订阅每月新闻:

NGCcoin.hk/connect 在线联系我们：

Facebook.com/NGCcoin Instagram.com/ NGCcoins (@NGCcoins)

瀏

紙幣交給PMG鑑定， 最放心

PMG成立於2005年，為紙幣提供獨立公正的專業真品鑑定、評級並封裝的服務。 PMG被世界各地的收藏家和經銷商所認可。因其專業、精準和一致的評級， 對公正的承諾以及全面的真品和等級保證而被全球信賴， 也因此成為全球最大的第三方紙幣評級服務機構。

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Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 ): US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的 戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡 史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm， 四色印刷，闡述了1600年至 1935年間中國流通的外國戳記 銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用 第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有 關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有 某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃 描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清 圖片。本書是1990年之後的第 一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有 史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專 著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔—中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。 印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊， 平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多 種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清 末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十 多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯 體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷 史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係 統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹 了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產 生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙 幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書 是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述 的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

TOP CHINESE COINS 2nd Edition 《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第二版 Price( 售价 )：US $100 Plus Postage( 不含邮费 )

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese Coins Survey, a landmark event held in winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. It will also add summaries from auction sales that list pricing, degree of rarity, pedigree and grades.

2010年6月，愛秀集團和《東亞泉志》出版了

版的基礎上出版第二版。第二版於2011年6月發行，相比

《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第一版。該書對60枚中國

第一版60枚錢幣囊括金幣、銀幣和銅元，第二版專注於

最頂級的近代機製幣進行了全面、深入、系統的研究與

60枚中國近代機制銀幣，定名為《中國近代機制銀幣精

展現。其內容涵蓋高清錢幣圖像、流傳脈絡、拍賣紀

品鑒賞·銀幣版》 (簡稱《銀幣鑒賞》)。

錄、市場趨勢、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在錢幣業界 引起巨大的轟動和反響，備受讚譽，被譽為“全景式展 現中國珍稀機製幣的重要鑒賞書籍”。

由於頁面所限，第二版刊載60枚中國銀幣精品的重 要資訊，在第一版的基礎上有多方面改進和加強。《銀 幣鑒賞》在最受歡迎和好評的照片拍攝和排版下更多功

儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和

夫，並提供更多詳細、準確和豐富的近期拍賣成交價格

錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由於該書僅限量印

記錄、歷史評估、珍稀度和譜系說明。所有內容均為中

刷1000本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位資

英雙語，彩色精裝印刷。第一版中有關錢幣背景的“故

深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家建議，愛秀集團決定在第一

事閱讀”部分將以附件方式另行印刷成冊。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要请联系冠军拍卖公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

05/2021 Champion Macau Auction Auction Consignment Deadline: 03/31/2020

Champion Macau Auctions Highlights Champion Macau Auction (11/2014)

Champion Macau Auction (11/2014)

Champion Macau Auction (12/2015)

lot 446 CHINA-MACAU 2014 Macau Numismatic Society 62.208g (2 Oz) .999 Gold Proof, diameter 40mm, Commemorative Show Panda [Piedfort], Serial number 1, Mintage 10

lot 447 CHINAMACAU 2014 Macau Numismatic Society 62.208g (2 Oz) .999 Silver Proof, diameter 40mm, Commemorative Show Panda [Piedfort], Serial number 1, Mintage 1000

lot 382 CHINA-MACAU 2015 Macau Numismatic Society 62.208g (2 Oz) .999 Platinum Proof, diameter 40mm, Commemorative Show Panda [Piedfort], Serial number 01, Limited Mintage 10

Estimate: US $3,000 Realized: US $43,700

Estimate: US $3,000

Realized: US $27,600

Estimate: US $100 Realized: US $24,150

Champion Macau Auction (12/2016)

Champion Macau Auction (11/2017)

Champion Macau Auction (11/2018)

lot 324 CHINA-MACAU 2016 Macau Numismatic Society 1000g .999 Silver Proof, diameter 120mm, Commemorative Show Panda, Serial number 01, Mintage 20, with Box and Cert

lot 292 CHINA-BERLIN 2016 World Money Fair Berlin - Otto Beh Dies Berlin Special Exhibit Palladium Proof, Commemorative Show Panda, 40mm, Coin Number 05, Mintage 10, NGC PF69 ULTRA CAMEO

lot 346 CHINA-2018 Macau Numismatic Society 30th Anniversary Expo 2 kilo .999 Silver proof,diameter 150mm,Serial Number#1,Mintage 15,with certificate

Estimate: US $1,000 Realized: US $6,900

Estimate: US $5,000

Realized: US $24,000

Estimate: US $8,000

Realized: US $9,200

Champion Macau Auction (11/2014)

Champion Macau Auction (12/2015)

Champion Macau Auction (12/2016)

CHINA-PEKING 1900 Sliver Restrike Set (5)

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1912 Yuan Shi Kai Large Beard One Dollar Silver Pattern, NGC AU58

Lot203 CHINA-KWEICHOW 1928 Auto Dollar Silver, with 3 blades of grass, L&M610, PCGS MS61. Highest graded coin by PCGS

Estimate: US $ 250,000 Realized: US $ 414,000

Estimate: US $180,000 Realized: US $345,000

Champion Leilao Lda.

Add: Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd.,

Add: Avenida Da Praia Grande No.371 Edif. Keng

Shanghai. People's Republic of China 200060

Ou 22 Andar, A Macau

Tel: 86-21-62130771

Tel ：+853 2886 8808

Fax: 86-21-62130773

www.cghka.cn

Email: championghka@gmail.com

Estimate: US $30,000 Realized: US $115,000

創

新

創

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價

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B.H. Mayer´s Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH

Minted in Germany 德国铸造

1盎司 999纯银 硬币

Nano technology applied to the surface of this unique coin 这枚独一无二的硬币表面，采用了纳米技术 Exclusive limited mintage 1000 独家限量发行 1000枚 2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings 2019年 坦桑尼亚 1000 先令

2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings

Coin Designed by: Yu Min

CBPMC Senior designer Winner of 2017 COTY “Lifetime” Achievement Award in Design

设计师： 余敏

中国印钞造币总公司高级工艺美术师 曾获得“2017年克劳斯世界硬币大奖赛年度终身成就奖”

Magnico

Room 1808, Baohua Mansion, No. 1211, Changde Rd., Putuo District, Shanghai Tel:0086(21)-62130772 www.magnico.cn

上海冠坤文化发展有限公司

上海市普陀区常德路宝华大厦1211号1808室 电话：0086(21)-62130772 网址：www.magnico.cn

德国铸造 德国梅耶造币厂

《東亞泉志》

免費 訂閱 2022

簡介

電子季刊 中英雙語 出版人 周邁可

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史

物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大

博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在讓廣

學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學會、美國錢

大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者

幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如托馬斯 · 烏爾曼寫

更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

的《1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機製幣⸺ 德國專家相助創建現代造幣

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，

廠》 、史博祿寫的《袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣》 、範治南與何緯渝寫的

為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-1977

《欽差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行》 、湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897

年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準

年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤

目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987年全職進行錢幣

祿寫的《明代天啟通寶和崇禎通寶銅錢加蓋戳印 VOC/C 探析》等。

交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘

1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998年任《東亞泉志》總編。史

請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電

博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞

子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功

泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。

顧、重要資訊等。

雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣 受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博

從2017年起， 《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽 會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

閱讀

東亞泉志

25 周年紀念章

No. 20

2020. 10 / Issue 38

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 - 電子季刊

20世紀40年代紐約風景 New York in the 1940s

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE

1984—2019

25 th

周年

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

JEAN 1994-2019

20世紀30年代上海外灘 The Bund, Shanghai, in the 1930s Zhang Shuxun

Pa

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2020

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『本期專題 | FEATURES 』

乾統元寶 qian tong yuan bao

T h e F ir

大齊通寶拓片 da qi tong bao rubbing

張叔馴

紹定元寶大錢 shao ding yuan bao large coin

余敏先生訪談錄 Yu Min Interview

眾裏尋他千百度——張叔馴攜美古錢的經歷與歸宿

2020 年澳門錢幣學會熊貓紀

The Story and Destination of Ancient Coins Brought to the United States by Nai-chi Chang

念章首發

“克 利 福 德· 赫 威 特 訪 華 100 周年”紀念章首打儀式

NNC 東亞硬幣收藏數字化的實現

From Vault Storage to Virtual Study: Digitizing the National Numismatic Collection's East Asian Objects For Access.

拉姆斯登與美國錢幣學會的藏品

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》線上閱讀

紀

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念

20

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章 目 錄

東亞泉志出版 JEAN Publications

Harry Ramsden and the American Numismatic Society Collection

第1期 issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean 第 20 期 issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_20twentieth_20issue_20of_20jean

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廣告刊登

2022年《東亞泉志》廣告現在接受預定！ 2021-2022 年

發行時間

廣告截止時間

第 22 期

4 月 30 日

4 月1日

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US $1,000 (¥ 6,500)

第 23 期

7 月 31 日

7月1日

US $500 (¥ 3,500) US $1,600 (¥ 11,000) US $300 (¥ 2,000)

US $1,000 (¥ 6,500)

第 24 期

10 月 31 日

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第 25 期

1 月 31 日

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《東亞泉志》上海辦公室 電話：021-62130771 郵箱：jeanzg@163.com 地址：常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室

1頁1期

1頁 4 期

分辨率：300

1/2 頁 1 期

1 頁 (A4)：210×297mm

1/2 頁 4 期

1/2 頁：210×148mm

The Journal of East Asian Numismatics Bilingual (English-Chinese) Digital Quarterly In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded

by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history.

Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 19741977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins.

The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-chang Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars” by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》在線閱讀

1st Issue 2nd Issue 3rd Issue 4th Issue 5th Issue 6th Issue 7th Issue 8th Issue 9th Issue 10th Issue 11th Issue 12th Issue 13th Issue 14th Issue 15th Issue 16th Issue 17th Issue 18th Issue 19th Issue 20th Issue

between 1897 Chekiang 5 Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei 5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng.

In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chinese chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin BowkerNumismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Chelu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote societ y editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quar terly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 1,000, including over 3,000 in Greater China region.

Starting in 2017, Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in Berlin with World Money Fair.

You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2022 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg@163.com.

issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_second_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_third_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fourth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fifth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_sixth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_seventh_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eighth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_ninth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_tenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eleventh_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twelfth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_thirteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_fourteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_fifteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_sixteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_seventeenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eighteenth_issue_of_jean

issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_nineteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_20twentieth_20issue_20of_20jean

2021-2022 JEAN Advertising Rate 2021-2022 Issue Issue Date

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Full Page/Issue

Full Page 4 Issues

1/2 Page/Issue

1/2 Page 4 Issues

Issue 22

04/30

04/01

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

Issue 23

07/31

07/01

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

Issue 24

10/31

10/01

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

Issue 25

01/31

01/01

US $600 (¥ 4,000) US $2,000 (¥ 13,000) US $400 (¥ 2,500)

US $1,300 (¥ 9,000)

Contact JEAN Shanghai Office Tel: 021-62130771 Email: jeanzg@163.com Add: Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd.

* PX: 300

* full page (A4): 210×297mm * 1/2 page: 210×148mm

東亞泉志 電子季刊 · 中英雙語

讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘 請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948年生， 大學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作30多年。中國錢幣學會會員，澳

的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

門錢幣學會學術顧問，陝西省錢幣學會第六屆常務理事，西安市收

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，

幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史 博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在

為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-

1977年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世 界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987 年全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修 中國研究課程。1991-1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998 年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中 國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐 富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

藏協會常務副會長。退休後，歷任《收藏》 《古泉園地》 《西部金融 · 錢 力於中國貨幣史和錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章 ；

2012年，出版了彙集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨制《中國貨幣史之最》。 同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍 華德 · 富蘭克林 · 包克—錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳 記幣簡史》作者高林先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、國 際紙鈔收藏協會前任總編輯 Steve Feller、香港中國現代金銀幣資 深研究學者陳景林先生、臺灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國東南 亞錢幣專家亞當 · 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網總裁郭嘉華先生等。

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。 雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發 行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美

復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢 幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術 研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。

國國家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛 大學、耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國

從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽

錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，

會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

如詹姆斯 · 史威尼寫的《1900年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌 刻字紀念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、 湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六

《東亞泉志》2022年免費訂閱，如果需要，請把您的郵箱發到

jeanzg@163.com ！

厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《臺灣老公銀偽品》等。

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》線上閱讀

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2021-2022 年《東亞泉志》廣告現在接受預定！ 2021-2022 年

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入會申請表 Application Form 申請日期 Application date： 申請會員類別：

本地會員 Macau Member

Membership applied for:

外地會員 Non Macau Member

姓名 Name：

性別 Gender：

證件號碼 ID No.：

出生日期 Date of Birth：

（中文及外文）

住址 Add.：

職業 Occupation：

錢幣收集範圍 Interest：

聯絡電話 Phone Number：

繳納會費：

會費 新會員需交付：入會費 MOP 1000.00 New membership fee: MOP 1000.00

本會宗旨：團結錢幣愛好者，推動錢幣之收藏及研究 介紹人 Referee：（需我會兩位成員推薦 two members of the Society） 會員姓名編號 Member No： 會員姓名編號 Member No： 此欄由澳門錢幣學會填寫 (Filled by the Society only)： 新會員入會日期： 新會員編號： 1）新會員需認同本會宗旨。 New members should comply with the Society regulations.

2）入會申請人需填妥本申請表、交 1 張相片及繳納相關入會費用。 Please attach one photo and pay the membership fee.

Add: AV. DR. RODRIGO RODRIGUES. 600E-P105 FIRST INTERNATIONAL COM. CENTER, MACAU Tel: (853)2833 4556 Fax: (853)2830 4772 Email: dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

地址：澳門羅理基博士大馬路 600E-1 樓 P105 室 電話：(853)2833 4556 傳真：(853)2830 4772 Email：dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第三版 正式啟動 7 月 17 日（週五），冠軍拍賣組織來自上海、浙江、四川等地的 20 名藏家前往上海造幣有限公司參觀了上海造幣博 物館及其包克錢幣展示廳，午餐期間宣佈開始啟動第三版《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》編撰工作。《東亞泉志》出版 人周邁可及中文主編袁水清於 8 月 16 日至 20 日前往北京，開展第三版的問卷策劃和評委會構建工作。問卷調查工作 將於 9 月正式啟動，12 月將評選出新一版的十大精選硬幣。第三版預計於 2021 年秋面世。

藏家參觀上海造幣博物館

參觀者親自鑄打參觀紀念章

藏家交流

冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可宣佈開始啟動

《 中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》 第一版封面

《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 》第二版封面

藏家交流

冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可宣佈開始啟動

藏家參觀上海造幣博物館

藏家參觀包克包克錢幣展示廳

2009 中國近代機製幣競選活動 弘揚中國錢幣文化

推動市場健康發展

TOP 10 of the Greatest Chinese Struck Coins Survey 評選標準

精選活動依據錢幣的珍品稀少性、價值昂貴性、品相完美性、群

體認同性、藝術觀賞性、歷史故事性進行評選。

珍品稀少性：好的錢幣應是稀有的，僅有少量生產或流傳下來。本書中 有些錢幣是孤品，世上獨此一枚。有些錢幣很少在市面出現，因此相當 難得。但是，一些僅在其系列錢幣的背景下屬稀有的錢幣亦位列精選活 動的上榜名單。

價值昂貴性：一般來說，好的錢幣應具有昂貴的價值，但並非一定如此。 品相完美性：好的錢幣一般都保存得非常完好。但完美的品相並不一定 2009 年 11 月 11 日 ， 戴志強、孫浩與周邁可在北京的初選結果發佈會上合影 Dai Zhiqiang, Sun Hao and Michael Hans Chou, at the Top Chinese Coins Survey in Beijing on November the 11th, 2009

活動目的

中國錢幣文化燦爛悠久，具有豐富的內涵。為在中國錢幣界進行

意味著毫無瑕疵，而是相對而言保存最完好者。

群體認同性：好的錢幣應被大多數人所欣賞、認同。有些錢幣也許是稀有、

昴貴的，但其是否真正具備高度的群體認同性也是一個重要的評選標準。

一次科學、深入而廣泛的調查評選，弘揚中國錢幣文化，提升社會對錢

藝術觀賞性：好的錢幣應能為人們帶來審美愉悅。

中國近代機製幣精選活動。並根據精選結果，出版《中國近代機製幣精

歷史故事性：好的錢幣會講故事，應包含豐富的歷史意義和內涵。有些

幣收藏的關注與興趣，推動錢幣市場健康、繁榮、有序的發展，特舉辦 品鑒賞》一書。

活動時間

2009 年 10 月 9 日至 2009 年 12 月 18 日

錢幣的背景故事並不為人所知，僅在少教的相關文獻中提到過。精選活 動的意義不僅在於評選出一個名單，更在於讓人們瞭解錢幣背後的歷史 故事，瞭解令錢幣具有極致誘惑的原因。

活動方式

中國近代機製幣精選活動的舉辦原則是堅持權威性、科學性和公

正性。為推動活動順利進行，組織方在上海、背景、香港、新加坡、美

國等地舉行五次大型說明會，近 150 人次出席。並通過電話、郵件、

面對面交流等方法，向 138 位權威專家發出選票，收回選票 102 張，

其中 45% 來自中國內地，20% 來自臺灣，15% 來自香港，還有 20% 來自世界其他地區。

11 月 11 日，初評結果發佈會在北京舉行，公佈初步選出的 12 枚

珍稀錢幣。12 月 10 日，組委會根據選票評分，將 12 枚錢幣分為三等， 前三枚為第一等，另三枚為第二等，後六枚為第三等，提交顧問組進行

評分，最後選出前十枚錢幣。12 月 18 日，精選結果發佈會在上海順利

舉行。

2009 年 11 月 11 日 ，初選結果發佈會暨晚宴在北京舉行 Primary Selection party in Beijing on November the 11th, 2009

2009 年 10 月 9 日 ， 啟動儀式暨晚會在上海舉行 The Dinner of the Opening Ceremony in Shanghai on October the 9th, 2009

2009 年 10 月 24 日 ，宣傳說明會暨晚宴在香港舉行 Top Chinese Coins Survey Dinner in Hongkong on October the 24th, 2009

2009 中國近代機製幣競選活動 弘揚中國錢幣文化

推動市場健康發展

TOP 10 of the Greatest Chinese Struck Coins Survey 評選結果

前十名中國近代機製幣如下：

1903 年（癸卯）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平一兩銀質樣幣 1900 年（庚子）京局製造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣 1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣 1904 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平重一兩銀質樣幣，背鑄字 1910 年 ( 庚戍春季）雲南造宣統元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣 1896 年四川楷書（缶寶 ) 光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 1890 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分、七錢三分反版銀質樣幣 1911 年（宣統三年）大清銀幣壹元銀質樣幣，長須龍、短須龍、大尾龍、 反 龍、曲須龍

1906 年（丙午）和 1907 年（丁未）大清金幣庫平一兩樣幣 (1904-05 年）四川省造光緒元寶當三十銅幣，試鑄幣

組織機構 主辦：愛秀集團

協辦：美國 MGC 冠軍拍資公司

2009 年 12 月 18 日 ，上海精選結果發佈會上 ，周邁可向林青禾頒獎 Michael Hans Chou awards certificate to George Lim at the Top Chinese Coins Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

廣州國標錢幣收藏鑒定評估有限公司 上海申泉工貿總公司組委會 主任委員：孫浩 資深錢幣收藏界專家學者

副主任委員 : 周邁可 愛秀集團董事長暨冠軍拍賣董事長

顧問委員會主任委員 : 戴志強 中國錢幣學會副理事長 顧問：

周 祥 上海博物館研究員中國文物鑒定委員會委員 沈鳴鏑 上海錢幣學會副秘書長

甄偉剛 廣東集幣協會理事

張明泉 中華錢幣協舍理事長

周建福 臺北市錢幣協會理事長 郭俊勝

理事

瀋陽金融博物館及張氏帥府博物館館長，遼寧省錢幣學會常務

曾澤祿 美國著名中國錢幣收藏家

媒體宣傳

上海電視臺、新浪網、新民晚報、新聞晨報、錢幣報、新聞晚報、上海

2009 年 12 月 18 日 ，上海精選結果發佈會上 ，甄偉向陳吉茂頒獎 Zhen Weigang awards certificate to Chen Chi Mao at the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

熱線、東方網等媒體均對精選活動及結果進行了隆重報導，引起熱烈 d 的關注。

2009 年 12 月 18 日 ， 精選活動嘉賓參觀上海造幣博物館 Guests of the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference visited the Shanghai Mint Museum on December the 18th, 2009

2009 年 12 月 18 日 ，精選結果發佈會在上海舉行 The Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

中國近代機制幣十大精選活動 第三版（2020.9-12） 美國原 PCGS 總裁及資深錢幣專家 Ron Guth 所編輯的“100 Greatest US Coins ”(《美國錢幣百大精選》）一書中， 根據調查而評選出美國十大精選錢幣，使錢幣收藏家和愛好者們對這些美國錢幣的背景有更好的瞭解。因此我們準備用 類似的概念，在中國錢幣界內進行一次深入而廣泛的調查和評選活動，以評出公認的中國近代機制幣的十大精選，以此 使錢幣收藏者對中國錢幣有更多瞭解，並提升社會對錢幣收藏和研究、探討的興趣，活躍錢幣市場。 為此成立“中國近代機制幣的十大精選”甄選委員會。委員會設有由錢幣界權威組成的組委會及顧問組，和由著名錢幣 界專家、學者以及收藏家組成的評選組。評選方法首先通過書面調查等方法，綜合評選組的見解後提交組委員會審核， 最後由網上向錢幣界公佈評選統計及評選出來的中國近代機制幣十大精選。為使精選的十大錢幣具有廣泛性，所選的錢 幣至少包括一枚銅幣、一枚金幣，一枚銀幣。 組委會、顧問組和評選組成員，以及活動計劃，近期將在網上公佈。敬請各位錢幣愛好者關注及參與！

評選方法 1. 在下頁表內選出您認為的中國近代機制幣十大精選的錢幣。 2. 為使精選的十大錢幣具有廣泛性，所選的錢幣至少包括一枚銅幣、一枚金幣，一枚銀幣。 3. 選出後請將挑選單交回組委會： 上海普陀區常德路寶華大廈 1211 號 1808 室

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郵箱：jeanzg@163.com 4. 所有參加問卷調查的朋友都將收到第三版書籍及編委會發放的參與證明。 “中國近代機制幣十大精選”甄選委員會 2020 年 9 月

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2021 年 5 月冠軍澳門拍賣會 掃一掃，關注我們

拍品委託截止時間：2021.3.31 地點：澳門十六浦索菲特酒店六樓會議室

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2020.11.29 澳門拍賣成交亮點

1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分樣幣 PCGS SP66+，華人家族收藏 起拍價：USD 230000 成交價：USD 540000

1911 年大清長須龍壹元銀幣 NGC MS64，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 30000 成交價：USD 312000

1911 年宣統三年大清銀幣伍角 NGC MS62，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 132000

1910 年宣統年造大清壹元銀幣 NGC MS64，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 105600

1852 年臺灣老公銀壹圓 NGC AU55，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 91200

1896 年 黑 龍 江省 造 光 緒 元 寶 庫 平三 錢 六 分 NGC AU55，奧托·拜赫德制中國樣幣 起拍價：USD 20000 成交價：USD 67500

1907 年東三省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 NGC AU58，NC 藏品 起拍價：USD 38000 成交價：USD 67200

庚子京局製造一錢四分原鑄幣 NGC MS60，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 62400

1904 年光緒三十年湖北省造大清銀幣庫平一兩 小字版，NGC AU53，包克藏品 起拍價：USD 5000 成交價：USD 62400

1907 年（丁未）大清伍角銀幣 NGC MS65，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 5000 成交價：USD 5720

1853 年臺灣如意軍餉 NGC AU Details，NC 藏品 起拍價：USD 20000 成交價：USD 40800

1920 年中華民國九年鄂造貳角每五枚當一圓銀 幣，NGC MS61，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 3000 成交價：USD 36000

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