The 13th issue of JEAN

東亞泉志

No. 13 2019. 01 / Issue 31

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

「 中英雙語 · 電子季刊 | Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly 」

2019 年世界錢幣展覽會·柏林紀念熊貓正面圖案——博德博物館 Obverse of 2019 World Money Fair Berlin Panda Commemorative Coin - Bode Museum

2017 年世界硬幣大獎賽頒獎活動，由大衛 · 哈珀（《世界錢幣新聞》高級編輯）主持 2017 Coin of the Year awards ceremony, hosted by David Harper, World Coin News Senior Editor

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本期專題 Features 霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克與耿愛德 1949 年往來書信 年後往來書信

Howard F. Bowker - Eduard Kann Letters Part Continued II 19491949 欽差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行

Li Hung Chang: Chang :His HisVisit Visitto toAmerica Americaon onHis HisGrand WorldWorld GrandTour Tour 兩宋貨幣史專家汪聖鐸訪談錄

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Welcome to contribute articles. 欢迎投稿 !

Chinese / 中文 / jeanzg@163.com English / 英文 / championghka@gmail.com

Advisor

Chinese Editor

Che-lu Tseng

Yuan Shuiqing

顧問

中文主編

曾澤祿

袁水清

Hans-Henning Goehrum 漢斯 · 亨甯 · 格魯姆 Technical Advisor

US Correspondent

Gu Jun

J. Matthew Brotherton

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Michael H. Chou

Yotin Ring

Senior Editor

Design Director

Bruce W. Smith

Joy Chen

技術顧問

美國通訊員

顧軍

馬修 · 布拉澤頓

出版人、總編輯

廣告與發行經理

周邁可

林逾婷

高級編輯

美術設計

史博祿

「 中英雙語 · 電子季刊

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|

臺北公司 Taipei Office

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly 」

臺北市南京西路 163 號 1 樓 50-51 室 Room 50-51, No.163 Nan King W. Rd., Taipei 電話 (Tel)：886-2-25551761 郵箱 (Email): championghka@gmail.com

上海辦事處 Shanghai Office

上海市普陀區常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室

Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Road, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China 電話 (Tel)：86-21-62130771 郵箱 (Email): championghka@gmail.com

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Foreword Welcome to the 13th edition of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics. Our mission is to promote numismatic exchanges between East and West.

In this issue we have an extremely interesting article by Chinan Fan and Wei-ho Ho about Chinese viceroy Li Hung Chang’s trip to America in 1896. The article is based on historic documents from the Thomas Kruger family who hosted Li during this historic trip. We also continue our series on chopmark coins from the book Chopmarked Coins - A History, by Colin Gullberg. We have an interesting article by Ron Guth entitled the Guth 100 Points Coin Grading Scale.

We have another guest article by Jeff Garrett on collecting strategies.

Our senior editor Bruce Smith has submitted the Howard F. Bowker - Eduard Kann letters series part II. These letters cover an extremely important exchange of letters during the turbulent year of 1949, and information about the collections of AM Tracy Woodward, Eduard Kann, and many other important aspects of Asian Numismatics has been found. The Bowker documents which this article is based on are now at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.

Mr. Yuan Shui Qing, our Chinese editor, has submitted an article in which he interviewed researcher Mr. Wang Shengduo. Mr. Wang is one of the leading experts on Northern and Southern Sung dynasty numismatics and has edited and authored many books on this subject.

We are very honored again to be the co-sponsor with the World Money Fair of Krause Publication 2019 Coin of the Year award ceremony in Berlin. There are many great coins which won one of the ten categories, we look forward to seeing everyone again in Berlin.

We hope you will enjoy these these interesting, well researched articles.

Michael Chou Publisher and Editor-in-Chief

（

前言 歡迎閱讀第13期《東亞泉志》！本刊旨在促進東西方之間 的錢幣交流。

本期范治南、何瑋渝為我們講述了1896年李鴻章訪美的

行程及飲食等尚未公之於眾的資料，這是一篇十分有趣的 文章，文中所涉珍貴的歷史資料源自李鴻章訪美期間款

待李鴻章的托馬斯 · 羅格家族。我們還繼續連載臺北高林

我刊中文主編袁水清先生亦貢獻訪問錢幣研究者汪聖鐸

的美文一篇。汪先生在研究北宋和南宋錢幣學方面頗有

建樹，出版過多部有關宋朝貨幣史研究的巨著，成果豐碩。 《東亞泉志》能夠再次成為2019年克勞斯出版社世界錢幣

展覽會柏林“世界硬幣大獎賽”頒獎典禮的贊助商，我們

深感榮幸。今年有2017年多枚優質硬幣贏得十大類別獎，

先生所著《戳記幣簡史》。另外，我們還帶來羅恩 · 古斯撰

期待與各位再聚柏林！

特曼收藏攻略 ：購買心儀錢幣不可急於求成》。

希望諸位讀者能夠喜歡這些集趣味性與研究性為一體的

寫的《古斯100 分制評級規則》，以及傑夫 · 加勒特介紹《皮 《東亞泉志》高級編輯史博祿先生撰寫的霍華德 · 佛蘭克

林 · 包克與耿愛德往來書信系列之1949年往來書信。我 們可以在這些寫於動蕩的1949年間往來書信中獲知特雷

西 · 伍德沃德、愛德華 · 耿愛德等錢幣收藏家的資訊，信 中還披露了與亞洲錢幣有關的一些重要資訊。本文與包克 有關的資料現存於美國國家歷史博物館史密森尼協會。

文章。

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人 : 周邁可

CONTENTS Features 56

Howard F. Bowker - Eduard Kann Letters Part II 1949

Bruce W. Smith

80

Li Hung Chang : His Visit to America on His World Grand Tour

92

Interview with Wang Shengduo, Numismatic Expert on the Northern Song and the Southern Song Dynasty Currencies

Chinan Fan and Wei-Yu Ho Yuan Shuiqing

Departments 6

JEAN News and Information

Bruce W. Smith

14

JEAN Book Reviews

Bruce W. Smith

22

Highlights of 2018 Beijing International Coin Exposition

Quan Chi

32

Fruitful Achievements: The Macau Numismatic Society 30th Anniversary Show and 2018 Champion Macau Auction

Yuan Fang

44

The Winners in Each of 10 Categories of 2019 Coin of the Year

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The Birth of the 2019 World Money Fair Tanzanian Commemorative Silver Panda

Coin of the Year Selection Committee Michael Chou

Column 106 Chopmarked Coins Chapter 1 Part V - The History of Silver in China 140 World Money Fair Introduction 144 The Guth 100 Point Coin Grading Scale 148 Collecting Strategies - You Can’t Rush a Great Collection - John Jay Pittman

Colin James Gullberg Gitta Kuenker Ron Guth Jeff Garrett

目 錄 專題 霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克與耿愛德 1949 年往來書信

68

欽差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行

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100 兩宋貨幣史專家汪聖鐸訪談錄南宋金銀鹽鈔交引鋪若干問題研究

史博祿

范治南 / 何緯渝 袁水清

部門 10 《東亞泉志》新聞 18

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《東亞泉志》書評

38 48 54

情系幣章 ：2018 北京國際錢幣博覽會亮點之我見

收穫滿滿 ：澳門錢幣學會 30 周年慶暨冠軍 2018 澳門拍賣會

2019 年世界硬幣大獎賽十項單項獎獲獎幣公佈

2019 年世界錢幣展覽會坦桑尼亞熊貓紀念銀幣誕生記

史博祿 史博祿 泉痴 圓方

世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員會 周邁可

專欄 124 《戳記幣簡史》第一章第五部分——中國白銀史 142 世界錢幣展覽會簡介

146 古斯 100 分制評級規則

150 皮特曼收藏攻略 ：購買心儀錢幣不可急於求成

高林

吉塔 · 坤克 羅恩 · 古斯

傑夫 · 加勒特

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JEAN

NEWS & INFORMATION

South China Sea Coins and Notes ❶

During 2018, California coin dealer Joel Anderson offered for sale a "coin" from the Spratly Islands and another from the Paracel Islands. The two island groups, located in the South China Sea, each consists of a hundred or more tiny islands and reefs. The islands are claimed by China, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. Both island groups were uninhabited until recent years when China began enlarging several reefs to build military bases. The northern - most islands, known as the Paracel Islands or Xisha Qundao to the Chinese, are located between Vietnam and the Philippines, a few hundred miles south of China. The southern-most islands, known as the Spratly

/ Bruce W. Smith〔USA〕

Islands or Nansha Qundao to the Chinese, are located between Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei, about 500 miles south of China. Both regions are believed to contain large deposits of oil and natural gas.

The two fantasy coins are each 40 millimeters in diameter, weigh 31 grams, are dated 2018, and are made of silver plated copper. The coins were designed by and struck for Russian coin dealer, Vitaly Bryansk, who has issued other fantasy coins, usually with a mintage of 150 to 200 pieces.

His initials appear on both coins.

The Spratly Islands piece depicts the ancient god Neptune standing with a trident in the center, name of the islands in English to the right, and date to the left. The reverse shows a Chinese junk at sail, with the "denomination" above, date to the upper right, and three stars to the upper left.

Sellers of this coin claim the denomination is 100 Yuan, but the Chinese monetary unit is "Bi" (the only Chinese character on this piece), meaning simply "money". The designer's initials appear on both sides below the date.

The Paracel Islands piece displays a young woman's portrait in the center, with the English name of the islands to the left, and the Chinese name (Xisha Qundao) to the right. The reverse depicts a black marlin swordfish in the center with its scientific name in Latin above, and the name of the islands below in Vietnamese and Chinese, along with the date. Below the fish's head are the same designer's initials as on the Spratly piece. Sellers of this piece claim the denomination is 500 Pesos, but what is shown on the coin is "500 P." Both of these fantasy pieces have very strange designs. The Paracel piece has the name of the archipelago in English, Chinese and Vietnamese and a denomination linked to

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the Philippines, suggesting the islands do not belong to any of these countries. The Spratly piece depicts a figure from European mythology and has no Chinese except for the "denomination". The junk on the reverse might be Chinese, but Vietnam, Japan and the Ryukyu (Liu Chiu) Islands also engaged in trade in that area.

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

South China Sea Coins and Notes ❷

A lso of fered for sale on Joel Anderson's website is a set of current Chinese notes (dates vary 1980 to 2005) overprinted in English and Chinese: FOR USE ONLY IN NANSHA ISLANDS, in black. Also overprinted in red is a four character seal beginning: Nan Sha. The seal is said to refer to the Chinese fleet, but the last two characters are uncertain (though not "Hai Jun"). Six denominations make up the set - 1, 2, 5 jiao and 1, 5, 10 yuan. This overprinted set is almost certainly a fantasy issue, since no one lives in the Nansha Islands (Spratly Islands) aside from Chinese naval personnel.

If this is a Chinese m i l itar y issue, why wou ld it be overprinted in English? Anderson says he obtained some sets of the notes about 2007, but they quickly sold out and he hasn't seen any for sale since. For more information go to: www.joelscoins.com.

Editor notes: After our careful research and checking, the Paracel Islands and Spratly Islands were first discovered and named by Chinese people as Xisha Qundao and Nansha Qundao, whose sovereign right over territory belong to China.

Japan Currency Museum Access to the famous Bank of Japan Currency Museum, originally built by the prominent numismatist, Tanaka Keibun, is now available online, Address of the site is: www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english.From the home page one can browse various aspects of the museum and download a g uide to the exhibits as an ebook or PDF f i le.A n introduction from the museum's website: The Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan’s Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies collects, preserves, and

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studies currency and currency-related historical and cultural materials. The Currency Museum is open to the public. The Sempeikan Collection, the core of the Currency Museum’s holdings, comprises the private collection of Tanaka Keibun (1884-1956), a numismatist of old currency. Tanaka collected not only the currencies of ancient to modern Japan but also those of other East Asian countries, mainly China, and a wide range of currency-related materials. The Sempeikan was a museum that exhibited and stored these materials.

Its collection was donated to the Bank of Japan in 1944 to prevent its loss amid the destruction of World War II.

Brief history of Keibun Tanaka (born Ken Tanaka) July 1884: Born in Shiba Shirokanedai in Tokyo. October 1906: Joined Tokyo Kosen Kyokai, an association of old coin collectors.

July 1918: Became director and manager of Toyo Kahei Kyokai ( formerly Kosen Kyokai). May 1920: Became the third president of Toyo Kahei Kyokai. January 1923: Built a private museum (Sempeikan) to conserve and display his collection within the premises of his house (presently in Shinagawa, Tokyo). December 1944: Donated the Sempeikan collection to the Bank of Japan.

July 1950: Published the first issue of the numismatic journal Sempeikan. December 1956: Passed away.

Organized as a part of the commemoration of the Bank’s 100th anniversary in 1982, the Currency Museum opened in November 1985 to display these materials to the public.We hope visitors have an opportunity to think about the history and role of currency and its relation to culture and society through viewing the Museum’s collection of coins, notes, related materials, and research results.

Donation of the Sempeikan Collection to the Bank of Japan and the Currency Museum Dur ing the last worsen ing years of the Pacif ic War, Sempeikan faced the threat of destruction from air raids.

In 1944, Keibun Tanaka, who was worried about losing his Sempeikan collection to such a fate, talked with Keizo Shibusawa, then Governor of the Bank of Japan, about donating his collection to the bank.Governor Shibusawa was both a collector and researcher of folklore materials and had a deep understanding of the need of protecting cultural assets. He reportedly had the idea of opening a currency museum featuring the Sempeikan collection. The Sempeikan collection was donated to the Bank of Japan at the end of 1944, when the air raids were becoming more frequent in Tokyo, and the collection is now conserved in the Currency Museum.

Outline of the Sempeikan Collection Sempeikan was a private museum established in the house of the renowned numismatist, Keibun Tanaka, in 1923.In this brick-built museum, he conserved and displayed coins, notes, and related materials, and also conducted academic research.The Sempeikan collection, known as one of the world’s leading collections of Asian currency, was composed of as many as 100,000 items.This was not a simple collection of old notes and coins; it included a range of currencies and reference materials that were indispensable to study the history of Japanese currency and culture.

Examples of the contents of the Sempeikan Collection include Japanese currency, ancient coins such as Wado Kaichin, old gold and silver coins such as Tensho Oban gold coins, Kan’ei Tsuho copper coins, clan notes (hansatsu), and medals (ezeni); currency of East Asian countries, such as China, Korea, Vietnam and Thailand; coin molds; printing blocks for clan notes; old documents; numismatic books; colored woodblock prints; old maps; wallets; chests for storing Koban gold coins (sen-ryo-bako); fake swords for concealing coins; lottery tickets; and certificates for the sale of rice (kome-kitte).

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Brief history of Keizo Shibusawa August 1896: Born in Tokyo. April 1921: Joined Yokohama Specie Bank. July 1926: Became a director of Daiichi Bank. 1936: Opened a folklore museum in the village of Hoya in Kitatamagun. March 1942: Became a Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan. March 1944: Became the 16th Governor of the Bank of Japan. October 1945: Became Finance minister (in the Shidehara Cabinet). May 1946: Became president of the folklore society of Japan. July 1956: Became chairman of the Committee for Financial System Research. January 1957: Became an advisor to the SocioEconomic History Society. October 1963: Passed away (Reference: Shibusawa Keizo, Shibusawa Keizo Denki Hensan Kankokai).

Establishment of the Currency Museum In receiving the Sempeikan collection, the Bank of Japan employed Isao Gunji, who had worked in collection and research activities at Sempeikan, at the request of Governor Shibusawa, who believed it to be necessary to employ a specialist for appropriate management and study of the collection.Mr. Gunji devoted himself to the classification, preservation and study of the bank’s currency collections, pr imar i ly the Sempeikan col lection, and made g reat contributions to the conservation of the collections as cultural assets for future generations.

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

In May 1947, the GHQ included the old gold and silver coins of the Sempeikan collection as one of its targets for condemnation, but Mr. Gunji strongly insisted that the collection, including the old gold and silver coins, represented Japan’s cultural assets and should be preserved and utilized by the Japanese people.In response, the GHQ decided not to condemn the coins on the condition that they would be shown to the public as cultural assets.

Subsequently, Zuroku Nihon-no Kahei was published from 1972 to 1976 (edited by the Research Department of the Bank of Japan: 11 volumes) and based on the research results, the Bank of Japan opened the Currency Museum in November 1985.

website provides an introduction to the mint's histor y and its coinage, including a listing of coins made for other countries. The museum, established in in 1969 and remodeled in 2008, is open daily from 9 AM to 4 PM.Its products can be viewed and ordered online. Six 90 minute tours of the mint are available Monday through Friday, but reservations must be made in advance. Though collectors know the Japanese mint was established in Osaka in the late 1860's, what is not as well known is that there were branch mints operating in Tokyo from 1939 through the present and at Hiroshima from 1945 to the present. The Hiroshima branch, authorized in 1942, was originally opened to make coins for Japan's overseas territories. For more information go to: www.mint.go.jp/category/eng.

Editor's note: GHQ or General Headquarters, refers to the American occupation government after the war. The GHQ wanted to melt down the gold and silver coins in the Tanaka collection along with ordinary circulating gold and silver coins found in the bank. Mr.Gunji persuaded them to spare the collection.

Mint of Japan Website Not to be outdone by the Bank of Japan, the Japanese mint bureau has established a museum and a website.The

Far East Command Korean War Medal During 2018 a lot of about 15 unrelated tokens and medals appeared on Ebay. Most of the pieces were common or well known, but one caught my eye. The round medal, seemingly made of aluminum, and of uncertain size, appears to be entirely hand engraved. The obverse has a f lag in the center bearing the initials HQ (headquarters), with: FA R EAST COMM AND above and APRIL 1953 below. The reverse consists entirely of a long inscription reading: TO J E A N FOW L E R F ROM SPECI A L S E RV IC E S I N A P P R E C I AT IO N FOR CON TR I BU TING TO TH E E N T E RTA I N M E N T OF U N I T E D NAT ION S A R M E D F ORC E S PERSONNEL IN KOREA.

entertain America troops. He received a number of official medals for his entertainment tours. This medal, however, awarded to Jean Fowler, was handmade and is probably the only one of its kind.

Bank of Korea Money Museum The Bank of Korea Money Museum was created in 1990 as the Currency Room of the Bank of Korea Museum. In 2012 it was expanded to three f loors and renamed the Bank of Korea Money Museum. Located in Seoul near City Hall and the Shinsagae Department Store, the museum is open to the public Tuesday through Sunday. Guided tours are available at 2 PM in English on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday; in Chinese on Wednesday; in Japanese on Friday, and in Korean daily at 11 AM and 3 PM.A tour book is available online in English, Japanese, Chinese and Korean. In addition there are smaller money exhibits in 11 branches of the bank.

For more information go to: www.bok.or.kr/eng.

Jean Fowler was an entertainer who was part of the Johnny Grant Show USO tour of Korea. The tour was arranged through Special Services, the military department which provides recreation and entertainment for military personnel. Headliner for the tour to entertain U.N. troops in Korea was actress Piper Laurie. The show visited Seoul, Pusan and other locations during two weeks in April 1953.Organizer of the tour, Johnny Grant (1923-2008), was a Hollywood radio and TV personality who arranged dozens of tours to Korea and Vietnam to 9

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《東亞泉志》新聞

南海海域相關硬幣和紙鈔 ❶

史博祿〔美國〕

2018年， 加 利 福 尼 亞 錢 幣 交 易商 約 爾 · 安 德 森（Joel

島，中國人稱之為南沙群島，則地處越南、菲律賓、馬

枚印着中文“西沙群島”的硬幣。這兩個群島位於南海

兩片區域都蘊藏着大量的石油和天然氣。

律賓、馬來西亞和文萊都在爭奪它們的主權。近幾年在

這兩枚臆造幣直徑均為 40 毫米，重31克，年份 2018年，

嶼都是無人居住的。位於南海最北邊的帕拉塞爾群島，

克（Vitaly Bryansk）設計並為其鑄造的，他設計的其

Anderson）出售一枚印着英文“南沙群島”的硬幣和一

海域，由數百個小島嶼與珊瑚礁組成。中國、越南、菲

中國於南海地區擴建島嶼建立軍事基地之前，這兩個島

中國人稱之為西沙群島，地處越南和菲律賓之間，距中 國最南端數百英里。而位於中國最南邊的斯普拉特利群

來西亞、汶萊之間，距中國最南端約500 英里。據傳這

銅鍍銀。這兩枚幣是俄羅斯錢幣交易商維塔利 · 布良斯

他臆造幣曾發行過，一般發行量是150 枚至 200 枚，且 通常幣上都鑄有他的簽名。

南沙群島硬幣正面圖案為羅馬神話中的海神涅 普 頓，手 持三叉戟 站在中心，右側是南沙 群島的英文名稱，左側為年份 ；背面圖案

為行駛中的中國帆船，帆船之上是面值， 右側年份，左側為三 顆 五角星。賣家 稱

此幣的面值是100元，但幣上實際寫的是

（“幣”是這枚幣上唯一的漢字）， “100幣”

而“幣”並非中國貨幣單位“元”。該幣正反 面年份下方都鐫有設計師的簽名。

西沙群島硬幣正面中心為一名年輕女子的肖 像，左側是西沙群島的英文名稱，右側為

“西沙群島”中文名。背面中心是一隻黑

皮旗魚，其上為黑皮旗魚的拉丁語學名， 下方是“西沙群島”的越南語和中文名及

年份。在魚頭下方鐫有與南沙群島幣上

相同的設計師簽名。賣家稱此幣的面值是

500比索，但幣上顯示的面值是500P。

這兩枚臆造幣的設計都有些怪異。西沙群島幣上環英

文、中文和越南語群島名稱，使用菲律賓貨幣作為面

除面值單位外，其他地方概無中文字樣。其背面的帆船

家。南沙群島硬幣則使用歐洲神話中的人物作為圖案，

區域的貿易。

值單位，所有設計都表明這兩個群島不屬於任何一個國

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可能是中國船隻，但越南、日本和琉球群島也參與了該

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

南海海域相關硬幣和紙鈔 ❷

約爾 · 安德森的網站上還出售一套（1980-2005年等不

軍事有關，那麼它為何會用英語套印？安德森說他曾在

別用中文、英文加蓋黑色字體 ：只限於使用南沙群島，

就售罄，自此後就再也沒有見過任何人出售這套紙鈔。

同年份的）當代中國紙鈔加蓋券。紙鈔上正面和背面分

FOR USE ONLY IN NANSHA ISLANDS 。背面

加蓋方形紅色印章，印文為篆書“南海艦隊”四字。這

套紙鈔共有六種面值——1角、2角、5角、1元、5元、10元。

因此我們幾乎可以肯定這是一套臆造券，因為除了中國

海軍，沒有人住在南沙群島。如果 這套紙鈔與中國的

2007年前後獲得幾套這樣的紙鈔，但是這些紙鈔很快 想要瞭解更多資訊，請訪問 www.joelscoins.com 。

編者注 ：經查，中國南海諸島中的西沙群島和南沙群島， 由中國人民最早發現，最早給予命名， 其領土權屬於中國。

日本銀行貨幣博物館

現 在 登 陸 網 址 www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm/english 即

可線 上 訪 問 由 著 名 的 錢 幣 收 藏 家 田 中 啟 文（Tanaka

Keibun）創建的日本銀行貨幣博物館。登陸後訪問者

可以 通過主頁全方位流覽博物館，還可下載電子書或

PDF 格式的展品指南文檔。網站上的博物館簡介如下： 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館面向公眾開放，專事收

集、保存、展示貨幣以及與貨幣相關的歷史和文化資料。 博物館的核心展品是老貨幣收 藏家田中啟文（Tanaka

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Keibun,1884-1956年）的錢幣館藏品。田中先 生不僅 收藏日本從古至今的錢幣，還收藏其他以中國錢幣為主

館（ Sempeikan）， 在該博物館內收藏並展示自己的藏品。

的東亞國家錢幣，以及一些與錢幣相關的資料，這些資

1944年12月將錢幣館藏品捐贈給日本銀行。 1950年7月首

戰帶來的損失，錢幣館藏品捐給日本銀行。

錢幣館藏品捐贈給日本銀行貨幣博物館

1982年，為了紀念日本銀行建行100周年，貨幣博物館

在太平洋戰爭愈 演愈烈的最後幾年裡，錢幣館面臨着

望參觀者通過參觀博物館收藏的硬幣、紙鈔及相關資料

逃命 運的安排會失 去自己的博物館，於是，他去找了

料 保存 於 錢 幣館（Sempeikan）。1944 年，為了避 免 二

於1985年11月向公眾開放並對外展示館藏資料。我們希

和研究結果，思考貨幣的歷史、貨幣的作用以及貨幣與 社會、文化的關聯。 錢幣館簡介 錢幣館是一個私人博物館，1923年由著名的錢幣收藏家

田中啟文（Keibun Tanaka）創建。在這座磚砌博物館

內，田中啟文收藏並展示硬幣、紙鈔及相關的資料，還 進行了學術研究。錢幣館是全球知名領先亞洲貨幣藏館

之一，收藏藏品多達10萬件。錢幣館藏品並非簡單的紙

鈔、硬幣藏品，其中還包括一些學習和研究日本貨幣歷 史與文化必不可少的貨幣相關實物和參考資料。

錢幣館的收藏內容包括日本貨幣 ；和同開珎等日本古錢

幣 ；天正大判金幣等古金銀幣 ；寬永通寶銅幣 ；藩劄和 印章 ；中國、韓國、越南、泰國等東亞國家的貨幣 ；幣

模 ；雕版印刷藩劄 ；舊有文獻 ；錢幣書籍 ；彩色木雕版 ； 老地圖 ；錢包 ；用於存放小判金幣的匣子 ；用於藏錢幣 的假劍 ；彩券 ；稻米銷售證書。

次發行貨幣研究雜誌《 錢幣館》。 1956年12月去世。

空襲所帶來的毀滅性威脅。1944 年，田中啟文擔心難

當 時日本 銀 行 的 總 督 澀 澤 敬 三（Keizo Shibusawa）， 商洽將自己的藏品捐贈給日本銀行的事宜。澀澤敬三

（Shibusawa）總督既是個收藏者，又是個民俗資料的 研究者，對於保護文化財產有着深刻的理解。據說，他

想開一家具有錢幣館特色的貨幣博物館。1944 年底，錢

幣館藏品被捐贈給了日本銀行，那時東京遭遇空襲的次 數已經越發頻繁。錢幣館藏品如今收藏於貨幣博物館。 澀澤敬三（ Keizo Shibusawa）個人簡介

1896年8月出生于東京， 1921年4月加入 橫濱正金 银 行。

1926年7月成為株式會社第一銀行的董事。 1936年在北多

摩郡保穀市的一個小村莊開了一家民俗博物館。1942年3 月任日本銀行副行長。1944年3月任日本銀行第16任行長。 1945年10月成為幣原喜重郎（ Shidehara） 內閣財務部長。 1946年5月任日本民俗學會董事長。1956年7月成為金融系

統研究委員會主席。 1957年1月成為社會經濟史學會顧問。

1963年10月去世。

貨幣博物館的成立 在獲贈錢幣館藏品之後，日本銀行澀澤敬三行長認為有 必要雇傭一名專家專門管理並研究錢幣館的藏品，於是

日本銀行按澀澤敬三行長的要求雇傭了曾在錢幣館擔任 藏品收藏與研究工作的郡司勇夫（Isao Gunji）。郡司勇

夫先生畢生致力於銀行貨幣藏品的分類、保管和研究工

作，主要研究錢幣館的藏品，並將藏品作為文化資產收 藏保存，為後世子孫留下了寶貴的財富。 田中啟文個人簡介 原名田中謙，1884年7月出生于東京都港區白金台。 1906 年10月加入東京古錢錢幣協會。 1918年7月成為東京貨幣

錢幣協會（ 即古錢錢幣協會的前身） 的董事和經理。1920

年5月任 東 京 貨 幣 錢 幣 協 會 第三 任 總 裁。 1923年1月在 其 住所（ 目前位於東京品川區） 創建了私人博物館錢幣

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1947年5月，美盟軍最高司令官總司令部（GHQ）欲徵

用錢幣館的舊金銀幣。但是，郡司勇夫先生堅持，包括

舊金銀幣在內的藏品是日本的文化財產，理應由日本人

保管使用。駐日盟軍總司令部表示，只要將藏品作為文

化財產向公眾展示，他們就不會徵用這些錢幣。隨後，

1972年至1976年，出版了《日本貨幣圖鑒》（由日本銀

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

行研究部門編輯，共11卷）。1985年11月，在已有研究 成果的基礎上，日本銀行對外開放貨幣博物館。

編者注 ：GHQ 指的是二戰之後的美國遠東軍司令兼駐日

至週五可參觀造幣廠，每天六場，每場90分鐘，但必須 提前預約。許多收藏者都知道日本造幣廠創建於19世紀

60年代末的大阪市，但鮮為人知的是仍有許多在東京的 造幣分廠從1939年運營至今，位於廣島的造幣分廠從也

美軍總司令部。GHQ 原本打算將田中啟文收藏的金銀

從1945年運營至今。為了在被日本侵佔的海外領土鑄幣，

郡司勇夫的極力說服下這些藏品及錢幣才得以保存下來。

www.mint.go.jp/category/eng。

幣和在日本銀行內發現的普通流通金銀幣一併熔鑄。在

廣島造幣分廠於1942年經授權創建。更多詳情請登陸

日本造幣廠網站 為了不落後於日本銀行，日本造幣廠創建了一座博物館

和一個網站。網站上發佈了日本造幣廠的歷史和錢幣簡 介，包括日本為其他國家鑄造的一些硬幣。1969年，博

物館於大阪創建並於2008年開始改造。開放時間為上午

9點到下午4點。來訪者可線上進行觀看和訂購。每週一

遠東司令部朝鮮戰爭紀念章

在 2018年 期 間，易貝上 出現了大 約15個 代 用幣 和章。 它們大部分都很普通，但有一枚吸引了我的眼球。那枚

是圓章，似乎是鋁質的，大小不確定，又似乎是純手工 刻制的。正面當中有一面旗幟，印有字母 HQ 字樣（美

國遠東軍司令兼 駐日美軍總司令部）字樣，上面印有 遠東司令部字樣，下面印有年份1953年 4月。反面印有

一長串文字 ： “感謝來自特殊服務部的吉恩福勒（JEAN

FOWLER）為款待在韓國的聯合國武裝部隊人員所 作出的貢獻”。

吉恩 福 勒（Jean Fowler） 是 韓 國 約 翰

尼 · 格 蘭 特（Johnny Grant，1923-

2008年）秀 USO 巡演的一位演藝人 員。巡演由軍事部門的特 殊

服務部安排，他們為軍事

予吉恩福勒（Jean Fowler）的，它是手工製作的，也

許是同類獎章中僅有的一枚。

韓國銀行貨幣金融博物館

韓國銀行貨幣金融博物館是韓國銀行旗下的一個貨幣

金融博物館，成立於1990 年。2012年，它擴 建到3層

樓並改名韓國銀行貨幣金融博物館。該博物館坐落於 首爾，位於市政廳和新世界百貨商店附近。博物館每 週二至週日面向公眾開放。每週二、四、六下午兩點有

英文導遊，週三有中文導遊，週五有日文導遊，週二

至 週日11:00-15:00 有 韓 文導遊。網上有英語、日語、 漢語及韓語的博物館參觀手冊。除此之外，該銀行的

11家分行還有小型錢幣展覽。欲知更多詳情，請登陸 www.bok.or.kr/eng。

人員提供娛樂消遣。招 待聯合國駐韓國部隊 的頭號人物是演員派迫

勞 瑞（Piper Laurie）。

在1953年 4月的兩週內，巡

演 路 經首爾、釜山和其他一些

地方。巡演的組織者是好萊塢廣播電視名人約翰尼 · 格

蘭特，他組織過多場駐韓國和越南美國部隊的巡演。因 為巡演，他收穫了許多官方獎章。然而，這枚獎章是授

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REVI E K W OO Bruce W. Smith〔USA〕

Catalog of Japanese Coins and Banknotes 2018

By JNDA (Japanese Numismatic Dealers Association), Tok yo 2018, 310 pages, color photos and rubbings, Japanese text (with some English labels). Soft cover.

This is the 2018 edition of the annual JNDA catalog, a standard reference since at least the 1970's. Following the usual format, this handbook records and prices (in up to five grades), machine struck coinage in all metals, mint sets, patterns, pre-Meiji gold and silver coins, ancient copper and iron coins, provincial coinage, and Japanese paper money. In addition there are priced listings of coins and notes issued in overseas territories under Japanese domination, including Korea, Taiwan, China and Southeast Asia. For the traveling collector, the book concludes with addresses of coin and banknote dealers in Japan.

Copper Coins of Shandong 1904-1933

By Chen Zhonghua, Beijing / Jinan 2013, 193 pages, color photos. Chinese text (English Foreword). ISBN 9787514314915 hardcover.

A detailed listing of machine struck copper coins from

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Shantung (Shandong) Province, richly illustrated with actual size and enlarged color photographs. The author, Chen Zhonghua, a native of Jinan, Shandong, born 1962, follows the format established by A. M. Tracey Woodward in 1922, identifying obverse dies with letters and reverse dies with numbers, then recording the combinations. In fact, Shantung was the first province cataloged by Woodward, in the August 1922 issue of New China Review. In the 1930's when he was completing his listing of Chinese 10 Cash coins, he rewrote the Shantung section. Woodward in the second version of his listing recorded 150 different 10 Cash coins for Shantung. Chen has expanded the listing to over 200 coins, including errors and counterfeit coins made for circulation. Chen's catalog is further improved by very good photographs of the coins, plus photographs of Governor Chou Fu (Zhou Fu), who created the mint at Chinan (Tsinan or Jinan), and Governor Yang Shih-hsiang, who closed it. There is also a photo of Goverenor T'ien Chung-yu (Tian Zhongyu) who attempted to establish a new mint at Chinan in the early 1920's but failed. The book concludes with an appendix listing the German issued nickel coins for Kiaochow (Tsingdao; Zhiaozhou).

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

Selections from the Hubei Numismatic Museum

By Hubei Numismatic Museum and Hubei Numismatic Society, Beijing Wen Wu Press 2013, 198 pages, color photos, Chinese text. ISBN 9787501039166 hardcover.

Published in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of the Hubei Numismatic Museum at Wuhan. The museum selected 278 coins, sycee and banknotes from its collection to illustrate with wonderful color photographs, including three fold out plates of early notes (Yuan and Ming Dynasties) and a copper printing plate for a sheet of 1941 50 Cent notes from the Hupeh Provincial Bank. Some unusual items in the display include a clump of hollowhandle spade coins, cemented together as excavated; a similar clump of Ming knife coins; a stone mold for Pan Liang coins; an inscribed pottery mold for Wu Chu coins; a pottery mold for Hsiao Ch'uan Chih Yi coins of Wang Mang; Ch'u State gold ingots with three different inscriptions; Sung Dynasty gold and silver ingots; an 1899 Hupeh Government Mint One Dollar note showing two dragons, each holding one side of a dragon dollar coin; and numerous notes from the Hankow branches of various Chinese and foreign banks. A delightful display, but unfortunately without text explaining each item.

Chinese Panda Gold Coins 35th Anniversary Catalog

By China Gold Coin Editorial Department, Beijing 2017, 343 pages, color illustrations. Chinese text. Hardcover.

A lavish guide to gold and silver panda coins, arranged by year, with the names and photographs of the designers.

The coins are illustrated in actual size, with details for each set including denomination, metal, size, weight and number minted. What isn't clear in the text of this catalog is which mint or mints made each set. This information is provided in the extensive appendix to the book, which also details the climb of the market price of selected sets. One unusual feature of this work is a four page listing of the addresses and telephone numbers of distributors of panda and other Chinese gold and silver coins. A surprise awaits inside the back cover of this book: a high quality printed, commemorative "banknote" for the 35th anniversary of the panda coins. Although the printer is not named on the note, the panda watermark, reflective metal strip and other security features suggest this note was printed by one of the official government banknote printing plants.

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Standard Catalogue of Korean Charms & Amulets

Michael Chou〔Shanghai〕

By K. I. Lee and H. K. Seo, with foreword by J. C. Lee. 353 pages 15.5 x22.5cm in full color, published with the supervision of KACA in Korea.

This catalog offers a comprehensive listing with recent trading prices, of 873 types of Korean charms. All the photos are actual size unless otherwise stated. The inscriptions of the charms and chatelaines are shown in Chinese characters, followed by Korean pronunciation for obverse and reverse. The weight and size described are those of the actual specimen in the photo. Two estimated prices are given in two conditions, Very Fine (VF) and Extremely Fine (XF), based on trading prices during 20092012. The catalog uses LS (Lee & Seo) reference numbers to make it easy to collect and identify different charms.

This book by my great friend, K. I. Lee, the founder of Korea’s leading numismatic company, Hwadong Coins, is also a leading researcher and collector in Korean and World numismatics. This catalog is an excellent work on Korean charms, is easy to use and has superb photos.

A much needed improvement to other similar books on Korean charms. The prices in the catalog are based on public and private transactions, mainly through Korea’s leading auction company, Hwadong Auctions. Mr J. C. Lee, another close friend, is the current president of Hwadong Coins and Hwadong Auctions, having worked for many years under K. I. Lee. Mr Lee was the coordinator in the building of the Samsung Museum's Numismatic Collection.

Samsung numismatic collection holds great rarities from Korea, China, Russia, Ancient Greek and Roman coinage. Its collection includes a 1907 United States Ultra high relief 20 dollars gold coin purchase in the 2003 for over USD 1 million. The collection also has many Chinese vintage coins rarities including 1897 Fegtien tientien dollar in aluminium, 1867 Shanghai 2 Mace , and over 30 different Chinese Gold Coins, all purchased through Michael Chou President of Champion Auction in the early 2001 to 2004.

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部門 / DEPARTMENTS

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書 《日本貨幣カタログ2018》

K BO O

R E V I E W S

史博祿〔美國〕

評

日本錢幣經銷商協會編，2018年東京，310頁，彩色照片 拓本，日文版（帶英文標注），平裝本。

本書是日本經銷商協會出版的年度目錄 2018年版本，

20世紀70年代之後的標準參考版本。這本手冊按照一般格

式記錄了所有機鑄幣，造幣廠套幣、樣幣，明治維新前的 金銀幣，古代銅幣和鐵幣，省造幣和日本紙鈔，並為其標價

（最多五個評級）。此外，還有被日本侵佔的海外領土發行 的硬幣和紙鈔的價格清單，包括在韓國、臺灣、中國大陸

等東南亞地區的日本治下領土。本書還在書末附加頁列明 日本的硬幣和紙鈔經銷商的地址。

《山東銅元賞析1904-1933》

陳 忠 華 編 著，北 京 / 濟 南2013年，193頁，彩色圖片，中

文版（英文前言），國際標準書號 9787514314915，硬裝本。 本書詳細介紹了山東省機鑄銅元，包括銅元的實際尺

寸和彩色照片放大圖。編著者陳忠華（山東濟南人，生於

1962年）使用特雷西 · 伍德華（A. M. Tracey Woodward）

於1922年創建的模式，以字母識別正面模具，以數字識別

反面模具，然後將它們記錄組合起來。而實際上，在1922

年8月刊的《新中國評論》中，山東是伍德華所撰目錄中的

第一 個省份。20世 紀30年代，在其所著《中國當十 銅元 》 面世之後，伍德華對山東部分進行重新編撰。在第二版《中 國當十銅元》中，伍德華在山東部分記錄了150種不同的當

十銅元。陳忠華在此基礎上將山東部分收錄銅元增至 200

餘種，其中包括錯版和仿幣。陳忠華所撰目錄中插入了更加

精美的銅元照片，包括創建濟南造幣廠的州長周馥以及關

閉濟南造幣廠的楊士驤的照片，還有一張嘗試在19世紀 20 年代早期創建造幣廠但最終失敗的田中玉的照片。本書最後 附錄一列出了在青島的德國當局發行的德製大德國寶鎳幣。 18

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《湖北錢幣博物館藏品選》 湖 北 錢幣博 物 館 / 湖 北省錢幣 學會 編，北 京文物出版社

2013年出版，198頁，彩色照片，中文版，國際標準書號 9787501039166 ，硬裝本。

本書出版時恰逢湖北錢幣博物館成立10周年，值此紀

念之際湖北錢幣博物館精選 278件館藏曆代錢幣藏品，其 中包括硬幣、銀錠和紙鈔，配以彩圖，結集出版。書中甄

選早期（元明時期的）三張紙鈔和1941年湖北省銀行伍角

銅鈔版。書中收錄了一些珍稀貨幣，包括出土時粘合在一起

的空首布幣、出土時凝結成塊的明刀、半兩錢石模、王莽

時期的小泉直一錢陶製模具、有三種不同銘文的楚國金版、 宋代金牌銀錠、1899 年湖北省造壹圓正反面各有一條龍圖

雙龍幣、中外各銀行漢口分行紙幣。收錄品類豐富，可惜 沒有附加具體的貨幣描述。

《中國熊貓金幣三十五周年圖冊》 中國金幣編輯部編，印刷時間2017年，343頁，彩色插圖，

中文版，硬裝本。

本書是中國熊貓金銀幣專著，按年份排序，書中有設計

師的姓名和照片。 全書以插圖形式展示出熊貓幣的實際尺寸， 描述細節包括每一枚熊貓幣的面值、材質、直徑、重量和發 行量，但書中並未寫明每一枚幣是由哪個造幣廠鑄造的，而

是將此相關資訊寫於本書附錄中。本書附錄還詳細說明了一

些熊貓幣市場價的漲幅。本書的亮點之一是列有熊貓幣及 其他中國金銀幣經銷商的地址和電話號碼，共 4 頁。附于書

末的紀念券將帶給讀者驚喜，這是一張為紀念熊貓幣 35 周

年而印製的高品質紀念券。雖然紀念券上沒有注明印製機 構的名稱，但我們從熊貓浮水印、反光金屬條和其他安全防 偽標識上都可以看出此券是由政府官方印刷廠印製的。

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《標準韓國別錢目錄》

周邁可〔上海〕

李建一、徐惠京編著， 《前言》由李濟哲撰寫，總共353頁， 規格 ：15.5×22.5釐米，全彩，由韓國古錢協會監修出版。

這本目錄詳細列出了873種韓國花錢，並附有最 新交易價

格。除非另作 說明，其他所有的圖片都是實際大小規格。 花錢和花錢掛牌正反面都刻有中國漢字，並注韓語發音。 實際重量和大小與照片中的描述一致。目錄中提供了2009

至 2012年兩種品相——美品和極美品的交易價格。該目錄

使用 LS（李建一和徐惠京）版參考編號，以方便收藏和鑒 定不同種類的花錢。

這本書的作者之一是我的好朋友李建一（K. I. Lee），他是

韓國領先的錢幣公司華東錢幣公司（Hwadong Coins）的

創始人，同時也是韓國乃至全球錢幣學的領先研究人員和

收藏者。這本目錄是韓國別錢的傑作，使用方便，圖片精 美。迫切需要提高其他類似的韓國別錢書籍品質。目錄中

的價格是建立在公共和私人交易基礎之上的，主要取自韓

國的領先拍賣公司華東拍賣（Hwadong Auctions）的拍 賣結果。 《前言》的作者李濟哲也是我親近的朋友，目前他

是華東錢幣公司和華東拍賣的董事長。他在李建一手下工 作了許多年。

李建一是三星博物館錢幣收藏館的方案策劃者。 三星博物館錢幣收 藏館收 藏有許多韓國、中國、俄羅斯、 古希臘、羅馬的稀有貨幣。藏品包括 2003 年以逾一百萬美

元 購入的1907年 美國超高浮雕 版 20 元雙 鷹金幣，還包括

許多中國稀有古幣，例如1897年奉天省造“天天”錯版鋁 質樣幣、1867年上海貳錢及超過 30 種不同的中國金幣。這

些錢幣均在 2001年至 2004 年 初由冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁 可先生協助購入。

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Highlights of 2018 Beijing International Coin Exposition Quan Chi (Xi’an) The 2018 Beijing International Coin Exposition was opened at the China National Convention Center on November 9, 2018, and lasted three days. The organizers included China Gold Coin Corporation, China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation and the China Numismatic Museum. High level individuals from each of these organizations attended this great event and made important speeches. Zhu Hexin, Vice President of the People’s Bank of China, announced the 2018 Beijing International Coin Exposition was officially opened (Fig 1). This year's theme of the coin exposition was promoting the culture of gold coins, and cultural exchange between Chinese and foreign coin collectors. There were 237 domestic and foreign exhibitors (including 52 international exhibitors) in the exhibition hall covering an area of 12,500 square meters. Among the most attractive booths in the exhibition hall were the booths of the three organizers and their subsidiaries. They were located in the center area, and next to them were international exhibitors. Private coin manufacturers and business enterprises were arranged in the surrounding area. Interesting activities were held and the hall was a busy scene with visitors going in and out. I am especially fond of medals and commemorative vouchers, and I will briefly describe the highlights that I saw in the exhibition hall.

Fig1 Opening ceremony, from left to right: Fu Xiguo, Deputy Director of the Operation and Management Department of the People’s Bank of China; Zhang Hanping, General Secretary of the China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation; Luo Yanfeng, Deputy Director of the General Office of the People’s Bank of China; Zhu Hexin, Vice President of the People’s Bank of China; Wang Xin, Director of the Money and Finance Bureau of the People’s Bank of China; Mou Shangang, Chairman of the China Gold Coin Corporation; Li Ming, General Secretary of the China Numismatic Museum; Yang Wentian, Deputy General Manager of the China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation.

1. Highlights of the exhibition. The 2019 the Chinese year of the Pig 10 kg zodiac gold coin presented in the China Gold Coin Corporation booth attracted many people’s attention. It was highly appreciated by the visitors (Fig 2). By using many high-tech technologies including sound, light and electricity, the 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up of China’s precious metal coins special exhibition booth also had a strong appeal for the visitors. There are many important exhibits in the special exhibition, including a full set of Chinese gold pandas, a full set of Olympic Games commemorative coins, the Millennium 10 kg commemorative gold coins. The four-piece 2019 Chinese gold panda coin presented by Shanghai Gold Co., Ltd. was sold at a price of more than 17,000 yuan, and the uncirculated 30 kg silver panda coin was sold at 172 yuan, they were favourites of many buyers. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge commemorative vouchers were published by the Shenzhen Guanghua Printing and Making Co., Ltd. to commemorate the completion of the world’s longest cross-sea bridge project. This commemorative voucher is exquisitely designed and has many versions (single note version, four sheets set version, the entire sheet set version, 100 sheets set version, and a gold foil customized version). They were sold out on the first morning in the presale and only samples were left in the afternoon (Fig 3). Another attractive coin was the 2018 Beijing International Coin Exposition 2 kg commemorative silver medal produced by Shanghai New Century Commemorative Coin Manufacturing Co., Ltd., the Temple of Heaven pattern on the obverse and the holographic effect of the company’s logo on the reverse was done by

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German Axus laser machine. The surface of the silver medal is plated with a nano anti-oxidation layer, protecting the silver medal from changing colors. Highlighted coins and medals exhibited by the international exhibitors were also attractive, especially the Mint of Finland 2018 Chinese Year of Dog zodiac Euro face value silver coin (which consists of 1 Euro cents to 2 Euro yuan face value coins and a medal), the 3000 Riel proof commemorative silver coin exclusively produced by Singapore Mint for Cambodia, the 2018 Austrian Mint 200th anniversary of the Christmas Eve proof 20 Euro commemorative silver color coin, 2018 kiwi 10 New Zealand dollars proof commemorative silver coins with 500 mintage, 2018 Cook Islands Aztec Sun Stone 20 Cook Islands dollars commemorative silver antique finish coin, the Li Yuan Hung portrait with hat commemorative silver coin and the auto dollar silver presold by the Champion Auction company, the 2018 Macau Numismatic Society’s 30th Anniversary 5 kg copper plated gold panda coin (mintage 1) produced by Shenzhen Guobao Mint Co., Ltd., the paper edition of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (Fig 4).

Fig4 Visitors were warmly welcomed at the Champion Auction booth A045

Fig2 The 2019 Pig Year 10 kg zodiac gold coin, mintage 18

Fig3 The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge commemorative voucher four-piece gold foil customized version, retail price: 1,288 yuan

2. Highlights of the release ceremony.Using ‘Bring the National Treasure Home’ as the theme, the 2019 gold and silver commemorative panda coins release ceremony expressed the design concept for the collectors through high-tech technology and casting technology. The release ceremony was hosted by Li Bo, Chairman of Shanghai Gold Coin Investment Co., Ltd. In addition to the main venue, there were other branch venues set up in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hangzhou. Ever yone whoi visited the venues could experience the active selling scene.

Design is the key factor in the manufacturing process of superior coins. The designer, Tong Fang, chose ‘Mother’s Love’ as the design concept for the 2019 Gold Panda (Fig 5). The year of 2019 is the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, so the designer choose the theme ‘Born in China, living in an era of peace and prosperity, celebrating with our family and motherland’ to perfectly express the notion. The gold panda coins have been minted for ten years, the design concept of each year’s coins is tightly connected with the previous year’s concept. The panda coins in the next ten years will also be designed with the similar design concepts to tell the complete story of the birth and

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growth of the panda. The little panda named Mengmeng symbolizes the Chinese people in the modern world who are extremely happy to live in our country. This coin is designed without a bamboo pattern because panda is an omnivorous animal.

The 2019 gold and silver commemorative panda coin set is comprised of 12 pieces, including 6 uncirculated pieces and 6 proof pieces. The denomination ranges from 10 yuan to 10,000 yuan, which are all legal tender in the People's Republic of China and will be successively issued by the People's Bank of China from October 30.

The release ceremony will present a set of 5 proof gold coins and a 30 gram silver coin (Fig 6). The panda coin in the years from 2019 to 2028 will be new for collectors.

The 2019 gold and silver commemorative coin release ceremony was unveiled by Chairman of China Gold Coin Corporation Mou Shangang, who won the computer lucky draw with nine other guests at the main venue.

3.The best coins choosen.2018 The Best Coin Art’.Six coins were determined as the best coins in 2018 after the nomination and voting by all the members of the Art Professional Society of the China Numismatic Society, and the final voting was done by experts (Fig 7). Here are the winners: The Best Gold Coin: 2018 gold panda, 500 yuan commemorative coin, 30g, designer Cheng Chao, emboss maker Yue Junfeng, Deng Shanshan; The Best Silver Coin: 2018 Chinese calligraphy art commemorative silver coin, 30g, designer Wang An, Li Jiye, Hao Wangshu, Deng Xu, emboss maker Shao Wei, Jin Jian;The Best Commemorative Common Coin: China high-speed railway Fuxing bullet train 10 yuan commemorative common coin, designer Wu Yingchang, Zhang Changming, emboss maker Zhou Zhuo, Jin Yaxuan; The Best Commemorative Medal: copper medal in honor of the 35th anniversary of the Chinese gold panda, designer Tong Fang, Ma Tao, emboss maker Chen Yanwen; The Best Creative Medal: snail and ivy morning glory copper medal, designer Chen Yanwen ( 陈燕文 ), emboss maker Chen Yanwen ( 陈彦文 );The Best Technology Medal: commemorative copper medal in honor of RMB officially included in the basket of currencies, designer and emboss maker Li Guo. Certificates related with the above awards will be issued after the winners were determined and announced. The above medals are unique in creativity, well-cast and have innovative designs. They fully reflect the creativity of modern coin and medal designers in China. They were regarded as excellent women-themed coins.

Fig5 The 2019 gold and silver commemorative panda coins project release ceremony, left: Li Bo, right: Tong Fang

Fig7-1 The Best Gold Coin

Fig6 2019 proof gold and silver commemorative coins

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Fig7-2 The Best Silver Coin

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contemporary coin designers. The auction sold at a 87.4% transaction rate and a total hammer price of 15.97 million yuan (all yuan numbers refer to RMB). Among the 166 lots of Chinese contemporary gold and silver coins, 159 lots were sold, the transaction rate was 95.8%; the hammer price totalled 14.86 million yuan, accounting for 93% of the total amount. Observing from the auction results, we can summarize following features.

Fig7-3 The Best Commemorative Common Coin

Fig7-4 The Best Commemorative Medal

1.)Zodiac gold coins and special number coins and banknotes are popular. The zodiac and cultural theme coins were highly touted lots, thus the zodiac gold coins with a mintage of more than ten pieces are very precious; some gold and silver coins and banknotes with special number are popular among collectors due to the unique numbers, so the sale prices were strong. For example, the Lot 088 2017 Chinese Year of Rooster 10 kg. classic zodiac gold coin, mintage 18, with No. 1 certificate received the highest hammer price of 5.225 million yuan (Fig 8); Lot 087 2018 Chinese Year of Dog 2 kg. gold coin, mintage 50, with No. 1 CNAG certificate got the second highest hammer price of 1.078 million yuan. The 44 pieces of special number Chinese modern gold and silver coins (including more than 30 coins with No.1) reached a 100% transaction rate and a hammer price of 8.96 million yuan. For another example, the Lot 247 the People’s Bank of China 1980 10 yuan banknote with characters DK and a special number 66666666 reached a hammer price 44,000 yuan (Fig9); Lot 246 the People’s Bank of China 1980 50 cents banknote with special number 66666666 reached a hammer price of 13200 yuan.

Fig7-5 The Best Creative work

Fig7-6 The Best Technology Medal

4 . Auc tion lot highlight s . T he auc tion was jointl y organized by the three organizers and the East and West International Auction Co., Ltd. There was a total of 374 lots, including Chinese contemporary gold and silver coins, copper medals, contemporary banknotes, foreign medals, calligraphy works and paintings made by

Fig8 Lot 088, sold at a hammer price of 5.225 million yuan

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Fig9 The People’s Bank of China 1980 10 yuan banknote with serial number 66666666

Fig 10 Lot 051, sold at a hammer price of 855,000 yuan

2.) Old and rare gold and silver coins are strongly favored by collectors because of the low mintages and the cultural significance. For example, the Lot 025 1991 Chinese Year of Goat 12 oz. round gold coin, mintage 200, with a reverse that features The Three Goats painted by Ren Bonian, was sold for 330,000 yuan; Lot 051 1993 Mao Zedong’s 100th anniversary 5 oz. round gold coin (Fig 10), mintage 100 started the bidding at 550,000 yuan. After more than ten rounds of fierce bidding, it was sold for 858,000 yuan, the third highest hammer price.

3.) The medals sold well, but the foreign modern precious metal coins had poor results. There were 78 medals, 74 lots were sold, so the transaction rate was 94.9% with a hammer price of 530,000 million yuan. And there were 52 foreign modern metal coins but only 20 lots were sold at a 38.5% transaction rate.

4.) Calligraphy works and paintings created by famous coin designers drew great attention. There were 18 lots of Chinese modern gold and silver coins design drawings created by Chen Jian, Bai Mu, Wang Yunye and Hou Jiqiang, and of these 16 lots were sold. Among them, Lot 103 Collection of Paintings and Calligraphy Works created by Chenjian reflects the creation essence of the author. It is really rare and finally it was sold at a hammer price of 14,300 yuan.

(Thanks to Liu Hong and Zhao Yansheng for providing the medal and the best coin pictures.)

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DEPARTMENTS

The March 2019 hong Kong aucTion March 25-28, 2019 | The Mira Hong Kong Featured Highlights Include:

CHINA-PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC. The Peoples Bank of China. 10,000 Yuan, 1951. P-858a.

PCGS GSG Choice Extremely Fine 45 Details.

Minor Restoration, Eraser Cleaning.

CHINA. Chihli. Tael, ND (1907).

PCGS EF-45 Secure Holder.

CHINA. Chihli (Pei Yang).

7 Mace 2 Candareens (Dollar), Year 29 (1903). NGC MS-63.

CHINA. Chekiang. Silver Fantasy Dollar, ND. NGC MS-62.

CHINA-FOREIGN BANKS. Netherlands Trading Society, Shanghai. 50 Dollars, 1922. P-S460s.

Specimen. PCGS Currency Choice About New 55 Apparent.

Perforated Cancelled; Mounting Remnants on Back at Right.

CHINA. Silver Reversed Dragon Dollar Pattern (Type II), Year 3 (1911).

PCGS SP-61 Secure Holder.

CHINA. Dollar, Year 3 (1911).

PCGS MS-64 Secure Holder.

CHINA. Pattern Dollar, Year 12 (1923). NGC MS-61.

MALAYA AND BRITISH BORNEO. Commissioners of Currency. 100 Dollars, 1953. P-5s. Specimen.

PCGS Currency About New 53. Perforated Cancelled.

CHINA. Dollar, ND (1923).

PCGS MS-64 Secure Holder.

CHINA. Yunnan. Rupee, ND (1907).

PCGS Genuine-Mount Removed, EF Details Secure Holder.

CHINA. Yunnan. 10 Dollars, ND (1919). NGC MS-62.

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. British Administration.

100 Dollars, 1901. P-4C. PMG Very Fine 25.

Contact Us for More Information Today!

CHINA. Szechuan-Shensi Soviet.

Dollar, 1934. PCGS AU-58 Secure Holder.

INDIA. Madras Presidency.

1/2 Pagoda, ND (1808-11).

PCGS MS-63 Secure Holder.

JAPAN. Trade Dollar, Year 8 (1875). NGC MS-66.

Unit 1603, 16/F, Mira Place Tower A, No. 132 Nathan Road Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong Telephone: 852.2117.1191 Email: infoHK@StacksBowers.com 1231 East Dyer Road Ste 100, Santa Ana, CA 92705 info@StacksBowers.com • StacksBowers.com • 949.253.0916 California • New York • New Hampshire • Hong Kong • Paris

LEGENDARY COLLECTIONS | LEGENDARY RESULTS | A LEGENDARY AUCTION FIRM

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情系幣章：2018 北京國際錢幣博覽會亮點之我見 泉癡（西安）

為期3天的2018北京國際錢幣博覽會11月9日在國家會議中

國熊貓金幣大全套、奧運會項目紀念幣大全套、千禧年10

司、中國錢幣博物館的首腦先後致辭，中國人民銀行副行

貓金幣一套4 枚售價1.7萬多元，30克普制熊貓銀幣售價172

文化，促進中外錢幣產品交融的宗旨，為237家國內外展商

海大橋工程竣工通車發行的“港珠澳大橋紀念券”，設計精

心隆重開幕。主辦方中國金幣總公司、中國印鈔造幣總公 長朱鶴新宣佈博覽會開幕（圖1）。本屆錢博會秉承弘揚金幣 （其中國際展商52家）精心搭建了平臺。在12500 平方米的

公斤紀念金幣等。上海金幣有限公司展銷的2019版中國熊

元，購者眾多。中鈔光華印製有限公司為紀念世界最長跨

美，品種多樣 ( 單張、四連體、大 炮筒、刀版、金箔定製

展示廳內，3家主辦方及其子公司展位集中在中心醒目位置， 版 )，第一天上午就預售一空，展會現場就只能看到樣品了

國際展商緊隨其旁，民營幣章生產、經營企業在周邊排列。 （圖3）。上海新世紀紀念幣製造有限公司生產的“2018北京 場面豪華大氣，展品琳琅滿目，新潮活動頻出，觀眾川流

國際錢幣博覽會”2克紀念銀章，天壇圖案和背面公司標識

簡述。

納米防氧化層，使銀章永不變色。國際展商展品令人目不暇

不息。筆者對幣章和紀念券情有獨鍾，僅就所見亮點作以

的全息效果採用德國阿克薩斯鐳射機雕刻，銀章表面鍍了 接，亮點有芬蘭造幣廠 2018年生肖狗歐元銀幣套裝（1歐分

至 2歐元幣及1枚紀念章），新加坡造幣廠為柬埔寨獨家鑄造 的3000瑞爾精製紀念銀幣，奧地利造幣廠的2018年平安夜

200周年20歐元 彩色精製 紀念 銀幣，發行量500枚的2018 年幾維鳥10 紐西蘭元精製紀念銀幣，發行量333枚的2018 年科克群島阿茲特克曆法石20庫克元仿古紀念銀幣，冠軍

拍賣公司的預展精品黎像帶帽開國紀念銀幣、 “汽車幣”等， 委託深圳國寶造幣有限公司鑄造的2018“澳門錢幣學會30

周年年會”5公斤紀念熊貓銅鍍金章（發行量1枚），以及《東

亞泉志》紙質本（圖4）。等等，可謂異彩紛呈。

圖1 開幕式 從左至右 ：中國人民銀行運營管理部副主任付喜 國 、 中國印鈔造幣總公司黨委書記張漢平 、 中國人民銀行辦 公廳副主任羅延楓 、 中國人民銀行副行長朱鶴新 、 中國人民 銀行貨幣金銀局局長王信 、 中國金幣總公司董事長牟善剛 、 中國錢幣博物館黨委書記李明 、 中國印鈔造幣總公司副總經 理楊問田 。

一 展品亮點。中國金幣總公司展臺的2019己亥（豬）年10

公斤生肖金幣，猶如一顆耀眼的明珠，參觀者無不歎為觀

止（圖2）。改革開放40 年中國貴金屬幣特展，採用聲光電

等諸多高科技技術，具有強烈的感染力，其展品重器有中

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圖2 發行量18枚的 2019乙亥 （ 豬 ） 年10公斤生肖金幣

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的“系列電影”，每一枚幣都是上一枚幣的延續，下一枚幣

又是故事發展不可或缺的情節紐帶。未來10 年的幣面設計 也將從這個思想性高度，從熊貓的誕生、成長的完整故事

性，從畫面風格的藝術性展開。小熊貓“萌萌”象徵着新

時代中國人民在祖國的懷抱裡無比自豪和幸福。至於圖案 無竹是因為熊貓是雜食動物。

2019版 熊貓金 銀紀念幣一 套12 枚，其中熊貓普制金 銀紀

念幣 6 枚、熊貓精製金銀紀念幣 6 枚，面額從10元到10000

元不等，均為中華人民共和國法定貨幣。中國人民銀行定

於從10月30日起陸續發行。推介會展示精製金幣一套5枚，

30克銀幣1枚（圖6）。對收藏者來說，2019-2028年熊貓幣 又是一個新的收藏系列。

圖3 港珠澳大橋紀念券四連體金箔定製版 售價1288元

圖5“ 2019版熊貓金銀紀念幣 ” 項目推介會 左 ：李波 、 右 ： 童方 圖4 位於 A045的冠軍展位熱情接待參觀者

二 推介會亮點 。“2019版熊貓金銀紀念幣”推介會以“把

國寶帶回家”為主題，運用高科技手段展示 2019版熊貓金 銀紀念幣之美，向業界同仁及廣大收藏投資愛好者展現設

計理念和鑄造工藝。推介會由上海金幣投資有限公司董事

長李波主持，在北京、上海、深圳、杭州的主、分會場設 置又讓大家切實感受到銷售的火爆場面。

一枚優秀 錢幣的 誕 生，設計是關鍵環 節。對於2019版 熊

貓金幣的設計理念，設計師童方以“母愛”為主題（圖5）。

2019年正 逢祖國建國七十周年，設計師將“誕 生在中國，

生逢盛世，家國同慶”理念躍然幣上。作為一個長達10 年

圖6 2019版熊貓金銀紀念幣精製版 ( 注 ：部分 )

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三 推選活動亮點。2018年“幣章藝術最佳作品”。經過中國

錢幣學會幣章藝術專業會全體委員提名、投票和專家組成 員最終投票的三個階段確認，推選出2018年獲獎 6 項最佳

幣章（圖8）。分別為，最佳金幣作品 ：2018版30克熊貓金

質500元紀念幣，設計程超，浮雕嶽俊峰、鄧姍姍 ；最佳

（篆書） 30克銀質紀念幣（金 銀幣作品：2018年中國書法藝術

石），設計王安、李繼業、郝望舒、鄧旭，浮雕邵偉、金健；

最佳普通 紀念幣 ：中國高鐵“復興號”10元普通 紀念幣， 設計吳英昌、張長明，浮雕周卓、金雅軒 ；最佳紀念章作

圖8-3 最佳普通紀念幣

品 ：中國熊貓金幣發行35周年銅質紀念章，設計童方、馬

濤，浮雕陳彥文 ；最佳創意作品 ：城市戀歌之蝸牛與牽牛

花銅質紀念章，設計陳燕文，浮雕陳彥文；最佳工藝作品： 人民幣正式納入 SDR 貨幣籃子紀念銅章，李果設計並浮 雕。各獎項公佈後，由相關領導及嘉賓為設計者頒發榮譽 證書。上述作品創意獨特、設計新穎、鑄造精良，充分體

現了我國現代幣章藝術家的創造力，從不同的側面反映出 中國幣章藝術水準，不愧為女性題材幣章藝術精品。

圖8-4 最佳紀念章

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圖8-1 最佳金幣

圖8-5 最佳新創意作品

圖8-2 最佳銀幣

圖8-6 最佳工藝作品

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四 精品拍賣會亮點。此次拍賣會由3家主辦單位和東西方國

際拍賣有限公司共同承辦，拍品共計374件，涵蓋中國當代 金銀幣、銅章、當代紙幣、外國紀念章以及當代錢幣設計

師的 書 法 繪 畫 作品，成 交327件，成 交率 87.4% ；成 交 總

額1597萬元（人民幣，下同）。其中，中國當代金銀幣上拍

166件，成交159件，成交率95.8% ；成交額1486萬元，占

總金額的93% 。從拍賣結果看，有以下幾個特點。

1. 明星生肖金幣、特殊號碼幣鈔受到熱捧。由於生肖文化 題材上佳，而發行量僅十多枚、幾十枚的生肖金幣如同鶴 立雞群，珍貴異常 ；金銀幣、紙幣編號的唯一性，使一些 擁有特殊號碼的幣鈔深受收藏愛好者的追捧，競價隨之升 高。例如，088號 2017中國丁酉（雞）年10 公斤金幣，生肖

金幣經典之作，發行量18 枚，收藏證書1號使其身份特殊，

以522.5萬元落槌，列成交價第一名（圖9）；087號 2018中

國戊戌 （狗）年2公斤金幣，發行量50 枚，中金國衡（CNAG)

收藏證書1號，成交價107.8萬元，列第二名。此次中國現

代金銀幣特殊號碼幣44 枚（僅“1”號幣30多枚）100% 成 交，成 交 額 896萬元。再如，247號中國人民 銀 行1980 版

拾圓紙幣，冠字 DK，號碼 66666666，成交額4.4萬元（圖

圖10 中國人民銀行1980年版拾圓券 號碼八個 “ 6 ”

2.“老精稀”金銀幣因數量稀少、文化味濃而備受青睞。如 025號1991中國辛未（羊）年12盎司圓形金幣，發行量200 枚，其背面圖案選取任伯年的《三羊圖》，充滿吉慶、祥和

的民俗色彩，以 33萬元成交 ；051號1993年毛澤東誕辰100

周年5盎司圓形金幣（圖11），發行量100 枚，從 55萬元起拍，

經過十多輪激烈競價，被一買家以85.8萬元收入囊中，列

成交價第三名。

10）；246號中國人民銀行1980 版伍角紙幣號碼為八個“6”， 以1.32萬元成交。

圖11 以85.5萬元落槌的051號拍品

3. 紀念章表現不俗 ；外國現代金屬幣成交不夠理想。紀念

章上 拍 78件，成 交 74件，成 交 率94.9% ，成 交 額53萬元。

外國現代金屬幣上拍52件，成交 20 件，成交率僅38.5% 。

4. 著名錢幣設計師的書法繪畫作品受到關注。上拍18件，

基本為中國現代金銀幣設計畫稿，作者分別為陳堅、白牧、 王雲野、侯繼強，成交16件，其中103號陳堅的《書畫作品

集》彙集了作者創作領域的全部精華，實為難得，以1.43 圖9 成交價522.5萬元的088號拍品

萬元落槌。

（本文優秀紀念章和最佳幣章圖片、精品拍賣數據分別為 劉洪、趙燕生二位先生提供，特此致謝！）

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Fruitful Achievements: The Macau Numismatic Society 30th Anniversary Show and 2018 Champion Macau Auction Yuan Fang (Xi’an) Macau, renowned for its leisure satisfaction, welcomed hundre ds of Chinese and foreign friends in c oin collecting circles with open arms. From Nov 22-26 2018, the 30th Anniversary Show of the Founding of the Macau Numismatic Society (MNS) and 2018 Champion Macau Auction have been successfully held here. The Coin Expo Week activities have made great impact on both the organizer and the participants.

Figure1 David Chio (right) Wan Sucheng (the 2nd person on the right side of the rostrum)

Figure2 C.S. Wong (middle) and Michael Chou (right) at the unveiling ceremony in commemoration of the release of panda medals

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The ceremonious anniversar y was abundant with coin exhibits. Nov 22 at 5: 30 pm, the 2018 Macau Coin Exhibition and 2018 Macau Stamps & Coins Joint Exhibition, and Yuegang'ao Guangdong—Hong kong Macau Greater Bay Area Coin Competition Exhibition, held by the MNS in celebration of the 19th anniversary of Macau's return to China and the 30th anniversary of the founding of the MNS, kicked off at Kam Pek Community Centre. More than 300 people were present in the opening ceremony, including members of the MNS and guests from all over the world. Wan Sucheng, the Director of the Department of Publicity and Culture of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government of China in the Macau Special Administrative Region (S.A.R.); Li Zhenqiang, the Executive Member of the Macau Foundation; Mu Xinxin, the President of the Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macau S.A.R. Government; Steve Ellsworth, Governor of the American Numismatic Association(ANA); Michael Chou, the President of iAsure Group; C.S. Wong, the Honorary President of the MNS, and David Chio, the Director of the MNS, those 12 invited guests listed above sat on the rostrum. Then, David Chio delivered a speech. (Fig 1) C.S. Wong and Michael Chou unveiled the 30th Anniversary Show of the MNS in commemoration of the release of the Panda Medals (Fig 2). After cutting ribbons, they took group photos together and then came to visit the exhibits.

In his speech, David Chio (Zhao Kangchi)reviewed the development of the MNS and introduced the contents of this year’s activities. The MNS have enjoyed steady development in the first decade since its establishment in 1988. After Macau's return to China in 1999, with the strong support of the relevant departments of the Macau S.A.R. Government and people from all walks of life, and through the joint efforts of all members of Board of Executors and Supervisors, the MNS set sail again to speed up the pace of development, and now has more than 500 members. The MNS has been holding annual coin exhibitions, seminars and internal auctions since 2010. Since 2014, in cooperation with the internationally renowned coin auction company—Champion Auction,

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the International Coin E x p o We ek has b e en held annually in Macau, which has contributed a wide range of influences and remarkable results. The activities of the Expo Week in this year included 2018 Macau Coin Exhibition, the Exhibition of Award-winning Coin Works of the First Coin Competition of Yuegang’ao Greater Bay Area, 2018 Macau Stamps and Coins Joint Exhibition, and the International Numismatic Seminar, among them more than 2,000 coins had been exhibited, and both its grade and quantity were higher than that of previous years.

The delegation of Minister Wan Sucheng and other guests visited the exhibits with great interest, at which the rest of the guests took a closer look. This exhibition was mainly made up of historical banknotes, especially the modern banknotes of the Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area (also known as Guangdong—Hong Kong—Macau Greater Bay Area), which really amazed visitors. The First Coin Competition of Yuegang’ao Greater Bay Area was an innovative act drawing on the experience of Asian International Stamp Exhibition performed by the MNS, which brought a refreshing experience for visitors. There were more than 70 exquisite and attractive exhibits in standard display panels with eye-catching titles, concise text descriptions, embodying painstaking work of the competitors, and it was absolutely stunning to see those competitors who transmitted the numismatic culture to the extreme through display panels. In total, 11 numismatic researchers have respectively won gold, silver and bronze awards in the competition. Three gold awards went to Chen Yaoguang for the Modern Local Banknotes of the Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area;Luo Shizhong for Macau Subsidiary Banknote and Ouyang Han for 50 Yuan Banknotes with Nor th Lion Dance Pattern. Three silver awards went to Zhou Yi for Collection of Special Banknotes (National Banknote Samples); He Hanwen for Rare Coins of Chinese Soviet Republic, and Su Zhizhao for Error Banknotes with Connected Numbers.

Five bonze awards went to Zhang Ansheng for Da Qing Bao Chao and Hu Bu Guan Piao of Qing Dynasty, Wang Zongsheng for History of Banknote Releases of Bank of China and Appreciation of Replacement Banknotes; Huo Weixiao for Rare Postage Stamps and Sample Banknotes of Jia Nilu; David Chio for the First Release of Banknotes for the 100th Anniversary of Stamp & Coin in Macau; and Pan Dexian for Zodiac Commemorative Banknotes of Macau. Apart from the Qing-dynasty coins from 34 mints of Qing Dynasty respectively, most of coins were rare modern gold and silver coins provided by famous collectors, including one 10kg Monkey Coin that

impressed audiences, worth more than tens of millions yuan (mintage 18, Fig 3). Exhibited by Champion Auction, 5 kg Gold Plated Copper Panda Medal (mintage 1, Fig 4), 2 kg Silver Panda Medal (mintage 14) and its plaster model of the 2018 Macau Numismatic Society 30th Anniversary Show produced by Shenzhen Guobao Mint Co., Ltd., also attracted a great number of visitors. These exhibited panda medals with famous design were well-cast, and has various specifications (8 types), including 5 kg Gold Plated Copper Panda Medal and 2 kg Silver Panda Medal which were the biggest issued commemorative medals of the exhibition, one-ounce Gold Panda Medal and oneounce Silver Panda Medal with Numbered “First Struck” Label by NGC. The one-ounce and two-ounce silver medals were almost pre-sold out before the auction.

Figure3 10 kg Monkey Gold Coin worth more than 10 million yuan

Figure4 5kg Gold Plated Copper Panda Medal of 2018 Macau Numismatic Society 30th Anniversary Show

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There were some Chinese zodiac animal stamps and two coin collection books published in December 2018 by the MNS displayed in the exhibition hall. (Fig 5) One of the books was handed out for each visitor here, named Macau Banknotes—Special Issue of Coins in 2018, which contained 34 articles about coins, including the awardwinning articles of the first Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area Coin Competition. Sponsored by Macau Foundation and Macau SAR Cultural Affairs Bureau, the book was mainly edited by Zhen Shusheng, rich in content and exquisite in printing. The other book titled Catalog of Silver Dollar Coins Portraiting Sun Yat-sen and Yuan Shih-kai Portraits was edited by David Chio and Huang Xiaotan, sold in the on-site book signing. The author had carried out in-depth research on Sun Yat-sen Commemorative coins issued for the Foundation of Republic of China, minted after the success of sixteen-year Northern Expedition campaign during the period of Republic of China and Sun Yat-sen Commemorative Coin minted in the first year of Republic of China, Yuan Shikai Portrait Silver Dollar Coin minted in the period of Beiyang Government, and various versions

This year marks the 30th anniversary of the founding of the MNS. The banquet to celebrate it was held in the brilliantly illuminated Macau Carnival Hotel (Fig 6) at 8pm where 300 members of the MNS and guests from China and abroad gathered merrily together and had a pleasant talk. All staff of Champion Auction were honored to attend the banquet. The banquet, mingled with lucky draws, was mainly aimed to award prizes (certificates), namely the Best Contribution Award (received by Mr. Michael Chou), the Coin Competition Award in the Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area. Meanwhile, the Appraisal Certificate of Coin Competition Exhibition in the Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area was awarded and new academic consultants for the MNS were recruited. Enjoying the delicious meal and the lively lucky draws, everyone present recalled their journey of learning.

Figure6-1 Banquet of the 30th Anniversary of the MNS

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Figure5 Two coin books published by the MNS in Nov 2018 of Sun Yat-sen Portrait with Junk sailing. This was quite a useful book, for it was well-illustrated and rich in content.

These two books are undoubtedly another gift for coin collecting circles from the Macau Numismatic Society 30th Anniversary Show.

Figure6-2 Banquet of the 30th Anniversary of the MNS

Figure6-3 Banquet of the 30th Anniversary of the MNS

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Speeches at the International Numismatic Seminar were impressive. This year’s International Numismatic Seminar,aimed at expanding exchanges of numismatic culture between East and West and spreading knowledge about coins, was held in the auditorium of the Kam Pek Community Centre in the afternoon on Nov 24,2018.Coinfanciers in Macau cherished the opportunity so much that they arrived at the auditorium in advance. The Seminar was hosted by the President of the MNS and translated

by Mrs. Zhao Xiling,a graphic designer. Five coin experts addressed brilliant speeches successively,at intervals of which lucky draws were conducted to give the guests gifts of rich numismatic culture. Steve Ellsworth,ANA Governor, made a brief introduction about the ANA. （Fig7-1） Founded in 1885, the Association has been the research center on American numismatics for the purpose of collecting coins and books on coins, funding academic research and publication,as well as promoting research and appreciation on coins and medals.Boasting 25,000 registered members,750,000 coins and the like,and 100,000 volumes of books, the Association holds largescale activities on coin exchange,exhibition and seminar.

Chen Jinglin,a famous Hong Kong expert in collection of and research on Chinese modern gold and silver coins,introduced the rare and precious coins among the Chinese modern precious metal coins, especially the first release of the gold coins by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1979—a set of four commemorative gold coins to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the founding of PRC. In addition, he briefly introduced Gold & Silver Coins of China,Standard Catalogue,1979-2017, co-written

by Wang Yang,Lin Zhenyu and himself.（Fig7-2）Gao Lin (Colin James Gullberg),an instructor at East European University, born in Canada and now lives in Taipei, capital of Taiwan, has an in-depth research on chopmarked coins. In his special publication Chopmarked Coins:A History,the chapter“The History of Silver in China”was serialized in JEAN,enjoying wide acclamation.He made a vivid speech on the research results of chopmarked coins at the seminar.（Fig7-3）Yuan Shuiqing,the Chinese editor-in-chief of JEAN, shared with the guests the results of “the origin of Chinese coinage and the research on shell coins”.His speech was straightforward and clearcut.（Fig7-4）As for David Chio, he used his knowledge of silver dollar coins to expound the internal differences between the Sun Yat-sen Silver Dollar Coin and the Yuan Shikai Silver Dollar Coin, both of which were made in the Republic of China,and their value were for collection. （Fig7-5）The well-arranged seminar lasted about three hours,at which the guests broke into a big round of applause at times.

Fig7-1 Steve Ellsworth(middle) delivering a speech

Fig7-2 Chen Jinglin delivering a speech

Fig7-3 Gao Lin delivering a speech

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them to the American Numismatic Association Annual show in August 2019 in Chicago.”

Fig7-4 Yuan Shuiqing delivering a speech

To acknowledge the support of clients towards Champion Auction, a 2-hour luxury dinner cruise was given for over a hundred clients who would participate in the auction of the next day (Fig 8). In the course of this trip, clients enjoyed the views around Hong Kong Island, such as the eye-catching Bank of China Tower, newly-built Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, 338-meter-tall Macau Tower and spectacular building of American Gambling Sectors.

Apart from amazing night scenery, delicious seafood as well as beautiful background music playing was also savored in the dinner cruise. Meanwhile, these clients also held a kind of expectation of hitting the jackpot with their lottery numbers. Such relaxing and pleasant cruise not only induced the weariness of the clients, but made them reluctant to say goodbye to it.

Fig7-5 David Chio delivering a speech Fig8-1 Dinner Cruise of Champion Auction It is worth noting that, Steve Ellsworth, the American Numismatic Association Governor attended the Macau Numismatic Society 30th Anniversary Show to discuss cooperation with the MNS and give presentation about the ANA at the International Numismatic Seminar. During the conference, Steve Ellswor th helped to appoint Michael Chou as ANA Greater China representative, Jeffrey Wai as ANA Singapore representative, and Hans Henning Goerum as Germany representative. ANA member Andrew Reiber also attended the conference and assisted Steve Ellsworth during the conference.

Steve Ellsworth noted, “It was great to come to an event like the MNS annual show to meet the leaders in Asian numismatics like C.S. Wong, David Chio, Zhen Shusheng, Li Hong, Yuan Shuiqing and Michael Chou. I hope to invite

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Fig8-2 Dinner Cruise of Champion Auction

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third highest hammer price; Lot 226 CHINA-REPUBLIC 1923 Dragon & Phoenix Silver Dollar Coin (with small characters on the reverse) was sold at a hammer price of 38.4 thousand US dollars.

Fig8-2 Dinner Cruise of Champion Auction Figure10 Lot received the highest hammer price

Figure9 2018 Champion Macau Auction

The 2018 Champion Macau Auction was held at Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16 on Nov 25 10am to 5pm with Ms. Nie Xiaofei as the auctioneer (Fig 9). In this successfully-held auction, everyone was satisfied: consignors received desirable prices for their coins, and bidders bought what they desired. Observing from the results, we can say that this auction performed quite well. There were a total of 370 lots this time, and the auction sold at an 80.3% transaction rate and a total hammer price of 1.294 million US dollars. Besides, there were 30 lots whose hammer prices reached over 10 thousand US dollars separately.

The four lots with the highest hammer price: Lot 209 CHINA-REPUBLIC 1912 Li Yuan Hung (with Hat) One Silver Dollar, whose NGC MS grading was 66, received the highest hammer price of 93.6 thousand dollars (Fig 10); Lot 210 CHINA-REPUBLIC 1912 Li Yuan Hung (with Hat) One Silver Dollar, whose grade was one point lower than Lot 209, got the second highest hammer price of 72 thousand US dollars; Lot 291 1928 CHINA-KWEICHOW Silver Dollar Coin, was sold for 55.2 thousand dollars, the

As for the reason of achieving such great success in this auction, the most important one belongs to the high quality of lots. (Fig 10) Auctions are “battlefields” for collectors, not business competitors. Facing high bid prices, collectors won’t stop bidding because wellpreserved rare coins are always what they have been dreaming of. One buyer present at this auction made his comment, “though the entire economic environment is in depression, the coterie of collection is still eager to compete for well-preserved coins. Some regarded that the grading of PCGS is higher than the price evaluation made by NGC, while the condition of lots sometimes looks better than what NGC’s grade suggests. Struck coins as the feature of Champion Auction usually are of superb quality, so he believes bidding those coins will suffer no loss.” While settling up his bill, another buyer said that he didn’t care about whether the lot was graded by PCGS or NGC, its quality is the key element to decide its bid price.

Highlights of this auction were those struck coins graded

by NGC and consigned from overseas collector Norcal.

Each of them is original and well-preserved and has never exposed itself in auction before. The bid of two fantastic Li Yuan Hung (with hat) One Silver Dollar Coins brought two prices beyond people’s expectation, but the competition between bidders was intense. Nowadays, Champion Auction has already kept its feet in the field of auctioning struck coins, and we still hope that we can get more highquality coins for auction in the future to meet the needs of our clients. We believe that Champion Auction will do better in the future, and we are looking forward to 2019 Champion Hong Kong Spring Auction as well!

(Some figures in this article are provided by MNS member Mr. He Shengnan, and we hereby express our thanks to him ！) 37

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收穫滿滿 : 澳門錢幣學會 30 周年慶暨冠軍 2018 澳門拍賣會 圓方 （西安）

戊戌年小雪，中國南方氣溫勝似北方的夏季，以休閒稱著

收效顯著。本次活動包括 2018澳門錢幣展、首屆大灣區錢

澳門錢幣學會成立30周年慶典暨冠軍2018澳門拍賣會在這

錢幣展品2000 餘件，檔次、數量均超過往年。

的澳門張開雙臂迎來數百名中外泉界朋友。11月22-26日， 裡成功舉辦。這次影響較大的錢幣文化博覽周活動，無論

幣競賽獲獎作品展、澳門郵幣聯展、國際錢幣論壇，其中

對於主辦方，還是參與者，均收穫滿滿，回味無窮。

周年慶會隆重熱烈 ；錢幣展品十分豐富。22日下午5:30，澳

門錢幣學會主辦的“慶祝澳門回歸19周年暨本會成立30周 年澳門錢幣展 2018暨 2018澳門郵票錢幣聯展、大灣區錢幣

競賽展”在金碧文娛中心盛大開幕。本會會員及世界各地

來賓共300多人出席。中央駐澳門聯絡辦公室宣傳文化部長

萬速成，澳門基金會行政委員黎振強，澳門特區文化局長 穆欣欣，美國錢幣學會董事斯蒂芬 • 埃爾斯沃斯，愛秀集

團總裁周邁可，澳門錢幣學會名譽會長黃志成、理事長趙 康池等12位嘉賓就坐主席臺。趙康池發表致辭（圖1）。黃

圖2 黃志成 （ 中 ）、 周邁可 （ 左 ） 為紀念熊貓發行揭幕

貓章發行揭幕（圖2）。隨後剪綵、合影，移步參觀展品。

萬速成部長等一行嘉賓興致勃勃地參觀了全部展品。其餘

志成、周邁可為2018“澳門錢幣學會30周年年會”紀念熊

來賓因時間充裕，看得更為仔細。本次展品主要是歷代紙 幣，特別是大灣區近現代紙幣，觀者倍感新奇。錢幣競賽 是澳門錢幣學會借鑒國際郵展的創新之舉。大灣區即珠江 三角洲地區。此次第一屆大灣區錢幣競賽展給人耳目一新

之感，70多面標準展框，醒目的標題，精煉的文字介紹，

精美惹目的展品，凝聚着參展者的心血，他們用勞動結晶 通過展板把貨幣文化宣傳到極致，令筆者歎為觀止。有11

位錢幣收藏研究者分別榮獲金、銀、銅獎殊榮，作者及展

名分別是，金獎3名 ：陳耀光的《近代大灣地方紙幣掠影》、 羅仕仲的《澳門紙輔幣（二）》、歐陽翰的《澳門伍拾圓北獅

圖紙幣》；銀獎3名 ：周丕溥的《特殊的紙幣（各國鈔票樣本）

圖1 趙康池致辭 主席臺右2為萬速成

收藏》、賀漢聞的《珍稀中華蘇維埃共和國錢幣》、蘇志釗

趙康池在致辭中回顧了澳門錢幣學會的發展歷程，介紹了

清寶鈔》（共7張，最早者為咸豐四年大清寶鈔）、王宗勝的

本次 活 動的內容。他 說，澳門 錢幣 學會1988年成 立，前

《中國銀行發鈔歷程》《補號鈔欣賞》、霍微笑的《賈尼路珍

關部門及各界人士的大力支持，經過理監事會全體成員共

念集》、潘德賢的《澳門生肖紀念鈔》。硬幣除清錢 34個錢

10年平穩發展 ;1999年澳門回歸祖國後，得到特區政府有

郵和樣鈔》、趙康池的《澳門首次發行鈔票一百周年郵幣紀

同努力，錢幣學會再次揚帆啟航，加快發展步伐，如今會

局每局一品外，多為著名藏家提供的現代珍罕金銀幣，其

從 2010 年起，每年 舉 辦 錢幣展 交、研 討 和內部 拍賣 ；從

眾震撼（圖3）。冠軍拍賣公司展出的由深圳國寶造幣有限

員超過500人。學會以推進會員錢幣收藏研究為首要任務，

2014 年起，與國際知名錢幣拍賣公司——冠軍拍賣公司合

作，在澳門舉辦國際錢幣收藏文化博覽活動周，影響廣泛， 38

的《連號錯體紙幣》；銅獎5名 ：張安生的《戶部官票與大

中1枚價值過千萬元的猴年10 公斤金幣（發行量18 枚）令觀

公司鑄造的2018澳門錢幣學會30周年年會5公斤熊貓銅鍍

金章（發行量1枚，圖4）、2公斤熊貓銀章（發行量15枚）及

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

其石膏模，也吸引了眾多觀眾的眼球。此次熊貓紀念章規

格多樣（8 種），名家設計，鑄造精良，其中5公斤銅鍍金章、

2公斤銀章為首次發行的最大展會熊貓紀念金銀章，1盎司 金章、1盎司銀章為首個擁有 NGC 首打儀式標籤的熊貓紀

念章。1盎司和2盎司銀章會前預售幾近一空。在展廳一角，

擺 放着生肖郵品 和 澳 門 錢 幣 學 會 2018年11月出版 的兩本

泉著（圖5）：一本是為參觀者贈送人手1冊的《澳門錢鈔縱

橫——2018年錢幣特刊》。是書收錄 34篇錢幣研究新成果，

首屆大灣區錢幣競賽獲獎文章囊括其中，內容豐富，印刷 精美，由澳門基金會、澳門特區文化局提供贊助，甄述聖

主編 ；另一本是趙康池、黃孝覃編著的《民國孫像袁像銀 元版別圖錄》，是著現場簽名發售，作者對中華民國元年及

圖5 澳門錢幣學會2018年11月出版的兩本錢幣圖書

十六年北伐成功後續鑄的孫中山像開國紀念幣、北洋政府

時期開始鑄造的袁世凱像銀元、廢兩改元後鑄造的孫中山

像船洋的各式版別進行了深入研究，圖文並茂，非常實用。 在網路發達的今天，重返紙上閱讀有它的特殊意義，這兩

本泉著，無疑是澳門錢幣學會30周年送給泉界的又一份禮 物。

圖6-1 澳門錢幣學會30周年慶宴現場

圖3 價值1000余萬元的10公斤猴年金幣

圖6-2 澳門錢幣學會30周年慶宴現場

晚 8 時，30周年慶宴 在燈 火輝煌的嘉年華大酒樓 舉行（圖

6）。300 位會員和中外嘉賓歡聚一堂，談笑風生。冠軍全 圖4 2018澳門錢幣學會30周年5公斤熊貓銅鍍金章

體員工榮幸出席。晚宴以頒獎（證）為主，伴以抽獎。獎項

為 ：最佳貢獻獎（周邁可先生獲得）、大灣區錢幣競賽獎 ； 39

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同時頒發大灣區錢幣競賽展評審證書，聘請新的學會學術

館收藏有 75萬件錢幣和相關物品，圖書館擁有10萬冊錢幣

顧問。大家品着珍饈美味，看着熱鬧的抽獎活動，回憶着

方面的圖書。每年都開展大型錢幣交流、展覽和研討活動。

學會的非凡凝聚力由此可見一斑。

收藏，以高清圖片介紹了中國現代貴金屬幣中的珍稀幣種，

學會三十周年的成長歷程，享受着因錢幣收藏帶來的快樂。

香港著名中國現代金銀幣收藏研究專家陳景林結合自己的

特別是新中國首次發行的金幣——1979 年中華人民共和國

成立三十周年一套4 枚紀念金幣 ；並對他與汪洋、林振宇合

著的《中國金銀幣標準圖錄1979-2017》作了簡介（圖7-2）。

現居臺北的加拿大籍、東歐大學講師高林對戳記幣研究精

闢博深，其專著《戳記幣簡史》中的“中國白銀史”以中英 文在《東亞泉志》連載，廣受好評。他就戳記幣研究成果 《東亞泉志》中文主編袁水清將“中 作了生動演講（圖7-3）。

國貨幣起源及貝幣研究”成果分享大家，演講提綱挈領， 觀點鮮明（圖7-4）。趙康池結合自己的銀元收 藏，講解了

中華民國孫中山像、袁世凱像銀元的版別及收藏價值（圖

7-5）。此次論壇約3個小時，會場秩序井然，不時報以熱烈

圖6-3 澳門錢幣學會30周年慶宴現場

掌聲。

圖7-2 陳景林演講 圖7-1 斯蒂芬 • 埃爾斯沃斯 （ 中 ） 演講

國際錢幣論壇演講精彩 ；冠軍拍賣取得佳績。旨在推進東西 方錢幣文化交流、普及錢幣知識的本屆國際錢幣論壇，24

日下午在金碧文娛中心禮堂舉行。澳門錢幣愛好者十分珍

惜 這次 機會，及早來到會場。論 壇由趙康池理事長主持， 平面設計師趙晞齡女士翻譯。5位錢幣專家先後作了精彩演

講，間插贈送錢幣文化禮品的抽獎活動。美國錢幣學會董

事斯蒂芬 • 埃爾斯沃斯介紹了美國錢幣學會概況（圖7-1）。

該會成立於1885年，一直是美國錢幣學研究中心。其宗旨

是收藏錢幣和錢幣圖書，資助學術研究和學術著作的出版， 推進錢幣、徽章研究和鑒賞。學會現有會員2.5萬人，博物

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圖7-3 高林演講

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

此我誠摯邀請在場與會者參加明年八月在芝加哥舉辦的美 國錢幣學會年會。”

為答謝客戶對冠軍多年的支援，24日晚，冠軍為前來參加

25日錢幣拍賣的100多名客戶安排了一場郵輪環島觀光晚宴

（圖8）。大家乘坐豪華遊輪，遠眺五光十色的中銀大廈、開 通不久的港珠澳大橋、高度338米的觀光塔、高大雄偉的

美資博彩大樓等景點，品着海鮮，期盼着手中號碼帶來的

中獎驚喜。雖無引商刻羽，卻享受播放的悅耳音樂。輕鬆 愉快的夜晚盡掃幾天的勞頓，2小時的遊覽大家仍覺意猶 未盡。

圖7-4 袁水清演講

圖7-5 趙康池演講

圖8-1 冠軍游輪晚宴

特別值得圈點的是美國錢幣學會董事斯蒂芬 • 埃爾斯沃斯

受邀出席澳門錢幣學會30周年年會，商談同澳門錢幣學會

的合作事宜，並在國際錢幣研討會上發表與美國錢幣學會

有關的演講。會議期間，斯蒂芬 • 埃爾斯沃斯協助任命周

邁可為美國錢幣學會大中華區代表，魏亨泰為新加坡區代 表，漢斯 • 亨甯 • 科伊拉姆（Hans Henning Goerum）為

德國區代 表。美國 錢幣 學會成 員安德 魯 • 雷伯（Andrew

Reiber）也參與了本次會議，並在會議期間協助斯蒂芬 • 埃爾斯沃斯。斯蒂芬 • 埃爾斯沃斯表示 ： “能夠受邀參加澳

門錢幣30周年年會，見到黃志成、趙康池、甄述聖、李洪、

袁水清、周邁可等亞洲錢幣界佼佼者，我感到很高興。在

圖8-2 冠軍游輪晚宴

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圖8-3 冠軍游輪晚宴

圖10 本場成交價奪冠的209號拍品成交價9.36萬美元

元 ；291號民國十七年（1928年）貴州省政府造貴州銀幣壹 圓5.52萬美元 ；226號中華民國十二年（1923年）造龍鳳黼

黻圖壹圓銀幣（反面小字）3.84萬美元。

冠軍2018澳門拍賣會之所以取得佳績，最重要的原因是拍

品品質好（圖10）。拍場是收藏家而非商家競爭的“戰場”。 好品相的稀缺錢幣是藏家夢寐以求之物，他們不會因價格

高而放棄拼搏。現場一賣家如此評價 ：從拍場看是“外冷

內熱”，即經濟大環境不景氣， “圈內”對狀態好的錢幣卻 競爭激烈。有認為 PCGS 評分比 NGC 估價高，但後者品

相有超過分數的現象。冠軍主打的機製幣品相一流，相信

圖9 冠軍2018澳門拍賣會

25日的冠軍澳門拍賣會上午10 點至下午5點在十六浦索菲特

還是 NGC 的評級品，品質才是決定價格的關鍵。本場重

要拍品是 NGC 評級海外藏家 Norcal 機製幣一批，枚枚

大酒店舉行，聶筱菲女士主拍（圖9）。此次拍賣圓滿成功，

舒服原味，都是一眼大開門的藏家貨。兩枚帶帽黎元洪銀

皆大歡喜。從拍賣結果看，成績相當不錯，拍品總數370 件，

幣領域站穩腳跟，希望以後多徵集一些高品質的錢幣，滿

出品人賣到了好價錢，競買成功者拍到了心儀之品，可謂是

成交 297件，成交率 80.3% ；成交總額129.4萬美元，成交1 萬美元以上拍品30 件。成交額位列前4 名者依此為 ：209號

（1912年）中華民國黎元洪像（帶帽）開國紀念壹圓銀幣9.36

萬美元（圖10）；210號中華民國黎元洪（帶帽）開國紀念壹

圓銀幣，NGC MS65，與209號僅差1分，成交價 7.2萬美

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拍到的好幣不會吃虧。另一賣家結算時說，不管是 PCGS

幣美到極致，雖價格出乎預料但競爭激烈。冠軍已在機製 足客戶需要。相 信 冠 軍以後會做 得更 好，我們 期 待 冠 軍

2019春季香港拍賣會！

（本文部分圖片為澳門錢幣學會何盛南先生提供，特此致 謝 !）

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The Winners in Each of 10 Categories of 2019 Coin of the Year Coin of the Year Selection Committee

After the first round of voting by the judges of selection committee, the winners in each of 10 categories of 2019 Coin of the Year were determined on November 26, 2018. The relevant winners are hereby announced as follows:

Most Artistic Coin

2017 Austria ※ The Vienna Schools of PsychotherapySigmund Freud, 50 Euro, gold coin. Finess: 98.6% gold, weight: 7.79g, diameter: 22mm, mintage: 20000.

Best Bi-Metallic Coin

2017 France ※ the 25th anniversary of Fight Against Breast Cancer, 2 Euro, brass and nickel Bi-metallic coin. Weight: 8.5g, diameter: 25.75mm, mintage: 10000.

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Best Circulating Coin

2017 Mauritania ※ Central Bank of Mauritania-Camels, 20 Ouguiya, brass-copper-nickel TriMetallic coin. Weight: 7.63g, diameter: 26mm.

Best Contemporary Event Coin

2017 South Africa ※ South Africa-South African Inventions series:the 50th anniversary of the Heart Transplant, 2 Rand, silver coin. Finess: 92.5% silver, weight: 33.63g, diameter: 38.7mm, mintage: 1000.

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

Best Crown Coin

2017 Cook Islands ※ Scarab Collection:Red Dawn, 5 Dollars, silver coin. Finess: 99.9% silver, weight: 28.35g, diameter: 38.61mm.

Best Gold Coin

2017 United States of American ※ American Liberty 225th Anniversar y gold coin, 100 Dollars, gold coin. Finess: 99.99% gold, weight: 31.108g, diameter: 30.61mm, mintage: 100,000.

Most Historically Significant Coin

2 0 17 A u s t r i a ※ V i e n n a P h i l h a r m o n i c 17 5 t h anniversary, 20 Euro, silver coin. Finess: 92.5% silver, weight: 20.74g, diameter: 34mm, mintage: 30000.

Most Innovative Coin

2017 Palau ※ Birth of Venus commemorative coin, 20 Dollars, silver coin. Finess: 99.9% silver, weight: 3 ounces, diameter: 65mm, mintage: 499.

Most Inspirational Coin

2017 United States of American ※ Boys Town Centennial commemorative coin, 1 Dollar, silver coin. Finess: 90.0% silver, weight: 26.73g, diameter: 38.1mm, mintage: 350,000.

Best Silver Coin

2 017 Fr a nce ※ French E xcel lence Guy Savoy

commemorative coin, 50 Euro, silver coin. Finess: 95.0% silver, weight: 5 ounces, diameter: 50mm, mintage: 500.

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The Relevant Links

Coin of the Year Nominating Committee 9

Clifford Mishler ※ Founder of Coin of the Year, Former President of Krause Publications

George S.Cuhaj ※ Former Senior Editor of the Standard Catalog of World Coins David Harper ※ Senior Editor of the World Money News

Tom Michael ※ Senior Editor of the Standard Catalog of World Coins

Robert Van Ryzin ※ Former expert editor of the Banknote Report Newspaper and The Coin Journal

Donald Scarinci ※ Member of the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee and author of the Coin of the Year

Michael Chou ※ Editor-in-chief of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics

Colin Zilke ※ Publisher of Numismatic Department of F&W Transport Inc.

Wang An ※ Chairman of the Coins and Medals Art Professional Committee of China Numismatic Society, Director of China Gold, Inc.

The US Treasury Secretary Katherine Ortega, the US Mint Director Donna Pope, the sculptor and coin engraver Elizabeth Jones accepted 1982 Coin of the Year award at the 1984 First Coin of the Year Awards Ceremony on behalf of the United States; The Minister Counselor Patrick Gossage accepted the Most Artistic Coin award and the Best Gold Coin award on behalf of Canada; The Embassy News Counselor Shi Chengxun accepted the Best Crown Coin award on behalf of China. The Embassy News Counselor Lawrence Chewning accepted the Best Silver Coin award on behalf of Panama.

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部門 / DEPARTMENTS

Assisted by Michael Chou, Li Gang (left), Secretary of the Chinese Embassy in Germany accepted the Krause Publication Coin of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award in Design on behalf of Yu Min, who was awarded the Coin Designer Lifetime Achievement Award.

The Chinese version of the 2017 Coin of the Year Beijing Awards Ceremony. From left: Gu Jun, Wang Xueyang, Chen Jian, Wang An, Clifford Mishler, David Harper, Zhou Weirong, Hu Fuqing, Wang Fude, Michael Chou, Zhang Jun

2016 the Chinese Year of Monkey 10 Yuan Commemorative Coin won the Best Circulating Coin award of the 2018 Coin of the Year. The award was given by the senior editor of the Standard Catalog of World Coins Tom Michael and the founder of the World Money Fair Albert Beck. The European branch representative of the People’s Bank of China Chen Xue (who stands in the middle) accepted the award.

The 2016 Germany 5 Euro Planet Earth copper-nickel polymer ring commemorative coin won the 2018 Coin of the Year award. From left: Tom Michael, the Germany Stuttgart mint director Peter, the Munich mint director Gunter, Secretary of the German Federal Ministry of Finance, coin designer Hoyer, Albert Beck.

Group photo of the select committee of Coin of the Year on October 12the-13th, 2018. From left: Ma Tao (Deputy Director of Design Department of China Gold Coin Incorporation), Clifford Mishler, founder of Coin of the Year, George S. Cuhaj (former Senior Editor of the Standard Catalog of World Coins), Robert Van Ryzin (former expert editor of the Banknote Report Newspaper and The Coin Journal), David Harper (Senior Editor of the World Money News), Donald Scarinci (author of the Coin of the Year), Tom Michael (Senior Editor of the Standard Catalog of World Coins), Wang An (Director of China Gold Coin Incorporation), Li Bo (Chairman of Shanghai Gold Coin Investment Co., Ltd.), Michael Chou (Editor-in-chief of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics), Bruce W. Smith (senior editor of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics), Yin Shi (translator of China Gold Coin Incorporation)

Group photo of the select committee of Coin of the Year on October 12the13th, 2018. From left: David Harper, Corinne Zielke, Donald Scarinci, Yin Shi (translator), Wang An, Michael Chou, Tom Michael, Robert Van Ryzin, Clifford Mishler, George S.Cuhaj

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2019 世界硬幣大獎賽 年

十項單項獎獲獎幣公佈 世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員會

經過評委首輪投票，2019 年世界硬幣大獎賽10項單項獎的獲獎幣已於2018年11月26日產生，現公佈如下 ：

最佳藝術幣

2017年「奧地利」維也納心理治療學校 - 西格蒙德 · 佛洛

德，50 歐元，金幣。成色 ：98.6% 金，重量 ：7.79克，直

徑 ：22毫米，發行量 ：20000 枚。

最佳雙金屬幣

2017年「法國」乳腺癌防治運動“粉紅絲帶25周年”，2

歐元，銅鎳雙金屬幣。重量 ：8.5克，直徑 ：25.75毫米，

發行量 ：10000 枚。

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最佳流通幣

2017年「毛里塔尼亞」毛利塔利亞中央銀行駱駝，20烏

吉亞，黃銅 - 紅銅 - 鎳三金屬幣。重量 ：7.63克，直徑 ：

26毫米。

最佳時事幣

2017年「南非共和國」紀念世界首例人體心臟移植手術實

施50周年，2蘭特，銀幣。成色：92.5% 銀，重量：33.63克， 直徑 ：38.7毫米，發行量 ：1000 枚。

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

最佳克朗幣

最佳創意幣

2017年「庫克群島」聖甲蟲系列 ：紅色黎明，5元，銀幣。

2017年「帕劳」“維 納斯的 誕 生”紀 念幣，20元，銀幣。

499枚。

499枚。

2017年「美國」美國鑄幣局成立 225周年黑人婦女形象自

2017年「美國」博伊斯 鎮一百周年紀 念幣，1元，銀幣。

31.108克，直徑 ：30.61毫米，發行量 ：100,000枚。

行量 ：350,000 枚。

成色：99.9% 銀，重量：28.35克，直徑：38.61毫米，發行量：

最佳金幣

由女神金幣，100美元，金幣。成色 ：99.99% 金，重量 ：

最具歷史意義幣

成色 ：99.9% 銀，重 量 ：3盎司，直徑 ：65毫 米，發 行 量 ：

最富激情幣

成色 ：90.0% 銀，重 量 ：26.73克，直徑 ：38.1毫 米，發

最佳銀幣

2017年「奧地利」維也納愛樂管弦樂團創立175周年，20

2017年「法國」米米其林三星名廚季 • 薩瓦雞蛋紀念銀幣，

34毫米，發行量 ：30000枚。

50毫米，發行量 ：500枚。

歐元，銀幣。成色 ：92.5% 銀，重 量 ：20.74克，直徑 ：

50歐元，銀幣。成色 ：95.0% 銀，重量 ：5盎司，直徑 ：

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相·關· 鏈·接 C O I N

O F

T H E

Y E A R

世界硬幣大獎賽提名委員會委員 （9 名）

克利福德 · 米什勒 ※ 世界硬幣大獎賽創辦人、 原克勞斯出版社總裁

喬治 · 古哈 ※ 原《世界硬幣標準目錄》高級編輯

大衛 · 哈珀 ※《世界錢幣新聞報》高級編輯

托馬斯 · 邁克爾 ※《世界硬幣標準目錄》高級編輯 羅伯特 · 範裡津 ※ 原《紙鈔報道報》和

《錢幣雜誌》資深編輯

唐納德 · 斯卡林奇 ※ 美國公民造幣委員會委員、 《世界硬幣大獎賽》作者

周邁可 ※《東亞泉志》總編輯

科林 · 齊爾克 ※ F&W 集團錢幣部發行人

王安 ※ 中國錢幣學會幣章藝術專業委員會主任委員、 中國金幣總公司董事

1984 年第一屆世界硬幣大獎賽頒獎禮

代表美國接受1982 年鑄幣的“世界硬幣大獎賽最佳硬幣”獎的是美國財政司庫凱薩琳 · 奧爾特加（Katherine Ortega）、美國鑄幣局

局長唐娜 · 波普（ Donna Pope）和雕塑家、硬幣雕刻師伊莉莎白 · 鐘斯（ Elizabeth Jones）。代表加拿大接受“最佳藝術幣”和“最佳

金幣”獎的是大使館部長參贊派翠克 · 戈薩奇（Patrick Gossage）。代表中國接受“最佳克朗幣”獎的是大使館新聞參贊施承訓。代表 巴拿馬接受“最佳銀幣”獎的是大使館新聞參贊勞倫斯 · 切寧（Lawrence Chewning ）。

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部門 / DEPARTMENTS

2017年世界硬幣大獎頒獎典禮，余敏獲錢幣設計師終身成就獎，中國駐德國大使館秘

書李罡（左）代領，周邁可協助

“ 2016 年中國猴年10 元普通紀念幣”獲 2018 年世界硬幣大獎賽“最佳流通幣”奖，人民 銀行歐洲代表陳雪（中）上臺領獎， 《世界硬幣標準目錄》資深編輯托馬斯 · 邁克爾和

世界錢幣展會創辦人 Albert Beck 為其頒獎

2018年10月12-13日世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員合影。左起 ：馬濤（中國金幣總公司設計部 副主任） 、克利福德 · 米什勒（世界硬幣大獎賽創始人） ，George S.Cuhaj（ 原《世界硬

幣標準目錄》高級編輯） ，羅伯特 · 範裡津（原《紙鈔報道報》和《錢幣雜誌》資深編輯） ，

大衛 · 哈珀（ 《世界錢幣新聞》資深編輯） ，唐納德 · 斯卡林奇（ 《世界硬幣大獎賽》作者） ，

2017年《世界硬幣大獎賽》中文版北京發行儀式。左起 ：顧軍、王雪陽、陳堅、王安、

克利福德 · 米什勒、大衛 · 哈珀、周衛榮、胡福慶、王福德、周邁可、章軍

2016 年德國5歐元“行星地球”銅鎳聚合物環紀念幣獲 2018 年世界硬幣大獎賽年度“最

佳硬幣”獎。左起 ：托馬斯 · 邁克爾，德國斯圖加爾造幣廠廠長 Peter，慕尼克造幣廠 廠長 Gunter，德國財政部秘書長，錢幣設計師 Hoyer，Albert Beck

2018 年10月12-13日世界硬幣大獎賽評選委員合影。左起 ：大衛 · 哈珀、科林 · 齊爾克、

唐納德 · 斯卡林奇、殷實（翻譯）、王安、周邁可、托馬斯 · 邁克爾、羅伯特 · 範裡津、 克利福德 · 米什勒、George S.Cuhaj

托馬斯 · 邁克爾（ 《世界硬幣標準目錄》資深編輯） ，王安（中國金幣總公司董事） ，李波（上

海金幣投資有限公司董事長） ，周邁可（ 《東亞泉志》總編輯） ，史博祿（ 《東亞泉志》高級 編輯） ，殷實（中國金幣總公司翻譯）

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The Birth of the 2019 World Money Fair Tanzanian Commemorative Silver Panda Michael Chou〔Shanghai〕

T

he 2019 World Money Fair Tanzania Polymer Panda Coin was conceived by Michael Chou of Champion Auction and Mark Sutton of Middle Earth Mint, with design by top Chinese panda coin designer and Coin of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award winner Shanghai Mint Senior Designer Yu Min and produced by B.H. Mayer Mint in Munich, Germany. The concept is to produce a new type of panda coin using the best aspects of Chinese design and the latest design and production technologies (Fig 1 in the right page).

The concept started in the summer of 2018 with a meeting between Michael Chou and Mark Sutton at the American Numismatic Association World Money Fair convention in Philadelphia (Fig 2 in the right page). In September, there was a follow-up visit by Mark Sutton and Alex Wagner President of B.H. Mayer Mint to Shanghai to meet with Michael Chou and Designer Yu Min to develop this new panda coin (Fig 3 in the right page). During this period, they visited Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Shanghai Gold Coin Investment Co., Ltd., and Shanghai New Century Commemorative Coins Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Mark and Michael also attended the Top Gold Coins Seung Hoi Tan Exhibition and the China Gold Coin Collectors Symposium in Shanghai with leading speakers and attendees from China including Vice President of China Gold Coin Zhang Xiangjun and visited the Shanghai Bank Museum (Fig 4 in the right page).

During the meeting with Yu Min, the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. Senior Designer, Alex Wagner discussed the the use of 3D

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Modelling software (that is used in the movie industry) in the design process to create more depth and contrast and texture to the coin Using Yu Min’s panda design and the traditional art of 3D sculptured plasters combined with the use of this innovative design software and Mayer’s production technology helped to produce a new technically innovative panda coin. In November 2018, further meetings between Michael Chou and Alex Wagner and the B.H. Mayer Mint team at the Beijing International Coin Convention conf irmed some proof of concept and dates for the delivery of various sample patterns.

In December 2018, six different dies were used to produce six different proof of concept patterns with different relief treatment processes, such as silk matt, semi gloss, laser black, polish, semi polish. Mr. Sutton and Mr. Wagner visited Shanghai shortly after the striking of the sample patterns to go over the different samples with designer Yu Min. During the meeting in Shanghai a decision was made on which sample patterns were to be the final production version (Fig 6 in the right page).

First strike ceremony of 2019 Tanzania World Money Fair polymer panda coin was held at B.H. Mayer Mint in Munich Germany on 11am, January 25 (Fig 7 in the right page). The off icial distributor of the 2019 World Money Fair polymer commemorative silver panda at Berlin Exhibition is Kuenker Auction, and Numismatic Guaranty Corporation who will serve as the official grading service of the 2019 World Money Fair polymer commemorative silver panda.

This 1000 Shillings polymer silver commemorative panda is issued under the authority of the United Republic of Tanzania in 2019 and produced by B.H. Mayer Mint, with one ounce in weight, 40mm in diameter and 99.9 in fineness. The mintage is limited to 1,000 pieces. The obverse features the National Shield of Tanzania, the World Money Fair logo within circles of a red polymer ring. The reverse features a young panda bear on a tree within a red polymer ring and Chinese New Year lanterns.

The polymer technology for minting is a German invention combining polymer with metallic coin blanks. 2018 Overall Krause Publication coin of the Year 2016 German 5 Euro Earth was also made with the polymer ring (Fig 8 in the right page).

部門 / DEPARTMENTS

1 From left: Yu Min, Gitta Kuenker, Alex Wagner, Mark Sutton,Michael Chou, Liu Hongpeng at the Shanghai Mint Co.,Ltd.

2 At the 2018 A mer ica n Nu m ism at ic A ssociat ion World Money Fa i r convent ion i n Philadelphia to determine the design concept

4

3 From left: Yuan Shuiqing, Yotin Ring, Gitta Kuenker, Mark Sutton and Alex Wagner.

Yuan Shuiqing, Gitta Kuenker, Mark Sutton and Alex Wagner visited to Champion Auction Shangai office for the discussion on the Polymer Panda coin project .

From left: Gitta Kuenker, Mark Sutton, Michael Chou, Chen Yong, Feng Zhimiao, Gao Wei, Yuan Shuiqing visiting the Shanghai Bank Museum

5 The designer and the President of B.H. Mayer Mint Alex Wegner were adjusting details of the polymer panda coin using Z Brush 3D modelling software.

7 From left: Michael chou champion, inja MacClure manager kuenker auction, Bernard Schrieber chief engineer B.H Mayer mint, Mark Sutton Middle Earth Mint, Alex Wegner B.H. Mayer President and Mint master, Richard Stein NGC Head of European Operations

6 Designer Yu Min checking these six different dies

8 2016 German 5 euro ‘Earth’ copper-nickle polymer commemorative coin won the 2018 Coin of the Year Best Coin award, awarded to the designer Alina Hoyer by Dr. Thomas Dress (Ministry of Finance), Dr. Peter Huber (Director of the mint) and Gunther Waadt (Director of the mint)

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2019 年世界錢幣展覽會

坦桑尼亞熊貓紀念銀幣誕生記 周邁可〔上海 〕

年世界錢幣展覽會坦桑尼亞熊貓紀

2019

念銀幣的設計想法來自筆者（冠軍

拍賣公司周邁可先生）與 Middle Earth Mint 公司

的馬克 · 修頓（Mark Sutton），設計師為克勞斯世界

硬幣大獎賽2017年“終身成就獎”獲得者、中國高級工

藝美術師、熊貓幣設計高手余敏，由德國慕尼黑梅耶造幣 廠製造。筆者與馬克 · 修頓先生原本就打算使用中國最好

在與上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏見面商談期間，

圖1）。

3D 建模軟體技術以增加作品的深度、精密度（右頁圖5）。

的設計與世界最新生產技術來打造這款熊貓紀念幣（右頁

亞曆克斯 · 瓦格納建議在設計過程中使用（影視行業使用的）

這次的設計理念始於2018年夏季筆者與馬克先生的一次會

此次設計結合余敏的熊貓設計高級工藝、創新的3D 建模

。隨後，馬克先生偕同梅耶造幣廠總裁亞曆克斯 · 瓦 頁圖2）

類型的熊貓紀念幣。2018年11月，筆者與亞曆克斯團隊在

面，彼時他們正在費城參加美國錢幣學會世界錢幣展會（右

，拜會 格納（Alex Wagner）於 9月份前往上海（右頁圖3）

筆者及設計師余敏，共同商議此次設計新幣事宜。在上海 訪問期間，馬克先生與亞曆克斯先生參觀了上海造幣有限 公司、上海金幣投資有限公司、上海新世紀紀念幣制造有

軟體技術以及梅耶造幣廠的生產技術，為各位呈現出全新

北京國際錢幣博覽會上進一步討論，最終確定了不同類型 的樣幣方案及鑄造日期。

2018年12月，六種不同效果的樣幣制作成功，對浮雕分別採

限公司，同時參加了“頂級金幣彙聚上海灘”精品展暨座談

用了傳統噴砂、噴丸、鐳射噴砂、全亮、半亮等工藝進行處理。

。 發表的演講，之後共同參觀了上海銀行博物館（右頁圖4）

。 計師余敏檢查這六個樣幣，並決定最終的鑄造樣式 （右頁圖6）

會，聽取了包括中國金幣總公司副總經理張向軍等人在會上

樣幣出爐後馬克先生與亞曆克斯先生不久便到上海與我和設

2019年世界錢幣展覽會坦桑尼亞聚合物環熊貓紀念銀幣的

首打儀式於2019 年1月25日上午11點在德國慕尼黑梅耶造幣

廠舉行（右頁圖7）。聚合物環熊貓紀念銀幣在 2019世界錢 幣展覽會 · 柏林展的官方發行商為坤克拍賣公司（Kuenker

Auction）。硬幣認證公司（NGC）將擔任這款熊貓紀念銀

幣的官方評級服務。

該1000 先 令聚合物環熊貓紀念 銀幣由坦 桑尼亞聯 合共和

國發行，發行時間為2019 年，德國梅耶造幣廠鑄造，其重

量 ：1盎司，直徑 ：40 毫米，成色 ：99.9% ，發行量 ：1000

枚。正面聚合物環內是坦桑尼亞國徽及世界錢幣展覽會標 識。背面聚合物環內為正在攀樹的年輕熊貓和中國農曆新

年燈籠。使用聚合物環是一項德國發明工藝，在金屬幣坯 中嵌入聚合物環。獲得2018年世界硬幣大獎賽“最佳硬幣

獎”的2016年德國5歐元“地球”主題銅鎳合金紀念幣，鑄 造時也使用聚合物環（右頁圖8）。

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部門 / DEPARTMENTS

1 左起 ：余敏、吉塔 · 坤克、亞曆克斯 · 瓦格納、馬克 · 修頓、周邁可、劉鴻鵬在上海造

幣有限公司

2 在 2018 年美國錢幣學會費城世界錢幣展期間，確定設計理念

3 左起 ：袁水清、林逾婷、吉塔 · 坤克、馬克 · 修頓、亞曆克斯 · 瓦格納在冠軍拍賣公司 上海辦公室商談聚合物環熊貓幣項目後合影

4 左起 ：吉塔 · 坤克、馬克 · 修頓、周邁可、陳永、馮志苗、高偉、袁水清參觀上海銀行

博物館

5 梅耶造幣廠設計師與梅耶造幣廠總裁亞曆克斯 · 瓦格納在用 Z Brush 3D 建模軟體調

整熊貓幣的細節

6 設計師余敏檢查這6 種不同的樣幣

7 2019 年1月25日在梅 耶造幣廠參加首打儀式時合 影。左 起 ：周邁可、坤克拍賣行經理 Inja MacClure、梅耶造幣廠總工程師 Bernard Schrieber、馬克 · 修頓、亞曆克斯 · 瓦格納、NGC 歐洲業務主管 Richard Stein

8 2016 年德國5歐元“地球”主題銅鎳合金聚合物環紀念幣獲得2018 年世界硬幣大獎賽

“最佳硬幣獎”，由 Thomas Dress 博士（財政部）、Peter Huber 博士（造幣廠廠長）和

Gunther Waadt（造幣廠廠長）為該錢幣設計師 Alina Hoyer 頒獎

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FEATURES / 專題

Howard F. Bowker – Eduard Kann Letters Part II 1949 Summary with notes by Bruce W. Smith〔USA〕 Howard F. Bowker

Bowker to Kann - 1949.1.6, 1 page.

Eduard Kann

1

Kann’s address 941 Chung Cheng Road, Shanghai.

Bowker thanks Kann for sending him the coins and paper money through Mr. Buccelli and for sending the set of books illustrating the Ching Tse-wei collection. He notes that volume 2 is missing from the set and asks for the Chinese characters for Ching Tse-wei’s name, which he did not find in the book. He suspects that one or more of the seals in the book may contain his name but does not have anyone to read the seal script. Finally he asks Kann to obtain one or two sets of the eight pamphlets issued by the Chinese Paper Money Society in Shanghai during 1948, titled: Chung Kuo Chih Pi Chi Ts’ang Hui.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.1.31, 1 page.

2

Kann reports that he has been busy packing and shipping numerous cases to Los Angeles, and plans to leave China in two to four weeks. Kann says he does not know by which ship he will be traveling to America nor whether he will land in San Francisco or Los Angeles.

Kann says the paper money journal Bowker had asked him to obtain is no longer published “because the editor and organizer Mr. Chen committed defalcations.” On the other hand, he had found another paper money periodical published by H. F. Liu in Shanghai.

Kann explains that the missing volume from the set of rubbings he sent Bowker had been cut up to provide illustrations for his catalog. He also provides the characters for Ching Tse-wei’s name, which is actually Ch’in Tzu-wei.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.2.27, 1 page.

3

Dated at Yokohama Kann reports that he is on his way to the USA on the Danish freighter, Trein Maersk, which was due to arrive in San Francisco about March 14th. His address in Los Angeles will be: 1995 North Sycamore Avenue. Kann says he will call Bowker when he arrives and arrange a meeting, to which Bowker should bring the Turkestan gold coin so they can settle accounts.

56

Bowker to Kann - 1949.3.17, 1 page.

4

Sent to Kann’s North Sycamore address. Discusses Tibetan coins and numbers. Apparently Kann and Bowker had met the previous day.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.3.22, 2 pages.

5

“After arrival here I got a great shock. Of 19 cases I did pack in Shanghai, 17 seemingly were landed here (though I have not yet passed them through customs), while two got stolen. Of these one contained a large portion of my coin collection, namely all subsidiary silver, nickel and aluminum coins, plus duplicates. Apart from the fact that it badly cripples my collection, the monetary loss to me is very great. To the thieves the value is rather small, because if they melt the silver coins up, they may get say between $700 and $900. Even if sold to dealers in America, they will get comparatively little, because these coins are not at all appreciated here, so that nobody would pay high prices. To me, however, they are valuable, and for me they are worth about $10,000. The two cases, of which one contained glass, ivory, silver ornaments, etc, were not insured; partly because the premium would have been about $500, but mainly because I did not want to divulge to the insurance company that I take silver coins out of China.”

“In the event of my getting repossession of the two lost cases intact through the instrumentality of a person other than the steamer’s agents, I am willing to pay a good reward. I do not know whether you think that you could or should tackle the problem; if not, whether you consider that Mr. A. T. Ritchie could attempt to do so. I have to reply to his letter, and am doing so herewith. If you consider that you can not undertake the research, but that Mr. Ritchie could try, please send on to him. But if you deem it possible to try investigating, kindly take the enclosure away, trim the bottom postscript from my letter to him and mail minus. I do believe that the sheet appended hereto contains all the needful particulars.”

專題 / FEATURES

“I might mention that many a coin (all in boards with slides) appears in from 20 to 50 specimens, because I was one of the few persons collecting die varieties. But to a dealer they are all the same. May I ask you to kindly inform Frisco coin dealers to be on the lookout for people offering Chinese subsidiary and nickel coins for sale?”

“To the best of my knowledge nobody has seen me packing the coins at Shanghai. Since a bill of lading was issued for the entire shipment of 9 (should be 19) wooden cases, one should think that all these were received on board the steamer. However, there remains a slight possibility of disappearance at Shanghai, though not a likelihood.”

The issue of Kann’s stolen coins would appear in several letters over the next couple years. Unfortunately the list of stolen coins was not found among these letters.

Bowker’s 31 March letter indicates he gave the list to Ritchie. The present letter indicates Kann mounted his coins in album pages with clear slides on both sides as early as 1949. There is a photograph of Kann seated at his desk examining his coins in such holders, in the front of his catalog. The person Kann mentioned incorrectly as A. T. Ritchie is actually Alexander Walter Ritchie (1912-2003), also known as Walt Ritchie, a chemist by profession, was a friend of Bowker's, who collected Chinese coins and also lived in the San Francisco area.

“As soon as I get the par ticulars given above, I am communicating with you, mainly with the object of suggesting a stoppage of searching for the lost treasure, if such a search has been initiated. But, in any event, it will be wise to keep your eyes open in connection with a sudden offer to or from dealers of Chinese subsidiary coins.”

Bowker to Kann - 1949.3.31, 1 page.

6

Dated Shanghai in error.

“I wrote to you more than a week ago. Since then the wooden case No. 71 turned up intact. But No. 69, with the subsidiary coins, got smashed up completely during a very rough voyage. Seemingly some heavy barrels of wood oil were thrown with great force on my case and not only broke it to pieces, but soaked its contents with thick oil.”

7

Kann’s address 941 Chung Cheng Road, Shanghai.

“Immediately upon receipt of your previous letter, I went over to see Ritchie about the matter and delivered your letter to him with its enclosures. He had a small lot of coins of a miscellaneous nature from a SF coin dealer which I thought might well be from your duplicates, particularly so as among them were duplicates of those fakes which I knew you had obtained from Hodges.”

“On the next day, Saturday, I took the day to visit all of the principal coin dealers in SF and informed them of your missing coins, and alerted them just in case anything corresponding to your reported loss might turn up in the local market. All agreed to co-operate and to inform me if anything turned up. During the tour I looked over the balance of the lot from which Ritchie had gotten the coins he showed me and the dealer has agreed to not dispose of any of them until we have a more complete report from you on the extent of your actual loss, just in case [any of] them happened to be from your lot. If you have ascertained exactly what is still missing, could [you] send me a list of some few particular pieces. I will check into the matter further.”

Kann to Bowker - 1949.4.5, 1 page.

The photo of Kann, from 1954 Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins

Kann to Bowker - 1949.3.29, 1 page.

“Yesterday I passed at the custom house in company with the cargo surveyor, in order to survey and repack contents. I am glad to say that seemingly the bulk of my subsidiary coins are extant. Due to formalities I could not take the cases with me, but shall endeavor to get them in the course of the next few days. Then a careful check will reveal if the sailors have helped themselves to some souvenirs or not.”

8

“By now I have had the broken case No. 69 surveyed.

The damage is very large, partly through oil which got intermixed with my contents, par tly through either ruination, or theft. But I have the feeling that most of my silver / nickel coins are intact, apart from some souvenirs retained by the sailors. I know that I packed numerous subsidiary duplicate coins in one of the cases, though I cannot tell in which. Should they have been in No. 69, they would have disappeared. If in another case they are likely to come back to me one day. So far I do not know where 57

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to store even a single one of the remaining 18 wooden boxes, as our flat is too small to absorb anything further.

All my coin boards, though newly made in Shanghai, are soaked with wood oil and ruined. But this is the smaller of two alternate evils.”

a lot of 29 of the Hunan small silver pieces [fractional taels K942-985; see Kann’s next letter] to a dealer, Smith & Son, of Main Street and Geneva Road, Wheaton, Illinois, who was present at the convention and had them on display there, where I saw them.”

Bowker to Kann - 1949.4.11, 1 page.

“Smith stated that he would write to you regarding the matter, and I of course, gave him your address, so I suppose you will be hearing from him. I loaned him your last letter and the sheet which had the original description of the cases which you sent to me and Ritchie. I have some of the coins which I purchased from Smith which interested me. He agreed that if you required their return he would refund to me the purchase price, but asked that I retain them until he heard from you.”

9

Bowker has listed and sent two pages of rubbings of about two dozen coins he had seen at a local coin shop.

Unfortunately the rubbings are not present, but many of the coins can be identified by the Tsiang catalog numbers he gives. Among the coins are a silver striking of a Yunnan gold coin and an example of the Kirin 50 cent 1901 with English inscriptions in banners. As will be seen in later letters, these two coins were among those stolen from Kann. Interestingly both ended up in Bowker’s collection.

Bowker’s next letter is also dated 11 April.

CHINA-YUNNAN ND(1917) 5 Dollars Silver Essay, with plain reverse, K1521a, Bowker collection, donated to Shenyang Mint Museum

CHINA-KIRIN 1901 50 Cents Silver Banner Coin, Kann B40, Bowker collection, donated to Shenyang Mint Museum

Bowker to Kann - 1949.4.11, 1 page.

10

“To put it mildly, I am astonished to learn that the lot of miscellaneous Chinese coins that have recently come into the hands of a local dealer are indeed from your shipments. Upon receipt of your letter I informed Ritchie and the dealer, William H. Smith, of the Eureka Coin Shop, 4117 19th Street, San Francisco, of the facts. I made an appointment to meet the latter at the convention of the California State Numismatic Association which was having a meeting on Sunday at San Jose, but he did not show up, or I missed him. Yesterday I went to his place of business to consult him about the matter. I noted that he had withdrawn the entire lot from his show cases, and apparently had put them away after I notified him. He stated that he had sold a number of the pieces to several different collectors, but did not say who they were, excepting that he agreed with me that he had disposed of 58

“Smith seemed somewhat concerned that the description you originally gave of what was in the smashed case did not correspond in any respect to the coins he had purchased. Nothing is contained therein as to your duplicates and forgeries being in the case, and this description seemed to most adequately describe the stuff he bought. It is difficult for me to believe that some of the pieces are forgeries, so I conclude that they must have been among your duplicates or that I am very badly mistaken about their authenticity. Of course there are any number of them that are obvious forgeries, many that I had never previously seen or heard of. He seems to wish to do the right thing by you in this matter insofar as I can judge, but after having read your last letter, in which you seemed to advise me to buy some of the pieces for myself, he was at a loss to know just what you wished in the matter.”

“Perhaps I should also mention the little I know about the man who is reputedly the source of your coins. He is said to be a seafaring man, and one from whom another dealer, Earl Parker, has occasionally obtained coins. He first showed the lot to the latter, and I believe he referred him to Smith. Neither seems to know his name, but both stated that they know him by sight, and that they could see him most any day at a bar located near Parker’s place of business on Market Street in SF, where he seems to make his headquarters. I mention this just in case you wish to have the matter of the rifling of your box investigated by the carrier or his representative.”

No letter has been found which suggests Bowker buy the coins for himself. Perhaps there is a letter missing.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.4.22, 2 pages.

11

Dated Los Angeles “In my last letter to you, I omitted to answer your query regarding the value of the 7th year Tihwa 1 tael silver

專題 / FEATURES

coin. In Shanghai they ask from US $15 to $20 for the specimen. It definitely is from my duplicate collection.

Same was contained in a strong cardboard box, which latter was torn open and about two handfuls of contents extracted.”

“Reverting to our letter of the 11th inst. I can easily explain the omission, when I first notified you. [It is] that the same wooden case also contained boards containing Chinese minted medallion, bogus and forgery coins, as well as my duplicates. My collection is distributed amongst so many different cases that I did not recall the aforestated facts. Only when receiving the remnants of case 69 at the customs house here, packed in gunny bags and flimsy crates, did I see what other coins there were (in the case).

This means that two-thirds of my forgery/bogus collection was pilfered, while they left me one-third; and two fistfuls of duplicates were stolen. I hope none of my subsidiary silver and nickel coins from my regular collection [were stolen]. As our quarters are too small to spread them out, I had no chance as yet to examine them more closely.”

“In any event, it is wrong on the part of any dealer to buy Chinese and Turkestan silver coins from a sailor or wharfhand, for it is obvious that he must have stolen them. I am sure that, in the event of this case being taken to court, the dealer would fare very badly, for he ought under all circumstances have asked name and address; respectively he ought to have made a list of what he bought and have same signed by the (thieving) seller.”

“I can tell you with full authority that the subsidiary Hunan tael pieces, which you say were sold to an Illinois dealer, were forgeries, made by the late Ping. I paid dearly for them, had them in my collection for about 5 years, but finally I had to mournfully discard them as forgeries. On this point there is no doubt whatsoever. Most likely I have photos of these in my baggage.”

“So far Mr. Smith has not written to me. If he does, he ought to make me a fair proposal. As I said, I have pictures of some of the coins which originally I took for genuine, but which conclusively proved to be fakes.”

“I am keeping busy. We plan to take a third room in the same house, and while this will be inadequate for accommodating all our cases, it might help ameliorate the situation in part.”

Aside from more details about Kann’s stolen coins, the most important piece of information in this letter is the name of the forger who made the fake Hunan subsidiary tael coins. Kann calls him only “Ping” and we know nothing more about him, except that he had already died.

The last paragraph about Kann’s living arrangements in Los Angeles, reveals that either he lived very frugally or he was not as wealthy as some believe him to have been. Several years after his death, a lawsuit brought by his heirs showed that his estate consisted of a relatively modest amount of stocks and bonds. No mention was made of his collections. His coin collection was sold in the 1950’s, but his stamp collection, sycee collection, and paper money collection were all sold after his death. What became of his collections of Chinese jades and ivory is unknown.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.5.11, 1 page.

12

“I am applying for recognition as a displaced person, so that I might stay on in USA. Inter alia I need for this purpose letters from three American citizens (affidavits), testifying to my good moral character. The problem of finances is not concerned, and there is no obligation whatsoever on the part of the writer. May I therefore ask that you kindly mail such a testimonial to ….. (address) …..

You might state that you have known me for many years and that, etc. etc. Many thanks in advance.”

Kann mentions hearing of “a doctor in San Diego who owns a noteworthy collection of Chinese coins”, and asks to be put in touch with him. He also enclosed a listing (not found) of all Chinese Gold Yuan notes issued by the Central Bank of China up to the end of March 1949.

Bowker to Kann - 1949.5.15, 1 page.

13

Bowker replies that the doctor in San Diego who collects Chinese coins is probably a Dr. Wallace, optometrist, whose office was at 5th and Broadway in San Diego. Dr. Wallace had been president of the San Diego coin club.

Wallace’s main collecting interest, however, was U.S. 50 cent coins. There was another collector named Johnson who was trying to buy Wallace’s Chinese collection before he (Johnson) returned to his former home back east. Bowker suggests Kann contact Dr. Wallace to learn whether the collection had been sold or not.

This information could be important. It is rumored that Kann sold his collection of Chinese coins about 1954 to a doctor, and it was this unnamed doctor who owned the collection until it was sold by Schulman & Kriesberg in 1971. To this day, the identity of this doctor has remained a mystery. A couple coin dealers claim to know who he was but as late as 2011 refused to reveal his name because either he or his family was still living. Another possible identity for this mystery doctor, is Dr. David Graham, with whom Kann published a supplement to his catalog of Chinese coins, listing various Taiwan patterns.

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David Graham was an industrial education advisor with the U.S. Mutual Security Mission in Taiwan in the 1950's.

He should not be confused with Dr. D. C. Graham, the missionary and anthropologist.

Bowker acknowledged receiving the listing of gold yuan notes and states that the only important recent addition to his collection was a 20 cent Peking coin of 1900. Bowker also says he would be happy to send a testimonial on Kann’s behalf to the Immigration Service.

Bowker concludes with: “Have heard nothing from Smith, but due to the time elapsed since I gave him your address, I feel it only proper to ask you if he did in fact communicate with you as he promised?”

Kann to Bowker - 1949.5.16, 1 page.

14

Kann writes: “From Smith I have not heard for many months. Most likely he is still in Peking, and just as likely he is O.K. there. Smith is a professional writer – provided he writes at all; which is rarely enough the case.” Here Kann has confused Ward Smith, the Chinese paper money collector, with William H. Smith, the San Francisco coin dealer who bought Kann’s stolen coins.

“It is indeed good news that you found the 20 cents Peking coin. It is worth from $100 to $150 (if genuine).

I do not possess it yet, and neither the 10 cent piece. If you come across such rarities (provided you have them already), please buy them for me, or else I will exchange with good value.” It is interesting that Kann did not have these two coins as late as May 1949. They are the two Peking coins most often seen in auctions.

Kann reports that about the 15th of April, two new values in Gold Yuan notes were issued in Shanghai – GY 50,000 and GY 100,000 – and encloses a GY 500 note as a gift to Bowker. He also reports that he and Dr. James Wang (a well known Chinese-American collector of Chinese stamps) had formed a local chapter of the China Stamp Societ y in Los Angeles, but so far had only seven members. Bowker was an active member of the San Francisco chapter of the China Stamp Society.

Bowker to Kann - 1949.5.18, 2 pages.

T he s e c ond p age is a c opy of B ow ker ’s let ter to Immigration endorsing Kann. He writes: “I am informed that Mr. Edourd (misspelled in original) Kann, formerly of Shanghai, China, and of Czechoslovak nationality, desires to obtain the recognition of the United States as a displaced person. With a view to furthering his application, I wish to state that I have known him personally since 1939, both in China and the United States, and that I believe him to be of good moral character, strict integrity, and in every respect worthy of consideration. In all of my intercourse with him, which has been continuous for the past ten years, I have always found him to be honorable, courteous, and honest, and I take pleasure in so testifying.”

At the time of his birth, Kann’s home town was located in Austria. When the country of Czechoslovakia was created after the First World War, that town became part of the new state. Being a Czech citizen would become a problem in Kann’s application to stay in the United States.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.5.20, 2 pages.

16

“Regarding the theft of part of my coins, I plan to do nothing in particular at this moment, for hiring a lawyer and appearing personally there before a court might come much dearer than the damage was. Regarding the stolen duplicates I have no register and no proofs, except that the box containing them was torn open and a few fistfuls extracted. My regular collection (I have not yet had the possibility of opening any of my large wooden cases) is different for there almost all of my coins are photographed. If these should have been pilfered, I plan to prosecute Mr. Smith. This for your private information; do not discuss this with Smith.”

15

“Ever since I wrote you about seeing Smith (about the coins) I have been expecting some word from either or both you and him, but as nothing was said, last Sunday I went over to SF to see him. He now tells me that although he intended writing you when I last saw him, he did not do so. When I asked him if he intended to write to you as he had promised, he stated that he did not, and that it was his 60

present intention to do nothing further about the matter unless some action was taken on your behalf. Needless to say neither I nor Ritchie concur in this attitude, but I am mentioning it to you in order that you will know of his present attitude. Smith had on display in his place of business quite a few other silver coins of China which he had not previously displayed, but whether or not they came from the same source as the others [that is, stolen from Kann], he did not say.”

Bowker to Kann - 1949.5.22, 1 page.

17

“We are a little confused regarding the Smith’s. This time it is too many Smith’s, not cooks. My reference was to the SF Smith whom I gave your address with a view to his writing you regarding the coins which were missing from your shipment, and which turned up in his shop. Your reference is, of course, to the Smith who went to Peiping.

專題 / FEATURES

I have heard nothing from him, likewise, for about a year, but have wondered if he stayed on in Peiping or returned home. I asked Mr. Coole about him, but he did not reply to my inquiry. They had been in touch with one another in Peiping.”

The Smith in Peiping is Ward D. Smith, author of the catalog "Chinese Banknotes" published in 1970. He had been in China with the U.S. army during World War II. After the war he enrolled as a student at Peking University.

Bowker to Kann - 1949.6.22, 1 page.

18

Bowker reports he has had the testimonial (affidavit) recommending Kann to the Immigration Service notarized and has put it in the mail to Kann. The rest of the letter concerns obtaining newly issued Chinese stamps.

Kann to Bowker - No Date, 1 page.

19

Thanks Bowker for the affidavit and says he hopes to be granted displaced person status which will allow him to immigrate to America. Kann sent a new list (not found) of Gold Yuan notes and mentions that they are no longer circulating, having been replaced by Silver Yuan notes issued in Canton and printed in Hong Kong. This letter must have been written sometime between June 2nd and 10th. Mentions that he had agreed to give a talk on Chinese coins at the ANA convention, as requested by Vernon Brown.

Bowker to Kann - 1949.6.10, 1 page.

20

Remarks on Gold Yuan and Silver Yuan stamps and notes.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.8.14, 1 page.

21

Just a note to advise Bowker that he will be arriving in San Francisco at night on the following Friday, and had booked a room at the Sir Francis Drake Hotel. Though unstated, he was there to attend and give a talk at the ANA convention, being held in San Francisco that year.

He says he will telephone Bowker to arrange where and when to meet. Kann also writes: “My brother from Portland came down to meet me, and as he is leaving on Sunday, I shall be spending Saturday with him.” This is the first mention of any of Kann’s relatives. His brother, Alfred Kann, apparently lived in Portland, Oregon.

Bowker to Kann - 1949.10.10, 1 page.

in San Francisco in August. The coins were apparently all dated AH 1291 (Kann types K1489-1491) but were probably all different, as Bowker states: “You will note that there is considerable variety in the marginal border and the engraving of the inner circles, which sometimes appear as simple lines, dots between lines, and straight lines connecting the two circles.”

22

Bowker enclosed rubbings (not found) of four gold tilla coins issued by Yakub Beg in Sinkiang, as Kann had requested when they met during the ANA convention

CHINA-SINKIANG 1873 (AH1291) Tilla Gold Coin, K1489, XF

Bowker asks Kann to help him build his collection of notes of the Central Bank of China and especially the Gold Yuan notes he is still missing. Also mentions that he plans a trip to Los Angeles soon. Mentions that he has been receiving issues of the Golden Carp since it began publication.

This was the journal published by the newly formed Los Angeles branch of the China Stamp Society. Bowker laments that his own chapter in San Francisco was not interested in publishing a journal. Bowker was later able to change their minds, and they did issue a journal, of which Bowker was the editor.

The letter ends with the first mention of Chen Cho-wei: “I enclose herewith a copy of a catalog of an exhibition of Chinese coins being held in Hong Kong this month by Mr. Chen Cho-wei. He also issued a similar brochure in Chinese. He expects to come to the US for a couple years’ graduate studies in Money and Banking and expects to bring his collection with him. I hope he does, as he appears to have quite a collection and much that I have never seen.”

Bowker would have more to say about Chen Cho-wei in later letters.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.10.17, 1 page.

23

Kann thanks Bowker for sending a brochure about the display of Chen Cho-wei’s collection of modern coins, but dismisses the importance of the collection. He does, however, ask Bowker to put him in touch with Chen if he should visit California. Also mentions receiving a letter from Kalgan Shih announcing publication of his catalog of Modern Chinese Coins, Chinese version, in 500 copies.

Kann says of the book “…. comprising 200 pages and richly illustrated, largely with coins from my collection.”

Kann’s let ters refer several times to other people publishing books using photos of Kann’s coins.

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Essex Institute to Kann - 1949.12.5, 1 page. 25

Modern Coins of China

Anticipating a possible visit from Bowker, Kann asks for a week’s notice so he can gather his coins from a bank safe deposit box and put them in pages for display. Kann used cardboard pages with clear plastic slides which display both sides of the coin. However, when not being examined, the coins were housed in a safe deposit box, probably in paper envelopes.

Kann then mentions that the three U.S. mints made during June-July 1949 some 30 million silver dollar coins for China. He says these were struck from dies for the 23rd year Sun Yat Sen dollar with junk on reverse, though it is unclear how he knew this. He also says “Minting of silver has been going on in China at Canton, Chengtu, Chungking and in Formosa, all 1 dollar coins, I surmise; and at Lanchowfu (before it fell) 20 cent pieces. The dollar pieces supposedly are the Sun-Junk type, but most likely dated 38th year.” Obviously Kann had not seen the coins, as no such coins exist. It is unclear why he thought silver coins were being made at those mints. Some of these mints probably did strike silver coins in 1949, but there is no direct evidence of this. The mention of 20 cent coins made at Lanchow (Kansu Province) is interesting.

This may refer to a Kansu Yuan Shih-kai 20 cent, which Kann mentions in his catalog, and reserves number 761, but as he says, no such coin has been seen. He may have confused Lanchow with Kweichow, which did issue a 20 cent coin in 1949 (Kann 758iii), or this may be simply a false rumor.

Bowker to Kann - 1949.11.28, 1 page.

24

Bowker had not replied sooner because he was on a trip to Detroit. He now plans to be in Los Angeles the next weekend and wants to arrange to visit Kann. Bowker says he has not heard from Kalgan Shih for a year or so and had not heard about his book.

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Esther Usher, writing for the Library of the Essex Institute in Salem, Massachusetts, answers an earlier letter from Kann (not found) regarding a pamphlet titled “The Currencies of Tibet”. They were not able to find such a work in their main library or in the Robinson Library of numismatic works. They ask Kann to provide an author or date for the work. Kann’s 12 December 1949 letter to Bowker reveals he was looking for a consular report on the coinage of Tibet, but they were unable to find it. It is unclear whether he was looking for a British consular report or an American consular report, or perhaps it was really a report from the Chinese maritime customs service. Bowker’s letter of 14 December 1949 says the item is Consular Report 21188, and that he had seen it at Essex when he visited there, but that it is not listed in the Essex catalog or the Robinson catalog. He says the ANS has a two page typescript summary of the report, but does not mention a date or author.

Bowker to Kann - 1949.12.8, 1 page.

26

Bowker thanks Kann for showing him his collection of Chinese sycee and silver coins, apparently a few days earlier. He mentions having recently obtained 12 Sinkiang half miscal (mace) silver coins from Arthur Coole, to add to the seven varieties of these coins he already had.

Bowker offers to send all 19 coins to Kann for examination, and if any turn out to duplicate each other, he offers to trade those to Kann, if he needs them. This tells us that most of the Sinkiang half mace silver coins in Bowker's collection were obtained from Coole late in 1949.

Bowker sent Kann a copy of an article he was working on, listing the Year 18 (1929) Sun Yat Sen dollars and attributing them to the various countries which produced them at the invitation of the Chinese government. Bowker says he wrote the article hurriedly and was unsure he had correctly identified all of them, and asks for Kann’s opinion.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.12.12, 2 pages.

27

Responding to Bowker’s question about the Year 18 Sun Yat Sen dollars, Kann says his conclusions seem to be correct except for some problem with the British made coin. Kann says he will write to the Vienna Mint to inquire into the matter.

Regarding the Sinkiang half miscal (5 fen) coins, Kann says he has 80 different pieces and that every one seen seems to be another variety. Kann says he was buying the Kashgar coins in Shanghai for 50 cents each but that

專題 / FEATURES

the other mints, such as Yarkand, are worth more. He had purchased three pieces from Hans Schulman for $7.50 each, one of which was a type he had never seen before, with the Chinese character “yuan”. There are two such Sinkiang 5 Fen silver coins with yuan, both very rare. Both have on the obverse the character "yuan" with a dot inside a box between its legs. One has on the reverse only Turki inscriptions and is attributed to the Kuche Mint (Sinkiang Gold & Silver Coins Catalogue (2016) by Lin Hsien-chang #023). The other, from the Kashgar Mint, has on the reverse a Manchu mintmark to the left, Turki mintmark to the right, and the Chinese denomination in the center (Xinjiang Numismatics (1991) #286). We don't know which type Kann had in his collection because it is not listed in his catalog.

Two paragraphs of this l e t t e r c o n c e r n Ta i p i n g silver and gold cash c o in s . H e m e n t i o n s a n ar ticle by R . Alexander Jamieson published in the Numismatic Chronicle of 1866, which states that the Taipings did not issue silver or gold coins. Yet A. M. Tracey Woodward cited this ar ticle as evidence A. M. Tracey Woodward that such gold coins were issued. But Kann notes another source of information, an article by William Mesny published in 1866, in which Mesny mentions seeing Taiping gold coins, some worn as souvenirs by foreigners. Kann also notes an 1860’s article published in Belgium which refers to silver and copper Taiping coins donated to the Royal Museum of the Netherlands. Kann wrote to the museum and they replied that they had received no such donation and no such coins were in their collection. However, Kann (and everyone else) misunderstood the article, which simply reported that a collector in Java had such coins – they were not donated to the museum.

Also mentioned in the letter is that Kann’s sister-in-law had returned from Shanghai with some new Chinese notes, which Kann sent to Bowker in the letter. A hand notation indicates the letter contained two 50 yuan notes, six 100 yuan notes and three 200 yuan notes. The relatively low face values suggest these may have been notes of the Peoples Bank of China.

Finally Kann asks: “Did you obtain a reply from the man with the 20 cents Hupeh “ben shen” coins?” This extremely rare coin is from a set of Hupeh dragon coins with the characters “pen sheng” to the sides of the

dragon. The purpose of this marking is unknown. That someone should have more than one of such a coin is very unusual. In the next letter, Bowker replies: “To date have heard nothing further from the gentleman who stated he had the 20 cent Hupeh [pen sheng] coins.”

Bowker to Kann - 1949.12.14, 1 page.

28

More on Taiping gold and silver cash coins. Bowker mentions that Spink had a Taiping gold cash for sale in April 1935 and Seaby had one for sale, apparently around the same time. Bowker speculates that it might have been the same coin. Spink described the coin as having four characters on the obverse and two on the reverse.

Bowker had never seen an image of the gold coin but he owned a Taiping silver coin.

Taiping gold coin

Mor e on Sink i ang 5 fen (h al f miscal). Bowker says he has one with character “kuang” (part of inscription: Kuang Hsu Yin Ch’ien) on one side above a simulated center hole, and suggests that Kann’s coin with “yuan” might be a misreading of this coin. Bowker enclosed rubbings of all the Sinkiang 5 fen and 1 miscal coins in his collection.

Kann had several times referred to a Mr. W. Clark who was working on a book on Tibetan coins. This Taiping silver coin, Bowker collection, donated to was W. L . Clark , but no such Shanghai Mint Museum book was ever published, and in this letter Bowker asks if “the contribution which you expected Clark to publish on Tibetan coins was the article he published entitled “Denominations of Tibetan Coins” which was published in the March-April issue of the Coin Collectors Journal, pages 46-47.”

Bowker mentions a Russian collector of Chinese coins who had contributed some information for Bowker’s bibliography. “Slobodchikof has furnished me with a list of ten or so titles which were published in Vladavostok in Russian on Chinese numismatics. As his notes are rather sketchy, I will have to have a look at the pamphlets themselves in order to obtain the required data relative to page numbers, etc.”

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Bowker to Kann - 1949.12.16, 1 page.

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“At the meeting on Wednesday of the PCNS [Pacific Coast Numismatic Society] in SF, one of the dealers present showed me a circular letter from Mrs. Tracey Woodward, of which I am enclosing a copy for your information [not found]. Although I do not suppose that you would be at all interested in the collection as a whole as offered, I thought you might wish to communicate with her regarding some individual specimens if, as appears most probable to me, she should not obtain a buyer for the entire collection, or in case the collection might get into the hands of some dealer who would break it up.”

This was the beginning of the break-up of the famous A. M. Tracey Woodward collection of Chinese coins.

At the time of his death in the 1930’s, Woodward was equally if not more famous for his collecting of Japanese stamps. He had written what is still a standard work on early Japanese stamps. A couple years after his death, his widow consigned his world famous collection of Japanese stamps to a stamp auction in Europe.

Unfortunately, the sale occurred on the eve of the Second World War, and the stamps sold for only a fraction of their true value. Perhaps this is why his widow did not sell the coin collection at that time, but waited until after the war.

The collection was broken up by two New York City coin dealers beginning in 1951, but it is unclear who actually bought the collection. Many of the rarities were sold in two Hans Schulman sales in April 1951 and April 1952.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.12.17, 2 pages.

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The next paragraph lists coins Kann offered in exchange for some Sinkiang duplicates which Bowker had offered.

Among the coins offered was a Kwangsi 20 cent with “kuei” character (Kann 750), about which Kann says: “My original copy I bought 10 years ago for $150, being for years one of the great rarities. During the war a small supply came on the Shanghai market, bringing prices down.” Another coin on the list was a Fookien 20 cent coin dated 16th year (1927; Kann 712). Kann writes: “Was discovered during 1945 only. My specimen is mint condition. In July 1948 it was offered to me at $100; some months later I bought it at $25. Then it was offered lower.”

Kann then mentions an anticipated work on Tibetan coins. “Mr. W. Clark has been working for over 2 years on a monograph re Tibetan coinage and wrote to me last summer that he expects to publish same in December of this year. I don’t know whether it will be a monograph for the ANS or whether it will be published independently. I wrote to him again about 2 months ago, but so far I remain without an answer.”

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Kann describes his Sinkiang half miscal with character “yuan” which Bowker referred to in his letter of 14 December: “Re ½ miscal I have from Schulman. The character “yuan” [which Kann has written in by hand] stands absolutely clearly on the right. Above is “kuang”, below “hsu”, and left (only partly visable), either “ch’ien” or “yin.” It is very interesting and the only specimen I saw.

Seemingly undated.” He then goes on to mention again that he was able to buy many examples of the common types of half miscals in Shanghai for fifty cents each. His Shanghai supplier told him that a dealer in Peking had a drawer full of the coins.

Kwangsi 20 cent with “kuei” character

An earlier letter suggested Kann's Sinkiang half miscal (5 Fen) was the type with a single character "yuan" on the obverse, but this letter makes it clear that there is a four character Chinese inscription on the obverse of the coin. While most Sinkiang 5 Fen coins with four Chinese characters read "Kuang Hsu Yin Ch'ien", there is a very rare coin with the inscription "Kuang Hsu Yuan Pao" (or the last character might be "nien"), and it is listed in his catalog as Kann 999, from the Yanghissar Mint.

Kann to Bowker - 1949.12.31, 2 pages.

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Kann writes: “I am replying to your letter of 16th inst. and want to thank you for the copy of Mrs. Woodward’s circular. I believe that I spoke to you when you were here and expressed the opinion that, so far, the collection still was unsold. I was right in my assertion. In 1938 I had similar details from Mrs. W. direct. Our project to sell the collection to the Chinese government was then hopeful, but the war prevented consummation of the deal. At first sight I was about to share your opinion, namely that nobody will come forward and offer to buy the entire collection as such. However, we are mistaken, for I have

Fookien 20 cent coin dated 16th year

專題 / FEATURES

it on undoubted authority that one dealer at least offered $45,000 for the lot, half of which payable in cash, while the other half is payable within one year. The party is of excellent credit standing. Yet Mrs. W. turned the offer down. I do not know what other offers came in. I wrote to Mrs. W. (I am not a buyer, except certain pieces) about 2 weeks ago, but so far she has not answered to me. I have reason to believe that the collection contains divers forgeries and bogus coins. In number just one half of the collection consists of 1 cent coppers, about which I know nothing. The gold portion undoubtedly is good, but the silver section far below mine. I am giving you full information and ask you to reciprocate if you get authentic news.”

This remarkable letter tells us for the first time that Kann and Woodward’s widow had negotiated the sale of Woodward’s collection to the Chinese government, but the arrangement fell through due to the war with Japan. We can only speculate which government agency was to be the buyer – perhaps the Central Bank or the Central Mint at Shanghai. Kann had connections with both and would be the logical choice to arrange such a sale. A decade later, after the war, the collection was still intact and Mrs. Woodward was attempting to sell it.

One dealer offered $45,000 for the collection, which was probably a fair amount, but Mrs. Woodward turned down the offer. We do not know why, nor do we know the name of the person who made the offer. We don’t even know for certain whether he was a collector or dealer, nor in which country he lived. Perhaps the buyer was Japanese (perhaps the Bank of Japan?) and the offer was turned down due to animosity toward the Japanese. We just don’t know.

Kann then turns to Kalgan Shih and his recently published book on Chinese silver and gold coins: “I just had a letter from Kalgan Shih. My letter to him via Hong Kong took 40 days to reach him. His answer is dated 2nd December.

He naturally writes in guarded terms and gives me to understand that numismatics under the new masters are now dormant in Shanghai. He tells me that cost of printing 692 copies in Shanghai, inclusive of plates and photos, was US $4,250; Hong Kong, he says, would have charged double this price. Not very encouraging for my planned book, which would occupy double the space. He can be reached at the following address: Kalgan Shih, c/o P. N. Chen ……..”

Shih’s letter confirms what Kann had suspected, that under the new communist government, numismatic

activity in Shanghai had ceased. The printing information provided is interesting. Why were 692 copies of the book printed? I suspect this was 500 copies of the hardcover volume in Chinese (with the photos) and 192 copies of the paperback English translation (without photos). Later letters will discuss the until recently unknown second edition of Shih’s book.

Kann then mentions that Ritchie had asked to borrow the photos of Kann’s sycee collection in order to have enlargements made of some pieces. Kann sent him a set of 12 photographs and a detailed list, and tells Bowker that if he is interested, he can have an extra set made (at Ritchie’s expense) for himself. Bowker’s next letter shows he had done just that, and the set of photos was present in his library when I acquired it.

In the early 1970’s I had borrowed a set of large (about 2 feet by 1 foot) photo plates of the Kann sycee collection from the Los Angeles auction company which had it on consignment from Kann’s widow. I had my uncle make copies in the same size, and sent a set of the copies to Joe Cribb at the British Museum, which ended up buying the collection. I also have a copy of the list of the sycee – 199 pieces, giving the weight and some other details about each piece.

Kann brings up Mr. W. Clark, who claims to be writing a book about Tibetan coins, but who hasn’t answered Kann’s request for information. Kann asks Bowker to inquire about the book, but not to let Clark know that he (Kann) is interested. Kann asks to borrow Clark’s article on Tibetan numerals and a recent Numismatic Scrapbook article on the Szechuan rupee. Those were the days before xeroxing was available.

Kann then mentions the Taiping gold cash coin: “About two weeks ago I wrote to Seaby & Co. asking whether they still own, or could get for me, the Taiping gold coin.

Also whether it would be feasible to trace the buyer of the Hong Kong 1867 (Shanghai) tael, even at double the auction price. I told them that I wanted no credit and am ready to make a deposit in advance; I also gave your name as reference. However, not a syllable in reply. Did they inquire from you?”

Kann was asking Seaby, the old London coin dealership, to contact the buyer of the Shanghai tael and offer him double what he had paid for it in the auction, apparently a Seaby auction. In other letters Kann complains that he was rarely able to buy anything from London coin dealers.

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PUBLISHER'S NOTE /

“

The Howard Bowker and Eduard Kann letters gives us extremely important insight into the collecting activities of two great researchers and collectors of Chinese Numismatics during their friendship from the 1930’s to 1960’s. After scanning all the letters from Bowker archives for several years, the most important letters are now part of the Smithsonian's National Numismatic Collection at Smithsonian National Museum of America History in Washington, D.C. The Howard Bowker research room and coins from his East Asian collection are now housed here.

The correspondence in 1949 is important because it contains information about Kann’s collection after he left China and his travels to the United States. The information about Kann’s collection also reveals the provenance of some of Bowker’s most important Chinese coins, as the coin envelopes which contained them had pedigree of Kann-Smith on them. I did not understand this until we started to read thru the correspondence during our cataloging of Bowker’s collection. Many of these coins and Banknotes are now in museums at the Beijing China banknote printing and minting museum, Shenyang Mint museum and Shanghai Mint museum. The letters give information for us to connect the departure of these coins in 1949 and now their return to China thru generosity of the Bowker family.

This 10 year project working on donations of the Howard Bowker East Asian Collection to museums in China, Germany, and United States has been a great honor and during this process I was able to spend many days with the Bowker family, travel to many interesting places and meet many wonderful people who made this possible. I think you can probably only do a project like this once or twice in your career, so I will always appreciate the trust the Bowker family entrusted to me.

The letters also revealed the where about of the A. M. Tracey Woodward collection as it was offered for sale

by Woodward to the Chinese government in 1938 and interrupted by the war and later by his widow. An offer of at least USD 45,000 was offered for the collection by a dealer with half payment in cash and remaining payment in one year, which was turned down by Ms Woodward. Later the Woodward collection was auction and sold in 1951 and 1952, and Kann obtained some of his most important coins from the Woodward collection. Another important information was the possible buyer of the Kann collection in 1954 by a doctor, which we now think it is Dr David Grame who consigned and the Kann coins starting in 1971.

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Bowker’s family presented in the China Banknote Printing and Minting Museum

Bowker’s family presented in the Shenyang Mint Museum

Donation ceremony of Bowker’s collection at the Shanghai Mint Museum

Another important information was the cost of the printing of the Kalgan Shih book which was printed in Shanghai in 1949. A total of 692 books was printed at a cost of USD 4250, we assume 500 copies in Chinese which means 192 copies in English and Chinese.

Some of Bowker’s coins were plate coins in Kann 1954

專題 / FEATURES

Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins gifted by Kann to Bowke

Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins and Bowker worked closely with Kann on this project. We have a signed copy of the 1954 book from Kann to Bowker thanking him for his contribution to the book. Also in this book , there are correction Bowker made in notes in the book. Eduard Kann sold his collection of Chinese coins to finance the publishing of his 1954 work which is still consider the greatest book on China ease machine struck coins and probably based on the greatest collection of Chinese struck coins.

While Kann has always been a titan in Chinese numismatics with the correspondence between Bowker and Kann, we now know, Kann consider Bowker to be a equal in the research of Chinese numismatics. I am extremely pleased I can contribute to the rediscovery of this other titan of Chinese numismatics to the east and west audiences.

”

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霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克與耿愛德 1949年往來書信 霍华德 · 佛兰克林 · 包克

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年1月6日，1頁 寄往上海福煦路941號

史博祿〔美國〕整理標注

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耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年3月22日，2頁

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包克感謝耿愛德托布切利先生轉交的錢幣和紙鈔，及耿愛

“及至此處，我大驚。我於上海打包寄出總計19箱行李，獨

不知其蹤。”因在書中找不到秦子幃的中文名，包克為此詢

悉數為我之錢幣珍藏。我畢生所藏的銀幣、鎳幣、鋁幣輔

能識，你能幫忙找到他的名字寫法嗎？”。包克在信末交托

言，若將所盜銀幣熔鑄，只能得到一筆小錢，約 700-900

德寄贈的一套秦子幃藏品拓本集。包克手書 ： “此書卷二已 問耿愛德 ： “我欲知秦之名，書中印章似有刻印，然而無人

耿愛德可否幫忙拿到一套或兩套1948年中國紙幣協會在上

海發行的八冊一套《中國紙幣收藏匯》。

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年1月31日，1頁

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耿愛德表示自己最近一直忙於包裝並安排運輸一些箱子到

洛杉磯，並打算在兩到四周內離開中國。耿愛德說他將乘船 前往美國， 卻不知將乘何船，途中是否停靠舊金山或洛杉磯。 耿愛德回信包克， “因為《中國紙幣收藏匯》的編輯及創辦

人（陳先生）被控挪用公款” ，包克托耿愛德尋找的《中國紙

幣收藏匯》已不再出版，但是耿已另為包克尋得上海劉行 方定期出刊的紙幣雜誌（《中國紙幣目錄》）”。

耿愛德解釋 ： “寄給你的秦子幃藏品拓本集卷二已被裁剪，

以用做目錄插圖。”耿愛德還在信中寫出了秦子幃的中文名。

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年2月27日，1頁

寫於橫濱

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耿愛德在信中提到，他正乘坐馬士基貨船前往美國，預計將 於 3 月 14 日抵達舊金山，他在洛杉磯的收件地址是“北西

克莫大道 1995 號”。耿愛德表示一到舊金山就會聯繫包克 並與包克碰面，見面時請包克帶來土耳其金幣以便結賬。

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年3月17日，1頁 寄至耿愛德位於北西克莫大道的地址

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倆人討論了西藏錢幣及其數量。從信中可以得知耿愛德與包 克在這一天之前已經見過面。

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耿爱德

17箱安全送達（雖未從海關過），兩箱被盜。其中一箱幾近

幣及副品受損嚴重。此外，我的錢財損失巨大。于盜賊而

美元而已。若盜賊將所盜錢幣賣給美國錢幣交易商，也只 能賣出相對低的價格，因所盜之幣在美國不受歡迎，無人 會出高價購買，我卻將它們視若珍寶。我認為它們售價可

高達10000美元。此次遺失的兩箱藏品，其中一箱內的玻 璃、象牙、銀飾，皆未投保，部分原因在於需繳納約500

美元的保險費，而主要原因在於我不想向保險公司洩露我 將攜帶銀幣出中國。”

“如有善人完整歸還我所遺失的兩箱行李，我將給他一筆豐 厚的感謝費，輪船代理公司歸還的情況除外。特此來信敬

問，你可否幫我解此煩憂 ；或者你可否轉告埃 · 提 · 裡奇先 生請他幫忙。若您覺得裡奇先生或可一試，請將此信息轉

告裡奇先生，我在此靜 候佳音。若您認 為需要着手調查， 請取出信封裡的信，剪下信末附言，並轉寄裡奇先生，附 言已寫明所有必要細節。”

“我欲在此強調說明，在錢幣交易商眼中看似千篇一律的一

枚幣，在我看來有着二十種到五十種版別（全都裝在可抽動

的錢幣紙板中），我是少見的收集不同版別的錢幣收藏家。 您能否轉告您認識的舊金山錢幣交易商留意正在出售的中 國輔幣和鎳幣？”

“據我所知，無人親眼見我在上海打包錢幣。鑒於含 9 個木 箱（筆誤，實際是19箱）的運單已被簽收，我們可知所有貨

物已成功裝船，亦有可能在上海遺失，儘管可能性很小。 ”

在遺失藏品之後的數年內，耿愛德仍多次在信中提及他所 遺失的錢幣，遺憾的是，在耿愛德與包克往來的信件中沒

專題 / FEATURES

有發現遺失的錢幣清單。包克在3月31日的回信中說他已經

原封不動轉交給他。裡奇手頭有從舊金山錢幣錢幣交易商

耿愛德就已經用貼頁方式裝好所有的錢幣。在耿愛德所著

從霍奇斯那裡所得贗品副品居多。”

把這份清單給了裡奇先生。最新一封通信表明早在1949 年

《中國幣圖說匯考》書開頭附加一張照片，照片中的耿愛德

處購得的錢幣。這些錢幣疑似是你的錢幣副品，以你之前

正坐於桌前手捧錢幣紙板檢查錢幣。耿愛德在之前信中提

“次日，週六。我拜訪了幾名舊金山主要的錢幣交易商，並

歷山大 · 沃特 · 裡奇（1912-2003年），又名華特 · 裡奇。裡

地市場 發現我遺失的藏品，敬請諸位相告。’他們表示同

到的埃 · 提 · 裡奇其實是錯誤的人名，正確的寫法應當是亞

奇是一名專業化學家，他是包克的朋友，收 藏中國錢幣， 居住在舊金山。

告訴大家你遺失錢幣一事。我轉告各位錢幣商 ： ‘一旦在當

意。途中我還細細查看裡奇得到的疑似是你遺失的剩餘錢 幣。錢幣商同意未經你的許可不會隨意處置這些錢幣，以

防其中果真夾雜你遺失的藏品。如果你尚有沒找回的藏品， 請你寄給我一份明細清單。我將進一步檢查追蹤。”

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年4月5日，1頁

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“我終於拿到損毀的69號箱。箱中物品損毀巨大，有些已

嚴重沾染油垢，有些已然面目全非，興許曾慘遭盜賊破壞。 所幸我的多數銀幣、鎳幣完好無損，另有一些已從海員手

中討要回來。我確信有一個箱子裡裝着許多輔幣副品，卻

忘了是哪一箱。若是69號箱，石沉大海的可能性較大。若

是其他箱子，也許哪天能回到我的身邊。至今我仍憂慮該

於何處存放餘下的18箱藏品，我們的公寓已無足夠空間存

放太多物品。我在上海新制的全部錢幣紙板皆已在油中泡

耿愛德在整理錢幣 , 照片來自1954 年《中國幣圖說匯考》

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年3月29日，1頁

爛，但相比石沉大海，此乃不幸中之大幸。”

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寫於上海，寄信地錯誤 “一周前我寫信給你，當時已找到完整的 71號木箱，但是裝

載輔幣的69號木箱在一次艱難旅途中俱毀。據說我的箱子

受到幾箱笨重木油桶的猛烈撞擊，幾成碎片，箱內物品浸 泡在濃濃的油垢中。”

“昨日我與船運公司調查員一道前往海關查驗並重新裝箱失

而復得的藏品。我的大部分輔幣還留在箱子內，我心甚喜，

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年4月11日，2頁

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包克在信中羅列了他在一家當地錢幣店鋪看到的大約22 枚

錢幣拓片。儘管這些拓片不對外展示，仍可在他寄贈的蔣 仲川著《中國金銀鎳幣圖說》中找到，其中有一枚是雲南金 幣的試鑄銀幣，有一枚是1901年辛丑（1901年）吉林省造 光緒元寶三錢六分銀幣，橫幅之旗幟有英文字。這兩枚幣

特將此喜悅與你分享。按照常規程式，我並不能馬上帶走

箱子，但在接下來的幾天我定會努力做這件事。我還會仔 細檢查，以防有海員撿到掉出來的錢幣作為紀念品。”

“我一聽到這個消息就立刻寫信給你，以免你浪費時間（若

1917年雲南省造當銀幣伍元單面試鑄幣，K1521a ，包克藏品，入捐瀋陽造幣博物館

你已開始幫忙尋找）繼續幫忙找尋我全部遺失的藏品。若 你能繼續留意賣給中國輔幣交易商的錢幣或是中國輔幣交 易商賣出的錢幣，那就再好不過了。”

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年3月31日，2頁

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“我已經收到你的上一封信，為此事我專程拜會裡奇，將信

1901年（辛丑）吉林省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分銀幣，Kann B40, 包克藏品，入捐瀋陽造幣博物館

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即是耿愛德遺失幣中的兩枚，倆人後期往來書信中有再次

提及此事。可巧的是，這兩枚幣是包克藏品目錄編號中的 最後兩枚，着實有趣得很。包克寫給耿愛德的下一封信落 筆日期也是4月11日。

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年4月11日，1頁

吧，將幾乎全部的錢幣都藏在那裡。我將此事告訴你，以 供你在船運公司或其代表機構調查你的箱子時參詳一二。”

沒有一封信中有提到包克最後是否自己將幣買下，可能有 關信件已經丟失。

10

“當我聞知近期流入當地錢幣商手中的中國錢幣均來自你遺

耿愛德致信包克 -

寫於洛杉磯

1949年 4月22日，2頁

11

失錢幣的船隻時，我頗感驚訝。一經收到你的來信，我便

“在你寄給我的上一封信中，我並沒有回復你關於民國七年

十九號大街優瑞卡錢幣鋪子） ，並約威廉 · 史密斯周日在聖

15-20美元，它肯定來自我的副品。在我的其中一個牢固

通知裡奇與舊金山錢幣商威廉 · 史密斯（其商鋪為舊金山地 約瑟舉辦的加州錢幣協會展會上詳談，但威廉 · 史密斯並未

出席會議，或者說我可能與他擦肩而過了。因此，我于昨日 前往史密斯辦公室拜謁他並商議相關事宜。我注意到，史

迪化銀元局造一兩銀幣的價格。在上海，該銀幣樣幣售價

的紙箱中也裝了同樣的幣。紙箱破裂後，大概有兩批這樣 的幣被拿走了。”

密斯突然撤走他於展會上展示的所有錢幣，且在我聯繫他

“再說回我們11日的通信。我現在能告訴你當我第一次通知

不同收藏家出售各類錢幣。除卻承認他曾出售幾枚湖南小

裝着中國鑄造的獎章、贗品和我的副品。我將藏品分散放

後他將所有的錢幣收起來了。見面後，史密斯表示，他面向

銀餅（即湖南長沙乾益省平足紋柒銀餅等此類小銀餅，耿愛 德書編號942-985號 ；詳見耿愛德的下一封信）給居住在伊

利諾州惠頓主街和日內瓦路的史密斯和頌恩，再無提及他 人。而這兩人我曾在展會上見過，他們亦是參展商之一。 ”

“史密斯說他會寫信給你，我已將你的地址給他，請靜候史 君佳音。我給他看過你最新寄來的一封信，裡頭有你發給

我和裡奇的原始貨箱描述清單。同時我已向史君買了其中幾 枚幣，史君同意，如果你還想要這些幣，他會按購買價把錢 退還給我，條件是在他收到你的答覆前由我保管這些幣。 ”

“起初史君有些擔憂你來信所述已毀箱子與他所購錢幣毫不 相干。 ‘我所購買的錢幣並沒有你箱子裡的副品及贗品’，史

君說此話時看似相當有把握。我實難相信史君所購錢幣中

你錢幣被盜一事時那些被我遺漏的物品。同樣的木箱中還

在不同的箱中，我現在根本想不起它們分別放在哪個箱中。 在來海關取走69號箱內用麻袋和輕巧的板條打包的殘留幣 時，我才能看到（箱內裝着）一些沒有被我記起的幣。十分

遺憾，我的贗品有三分之二被盜了，只剩下其餘的三分之一， 此外，我有兩批副品都被盜走了。真希望我常規收藏的銀

幣和鎳幣輔幣沒有被盜走。因空間有限無法將幣鋪展開來， 我尚且難以進一步檢查這些失而復得的錢幣。”

“無論如何，錢幣商從海員那裡或在碼頭買到中國銀幣和新

疆土耳其銀幣，這種說法並不合理，顯然，是他偷了錢幣。 我敢打保票，假若將此事訴諸法庭，錢幣商將 損失慘重，

因為他說不出買家的姓名和地址 ；假若錢幣是他買來的， 他應當有所購錢幣之清單及買家（偷盜者）簽名的賬單。”

有幾件 贗品，因而我確信，它們之中定有你的錢幣副品， “現在我能百分百確認，你先前所說的賣給一名伊利諾州錢 如若不然，則是我以真為假真假不分了。當然其中有幾件着

幣商的湖南省小銀餅為已故平玉麟鑄造的贗品。我曾出高

希望你盡其所能以他所願方式處理此事。然而讀完你的最

它們都是贗品，此乃板上釘釘的事實，我的行李可能還留

實是贗品，許多是我見所未見聞所未聞的。我料想，史君 新來信，史君知你勸我自己購買一些錢幣後，史君似乎明白 了你的想法，史君若有所失。”

“也許我該與你談談那位據稱是最初拿到你遺失錢幣的海

（知名錢幣商）， 員，他將錢幣經手給另一名錢幣商厄爾 · 派克

厄爾也是偶然間得到這些幣的。也就是說，這名海員將錢 幣拿給厄爾看了，爾後厄爾介紹海員與史君認識。無人知 曉這名海員姓甚名誰，但是厄爾和史密斯經常看到他，他

幾乎每天都會去舊金山市場街派克商務中心附近的一家酒 70

價購買它們，將之珍藏五年左右的時間，最終卻遺憾發現 着這些贗品的照片。”

“時至今日仍未收到史君來信。倘若史君寫過信，他可能在

信中給出了中肯的建議。如我所言，我有曾被我誤以為真卻 實為贗品的錢幣照片。”

“近來我一直很忙。我們打算在現有住所再租一間房，儘管 這仍不足以容納我們所有的箱子，卻有助於改善當前的情 況。”

專題 / FEATURES

除了寫出耿愛德被盜錢幣的更多細節，這封信還交代了一個 重要的信息，那就是湖南小銀餅贗品生產商的姓名。耿愛

德在信中稱此人為“平玉麟”，此外再無更多有關此人的信

但是請注意，我們不該將他與傳教士兼人類學家 D. C. 格 雷厄姆混淆了。

息，除了寫出此人“已故”。

包克確認其已收到金元券清單，並表示他近期新增收藏的

在信中最末段落，耿交代了他在洛杉磯的生活近況，耿坦

造一錢四分四釐（貳角）銀幣。包克還表示他很高興能為

言其生活十分節儉，並非外界所傳的那般富裕。耿死後數

年，他的遺產繼承人提起遺產訴訟，人們才知道他的遺產

唯一重要藏品是一枚原模鑄品庚子（1900 年）北京銀元局

耿愛德做移居證明。

中有很大一部分是股票和債券，他的遺產中已然沒有他平

末了，包克在信中寫道 ： “久未聞史君消息，自我給他你的

票、銀錠、紙鈔在他死後也全部被賣。耿一生珍藏之中國

諾與你聯繫？”

生珍藏的錢幣。20世紀50 年代，耿之錢幣藏品被賣，其郵 玉石和象牙不知所蹤。

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年5月11日，1頁

12

“我欲申請留美居住，必須有證明，因此亟需三位美國公民

的證明書，證明我品質良好。證明人無需交代有關個人財 政經濟的情況，你可否給予協助，將證明書發送至 · · · ·

· （地址）你可以寫我們已相識多年，諸如此類。我先於此 ·

稽首拜謝，感激不盡。”

地址已經過去一段時日，我只好來問你，史君是否遵守承

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年5月16日，1頁

14

耿愛德寫道： “我亦數月沒有收到史君的消息了。史君極有

可能還在北京，且一切安泰。史君真乃妙筆生花——若史君

終日從事創作事業，定當成為一名專業作家，可惜他寫得太 少了。”在此，耿愛德將包克所言“史君”錯認為沃德 ·史密 斯，一名中國紙鈔收藏家。而實際上，包克所說的是威廉·史

密斯，那名買到耿愛德被盜錢幣的舊金山錢幣交易商。

耿愛德在信中說“我聽說聖地亞哥的一名醫生擁有重要的 “你得到了北京銀元局造一錢四分四釐（貳角）銀幣原模鑄 中國錢幣藏品”，耿請求約見這名醫生。他還在信中附加了 一份清單（未見），清單中列明了中央銀行在1949 年3月底之

前發行的全部中國金元券。

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年5月15日，1頁

品，這真是個好消息，此幣價值100-150美元（如果它是真

幣）。我沒有收藏過北京銀元局造一錢四分四釐（貳角）銀

幣原模鑄品，同樣沒收藏過原模鑄品壹角幣。若你有幸見

到如此珍貴的錢幣（如果你已擁有這類幣），請你為我買下

13

它們，或許它們可以賣個好價錢。”有趣的是，耿愛德終於

在1949 年5月買到兩枚北京銀元局造銀幣，這樣的幣經常出

包克回信，該名收藏中國錢幣的聖地亞哥醫生可能是華萊

現在拍賣會上。

大道第五大街。華萊士醫生還是聖地亞哥錢幣俱樂部的總

耿愛德說4月15日左右，上海發行了兩種新面值的50000元

逊，他在回到東部的家鄉前試過向華萊士購買中國藏品。

元券。他還說他和詹姆斯 · 王（一位知名的中國籍美裔中國

士醫生，他是一名驗光師，其辦公地址在聖地亞哥百老匯 裁，他主要收藏50美分錢幣。還有一名收藏家，名為约翰

金元券和100000元金元券，並贈予包克一張面值500元金

包克建議耿愛德聯繫華萊士醫生詢問其藏品是否已被售賣。

郵票收藏家）在洛杉磯成立了一家中華集郵會地方分會，迄

此 乃重要 信息。據 說耿 愛 德在1954 年前後 將 他的中國錢

積極成員。

幣藏品賣給了一名醫生，這名醫生一直擁有該藏品，直至

1971年該藏品才由舒爾曼與克裡斯伯格拍賣行賣出。至今

這名醫生的身份依舊是個謎。有幾名錢幣商都認識他，但

今只有七名成員。而包克是中華集郵會舊金山分會的一名

包克致信耿愛德- 1949年5月18日，2頁

15

因其本人和家人都還在世，拒絕透露他的名字，直至 2011

“自我上次寫信告訴你見到史君 （及有關錢幣的事情）， 我

德曾與之編寫一份補充目錄，這份目錄在耿收藏的中國錢幣

君消息， 上周日我到舊金山去看他了。 見了面， 史君方才

年才鬆口。這位不知名醫生有可能是大衛 · 格雷厄姆，耿愛 目錄基礎上補充列出了一些臺灣樣幣。20世紀50 年代，大

衛 · 格雷厄姆在駐台美國共同安全分署擔任工業教育顧問。

一直希望能收到史君或你的消息。 然而自那次後就再無史 告訴我上次與我見面後會寫信給你， 他卻遲遲沒有動筆。

我進一步問他是否真想如承諾的那樣寫信給你， 他坦白說 71

13

TH

FEATURES / 專題

他並沒有這個想法。 顯然他並不想涉入此事， 除非你能出

面解決。 毋庸置疑， 我和裡奇對他所持態度都不贊同， 我 想我必須告訴你他現在的態度。 史密斯在他的營業場所展

出過許多枚先前從未展示過的中國銀幣， 但是他並沒有說

這些中國銀幣 是 否來自被 盜 之幣 （即耿愛 德 遺失被 盜 之 幣）。”

第二頁是包克為耿愛德寫的移居美國證明書复印件。包克

親筆 ： “茲證明，愛德華（原文有拼寫錯誤）· 耿愛德先生，

原籍捷克斯洛伐克，原居住於中國上海，欲獲准移居美國。

束後升學北大。

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年6月2日，1頁

18

包克說他已隨信敬附證明信，為耿愛德移居美國提供證明。 信的其餘部分提到了他收集到的最新發行的中國郵票。

耿爱德致信包克 - 无日期，1頁

19

為進一 步證 明其申請，我在 此說 明，我 與 耿 愛 德先 生于

“讓你費心了，真是感激不盡（指包克為耿提供證明信一事）。

信，耿愛德先生是一名善良、正直的公民，在各方面均無

包克抄送了一份新的金元券目錄（未見），並說明這些金元

1939年早已相識，並無數次在中國和美國有過交往。我相

可挑剔。在過去十年中，我們往來頻繁，我始終堅信，他 是一名誠實、謙遜、可敬之人。我很樂意證明如上。”

希望你的申請得到批准，能夠早日移居美國”，耿愛德還給

券不再流通，作為替代，使用的是在廣東發行並在香港印

刷的銀元券。經推斷，這封信的落筆日期應在6月2日至10 日期間。耿愛德說他已經同意偉隆 · 布朗提出的請求，將在

耿愛德出生於奧地利的一個小鎮。第一次世界大戰後捷克

美國錢幣協會會上發表有關中國錢幣的演講。

洛伐克。作為捷克居民，耿愛德申請留美將遭遇困難。

包克致信耿愛德 -

斯洛伐克小城誕生，耿愛德出生的小鎮部分被併入捷克斯

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年5月20日，2頁

16

“關於我的部分被盜錢幣，我近期不打算採取任何行動，若 聘請一名律師並親自出庭，所支付費用遠大於遺失錢幣的

1949年6月，1頁

20

評說金元券、銀元券和郵票。

耿爱德致信包克 - 1949年8月14日，1頁

21

價值。我並沒有登記，手頭亦無證據證明那些被盜的副品

耿愛德告知包克，他將於下週五晚上抵達舊金山並在弗朗

出的事實，但我對於收藏的平常藏品（我不可能打開我的任

愛德當年出席了舊金山美國錢幣協會年會並在會上做了演

是我的，除了掌握裝有錢幣的箱子已破開且有些藏品已被取 何一個大木箱）採取不同的做法，幾乎都有將它們拍照留

存，因而倘若這些藏品是被盜的，我將起訴史君。我私下 告訴您這件事，萬勿將此事告訴史君。”

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年5月22日，1頁

17

“我們就史君其人存有分歧。我們所說的不止是一個‘史密

斯’。我所說的史密斯是舊金山的史密斯。我曾給他你的通

信地址，希望他寫信告知你有關你在船上所遺失錢幣之事，

西斯 · 德雷克爵士酒店訂了一間房。儘管信中並未述及，耿

講。耿在信中說，他將致電包克商談見面時間和地點。耿 愛德親筆 ： “我的哥哥從波特蘭來看我，定于周日離開，週

六我會和他在一起。”這是耿愛德第一次在寫給包克的信中 提到他的親人。耿愛德的哥哥艾爾弗雷德 · 耿愛德住在俄 勒岡州波特蘭市。

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年10月10日，1頁

22

按耿愛 德在8月舊金山美國錢幣協會年會見面時 提出的要

這個 ‘史密斯’即我先前提及的出現在他所開店鋪的史密斯。

求，包克在信中附加了4份阿古柏在新疆發行的鐵勒金幣拓

近一年沒有他的消息了，他現在是否還在北平，或者已經回

德書編號1489-1491），但圖案可能大不相同，因包克寫道：

你所說的‘史密斯’是去過北平的那位‘史密斯’。我已將 家了？我問過邱文明先生關於北平史密斯的近況，然而邱先

生並沒有給我回復。我知道邱先生與史密斯在北平一直保 持聯繫。”

以上所指“北平史密斯”即沃德 · 史密斯，1970 年出版的《中 72

國紙幣》編著者。二戰期間他隨同美軍居住中國，二戰結

（耿愛 本（未見）。這4 枚金幣年份皆為1874 年（AH 1291）

“有個地方需要留意，幾枚幣的幣邊與內圈雕刻呈現全然不 同的圖案，有的幣只有簡單的線條，有的幣線條中間有圓 點，有的幣內外圈之間有直線連接。”

包克請耿 愛 德 幫忙收 集中央 銀 行發行的紙 鈔，尤其 是 他

專題 / FEATURES

聽說包克可能來訪，耿愛德提前一周取出銀行保險櫃中的

錢幣，將它們設置成頁展示出來。耿愛德使用硬板頁面和

透明塑膠袋展示，以便看清硬幣的正反面。在不展示時， 硬幣裝在紙質信封中，裝入保險櫃。

1873 年（ AH1291）新疆“阿古柏”（yaakub）金幣，K1489，極美品

還沒集全的金元券。包克還說他計劃去洛杉磯旅 遊。 “自

《Golden Carp》創辦以來，我不忘集藏每一期期刊。此乃 中華集郵會洛杉磯分會最新發行雜誌”，包克感歎，起初在 洛杉磯的雜誌發行人並無興趣發行雜誌，後來包克改變了 他的想法，於是新刊問世，包克也成為該刊編輯。

信末，包克首次提及陳卓偉 ： “隨附陳卓偉先生本月在香港

舉辦的中國錢幣展目錄副本。陳先生還發行了一本中文冊。 陳先生希望能到美國完成為期數年的研究生課程，除了研

耿愛德接着提到了三個1949 年 6月 -7月為中國鑄造約3000

萬銀元的美國造幣廠。這三家廠以民國二十三年孫中山像

背帆船為模具。但信中並未說明他是從何得知這個消息的。 他零零碎碎寫道 ： “我推測，中國廣東、成都、重慶、臺灣

都在鑄造壹圓銀幣，而蘭州府（當時還設有蘭州府）則生產

20 分幣。這批銀幣極可能都是孫像帶帆船版別，只不過年

份是民國三十八年。”顯然，耿愛德並沒有親眼見過這些幣， 因為實際上他所說的幣是不存在的。令人不解的是，為何

他認為他所提到的造幣廠有生產上述銀幣。這幾家造幣廠

在1949 年的確可能鑄造了銀幣，然而於此並無確切證據。

究紙鈔和銀行鈔票，他還希望能帶來自己的收藏。祝願陳

有趣的是，他甚至提到了蘭州府（甘肅省）鑄造了20 分幣，

眼界。”

甘肅省造袁世凱 20 分銀幣，該幣在他的書中反面編號 761，

先生夢想成真，他擁有許多我從沒見過的藏品，令我大開

但如他所言，他並沒有親眼見過這枚幣。也有可能是他將

包克在信中聊到了更多有關陳卓偉的事。

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年10月17日，1頁

“貴州”記成了“甘肅”，因為1949 年貴州確有生產過 20 分

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耿愛德感謝包克寄送的陳卓偉現代錢幣藏品中文冊，但否 認了陳收藏的重要性。耿請求包克代其詢問陳近期是否有 前往加州的意願。耿還提到，他收到了施嘉幹所著《中國

近代鑄幣匯考》一書，中文版，共500本。耿愛德欣喜寫道：

“……共200頁，豐富的配圖，大部分是來自我的藏品。”我

們可從耿愛德書信中得知，他人出版錢幣學書籍常常會使 用耿愛德錢幣藏品的照片。

也許耿說的是他在自己編纂的《中國幣圖說匯考》中收錄的

銀幣（耿愛德書編號 758Ⅲ），或者這個消息純屬道聼途説。

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年11月28日，1頁

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包克在前往底特律的途中，聞訊後未立即回復耿愛德。現在 他有了新計劃，他打算下週末到洛杉磯去拜訪耿愛德。包克 說他已一年有餘未聞施嘉幹消息，更不知他出版了新書。

于埃塞克斯大學致信耿愛德

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1949年12月5日，1頁 艾絲特 · 亞瑟是位於麻塞諸塞州塞林的埃塞克斯大學圖書

館撰稿人，回復了與耿愛德的前幾封通信中關於一本名為

《西藏貨幣》的小書冊問題。亞瑟說，埃塞克斯大學圖書館

及魯濱遜圖書館錢幣學著作專區都找不到這本書，因此請 求耿愛德提供該書作者或出版日期的詳細信息。耿愛德在

1949年12月12日寫給包克的信中透露，其正在尋找有關西

藏錢幣的領事報告，卻一無所獲。我們已無從得知耿愛德 尋找的是英國領事報告抑或美國領事報告，又或者是中國

海關報告。包克在1949 年12月14日的信中寫明他尋找的是

編號為21188 的領事報告，他曾在埃塞克斯大學見過這份

報告，但是在埃塞克斯大學圖書館或魯濱遜圖書館的書單 目錄中都找不到它。耿愛德說美國錢幣協會存有一份兩頁 《中國近代鑄幣匯考》

的報告打字稿，其中卻沒有提及日期或作者。

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FEATURES / 專題

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年12月8日，1頁

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包克感謝耿愛德在前幾天展示了他的中國銀錠和銀幣藏品， 使包克大飽眼福。包克還興高采烈地告訴耿愛德，他最近 從邱文明處得到了12 枚新疆半錢銀幣，之前他已經收藏該 幣的七種版別，此12 枚可謂作為補充的不同版別。包克將

總共19枚新疆半錢銀幣寄給耿愛德，並表示倘若這些幣中

有重複，他願將重複之幣賣給耿愛德，若耿君需要。這封

信向我們透露了一個資訊，即包克收藏的大多數新疆半錢 銀幣是他1949 年從邱文明那裡得來的。

包克還給耿愛德寄送了一份他正在撰寫的文章副本，這篇 文章列出了所有的民國十八年（1929 年）孫中山像銀元，他

還將這篇文章寄送給應中國政府之約生產這些銀元的國家。 包克說這篇文章下筆匆忙，他不能確定文中的版別分類是 否完全正確，並就此徵詢耿愛德的建議。

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年12月12日，2頁

睹過太平天國金幣，外國人

還將之作為紀念幣贈送。此

外，耿愛德還在信中寫到他

於1860 年 在 比 利 時 發 表 的 一篇文章，文中述及捐贈給

荷蘭皇家博物館的太平天國

銀幣和銅幣。於是，耿愛德

去信博物館，博物館回復並 未收到此類捐贈，此類幣也

並非荷蘭皇家博物館館藏。 事實上，耿愛德（及其他人）

特雷西 · 伍德沃德

都誤解了這篇文章的意思，有此類幣的是爪哇的一名收藏 家，而這些幣並沒有捐贈給博物館。

耿愛德還說， “我弟媳近日攜帶一些新的中國紙鈔來訪上海， 即我在信中寄給你的中國紙鈔”，根據一份手寫資料，這封 信中共有兩張50元鈔、六張100元鈔和三張 200元鈔。相對

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較低的鈔票面值說明，其中有部分紙鈔來自中國人民銀行。

對於包克提出的有關民國十八年孫中山像銀元的問題，耿

最後耿愛德問 ： “擁有加鑄‘本省’二字湖北省貳角幣的那

錢幣有些問題。耿愛德說他將寫信給維也納造幣廠進一步

銀的其中一枚，龍紋邊上鐫刻“本省”二字。我們並不知道

愛德回復，耿愛德得出的結論是正確的，除了英國製作的 詢問相關事項。

有關新疆半錢（五分）銀幣，耿愛德說他已經收藏有80 種 不同版別的這種銀幣。耿愛德說他在上海以50 分的價格買

到喀什錢幣，但在諸如葉爾薑等其他造幣廠購買，價格會

貴很多。他還從漢斯 · 舒爾曼那裡買到了3枚，每枚單價 7.50 美元，每一枚都是他之前沒有見過的版別，幣面鑄有中文 十分稀有。這兩枚幣正面“圓”字之“貝”字末兩筆之間有

一點，其中一枚背面只刻有突厥文字，由庫車造幣廠鑄造

鑄造此幣的目的，而且同一人擁有如此多的此類幣，實屬罕 見。在下一封信中，包克回復 ： “擁有湖北省貳角幣的那位 先生還沒給我回復。”

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年12月14日，2頁

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太平天國金幣

字“圓”。他共得到兩枚鑄“圓”字的新疆五分銀幣，且都

位先生是否已回復？”這枚極其稀有的錢幣是整套湖北龍

（見林憲璋和陳吉茂共同編著《邊境瑰寶 - 新疆金銀幣全圖

典》（2016年）編號 #023）。另一枚則由喀什造幣廠鑄造，

《新疆錢幣》（1991年）編號 #286）。我們不能由此推斷耿 愛德收藏的是哪個版別的銀幣，因其書錄中並沒有列舉。

這封信中用長達兩頁的篇幅寫了太平天國金銀幣。耿愛德提

到了亞歷山大 · 建楣森在1866年《錢幣學年鑒》中發表的文 章，該書表示太平天國組織實際上沒有發行過金銀幣，但

有關太平天國金銀幣的更多信息。包克提到，斯賓克拍賣

織曾發行過金銀幣。耿愛德還提到了另一個信息，即威廉 ·

斯賓克和西拜都是英國知名錢幣拍賣公司）也拍賣一枚，倆

特雷西 · 伍德華卻引用過這篇文章作為反證說明太平天國組 梅斯尼在1866年發表的一篇文章。梅斯尼在文中稱親眼目 74

太平天國銀幣︐包克藏品 入捐上海造幣博物館

其背面左側鑄滿文，右側鑄突厥文字，中間為中文面值（見

行在1935年 4月拍賣一枚太平天國金幣，西拜拍賣行（注 ： 人幾乎同時拍賣。包克由此推測，這兩枚幣有可能是同樣

專題 / FEATURES

的幣。據斯平克描述，他所拍賣的那枚幣正面鑄四個中文字， 反面鑄兩個中文字。包克從未真正看見過金幣，但是他手 頭有一枚太平天國銀幣。

有關新疆五分（半錢）幣的更多信息。包克說，他有一枚帶

“光”字銀幣（完整的刻字為“光緒銀錢”），中心為一方形孔。

他認為，耿愛德所說帶“圓”字幣可能並不屬於這類銀幣。 包克還列舉了他所收藏的所有新疆五分和一錢幣拓本。

耿愛德多次提到正在撰寫有關西藏錢幣書籍的 W. 克拉克 先生。實際上這位先生是 W. L. 克拉克，他寫的書並沒有

出版。在此信中包克問道 ： “你希望克拉克投稿的論文是否

已發表于《錢幣收藏家》雜誌 3月 -4月刊第46-47頁，題為

《西藏錢幣之面值》？”

包克還說到一名為包克傳記提供信息的俄羅斯籍中國錢幣

收 藏家。 “斯洛布德切克夫 給了我一份清單，上頭列有其

在符拉迪沃斯托克用俄語發表的有關中國錢幣的十餘篇論

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年12月17日，2頁

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對於包克在其12 月14日的信中與耿愛德提起的帶“圓”字

新疆半錢幣，耿愛德描述如下： “我收藏的這枚半錢幣來自

舒爾曼。幣面右側“圓”字（耿愛德手寫字）清晰可見，四個 中文字排列為上方“光”字，下方“緒”，左邊（僅部分可見， “錢”字或“銀”字）。此枚幣着實有趣，是我見過的唯一一

枚樣幣，似乎沒有年份。”包克還進一步表示，他能夠以每枚

50 分的價格在上海購買許多普通半錢幣。他在上海的供應 商告訴他，北京有位錢幣交易商手頭有許多此類幣出售。

通過在此之前的通信，我們似乎可以看出，耿愛德的新疆 半錢（五分）幣背面只鑄有“圓”字，但讀完這封信，我們

可知錢幣的正面共銘四個中文字。大多數新疆五分幣鑄有

的四個中文字是“光緒銀錢”，極少有新疆五分幣鑄“光緒 元寶”四字（或“光緒元年”四字）。該幣在耿愛德書中編 號 999，為英吉沙爾造幣廠鑄造。

文。由於他的筆記相當簡略，我需要好好看看小冊裡的內 容，以便獲得與頁碼有關的必要數據。”

包克致信耿愛德 - 1949年12月16日，1頁

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“在週三於舊金山召開的太平洋海岸錢幣協會會議上，一名

廣西省造貳毫銀幣

錢幣交易商給我看了特雷西 · 伍德華遺孀寄來的信函。我

接着耿愛德在信中列舉了耿愛德欲以之交換包克的一些新

藏品都感興趣，但是收藏中的一些錢幣一定會吸引你前去

省造貳毫銀幣，中心 “桂”字 （耿愛德書編號 750）。對於此幣，

在此隨附一份影本以便你閱讀（未見）。我想你不會對全部 與她交談。因為她可能找不到購買全部藏品的買家，或者

疆副品的錢幣名單。在這些錢幣中有中華民國十三年廣西

耿愛德說 ： “十年前我以150美元的價格購買原版幣，多年

有可能會有買家買走全部藏品並將藏品分類賣出。 ”

後此幣變得稀有。戰爭期間，一批同樣的幣湧入上海市場，

這是特雷西 · 伍德華中國錢幣藏品被分散的開端。特雷西 ·

紀念幣十六年造貳角銀幣（耿愛德書編號 712）。耿愛德將

伍德華逝於20世紀 30 年代，他在收集日本郵票方面同樣成

果豐碩，還曾寫過有關早期日本郵票收集標準的作品。在

他逝後多年，他的遺孀將他聞名於世的日本郵票藏品拿到

某個歐洲郵票拍賣會上拍賣。這次拍賣會時間恰巧定在第

導致此幣價格降低。”名單中還有一枚幣，即中華民國總理

此幣描述如下 ： “此幣只在1945年發現過。我收藏的樣幣為

未使用幣。1948年7月，我以100美元的售價購買此幣 ；數 月過後再行購買，價格已降至 25美元。售價日漸下降。”

二次世界大戰爆發前夕，人們曾趨之若鶩的珍品一夕之間竟

以大大低於其實際價值的零頭價格賣出，簡直令人難以置 信。也許這就是伍德沃德的遺孀沒有同時賣出他的錢幣藏

品的原因，而是等到世界大戰之後再拍賣錢幣藏品。伍德 沃德的錢幣藏品自1951年開始賣出，由兩位不同的紐約錢

中華民國總理紀念幣十六年造貳角銀幣

幣交易商買走，但究竟誰為買者，我們並不清楚。伍德沃

耿愛德隨後寫道，克拉克計劃出版一部有關西藏錢幣的專

月的兩次漢斯 · 舒爾曼拍賣會上賣出。

有餘，去年夏天，克拉克先生在寫給我的信中表達其欲於

德錢幣藏品中的許多稀有珍品分別在1951年 4月和1952年 4

著。 “克拉克先生已着手撰寫一本有關西藏錢幣的專著兩年

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FEATURES / 專題

今年12月出版專著的願望。我不知他是否將攜手美國錢幣

後來信可寄至下列地址：c/o P. N. Chen ……..，施嘉幹’。”

克拉克，至今克拉克仍未回信。”

施之來信證實了耿愛德的猜想，在新政府的統治下，上海

協會共同出版抑或單獨出版此專著。2月前，我再次寫信給

耿愛德致信包克 - 1949年12月31日，2頁

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何要印刷 692 本書？ 這692 本書有可能是施嘉幹所著書500

本中文精裝本（附照片）加上192 本英文平裝譯本（無照片）。

耿愛德書 ： “這是你於16日寄來的信，我在此感謝你寄來的

之後的信件將討論直至現在仍未面世的第二版施嘉幹著書。

曾跟你說過伍德沃德的藏品尚未售出，事實證明我的推斷

然後耿愛德提到裡奇請求借用耿愛德的銀錠藏品照片，以

制定的將藏品賣給中國政府的計劃有望達成，無奈戰爭阻

12張，以及一份詳細的清單。耿愛德問包克 ： “你如若感興

伍德沃德遺孀信函副本。我確信，上次見到你的時候，我

無誤。1938年，我從伍德沃德遺孀處獲知具體細節。我們

便對一些作品進行補充說明。耿愛德發給他一組照片，共

擋，交易不告而終。初聞此訊，我與你的想法相同，我也

趣，可以自行額外製作一套（費用由裡奇支付）。”包克在下

有一名錢幣交易商出價至少45000美元欲購買伍的全部藏

中。之後包克家族將包克收藏的東亞錢幣圖書交給周邁可

覺得沒有人會買下他全部的藏品。事實並非如此，我得知 品，一半現金支付，餘下一半將於一年內支付，且此消息確

鑿。該名錢幣商信譽良好。雖伍德沃德遺孀拒絕此次交易，

一封信說明他已經做了一組照片，並且將照片放進他的書 先生，周邁可先生將大部分書連同照片贈送給筆者。

我不知還會有何人欲買下伍的全部藏品。大概兩周前我寫

20世紀70年代，我從洛杉磯拍賣公司借來了一組大型（約2

但是至今她還沒有回復我。我確信藏品中包含各種贗品及

德沃德的遺孀。我讓我叔叔製作了一組相同尺寸的照片，然

信給伍的遺孀（除了一些藏品，我並不想購買其他藏品）， 仿幣，約有一半的藏品是1分銅幣，其中金幣無疑品相上好，

而銀幣卻不如我的藏品。我將我知道的資訊全部告訴你， 等你獲知可信訊息，希望你告訴我。”

這封信首次向我們透露，耿愛德及伍德沃德的遺孀已商討

英尺 ×1英尺）耿愛德銀錠系列藏品照片，這些照片來自伍 後將這組仿品寄給大英博物館的喬克裡布，隨後買下了該

系列藏品。我手頭還有一份銀錠清單的影本。據清單記錄， 這些銀錠共199件，清單中還列出了每件藏品的重量及其他

細節。

過將 伍德沃德的藏品賣給中國政府一事，由於抗戰 爆發，

耿愛德談到了克拉克先生，彼時克拉克先生正在撰寫一本

品——也許是中央銀行或上海中央造幣廠。耿愛德與這兩

愛德在信中讓包克幫忙詢問這本書，但不能讓克拉克知道

交易未能 進行。我們只能 猜測是哪 個 政 府機 構要購買藏 個機構都有聯繫，將藏品賣給它們算是合情合理的。數十

年後，戰爭結束，藏品完好無缺，此時伍德沃德遺孀想要 出售伍德沃德的錢幣藏品。一名錢幣交易商出手 45000美

元——看似相當誘人的價格，但是 遭伍德沃德遺孀拒絕。

有關西藏錢幣的書，但克拉克沒有回復耿愛德的請求。耿

他對這本書感興趣。耿愛德想要借用克拉克寫的與西藏錢

幣有關的文章以及克拉克最新發表的有關四川盧比的錢幣 學文集。那段時間複印業還沒興盛。

我們不知原因何在，也不知出價之人是誰，甚至不知他（她）

耿愛 德 接着提 到太平天國金幣 ： “大 約兩周前，我 寫信給

家是日本人，出於戰時結下的仇恨，伍遺孀拒絕了該買家

代我買到太平天國金幣。另外，能否聯繫到1867年上海貳

是一名收藏家還是錢幣交易商，他（她）來自何處。也許買

Seaby ＆ Co 詢問其能否賣給 我 太平天國金幣，或者可否

的出價。我們不知道到底是何原因。

錢的香港買家，我有意買下這枚錢幣，即便以高於拍賣一

耿愛德接着聊到了施嘉幹及其最新出版的有關中國金銀幣

提前付款。我也跟他們提到了你的名字，但還沒等到答覆。

的書 ： “我剛收到施嘉幹的信。我寫給施嘉幹的信經香港 40 天后方才送達。施嘉幹回信日期12月2日。施嘉幹素來寫信

倍的價格購買。 我告訴 Seaby ＆ Co，我無須貸款，準備 他們有向你問及此事嗎？”

條理分明，其在來信中寫明錢幣新主人現已蟄居上海。施

耿愛德請求老倫敦錢幣鋪西拜聯繫上海貳錢的買家，並以

印照片的費用，總計4250美元 ；香港收費要高出一倍。這

拍賣會指的是西拜拍賣會。在其他的信件中，耿愛德抱怨

嘉幹告訴我 ： ‘ 在上海印製692 本書的費用，包括製圖和列

於我出書計劃並無好處，將佔據比往常多一倍的空間。今

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已經停止錢幣交易。施嘉幹提供的印刷資訊十分有趣。為

高於拍賣會雙倍的購買價格買下這枚幣，顯然是信中提及 很少能從倫敦錢幣商那裡買到任何東西。

專題 / FEATURES

出版人周邁可補充說明 /

“

霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克與愛德華多 · 耿愛德之間往來

書信給予我們極其重要的視角解讀20世紀 30 年代至60 年

代期間，兩位偉大的中國錢幣研究者與收藏家的收藏活動。 在花費長達數年時間集藏並保存包克的所有信件後，如今

最重要的信件已由華盛頓美國國家歷史博物館史密森收藏

協會保存，此處還有霍華德 · 包克的研究室及其收藏的東

亞錢幣藏品。

1949年的包克與耿愛德往來信中透露了許多重要的資訊， 其中一些與耿愛德離開中國後其藏品的動向有關，還有一

些涉及耿愛德移民證明的細節，因此包克與耿愛德在1949

包克家族於北京中國印鈔造幣博物館

年往來書信的重要性不言而喻。信中還述及，耿愛德的一 些藏品與包克最重要的中國錢幣有關，因為有些錢幣盒上

寫的是“耿愛德 - 史密斯”的合名。對此，我一直頗為納悶， 直至在編纂包克藏品目錄期間讀了耿愛德與包克的書信， 我才明白其中的原委。耿愛德與包克1949年往來書信為我

們生動還原了在1949年這些錢幣或被盜或失而復得的故事。

經過十年的計劃與研究，我協助將霍華德 · 包克的東亞錢 幣藏品捐贈給中國、德國、美國等各大博物館 , 許多包克

的硬幣和紙鈔藏品現藏于北京中國印鈔造幣博物館、瀋陽

造幣博物館和上海造幣博物館。為此我感到榮幸，在此期

包克家族于瀋陽造幣博物館

間，我還得以與包克家族成員共度數日美好的時光，到許

多有趣的地方旅行，認識了很多參與此事的有趣的人。我

想，人一生中也許只有一兩次機會能夠參與如此重要的事， 因此我將始終感激包克家族全權授予我處理此事。

信中還透露了 1938 年特雷西 · 伍德華原定將藏品賣給中國

政府， 無奈戰爭爆發， 計劃未能實行， 後由伍德華的遺孀

處理。 一名錢幣交易商出價至少 45000 美元欲購買伍的全 部藏品， 一半現金支付， 餘下一半將於一年內支付。 最終

伍德華遺孀拒絕此次交易。 隨後， 伍德華的錢幣藏品中的 許多稀有珍品分別在 1951 年和 1952 年拍賣， 耿愛德買下

包克藏品入捐上海造幣博物館儀式

將他的中國錢幣藏品賣給了一名醫生， 據推測， 這名醫生

推測， 這 692 本書有可能是 500 本中文精裝本加上 192 本

了一些最重要的藏品。 信中還說， 耿愛德在 1954 年前後

可能是大衛 · 格雷厄姆， 他一直擁有該藏品， 直至 1971 年

耿愛德的這些藏品才由拍賣行賣出。 此外， 信中還提到了

中英對照版本。

1949 年在上海印刷的施嘉幹書 《中國近代鑄幣匯考》（民

在耿愛德所著1954 年《中國幣圖說匯考》中收錄了多枚包

用， 包括製圖和列印照片的費用， 總計 4250 美元。 我們

國幣圖說匯考》編撰過程中，包克為耿愛德提供了密切的

國三十八年六月初版） 費用。 而在上海印製 692 本書的費

克的錢幣，其中有一些是書中原圖。值得一提的是，在《中

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《中國幣圖說匯考》，耿愛德贈包克

協助。我們有耿愛德為感謝包克對此書付出的心血而送給

我們都知道耿愛德是中國錢幣界最有名的收藏家，看完包

書中做了修改注釋。愛德華 · 耿愛德後來賣掉了他的中國錢

他在中國錢幣研究方面具有同等的地位。能夠在此與東西

包克的1954 年《中國幣圖說匯考》簽名書。包克還在這本

幣藏品，以此作為出版1954 年《中國幣圖說匯考》的資金。

這本書至今仍被視為中國最好的機鑄幣書籍。

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克與耿愛德書信來往，我們還將知道，耿愛德認為包克與 方的讀者共同探討這一重大發現，我感到由衷的高興。

”

專題 / FEATURES

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Li Hung Chang : His Visit to America on His Grand World Tour Chinan Fan and Wei-Yu Ho〔USA〕

Li Hung Chang

Grover Cleveland

New York Harbor

Li Hung Chang’s place in the history of China remains controversial even today, over a hundred years following his death. He devoted his entire life to ser ving the Imperial Manchu court, but at the end of his career he was banished and placed under house arrest in his native province. Moreover, contemporary Chinese scholars and historians were very critical of him: they branded him a traitor and thief and claimed he had sold out China and its people for personal political and financial gain. This extreme view has persisted through the 20th century and is taught in nearly all schools in China. Only recently, have more objective and moderate viewpoints emerged.

His own quote, “To know me or condemn me will take the next millennium,” has turned out to be prescient.

In this article, rather than giving a complete account of his ten-day stay in America, we discuss a group of neverbefore published documents and memorabilia, and the related medals, all from the estate of General Thomas Ruger, commander in chief of the U.S. North Eastern Army who headed the official host committee created for Li’s 80

visit by the U.S. government. These materials were kept intact and well preserved by his heirs. We are grateful and fortunate to obtain them.

Li Hung Chang (1824-1901), born in Anhui province, had an extraordinar y life. He passed the provincial civil ser vice examination and soon thereaf ter was promoted to a higher official position by Zeng Guofan. Li established the Huai Army and ended the riots provoked by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Later, he was given an important position by the Ching imperial court. Li’s career skyrocketed and he became the highest officer of the frontier, the highest official position achievable by a Han person during the Ching dynasty (the Ching dynasty had no prime ministers). In his later years, he dealt with official business for the empress dowager and the prince, and initiated the Self-Strengthening Movement. After the Ching army was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Li was sent to Japan, where he was attacked by an assassin and was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki was regarded as

專題 / FEATURES

a humiliation for the country, and severely damaged his reputation. Nonetheless, he was recognized as the most outstanding diplomat in the western world.

When Li Hung Chang began his world tour on behalf of the Imperial Manchu court in 1896 he was 73 years old and his international reputation was at its zenith. The tour began in Shanghai on March 28 and ended in Tianjin on October 3, for a total of 190 days. He was considered the first diplomat for foreign affairs in the history of China. He was welcomed in every country he visited in Europe as befitted visiting royalty, and was granted audiences with kings and rulers. In England, he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Victorian Order (April 5, 1896), an honor rarely bestowed upon foreigners. When his ship, the U.S.S. St. Louis steamed into New York harbor on August 28, 1896, it was greeted with a multi-gun salute and a two-column parade of American war ships in his honor. He was officially greeted on board by General Thomas Ruger and other dignitaries.

Li Hung Chang came to America hoping to accomplish two important diplomatic tasks: to end the practices set out in the Macau Document and to secure better treatment for Chinese immigrants in America. In the mid-to late-19th century, it is estimated that as many as 225,000 Chinese indentured or contract laborers (coolies) were recruited from China to work, effectively as slaves, on the sugar plantations of Cuba (Macau Document). Of these, it is estimated that only 14,000 were able to gain their freedom, with the rest dying from lack of medical care, harsh treatment, neglect and disease. Li was successful in helping to end this exploitation of Chinese laborers.

His second diplomatic task was to persuade the American government to change its unjust treatment of Chinese immigrants as exemplified by the “Asian Exclusion Act” (enacted in 1882, and extended in1892) that restricted the granting of citizenship to Chinese to just 100 immigrants per year. (The Act was not repealed until after the Second World War.) He had also hoped that that the U.S. Federal Government would initiate fair treatment policies to protect the Chinese and their property from the frequent race riots that occurred in California. In this, he hoped to enlist the help of former President Ulysses Grant whom he had befriended during Grant’s Asian trip to China.

Unfortunately, by this time, Grant had passed away, and Li was unsuccessful in changing the government’s immigration policy despite his enormous personal popularity. However, he took time from his busy official schedule to personally visit Grant’s as-yet unfinished tomb to pay his respects, accompanied by both Grant’s son and widow Julia. He was presented with the cane

that General Grant had used. To commemorate the completion and dedication of the tomb in 1897, Tiffany & Co. struck a medal (Fig. 1). On the obverse is a right-facing portrait of Grant and on the reverse is an image of the finished tomb. Today, approximately 90,000 people visit Grant’s tomb each year.

Fig 1-1 On the obverse is a right-facing portrait of Grant and on the reverse is an image of the finished tomb.

Fig 1-2 General Grant and Li Hung Chang.

During Li’s visit, the Chinese Consul and ChineseAmerican leaders in New York organized a welcome dinner in his honor. The gala banquet was held on September 1st at Delmonico’s, then considered to be the best restaurant in America. The menu for this dinner is reproduced here from the original. It is beautifully printed with the newlyadopted yellow dragon flag of the Imperial Chinese Empire crossed with the flag of the United States (Fig. 2). The dinner menu, printed in French, lists over ten courses accompanied by six different wines. It is illustrated here in its entirety for those readers interested in culinary art. An important attendee at this dinner was Yu Shi Yi, Council General of Imperial China to Cuba, who played a key role in stopping the practice of recruiting Chinese laborers under the Macau Document. His place card is illustrated here (Fig. 3). The name card used by Li Hung Chang is shown in Fig. 4.

Interestingly, part of the inscription reads “her” Majesty the Emperor of China. Whether this was done in deference to the Dowager Empress, is not known.

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Fig 2 The dinner banquet menu.

On the third day of his New York stay, Grover Cleveland the 22nd and 24th President of the United States travelled from Washington D.C. to personally greet Li as there was a heat wave in the US capital, which made travelling uncomfortable. The meeting took place on Governor’s Island, New York. At that time it was quite unusual and an honor for the head of state to leave Washington DC to greet a visiting foreign dignitary.

For the remainder of his visit, Li Hung Chang was the guest of the Pennsylvania Railroad (Fig. 5), which acted as host and arranged his itinerary and travel by a special train placed at his disposal. He was accorded the best accommodations possible. Figures 6 and 7 show the menus for a dinner held on September 5th and a breakfast on September 6th. The meals were very elaborate and probably comparable to the best food being served in any restaurant at that time. Two interesting observations: we believe it would be impossible for any individual to partake of all the items on the breakfast menu and so assume that he would select those items most attractive to him. Also, there is an entry Cantonese Dry Ginger

Fig 5-1 By 1882 Pennsylvania Railroad had become the largest railroad, the largest transportation enterprise, and the largest corporation in the world. With 30,000 miles of track, it had longer mileage than any other country in the world, except Britain and France. Its budget was second only to the U.S. government.

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Fig 4 Name card of Li Hung Chang Fig 3 Place card of Mr.Yu Shi Yi. Yu Shi Yi (183519 07), Ch i ng dy na st y d iplomat. He wa s openminded and advocated study ing foreign science and culture due to his good fa mi ly educat ion si nce childhood. He drafted the repor t on t he i n it iat ion of foreign affairs for the Ching court and won the appreciation of Minister of Beiyang Li Hung Chang.

After being recommended

by Li Hung Chang, he served as foreign ambassador for many years. He was sent to Japa n a nd t he United States to develop national industr y and commerce.

He published many books, including Chinese Travelers Before 1911.

Fig 5-2 George Brooke Roberts, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1880-1896, was still its president in 1896 when Li Hung Chang visited American and built the railroad to become the largest in the world.

專題 / FEATURES

Fig 8 The cover shows Li Hung Chang’s name in embossed gold

Fig 6 The dinner menu for September 5

Fig 7 The breakfast menu for September 6

Fig 9 Image of a younger Li Hung Chang

Fig 10 A complete list of Li’s official entourage Fig 11 The entire itinerary of the special train as well as government officials and guests

listed on the dinner menu. This item was a very common snack in China at that time. Whether it was included because it was considered a gourmet delicacy in America or was a favorite of Li is not known.

A souvenir brochure was published to commemorate his trip with the Pennsylvania Railroad. At over ten pages, it contains many interesting historical facts. The cover shows Li’s name in embossed gold together with the crossed flags of China and America (Fig.8). The first page

shows a beautifully rendered image of a younger Li Hung Chang (Fig. 9). Of special interest is a complete listing of Li’s official entourage as well as government officials and guests (Fig.10). In addition, the brochure gives the entire itinerary of the special train showing the names and dates of the cities he visited in northeastern United States (Fig. 11). The last stop on this itinerary was Niagara Falls, which apparently impressed Li with its majesty. A fold out map charting the itinerary is reproduced here (Fig. 12).

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Fig 12 The fold out map charting Li Hung Chang's itinerary in America.

Upon his departure from America, Li presented General Thomas Ruger and others with the silver Hamburg Medal.

This medal was engraved by Oskar Bergmann. While this medal itself is not rare, it is one of very few that can be associated with a particular recipient (Fig. 13).

Fig 13-2 The original die of Li Hung Chang's portrait is now housed in the Museum Schloss Moritzburg, Zeitz, SachsenAnhalt, Germany. (Inv. Nr. VI G 104). Hermann Held, who made the die, was born in Zeitz in 1836 and later worked in Magdeburg. He also made the first dies for Korea (JEAN Nr. 11). Hermann Held gave these dies to the museum in his hometown of Zeitz in 1914.

Fig 13-1 The silver Hamburg medal with the NGC holder. This medal belonged to General Ruger.

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專題 / FEATURES

Fig 13-3 The 1890 Germany Hamburg Harbor Li Hung Chang had originally planned to travel across America, partially on the trans-continental railroad.

However, just then, a major race riot broke out in California making it unsafe for him to visit. Consequently, he chose to travel across Canada by rail to Vancouver where he boarded a steamship en route to China. A minor problem occurred as this ship terminated in Yokohama, Japan, where he was to transfer to an America ship. As Li had vowed never to set foot on Japanese soil after concluding negotiations for the Treaty of Shimonoseki he ordered a wooden plank to be placed between the ships to make his transfer. He arrived in China in late September 1896.

From this glimpse of the events of his round-the world tour, we can conclude that diplomatic relations among China, the European nations and America were cordial, if not overtly friendly. If these relations could have been maintained, conceivably it could have bought time for China to enact reforms to strengthen itself militarily.

However, this was not to be. When the Boxer Rebellion broke out two years later, the conservative fraction of the Manchu court essentially declared war on all foreign nations. This decision was vigorously opposed by Li Hung

Chang, who offered no aid and branded the decision as a “false edict not to be obeyed”. (On his round-the world tour he had learned just how advanced and powerful the military capabilities were of each of the nations he had visited compared to China). Despite his opposition, he was recalled to the Manchu Court once more to negotiate the terms of the Boxer Indemnity Treaty. He concluded this mission and signed the Boxer Protocol from his sick bed. He di e d t w o m o n t h s l a te r o n November 7th, 1901.

The Boxer rebellion and its af termath rang the death knell for the Imperial Manchu Dynasty. Ten years later, the dynast y collapsed and China entered into the War Lord period, causing further misery and hardship for its people.

(This is the first in a series of articles on Li Hung Chang.

Please note that the Journal of East Asian Numismatics will be publishing more articles on coins related to him)

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欽差大臣驚世之旅 ——記李鴻章訪美破冰之行 范治南 / 何緯渝〔美國〕

李鴻章

格羅弗 · 克利夫蘭

紐約港口

即使已辭世百年有餘，世人對李鴻章先生（1823-1901年） 在中國近代史上的評價仍是毀譽參半。先生終其一生兢兢

少年中舉，受曾國藩的提拔成立淮軍，與湘軍共同平定太

在家，繁華落幕，先生輝煌的政治生涯走到盡頭。當代中

到封疆大臣（清無宰相），這是漢人在清朝廷中做到最高的

業業，為清廷鞠躬盡瘁。甲午戰爭後李鴻章被革職，賦閑 國學者和歷史學家對李鴻章功過的評價多數都很苛刻，認 為李鴻章為了個人政治與經濟利益出賣了國家和人民，甚

至將貪婪賣國的罪名加之於身。這種極端的觀點一直流傳 到20世紀，而在中國，幾乎每一所院校都會傳授給學生這

樣的觀點，近年來才湧現出較為客觀的評論，正如先生曾 自述“知我罪我，付之千載”，果然如此。

本文非為詳述李鴻章訪美十日之完整行程，而是敘說一些

平天國之亂。之後受清皇室重用，官位扶搖直上，一直做 位置。晚年周旋于太后和親王之間，辦理洋務，直至甲午

中日戰爭，在中方戰敗之後，先生前往日本。遇刺後，被

迫簽訂《馬關條約》。 《馬關條約》的簽訂被看成喪權辱國約， 先生的聲望自然也有所損傷，但在西方世界，他被譽為是 最出色的外交家。

1896年，73歲高齡的李鴻章代表清廷開始了出使歐美各國

的旅程。李鴻章此次出訪，從 3月28日上海啟程到10月3日

之前從 未公之於眾的 文 獻、重要歷 史記 錄及 與之相關的

返 抵 天津，歷時190天，從 此他的 對外 知名度 達 到巔峰。

Ruger）的遺物。羅格將軍是美國東北區陸軍統帥，當時

歐洲國家都會受到熱烈歡迎，並受到皇家式的接見。 （1896

紀 念 章。這 些 均 為 托 馬 斯 · 羅 格 將軍（General Thomas

李鴻章是國際公認的中國晚清外交第一人。他每到訪一個

美國政府為李鴻章的到訪而指派的接待委員會負責人。托

年 4月5日）李鴻章獲得大英帝國維多利亞女王授予的“皇

常幸運能夠得到這些資料及實物。

給外國人。1896年8月28日，當乘載包括李鴻章在內的外

馬斯 · 羅格將軍的後人將他的遺物完好保存至今，我們非

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李鴻章先生（1824-1901年），安徽人，一生可謂際遇非凡。

家騎士大十字勳章”，那個時代的英國很少將此勳章頒發

專題 / FEATURES

交使團“聖 • 路易士”號郵輪駛入紐約港，美國兩列艦隊多

響禮炮齊鳴以示歡迎。他登船後，托馬斯 • 羅格將軍即率 政府要員正式接見。

此次訪美，李鴻章希望能夠順利完成兩項重要的外交使命。 第一項外交使命是希望結束對中國勞工的剝削，不再招收

中國勞工到古巴的甘蔗種植園工作（詳見澳門文件）。在總 共大約22.5萬名的新募中國勞工中，雖僅有1.4萬人獲得了

自由，其他人大多數死於缺乏醫療保護、虐待、疾病，李 鴻章還是成功終止了慘無人道的中國勞工貿易。

李鴻章的第二項外交使命是說服美國政府改變對中國的移

圖1-1 正面圖案是格蘭特的右臉側像，背面圖案是已竣工的陵墓

Asian Exclusion 民政策，呼籲廢除排華法案《格力法》（注 ：

Act，1882年頒佈實施，1892年 補 充修訂，第二次世界大

戰結束後被廢除） 。該法案規定每年僅限100名中國人移民

到美國。他還希望美國聯邦政府能採取公平公正的措施保

護中國人的生命和財產免受加州不斷爆發的種族騷亂侵害。 為了完成這項任務，他希望得到美國前總統尤利塞斯 · 格蘭 特將軍的幫助。在格蘭特的亞洲中國之行途中，李鴻章與 格蘭特結下了深厚的友誼。可惜李鴻章到訪後格蘭特已經

辭世，儘管訪美期間深受歡迎，李鴻章最終還是未能完成

此事。在繁忙的公務行程中，李鴻章抽空拜謁格蘭特未完

工的陵墓，格蘭特的夫人與兒子作陪，格蘭特夫人將丈夫

圖1-2 格蘭特和李鴻章

于1897年竣工，為了表示紀念，蒂芙尼公司鑄造了一枚紀

9月1日，大清國公使及華人領袖為李鴻章舉辦了歡迎晚宴，

竣工的陵墓。目前，每年約有9萬名遊客到格蘭特將軍的陵

宴功能表是彼時功能表的還原。菜單上印有清末官方國旗

心愛的遺物——手杖贈與李鴻章留念。格蘭特將軍的陵墓 念章（圖1），正面圖案是格蘭特的右臉側像，背面圖案是已 墓瞻仰參觀。

s 。此處列舉的晚 設宴於當時美國最好的餐廳 Delmonaco’

黃龍旗與美國國旗交叉（圖2 ）圖樣，字樣以法語印刷，共

圖2 晚宴菜單 87

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FEATURES / 專題

有十餘道菜品，搭配六種不同種類的葡萄酒（此細節的完

整描述專供對烹飪藝術感興趣的讀者參考）。出席此次晚宴

圖3 余思詒先 生的列席座位 卡。 餘 思 詒（ 1835-1907 年）， 清朝外交官。 他從 小受過良好的家庭教育， 思想開放， 主張學習外國 的科學文化， 曾為清廷擬 定過開辦洋務的報告， 深 得北洋大臣李 鴻章的賞 識。 後經李鴻章推薦， 作 為駐 外使節長 期在國外 任職。 為了發展民族工商 業， 後被派往日本、 美國 考察。 著有《 樓 船日記 》 等書。

的一名重要嘉賓是大清駐古巴總領事余思詒先生，他在廢

除雇傭中國勞工法案一事中發揮著重要的作用。圖3是余思

詒先生的列席座位卡。圖4是李鴻章當時的名片。有趣的是，

有一些卡片中寫著“中國女皇陛下”。這是否是出於對慈禧 太后的尊重，我們已無從知曉。

紐約之行第三天，美國第22 、24任總統格羅弗 · 克利夫蘭

特地從華盛頓趕來接見李鴻章，由於美國首都遭熱浪襲擊， 這次旅程並不舒適。會議在紐約市總督島舉行。在那個時

代，一位國家元首離開自己的府邸親 迎到訪的外國貴賓， 這是非常罕見的，也是來訪賓客的無上殊榮。

在餘下的訪美行程中，李鴻章成為了賓夕法尼亞鐵路公司

（圖5）的座上賓，這家公司作為東道主負責安排李鴻章的 行程。該公司配備一輛豪華列車專門招待李鴻章，並為其

提供最優渥的食宿條件。圖6和圖7分別展示了賓夕法尼亞

鐵路公司招待李鴻章的9月5日晚宴菜單和9月6日早餐菜單。

圖中菜品十分精緻，可與當時全美最負盛名的餐廳菜品相

媲美。透過菜單圖片我們依稀可以窺見兩個有趣的現象 ： 無論誰都不可能嘗遍晚宴餐單上的所有食物，因此我們推

斷，李鴻章用餐時只能挑選那些最吸引他的菜品。此外，菜 單中還寫著一種名為“廣式乾薑”的菜品，它是當時常見的 中國小吃。我們並不知道它為何出現在餐桌上，也許是因為 美國人認為它好吃，也有可能它是李鴻章喜歡享用的零食。

圖4 李鴻章當時的名片

圖5-2 喬治 · 布魯克 · 羅伯茨， 1880–1896年間任賓夕 法尼 亞鐵 路 公司總裁， 1896年李鴻章訪美期間 依然在職。 他將賓夕法 尼亞鐵路建設成世界上 最大的鐵路公司。 圖5-1 截至1882年， 賓夕法尼亞鐵路公司已成為世界上最大 的鐵路公司、最大的運輸企業，並且是世界上最大的公司。 除 了英法兩國， 總計30000英里里程的賓夕法尼亞鐵路公司擁有 比世界上任何其他國家都要長的行駛里程。 該公司的預算撥 款數額僅次於美國政府。

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專題 / FEATURES

圖8 印著“ 李鴻章”三個金色大字的封面

圖6 9月5日晚宴菜單

圖7 9月6日早餐菜單

圖9 李鴻章年輕時的照片

圖10 李鴻章隨行的政府官員及朋友的名字 圖11 行程時刻記錄

為了紀念李鴻章此次的賓西法尼亞鐵路專列之行，美方還專門印發了一本李 鴻章訪美小冊子，約有十來頁，記載了許多生動有趣的史實。封面赫然 印著“李鴻章”三個金色大字，名字上端是中美國旗交叉圖樣（圖8），

首頁有一張李鴻章年輕時的照片（圖9），還有一頁是與李鴻章隨行的 政府官員及朋友的名字（圖10）。此外，小冊中還載有李鴻章乘坐專列

前往北美並到訪其他美國城市的名稱及行程時刻記錄（圖11）。李鴻章

北美之行的最後一站是參觀尼亞加拉瀑布，它的雄偉壯觀給李鴻章留下 了深刻的印象。圖12是李鴻章的訪美路線圖。

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FEATURES / 專題

圖12 李鴻章的訪美路線圖

在 離 開 美 國 之 前， 李 鴻 章 送 給 羅 格 將 軍 漢 堡 銀 質 紀 念 章 一 枚， 該 紀 念 章 的 雕 刻 師 是 奧 斯 卡 · 伯 格 曼（Oskar

Bergmann）。儘管此紀念章材質並不少見，但極少有紀念 章如它一般——與一次特殊的外交之行息息相關。

圖13-2 該模具的雕刻家為來 自馬格德堡的赫爾曼 · 赫爾 德。 幣面上李鴻章肖像的原 裝幣模現存于德國蔡茨的莫 里茨堡博物館。 赫爾曼 · 赫爾德（ Hermann Held） 1836年出生于蔡茨， 曾在馬格德堡工作。 他還是 首個朝鮮機鑄幣模具的雕刻 家（ 詳見《 東亞泉志》 第11 期）。 1914年， 他將畢生所 造錢幣模具悉數捐贈給家鄉 蔡茨的博物館。

圖13-1 漢堡銀質紀念章， 帶 NGC 打盒。 此章曾為羅格將軍所有。 90

專題 / FEATURES

圖13-3 1890年德國漢堡港

李鴻章原先打算遍訪全美，間或可乘坐橫跨美國東、西兩岸的跨美鐵路。無巧不成書，加 利福尼亞爆發了一場大規模的種族暴動，出於安全考慮，李鴻章只好改乘去往溫哥華的列

車，再從加拿大搭船回國。途中還發生過一個小插曲，他所乘的船隻最遠只能到達日本橫 濱，抵達橫濱後他需要轉船換乘一艘美國輪船，但他在簽訂《馬關條約》後曾發誓堅決不

再踏上日本的領土，他於是下令在船與船之間置一木板，就這樣踏板而過。1896年9月底，

李鴻章回國。

今天，當我們追溯李鴻章的世界之行，從中不難看出，晚清中國和西方國家之間的外交關

係是坦誠相待的，即便不十分友好。倘若清廷能妥善處理，保持良好的外交關係，那麼中

國通過變革以實現軍事強盛便指日可待了。可惜事與願違，義和團運動爆發後兩年，愚昧 保守的清廷向列強宣戰。李鴻章卻抗旨不遵，拒絕執行朝廷的參戰 命令（李在經過這趟令他大開眼界的世界之旅後，對各國之先 進與強大的軍事力量已是了然於心，相較之下，中國實難抵抗 各國列強） 。然而，毫無招架之力的清廷並沒有放過年事已

高的李鴻章。當列強步步緊逼，清廷只好再次將李鴻章召回，

命其簽訂《辛丑合約》 。走下病榻的李鴻章代清廷簽字畫押。

簽署條約後僅兩個月時間，即1901年11月，李鴻章憤然離世。 繼義和團運動之後餘波再起，清王朝滅亡的喪鐘早已敲響。十年之後，

搖搖欲墜的清朝大廈終於傾倒，中國進入了軍閥混戰的時代，社會動盪不安，民不聊生。 （本文是李鴻章系列第一篇， 《東亞泉志》將連載與李鴻章有關的錢幣文章，敬請讀者關注。）

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〔 Xi’an 〕 Yuan Shuiqing

Interview with Wang Shengduo, Numismatic Expert on the Northern Song and the Southern Song Dynasty Currencies

FEATURES / 專題

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I read an article entitled Brief Introduction on Nor thern Song Dynast y C oins w r i t ten by Wang Shengduo (Fig.1) in 2009.

This interesting article was edited as the preface of the book Northern Song Dynast y Copper Coins authored by Yan Fushan.

Mr. Wang has drawn my at tention since then as a famous Chinese coins researcher. Fortunately, I

Fig. 1 Wang Shengduo in the study room, photo taken on May 2017.

met with Mr. Wang in a conference held in Beijing on August 9th, 2016. Soon after we got acquainted with each other, we exchanged our books. He gave me his complete set of the Currency History of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty (the revised version) as a gift and in return, I gave him my book Top Currencies in the Chinese Numismatic History (the revised version). I felt deep respect for Mr. Wang after reading his 840,000 word monograph. The Chinese Dictionary - Economics Section - Money and Finance (16k, hardcover, six volumes a set) co-authored by him was published in May 2017. The dictionary is a collection of written records of Chinese monetary and financial knowledge before 1910. It was divided into six chapters: copper and iron coins, banknotes, gold and silver coins, currency purchasing power, borrowings, securities and banks, which comprehensively and truly reflects the monetary and financial development process in Chinese numismatic history. From this point of view, it has important literature research and practical reference value. So in the same month that dictionary was published I did an interview with Mr. Wang. The President of Champion Auction Michael Chou participated in the 23rd Beijing International Coin Exposition with his team members on November 8, 2018. We had an in-depth conversation with Mr. Wang at the dinner table in the Intercontinental Beijing Beichen (Fig. 2). Now I would like to share with you what we talked about in the interview and the interesting conversation during our Beijing tour. Before we start the topic I would like to make a brief introduction about Wang Shengduo.

Wang Shengduo, born in 1948, a native of Jixian County, Tianjin. He is a famous scholar who conducted the Song dynasty financial history and currency history research. He went to Shangdu County, Inner Mongolia to work in a production team in 1968. In 1972 he was enrolled in Peking University to study classical literature and majored in Chinese.

Later he was assigned to work in the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions Workers and Staff University in 1975. He was transferred to work as a teaching assistant and lecturer in the Ancient Economic History Research Office of the Beijing Economic College on November 1978. In November 1987, he was transferred to work as the editor of the Zhonghua Book Company and the Deputy Director of the History Editorial Office. From 1989 to 2000, he was the editor of the Journal of Literature and History, a large-scale publishing academic journal. He was granted a special government allowance by the State Council in 1993. In 2000, he took over as the responsible editor of the ‘Dictionary of Chinese Numismatics’, a multi-volume summary of numismatic research in China. Then he worked in the Song Dynasty History Research Center of Hebei University, where he served as a professor and doctoral tutor in 2002. He was elected as a member of the China Song Dynasty History Research Association in 2006, and was elected as an academic committee of the China Numismatic Society in 2014. He is also a member of the Academic Committee of the Southern Song Dynasty History Research Center of Zhejiang Province Social Sciences

專題 / FEATURES

Key Research Base, the editor of the Chinese coins, the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the Chinese Dictionary and the Economic Dictionary, and the Editor-in-Chief of the Monetary and Financial Dictionary. Mr. Wang was mainly engaged in the research of the Song dynasty history, the ancient Chinese economic history and the Chinese historical philology. He has published more than ten books and achieved great results, including the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty Financial History, the History of Chinese Coins, the Currency History of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, Numismatic Events(comments and translation attached), Song Dynasty Historical Literature Research (Fig. 3), in which the Currency History of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty was awarded the first prize of the 9th Social and Science Research Outstanding Monograph in Hebei Province in 2004, and the third prize of the 4th Chinese University Humanities and Social Sciences Research Outstanding Monograph in 2006. Among his 47 articles on currency, two won the first and the second China Numismatic Society Academic Achievement Award. In addition, his 22 articles were published in the Financial Times.

Mr. Wang: We realized that if we want to collect and study Chinese ancient coins, we must be acquainted with the history of Chinese currency. In your opinion, what is the relationship between Chinese currency and Chinese coins? Does numismatics include ancient charms and banknotes?

Wang Shengduo: Originally, ‘currency’ and ‘coin’ should be the same thing, but some people regarded coins as money, because the Chinese character ‘ 钱 ’ (coins should be written as ‘ 钱 币 ’ in Chinese) means money. Charms were not used as currencies, but the Coins Catalog written by Gu Xuan in the Southern dynasties has records about Xuanyuan charms and Guibei charms. Earlier than Xuanyuan, the Coins Catalog of Liu Family also has records of eight-star coins. These two books were all coin books but the charms were included. There is another example, the book Numismatic Records written by Hong Zun in the Southern Song dynasty, it documented charms.

It can be seen that the ancient Chinese have always regarded charms as coins for a long time. This concept is deeply rooted and it is difficult to change. But charms can't be used as currencies, this is a clear point. Although the banknotes were used as currencies, banknotes were not included in the book Numismatic Records. The History of the Song Dynasty written in the Yuan dynasty separates Huizi (a banknote published in the Southern Song dynasty) from the coin. In the book written by Yuan Fei, coins and banknotes were divided into two parts, but in the book written by Ma Duanlin, banknotes were

Fig.2. Michael Chou (right), Yuan Shuiqing and Wang Shengduo (middle) took a group photo at Intercontinental Beijing Beichen on November 8,2018.

Fig. 3. Wang Shengduo's main work.

included in the coins. So in my opinion, when people used coins as currencies, coins include banknotes, but when coins were understood as minted coinage, the banknotes are excluded. Even today, there is not consistent saying about whether the coins include charms and banknotes.

You want to thoroughly study the numismatic history of a dynasty. To achieve your goal, you have chosen the Song dynasty as your study direction. Can you tell us your study method and the experiences you gained during your researching on the currency history of the Song dynasty?

Wang Shengduo: I was a major in literary works before I conducted historical studies, and started from the compilation of historic al materials I b egan to do some researches on the currency history. Therefore, completely collecting the historical materials, and drawing conclusions from the analysis of these historical materials, this is my study method. Some researchers choose to make the conclusion first, then use historical data to support their conclusion, but I strongly disagree with this study method. I have studied the currency history for decades. My most impressive perception is that we cannot purely and rigidly apply foreign theory, including Marx's theory and modern new theory. The incorrect use of foreign theory will lead to wrong conclusions and detours in academic research.

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FEATURES / ĺ°ˆéĄŒ

Your book the Currency History of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty (two volumes a set), which was initially published in 2003 and the revised version was published in 2016 (Fig. 4), is the condesation of all your great efforts. The revised version increases 80,000 words compared with the first edition. Would you please make a brief summery about your book? And what new research results have been added to the revised version?

Wang Shengduo: My purpose in writing this book is to objectively and comprehensively describe the the complete currency history of the Song dynasty. I have systematically studied the history of Song dynasty, the economy, the politics, the culture and the religion. So instead of studying currencies alone, my description of the currency history is integrated with the environment and the background of the Song dynasty. In order to further description, I divided the book into five parts, i.e. coinage management, copper coins, iron coin and special currency areas, banknotes, gold and silver, silk clothing.

When this book was initially published, due to the limited funding, some contents must be deleted, including some important contents. Meanwhile, to catch up with the time, I made some mistakes when writing. For example, there are some mistakes in the part about Qian Jian (an institution minted coins in the Song dynasty). In addition, after I began my task of editing the Chinese Dictionary: Economics Section: Money and Finance, I reread the currency history and gained something new, including some new archaeological materials. The Social Sciences Academic Press decided to reprint this book, and I took the opportunity to add the deleted content. However, I found there are still many imperfect details after my carefully checking, and I hope to get corrections from experts and readers.

The Northern Song dynasty was established after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The numismatic study achieved less progress on the research of the currencies of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Please tell us the issuing situation of currencies at the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and the types of coins that have come down to us.

Wang Shengduo: You ask me something about the currencies of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, I might remind you that people engaged in the research of the history of the Five dynasties often ignore the impor tance of Numismatic Events (ch'uan chih or Quanzhi). This book not only records the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms currencies, but also records the Khitan currency of the same period. The details recorded in the book are much more complete than the official recording.

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Fig. 4. The Currency History of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty (the revised version), the Social Sciences Academic Press, first edition, March 2016.

According to the record of the book, there are Zhoutong Yuanbao, Guangzheng Tongbao, Qianheng Zhongbao (copper version and lead version), Yonglong Tongbao and Tiande Tongbao in the late period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. In recent years, the lead coins unearthed in Guangzhou have proved the authenticity of the recording of the book. Chang Bian written by Li Tao of Song dynasty records that after the establishment of the Song dynasty, the ten kingdoms began to produce coins, especially in the Southern Tang dynasty and the Later Shu dynasty, but unfortunately Chang Bian did not describe the coins in detail, so today it is difficult to do research referenced by Chang Bian.

Recently I compiled the numismatic records of the Ten Kingdoms. Combined with the newly unearthed cultural relics, I wrote the article Peculiar Coins of Ten Kingdoms, and it was published in the Exploration of Financial Theory, the 5th issue, 2018.

What kinds of coin mints had been set during Northern Song dynasty and Southern Song dynasty respectively?

Please give brief introduction about the phenomenons of the banning policy on coins and money shortage.

Wang Shengduo: There were some copp er coins institutions in Northern Song dynasty. They were the capital coins mint, Hangzhou Baoxing mint, Shengzhou coins mint, Raozhou Yongping mint, Chizhou Yongfeng mint, Jiangzhou Guangning mint, Jianzhou Fengguo mint, Shaozhou Yong tong mint, Huizhou Fumin mint, Guozhou Zhuyang mint, Shangzhou Fu min mint, Yizhou Boji mint, Jing Zhao Fu coins mint, Shanzhou coins mint, Huazhou coins mint, Feng Xiang Fu Xiegu mint, Tongyuan Army Weiyuan mint, Weizhou Liyang mint, Xijing Fucai mint, Jiangzhou Yuanqu mint, Xuzhou Baofeng mint, Shuzhou Tong'an mint, Muzhou Shenquan mint, Xingguo Army Fumin mint, E'zhou Baoquan mint, Hengzhou Xi'ning mint,

專題 / FEATURES

Wuzhou Yuanfeng mint, Qianzhou coins mint, Yizhou Baoji mint, Xinzhou coin mint, Zhenzhou coin mint. There were some iron coin mints such as Yazhou Kaibao mint, Yizhou mint, Meizhou mint, Jiazhou Fengyuan mint, Qiongzhou Huimin mint, Xingzhou jizong mint, Nanping Army Guanhui mint, Wanzhou Guangji mint, Shizhou Guangji mint, Shangzhou Fumin mint, Shangzhou Luonan mint, Guozhou Zaicheng mint, Minzhou Taoshan mint, Yanzhou coins mint, Tongyuan Army Weiyuan mint, Tongzhou Hancheng mint, Xuzhou Baofeng xia mint, Xunzhou coins mint, Ruzhou Lvshan mint and Cizhou Yu min Di'er mint. And there were some coins mints that we were not sure if they were copper coins mints or iron coins mints, for example, Xingyuan Fu Jiyuan mints, Hezhong Fu coins mints, Rongzhou Baoxing mints and Yongzhou Tongbao mints. In the period of the Song emperor Huizong, there were several coins mints had been built and rebuilt. The difference between the plater coins mints and the latter coins mint was the workers in the latter coins mining institutions were mainly criminals.

Until the Southern Song dynasty, copper mints stopped manufacturing or closed one after another. In the late period of Xiaozong's reign, only two or three mints maintained production. In the late Southern Song dynasty, the only institution kept manufacturing coins was Yongping mint located in Raozhou. During the period of Xiaozong and Guangzong of the Southern Song dynasty, to meet the supply of iron coins, iron coins were used in the south of the Huai River, in the west of the capital and the north of Hubei. New mints, such as Hezhou mint and Tong'an mint located in Shuzhou were successively built. Some of them were rebuilt on the basis of previous copper mints. After the iron coins met the needs, these mints were closed one after another, leaving only the Qichun mint and the Hanyang mint.

The above descriptions may be not accurate enough, because many mints in the Song dynasty were soon closed after being built, and they existed for a short time.

Some of them were used again after closed. And some of the copper mints manufactured iron coins instead.

Besides, some records have been lost. For example, records about coins manufactured under Huizong's reign have been lost, especially those records about mints built for manufacturing tin-alloy-cash, and the number of newly built mints that are different from the old mints.

The banning policy on copper coins and other coins have been applied since the Han dynasty. The banning policy on coins in the Song dynasty was mainly to forbid the destruction of copper coins and to ban the outflow of copper coins. The policy undermined the automatic adjustment mechanism of the coins manufacturing market, thus causing the market price of copper coins is

often lower than the actual value. The money shortage phenomenon in the Song dynasty was not caused by lack of circulation means, but because of the shortage of copper coins in a certain period of time and within specific areas caused by the official taxation system and monetary policy. The money shortage in the Southern Song dynasty was directly related to the Qian Hui Zhong Ban policy (payment half in copper coins and half in Huizi papar money).

There were great varieties of currencies and a large circulation in the Song dynasty, especially in the Northern Song dynasty, it has the largest amount of copper coins in the copper coins manufacturing history in China. The average annual mintage reached more than 2 million, even reached 4 to 5 million per year, ten times that of the Tang dynasty. This is the main reason for the large amount of coins produced in the Northern Song dynasty.

Could you tell us the varieties and the mintage of Song dynasty coins?

Wang Shengduo: There were two kinds of cash coins produced in the Song dynasty, copper coins and iron coins. Gold and silver also had some monetary functions, they were used as currencies under certain conditions.

Many kinds of banknotes were used in the Song dynasty, including the exchange certificates Jiaozi, Qianyin, Dongnan huizi (Jinghui) and Guanzi, Huainan Jiaozi, Huhui.

There were banknotes with a small circulation and a limited range of usage that had little influence. I would like to answer your question about the mintage of coins, this is a difficult question to answer. some datas are incomplete.

For example, records on the mintage of the 10 cash coins and the tin alloy cash and the total mintage of banknotes in the late Southern Song dynasty were incomplete. It was difficult to convert copper coins accurately and more difficult to convert gold and silver. Therefore, the total mintage of copper coins and iron coins can be estimated, but it is hard to estimate the mintage of other currencies.

Because the currency values varied from place to place and in different periods.

The Song dynasty was the longest lasting dynasty having the largest number of iron coins in the Chinese history.

What are the features of iron coins? Why were they mainly used in Sichuan? Why did they issue Jingde big iron coins and Xiang Fu big iron coins? What kinds of iron coins were unearthed?

Wang Shengduo: There are four reasons for the use of iron coins in Sichuan: First, the Later Shu dynasty minted iron coins in Sichuan’s; secondly, most of the copper coins in Sichuan were transported to the capital in the early Song dynasty; third, there were few copper coins minted 95

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in Sichuan in the Song dynasty; Fourth, few economic exchanges between Sichuan and other places. The advantage of iron coins is the low cost, the disadvantage is that it is easy to get rust and unsuitable for storage.

The reason for minting big iron coins was the excessive manufacturing amount of small iron coins and the rapid decline in purchasing power, the coins were not easy to carry and transport, resulting in hindering the economic exchanges. Jingde big iron coins weigh 25.5 catty per Guan (a currency unit of copper coin). It's difficult for someone to carry two or three Guans. So we change to mint Xiang Fu big iron coins, which is half the weight of Jingde iron coins. The Jingde big iron coins and Xiang Fu big iron coins were used as the same value according to the official regulations so as to solve the problem of the heavy weight of iron coins. We learn from the records about iron coins used in Sichuan in the Song dynasty, the fundamental problem is too large mintage but still can't effectively prohibit the coins being minted secretly.

Therefore, this problem would be alleviated when the official institution reduced the amount of minting and effectively prohibit the coins being minted secretly.

Otherwise, the economic order would be chaotic.

Over the years, a large number of Northern Song dynasty iron coins were unearthed in Sichuan. I don't have the full details. As far as I know, iron coins unearthed in Sichuan in the Song dynasty included big iron coins and small iron coins in the Northern Song dynasty, and the two cash coins and big coins in the Southern Song dynasty. The iron coins minted in Emperor Jiading's reign attracted many people to numismatics. Compared with previous coins, the words on the obverse and reverse changed a lot. It's said that Chunyou 10 cash iron coins were unearthed, but I haven't seen it yet.

The tin alloy were first used in Hedong county in the second year of Chongning's reign 1103, and were used in Shaanxi in February. After several times of stopping using and reusing, later they were only used in these two regions after the sixth year of Zhenghe's reign 1116. May I ask why the tin alloy cash minted in the Song dynasty?

What is the difference between tin alloy cash and iron coin, and their surviving amount.

Wang Shengduo: There are still some problems with the tin alloy cash. Tin alloy cash should mainly refer to an iron coin, but according to metallurgical scholars, either iron and tin melting together or iron and lead melting together is difficult to form alloys. The tin alloy cash was originally produced because the serious loss of minting copper coins. The 10 cash coin and the tin alloy cash were all produced because the cost could be reduced.

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As far as the records are concerned, the difference between the tin alloy cash and the iron coin is obvious.

The tin alloy cash is more beautiful than the iron coin, and their values varied greatly stipulated by official institutions. However, we can't identify which one is tin alloy cash and which one is iron coin from the coins unearthed today and minted during the Huizong’s reign in the Song dynasty. I have not seen a persuasive explanation yet. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the mintage of tin alloy cash. According to the record, there were a lot of tin alloy cash mints during the Huizong's reign, and a huge amount of tin alloy cash were minted. We can be sure that the iron coins unearthed in Cangzhou, Hebei Province should be tin alloy cashes minted at that time.

What areas are included in Shaanxi in the Song dynasty?

Shaanxi became a special currency area due to the minting of big copper coins, big iron coins and small circulating iron coins. Can you tell us the related historical background, reasons and consequences?

Wang Shengduo: The area of Shaanxi in the Song dynasty was much larger than today. In addition to today's Shaanxi Province, it also includes some areas of Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia and Shanxi.

Shaanxi in the Song dynasty was the frontier region of wars between the Song dynasty and Xi Xia dynasty. The Xi Xia dynasty developed rapidly. After they invaded and defeated the Song army several times, the Song dynasty rulers were very scared and sent more troops to Shaanxi immediately. But this decision caused a sharp increase in military spending in this area. In such urgent situation, the government decided to mint big copper coins, big iron coins and small iron coins, which resulted in serious consequences. First of all, it led to a sharp increase in the number of troops of the Song dynasty, and the total number of field troops had increased to 600,000, twice that of the early Song dynasty. The number of troops stationed in Shaanxi has increased. Minting of big copper coins, big iron coins, and small iron coins had not been fully planned beforehand, and they have been ordered to change time after time, causing social unrest. As a result, the total amount of coins in Shaanxi suddenly increased sharply, the price gone out of control. People suffered a lot at that time, causing unreasonable charges in military expenditures, which led to a increase in purchasing prices and military expenditures. Eventually, the government announced the depreciation of the big coins.

Coins in the Northern Song dynasty usually consists of two characters ‘Yuanbao’, ‘Tongbao’ or ‘Zhongbao’ and two characters in the reign title of the emperor. What kinds of coins were the exception?

專題 / FEATURES

Wang Shengduo: Taiping Xingguo coin, Dazhong Xiangfu coin or Jianzhong Jingguo coin has four characters ‘Tai Ping Tong Bao’, ‘Xiang Fu Tong Bao’, ‘Xiang Fu Yuan Bao’ or ‘Sheng Song Yuan Bao’in the coin, these are the exceptions. In the years during the reign of Baoyuan, Yuanfeng, Yuanyou or Yuanfu, there is character ‘Bao’ or ‘yuan’. To avoid using the same character, Huangsong Tongbao coins were used during Bao Yuan’s reign, and ‘Tong Bao’ was used instead of ‘Yuan Bao’ during the years of Yuanfeng, Yuanyou or Yuanfu. During the reign of Qingli, only ‘Zhong Bao’ instead of ‘Yuan Bao’ or ‘Tong Bao’ was used because of wars.

What kinds of Chinese calligraphy written forms have been used in the Song dynasty copper coins and iron coins? Why Duizi coins were produced in a large amount at that time?

Wang Shengduo: The Song dynasty copper coins and iron coins were carved with cursive script, regular script, semi-cursive script (including slender gold script) seal script and Song typeface.

Duizi coin may be derived from Song Taizong's royally inscribed currency. Coins were inscribed with three written forms during Song Taizong's reign, namely cursive script, seal script and semi-cursive script. Except the written forms, those who participated in the producing of the coin dies minted the coins with the roughly identical features. Thus we can confirm the basic features of the Duizi coin: almost the same coin shape but different written forms. Later, each year's coins usually had two kinds of written forms. People think that every two coins could be matched into a pair. Hence the name Duizi coin, duizi means a pair. In fact, a pair of Duizi coin may include three kinds of written forms. The emergence of a large number of Duizi coins, first of all, was due to the fact that it had become custom since Song Taizong's reign, and the Duizi coins were inscribed with two or more kinds of written forms. Secondly, because of the high output of some coin institutions. Coins minted in the same coin institution and at the same period of time with more opportunities to become Duizi coins. I believe that although the sample patterns were unified across the country, it is not easy for different coin institutions to mint coins with the same thickness and style in terms of minting conditions at that time.

What kinds of coin tablet (Qianpai) were unearthed in the Southern Song dynasty? Why were they produced and the areas they were used?

Wang Shengduo: As far as I know, there were coin tablets in copper denominated 500 cash, 300 cash, 200 cash

and lead tablets for 500, 100, 40 and 20 cash circulated in Lin'an the capital of Southern Song dynasty, lead tablets for 10 cash circulated in Hezhou and lead tablets for 100 cash circulated in Jiangzhou. I also saw some authentic and incomprehensible small coin tablets.

I think different types of coin tablets were produced for different reasons. The use of Lin'an coin tablets and Jiangzhou small coin tablets was due to the lack of copper money in the circulation field, and the Hezhou coin tablets was used in conjunction with the iron coins and Jinghui in Huainan area because Jinghui was more popular in that area. The Lin'an coin tablets and Jiangzhou coin tablets were used in today's Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and the Hezhou small coin tablets were used in Huainan area.

The earliest banknotes in the world Jiaozi began to be issued in the Song dynasty, what was the issuing time and the reason? In addition, in the Song dynasty, there were also a variety of banknotes issued, such as Qianyin, Huizi, Huaijiao, Huhui, Guanzi, Yinhui. What is the starting and ending issuing year and the mintage of these banknotes?

Please make a brief introduction on the pattern of Jiaozi and Huizi.

Wang Shengduo: There have always been different s ay ings ab out the is suing time of Jiaozi. Fir s t , it depends on using which time to calculate, the time for the establishment of a private Jiaozi institution or the official time for these banknotes were held by the official government. Some researchers object to calculate from the time when the establishment of a private Jiaozi institution because it is considered that the Jiaozi made privately was a bill of exchange but not a banknote and was without government regulations.

Some researchers advocate to calculate from the time when the establishment of a private Jiaozi institution.

Secondly, it is also controversial about when the private Jiaozi institutions were established, because the original records were not clear and had many mistakes. From my point of view, I tend to separate the time of the establishment of Jiaozi institution from the banknotes Jiaozi institution. That is to say, the first year of Song Renzong's reign the year 1023 was the time the world's earliest banknotes Jiaozi institution established. The direct reason for the bir th of Jiaozi in Sichuan was that the iron coins were too heavy to circulate. Unlike Western countries, it was not produced based on the full development of private credit.

To replace Jiaozi, Qianyin was issued in the four th year of Chongning's reign in the Song dynasty, and its circulating area was extended to the mainland. Soon it was announced that Qianyin was only used in Sichuan.

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It was continued to use in Sichuan in the Southern Song dynasty. Until the fourth year of Yuanyou's reign (the reign title of emperor Lizong) in the Song dynasty, that is, the year 1256, the Song dynasty issued Sichuan Huizi to replace Qianyin. From Jiaozi in the Northern Song dynasty to Qianyin in the Southern Song dynasty, a total of ninety-nine issuing circles and the issuance lasted 133 years. In the fourth years of Baoyou's reign, three circles of Qianyin were issued at the same time. If the mintage of the last two circles could be converted into the mintage of the first circle, the result would be a total of more than 1.2 billion. The total mintage of the three circles would be several billions. Huizi included the Southeastern Huizi and the Jinghui, were produced in the 30th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song dynasty, that is, in 1160. Some private Huizi institution were held by the official government at last. Huizi were issued for 18 circles, until the Southern Song dynasty they were still used. Its circulation lasted about 116 years. In the first year of Duanping's reign (the reign title of emperor Lizong) in the Song dynasty, that is, in the year 1234, the mintage was over 300 million. In the sixth year of Chunyou's reign, the mintage was 650 million, and the highest mintage was likely to exceed 1 billion. Huaijiao institutions were founded in 1166, the second year of Qiandao's reign in the Southern Song dynasty, the initial mintage was 3 million. The situation in the Lizong's reign and Duzong's reign in the Song dynasty were completely unrecorded, so we don't know what the actual situation and the mintage. Huihui included Hubei Huizi and Huguang Huizi, were established in 1163, the first year of Longxing in the Southern Song dynasty.

When it was issued to the eighth circle, it was under Xiaozong's reign, the mintage reached 7 million. Until the years of Guangzong's reign, two circles of Huhui were issued at the same time, with a total of 5.62 million. The mintage after this period has not been recorded. Guanzi institutions were established in 1264, the fifth year of Jingding's reign (the reign title of emperor Duzong) in the Southern Song dynasty. The record about the mintage can't be found.

(Fig.5), the Huizi printing plate in the Southern Song dynasty reserved in the National Museum (Fig.6), a set of 8 pieces Guanzi printing plates and seals in the late Southern Song dynasty found in Dongzhi county, Anhui province on July 1983 (Fig.7). What do you think of these banknotes and printing plates?

Wang Shengduo: I am skeptical about these printing plates. First of all, we don’t know where they were from.

Second, the actual features of these printing plates were inconsistent with the records. They were clearly documented in the literature. Since Qianyin were used in place of Jiaozi, Qianyin and Jiaozi should have similar features. Although the existing banknote printing plate rubbing is preser ved, we have not seen the actual Fig. 5. The Northern Song dynasty banknote printing plate rubbing, 95 mm (horizontal length), 171mm ( v e r t i c a l l e n g t h), w i t h o u t f a c e value, theme and the year. This banknote printing plate was originally published in the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, and the banknote rubbing was collected by the Japanese in the 1930s. Some people think it is Qianyin or small v alu e b ank n o te s . Q u o te d f r o m Coins of Successive Dynasties of China (Revised).

According to the Chu Bi Catalog written by Yuan dynasty author Fei, Jiaozi was changed into Qianyin in 1107, the first year of Daguan, the official government produced six kinds of seals for producing Qianyin. These six seals were decorated with patterns. There were many interesting stories related to the pattern.

There were many kinds of banknotes issued in the Song dynasty. Although it is quite a huge amount, nothing left in the world today. And there are several pieces that are considered as printing plate of the Song dynasty, including the Jiaozi, Qianyin or small value banknote printing plate rubbing in the Northern Song dynasty 98

Fig. 6. The Southern Song dynasty banknote printing plate 130 mm (horizontal length), 188 mm (vertical length), preserved by the National Museum of China.

ĺ°ˆéĄŒ / FEATURES

Fig. 7. A set of 8 pieces Guanzi printing plates was found in Dongzhi county, and two of them were printed. The printing plates were 163 mm (horizontal length) and 246 mm (vertical length). The pictures were quoted from the Internet.

banknote printing plate. And it's total different from the records about the features of Qianyin. It is almost universally recognized that this banknote printing plate rubbing is not a Qianyin banknote printing plate. Some scholars believe it is a small value banknote printing plate.

Some literature contains the features of Guanzi. The text on the banknote version is basically the same as the record, and the words printed in the banknote printing plate as well as features of several banknote printing plates do not match the records. Therefore, it can be roughly concluded that they are not the Guanzi printing plates.

What kinds of Song dynasty silver ingots were discovered from the Republic of China to the establishment of the People's Republic of China? Please describe the shape, weight, inscription and the current market price of these silver ingots.

Wang Shengduo: As far as I know and if characterized from the shape, the newly discovered silver ingots can be divided into three types, shoe-shaped silver ingots, non shoe-shaped silver ingots and small silver ingots. They usually have three kinds of inscriptions: a description of a certain tax paid by a local government, a description of the name of the shop or the name of the silversmith or the goldsmith, a description of the fineness of the silver or the minting time of the silver ingot. Silver ingots with the last two inscriptions were more likely to be used as currencies. 50 taels and 25 taels were used more often. I know little about the price of the silver ingots, I only heard that the 50 taels silver ingot with inscriptions can be sold out at a price of more than 100,000 RMB yuan.

When did the Gold and silver round coins with a square hole come into use? Please tell us about unearthed Song dynasty gold and silver coins and how they were used in the Song dynasty, were they used as currencies at that time?

Wang Shengduo: Gold and silver round coins with a square hole were initially derived from Han dynasty ancient coin Wu Zhu. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the most attractive gold and silver round coins with a square hole were gold Chunhua coins discovered in Wutai Mountain, gold and silver coins unearthed from Sichuan An Bing tomb, the gold coins of Xuanhe's reign discovered in the wooden tower of Ying Xian and the Longxing Tongbao gold coin discovered in Zhejiang province. In addition, new types of Song dynasty gold and silver coins are recorded in some coin magazines and appear in the market, such as the Emperor Song Tongbao (nine-fold seal of Tongbao in the Song dynasty), the Da Sung Tung Bao 10 cash. But I haven't seen one coin like this, also can not figure out their origin, so I will not discuss them further with you.

In the Song dynasty, gold and silver coins were mainly used as rewards from the emperor, noble gifts, blessings, and funerary objects. Gold and silver coins generally were not used as currencies. There are few cases in which gold and silver coins were used for shopping. Very few were used for shopping under special circumstances. There is no record in the literature about the market price of gold and silver coins in the Song dynasty.

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汪 聖 鐸 先 生（圖1）進 入

我 所 關 注 的 中國 錢 幣 收 藏研究名家視線 , 是因為

2009年讀過他為閻福善

等人 編著的《北 宋 銅錢 》 所寫的《北宋錢幣概論》。

2016年8月9日， 我 有 幸

與 汪 先 生在 社 會 科 學文

獻 出 版社 於 北 京召開 的

“中國貨幣史話”系列圖

書 新書 發 佈 會 暨 中 國 貨

圖1 汪聖鐸在書房 2017年5月攝

幣文化學術座談會上相識，隨後我用拙著《中國貨幣史之最》，交換了汪先生的《兩宋貨

幣史（修訂版）》（上、下）。拜讀這部84萬字斷代的宋代貨幣史專著，使我對這位學者肅

然起敬。2017年5月，由他主編的《中華大典 · 經濟典 · 貨幣金融分典》（16開精裝 全六

冊）出版，這部鴻篇巨制以類書的形式，分門別類地彙集了我國1910 年以前文獻中有關

貨幣金融方面的文字記載。分為銅鐵錢、紙幣、金銀、貨幣購買力、借貸、證券與銀行 六個總部，全面反映了我國歷史上貨幣金融的真實發展過程，具有重要的文獻研究和現 實參考價值。我遂于當月對汪先生進行了專訪。2018年11月8日，周邁可總裁率冠軍拍

賣團隊參加第23屆北京國際錢幣博覽會，又和我在北辰洲際酒店與汪先生進行了深入交 談（圖2）。現將兩次訪談整理如下，分享讀者。

汪聖鐸，1948年生，天津市薊縣人。著名宋代財政史和貨幣史學者。1968年赴內蒙古

商都縣插隊。1972年入北 京大學中文系古典文 獻專業讀書。1975年被分配 到北 京市

總工會業餘大學工作。1978年11月調北京經濟學院古代經濟史研究室任助教、講師，

1987年11月調中華書局先後任編輯、歷史編輯室副主任，副編審、編審。在1989年到 2000年間具體主持大型學術刊物《文史》的編輯。1993年獲國務院頒發的政府特殊津

貼。2000 年接任中華書局《中國錢幣大辭典》責任編輯。2002年調河北大學宋史研究 中心，任教授、博士生導師。2006年當選中國宋史研究會理事，2014 年當選中國錢幣

學會學術委員。另兼任浙江省社會科學重點研究基地南宋史研究中心學術委員會委員，

中國錢幣叢書編委。 《中華大典 · 經濟典》副主編兼貨幣金融分典主編。主要從事宋史、 中國古代經濟史、中國歷史文獻學研究。著作等身，成果卓著。出版有 《兩宋財政史》 （上、

下）、 《中國錢幣史話》《兩宋貨幣史》（上、下）、 《泉志》（注譯評）、 《宋代歷史文獻研究》 等10部專著，計600 余萬字（圖3），其中《兩宋貨幣史》於2004 年獲河北省第九屆社會

科學研究優秀成果專著一等獎，2006年獲第四屆中國高校人文社會科學研究優秀成果

三等獎。發表關於貨幣的文章47篇，其中兩篇獲中國錢幣學會第一、第二屆學術成果“金

泉獎”。另外，在《金融時報》發表《色彩斑斕的中國錢幣文化》 《中國第一位貨幣理論家》 等短文 22篇。

袁水清〔西安〕

100

名家專訪

兩宋貨幣史專家汪聖鐸訪談錄

FEATURES / 專題

一 汪先生 ：我們體會到，收藏研究中國歷代錢幣，必須深諳中國貨幣史。請問中國貨

幣與中國錢幣的概念、研究對象及二者的關係？錢幣包括花錢和紙幣嗎？

汪聖鐸 ：本來“貨幣”與“錢幣”應是等同的，問題主要源於有些人將“錢幣”理解為鑄幣， 因“錢”是“金”字旁嘛。花錢本不是貨幣，但南朝顧烜的《錢譜》就收入了軒轅錢、龜

專題 / FEATURES

背錢，比顧烜更早的《劉氏錢志》也收入了八星錢，這些都

屬於花錢。南宋洪遵《泉志》中也收入不少花錢。可知我

國古人在很長時間裡，一直把花錢看成是錢幣，這種理念 根深蒂固，難以改變。但花錢不是貨幣，這一點卻是不能

含糊的。紙幣雖是貨幣，在紙幣已存在的南宋時期撰成的

《泉志》，卻不收紙幣。元人所撰《宋史》將錢幣與會子分開， 元費著也將《錢幣譜》與《楮幣譜》分開，而馬端臨的《文

獻通考》又將紙幣納入 《錢幣考》，此後也不統一。大抵將“錢

幣”理解為貨幣時，就包括紙幣；將“錢幣”理解為鑄幣時， 就將紙幣排斥在外。這在今天，似也難求統一。 二

圖2 周邁可（右）和袁水清在北辰洲際酒店與汪聖鐸先生（中）交談後合影，2018年11月8日

先 生的奮鬥目標是橫 通一門斷代 史，縱 通一門專史，

所選的斷代史就是宋史，所選的專門史就是貨幣史，而在

“橫”“縱”結合上又以宋代貨幣史為切入點。請問您研究 宋代貨幣史的方法及體會都有哪些？

汪聖鐸：我是從文獻專業轉向史學的，又是從整理史料開始

入門，所以，我治學方法的特色是從充分佔有史料入手，從

對史料的分析中得出結論，我很不贊同先有定見，再用史料 來填充理論框架的治學方法。我幾十年研究貨幣史，最大的 體會是不能生硬地套用外國理論，包括馬克思理論和現代新

理論。生吞活剝式的運用外國理論，會使學術上得出錯誤結 論，使學術研究走彎路，以往的教訓是很深刻的。

圖3 汪聖鐸主要著作

三 您的《两宋货币史》（上、下）凝聚了自己的大量心血，

是著2003年出版，2016年修订（图4），修订版较初版增加

了8万字，请介绍这部专著的主要内容，修订版增加了哪些 新的研究成果？

汪聖鐸 ：我寫這部書的目的，是想客觀、全面地描述宋代

貨幣史的全貌。與以往相關著述不同，我的長處是曾系統

地研究過宋史，不但研究過宋代經濟，還研究過宋代政治、 文化、宗教等，這使我對貨幣史的描述是與環境、背景結

圖4 《兩宋貨幣史（修訂版）》（ 上、下）， 社會科學文獻出版社，2016年3月第1版。

深入，我將全書分為鑄幣管理、銅錢、鐵錢和特殊貨幣區、

四 北宋承继五代十国而立，且在时间上有交叉，但泉界对

制，不得不壓縮字數，以致把一些不該省略的內容省略了。

行情况及存世的钱币品种。

合在一起的，不是孤立地考察貨幣。在論述中，為了便於

紙幣、金銀與絹帛五部分。此書初版時，受資助額度的限 又為了趕時間，撰寫時出了一些失誤，例如關於錢監的文

字就存在較多失誤。再者我承擔《中華大典 · 經濟典 · 貨幣

五代十国货币缺乏研究，请您介绍一下五代十国货币后期发 汪聖鐸 ：關於五代十國貨幣，以往搞五代史的人往往忽略

金融分典》的任務後，重讀貨幣史料，有些新的收穫和體

《泉志》的記載，此書不但記了五代貨幣，也記了同時期的

版此書，我就乘機把上述內容加了進去。但是，事後細讀，

史要完備得多。其中記五代十國後期的有後周的周通元寶

會，也看到了一些新考古資料。恰逢社科文獻出版社決定再 還是有不少不盡如人意處，希望得到專家和讀者的指正。

契丹貨幣，還記了十國貨幣。連同《十國紀年》所記，比正

錢、廣政通寶錢、乾亨重寶（銅、鉛二種）錢、永隆通寶錢、

101

13

TH

FEATURES / 專題

天德通寶錢等。近年廣州出土的南漢鉛錢又一次提供了實

銅禁和錢禁是自漢代以來就有的。宋代的錢禁主要是禁止

特別是南唐、後蜀鑄行鐵錢的情況，可惜都沒有具體細緻

動調節機制，使得銅錢的市場價格經常性低於自身價值。

證。宋李燾《長編》則記載了宋朝建立後，十國鑄行錢幣 地描述錢幣本身的情況，給今天的相關研究造成不少困難。 我最近彙集有關十國貨幣的記載，結合新出土的文物，寫

成《千奇百怪的十國錢》 ，刊于《金融理論探索》2018年第

5期。

五 北宋和南宋分別設置過哪些錢監？請簡述錢禁和錢荒 現象。

汪聖鐸 ：北宋時期設置的銅錢監有 ：京師鑄錢監、杭州寶

興監、升州錢監、饒州永平監、池州永豐監、江州廣寧監、 建州豐國監、韶州永通監、惠州阜民監、虢州朱陽監、商

宋代的錢荒實質上不是流通手段的缺乏，而只是官方的賦

稅制度和貨幣政策造成的一定時間內和特定區域內的銅錢 短缺。南宋時期的錢荒，又直接同“錢會中半”的政策相 關聯。

六 宋代貨幣品種多、發行量大，特別是北宋為我國歷史

上銅錢年鑄行量最多時期，平均年鑄行量達到200多萬貫，

最高年份鑄行量達到四五百萬貫，相當於唐代年產量的10 餘倍。這也是北宋錢幣存世量大的主要原因。請問宋代貨 幣種類及其發行量？

州阜民監、儀州博濟監、京兆府錢監、陝州錢監、華州錢

汪聖鐸 ：宋代有銅錢、鐵錢二種鑄幣，黃金、白銀也有部

財監、絳州垣曲監、徐州寶豐監、舒州同安監、睦州神泉

種，主要有交子、錢引、東南會子（京會） 、關子、淮南交

監、鳳翔府斜穀監、通遠軍威遠監、衛州黎陽監、西京阜 監、興國軍富民監、鄂州寶泉監、衡州熙寧監、梧州元豐

監、虔州鑄錢院、宜州寶積監、信州鑄錢院、真州錢監等。

鐵錢監有雅州開寶監、益州錢監、眉州錢監、嘉州豐遠監、 邛州惠民 監、興州濟眾監、南平軍廣惠 監、萬州廣濟監、 施州廣積監、商州阜民監、商州洛南監、虢州在城監、虢

州朱陽監、岷州滔山監、延州錢監、通遠軍威遠監、同州

韓城監、徐州寶豐下監、潯州錢監、汝州魯山監、磁州裕

民第二監等。還有一些不明是鑄銅錢還是鑄鐵的錢監，如

興元府濟遠監、河中府錢監、融州寶新監、邕州通寶監等。 宋徽宗時期，又新建、改建了若干所鑄錢院，與此前的錢 監不同的是，在鑄錢院中服役的主要是罪犯。

南宋銅錢監陸續停廢，到孝宗在位後期，只剩二三個錢監

分貨幣職能，在一定條件下起貨幣作用，宋代的紙幣有多

子、湖會等。還有些發行量較小、行用範圍較小從而影響 也較小的紙幣。說到貨幣的發行量，這是個較難回答的問

題。主要是有些資料不完備，例如，關於北宋後期當十錢、 夾錫錢發行量的記載不完備，南宋後期紙幣的發行總量記 載不夠完備，與銅錢的折算也難以準確把握。牽扯到金銀

就更麻煩。所以銅錢、鐵錢的鑄行總量可以估算，其他貨 幣的發行量估算有困難，因幣值各地不一，前後不一，算 出來意義也不大。

七 在中國歷史上，宋代是鑄行鐵錢數量最多、時間最久的 朝代，請問鐵錢的特點及主要行用於四川的原因？為什麼要 推行景德大鐵錢和祥符大鐵錢？出土的鐵錢有哪幾種？

能維持生產，到南宋後期，大抵只有饒州永平監在生產。

汪 聖鐸 ：四川用鐵 錢的導因有四 ：一是後蜀鑄 行了鐵 錢，

北地區行用鐵錢，為了滿足這一地區的鐵錢供給，陸續新

產量很少，四是宋初四川與內地的經濟交流還不夠發 達。

南宋孝宗、光宗時期，先後在淮南地區和京西、湖北的江

建了和州錢 監、舒州同安監、舒州宿松 監、蘄 州蘄春監、 黃州齊安監、興國軍富民監、江州廣寧監、臨江軍豐餘監、

二是宋初四川的銅錢大部分被輸送京師，三是宋代四川銅 鐵錢的特點是造價低，缺點是易生銹，不適合儲存。

撫州裕國監、光州定城監、漢陽軍漢陽監等（其中有些是

鑄行大鐵錢是由於鑄行的小鐵錢數量過多，購買力下降快，

只留下蘄春監和漢陽監。

二十五斤半，一個人背負二三貫就行動困難，所以改鑄祥

將舊日銅錢監改造而成的），鐵錢數滿足需要後，陸續裁撤， 以上所述可能不夠精確，因為宋代不少錢監隨建隨廢，存在

時間較短，有些廢後又恢復，有些鑄銅錢的錢監後來受命改 鑄鐵錢。另外，有些記載失傳，例如關於宋徽宗時期鑄錢的許

多記載都失傳了，特別是為鑄夾錫錢究竟新建了哪些錢監，新 創建的有別于舊日錢監的鑄錢院究竟有多少，都無從得知。 102

銅錢被銷毀，禁止銅錢外流。它破壞了鑄幣市場價格的自

造成攜帶、運載不便，妨礙經濟交流。景德大鐵錢每貫重 符大鐵錢，祥符大鐵錢比景德大鐵錢重量減半，官方規定

等值行用，就是要解決鐵錢過於沉重的問題。觀察宋代四 川用鐵錢的歷史，你會看到，根本問題就出在官方鑄行量 過大，又不能有效禁止盜鑄。所以，一旦官方減少鑄行量

並有效禁止盜鑄，許多問題就都得到緩解。否則，經濟秩 序就會發生混亂。

專題 / FEATURES

歷年四川地區出土了大量宋代鐵錢，情況我不能完全掌握， 就我所知，有北宋時期的大鐵錢、小鐵錢，南宋時期的折

二錢、大錢等。最引錢幣界注意的是嘉定年間鑄行的鐵錢， 錢正面和錢背面的文字變化特別多 ；還出土了淳祐當百大 鐵錢，但我未親見實物。

八 夾錫鐵錢于崇寧二年正月始於河東，二月在陝西行用，

幾經罷複，自政和六年後只在這兩個地區行用。請問宋廷鑄 行夾錫錢的起因，這種錢與鐵錢的區別，以及存世量大小？

汪聖鐸 ：關於夾錫錢還有些問題似未解決。夾錫錢應主要

是指一種鐵錢，但據搞冶金的學者講，鐵與錫、鐵與鉛都 是很難形成合金的。夾錫錢最初是由鑄造銅錢嚴重賠本引 起的，當十錢、夾錫錢都是因能降低成本而推出的。

就記載而言，夾錫錢與鐵錢的區別是很明顯的，夾錫錢比 鐵錢精緻美觀，官方規定它們的價值相差很大。但就現今

“通寶”或 十 北宋的錢文通常由年號中的二字加上“元寶”

“重寶”構成，請問有哪幾種年號錢例外？

汪聖鐸 ：太平興國、大中祥符、建中靖國三種年號都是四

個字，所鑄錢錢文分別是“太平通寶”“祥符通寶”“祥符元 寶”“聖宋元寶”。寶元、元豐、元祐、元符四個年號中，有

“寶”字或“元”字，為避免字的重複，寶元年間鑄行的錢

文是“皇宋通寶”，元豐、元祐、元符年間鑄行的錢的錢文

只有“通寶”，沒有“元寶”。慶歷年間可能是因為戰亂影響， 鑄行的錢只有“重寶”，沒有“元寶”“通寶”。 十一

宋代銅錢、鐵錢錢文使用過哪幾種書體？為何會出

現大量的對子錢？

汪聖鐸 ：宋代銅錢、鐵錢錢文使用過草書、楷書、行書（含 瘦金體）、篆書、宋體五種書體。

出土的宋徽宗時期留存的錢幣而言，哪些是夾錫錢，哪些

對子錢可能源于宋太宗的禦書錢，宋太宗分別用草、篆、

以確定其數量。根據記載看，當時鑄造夾錫錢的錢監頗多，

輕此薄彼，故而鑄出的錢除書體外，其他大體一致，這就

是普通鐵錢，我還未見到有說服力的說明。所以，也就難

鑄造的夾錫錢數量巨大，至少河北滄州出土的鐵錢應是當 時鑄的夾錫錢。

九 宋代陝西轄地包括哪些地區？因鑄行大銅錢、大鐵錢，

行用小鐵錢，陝西成為特殊貨幣區。請問其歷史背景、原 因及後果？

汪聖鐸 ：宋代陝西範圍比今天陝西省大得多，它除包括今

天的陝西省外，還包括今天的青海、甘肅、寧夏、山西的 部分地區。

行三種書體書寫錢文，對這三種書體，參與製模的人不敢

構成了後代對子錢的基本特徵 ：除書體外，錢體其他方面 相同。到後來，每一年號的錢通常都有二種書體，人們認

為成雙成對，稱之為對子錢，其實一種對子錢可能包括三

種書體的錢。對子錢的大量出現，首先是由於宋太宗以後， 形成慣例，每次都用二種或二種以上書體書寫錢文。其次

可能也與有些錢監的高產量有關。同一錢監在同一時間段 鑄出的錢較容易具備對子錢的特徵。我認為，儘管錢樣是

全國統一的，但就當時條件而言，不同錢監的錢要造出厚 薄大小風格都一樣的對子錢是不容易的。

十二 南宋錢牌出土發現有哪幾種？請問其產生的原因及行

宋代陝西是宋、夏戰爭的前沿地區。西夏的驟然興起，特

用地區？

向陝西增派軍隊。這造成此地軍費急劇增加。鑄行大銅錢、

汪 聖鐸 ：就 我 所 知，有臨安府行用銅質伍百文、三百文、

中採取的匆忙舉措引出了嚴重的後果。首先，官方的應對

拾文、准十八界貳百文 ；江州鉛質壹百文、鉛質使府酒務

別是在幾次入侵戰勝宋軍以後，宋統治者十分驚慌，急忙

大鐵錢、小鐵錢都是在此背景下的官方對策。這種驚慌之

使宋朝軍隊數量急劇增加，野戰軍即禁軍總數增加到 60萬

人，超過宋初一倍以上。陝西的駐軍增加尤多。鑄行大銅

貳百文，鉛質伍百文、壹百文、肆拾文、貳拾文 ；和州鉛質 錢牌等，我還見到一些真偽難辨的錢牌。

錢、大鐵錢、小鐵錢都事先未經充分謀劃，下令以後幾經

我認為不同類型的錢牌，其產生原因也不同。大抵臨安府、

失控，不但給當時百姓造成巨大痛苦，而且使軍費開支不

則是與鐵錢、京會同在淮南行用，而京會較受歡迎的情況

改變，造成社會動盪。陝西地區貨幣總量驟然猛增，物價 合理暴漲，導致物價、軍費輪流上漲。最終以官方宣佈大 錢貶值收場。

江州錢牌反映了流通領域銅錢匱乏，而和州准會子的錢牌

有關。前一類錢牌應行用於江浙地區，後一類則行用於淮 南地區。

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十三 在宋代，全世界最早的紙幣——交子開始發行，請問

捧玉卮為太上皇壽、堯舜垂衣治天下。這十界一貫面額的背

關子、銀會等多種紙幣發行，請問其起止年份、界數、發

吏增秩賜金、子罕辭寶、周宣王修車馬備器械、書水火金木

發行時間及原因？此外，宋代還有錢引、會子、淮交、湖會、 行量 ? 請簡介交子和會子的圖案。

汪聖鐸 ：交子始發時間歷來說法不一，首先是以私營交子 創行時間還是以官方收歸官營的時間算。反對以私營交子

創行時間算者，主要是因為認為私營交子是匯票不是紙幣， 沒有國家強制。主張以私營交子創行時間算者，則認為私 營交子也有流通，也是紙幣。其次，對私營交子究竟創立

於何時，也有爭議，因為原始記載都不明確，且互不統一， 頗多錯誤。我個人傾向於將交子創立與紙幣交子創立分開，

土谷惟修、舜作五弦之琴以歌南風、武侯木牛流馬運、文王 雞鳴至寢門問安否、周宣王修車馬備器械。可知錢引的圖案

都是有深厚文化底蘊的。南宋謝采伯《密齋筆記》卷一記， 北宋末年發行小鈔， “其樣與今會子略同。上段印：准偽造鈔

已成，流三千里，已行用者處斬。至庚寅月更不用。中段印畫

泉山。下段平寫‘一貫文省’，守倅姓押字。”可知，小鈔、會子 的基本樣式應都是三段式：上段敕令文字，中段圖案，下段 面額。這與中國人的心理習慣是相符的。

即認為應以宋仁宗天聖元年即1023年作為世界最早紙幣交

十四 宋代發行的紙幣品種雖多，數量雖大，今天卻沒有一

礙商品流通，與西方各國不同的是，它不是在民間信用充

引或小鈔印版拓片（圖4），存於國家博物館的南宋會子印版

子的創立時間。交子在四川產生，直接原因是鐵錢沉重妨 分發展的基礎上產生的。

宋朝于崇寧四年即1105年宣佈發行錢引，取代交子，且宣

張存世，但有幾件被認為是宋代印版，包括北宋交子、錢

（圖6），1983年7月在安徽東至縣發現的一套 8件南宋晚期 關子的印版和印（圖7）。對這些紙幣印版您有何看法？

佈其行用範圍擴大到內地。不久，又宣佈錢引只行用於四

汪聖鐸 ：我對這些印版都持懷疑態度。首先，它們都來歷

宋朝發行四川會子取代錢引。從北宋交子到南宋錢引，共

確記載的。錢引既是交子的替代者，其形制應有相通性。

川。南宋四川繼續行用。直到宋理宗寶祐四年即1256年， 發行了九十九界，持續發行133年。寶祐四年時三界並行，

其中後二界折計最早一界，共折12億貫多。則三界總發行

量應有數10 億貫。會子包括東南會子、京會，產生於南宋

紹興三十年即1160 年，也有將民營會子收 歸官營的過程。 共發行十八界，直到南宋滅亡前還在行用，共行用了約116

年。宋理宗端平元年即1234 年發行量已逾 3億貫，淳祐六

年即1246年發行量達 到 6.5億貫，其最高發行量有可能突

破十億貫。淮交創行於南宋乾道二年即1166年，最初發行

量為300萬貫。宋理宗、度宗時期的情況完全失載，故不

知所終，曆界發行量也失載。湖會包括湖北會子、湖廣會 子，創行於南宋隆興元年即1163年，到寶祐年間發行第八

界，宋孝宗時，發行量一度達到700萬貫。宋光宗時二界並

行，共562萬貫。此後發行數失載。關子創行于南宋景定五

年即1264 年宋度宗即位時，僅行用了12年。發行量失載。

元人費著《楮幣譜》記，大觀元年，即1107年，改交子為錢

引，官方為錢引務鑄六種印： “曰敕字，曰大料例，曰年限， 曰背印，皆以墨；曰青面，以藍；曰紅團，以朱。六印皆飾以

不明。其次，都與記載不符。文獻中對錢引的形制是有明 現存世的鈔版拓片，未見鈔版實物，與記載中的錢引形制相

差懸殊，目前幾乎公認此鈔版不是錢引鈔版。有學者認為 它是小鈔鈔版。前述謝采伯描述小鈔的形制，與此拓片完

全不符。且拓片上的文字“公私從便主管” “流轉行使”等， 都不像宋人語言。鈔版文字歪歪扭扭，過於粗糙，不像官 方所製。謝采伯講會子與小鈔票面規制相類似，都是上部為 敕令文字，中部為圖，下部橫寫面額外加長官花押。原中國 歷史博物館所藏藏會子印版

與此不符，特別是豎寫的面 額，更令人生疑。東至縣發

現的鈔版，其來歷是個迷。 關於關子的形制，文獻中是

有記載的，鈔版上的文字基

本上與記載對不上號，幾塊 鈔版更拚不成記載中所述的

模樣，故大致可以斷定，它 們不是印關子的鈔版。

花紋，紅團、背印則以故事。”書中記從紹興三十一年發行

十五 中華民國至中華人民

例如這十界錢引的紅團故事印主題分別是：龍龜負圖書、寶

代銀錠有哪幾種？請介紹一

的第七十界，至第七十九界用印及圖案情況大致與此相符。

鼎圖物、朽粟紅腐、孟嘗還珠、諸葛孔明羽扇指揮三軍、孟

子見梁惠王、祖逖中流擊楫誓清中原、同律度量衡、漢高帝 104

印圖案主題分別是：吳隱之酌貪泉賦詩、天馬來西極、漢循

共 和 國 成 立 後， 發 現 的 宋

下其 形 狀、 重 量、 銘 文 及 目前的市場價格。

圖5 北宋鈔版拓本，橫95毫米、直171毫米。 票面既無年份也沒有名稱。 該鈔版最初發 表于《 東亞錢志》，實物為20世紀30年代日 本人收藏。 近人有說是錢引或小鈔。 引自 《中國歷代貨幣（修訂本）》。

專題 / FEATURES

圖7 1987年東至縣發現的全套8件關子印版、 印中之2件， 其中印版橫163毫米、直246毫米， 圖片引自網路。

汪聖鐸 ：就我所知，從民國到新中國，新發現的宋代銀錠

從形狀看，主要有平板或束腰狀、非平板狀及小錠三類。 銘文的內容主要有 ：一說明是某地官府上繳的某項財賦 ； 二是標明製造它的店鋪或工匠名 ；三是說明銀的成色或銀

錠的鑄造時間。後二種銘文銀錠用作貨幣的可能性較大。 從重量上講，五十兩和二十五兩重者較為常見。我對市場行

情瞭解很少，只聽說五十兩有銘文銀錠價格在10萬元以上。 十六 金銀質圓形方孔錢始於何朝代？請介紹一下宋代金銀

錢出土情況及主要用途。金銀錢在當時曾作為貨幣使用嗎？ 汪聖鐸 ：金銀質圓形方孔錢最早似始于漢金質五銖錢。新 中國建立後，最引人注目的有五臺山發現金質淳化錢，四

川安丙墓出土金銀錢，應縣木塔發現宣和元寶金質錢，浙

江發現隆興通寶金錢等。另外，一些錢幣雜誌及幣市上不 斷出現宋代金銀幣的新品種，如皇宋通寶九疊篆銀錢、大 宋通寶當拾銀錢等，我都無緣親見，也搞不清其來歷，不 敢妄加評說。

金銀錢在宋代主要用於皇帝賞賜、貴族富人喜慶禮品、祈 福厭勝、隨葬品等。金銀錢一般不作貨幣使用，記載中有

極少的以金銀錢購物的事例，都是在特殊情況下發生的，

圖6 南宋“ 行在會子庫” 鈔版，橫130毫米、直188毫米，中國國家博物館藏。

文獻中沒有關於宋代金銀錢市場價格即購買力的記載。

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Chopmarked Coins Chapter 1 Part V - The History of Silver in China Colin James Gullberg〔Taipei〕

1889 Chinese Dragon Coinage The final decade of the nineteenth century brought a significant change to the Chinese monetary system – the introduction of the first milled silver coinage in Chinese history. The Chinese provincial dollars coined at Fuzhou, Amoy (Xiamen) and Taiwan in the 1830s and 1840s never circulated widely. China’s lack of a domestic silver coinage meant that silver circulated in the form of sycee or foreign coins and traded on the basis of weight. This was complicated further by the variety of weights in use in different parts of China.

It was not until 1889, when a mint opened in Canton (Kwangtung), that Chinese-minted silver dollars began to play an important role in China’s currency system.

The dollar minted by Canton had a dragon design and was called the longyang [ 龍 洋 ] (dragon dollar). The first dragon dollar was minted in 1890 and other provinces that opened mints in later years followed this design.

It may seem strange that Chinese shroffs would chop domestically minted Chinese coins, but in fact the silver content of the Chinese coins varied by several percentage points.164 Foreign coins like the Mexican Cap & Rays continued to be better trusted. One of the biggest problems was that there was no governmental control over minting.

In addition to the dragon dollars, the Canton mint produced the first minors in 1890. These coins had a fineness of 0.820, lower than the 0.8996 of the dragon dollar. The coins were well received by the public and provided a wide margin of profit for the mint, thus encouraging other mints to follow suit. The lower quality of these coins led to a fall in their market value, which was subject to constant fluctuations. In response, the coins were further debased.165

Pictured below is a native bank in the late Qing dynasty.

63 Photo of the "Tin Sing Silver Shop" [天 盛銀號]. To the right of the door it reads (vertically): 本號兌換银圓 ("My store can redeem silver dollars"). And to the left: 兌換各省銀圓 ("Exchange for every province’s silver dollars") indicating that the photo was taken after the introduction of provincial dragon dollars in 1890.

Source: Paul Houo-ming Tse; Preuves des antiquites de la Chine; Pékin, Peking 1930

164

165

106

T. Shiroyama; China During the Great Depression – Market, State, and the World Economy, 1929-1937, (2008), p. 20 E. Kann: The Currencies of China, 2nd ed., (1975), p. 177

ĺ°ˆćŹ„ / COLUMN

One of the drawbacks of the Chinese system of assigning the responsibility for the coinage to provincial authorities was that it had, by tradition, provided such authorities with an opportunity to profit by means of debasement of the coinage. Modern commercial banks in China required a regular supply of full weight dollars to do their business, and the Chinese mints,166 with few exceptions, failed to meet this demand. The Mexican dollar remained the preferred currency in much of China.

The dragon dollars had several problems. First, each mint had its own weight and fineness level; secondly, Table 2168 – Dragon dollar silver content by mint

each province stamped its name on the coins hindering acceptance in other provinces; and lastly, overproduction was a problem. The coining of dragon dollars had become a matter of business for the provinces.167 Kann reported than many mints were simply rented out to the highest bidder or run by the military to issue coins to pay soldiers regardless of public welfare. Counterfeiters also played a role in ruining the coinage.

The following table shows the differences between Chinese dragon dollars from different mints.

Mint

Fineness

Pure silver content (ASW)

Kwangtung

0.8996

0.6540

Hupeh

0.9001

0.6530

Kiangnan

0.9100

0.6538

Peiyang Machine Factory

0.8900

0.6492

Pei Yang

0.8889

0.6582

Fengtien machine Factory

0.8435

0.6207

Fengtien

0.8435

0.5959

Manchuria

0.8895

0.6400

Kirin

0.8894

0.6178

Szechuen

0.8868

0.6437

Anhwei

0.8872

0.6477

Central (Tientsin)

0.9003

0.6521

The fact that the initial silver coinage of Kwangtung Province was made at 0.7245 Kuping taels, which was slightly heavier than the 0.72 for the Mexican dollar, meant that the early Kwangtung dollars were either hoarded or melted. The opportunity for arbitrage was not lost on the Chinese public. This higher silver content also allowed only minimal profits for the mint.

R.N.J. Wright: The Modern Coinage of China 1866-1949 - The Evidence in Western Achieves, (2012), p. 197 E. Kann; op. cit., p. 151 168 Ibid., p. 153 166 167

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82 China – Kwangtung Province 1890 7 Mace 2 Candareens Heaton mint pattern, KM-SS2, R-1. (The regular coin was minted in 1891, Y-203, LM-133, K-26, R-7.)

Photo 82 above shows a very rare (probably unique) chopped Heaton Mint pattern of the Kwangtung dollar.

The regular issue coin is probably the most commonly available of all the chopmarked Chinese dollars. Seeing that they were issued in Canton (Kwangtung), the center of chopping in China, most of them have large chops. This was the custom the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Canton.

The coins issued in northern China, such as at the Peiyang Mint which was located at Tientsin and the Kiangnan Mint at Nanjing, usually have small chops. The silver output of the mints varied according to regional needs, and the circulation of the new coin was normally achieved by using it to pay the military. The main output of the Peiyang arsenal was dollars; these circulated at a discount to the more popular foreign varieties and were of such a low standard that the British trade dollar,

introduced at the time, had no difficulty in becoming accepted as the primary currency in Northern China for the next 25 years.169 As previously stated, China minted a wide variet y of dragon coins 1890-1911. Most can be found with chopmarks, dollar-sized chopmarked coins being more common than minors. Also, with the astronomical price increases that most Chinese coins have seen over the past decade, collecting chopmarked Chinese coins may be the only affordable option for most collectors. The variety of coins minted in China over a very short period is staggering. For a chopmark collector even obtaining one coin from each mint is a challenge. Most minors are harder to find than their associated dollar coins.

A few examples of some chopmarked Chinese dragon coins:

83 China - Anhwei Province Year 24 (1898) 7 Mace 2 Candareens, Tall 四 variety, Y-45.3, LM199, K-53, R-6. The Anhwei Mint issued very few coins. This is the only one that is readily available with chopmarks.

169

108

R.N.J. Wright; op. cit., p. 56

專欄 / COLUMN

Wright attests to the inferior value of Chinese dollars by quoting an 1898 British trade report, “The new provincial Dollars coined at the An-Ch’ing Mint are now in circulation, but have not made much headway in the interior, where the country people still cling to the Carolus Dollar of a century ago. The exchange value of the Anhwei Dollar is always some 20 Cash below that of the Mexican, in spite of the Governor’s proclamation that it should be accepted on a par with coins of similar denomination.”170

84 China – Hupeh Province 1895 7 Mace 2 Candareens, Y-127.2, LM-182, K-40, R-7. This is one of the most common chopmarked dragon coins.

In 1900, it was reported that: “… Dollars, preferably Hupeh, are in current use at Changsha, the capital of Hunan province, but the obnoxious habit of chopping has been introduced by the Cantonese merchants, of whom there is quite a large colony in Changsha and Hsiang-t’an (Xiangtan).”171 This comment makes clear the difficulty of establishing the location of where the chopmarks were applied.

85 China - Fengtien Province Year 24 (1898) One Yuan, Y-87, LM-471, K-244, R-6.

Fengtien was in Manchuria and its coins competed with the British Trade Dollar in trade.

170

171

Ibid., p. 277 [extract from the Imperial Maritime Customs Trade Reports 1898, Wuhu, Anhwei Prov., p. 193] Ibid., p. 277 [extract from the Imperial Maritime Customs Trade Reports 1900 Yochow, Hunan, p. 140]

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86 China - Szechuan Province 1898 7 Mace 2 Candareens, Large-headed dragon. LM-345A, K-143g, R-4.

The Szechuan Mint was located in its capital, Chengdu, far from the coastal trade of most Europeans. Szechuan’s best known coin is the rupee showing the head of the Guangxu Emperor (also: Kuang Hsu) (r. 1875-1908), which was made to compete with the Indian rupee (with Queen Victoria’s head). The above coin is common but is difficult to find chopped.

87 China – Kiangnan Province 1901 1 Mace 4.4 Candareens, Y-143a.6, LM-238, K-87, R-6.

This 20-cent piece has small chops typical of the area in which it was minted but also an ink chop possibly applied in Shanghai in the twentieth century.

The Kiangnan dollar circulated at par with the Mexican in Nanking, but as with most other Chinese dollars was discounted by about 1% outside the province.172 Likewise in other parts of China it was reported that “The forms of currency are numerous. For example, at Moukden (modern Shenyang) there are in use Hongkong (British Trade Dollars), Mexican, Peiyang, Fengtien, and Kirin dollars; war notes, Yokohama Specie Bank notes, Fengtien Bank notes; small silver coins, sycee, cash, and local tael

172 173

110

and cash notes. For some unknown reason Hongkong dollars are rated somewhat above the others, but there are very few of them; Peiyang and Mexican dollars are on an equality; all the others are at a discount compared to the Mexicans, which are scarce and becoming scarcer. The country is flooded with small silver coins, and, following the usual course, the better currency is disappearing. The Mexican dollar is the standard.”173

Ibid., p. 197 Ibid., p. 284 [extract from the Imperial Maritime Customs Trade Reports 1906, Newchang, p. 6]

專欄 / COLUMN

88 China – Kirin Province 1901 One Dollar, 10 spines tail error. Y-182a, LM-536, K-423, R-6 (regular variety).

In Kirin, in 1911, “coin in use includes Roubles, Yen, small coin, Mexican dollars, Hongkong and Peiyang dollars.”174 It is interesting that roubles are mentioned yet, as I have already mentioned, so few chopped Russian coins seem to exist.

1895 British Trade Dollar By 1895 silver prices had been falling more or less constantly since 1872, the year the Comstock Lode started to produce silver in the United States. Several European countries like Germany had abandoned the silver standard for gold and the increasing supply of silver was affecting the gold/silver supply/demand ratios.

Two other important events happened at this time. First, in 1893, the U.S. repealed the Sherman Act which had required the U.S. government to purchase 4.5m ounces of silver each month. Also, the mints in India, which had been open to the public for the free coinage of silver (where silver could be turned into rupees on demand), discontinued this privilege.175 Both of these acts had the effect of reducing demand for silver.

In 1895, the British began production of their trade dollar at their mints in India. The production was deemed

necessary due to political pressure applied by British businessmen doing business in the Far East. The original Hong Kong dollar had flopped in the 1860s and the U.S. trade dollar similarly came and went. The Indian mints were happy for the work since they no longer coined silver for the public. The complexity of the Chinese monetary system at the time, making it a “paradise for the money changer”176 was another reason for the British trade dollar’s success. The chaos of dealing with dragon dollars - each had their own weight and fineness - convinced banks to adopt an internationally acceptable coinage.

This demand had been fulfilled by the Carolus dollar, and later the Mexican Cap & Rays 8 reales, but from 1895, there appeared another choice - the British trade dollar.

The British trade dollar was first introduced in the Straits Settlements and Malaya as well as in Hong Kong. Its composition was identical to the Hong Kong dollar of 1866 and the Japanese Yen at 0.900 fine, 416 grains (26.95636 grams) containing 374 2/5 grains of pure silver.177 The American trade dollar and Japanese yen did circulate in these places, but one reason why they (the U.S. trade dollar and yen) never succeeded with foreign banks in Hong Kong was that these coins were never recognized as legal tender in Hong Kong.178

Ibid., p. 285 [extract from the Imperial Maritime Customs Trade Reports 1911, Kirin, p. 45] E. Kann; op. cit., p. 212 176 D.H. Leavens; op. cit., p. 100 177 E. Kann; op. cit., p. 139 178 K. Clancy; The British Trade Dollar, Oriental Numismatic Society newsletter no. 169 (2001). Reprinted in Chopmark News, vol. 17, no. 2, (June 2013), p. 62 174

175

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In Hong Kong in 1895, the local government passed legislation forbidding the defacement of the British trade dollar. This did not stop it from getting chopped over the border in Canton though.

Kann reported179 the British trade dollar became common in North and South China. Strangely, it was never used in Shanghai - the most important port. Other firsthand reports confirm its popularity. A report from Chihli Province (Peiyang) stated: “The new British dollar is constantly seen, and appears to enjoy great popularity with the Chinese.”180 Kann reported that the British trade dollar, “became a serious rival to the Mexican dollar,” and “the British trade dollar became the favorite currency in North China, especially 1909-12. These coins went into

the interior and commanded a premium over Chinese dragon dollars and Mexican dollars.”181 All the chopped British trade dollars I have seen have large chopmarks which were supposedly favored by the Cantonese merchants. It is impossible to say if they were chopped in Canton but it seems likely given that larger chopmarks are characteristic of Canton shroffs. Most Northern Chinese coins that did not circulate as much in the south have small chopmarks.

The total amount of British trade dollars minted 1895-1914 was $217,860,285182 and, apart from a few rare dates, are fairly easy to come by chopped.

89 Great Britain 1898B Trade Dollar, KM-T5, R-7.

1897 Spanish-Philippines Peso In the Philippines the Spanish introduced a gold peso in 1861 which could be exchanged with the Mexican dollar at par. However, as silver prices fell from the early 1870s, gold flowed out of the Philippines. In an attempt to rid the Philippines of the Mexican dollar, Spain introduced the silver peso in 1897. The peso was lighter than the Mexican dollar, at 347.2 grains of pure silver, and should not have been acceptable to money changers at par. However, they were accepted and examples can be found chopped

The issue only lasted one year as Spain lost control of the Philippine Islands to the United States in the SpanishAmerican War of 1898 making the Spanish-Philippines peso a one year type.

E. Kann; op. cit., p. 142 R.N.J. Wright; op. cit., p. 295 [extract from the Imperial Maritime Customs Trade Reports, 1896, Chihli Prov., p. 24] 181 E. Kann; op. cit., p. 140 182 Ibid., p. 140 179

180

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with some search. Since Alfonso XIII’s head looked like a little boy’s head, this coin was known as “barbarian child money” [ 番兒錢 ] by the Taiwanese shroffs.

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90 Spanish Philippines 1897 One Peso, KM-154, R-3/4.

1897 Japan One Yen - Gin Countermark

The Japanese one yen had been minted since 1870 and had found great popularity throughout Asia. Kann reported that between 1871 and 1897, over 165 million one yen coins were minted and 110 million of them were exported. This clearly shows the yen was a widely accepted alternative to the Mexican dollar. In fact it was the main currency in the Straits Settlements and Malaya prior to the British trade dollar’s introduction in 1895.183 In 1897, Japan adopted the gold standard and began the demonetization of the silver inside of Japan. About 46 million one yen coins were redeemed for gold before the deadline of April 30, 1898, but, as a result of the RussoJapanese war (1904-05) the yen was used in Manchuria (mainly as a backing for paper-backed yen notes), which had a silver-based economy. Kann reported that even in 1926, the silver yen (as a paper-based currency) was the backbone of trade in South Manchuria (although few actual yen coins were in circulation at the time).184

After the move to the gold standard the demonetized one yen coins were countermarked with the character 銀 (gin meaning “silver”) [“yin” in Chinese] in a circle signifying that they had been exchanged for gold and were now to be considered bullion. The countermark was always applied to the reverse of the coin (not the dragon side) and can be found both to the left and the right of the characters “ 一圓 ” (“one yen”). Japanese trade dollars also exist with gin countermarks. These coins circulated in the Japanese colonies of Manchuria, Korea, and especially Taiwan. The one yen was legal tender in Taiwan alongside the Mexican dollar at a one-for-one basis. Eventually, the Japanese replaced the foreign coins in Taiwan with Japanese one yen coins.

All countermarks were applied in 1897 or later regardless of the host coin’s date.

91 Japan Meiji Year 11 (1878) One Yen, 銀 Left, Y-28a.1, JNDA-01-10B, R-7.

183

184

Ibid., p. 137 Ibid., p. 138-139

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Collectors of the one yen series often collect the regular one yen and examples of the one yen with the 銀 on both left and right positions. Chopmark collectors can do the same. Collector Everett Jones made the one yen series a personal speciality and has written on the relative scarcity of each of the one yen pieces with chopmarks.185

Meiji 3 (1870) was the first year of the yen coins after the Japanese government reformed its currency. The chopmarked Meiji 3 one yen with the 銀 countermark is quite hard to find. It was a one year issue, but there are enough around that the patient collector will eventually obtain one.

92 Japan Year Meiji 3 (1870) One Yen, 銀 Right, Y-28.1, JNDA-01-09A, R-3.

1898 Mexico Peso In 1897, Mexico minted its last Cap & Rays 8 reales. The Mexican government had decided to switch to the peso.

The new coin had a similar design, changing only the denomination, weight (a decimal system was re-established) and minor cosmetic changes.

The new peso was minted in only four of Mexico’s mints and did not last long. In 1909 the last one was issued. Apart from the 1901 ZS A.Z., which is extremely rare, all the others are common. For the chopmark collector, the Mexico City mint issues are most common. Like the Cap & Rays that circulated before it, it was known as “eagle silver” [ 鷹 銀 ] by the Chinese.

In 1900, in China it was reported that “Mexican dollars when not chopped are accepted at par with French

See: E. Jones; Chopmarked Rarity Scale: Japanese One Yen, [From: Chopmark News, vol. 16, issue 1, (March 2012)], p. 29 R.N.J. Wright; op. cit., p. 286 [extract from the Imperial Maritime Customs Trade Reports 1900, Lungchow, p. 700] 187 J. Busschers; op. cit., p. 94 185

186

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dollars, and their buying capacity varied between 915 and 1,000 copper cash. An attempt to introduce on the market new Mexican dollars minted in 1898 failed entirely.”186 The series was abandoned partly because the United States, Mexico’s most important trading partner, had moved to the gold standard and the falling silver prices were causing havoc with Mexico’s foreign trade. The role of the Mexican 8 reales and peso had been taken over by the Japanese yen, French piastre, British trade dollar and Chinese dragon dollars. In 1905, all the mints except Mexico City had closed and production of the peso stopped. Mexico had left the silver standard. Due to high demand from the Mexican government to exchange silver for gold, the peso was minted again in 1908 and 1909.187 This was the end of Mexico’s leading role of supplying the silver for 300 years of trade with China.

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The peso is not very rare, in fact it is quite common, but because it had such a short life that there are far fewer than the 8 reales available, so prices are a little higher.

93 Mexico 1900 CN J.Q. One Peso, KM-409, R-7.

1903 Straits Settlements Dollar The Straits Settlements dollar was first minted in 1903 and lasted only two years - until 1904. It was discontinued, then in 1907-09 reintroduced at a reduced size and weight. The reason for the Straits dollar’s introduction into the British colony (which included Singapore, Malacca, and Penang) was that the Straits Settlements wanted to go onto the gold standard but would face the same problems that other places did if it relied on circulating foreign coins as legal tender, which the government had no control over. The weakening silver prices would have cost it more and more silver to buy gold to back its

monetary system. The solution was to mint its own dollar and make the importation of Mexican and British trade dollars illegal (the U.S. trade dollar lost its legal tender status in 1895, the Japan yen in 1898). The Settlement was able to buy up the foreign silver circulating in the colony and go onto the gold standard by 1906.

The 1903-04 dollar is fairly easy to find chopmarked; the 1907-09 is very rare. There are chopped minors, especially 50-cent pieces, but these are also rare.

94 Straits Settlements 1904 One Dollar, KM-25, R-7.

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1903 American-Philippines Peso In the same year the Straits Settlements introduced its dollar, the American-governed Philippine Islands introduced a new peso. The peso was pegged to the gold American dollar at 2-to-1, which was half the rate of the Morgan dollar. The coin was the same weight and fineness as the British trade dollar.

The coins were minted in Philadelphia and San Francisco.

It was a short series: only four years (1903-06). The 1906S is the only rare date (but available chopped) after the vast majority were melted, but the 1904 (P) is the extreme rarity of the series for the chopmark collector. However, if you are just interested in a type example, there are many thousand 1903-S and 1905-S pesos available with a wide variety of large chopmarks. The coin is very common in the Philippines so it is likely that many of these

pieces were chopped by the Chinese merchants in the Philippines (of which there were many) in the early part of the twentieth century.

In 1906, silver prices started to rise and the silver in the Philippines pesos were worth more in bullion than in nominal value. The government did the same thing as the Straits Settlements’ government did; it lowered the silver in the dollar-sized coins. From 1907 to 1912 the peso became smaller in diameter, lighter in weight and its fineness fell from 0.9000 to 0.8000. Many of the old pesos were called in by the government and melted.

This stopped the flow of pesos out of the economy and redirected it into the melting pot.

Pesos dated 1907-12 are very rare with chopmarks.

95 Philippines 1903-S One Peso, KM-168, R-7. The 1903-S is the most common date/ mintmark combination of the chopmarked Philippines peso.

1903 Szechuan Rupee In Szechuan, China, a coin modelled on the Indian rupee was issued in 1903. It is unusual in that the head of the emperor, Guangxu (also: Kuang-hsu) (r. 1875-1908) was featured on the obverse – the only Chinese coin (apart from one other issue in Yunnan province) they featured the effigy of an emperor. Guangxu’s profile appeared in an attempt to unseat the British Indian rupee which featured Queen Victoria’s head. The coin was often

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of a low fineness of silver. Many of these coins were countermarked in 1919 by government officials operating out of temples. The people living in the remote and mountainous areas of Szechuan and Tibet were highly religious and the temples formed the government, so in a strict sense these coins bear government-sponsored countermarks not chopmarks.

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96 China - Szechuan 1919 One Rupee, Y3, L&M-364, K-585 (host), R-7.

1910 Mexico Caballito Peso On May 1, 1905, Mexico went on the gold standard and the Mexican silver peso was banished from its homeland.188 It ceased to be legal tender in Indo-China on January 1, 1906.189 It had already been demonetized in the Straits Settlements.

Mexican caballito peso as entirely unknown in the Far East190 but a few of them made their way to the Far East as private traders continued to buy up Mexican silver coins for export. The caballito is extremely rare chopmarked, although Rose managed to find one for his collection.

In Mexico the “Caballito” peso (“Caballito” meaning “little horse”) featured a female figure on horseback. It was issued for four years only (1910-14). Kann reported the

The coin pictured is the Rose coin and sold for $805 in a December 2007 Champion Auction.191

97 Mexico 1910 “Caballito” One Peso, KM-453, R-2/3.

E. Kann; op. cit., p. 147 Ibid., p. 134 190 Ibid., p. 144 191 Champion Auction December 2, 2007, lot 41, (2007), p. 17 188 189

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1911 The year 1911 was a turning point in world history. After several attempts in October of 1911, an uprising against the Qing government succeeded in overthrowing the dynasty. The new Republic of China (ROC) established itself in the south of the country and by February 1912 the final Qing emperor, Xuantong (also: Hsuan Tung and Puyi) (r. 1909-12), had abdicated and SunYat-sen had handed the presidency to Yuan Shih-kai. Yuan died in 1915 after trying to establish a second Han dynasty which lasted only days. China went through the Warlord Era (191628) that peaked in 1926 when the Kuomintang (KMT), or Nationalist Party, battled the Communists for control of China’s government.

In May 1910, a year before the Qing dynasty fell, the government passed a new law that created a national standard dollar weighing 0.72 Kuping taels 0.900 fine (7 mace 2 candareens equalled 0.72 taels). The new coin was called the “yuan.” Production started in July 1911 in Wuchang and Nanking but was cut short as the revolution broke out in October 1911. Soldiers were paid with the new “Ta Ching” [ 大 清 ] dollar and apart from one other issue minted in Szechuan in 1912, the “Ta Han Yen-Pi” [ 大 漢 銀 幣 ] (“silver coin of the

great Han (dynasty)”) which was minted by the military government in 1912. It was the last of the imperial dragon coins.192 The new law of May 24, 1910, governing the new yuan coinage included an interesting provision in article 10 which read: Art. 10. No one can be compelled to accept mutilated coins, when the mutilation can be shown to be intentional.193 The article was inserted to stop people from boring holes, affixing stamps (i.e. chops) or grinding off pieces of silver.

The days of chopping were numbered.

In fact the common variety of the Ta Ching [ 大 清 ] silver dollar of 1911 can easily be found with small chopmarks.

The small chops may be partly a result of the new law against chopping passed in 1910 or it could be the fact that the coins were issued in Wuchang and Nanking, both far away from Canton in the south which followed the fashion of large chopmarks at the time.

98 China – Central Mint 1911 One Dollar (Yuan), Y-31, LM-37, K-227, R-7.

In 1911, Mexican dollars formed a large part of the currency in Shanghai, along with provincial dragon dollars. Each kind of dragon dollar circulated in a more or less limited area and was discounted everywhere else. Minor coins circulated by weight, not by “tale” (the denomination on the coin), so a silver dollar (大錢 “big money”) would exchange for $1.10 or $1.25 (小錢 “small

192 193

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E. Kann; op. cit., p. 154-55 Ibid., p. 157

money”). In some ports there was a distinction made between clean and chopped dollars. Chopped included even scratched or marked coins – not only actually chopped coins. In Shanghai ink chops came into use and mutilated coins did not circulate there at all - only in more remote areas. In 1911, in Changsha, Dickson Leavens personally collected over 40 types of foreign and Chinese

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dollars, most chopped badly. The only dollar that passed clean in Changsha was the Hupeh dollar, and that had to be without a scratch.194 The rationalization of the monetary system by eliminating the various provincial dragon dollars and replacing them with the yuan was an important goal of the government.

The financial sections of newspapers illustrate the dynamics of the Chinese monetary system. On December

31, 1911, for example, a notice in the Shanghai newspaper Shenbao [申報 , formerly Shenjiang Xinbao 申江新報 ] revealed that one longyang [龍洋] could be exchanged for 0.7955 Shanghai taels, one Mexican dollar for 0.7975 Shanghai taels, one Carolus dollar for 0.9 Shanghai taels, and subsidiary coins for 0.69575 Shanghai taels. Also, 165,000 copper coins were equivalent to 100 Shanghai taels195 where one Canton tael equalled 37.5 grams and one Shanghai tael weighed 33.9 grams.

99 China – Republic 1912 Li Yuan Hung One Dollar, Y-321, LM-45, K-639, R-3.

This was one of the coins issued to commemorate the birth of the Republic of China. They are occasionally found chopped.

1914 China Yuan Shih-kai One Yuan

Three years after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, China finally produced it first true national silver coinage, the Yuan Shih-kai (YSK) dollar, also known as the “fatman” dollar. It was issued in four years only (1914, 1919, 1920, and 1921) at ten mints throughout China and was certainly one of the most common silver coins in history

with around a billion produced. Although the Yuan Shihkai dollar only bears four different dates, it was minted repeatedly over a period of four decades, and has several varieties. Due to its large mintages it is fairly easy to obtain chopped examples, although the Year 3 (1914) is the only date that is truly easy to find.

100 China - Republic Year 3 (1914) One Yuan, Y-329, LM-63, K-646, R-7.

194 195

D.H. Leavens; op. cit., p. 98-99 T. Shiroyama; op. cit., p. 23

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The fatman dollar was officially issued by the Tientsin mint on December 24, 1914, and within ten years had penetrated even the most out-of-the-way places in China.

It was the main currency unit in use in China from 1915 through to the late 1920s.196 The coin was 0.900 fine weighing 72 candareens in Kuping taels giving a pure silver content of 0.648 Kuping taels in weight (or 0.8900 fine giving a net weight of 0.7555 oz. ASW). This was a higher silver content than the dragon dollars then in circulation, which should have resulted in the Yuan Shihkai dollars being hoarded and the older dragon dollars spent. However, the government made the Yuan Shih-Kai dollar exchangeable, free of charge, for dragon dollars.

About 280 million dragon dollars in circulation at the time were withdrawn and melted. In addition, from 1914 to July 1917 about 30 million Mexican dollars were exported from China and another 19 million melted and by 1919 the YSK had established itself.197 Wright estimates the total output of YSK dollars at the ten principle mints as: Table 3198 - Yuan Shih-kai One Yuan production (1915 to 1928) Year 3 (1914)

620m

Year 8 (1919)

42m

Year 9 (1920)

28m

Year 10 (1921)

318m

Total

1,008m

Chopmarks on Yuan Shih-kai dollars seem to fall into two distinct groups: some are large chops common to the sizes of chops in the late nineteenth century, while other coins bear smaller chops, which had not been seen since the early nineteenth century. The chops could have been applied in different locations in China (or even abroad), or were chopped at different times.

R.N.J. Wright; op. cit., p. 247 E. Kann; op. cit., p. 160-61 198 R.N.J. Wright; op. cit., p. 259 199 E. Kann; op. cit., p. 101 200 D.H. Leavens; op. cit., p. 136 201 E. Kann; op. cit., p. 212 202 D.H. Leavens; op. cit., p. 151 203 Ibid., p. 157 204 Ibid., p. 91 196 197

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Of course, the major event in world history at this time was World War I, which broke out a few months before the first fatman dollars were being minted in December 1914. The war, as well as the Russian Revolution, which was partly a result of World War I, played havoc with the silver markets throughout the period. As if this were not enough, civil war raged in Mexico for a decade (1910-20).

The revolution in Russia caused silver to flow from Siberia into China (1918-20). Large quantities of Russian silver coins were brought into Shanghai and converted there into sycee.199 Mexico, which was discussed in the previous section, more or less stopped supplying the world with its silver from 1910 to 1920.

The price of silver remained low throughout 1915 but had several wild swings over the following few years peaking at $1.37½ oz. in May 1919. 200 However, the price of silver rose above the parity value for many Asian coins as early as September 1917. 201 As a result many silver coins had melt values higher than their intrinsic values and thus disappeared from many countries as they were melted down and sold. 202 The Japanese minor coins had a bullion parity of 95.6 cents and the rise to $1.08½ in September 1917 led to a shortage of small coins. Weight and fineness were reduced in 1918 and 1922. 203 Many other countries experienced a shortage of coins as silver prices rose.

Nevertheless, the high silver prices caused only three countries (Canada, Great Britain, and the Netherlands) to reduce the fineness levels of their silver coins.

After World War I, silver flows increased greatly and China again consumed a large part of the world’s annual production. Kann estimated that there were about 2.2 billion silver dollars (or equivalent in sycee and minor coins) in China in 1930, which would equal about 1.7 billion ounces with another 800 million ounces in the arts giving a total of 2.5 billion ounces. 204

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At the time Kann was writing The Currencies of China in 1926, Kann stated that chopped dollars and Mexican dollars were still legal tender in Hong Kong and were still being accepted. 205 Chopped dollars were taken by weight, not count, at 71.7 Canton taels = 100 dollars. In fact, although chopped dollars may have been legal they were not accepted at par in shops nor did banks take other than small sums over the counter.

Kann also repor ted that in some por ts there was a distinction made between clean and chopped dollars.

Chopped included even scratched or marked coins - not only actually chopped coins. In Shanghai, ink chops came into use and mutilated coins did not circulate there at all. 206 Perhaps this is the reason virtually no chopmarked Russian coins exist. As was mentioned, the Russian Revolution caused Russian silver coins to flood into Shanghai. Most were melted down.

Minors in the form of 5, 10, 20, and 50-cent coins were issued but, as Kann reported in 1927, the bulk of minors were 20-cent pieces, mostly issued by the Canton mint.

The Canton 20-cent piece had, until 1927, a fineness of 0.700 and weighted 5.30 grams (the dragon 20-cent was 0.800 fine at 5.30 grams). Minor coins often lacked a “fixed value” and the dragon dollars and various minors were quoted daily on the Shanghai market. 207 Interestingly, Chinese minor coins (principally the Canton 20-cent piece of the 1920s, but also dragon minors) are often seen with small ink chops. These chops must have been especially made as few dollar coins seem to have them. They are far less complex than the large ink chops applied to dollarsized coins.

In 1928, China reissued its Memento dollar which had first been issued in 1912. The obverse shows Sun Yat-sen facing left. There is a wide variety of different types due to various spelling mistakes (even spelling ‘China’ wrong on one variety!) or variety of the stars on the reverse. The most common type, LM-49, is very easy to find chopped and a large number of them have ink chops. This one has both an ink chop and an assay chop. It must be considered somewhat rare with this combination.

101 China - Republic 1927 Memento One Yuan, Y-318a.1, LM-49, K-608, R-7.

In May 6, 1930, an embargo was placed on the import of foreign dollars as French piastres were being dumped in Shanghai after French Indo-China adopted the gold standard. 208 By 1933, only China and India were still using the silver standard.

In March 1933 the new “Birds over Junk” one yuan was minted. The birds over junk dollar was struck in Shanghai and the three birds were supposed to symbolize Sun

E. Kann; op. cit., p. 245 D.H. Leavens; op. cit., p. 98-99 207 E. Kann; op. cit., p. 186 208 D.H. Leavens; op. cit., p. 219 209 R.N.J. Wright; op. cit., p. 156

Yat-sen’s three principles of nationalism, democracy, and public welfare. The sun was the KMT (Kuomintang) sun. However, the public considered the three birds to be either the three eastern provinces (Manchuria) flying away (which were lost to Japan) or Japanese airplanes coming from the “rising sun” of Japan. 209 The birds were removed and by the end of 1935 about $100m of the new coins (without the birds) had been minted.

205

206

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The birds over junk dollar is quite rare now and is extremely rare with chopmarks. Pictured below is the coin Rose owned. There is one small chopmark on the reverse to the left of the junk’s sail.

102 China - Republic Year 21 (1932) Birds over Junk One Yuan, Y-344, LM-108, K-622, R-2.

The new Sun Yat-sen one yuan, which was identical except without the birds, was minted in large numbers. It does turn up with small chopmarks now and again but it can be very hard to locate chopped. This one also has one small chopmark on the reverse side, just above the junk to the right.

103 China - Republic Year 22 (1933) One Yuan, Y-345, LM-109, K-623, R-4.

The Sun Yat-sen one yuan was the last silver coin China minted for circulation.

In the United States, the Silver Purchase Act was signed on June 20, 1934. It declared it to be a policy of the United States to increase its stocks of silver until they equaled one-fourth of the total monetary stocks of silver and gold.

The act allowed the Treasury to sell silver (which it had been forced to buy under the 1918 Pittman Act), when its stock exceeded 25% of the total monetary stocks or when the market price of silver exceeded its monetary value. 210

210

211

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T. Shiroyama; op. cit., p. 155 Ibid., p. 156

In f i s c al ye ar 193 4 the Uni te d S t ate s p ur c h as e d 32,068,495 ounces of silver. In fiscal year 1935 it purchased 437,501,808 ounces, 13.6 times more than in 1934. Prices rose steadily. The sudden and massive rise in the price of silver caused by heavy U.S. purchases just as suddenly raised the price of silver abroad. This precipitated a massive flow of silver out of China, upsetting the Chinese economy which was still on the silver-standard. 211

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The impac t of the A meric an Sil ver Purchase Ac t soon became obvious, as silver started flowing out of China. The Chinese government grew so alarmed that on September 8, 1934, it issued an order prohibiting the export of silver. However, the government had no control over the foreign banks that were profiting from the price moves by moving silver out of China to cover customers’ transactions. Finally the Chinese government imposed a 10% excise duty on the export of silver. This drastically reduced the private exportation of silver, but an increasingly large gap opened up between the value of silver and the yuan’s spot value. As the price difference between silver in China and abroad was large, it remained profitable to buy silver in China and sell it abroad. The government tried to sell foreign exchange and buy yuan to defend its value. The government policies of supporting the yuan by preventing a silver drain and preserving foreign reserves were contradictory, ineffective, and, eventually led to China’s fabi currency reforms. 212

The Chinese Currency Reform law was passed November 4, 1935. Article 3 reads: All holders of silver are required to exchange their silver for legal tender notes. 213 Thus at the end of 1935, China abandoned the silver standard and the minting of silver came to an abrupt halt. 214 Rose speculated215 that even though chopping came to an end in around 1935 due to the fabi reforms, not all silver disappeared from the market and not all shroffs were forced out of business. Rose wrote of a friend who was in Shanghai in August 1935, when the government announced the currency reforms. Banks announced that they would only accept chopped coins at a 10% discount.

Rose speculates that some old diehard shroffs started to ‘hide’ the chops in the coins. He shows two examples, both Yuan Shih-kai dollars, one dated year 3 (1914) and one dated year 10 (1921), with these hidden chops. Rose’s explanation may be correct but I think that there is no way to really tell if these chops were deliberately hidden in the coin, or simply landed there by chance, as there is no way to tell when or where the chopping took place.

104 China - Republic Year 3 (1914) One Yuan, Y-329, LM-63, K-646, R-7. Possible ‘hidden’ chopmark.

In November 1935, the Legal Tender Reform (fabi) nationalized all silver in circulation against payment of legal tender notes issued solely by the Central Bank of China, the Bank of China, and the Bank of Communications. 216 China had gone off the silver standard and the chopping of coins, which had gone on for almost 300 years, since perhaps 1650 or even earlier, ended.

Two years later, China was invaded by Japan and World War II began in Asia.

Ibid., p. 159-60 D.H. Leavens; op. cit., p. 313 214 R.N.J. Wright; op. cit., p. 240 215 F.M. Rose; op. cit., p. 40 216 Linsun Cheng; op. cit., p. 100 212 213

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《戳記幣簡史》第一章第五部分——中國白銀史 （上接第12期）

1889年中國龍洋

高林〔臺北〕

19世紀最後十年間，中國的貨幣體系發生了巨變——中國

歷史上第一次出現了機製銀幣。19世紀三四十年代在福州、

府的管控。

除了龍洋之外，廣東造幣廠在1890 年還生產過中國第一批

廈門及臺灣生產的硬幣從未被大範圍使用過。中國缺少本

的輔幣。這些錢幣的純度為 0.820，比龍洋 0.8996的純度

式、以重量為基準進行貿易。而中國各地使用重量單位不

情此景引得其他造幣廠紛紛效仿。由於品質較差，這些輔

國的銀幣這種情況意味着白銀要以銀錠、或外國銀幣的方 統一的情況進一步加劇了這種貿易的複雜化。

1889年，廣東開設了第一家造幣廠，從此以後，中國自行

要低。這種輔幣頗受大眾歡迎，造幣廠從中獲利不少，此 幣的市價出現下降，市價的不斷波動又使得這種錢幣進一 步貶值165。

鑄造的銀幣開始在中國貨幣體系中發揮重要作用。由於廣

中國由各 省當局負責運行的 錢幣 系統的不利因素之一就

為龍洋。第一批龍洋鑄造於1890 年，此後，其他各省也陸

獲得利潤。中國的現代商業銀行需要定期提供的足重貨幣

東生產的銀幣以龍像作為設計圖案，這種銀幣也因此被稱 續設立造幣廠生產這種以龍為設計圖案的銀幣。中國兌換

是 ：傳統來說，這種體系讓政府有機會通過使貨幣貶值而

用於進行貿易，但中國的造幣廠166幾乎難以滿足這一需求。

處居然會在本國自行生產的銀幣上打上戳記的做法似乎有

因此，當時中國很多地方還是更傾向於使用墨西哥銀幣。

成的結果164。相較之下，人們還是更信任墨西哥銀幣。中

下圖是一家清代晚期的中國本土銀行照。

點奇怪，但實際上這是因為各種銀幣的白銀含量不統一造

164 165

166

124

國龍洋面臨的最重要的一個問題是錢幣的鑄造過程缺乏政

81 一張天盛銀號的照片 。 照片中大門右側的豎體字為 “ 本號兌換銀圓 ”， 左邊為 “ 兌換各省 銀圓 ”。 這也就是說 ， 這張照片拍攝於1890年龍洋出現之後 。 來源 ：霍明志 ： 《 達古齋古證錄 》， 北京 ， 1930 。

城山智子 ： 《大蕭條時期的中國-市場-國家與世界經濟(1929~1937)》，2008年，第20頁。

耿愛德著《中國幣圖說匯考》1966年，第177頁。

《1866-1949 中國現代幣——西方發現的證據》（2012），第197頁。 R.N.J. 賴特 ：

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龍洋的使用存在以下幾個問題 ：首先，各造幣廠生產的錢

幣重量及純度不統一 ；其次，銀幣上打上了各生產省份的名 稱，使得其無法在外省使用 ；最後，過量生產也成了一個問

題。對各省來說，生產龍幣成了一門生意167。據耿愛德記載， 當時很多造幣廠都被輕易地出租給了出價最高的租客，或 表 2168 造幣廠龍幣含銀量對照表

造幣廠 廣東

湖北

江南

北洋機械局 北洋

奉天機械局 奉天 滿洲

吉林 四川

安徽

中央 ( 天津 )

者由軍隊接手，用於給士兵生產軍餉，全然不顧大眾利益。 假幣的存在也對龍洋造成了破壞。

下面的表格中可以看出當時中國不同造幣廠生產的龍洋之 間的差異所在。

純度

實際含銀量 (ASW)

0.8996

0.6540

0.9001

0.6530

0.9100

0.6538

0.8900

0.6492

0.8889

0.6582

0.8435

0.6207

0.8435

0.5959

0.8895

0.6400

0.8894

0.6178

0.8868

0.6437

0.8872

0.6477

0.9003

0.6521

實際上廣東最初生產的銀幣重量為 0.7245庫平兩，比0.72 的墨西哥銀元略重，這也就是說，早期廣東銀幣要麼是被積壓

要麼是被熔毀。而中國民眾可以趁機從中套利。較高的白銀含量也意味着造幣廠獲利不高。

82 中國廣東1890年庫平七錢二分喜敦造幣廠樣幣 ，KM-SS2 ，R-1 。（ 通用幣於1891年開始生產 ， Y-203 ，LM-133 ，K-26 ，R-7 。） 167

168

耿愛德，同上，第151頁。 同上，第153頁。

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上圖是一枚非常稀有的（可能僅此一枚）帶戳記的喜敦造幣

了中國北方地區的主要貨幣，並一直被使用了25年169。

戳記幣之一。由於是在中國的戳記中心——廣東發行，大多

正如前面提到的，1890 -1911年間，中國生產了大量種類的

廠廣東銀元樣幣。同種類型的通用幣可能是最常見的中國

數錢幣上面都有比較大的戳記，這種做法是19世紀末 20世 紀初廣東一地的慣例。

中國靠北地區——如天津的北洋造幣廠或者南京的江南造

幣廠發行的錢幣上面的戳記則通常要小一些。造幣廠產量 通常是根據各地區需要而定，而新錢幣則一般是用來支付軍

餉。北洋機械局主要鑄造的是銀元，這些銀幣在流通中以折

價被換成了更受歡迎的外幣種類，由於這些錢幣的標準極 差，因此英國貿易銀元在進入中國之後，毫不費力地便成為

龍洋。其中大多數銀幣上都能找到戳記，銀元上的戳記比輔

幣更常見。在過去十年間，大多數中國幣的價格都出現了飆 升，因此對大多數錢幣收藏者來說帶戳記的錢幣可能成了他

們唯一負擔得起的選擇。在非常短的一段時期內，中國幣的 種類一直沒有多大變化。對於戳記幣藏家來說，即便每家造

幣廠只收藏一枚也是一件頗具挑戰的事。和同系列的銀元 相比，大多數的輔幣則要更加難得。 下面是一些中國龍洋戳記幣：

83 中國安徽光緒二十四年 （ 1898年 ） 庫平七錢二分 ，高 “ 四 ” 版本 ，Y-45.3 ，LM-199 ，K-53 ，R-6 ， 安徽造幣廠只發行過很少銀幣 ， 上面這枚是唯一一枚現有的帶有戳記的版本 。

通過引用1898年英國貿易報告中的記載，賴特證明了中國銀元的價值不高： “安徽造幣廠新生產的硬幣現在正在流通，但是

在內地的流通進展不暢，那裡的人們還是傾向於使用一個世紀之前的卡洛斯銀元。儘管政府規定這種銀元應該和同面值的 硬幣一樣使用，但是安徽銀元的交換價值總是比墨西哥銀元要低出20文左右。”170

84 中國湖北1895年庫平七錢二分銀幣 ，Y-127.2 ，LM-182 ，K-40 ，R-7 。這是最為常見的戳記龍洋 。 169 170

126

R.N.J.賴特，同上，第56頁。

同上，第277頁（引自《1898年大清海關貿易統計報告書》安徽蕪湖，第193頁）。

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1900 年，有報道稱：“湖南省會長沙現在使用銀元，其中以湖北銀元尤盛，但廣東商人帶來了打戳記這種不良習氣，而這種

給錢幣打戳記的商人在長沙、湘潭一代有着龐大的數量”171。這段話表明，判定錢幣上戳記的具體加蓋地點並不是一件易事。

85 中國奉天光緒二十四年 （ 1898年 ） 一圓銀幣 ，Y-87 ，LM-471 ，K-244 ，R-6 。 奉天是滿洲的城市 ， 奉天的銀幣在當時是與英國貿易銀元進行競爭 。

86 中國四川1898年庫平七錢二分銀幣， 大頭龍， LM-345A， K-143g， R-4。

四川造幣廠位於四川省會成都，遠離多數歐洲人做生意的沿海地區。四川最知名的硬幣是光緒頭像盧比（1875 -1908年）， 為與印度盧比（帶有維多利亞女王頭像）競爭而鑄造。這兩種硬幣都比較常見，但幣面上很難見到戳記。

87 中國江南1901年庫平一錢四分四厘 ， Y-143a.6 ， LM-238 ， K-87 ， R-6 。 錢幣上有鑄造地典型 的小型戳記 ， 但同時也有一個墨水戳記 ， 很可能是20世紀在上海加蓋上去的 。 171

同上，第277页（引自： 《1900年大清海关贸易统计报告，湖南岳州，第140页》）。

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江南銀幣與墨西哥銀幣一起在南京流通，但是和其他中國

知道出於什麼原因，香港銀幣在當地的地位比其他錢幣都

中國其他地區一樣，據說“貨幣種類數量龐大。比如奉天

其他錢幣的價格都不如墨西哥銀幣，而本就稀有的墨西哥

銀幣一樣，這種銀幣在外省使用是會有約1% 的折價

172

。和

（今瀋陽）使用的貨幣就包括香港（英國貿易銀元） 、墨西哥、

北洋、奉天、吉林的銀幣 ；戰時紙幣、橫濱正金銀行紙幣、 奉天銀行紙幣、小型銀幣、銀錠、銅錢、當地的紙鈔。不

要高，但是數量不多。北洋和墨西哥銀幣地位持平，剩下 銀幣也變得越來越少。中國流入大量的小型銀幣，正如一

般規律那樣，越好的貨幣越會消失。於是墨西哥銀幣則成 為了標準。”173

88 中國吉林1901年庫平七錢二分銀幣 ，Y-182a ， LM-536 ， K-423 ， R-6 。（ 普通版本 ）

1911年吉林使用的錢幣包括：盧布、日元、小型硬幣、墨西哥銀元、香港及北洋銀元174 。有意思的是我之前曾經提到過盧布

這種俄羅斯錢幣上面似乎很少出現戳記。

1895 年英國貿易銀元 自1872美國康斯塔克銀礦開始出產白銀以來，銀價一路下

已經成為過去時。由於已經不再為民眾生產銀元，印度造

本位，而白銀供應的上漲也影響了金銀供求率。當時發生了

系使得中國成了“錢幣兌換商的天堂”176，而這也成為了英

跌到1895年。德國之類的一些歐洲國家用金本位取代了銀

兩件大事。其一是1893年美國廢止了要求政府每月購買450

國貿易銀元獲得成功的一個原因。由於品質和純度不統一，

產銀幣（白銀可以生產為需要的盧比）的鑄幣廠不再繼續享

行去接受某種受到國際認可的錢幣。卡洛斯銀幣滿足了這

萬盎司白銀的謝爾曼法案 ；其二是印度原本向大眾自由生 有自由鑄幣的特權 。這兩件事都使得對白銀的需求量出 175

當時的中國龍洋交易情況頗為混亂，而這也促使中國的銀

一需求，之後是 墨西哥8 裡 亞爾銀幣，1895年之後，各大

現下降。

銀行又有了新的選擇——英國貿易銀元。

1895年，出於在遠東做生意的英國商人造成的政治壓力的

英國貿易銀元首先在海峽殖民地、馬來亞以及香港流 通。

代，原先的香港貿易走向衰落，而與之相似的貿易美元也

度均為 0.9，重416 格林（26.95636克），含銀量374 2/5177。

驅使，英國開始在印度造幣廠生產貿易銀元。19世紀60 年

172 173 174

175 176

177

128

幣廠在接到這個任務之後都感到非常高興。複雜的貨幣體

同上，第197頁。

錢幣成分與1866年香港貿易銀元及日本貿易銀元一致，純

同上，第284頁，[摘錄自《1906年牛莊帝國海關貿易報告》第6頁]。 同上，第285頁，[摘錄自《1911年吉林帝國海關貿易報告》第45頁] 耿愛德，同上，第212頁。

D · H · 利文著《白銀貨幣》，1939 年，第100頁。

耿愛德，同上，第139頁。

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雖然美國和日本的貿易銀元也在這些地方流通，但是卻未 能受到香港當地外國銀行的認可，原因之一就是這些硬幣 從未在這裡獲得過法定貨幣的地位

178

。

我見過的所有的英國貿易銀元戳記幣上面加蓋的都是大型 戳記，這種做法可能很受廣東商人歡迎。沒辦法斷定這種戳

記是在廣東加蓋上的，但是由於加蓋這種大型戳記是廣東 錢幣兌換處的特點，所以這種推測也有一定可能。大多數沒

1895年，香港當地政府立法規定禁止損毀英國貿易銀元。 有大量在南方流通的中國錢幣上面加蓋的都是小型戳記。 但這一項規定並未能阻止這種銀元在廣東邊界被加蓋上戳

記。據耿愛德說179，英國貿易銀元在中國南方和北方都很

我見過的所有的英國貿易銀元戳記幣上面加蓋的都是大型

城市——上海通行使用過。其他的一手資料也證明了這種錢

記是在廣東加蓋上的，但是由於加蓋這種大型戳記是廣東

常見。但奇怪的是，這種銀幣卻從未在中國最重要的港口

幣的受歡迎程度。一份來自直隸（北洋）的報告中稱 ： “經 常可以見到新的英國銀幣的身影。這種硬幣似乎很受中國 人歡迎。” 耿愛德則表示這種英國貿易銀元“成為了墨西 180

戳記，這種做法可能很受廣東商人歡迎。沒辦法斷定這種戳 錢幣兌換處的特點，所以這種推測也有一定可能。大多數沒 有大量在南方流通的中國錢幣上面加蓋的都是小型戳記。

哥銀元的勁敵”， “尤其在1909 -1912年間，這種貨幣在中

1895 -1914 年間生產的英國貿易銀元總數達到2億1千786萬

龍洋及墨西哥銀元都要高。”181

面經常可見戳記的蹤影。

國北方頗受推崇。貿易銀元進入內地之後，其價值比中國

1897年西班牙 - 菲律賓比索

零285枚182 ，除某些比較稀有年份生產的以外，貿易銀幣上

89 1898年英國貿易銀元站洋幣 ， KM-T5 ， R-7 。

1861年，西班牙在菲律賓引進了黃金比索，可以與墨西哥銀

調查，有的樣幣上面還打有戳記。由於錢幣上的阿方索十三

始出現下跌，黃金便從菲律賓流出。為了把墨西哥銀元從

換處稱為“番兒錢”。由於西班牙在1898 年的美西戰爭中敗

元等價兌換。但是，由於白銀價格從 19 世紀 70 年代早期開

菲律賓清除出去，西班 牙於 1897 年引進了銀比索。這種比

索比墨西哥銀元輕，含銀量為 347.2 格林，不能用來跟錢幣 兌換商平價兌換其他錢幣。但是這種銀幣卻獲得了認可，經

178

179

180 181

182

世的頭像看上去像一個小男孩，這種銀幣又被臺灣錢幣兌 北，美國代替西班牙獲得了菲律賓群島的控制權，因此這種 銀幣只發行了一年，成為了只有一年壽命的短命錢幣。

《英國貿易銀元》， 《東方錢幣學會通訊》第169號（2001），重載於《戳記新聞》第17卷，2號（2013年7月）第62頁。 K.克蘭西 ： 耿愛德，同上，第142頁。

《1896年大清海關貿易統計報告》直隸省，第24頁）。 R.N.J.賴特，同上，第295頁（引自：

耿愛德，同上，第140頁。

同上，第140頁。

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90 西班牙菲律賓1897年1比索， KM-154， R-3/4。

1897年日本一圓， “銀”字戳記

日本一圓銀幣的鑄造開始於1870 年，在全亞洲都非常受歡

管當時世紀流通的硬幣數量寥寥無幾）184。

了1億6千5百萬枚，而其中的1億1千萬都被用於出口。這很明

在轉為使用金本位及廢止銀幣之後，一圓硬幣上被打上了

迎。據耿愛德稱，1871-1897年間生產的日本一圓銀幣超過 顯地表明日本一圓銀幣在當時比墨西哥銀元的接受度更加

“銀”字戳記， “銀”字外面有一個圓圈，這個戳記意味著這

銀幣一直都是當時海峽殖民地、馬來亞地區的主要貨幣 。

記通常被印在錢幣背面、銘文“一圓”的左邊或者右邊。日

廣泛。實際上，在1895 年英國貿易銀元進入之前，日本一圓 183

1897年，日本採用金本位制，並開始在日本國內廢棄使用

枚硬幣已經被兌換過金幣，現在只被視為貴金屬使用。戳 本貿易銀元上也有這種“銀”字戳記。這些硬幣在日本的殖

民地滿洲、朝鮮特別是臺灣地區流通使用。在臺灣，日本

一圓和墨西哥銀元都是法定貨幣，兌換比率為1:1。最終， ， 日本當局用自己一圓銀幣取代了臺灣其他的外國硬幣。 銀幣被兌換成了金幣。但是由於日俄戰爭（1904 1905年）

銀幣。在截止日期1898年 4月30之前，共有約4千6百萬一圓

但是在以白銀為經濟基礎的滿洲，一圓銀幣仍舊為人們所

使用 （主要是為支持日元紙幣） 。耿愛德說，即便到了1926年，

一圓銀幣（以紙幣的形式）都還是滿洲南部的經濟支柱（儘

無論錢幣的鑄造年份為哪一年，幣面上的戳記都是加蓋於

1897年或之後。

91 大日本明治十一年（ 1878年） 一圓左邊“ 銀”字戳記幣， Y-28a.1， JNDA-01-10B， R-7。 183

184

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同上，第137頁。

同上，第138-139頁。

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日圓錢幣藏家通常比較青睞普通版一圓硬幣和帶有“銀”字

明治三年（1870年）是日本政府貨幣改革後生產日本硬幣的

於日本一圓硬幣的收藏，並就每種一圓戳記幣的稀有程度

然這種硬幣只發行了一年，但只要有耐心，收藏家們還是能

戳記的樣幣。戳記幣藏家也是一樣。埃弗雷特 · 鐘斯專注 做了記載

185

。

第一年。帶“銀”字戳記的明治三年一圓硬幣不易找到。雖 找到一枚的。

92 大日本明治三年（ 1870年） 一圓背右邊“ 銀” 字戳記幣， Y-28.1， JNDA-01-09A， R-3。

1898年墨西哥比索

1897年，墨西哥生產了最後一批8裡亞爾銀幣。當地政府已

前的8裡亞爾就是如此，這種硬幣又被中國人稱為“鷹銀”。

似，唯一變化的是面值、重量（重新採納十進位） ，外表也

有記錄稱，在1900 年的中國“未打戳記的墨西哥銀幣和與其

經決定用比索替代這種錢幣。新硬幣的設計與 8裡亞爾類

有一些微小的變化。

只有四家墨西哥造幣廠負責生產這種新型的比索，生產時間

等值的法國硬幣一樣受到認可，其購買力在915文至1000文

銅錢之間。但1898 年試圖將新的墨西哥比索引進中國市場

的做法則完全失敗了186 。這一系列被棄用的原因某些方面是

並未持續太久。最後一批比索發行於1909年。除了極為稀有

因為墨西哥最大的交易夥伴美國改為使用金本位，而白銀價

藏家來說，墨西哥城發行的硬幣是最為常見的種類。比如之

裡亞爾和比索銀幣的地位被日本幣、法國皮阿斯特、英國貿

的1901年Z A.Z.版本外，其餘的比索都很常見。對戳記幣 S

格的下降也對墨西哥的對外貿易造成了致命影響。墨西哥8

93 墨西哥1900年 CN J.Q.1比索銀幣， KM-409， R-7。 185

186

详见E.琼斯《戳记稀有程度：日本一圆》（摘自2012年3月《戳记新闻》第16卷第1期）。 《1900大清海关贸易统计报告》龙州，第700页）。 R.N.J.赖特，同上，第286页（引自：

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易銀元以及中國的龍洋所取代。1905 年，除了墨西哥城造幣

三百年間在對華白銀供應貿易中的主導地位就這麼結束了。

停滯。墨西哥保留了銀本位。後由於政府需要大量銀幣用於

比索算不上十分罕見，但由於發行時間非常短，所以也遠沒

廠外，墨西哥所有的造幣廠均關門歇業，比索的鑄造也陷入 購買黃金，比索又於1908和1909年重新開始鑄造 。墨西哥 187

有8裡亞爾那樣容易找到，價格也略貴些。

1903年海峽殖民地銀元 海峽殖民地銀元始鑄於1903 年，但生產只持續了兩年，到

己的硬幣，並且要將墨西哥和英國貿易銀元的進口不再合法

重量縮小版的銀元又重新投入生產和使用。海峽殖民地銀

年，日本幣面臨了同樣的遭遇）。到1906年，殖民地得以購買

1904 年便停止鑄造了。停產之後，1907-1909 年間，大小和

化（1895 年，美國貿易銀元失去了其法定貨幣的地位，1898

元進入英國殖民地（包括新加坡、麻六甲及檳城）的原因是

殖民地流通的外國白銀，並開始採用金本位。

為法定貨幣的話，海峽殖民地就會面臨和其他地區一樣的

1903 - 1904 年的海 峽 殖民 地 銀元 上很容易發 現 戳記，而 1907-1909 年的戳記幣則非常稀有。輔幣，尤其是 50 分的硬

當地想要使用金本位，但如果以政府無法控制的外國貨幣作 問題。日漸式微的銀價會迫使其花費越來越多的白銀去購買

黃金用以維持自己的貨幣體系。要解決這個問題就要生產自

幣上面也有戳記，但同樣非常稀少。

94 海峡殖民地1904年壹圆银币，KM-25，R-7。

1903年美國菲律賓比索 同年，美屬菲律賓也引進了一種新的比索。這種比索與美國

金幣的兌換比率為2:1，是摩根美元的一半。其重量和純度

與英國貿易銀元一致。

了戳記。

1906年，銀價開始回升，而菲律賓的白銀比索作為貴金屬

這種硬幣的生產地點在菲律賓和三藩市，它通行時間不長，

本身的價值則超過了錢幣面值。當地政府效法海峽殖民地

版的比索是唯一稀有的種類（但可找到帶戳記的版本） ，不

比索變得更輕、更小，純度也由0.9降至0.8，很多老式比索

。由於大多被熔毀，1906 - S 只發行了四年（1903 -1906年）

過，對於戳記幣藏家來說，真正特別罕見的還是要屬1904

（P） 。不過要是你只是想要找戳記幣的話，有很多1903 - S 和1905 - S 上面都可以找各種類型的大型戳記。由於這種錢

幣在菲律賓很常見，所以在 20世紀早期，可能有很多錢幣 187

132

都被當地的中國商人（當時有很多中國商人在菲律賓）打上

J.布切斯，同上，第94頁。

政府的做法，將錢幣中的白銀含量降低。1907-1912年間， 被政府回收、熔化，這一做法阻止了比索外流，進而重新 將其投入了熔爐。

帶戳記的1907-1912年比索銀幣極為稀有。

專欄 / COLUMN

95 菲律賓1903-S 1比索， KM-168， R-7。 1903-S 是最常見的菲律賓比索戳記幣系列。

1903年四川盧比

銀量較低，很多都於1919 年被寺廟外的政府官員們打上了戳

1903 年，中國四川發行了一種類似印度盧比的錢幣。這種硬 幣的不尋常之處就在於錢幣的正面印有光緒皇帝（1875 -

記。住在四川和西藏偏遠山區的民眾篤信宗教，當地政府是

外）印有光緒皇帝頭像的中國錢幣。這種做法似乎表示是要

的不是戳記，而是一種官方的標記。

1908 年）的頭像，這是唯一一種（除雲南發行的另一種硬幣

取代印有維多利亞女王頭像的英屬印度盧比。這種錢幣的含

由寺廟組織而成的，所以嚴格意義上說這些錢幣上加蓋上去

96 中國四川1919年1盧比， Y-3， LM-364， K-585， R-7。

1901年墨西哥卡巴厘多比索

1905 年5月1日，墨西哥使用金本位，棄用了當地的白銀比索

位元騎在馬背上的女士，這種銀幣只發行了四年（1910 -1914

而海峽殖民地也已經停止使用這種貨幣 。

無所知190，但是由於一些個體商人繼續購買墨西哥銀元用於

188

。1906 年1月1日，銀比索不在作為印度支那的法定貨幣， 189

墨西哥的卡巴厘多（意思為：小馬）比索上一面的圖案是一 188 189 190

年）。據耿愛德所說，遠東地區對於這種卡巴厘多比索完全一

出口的緣故，一些比索還是被帶到了遠東。儘管羅斯想辦法收 藏到一枚，但是帶戳記的卡巴厘多比索銀幣是並不多見的。

耿愛德，同上，第147頁。

同上，第134頁。

同上，第144頁。

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下圖展示的就是羅斯收藏的那枚硬幣，在 2007年12月的香港冠軍拍賣會上以805美元成交191。

1911年中國大清銀幣

97 墨西哥1910年卡巴厘多1比索銀幣， KM-453， R-2/3。

1911年是世界歷史的轉捩點。在經歷了1911年11月的幾次

式的銀元於1911年7月在武昌和南京開始生產，但是只持續

1912年，中華民國在中國南方建立，清朝末代皇帝宣統（溥 儀，1909 -1912年在位）退位，後孫中山將總統一職讓位

了1912年由四川軍政府生產的大漢銀幣外，所有的大清銀

嘗試之後，武昌起義 爆發，並成功推翻了清政 府的統治。 于袁世凱。袁世凱妄圖復辟帝制，但稱帝只持續了幾十天， （1916 之後便於1915年去世。之後中國經歷了軍閥混戰時期

了很短時間，1911年10月的辛亥革命爆發之後即被停產。除 幣都被用於支付軍餉。這也是最後一批的大清龍銀192 。

1910年5月24日頒佈的新法令規定了新式銀元的鑄造，其中

1928年），1926年，國民黨發動了旨在推翻北洋政府的北伐， 第十條規定非常有意思 ： 後統一中國。

1910年5月，清朝在滅亡前夕通過了一項法律，設立了0.72 庫平兩（七錢二分為 0.72兩） 、0.9純度的銀幣國家標準。新

第十條 ：若是故意損毀，任何人不得被強迫接受破損錢幣。193 這條規定旨在防止人們將錢幣穿孔、蓋戳或者打磨。可以

98 中国中央造币厂1911大清壹圆，Y-31，LM-37，K-227，R-7。

《2007年12月2日香港拍賣》，lot41 （2007）第17頁。

191

192 193

134

耿愛德，同上，第154-155頁。 同上，第157頁。

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加蓋戳記的日子已經為數不多了，實際上，一般的1911年大

清銀幣上邊經常可見小型戳記。之所以是小型戳記，一方面

可能是由於1910年頒佈的這項法律，另一方面可能是因為 這些銀幣鑄造于武昌和南京，這兩個地區距離當時大戳記 盛行的廣東都比較遠。

圈红的这段，从开头到“在这个区域是不完全流通的”替 换为

輔幣根據重量而非“兩”數計價流通（ “兩”即幣上

較為偏遠的區域。迪克森 · 李文斯於1911年在長沙收集了

40多種中國和外國的錢幣，其中多數都損傷嚴重。唯一一

種幣面乾淨的錢幣是湖北銀元，而要在長沙使用沒有劃痕 這一點是必須的要求194。

為實現使貨幣系統合理化這一重要目標，清政府取消了各省

的龍洋，用統一的銀元取而代之。從新聞的金融版塊上可 以看出當時中國貨幣系統的活躍性。比如，1911年12月31

的具體面值） ，因此大錢（銀元）可以兌換1.10元或1.25元

日的《申報》 （前《申江新報》 ）報道稱壹圓龍洋可兌換 0.7955

用帶戳痕的錢幣有不同的要求。此處所言“帶戳痕的錢幣”

兌 換 0.9兩，而 其他 次 要貨 幣 則可兌 換 0.69575兩。另 外，

海使用墨水戳記幣且不使用殘缺不全的錢幣，除非是那些

37.5克，而上海一兩則為33.9克。

的小錢（輔幣） 。一些地區對於使用幣面乾淨的錢幣或者使

包括幣面上有刮痕或者刻痕的錢幣，不一定都是戳記幣。上

上海銀兩，一枚墨西哥銀幣可兌換 0.7975兩，一卡洛斯可

165000枚銅錢可兌換100上海銀兩195。當時的廣東一兩為

99 中華民國1912年黎元洪壹圓銀幣， Y-321, LM-45, K-639, R-3。 這是一種開國紀念銀幣， 時常可 見帶戳記的版本。

1914年中國袁世凱像壹圓 清朝覆滅三年之後，中國才終於鑄造了其第一批真正的全

1914年12月24日，官方開始發行天津造幣廠鑄造的袁大頭，

國性銀幣——袁世凱像銀元，又名袁大頭。這種銀幣只發行

在之後的不到十年裡，這種銀幣就滲入到了中國各地，就

幣廠負責生產，生產數量共計約10 億枚，是中國歷史上最

銀幣一直都是中國的主要貨幣196 。袁世凱像銀幣的純度為

，在全中國共十家造 了四年（1914、1919、1920及1921年） 常見的銀幣。雖然錢幣上只有四個年份，但袁世凱像銀元

卻一直持續生產了四十多年，也被分為了好幾個種類。由於 數量巨大，戳記袁大頭樣幣很容易找到，不過特別容易見 到的還是只有民國三年（1914年）的版本。

194 195

196

連偏遠地區也不例外。從1915年至 20世紀 20年代末，這種

0.9，重庫平七錢二分，含銀量0.648庫平兩（若以實際含銀

。由於比當 量淨重0.7555盎司來算的話，其純度則為 0.89）

時流通的龍洋含銀量要高，所以結果應該是袁世凱銀元遭

到積壓，而舊式龍洋繼續流通使用。但是，當時政府規定

D · H · 利文著《白銀貨幣》，1939 年，第98-99頁。

城山智子： 《大蕭條時期的中國-市場-國家與世界經濟(1929~1937)》，2008年，第23頁。 R.N.J.賴特，同上，第247頁。

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100 民國三年（ 1914年）袁世凱像壹圓銀幣，Y-329，LM-63，K-646，R-7。

了袁世凱像銀元可以免費兌換龍洋，所以約有2億8千萬的

當然，當時世界歷史上發生的最大的一件事是第一次世界

國共出口了3千萬墨西哥銀幣，另外又有1千9百萬墨西哥銀

戰爆發已經過去了幾個月。第一次世界大戰以及由此引發的

流通龍洋被回收、熔化。另外，從1914年至1917年7月，中 幣在1919年袁世凱像銀幣站穩腳跟之後被熔毀 。 197

據賴特估算，當時十大造幣廠袁世凱像銀幣的總產量如下 圖所示 ：

表 3198 袁袁世凱像壹圓銀幣產量 (1915-1928年 )

民國三年 (1914)

6億2千萬

民國八年 (1919)

4千2百萬

民國十年 (1921)

3億1千8百萬

民國九年 (1920)

共計

2千8百萬

10 億零8百萬

俄國十月革命（革命的原因部分就是第一次世界大戰）給當

時的白銀市場帶來了毀滅性打擊，而此後爆發的長達十年 的墨西哥內戰（1910 -1920年）則使得情況雪上加霜。

。 俄 國革命使 得白銀 從西伯利亞流 入中國（1918-1920年）

大量俄國銀幣被帶到上海，並在此熔化成了銀錠199。

而此前提及的墨西哥，在1910年至1920年期間，幾乎是停

止了對全世界的白銀供應。

整個1915 年，白銀一直保持低價，但之後的幾年間，白銀價

格出現瘋涨，並於1919 年5月到頂峰價——每半盎司1.37美

元 200 。然而，早在1917年9月，白銀的價格就已經高出了很多

亞洲銀幣的面值價格201。這樣一來，很多銀幣熔化之後作為

袁世凱像銀幣上的戳記似乎可以分為兩個種類 ：一種是19

貴金屬的價格都要比其本身錢幣的價格要高，因此很多國家

在19世紀早期之後就無跡可尋了。錢幣上的戳記是在中國不

貴金屬的價格在 95.6分，這一數位於1917年9月上漲到每半

記的時間也各有差異。

年和1920年，銀幣的重量和純度分別被降低 203。由於銀價的

世紀晚期常見的大戳記，另一種是較小的戳記，這種戳記

同地區加蓋上的（有的甚至是在國外加蓋的戳記） ，加蓋戳

197

198

199

200 201

202

203

136

大戰，1914年12月，第一批袁大頭誕生，而此時距這場大

耿愛德，同上，第160-161頁。 R.N.J.賴特，同上，第259頁。

耿愛德，同上，第101頁。

D.H.李文斯，同上，第136頁。

耿愛德，同上，第212頁。

D.H.李文斯，同上，第151頁。

同上，第157頁。

的銀幣都被熔化出售，進而從市場上消失 202 。日本輔幣作為 盎司1.08 美元，這也因此造成了日本小額貨幣的短缺。1918

專欄 / COLUMN

上漲，很多其他國家也遇到了錢幣短缺的情況。不過因此而 降低銀幣純度的就只有加拿大、英國和荷蘭三個國家。

一戰之後，白銀外流激增，中國再次成為了每年世界白銀生 產的消費大戶。據耿愛德估計，1930年，中國約有22億銀

幣（或等額的銀錠及輔幣） ，相當於17億盎司，基於25億盎 司的年產量，另外不在中國的白銀應該還有8億盎司

204

。

1926年，耿愛德正在撰寫《中國貨幣論》，他說當時戳記幣

和墨西哥銀幣在香港還是法定貨幣，也被人們接受使用

205

。

戳記幣以重量而不是以數量計價，當時100枚硬幣的總重量

為71.7廣東兩。但實際上，雖然戳記幣或許還是法定貨幣，

但當時的商店已經不再接受這種錢幣，而銀行也只在櫃檯

5分、10分、20分以 及50分的輔幣還在發行流 通，但是據

耿愛德在1927年的記載，輔幣中20 分面值的硬幣占大多數，

而這些硬幣又大多出自廣東造幣廠。

直到1927年，廣東 20 分銀幣的純度還是 0.7，重量為5.3克

。輔幣通常沒有一個“固定 （20 分龍洋純度為 0.8，重5.3克）

價值” ，上海市場上的龍洋和其他各種輔幣的價格每天都在 變化 207。有意思的是，中國輔幣（以 20世紀 20年代的廣東

20分為主，也有一些龍洋輔幣）上面經常可見小型的墨水

戳記。由於有的壹圓銀幣上面也有類似的圖案，所以這些 應該特製的戳記。和壹圓上面的戳記相比，輔幣上面的戳 記要更小一些，樣式也要簡單得多。

之外的交易中接受少量的戳記幣。

1928年，中國重新發行了開國紀念幣（第一次發行是在1912

耿愛德還提到有的港口對幣面乾淨的銀幣和戳記幣分而視

、或者背 的拼寫錯誤（有一種錢幣居然連 China 都拼錯了）

之。戳記幣並不只是帶戳記的錢幣，還包含一些帶傷痕和

標記的硬幣。上海開始使用墨水戳記，而有損傷的戳記幣

在這裡已經完全不流通 206 。這可能也是為什麼幾乎沒有任

何俄羅斯戳記幣存在的原因。如之前所說，當時由於俄國 革命，俄羅斯的銀幣流入上海，這些銀幣大多都被熔毀。

年） 。紀念幣正面是孫中山像（朝左） ，根據錢幣上各種不同

面的星星，可以將這種紀念幣分為不同的版式。其中最常 見的 LM- 49上經常可見戳記的蹤影，其中很多都是墨水戳

記。下面這一枚硬幣上面既有墨水戳記也有鑒定戳記。同

時擁有這兩種戳記的硬幣某種程度上來說應該是很罕見的。

101 中華民國1927年開國紀念幣壹圓， Y-318a.1， LM-49， K-608， R-7。

法屬印度支那在採用金本位之後，上海出現了法國皮阿斯特銀元傾銷的情況，1930年6月，政府出臺禁令禁止進口外國硬

幣208 。到1933年，只有中國和印度還在使用銀本位。

204 205

206 207

208

同上，第91頁。

耿愛德，同上，第245頁。

D.H.李文斯，同上，第98-99頁。

耿愛德，同上，第186頁。

D.H,李文斯，同上，第219頁。

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1933年3月，新的“鳥和帆船”壹圓銀幣出現。這種銀幣的

式銀幣（無鳥版本）一共生產了1億枚。

民生的三民主義，太陽圖案是國民黨的青天白日標誌。不過，

現在，鳥與帆船圖案的硬幣已經非常罕見，帶戳記的更是

日本所佔領） ，要麼就是三架來自“日出之國”——日本的

面船帆左側有一個小型戳記。

鑄造地是 上海，幣面上三隻鳥象徵孫中山的民 族、民權、 民眾卻認為三隻鳥代表的要麼是東三省（偽滿洲國）失地（為 飛機

209

。錢幣上的三隻鳥後來被移除，到1935年，這種新

寥寥無幾。下圖展示的這一枚是來自羅斯的藏品。錢幣背

102 中國民國二十一年（ 1932年）孫像鳥與帆船壹圓銀幣，Y-344，LM-108，K-622，R-2。

新的孫中山像壹圓除了去掉三隻鳥之外與先前的樣式別無二致，這種錢幣的產量巨大。幣面上常刻有小戳記，但是要發現 這些小戳記並不容易。下面這一枚硬幣背面帆船圖案的右上方也有一個小型戳記。

103 中華民國二十二年（ 1933年） 孫像帆船壹圓銀幣， Y-345， LM-109， K-623， R-4。

孫中山像壹圓是中國鑄造的最後一批流通銀幣。 ，宣佈美國將增加其白銀貯備，直至達到全部金銀貨幣存量的1/4。該法案規定 美國1934年6月20簽署了《白銀採購法案》 當儲備超過全部貨幣存量25% 、或者白銀市價超過其面值的時候，允許財政部出售白銀（1918年《皮特曼法案》曾強迫政

府採購的那些白銀）210。

209 210

138

R.N.J.賴特，同上，第156頁。

T. Shiroyama，同上，第155頁。

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1934年一個財政年度，美國購買 3千2百萬零6萬8千4百95

1935年11月4日，政 府通過了《中國貨幣改革法》，法 令第

750萬零1千8百零8盎司，是1934年的13.6倍。銀價保持穩

在1935年年末，中國放棄了銀本位，銀幣的鑄造陷入突然

盎司的白銀。財政年度1935年，白銀購買量達到了4億3千 步上漲。但美國大量採購白銀造成了銀價突然出現激增，就

連國外的銀價也出現了突然上漲。這造成了中國白銀大量外

3條規定 ：所有持有白銀的人需將手中白銀兌換成法幣213。 停滯214。

流，進而對尚在使用銀本位的中國經濟造成了衝擊211。

據羅斯推測215，儘管由於法幣改革，打戳記的行為大約於

隨著白銀開始流出中國，美國《白銀採購法案》的影響很快

是所有的錢幣兌換處都關門歇業。羅斯記載說自己的一位

禁止出口白銀。但是中國政府無力控制外國銀行，他們為

海。當時銀行通知將只以10% 的折價接收戳記幣。羅斯猜

變得明晰起來。1934年9月8日，警覺起來的中國政府下令

1935年停止，但並不是所有的白銀都從市場上消失了，也不

元朋友，在1935年8月政府宣告進行貨幣改革時就待在上

掩蓋顧客交易將白銀運出中國，並從中獲利。最終，中國

測其中有些“頑固派”的兌換處開始“藏匿”錢幣上的戳記。

大減少了私人白銀出口，但卻增大了白銀和銀元之間的現貨

， 三年（1914年）硬幣，另一枚則鑄造於民國十年（1921年）

政府對出口的白銀加征了10% 的國內消費稅。這一舉措大

他出示兩枚袁世凱像銀元樣幣作為證據，其中一枚是民國

值差距。由於中國和國外的白銀價格存在巨大差異，從中

這兩枚銀幣上的戳記都被遮蓋掉了。羅斯的說法或許是對

售外匯和購買銀元來保證中國銀元的價值。但政府通過限

所以我們也沒辦法真正判斷出錢幣上的這些戳記到底是故

國購得白銀賣往國外的做法依舊有利可圖。政府想通過出 制白銀外流支持銀元的政策和保持外匯的政策不僅相互矛 盾且未能取得成效，並最終導致中國開始了法幣改革

212

。

的，但是我覺得由於無法判斷這些戳記加蓋的時間和地點， 意被遮蓋的，還是偶然為之。

104 中華民國三年（ 1914年） 袁像壹圓銀幣， Y-329， LM-63， K-646， R-7， 可能戳記被“ 遮蓋”。

1935年11月，法幣改革將所有流通白銀國有化，貿易支付只能使用由中央銀行、中國銀行以及交通銀行發行的法幣216 。中

國不再使用銀本位，而可能自1650 年或更早開始、一直持續了近 300 年的打戳記行為也走到了盡頭。 兩年之後，日軍侵華，拉開了第二次世界大戰亞洲戰場的序幕。

（未完待續） 211

212 213 214

215 215

同上，第156頁。

同上，第159-160頁。

D.H. 李文斯，同上，第313頁。 R.N.J.賴特，同上，第240頁。

F.M.羅斯，同上，第40頁。

Linsun Cheng，同上，第100頁。

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World Money Fair Introduction History

Fact

Figures

Client Base

140

Gitta Kuenker〔Germany〕

◎ Founded 48 years ago by Albert Beck, Honorary President of WORLD MONEY FAIR. ◎ Initially started in the city of Basel, Switzerland and moved on to the capital of Germany, Berlin in 2006. ◎ By far the most important and first fair of the year promoting news of the industry to a global audience. ◎ WORLD MONEY FAIR creates synergies. It reveals the connection of classical and modern numismatics. ◎ Exhibition area around 13.000 square meter. ◎ Around 15.000 visitors in three days. ◎ 330 exhibitors including around 50 national and international Mints. ◎ More than 330 participating technicians at the Technical Forum. ◎ Around 20 Mints are representing their new editions at the Media Forum visited by more than 350 participants. ◎ Held at the ESTREL Center Berlin - we occupy more than 1.000 rooms and everything under one roof. ◎ The reputable CHAMPION AUCTION HOUSE and WORLD MONEY FAIR are cooperation partners.

◎ The only coin fair globally covering the entire value chain of the industry ◎ It is a marketplace for coin trading and the meeting point for coin collectors, numismatic commissions, societies and associations ◎ It is an international forum for the minting industry and all those responsible for designing, distributing and circulating coins ◎ A walk around the exhibition halls of WORLD MONEY FAIR leads through numismatic history; from antique to modern times, presenting the life of coins from the moment they are designed and minted until becoming part of a collection or a museum show piece

專欄 / COLUMN

Coin of the Year (COTY) Award

Coin of the Year (COTY) Judging Criteria

◎ ◎ ◎ ◎

COTY is the most important numismatic award institution worldwide.

It is held at WORLD MONEY FAIR in Berlin.

More than 100 participants are present when these awards are given in Berlin.

Created in 1984, it was intended by to encourage mints of the world in performing their work and to demonstrate that the coin collector audience truly appreciates what mints do. ◎ WORLD MONEY FAIR is currently in discussion how to involve the public into the voting process and thus make the event an even more important marketing instrument for the mints. ◎ The process is expected to change by 2020. ◎ Most Historically Significant Coin: Judges will select coins commemorating events, institutions or individuals deemed highly significant in terms of the historical heritage of people, a country or mankind. The artistic merit of a given issue should be accorded secondary consideration. The subject or theme of issues nominated in this category must have passed into a historical perspective at least 100 years ago. ◎ Best Contemporary Event Coin: Judges will select coins commemorating events, institutions or individuals deemed important in terms of current or recent events influencing a people or mankind. The artistic merit of a given issues should be accorded secondary consideration. The subjects of issues nominated in this category must have occurred within the past 99 years. ◎ Best Gold Coin: Coins manufactured from gold, platinum, palladium or another exotic precious metal, which have all-around artistic appeal, both from aesthetic and a commercial standpoint. Consideration should be give also to the unique theme the coin depicts. ◎ Best Silver Coin: Coins manufactured from silver, which have all-around appeal, both from an aesthetic and a commercial standpoint. Consideration should be given also to the unique theme the coin depicts. ◎ Best Crown Coin: Coins with all-around appeal, both from an aesthetic and a commercial standpoint. Consideration should be given also to the unique theme which the coin reflects, and how the coin fits historically into the "crown" definition, including a minimum size requirement of 37mm and a maximum size of 45mm. ◎ Best Circulating Coin: Coins that are made of non-precious metals, posses allaround appeal, both from aesthetic and commercial viewpoints, and best meet the basic considerations of actual circulating monetary units. Consideration may be given to any theme the coin honors. ◎ Best Bi-Metallic Coin: Coins which reflect the concept of a ring coinage, where outer ring and inner center are made of different, contrasting metals. This would include struck-through inserts, but excludes appliques. Coins should have all-around artistic appeal, both from aesthetic and a commercial standpoint, and consideration should be give also to the unique theme the coin depicts. ◎ Most Artistic Coin: Coins based solely on the value of their outstanding artistic merit.

No consideration should be given to their commercial potential, theme or popularity. ◎ Most Innovative Coin: Coins best fitting the term "innovative concept in coinage".

Pioneering metallic alloy issues, non-typical coinage materials, planchet shapes, distinct visual themes or other innovations may be rewarded in this category. Special consideration should be given to technological advancements, which forward minting ideas and mechanics. ◎ Most Inspirational Coin: Coins featuring designs devoted to ideas, events, institutions or individuals that best exemplify man's eternal aspirations for peace, freedom and human rights. Judges shall take into consideration theme, design and artistic merit.

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世界錢幣展覽會 簡介 歷史

吉塔 · 坤克〔德國〕

◎ 由世界錢幣展覽會（WMF）名譽主席阿爾伯特 · 貝克（Albert Beck）於48年前創立 ； ◎ 創始地瑞士巴塞爾，2006年遷至德國首都柏林 ；

◎ 迄今為止， WMF 是錢幣學領域最重要的展會，也是首個向全球觀眾傳播行業新聞的展會； ◎ WMF 尋求不同領域的連接點，揭示了古代錢幣學與現代錢幣學的關聯 ；

事實

數據

◎ 展區面積約13000 平方米 ； ◎ 三日內接待15000名訪客 ；

◎ 330家參展商，包括50家享譽海內外的造幣廠 ； ◎ 超過330名技術人員參與技術交流論壇 ；

◎ 在350多名與會者參加的媒體論壇上，約有20家造幣廠展示其新產品 ；

◎ 展會舉辦地位於德國柏林艾斯特爾酒店會議中心，覆蓋逾1000 間配備齊全的標準客房； ◎ 業內聞名的冠軍拍賣公司是 WMF 的合作夥伴。

◎ 全球唯一覆蓋全行業價值鏈的錢幣展覽會 ;

客戶群

◎ WMF 是錢幣交易集中地，也是錢幣收藏家、錢幣委員會、錢幣學會和錢幣協會的聚 會場所 ;

◎ WMF 為錢幣鑄造行業及負責設計、發行和流通錢幣的機構和人員召開國際論壇 ;

◎ WMF 展廳展示了錢幣發展的歷程，環繞展廳走一圈，我們將瀏覽每一枚幣的設計、鑄

造直到它們成為收藏品或者博物館展品的過程，仿佛身臨其境領略從古至今的錢幣發 展史。

142

專欄 / COLUMN

◎ “世界硬幣大獎賽”是目前世界上規格最高、影響範圍最大的硬幣評選活動 ；

世界硬幣大獎賽 年度最佳硬幣

◎ 柏林世界錢幣展覽會期間舉辦 ；

◎ 柏林頒獎儀式逾100名參與者到場 ；

◎ 創建於1984 年，旨在促進世界各地造幣廠協調合作，促進錢幣收藏者與造幣廠之間的 相互交流 ；

◎ 目前世界錢幣展覽會正在討論如何讓公眾參與投票過程，從而讓展覽會成為造幣廠更重 要的行銷途徑 ；

◎ 2020 年有望取得更多進展。

◎ 最具歷史意義幣 ：評委評選出的紀念人民、國家或人類重大或重要事件、機構或個人

的硬幣。評選過程中次要考慮硬幣的藝術價值。在本類評選中提名的硬幣主題必須至少 擁有超過100 年的歷史。

◎ 最佳當代事件幣 ：評委評選出的紀念當代或近期影響人民或整個人類的重大事件、機構 或個人的硬幣。評選過程中次要考慮硬幣的藝術價值。在本類評選中提名的硬幣主題必 須擁有至少99 年的歷史。

◎ 最佳金幣 ：由金、鉑、鈀或其他稀有貴金屬製成的硬幣，從美學和商業角度欣賞都具有 全方位的藝術魅力。評選過程中應同時考慮硬幣所描繪的獨特主題。

世界硬幣大獎賽 年度最佳硬幣 評選標準

◎ 最佳銀幣 ：由銀製成的硬幣，從美學和商業角度欣賞都具有全方位的藝術魅力。評選過 程中應同時考慮硬幣所描繪的獨特主題。

◎ 最佳克朗幣 : 從美學和商業角度欣賞都具有全方位的藝術魅力。評選過程中應同時考慮 硬幣所描繪的獨特主題，以及參選之幣與“克朗幣”相符之處，包括最小尺寸要求為37

毫米，最大尺寸為 45毫米。

◎ 最佳流通幣：由非貴金屬製成的硬幣，從美學和商業角度欣賞都具有全方位的藝術魅力， 並且應符合實際流通貨幣的基本考慮因素。硬幣相關主題也應考慮在內。

◎ 最佳雙金屬幣 : 反映環形幣概念的硬幣，外圈和內圈由不同的金屬製成，形成對比效果。

評選內容包括鑄造細節，但不含刻花。從美學和商業角度欣賞都具有全方位的藝術魅力。 評選過程中應同時考慮硬幣所描繪的獨特主題。

◎ 最佳藝術幣 ：只從硬幣傑出的藝術價值評選，不將其商業潛力、主題或受歡迎程度列入 考慮範疇。

◎ 最佳創意幣 ：最符合“硬幣創新概念”的硬幣。開創性的金屬合金主題、非典型的硬幣

材料、範本形狀、獨特的視覺主題或其他創新之處都在此類評選範疇中。啟發產生鑄 造思想和鑄造工藝的先進技術也應特別考慮在內。

◎ 最富激情幣 ：硬幣的特色設計致力於體現人類對和平、自由和人權永恆渴望的想法、事 件、機構或個人。評選過程中評委應同時考慮參選硬幣的主題、設計和藝術價值。

（2018年9月22日撰於上海） 143

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THE GUTH 100 POINT COIN | GRADING | SCALE | SM Ron Guth〔USA〕

｜Executive

Summary｜▼

Modern coin grading utilizes a 70 point scale developed

by Dr. William Sheldon in 1948. Collectors and dealers in the United States coin market (and, in more recent years, the world) have used the Sheldon scale to evaluate scores of millions of coins, indicating the preference for (and advantages of) a numerical grading scale over an adjectival scale.

However, as popular as the Sheldon scale has become, it remains difficult to explain to consumers, it seems illogical in a 100 point world, and it has too few grading points at the top end.

The Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM offers the following advantages over the old Sheldon scale and other alternative conversion methods: Easily understood 100 point grading scale Adds 10 points to the MS/PR level, creating a total of 20 points from 80 to 100 Retains the familiar Sheldon grades from 1 to 58 Eliminates conflicts created by attempting a direct conversion of the Sheldon scale to 100 points No decimals or rounding on conversion Intermediate grades convert to whole numbers and require no rounding.

Can be offered as an optional service Creates opportunity to re-evaluate and reholder previous submissions in the old 60-70 range.

Easily Understood 100 Point Grading Scale The Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM is easy to explain and understand because it is based on a 100 point system already in use in many areas such as test results in schools, wine ratings, and even scoring in bouldering. Conversely, the 70 point coin grading scale is difficult to explain in a world where the 100 point system is so familiar. For instance, the current best coin grade of 70 would be considered a low-end “C” on homework or a test based on a 100 point scoring system.

Adds 10 Points to the Mint State Level, Creating a Total of 20 Points from 80 to 100 144

Sheldon's grading scale is spread unevenly over a 70 point scale, creating too many points in the middle of the scale and not enough points at the top end. For instance, the Sheldon scale applies 20 points (20-39) to the Very Fine grade, but only 11 points (60-70) for Mint State, this being a reflection of the value/grade relationship for the coins surveyed by Sheldon in 1948. In the intervening years leading up to today, coin values rose dramatically on the high end, creating a situation where a single point at the Mint State level could represent a difference of hundreds or thousands of dollars. Today, most grading services utilize eleven points within the entire 60-70 range to represent Mint State and Proof grades. Most proposals to expand the grading scale for Mint State and Proof coins include decimal, half point increments, or plus signs within the existing Sheldon scale. Clearly, an expansion of the scale for Mint State grades is both required and desired. To answer these shortfalls, the The Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM moves Mint State and Proof grades to the 80-100 point range, allowing for a doubling of Mint State and Proof grade points and eliminating any confusion with existing numerical grading.

Retains the Familiar Sheldon Grades from 1 to 58 The Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM retains all of the familiar grades in the Sheldon scale from 1 to 58. Grades 60 to 70 (and their divisions) remain as placeholders (but not used) but are replaced by grades 80-100. In essence, the grades from 60 to 70 become optional but, in fact, any coins graded under the old 70 point Sheldon Scale remain viable until they are replaced with coins graded using the Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM.

Eliminates Conflicts Created by Attempting a Direct Conversion of the Sheldon Scale to 100 Points No Decimals or Rounding on Conversion Intermediate Grades Convert to Whole Numbers and Require No Rounding Mapping the old 70-point Sheldon scale to a 100-point scale by mathematical conversion (old grade×100/70) results in odd, unfamiliar numbers, such as a new 43 for the old 30. Most points require rounding up or down after conversion, thus creating duplicate numbers upon

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rounding and requiring decimals to separate them. For example, both MS67 and MS67+ (or MS67.5) convert to 95.71 and 96.4, respectively, and both convert to 96 when rounded. Worse, a mathematical conversion to a 100-point system conflicts directly with the old Sheldon scale, creating confusion and uncertainty in the marketplace. For instance, Sheldon’s old 30, which is considered Very Fine, becomes a new 43, which is considered Extremely Fine (and more valuable) under the old system. Such confusion and uncertainty may lead to abuses in the market when coins graded under a 100-point conversion method are misrepresented as having been graded under the old Sheldon system. The Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM eliminates any such confusion, allowing for a seamless implementation.

Can Be Offered as an Optional Service The advantage of the Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM is that it is offered with an additional tier level (80-100) to prevent complete disruption of the old system.

However, given a choice between a grade from 60 to 70 or from 80 to 100, collectors will most likely choose the latter, eventually rendering demand for the old system obsolete.

By retaining the Sheldon Scale numbers 1-59 for the lesser quality coins and omitting the Sheldon Scale numbers for the greater quality coins, confusion in the market place is avoided. The 80-100 range of the Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM cannot be confused with the 60-70 range of the Sheldon Scale, thus providing an enhanced and simplified method of grading higher quality coins.

Creates Opportunity for Grading Services to Re-evaluate and Reholder Previous Submissions in the Old 60-70 Range Submissions of previously graded and certified coins under the Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM can be converted directly or re-evaluated and given a new grade to correct past grading opinions and errors.

Implementation is Easy Implementation of the Guth 100 Point Coin Grading Scale SM can be made easily. Conversions in software programs can be made programmatically by mapping the old Mint State and Proof grades to the new (i.e. 60 would become 80, 68+ would become 97, and so on).

Consumers could be given a choice of grading under the old system or the Guth 100 Point Coin Grading Scale SM, which can also be handled programmatically.

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What Happens to the Millions of Coins already Graded

Because there is no conflict between the old system and the Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM, there is no imperative to convert. Coins in old holders could be converted slowly or quickly, depending on demand and the capabilities of the grading service, respectively. The tendency of collectors to choose a higher grade will fuel demand for the conversion.

｜Summary｜▼

The U.S. numismatic market has been searching for a way to a 100-point grading scale for decades. The Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM is a simple, yet elegant, solution that minimizes disruption to the existing market, creates a system that is easier to understand and explain, and facilitates participation in the exciting field of numismatics.

For additional information or licensing opportunities, contact Ron Guth at Expert Numismatic Services, Inc. at 858-349-8270.

Ron Guth is a recognized authority on United States and German coins. He is a licensed Certified Public Accountant who has been involved professionally in numismatics for over forty years as a collector, dealer, researcher, and writer. His books and articles have earned numerous awards, including the American Numismatic Association's Heath Literar y and the Olga & Wayte Raymond Awards, the Numismatic Literary Guild's Best Numismatic Investment Book and Best Book of the Year awards, and the Professional Numismatic Guild's Best Book of the Year award. In 2003, Ron received

the prest ig ious President's Award f rom the A mer ican Numismatic Association in recognition for his numerous contributions to numismatics. In 2014, Ron was named the “Numismatist of the Year” by the American Numismatic Association.

Ron created the CoinFacts website (now PCGS CoinFacts) in 1999. He served in various capacities at Collectors Universe from 2004 to 2018, including Director of Numismatic Research, President of the Professional Coin Grading Service, and President of PCGS CoinFacts. In 2018, Ron formed Expert Numismatic Services, Inc. and created the Guth 100 Point Coin Grading ScaleSM. He also serves as the Executive Director of the Numismatic Literary Guild.

Ron and his wife Maggie have been married for almost 40 years and they have three children and three granddaughters.

They live close to the ocean in San Diego, California, where they enjoy sailing, rowing, biking, cooking, and being grandparents.

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古斯 100 分制 | 評 | 級 | 規 | 則 SM 羅恩 · 古斯〔美國〕

| 執行摘要 |

評分（20 -39），但是 MS（原光）只有11個評分（60 -70）， 該評分構成體現了謝爾敦在1948年提出的分數 / 等級分級

▼

1948年，古幣博士威廉 · 謝爾敦宣導使用謝爾敦1-70數值

評級標準對硬幣進行評級。美國錢幣市場的收藏家和經銷 商（近幾年在全世界範圍內）普遍選擇使用謝爾敦評級方

式對硬幣進行評級，這說明相比使用術語評級，大家更喜

高，導致 MS 等級的1分之差就有可能代 表幾百到幾千美

元的巨大價值差異。今天，大多數評級採用60 -70 分之間

的11個評分代表 MS 與 PF（精製）這兩個等級。有許多人

提出一些建議增加 MS 和 PF 評級分數，包括在現有謝爾

歡用數值來評級。

敦評級分數範圍內增加小數、半個分數或加號。顯然，增

儘管謝爾敦數值評級標準已得到普遍使用，使用它的顧客

古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則 SM 將 MS 和 PF 的評級分數移

們卻不能理解為何這種評級方式採用的不是100 分制，而

且極少有幣能拿下該評級的最高分。 古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則

評級方式的下列優勢 ：

SM

提供超越謝爾敦評級和其他

較易接受的100 分制評級規則 ；

MS 等級新增10 個評分，增加80-100 分共20 個評分 ； 保留人們熟悉的1-58級謝爾敦評級標準 ；

將謝爾敦評分替換成100 分制評分不存在任何衝突 ； 替換成100 分制後沒有小數點，無須四捨五入 ；

加 MS 等級的分數是必要的。為了彌補謝爾敦評級的缺陷， 到 80 -100 分，相比原有的謝爾敦評級中這兩個等級的分數， 現有的評級將評分增加了一倍，並且與原本的評級方式沒 有任何衝突。

保留人們熟悉的1-58級謝爾敦評級標準

古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則 SM 完整保留了人們熟悉的1-58

級謝爾敦評級標準。保留60-70 分（及其小數、半分或加號） 評級標準（但不使用），用80-100 分（增加10 分）代替原有 的60-70 分。從本質上來看，原有的謝爾敦 70 分制評分具

中間的評分替換後均為整數，無須四捨五入 ；

有可變性，尤其是60 -70 評分被調整和變動的可能性比較

提供機會重新評估並調整原有謝爾敦評級60-70 評分 ；

意調整和變動了。

顧客可自行選擇方便操作的方式 ；

更易於人們理解的100 分制評級規則。

較易接受的100分制評級規則

由於許多地方普遍使用的是100 分制，例如學生成績、酒類 評級、攀岩分數，因此古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則 SM 更加

易於解釋和理解。反之，在普遍使用100 分制的世界，70

分制比較難以解釋。打個比方，即使是當前 70 分制的最高

分，在使用100 分制評分的家庭作業或考試成績單中就有可

大，但是使用古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則 SM 評分就不可隨

將謝爾敦評分替換成100分制評分不存在 任何衝突 沒有小數點，無須四捨五入 中間的評級均化為整數，無須四捨五入

直接用數學換算方式將原有的謝爾敦 70 分直接換算成100 分（即原有的評分 ×100/70），算出新的數字，例如將原有

的30 分換算成100 分制，新的分值是43分。照此方式，大

能被評為相對低等級的“C”等。

多數評分在換算之後就需要四捨五入，因此在四捨五入之

MS 等級新增10個評分，增加80 -100分 共20個評分

MS67.5）換算後分別變成95.71和96.4，將這兩個換算後

謝爾敦評級70 個評分點分配不平衡，中間等級的分數過多，

而高分太少。例如，謝爾敦評級 VF（非常精美）共設 20 個 146

制度。在這之後的幾年直至今日，該評級高分分數大幅增

後 評 分 數 值 會 增 大 或 縮 小。 例 如，MS67和 MS67+（ 或 的數值四捨五入後得出的評分都是96 。以此看來，直接使

用數學換算成100 分制可能與原有的謝爾敦評級產生衝突，

從而導致市場的混亂和不確定性。例如，原有的謝爾敦30

分評級為“非常精美”，直接換算成100 分制後變成了43分，

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原有的評級“非常精美”變成了“極其精美” （或更高的等

級）。直接用數學方式換算而成的100 分制評級被誤認為是 原有的謝爾敦評級分數，所產生的混亂和不確定性可能導 致市場濫用評級。使用古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則

消除任何此類混亂，使用起來也更加方便。

SM

就能

顧客可自行選擇方便操作的方式 古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則

SM

60 -70 分與 80 -100 分之間做選擇時，收藏家往往會選擇後

者，最終原有的謝爾敦評級將變得過時。此外，古斯100 分

制硬幣評級規則 SM 通過保留謝爾敦評級中的1-59 分來評

選品相不高的硬幣，並且調整謝爾敦評級中評選較好品相

硬幣的分數，以此來避免錢幣市場產生的混亂。古斯100

分制硬幣評級規則

已評級且已經認證的錢幣重新進行評分，或重新評估給出 新的評分，調整原來的評分錯誤。

更加容易實施

古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則 SM 會更加容易實施。通過專業

軟件程序的換算，可以 通過程式將原有的 MS 評級和 PF 的優勢之一是新增（80 100） 評級評分替換為新的評級評分（例如將原有的60 分替換成

分數，而 不是 對舊有 謝 爾敦 評 級方 式的完 全 顛覆。當在

SM

通過使用古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則 SM，可以直接將原先

中的 80 -100 分不會與謝爾敦評級的

80 分，將原有的68+ 分替換為97分）。顧客可自行選擇使用

謝爾敦評級或古斯100 分制硬幣評級，以方便操作程式。

已經評級的錢幣怎麼辦？

?

由於古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則 SM 與原有的謝爾敦評級不

60 -70 分混淆，從而為評級較高分提供更簡單便捷的方式。

存在衝突，就沒有必要急着替換原有的評級。按原有的謝

提供機會重新評估並更改原謝爾敦評級 60 -70等級

分，也可以很快就替換好，取決於具體需求。越多的收藏家

| 摘要 |

爾敦評級評分後裝進盒子的錢幣可以慢慢替換成新的評級 選擇使用高分評級方式，換算評分的需求也就會相應增加。

▼

近十年美國錢幣市場一直在探索新的 100 分評分規則。古斯

度最佳書籍獎”。2003年，羅恩 ·古斯獲得了美國錢幣協會“傑

可以最大限度減少對現有評級市場造成的影響，創建一個更易

於理解和解釋的評級體系，並鼓勵更多人參與錢幣評級活動。

羅恩 · 古斯被評為美國錢幣協會2014年度人物。

欲知更多資訊或欲獲得更多授權機會， 請聯繫專業錢幣評級

1999年， 羅 恩 · 古 斯 創 建了 CoinFacts 網 站（ 現 為 PCGS

服務公司羅恩 · 古斯， 聯繫方電話858-349-8270。

公司（Collectors Universe） 先後擔任錢幣研究部總監、 專

100 分制硬幣評級規則 SM 是一個簡單而有效的解決方案，它

羅恩 · 古斯是美國與德國錢幣界公認的權威專家， 他是一名

持牌註冊會計師，並且作為收藏家、交易商、研究員、作家， 羅恩 · 古斯已專業從事錢幣研究多達四十餘年。 羅恩 · 古斯

所著書籍及其撰寫的文章曾斬獲無數獎項， 包括美國錢幣協

出成就獎”， 以表彰他對錢幣領域做出的諸多貢獻。 2014年，

CoinFacts）。2004年至2018年， 羅恩 · 古斯在環球收藏者 業錢幣評級服務公司總裁和 PCGS CoinFacts 總裁。2018年，

羅恩 · 古斯創立專業錢幣評級服務公司， 並創建了古斯100 分制硬幣評級規則 SM，他還是錢幣文學協會的執行董事。

羅恩 · 古斯與其妻子瑪姬已經結婚近40年， 有三個孩子三個

會“希斯文學獎（ Heath Literary）”“ 奧爾加和韋特雷蒙德獎

孫女。 他們的居住地離加利福尼亞州聖地牙哥的海邊不遠，

佳錢幣投資書獎”“ 年度最佳圖書獎”，以及專業錢幣協會“年

為祖父母的天倫之樂。

（the Olga & Wayte Raymond Awards）”，錢幣文學協會“最

經常一起歡享航海、 划船、 騎行、 做飯的美好時光， 享受作

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COLLECTING STRATEGIES

You Can’t Rush a Great Collection John Jay Pittman Jeff Garrett〔USA〕

Be Patient

Educate Yourself

Be patient, educate yourself, find opportunities and enjoy the hobby.

The famous collector John Jay Pittman spent several decades collecting coins and rarely, if ever, sold anything.

After he passed in the 1990s, his primary residence sold for about $150,000. His coin collection was sold at auction by David Akers for over $30 million. You can easily gather that John Jay Pittman was very passionate about his collection.

Like many serious collectors of his generation, John Jay Pittman became a true student of numismatics. He used his advanced knowledge to great effect. Pittman never bought mega rarities such an 1804 Silver Dollar, and instead focused on coins that he felt were undervalued.

John Jay Pittman assembled his collection slowly over many years, looking for opportunities when they arose.

John Jay Pittman charles I Crown: This 17th Century English Crown, graded NGC MS62 and pedigreed to the John Jay Pittman Collection, realized $28,800 in January 2018 at a Heritage Auctions sale.

He was one of just a handful of Americans who traveled to Cairo, Egypt, in 1954 for the King Farouk sale. He mortgaged his above-mentioned house so he would have funds to bid.

It is not surprising that it took so long to build important collections decades ago. Traveling to coin conventions, which were much smaller, often involved complicated transportation. Traveling from coast to coast could involve “planes, trains and automobiles.”

Making a long-distance call was actually quite expensive, and a big deal. There were also far fewer rare coin dealers in the country with an inventory of great coins. It’s a much different world for today’s rare coin collector.

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Find Opportunities

Enjoy the Hobby

Modern technology has revolutionized how people collect rare coins. Collectors can now buy virtually any rare coin from the comfort of their home. There is also a vast selection of coins to choose from. Regardless of what you collect, assembling a world-class collection has become much easier and can be done much more quickly. This has been proven in recent years by several billionaires who have plunged into the rare coin market.

Besides modern technology, collectors now have an incredible amount of numismatic information at their fingertips. This has leveled the playing field tremendously for collectors who choose to use the many pricing tools available. Collectors of the past, such as John Jay Pittman, would no longer have such a huge advantage over his fellow numismatists.

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to collect. There are many more tools available, and you should take full advantage of them.

Do not rush and buy coins as if it were a foot race. Modern collectors need to be much more patient, as they are bombarded with material from all directions. “Patience” when building a collection is one of the most important pieces of advice for any collector.

Buying coins over a longer period of time like John Jay Pittman will also help collectors avoid market peaks. Its common human nature to hop on the latest bandwagon and buy what is “hot.” By purchasing coins over a longer time period, you can cost average, and then take advantage of market drops. The rare coin market has been cyclical for decades, and that is probably not going to change any time soon.

In today’s modern societ y, we are inundated with information and competition for our attention. For many, social media now takes up a large part of their day. This is especially true for young people. We now live in a much faster-paced world. Coin collectors are not immune to this, and many feel this has been a detriment for our hobby.

John Jay PittmanLEFT: This 1876-S Seated Liberty Quarter, graded NGC MS66 and pedigreed to the John Jay Pittman Collection, realized $1,800 in December 2017 at a Heritage Auctions sale.

The advent of third-party grading has also been a huge boom to numismatics. There is no doubt that our hobby would be much smaller if it were not for third-party grading. Companies such as NGC give a level of comfort when buying rare coins that is crucial for collectors spending large sums of money. You can be quite certain that the above-mentioned billionaires would not be spending that kind of money for uncertified material.

One of the biggest changes in the rare coin market in recent years has been the longevity of collectors. The average collector now seems to build collections fairly quickly, and then, in a relatively short time, liquidate their holdings. This is seldom a wise investment strategy for anything, particularly for something in the collectibles field. Building a rare coin collection quickly, and then trying to sell too soon can be a disappointing and costly experience.

It is much bet ter to adopt the collecting st yles of collectors from past generations like John Jay Pittman.

Start by studying the area of the market you have chosen

I actually believe the opposite. The Information Age has been a boom to numismatics. The many tools mentioned above give collectors the best chance they have ever had to get great value for the money they spend. Social media will also become an important tool for our hobby going forward. The connectivity with hobbyists at all levels will help to grow numismatics in the future.

Collector longevity is an important issue, and our hobby needs to do a better job of building collectors for life. We can ill afford to have collectors discover the hobby, and then lose interest a few years later. Modern collectors should adopt some of the habits of great collectors of the past: Learn as much as possible, buy over time, build relationships, and take time to enjoy the hobby.

I have been collecting coins and currency for almost 50 years, and it has provided me with a lifetime of enjoyment.

You can do the same, if you take your time.

Want to see more articles like this? Subscribe to the free NGC Weekly Market Report.

Want to see more articles like this? Subscribe to the free NGC Weekly Market Report. https://www.ngccoin. com/account/login/?ReturnUrl=%2Faccount%2Femailsettings%2F

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皮特曼收藏攻略 ： 購買心儀錢幣不可急於求成 傑夫 · 加勒特〔美國〕

付諸耐心

培養樂趣

著名收 藏家約翰 · 傑伊 · 皮特曼 ( John Jay Pittman) 生前

收藏了幾十年的錢幣，卻幾乎不曾賣過自己的藏品。他認為，

錢幣收藏要“付諸耐心，培養樂趣，抓住機會，享受愛好”。

享受愛好

優質錢幣售賣的交易商更是少之又少。 對於當今稀有硬幣 的收藏家而言， 那是一個完全不同的世界。

20世紀90年代，在他去世之後，他的主要住所被賣，售價

現代技術徹底改變了人們收藏稀有錢幣的方式。現在的收

他的錢幣藏品以逾 3000萬美元的價格售出。由此我們不難

其幣種繁多，版別多樣，選擇餘地較大。無論是哪種類型

（David Akers）的拍賣會上， 約為15萬美元。在大衛 · 埃克斯 看出，皮特曼十分珍愛自己的藏品。

與同時代那些嚴謹認真的收藏家一樣， 皮特曼是個名副其

實的錢幣學研究者。 他將平生所學的相關知識發揮到了極 致。 他從未買過類似美國錢幣之王 1804 年銀幣的稀有錢

幣，而是專注於收藏和研究那些他認為價值被低估的錢幣。 皮特曼抓住一切機會搜尋並珍藏自己中意的藏品， 多年如 故。

皮特曼收藏的17世紀英國查理斯一世騎馬像背皇冠克朗銀

元，NGC MS62 ，約翰 · 傑伊 · 皮特曼藏品系列，2018年

1月在海瑞德拍賣會上實現 28800美元的成交價。

約翰 · 傑伊·皮特曼是為1954 年埃及國王法魯克藏品拍賣會

而前往埃及開羅的少數美國人之一。他抵押過文中第一段 提及的住所，從而獲得用於競拍的資金。

幾十年前的收藏家為了重要的藏品投入大量的時間，這是

常見的，無須為此感到驚訝。彼時的錢幣展會規模往往比

現在小多了，而且去參加展會所搭乘的交通工具多而雜。從

一個海岸前往另一個海岸，期間可能要 搭乘飛機、火車、 汽車才能到達。

實際上， 那時候打長途電話費用非常昂貴， 基本上無大事

不打長途電話。 本國的稀有錢幣交易商寥寥無幾， 能夠有

150

抓住機會

藏家們只要舒舒服服地待在家中就可以網購任何稀有錢幣， 的收藏，成功搜集一個世界級的藏品系列比以往更加簡便 快捷了。幾位億萬富翁進入稀有錢幣市場，倒是將此說法 證實無疑了。

專欄 / COLUMN

除了可以使用先進的現代技術，如今的收藏家們動動手指

皮特曼等老一輩收藏家們不疾不徐的收藏方式是值得學習

此一來，那些欲在比較中以合理價格購到心儀錢幣的收藏

許多可供選擇的工具。

就能輕鬆通過網路搜索到不計其數與錢幣有關的資訊。如 家們便面臨巨大的競爭。相比其他錢幣學家，諸如皮特曼 等使用舊方式的收藏家將不再擁有更多的優勢。

的，他們首先認真研究所選擇的收藏領域，然後充分利用 建議收藏家們別像參加跑步比賽一樣匆忙購買錢幣。在來 自各方頻繁的資訊“狂轟濫炸”之下，現代收藏家們需要更 多耐心， “耐心”是收藏家最基本的素養之一。

像皮特曼這樣花費較長時間收藏錢幣，也將有助於收藏者 避開在行情高峰期購買錢幣帶來的風險。一般人常常為追 逐潮流而購買“熱門”產品。用較長時間來購買錢幣可以

均衡投資，在市場價格下降時又可以從中獲取優勢。數十

年來，稀有錢幣市場的流通一直是週期性的，這一規律不 可能立即或隨時變更。

生活在當代社會的我們淹沒在信息的洪流中，面臨前所未 有的競爭。社交媒體佔據了許多人的大部分生活，尤其是

年輕人。我們現在正生活在一個快節奏的世界裡，錢幣收

藏家也不能“倖免”於此。許多人甚至認為諸如此類因素已 經影響了人們愛好的發展。

實際上我對此持相反意見。信息時代促進錢幣學的繁榮發 展。前文述及的互聯網等優勢工具為收藏家提供了絕佳機 會購買到物有所值的藏品，而社交媒體也將成為收藏家深

入發展愛好的重要工具。在收藏過程中培養愛好將有助於 推動未來錢幣學的發展。 皮特曼收 藏的1876年 S 版自由女神坐像 25分銀幣，NGC

能夠長時間堅持是作為終身收藏家的一項重要素養，其前

德拍賣會上實現1800美元的成交價。

好在隨後幾年卻對它失去興趣，我們花不起這個時間。現

MS66，約翰 · 傑伊 · 皮特曼藏品系列，2017年12月在海瑞

協力廠商評級的出現也促 進了錢幣收 藏活動的蓬勃發展。 毫無疑問，假若沒有協力廠商評級，做收藏會少了很多樂

趣。類似於 NGC 的評級機構能夠給予花大價錢購買稀有 錢幣的收藏家一定程度上的安心。至少有一點是可以肯定

提是培養愛好。對於收藏家來說，發現並開始培養一項愛 代收藏家們應當延續老收藏家們的一些好習慣 ：儘量多學 習，在購買上多花些時間，將收藏視為愛好，享受收藏的 樂趣。

我收集錢幣和貨幣已近 50 年的時間，收藏給予我的是一生

的，那就是億萬富翁不會把錢花在未經鑒定評級的錢幣上。

的享受。如果你肯花時間，你也可以和我一樣。

近年來稀有錢幣市場的最大變化就是收藏時長變短了。現

若想閱讀更多此類文章，請訂閱 NGC 每週市場報告，請

間內將藏品賣出。無論買入賣出的是什麼，這似乎不是明

account/login/?ReturnUrl=%2Faccount%2Femail-

在的收藏家似乎普遍很快買入收藏品，又很快在較短的時

智的投資策略，收藏領域尤為如此。過快購買並售賣很可 能會是一次令人失望、代價高昂的經歷。

點 擊 以 下 網 址 免 費 訂 閱。https://www.ngccoin.com/

settings%2F

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WOPA+ The leading stamp new issue internet platform, is expanding its offer in the coin market.

WOPA+ aims to continue steadily expanding and

improving its offer, providing the best available service in terms of quality, reliability, value and friendliness to its customers and to be a fair and trustworthy business partner.

Good news for coin collectors around the world: WOPA+, www.wopa-plus.com, the innovative and successful Internet platform that currently allows thousands of stamp collectors in more than 100 countries to buy new issues from dozens of major postal administrations around the world on one site at face value, is rapidly expanding into the coin new issue market.

This means that coin collectors anywhere in the world are now able to buy new coin issues directly from their respective issuing authorities at the official issue price, without any mark up from intermediaries, thus making substantial savings.

On WOPA+ coin collectors can buy coin new issues from all participating countries in one single purchase, with one payment, in the currency of their choice.

Moreover WOPA+ offers a loyalty program that allows its customers to collect points that can be redeemed for valuable prizes.

Currently WOPA+ offers the possibility of ordering coins from 8 issuing authorities and expects to substantially increase this number in the course of 2018.

Glendon Martinez, managing director of WOPA+, declared: “ At WOPA+ we are committed to offer all coin collectors the most convenient and effective way to purchase coin new issues from reputable issuing authorities around the world. At the same time we are offering all major Mints and Central Banks the possibility to reach our ever growing collector database with an efficient and tested Internet site, which has recently been completely revamped and is continuously improved. We are devoting all our energy and resources to reach more and more collectors anywhere in the world.

We are convinced that putting in direct contact issuing authorities and coin collectors is benefitting everyone. E-commerce is one of the greatest business success story of the 21st century and we are proud to participate in it in thanks to cooperation with our collector subscribers and issuing authorities worldwide”.

WOPA+ was founded in 2011 and has expanded its offer consistently for the last seven years. It now has more than 50’000 products on his site and 30’000 email subscribers. More recently, in October 2017, WOPA reinvented itself with a completely revamped new website, with more products and new features to make the shopping experience even better.

152

www.wopa-plus.com

WOPA+

領先集郵線上平臺 錢幣業務推出 新舉措

WOPA+ 旨在持續擴增業務， 為顧客提供最優質的服務，最公正的價格。 我們期待成為顧客值得信賴的朋友， 成為可靠的商業合作夥伴。

www.wopa-plus.com

全球錢幣收藏家們請注意，好消息來襲 ：

獨具創新特色的線上平臺 WOPA+（世界線上集郵代理機構 www.wopa-

plus.com）成功再推新舉措，全球一百多個國家的集郵愛好者將由此受益， 今後更能直接從網上各主要郵政管理機構全球網點購得售價僅為郵票面值 的新品。此外，WOPA+ 近期將此舉推廣到錢幣領域。 此舉意味着僅用官方發行的售價，世界各地的錢幣收藏家以後都能直接 從當地的錢幣發行機構購買新發行的錢幣，無須額外支付任何仲介費，如 此一來可以節省一筆費用。 通過 WOPA+，錢幣收藏家可購買所有與 WOPA+ 合作的國家最新發 行的錢幣，直買直賣，一次付費，購買時還可自行選擇付款貨幣。

WOPA+ 還面向客戶推出了獎勵積分制度，客戶在消費的同時累積積分， 積分可用來換取有價值的獎品。 目前，WOPA+ 已與8個錢幣發行機構達成合作，顧客可嘗試從這8個 機構下單，2018年 WOPA+ 有望進一步增加其合作發行機構的數量。

WOPA+ 董事總經理格蘭登 · 馬蒂內（Glendon Martinez）表示： “ WOPA+ 致力於為錢幣收藏家提供最便捷有效的管道購買全世界範圍內知名錢幣發 行機構發行的新幣。與此同時，我們向所有重要的造幣廠和中央銀行提供 一個有效且經過檢測的網站，使其得以通過此網站獲取不斷更新的與收藏 家有關的資料。近期我們已對資料庫進行徹底的改造並不斷更新。我們正 竭盡努力動用我們全部的資源滿足越來越多來自世界各地收藏家的需求。 我們確信，錢幣發行機構與錢幣收藏家直接洽談能使各方受益。電子商務 是21世紀最成功的商業案例，能夠參與其中，我們深感自豪。誠摯感謝信 任我們的收藏家及與我們合作的錢幣發行機構。 ”

WOPA+ 成立於2011年，過去七年中，WOPA+ 不斷發展其業務。如今 WOPA+ 網站出售產品已超過5萬件，往來郵件用戶逾3萬人。2017年10月， WOPA+ 再次別出新意，原有網站徹底改造成全新的網站，新網站新增產 品和特色，以期為顧客帶來更好的購物體驗。

153

TOP CHINESE COINS 2nd Edition 《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第二版 Price( 售價 )：US $100 Plus Postage( 不含郵費 )

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese Coins Survey, a landmark event held in winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity.

The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins.

It will also add summaries from auction sales that list pricing, degree of rarity, pedigree and grades.

2010年6月，愛秀集團和《東亞泉志》出版了《中國

版的基礎上出版第二版。第二版于2011年6月發行，相比

近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第一版。該書對60枚中國最頂級

第一版60枚錢幣囊括金幣、銀幣和銅元，第二版專注於

的近代機製幣進行了全面、深入、係統的研究與展現。

60枚中國近代機製銀幣，定名為《中國近代機製銀幣精

其內容涵蓋高清錢幣圖像、流傳脈絡、拍賣紀錄、市場

品鑒賞•銀幣版》 (簡稱《銀幣鑒賞》)。

趨勢、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在錢幣業界引起巨大 的轟動和反響，備受讚譽，被譽為“全景式展現中國珍 稀機製幣的重要鑒賞書籍”。

由於頁面所限，第二版刊載60枚中國銀幣精品的重 要資訊，在第一版的基礎上有多方面改進和加強。《銀 幣鑒賞》在最受歡迎和好評的照片拍攝和排版下更多功

儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和

夫，並提供更多詳細、準確和豐富的近期拍賣成交價格

錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由於該書僅限量印

記錄、歷史評估、珍稀度和譜係說明。所有內容均為中

刷1000本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位資

英雙語，彩色精裝印刷。第一版中有關錢幣背景的“故

深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家建議，愛秀集團決定在第一

事閱讀”部分將以附件方式另行印刷成冊。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel:021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 ): US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的 戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡 史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm， 四色印刷，闡述了1600年至 1935年間中國流通的外國戳記 銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用 第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有 關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有 某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃 描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清 圖片。本書是1990年之後的第 一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有 史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專 著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔—中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。 印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊， 平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多 種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清 末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十 多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯 體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷 史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係 統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹 了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產 生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙 幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書 是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述 的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), edited by Wang Shihong, a famous Chinese gold and silver coins collector has been issued recently. This series of books were published by Encyclopedia of China Publishing House (ECPH), supervised by Coin Collection Committee, the branch of China Association of Collectors(CAC), and printed by Shanghai Artron Graphic Arts Company Limited. Ma Delun, former deputy governor of the People’s Bank of China, wrote the forward, and Dai Zhiqiang, the first curator of China Numismatic Museum, wrote a report for this series.

When it comes to the main purpose of this book, the chief editor Wang Shihong says, “It is hoped that this series of books can provide relevant knowledge of modern gold and silver coins in China comprehensively and systematically and carry forward the excellent culture of our motherland, so that readers can have a more particular knowledge of the history and connotations of gold and silver coins, and better appreciate their artistic value.”

He also hopes to attract more enthusiasts to participate in the investment and collection of gold and silver coins, gradually expand the size of collecting team, improve the brand effect of Chinese gold and silver coins and enhance their influence at home and abroad in order to realize a faster development of Chinese gold and silver coin industry.”

Writing this series of books, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), is a systematic project, so we set up the expert advisory committee and the editorial board. It took the Chinese professional elite team more than five years to compile these books. This series of books reveal the development of modern precious metal coins in China through the exclusive interviews with the decision-makers, designers, carvers, and coin collectors, as well as a large number of firsthand information rarely known by the people.

This series of books is an encyclopedia of modern precious metal coins in China. With unique academic perspective and simple words, this series gives a full explanation of processes of project selection, design, production and so on, and also

Contact Information (for purchasing purposes): Domestic

Shanghai Hong’an Culture Communication Co. Ltd. Pay before delivery.

Payment should be remitted to Hongkou subbranch of Shanghai branch of the Bank of Communications.

The post office remittance is also acceptable. Account Number: 310066030018170238495 Contact Person & Phone Number: Luo Fei, 17717536767

International Price: 160USD (without postage)

Contact Person: Champiom Auction Phone Number: 021-62130771 Email: championghka@gmail.com

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5)

Wang Shihong, chief editor of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China

make an intensive study of their cultural value, collectiing characteristics of precious metal coins.

As a combination of authority, historical events, groovy knowledge, artistry, technicality, and readability, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China, not only serves as references for academic researchers and financial workers, but also as a standard work showing modern precious metal coins in China from an overall perspective for collectors of gold or silver coins.

This series is 235mm X 290mm in size, octavo, with, composed of 5 volumes, containing about 2.5 million words and 2,000 pictures which are all exquisitely printed according to the original drawings. All the Chinese modern precious metal coins issued by People’s Bank of China from 1979 to 2014 are included in these books. Besides, related materials, such as the development history of modern precious metal coins in China, comparison table of classified catalog of modern precious metal coins in China, and materials about gold or silver coins, are also recorded in appendix.

In order to promote the spread and popularization of professional knowledge of gold or silver coins and to release the readers’ economic burden, the chief editor, Wang Shihong takes the compilation, publication of this series of books as a public welfare undertaking. Expenses, such as compiling and management expenses, all come from selfless devotees who are interested in Chinese gold or silver coins. Therefore, the price of these 5 books is 160 USD (without postage), containing only costs of publication, printing, and issue. At the same time, the brass commemorative medal designed by the famous designer Luo Yonghui for the issue of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China will also be issued at the price of 450RMB for each.

學術性和可讀性於一體，不僅是學術研究者和金融工作者完 整的參考資料，也是金銀幣收藏者全面瞭解中國現代貴金屬 幣全貌的權威著作。 《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》叢書的尺寸為 235mm X 290mm，8 開，全套共 5 本，約 250 萬字，累計有近兩千餘幅圖片 ( 所 有金銀紀念幣圖譜均按原大精印 )。 《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》 收錄了 1979——2014 年中國人民銀行發行的所有中國現代貴 金屬紀念幣，而且還在附錄部分刊載了“中國現代貴金屬幣 發展簡史”、中國現代貴金屬幣分類目錄對照表及金銀帀相 關資料等。

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主編王世宏先生 由中國大百科全書出版社出版，中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委 員會監製，上海雅昌藝術印刷有限公司承印，中國人民銀行 讀後感，中國著名金銀幣收藏家王世宏主編的《中國現代貴 金屬幣賞析》( 第 1—5 冊 ) 已經出版發行。

負擔，王世宏主編把該書的編寫與發行當作一項公益事業來 做，所有編寫費用、管理費用等，全部由熱心中國金銀幣事 業的無私奉獻者捐贈解決，書價只含出版、印刷、發行等費用， 全書五冊定價僅 950 元（國際售價 160 美金，不含郵費）。同時， 還發行由著名設計大師羅永輝設計的《中國現代貴金屬帀賞 析》發行紀念大銅章，每枚定價 450 元。

王世宏主編在談及組織編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主要 目的時表示：希望通過本書全面、系統地介紹中國現代金銀 幣的相關知識，弘揚祖國優秀文化，使廣大讀者能進一步瞭 解金銀幣的歷史和內涵，提高大家對其藝術價值的賞析能力， 以吸引更多的愛好者參與金銀幣的投資與收藏，逐步擴大金 銀幣的集藏隊伍，提高中國金銀幣的品牌效應和海內外影響 力，促進中國金銀幣事業的更快發展。 編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》是一項系統工程，為此，成 立了專家顧問委員會、編輯委員會，由中國專業精英團隊耗 時 5 年多時間精心編著。全書通過對決策者、設計師、雕刻師、 以及錢幣收藏家們的專訪，以大量鮮為人知的第一手資料， 揭示了中國現代貴金屬幣的發展脈絡與軌跡。 《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》以其獨特的學術視角，樸素的敘 述文字，多角度、全方位地展示了中國現代貴金屬幣的選題 立項、設計雕刻、工藝製作等過程，同時在文化價值、收藏 屬性等方面做了較為深入的探討，是中國現代貴金屬幣資訊 資料的百科大全。

國內 欲購者請與上海宏盎文化傳播有限公司聯繫，款到發貨 書款請匯交通銀行上海分行虹口支行或郵局匯付 賬號 310066030018170238495 聯絡人：駱 飛 電話：17717536767 國外

售價：160 美元（不包含郵費） 欲購者請與冠軍拍賣上海辦事處聯繫 電話：15000120957 郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

冊）發行 1—5

原副行長馬德倫作序，中國錢幣博物館首任館長戴志強撰寫

為了利於金銀帀專業知識的傳播和普及，降低廣大讀者經濟

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》 第 (

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》集權威性、史料性、知識性、藝術性、

Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province

By Xu Anmin Price ：RMB ￥298 Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province was written by prominent paper money collector Xu Anmin, and was published in December 2014 by Jiangxi People’s Press, with the support and planning of the Jiang Xi Banking Industry. The unofficial banknotes cataloged in this book were issued by local administrative agencies, banks and organizations (such as local armed forces, cooperatives) etc. The face value of these paper notes was the same as that of the national legal currency which was circulated in some defined regions. The book is illustrated with pictures of 185 of the banknotes issued in Jiangxi Province, of which 25 were issued in the Qing Dynasty, 11 by local administrative agencies, 15 by local armed forces, 19 by chambers of commerce, and 88 by money houses and business houses. In addition, there are 21 local gold dollar coupons, 4 silver coupons, and 2 special money.

Additionally, there are about 30 printing blocks and anticounterfeiting seals. The 200 physical coupons are from the author’s collection. This is the first time these precious coupons, some of which are unique, have been published.

comments were mainly on the collectors’ errors, value,

The book is divided into the following sections:

star-rating, collection methods, current existing condition and personal target.The postscript presents author ’s 20

the foreword, brief introduction, catalog, comments,

years collecting experience, his star-rating and calculating

references and postscript.The guide defines the scope

method, which will help collectors.The references include

and the time of the research and collecting and the

the relative historical resources, monographs and research

definition of unofficial banknotes. This is the first time

articles from modern times.In additional, the author

these banknotes have been categorized according to their

verified the authenticity of physical bonds which need to

different features. A brief introduction was also given

be proved. He also wrote another two articles about the paper money: “The Research of Banknotes Issued by Wu

to each chapter of the book.The General Introduction includes features, the development of unofficial banknotes, the rise of collecting these notes and the research achievements for unofficial banknotes. The pictures of the banknotes, local gold coupons ( 金圆券 ), local silver coupons ( 银 圆 券 ), special money, printing blocks and anti-counterfeiting seals are illustrated in the book. The book comprehensively describes each physical coupon of the banknotes. Many ancient stories were discovered such as the words of celebrities, family rules, poetry and prose from the script and pattern of the banknotes.The

Zheng-Yuan Private Bank of JianYi (Feng Cheng City) ”, and “Remark on 1896 Banknotes Issued by Kiangsi Official Silver Bank Again ”. This book is 281 pages long and has more than 300 colorful pictures of the banknotes.

It is printed in A4 size on colorful bronze paper with a fine binding. It is a professional book for collecting and researching the unofficial banknotes issued in Jiangxi. It is sold by Xinhua Book Stores all over the country at a price of 298 yuan.

《江西民間鈔票》 作者：徐安民 售價：RMB ￥298

在江西省銀行業的精心策劃和組織下，由國內著名

特點、發展階段、民間鈔票收藏的興起及研究成果；圖

纸币收藏家徐安民先生撰寫的《江西民間鈔票》2014

錄，囊括清代錢莊鈔票、行政機構鈔票、地方武裝鈔票、

年 12 月由江西人民出版社出版發行。該書收集的實物

商會鈔票、錢莊商號鈔票、地方金圓券、地方銀元券、

函括清代至民國時期江西省境內地方行政機構、團體組

特殊幣、鈔版及印章等實物。本章節還對各不同時期民

織及各錢莊商號等發行的紙幣。主要包括錢莊、地方基

間鈔票進行了扼要綜述，對收錄的每張實物券進行了專

層行政機構、地方武裝組織、合作社、商會、商號及其

業點評，并根據鈔票上的各類文字圖案挖掘出大量中國

他機構組織發行的紙幣，且在一定社會區域與國家法定

古代名人格言、家訓及詩賦等歷史典故；收藏感悟，梳

貨幣等值流通的鈔票。全書共收集到江西民間鈔票圖片

理了民間鈔票收藏者的誤區、民間鈔票的收藏價值、星

185 張，其中清代鈔票 25 張，基層行政機構鈔票 11 張，

級評定、收藏模式與現狀及個人定位。收藏感悟係作者

地方武裝鈔票 15 張，商會鈔票 19 張，錢莊商號鈔票

20 多年收藏實踐經驗的親身感悟和思想提煉，并創造

88 張，地方金圓券 21 張，地方銀元券 4 張，特殊幣 2 枚。

性的提出了“星級別評定”的方法和計算方式，對收藏

另有，鈔版及防偽印章 30 余件。書中所錄選的 200 多

愛好者有着極大的啟發和幫助；參考文獻，主要收錄近

件實物券，均來自作者 20 多年的私人收藏品。在這些

代江西民間鈔票相關的史料、專著以及研究文章等。此

紙幣實物券中絕大多數為首次披露，極其珍貴，有些實

外，作者對收藏圈里頗有爭議和影響的實物券進行詳細

物券屬孤品或僅見品。

考證，并專門撰寫《劍邑吳正元錢號票考略》和《光緒 丙申年“江西官銀號”銀錢票再議》等文章，提出作者

全書主要由凡例、概述、圖錄、收藏感悟、參考文

觀點，供讀者參閱。該書圖文并茂，大 16 開本，全彩

獻及後記等構成。凡例，確定了本書收集和研究的範圍

銅牌紙印刷，精裝幀，281 頁，300 多幅實物原大彩圖，

及上下年限，完整地闡述了民間鈔票的科學定義，首次

是一本集史料性、實物性、知識性、專業性為一體的近

按照民間鈔票的不同性質進行分門歸類，并對各章節進

代江西民間鈔票收藏與研究的工具書。該書由全國新華

行了簡要介紹和說明；概述，包括江西民間鈔票的主要

書店經銷，定價 298 元。

PRESS RELEASE:

Artist Yu Min Was Given the Lifetime Achievement Award

by Krause Publication Coin of the Year Award Committee

Editor of World Coin News David C. Harper (L.) and Chinese Embassy Culture Department Secretary Dr. Li Gang

Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd senior designer Yu Min is watching CCTV News live

A Lifetime Achievement Award in Coin Design was given to Yu Min of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Feb. 4 at the Coin of the Year Award ceremony at the World Money Fair in Berlin, Germany.

He began designing and engraving coins in 1980 and participated in the entire development process of gold and silver Pandas as a designer and engraver since the frst gold panda coin was issued in 1982.

The trophy was accepted by Dr. Li Gang, Secretary of the Culture Department of Embassy of People’s Republic of China to the Federal Republic of Germany.

His 1983 silver Panda won the Best Silver Coin award in the 1985 Coin of the Year competition. He has designed and engraved over 200 Modern Chinese coins including over 40 commemorative Panda coins, including the 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 gold and silver commemorative Panda coins, over the years. Mr Yu Min may hold the world record for the number of coins designed/engraved by a artist for a modern mint.

Yu Min is the first Asian Designer to win the award , the previous three edition of the award went to Herbert Wahner of Austria, Maria Carmela Colaneri of Italy, and Heinz Hoyer and Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer of Germany.

Giving the award was David C. Harper, editor of World Coin News, founding sponsor of the award. The award is also sponsored by the World Money Fair.

The publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Michael Chou, introduced Dr. Li. His publication is the third sponsor of the Coin of the Year Awards and it prepared a biography of Yu Min. Yu Min graduated from Shanghai Arts and Crafts School inAugust 1980 and entered the Shanghai Mint (now known as the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd) to design and to engrave coins in the design and pattern shop at the same year.

From February to June 1996 he went to Russia and studied in the Sculpture Department of Repin Academy of Fine Arts. He was enrolled as a member of the China Sculpture Institute in July 2004.

The 2009 Panda coin designed by Yu Min was named the Best Commemorative Coin by a German magazine.

Among commemorative coins, he designed and engraved the portrait of Chairman Mao on the circulating coin to Mark the 100th birthday of Mao Tse-tung. It was very diffcult to engrave a raised image of the chairman to be struck on a very hard nickelclad steel coin. Yu Min accomplished this after repeated trials.

In the selection process of the 2008 Beijing Olympic coins, Yu Min’s design was one of the finalists and his four joint engraving designs (the fencing, pentathlon, archery and soccer coins) were adopted by the head offce of Bank of China.

AUCOFFRE.COM was founded in 2009 by its French CEO and founder, Jean-François FAURE. AuCoffre.com ​is an online platform for private investors worldwide to buy and sell vault stored gold and silver coins. The Company has some 20,000 customers, 4 tons of vaulted gold, 11 tons of vaulted silver, 25 employees​ ​and​ ​a​ ​turnover​ ​of​ ​35​ ​millions​ ​euros​ ​worth​ ​in​ ​2015.

At the end of 2011, AuCoffre.com decided to strike its own coin, one oz fine gold Vera Valor (with a title of 999.9%°). It has been the gold coin the most sold in France, Belgium and Switzerland in 2012. More than 35,000 Vera​ ​Valor​ ​coins​ ​have​ ​been​ ​sold​ ​since​ ​it​ ​was​ ​launched.

Since then, AuCoffre.com decided to diversify its production and started to strike various editions of Vera coins (1/10 oz gold Vera Max Collector, 1 oz Vera Silver and so on …). More than 400,000 Vera Coins have been struck since its initial creation, which makes VeraValor.com the first private Mint in France.

In 2015, AuCoffre.com decided to strike a Map Coin Collection promoting small territories. The Company started to strike the first legal tender Vera Silver one ounce Zanzibar with a facial value of 1000 shillings of Tanzania (50,000 coins). These coins were sold quite quickly and the customers were even asking for further editions. Gibraltar is the second territory to be represented : 50,000 one oz Vera Silver and 5,000 one oz Vera Valor will be struck​ ​with​ ​legal​ ​tenders.

In 2013, AuCoffre.com launched the VeraCash, the first and unique debit card that is backed by physical gold, the Vera Valor - unlike other debit cards that are backed by cryptocurrencies or dematerialised currencies. For the VeraCash, it is the physical gold that will determine the exact amount spent based on the gold price. Through the VeraCash card and the mobile application, it is also possible to send VeraCash units to another user as a means of payment : a VeraCash unit equals​ ​one​ ​unit​ ​of​ ​the​ ​national​ ​currency.

VeraValor.com and VeraCash.com wish to put forward the true values of physical gold​ ​and​ ​silver​ ​whether​ ​in​ ​physical​ ​coins​ ​or​ ​as​ ​a​ ​means​ ​of​ p ​ ayment.

Mish International Monetary Inc. Mish國際錢幣公司 Specialists in 專營 Pandas since 1982 1982年起發行的熊貓幣 China Modern since 1979 1979年起發行的中國現代金銀幣 World Coins since 1964 1964年起專營世界錢幣

Looking To Buy?想買？ Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979. 自1979年中國現代金銀幣首次進入國際市場后，Mish 國際的員工及其藏家客戶積累了豐富的庫存和專 業的錢幣知識。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution. 想買中國幣？我們或許恰好有；也許多年前我們賣過，現在或許還能從原始買家手中買回來。

Looking To Sell?想賣？ In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息萬變的市場環境，Mish 國際仍是助您銷售錢幣的最佳選擇。雄厚的資金實力，專業的錢幣知識， 出色的協調能力，我們同時收購單枚幣和大型收藏，價格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始於1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 攜手今日 共贏明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish國際錢幣公司 1154 University Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 美國加州門羅帕克大學路1154號，郵編94025 Phone(電話):(650) 324-9110 Email(電郵):robert@mishinternational.com

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East Asia Journal 1984 Issue 《東亞通寶》第 1 期 1984 年發行

First Issue of JEAN digital edition January 2016 Issue 《東亞泉志》電子雜誌第 1 期 2016 年 1 月發行

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會費 新會員需交付：入會費 MOP500.00 New membership fee: MOP 500.00

本會宗旨：團結錢幣愛好者，推動錢幣之收藏及研究 介紹人 Referee：（需我會兩位成員推薦 two members of the Society） 會員姓名編號 Member No： 會員姓名編號 Member No： 此欄由澳門錢幣學會填寫 (Filled by the Society only)： 新會員入會日期： 新會員編號： 1）新會員需認同本會宗旨。 New members should comply with the Society regulations.

2）入會申請人需填妥本申請表、交 1 張相片及繳納相關入會費用。 Please attach one photo and pay the membership fee.

Add: AV. DR. RODRIGO RODRIGUES. 600E-P105 FIRST INTERNATIONAL COM. CENTER, MACAU Tel: (853)2833 4556 Fax: (853)2830 4772 Email: dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

地址：澳門羅理基博士大馬路 600E-1 樓 P105 室 電話：(853)2833 4556 傳真：(853)2830 4772 Email：dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

余敏榮獲克勞斯出版社世界硬幣大獎評委會頒發的 終身成就獎

《世界錢幣新聞》主編 David C. Harper（左）和中國駐德國大使館文化部秘書李剛

上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏在觀看 CCTV 新聞頻道

本屆世界硬幣大獎頒獎典禮於2月4日在德國柏林的世界錢幣展

1996年2月至6月期間，赴 俄羅斯列賓美 術學院雕塑系進修。

上舉行。本屆的世界硬幣大獎錢幣設計終身成就獎的獲得者是

1993年獲工藝美術師任職資格，並被聘為工藝美術師。2004

上海造幣有限公司的設計雕刻師——余敏。

年7月，被中國雕塑學會吸收為會員。

中華人民共和國駐德意志聯邦共和國大使館文化部秘書——李

余敏從1980年從事錢幣設計雕刻至今已30年，從1993年聘為

剛代表獲獎者領獎並發表獲獎感言。

工藝美術師至今也已23年。從1982年發行第一枚熊貓金幣起， 至今已有近三十年歷史。余敏作為設計雕刻人員參與並見證了

余敏是首位獲得這項大獎的亞洲錢幣設計師，前三屆終身成

熊貓金銀幣發展的整個過程。

就 獎 的 獲 得 者 分 別 是 ：奧 地 利 的 赫 爾 伯 特 •韋 納、 義 大 利 的 瑪 利 亞•卡 梅 拉•柯 蘭 納 瑞以 及德 國 的 Heinz Hoyer 和

由余敏設計雕刻的1983版熊貓銀幣獲得了1985年世界硬幣大

Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer 夫婦二人。

獎最佳銀幣獎，這些年，余敏一共設計和雕刻了40多枚紀念熊 貓， 包 括2005、2006、2008、2009、2010、2012和2013

獎項由《世界硬幣新聞》主編及世界硬幣大獎的發起人之一的

熊貓金銀幣。余敏為現代造幣廠設計和雕刻的錢幣數量之多，

大衛•C• 哈珀負責頒發，而世界錢幣展也是本屆獎項的贊助商

很可能在當今世界範圍內也無出其右。

之一。 他所設計的2009版熊貓幣被德國錢幣雜誌評為最佳紀念幣。 《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可先生為李博士做了一下介紹。周先生 的《東亞泉志》不僅贊助本次的世界硬幣大獎，同時也準備了一

紀念幣方面，余敏設計並雕刻了毛澤東誕辰100周年流通紀念

篇余敏的生平簡介。

幣中的毛澤東頭像一面。在非常堅硬的鎳包鋼產品上製作浮雕 是一個近乎苛刻的任務，經過多次實驗之後，余敏最終圓滿完

余敏1980年8月畢業於上海工藝美術學校（中專）。同年進上海

成任務。

造幣廠（上海造幣有限公司前身）設計製模車間從事錢幣設計雕 刻工作。

在2008北京奧運幣的競標中，余敏的設計成為了入圍了最終的 決賽圈。余敏與他人合作的設計（擊劍、五項全能、射箭、足球） 也在競標被中國銀行選中。

由余敏負責設計、上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心形紀念熊貓 母親節特別收藏加厚版紀念熊貓（50g），鑄造量 300 枚

50 克的峨眉山面有金頂 佛光

30 克

30 克的峨眉山面沒有金 頂佛光

50 克

余敏此次設計的母親節紀念熊貓是上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心

熊貓，附帶原包裝盒及證書，每人限購一枚。購買事宜請聯繫

形紀念熊貓。其中銀質熊貓共生產1000枚，品質為30克 ；金質

冠軍公司美國經銷商 Jerica，電話 ：941 952 0100 ；郵箱 ：

熊貓為100枚，重8克，另外還有特別收藏版50加厚克銀質熊貓，

jericainternational@gmail.com。

鑄造量為300枚，每枚熊貓上均打有編號。正面圖案為母親節 康乃馨、熊貓母親和倆個熊貓寶寶 ；背面圖案為熊貓故鄉——

地 址 ：佛 羅 里 達 薩 拉 索 塔34236，1650大 道，Estate Coin

四川峨嵋山金頂及佛光。峨眉山是中國四大佛教聖山之一。

and Jewelry Galleria 公司。

每枚母親節熊貓均有單獨編號，並附有上海造幣有限公司特製

此前由冠軍公司出品、上海造幣有限公司工藝美術師余敏設計

包裝盒。紀念熊貓由冠軍拍賣出品，上海造幣廠資深工藝美

的展會熊貓曾在2014年6月的澳門錢幣學會年展、2016年7月

術師余敏負責設計，並由上海造幣有限公司負責生產。有意購

的柏林世界錢幣展以及2016年美國錢幣協會展覽上取得過巨大

買者可以499美元的價格購得這種母親節特別收藏加厚版紀念

的成功。

2016年澳門錢幣學會國際年展紀念熊貓

2016年美國錢幣協會安娜海年會紀念熊貓

2017年柏林世界錢幣展覽會三色銅紀念熊貓

2017年柏林世界錢幣展覽會三色銅紀念熊貓

AUCOFFRE.COM 成立於 2009 年，其創始人兼法國總裁是讓·弗朗索瓦·福爾。 AUCOFFRE.COM 是一家為全球私人投資者提供庫存金銀幣交易的網上平臺。 公司大約有 2 萬名顧客，4 噸黃金庫存，11 噸白銀庫存，25 名員工。2015 年 成交額達到 3500 萬歐元。 2011 年底，AUCOFFRE.COM 決定自鑄錢幣——1 盎司純金金幣 Vera Valor（意為“真實的價值”， 含金量為 999.9%°）。2012 年，在法國、比利時 和瑞士，Vera Valor 已成為銷量最大的金幣。該金 幣自發行起，銷量已超過 35,000 枚。 此後，AUCOFFRE.COM 決定使產品多樣化，開始鑄造各種版別的 Vera 錢 幣——1/10 盎司 Vera Max 金質收藏幣、1 盎司 Vera 銀幣等。Vera 錢幣自誕 生以來，鑄造量已超過 400,000 枚，VeraValor.com 因此成為法國的第一私營造幣廠。 2015 年，AUCOFFRE.COM 決定打造一個宣傳小塊領土的地圖幣收藏集， 開始鑄造第一種法定貨幣——桑吉巴 1 盎司 Vera 銀幣，面值為 1000 坦尚 尼亞先令，鑄造量為 50,000 枚。這些 Vera 銀幣很快被搶購一空，很多顧 客甚至還想購買這種幣的更多版別。具有代表性的第二塊領土是直布羅陀， 也將鑄造此種法定貨幣—— 50,000 枚 1 盎司 Vera 銀幣和 5,000 枚 1 盎司 Vera Valor 金幣。 2013 年，AUCOFFRE.COM 發 行 了 VeraCash 金 卡——唯一也是首個消費實物黃金 Vera Valor 的借 記卡。和其他的借記卡不同，其他的借記卡消費的 是加密數位貨幣或虛擬貨幣。對於 VeraCash 金卡來 說，按照黃金價格，用實物黃金來確定用戶所花費 的確切金額。通過 VeraCash 金卡和移動應用，將 VeraCash 的金額發給另一用戶，也能成為一種支付 方式。一個單位的 VeraCash 錢幣等於一個單位的該 國貨幣。 不論是作為實物錢幣，還是一種支付方式，VeraValor.com 和 VeraCash.com 都希望體現實物黃金和白 銀的真實價值。

《东亚泉志》电子杂志 《东亚泉志》为冠军拍卖公司总裁周迈可和著名钱币学专家史博禄于1994年创办， 是一本学术性钱币研究专业杂志。旨在让广大钱币收藏家、研究学者更深入地了解钱 币知识，让世界各地的读者更好地了解中国深厚的钱币文化。 杂志高级编辑史博禄1951年生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯市，为密苏里大学历史系学 士，哈佛大学中国研究专业硕士。1974-1977年在克劳斯出版社任《世界钱币新闻》 助理编辑，参与《世界硬币标准目录》与《世界纸钞标准目录》编辑工作。史博禄拥 有30多年的收藏和研究中国钱币的丰富经验。他在《东亚泉志》上发表的研究文献极 大地丰富了中国钱币的知识内涵。 《东亚泉志》于1994年7月份问世，在20多个国家发行，广受欢迎，长期占据许多重 要图书馆书架的显著位置，包括美国国家博物馆史密森尼学会、大英博物馆、哈佛燕 京图书馆、哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、哥伦比亚大学、斯坦福大学、康奈尔大学和美国钱 币学会、美国钱币协会。杂志刊发过不少有重要学术价值的文章，如詹姆斯•史威尼 写的《1900年京局银元》、史博禄写的《徐世昌刻字纪念章》和《民国二十五年和 民国二十六年之中国银元故事》、汤姆•基纳写的《1897年浙江三分六厘样币和1899 年安徽三分六厘流通币的关系》以及曾泽禄写的《台湾老公银伪品》等。 2015年5月，周迈可决定于2016年1月复刊《东亚泉志》为电子季刊，中英双语。内 容以披露最新钱币收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事迹为主。主要栏目有学术研 究、人物专访、鉴赏争鸣、拍卖回顾、重要信息等。聘请著名钱币研究学者袁水清担 任中文主编。袁水清，1948年生，大学金融专科毕业，从事银行工作30多年。中国 钱币学会会员，陕西省钱币学会常务理事，西安市收藏协会常务副会长。同时聘请国 内外知名的钱币学者、收藏家及专业人士加入，如美国华人钱币学者曾泽禄、美国纸 钞专家弗雷德·施万、美国东南亚钱币专家霍华德·丹尼尔、德国中国现代币研究学者 塞巴斯蒂安·威斯霍夫斯基、香港中国现代金银币研究学者陈景林、台湾钱币学者周 建福、《戳记币简史》作者台湾东吴大学加拿大籍高林教授等。 从2017年起，《东亚泉志》加盟由克劳斯在德国柏林世界钱币展览会期间举办的 “世界硬币大奖”颁奖活动。

《东亚泉志》2017年免费订阅，如果需要，请把您的邮箱发到 jeanzg@163.com！ 《东亚泉志》第一期在线阅读：issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean

The Journal of East Asian Numismatics Bilingual (English-Chinese) Digital Quarterly In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded

by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history.

Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 19741977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins.

The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-chang Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars” by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》在線閱讀

1st Issue 2nd Issue 3rd Issue 4th Issue 5th Issue 6th Issue 7th Issue 8th Issue 9th Issue 10th Issue 11th Issue 12th Issue

between 1897 Chekiang 5 Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei 5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng.

In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chinese chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin BowkerNumismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Chelu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote societ y editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quar terly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 5,000, including over 2,000 in Greater China region.

Starting in 2017, Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in Berlin with World Money Fair.

You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2019 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg@163.com.

http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_second_issue_of_jean http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_third_issue_of_jean http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fourth_issue_of_jean http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fifth_issue_of_jean http://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_sixth_issue_of_jean https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_seventh_issue_of_jean https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eighth_issue_of_jean https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_ninth_issue_of_jean https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_tenth_issue_of_jean https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eleventh_issue_of_jean https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twelfth_issue_of_jean

2019-2020 JEAN Advertising Rate 2019-2020 Issue Issue Date

Ad Required

Full Page/Issue

Full Page 4 Issues

1/2 Page/Issue

1/2 Page 4 Issues

Issue 14

04/30

04/01

US $500 (¥ 3,500)

US $1,600 (¥ 11,000)

US $300 (¥ 2,000)

US $1,000 (¥ 6,500)

Issue 15

07/31

07/01

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Issue 16

10/30

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Issue 17

01/31

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* PX: 300 Contact JEAN Shanghai Office Tel: 021-62130771 Email: jeanzg@163.com Add: Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd.

* full page (A4): 210×297mm * 1/2 page: 210×148mm

東亞泉志 電子季刊 · 中英双语

讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地了解錢幣知識，讓世界各地

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定于2016年1月復刊《東亞泉誌》，聘請 著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948年生，大 學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作30多年。中國錢幣學會會員，澳門

的讀者更好地了解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

錢幣學會學術顧問，陝西省錢幣學會第六屆常務理事，西安市收藏

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951年生於美國密蘇里州聖路易斯市，

錢幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯， 《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史 博祿先生于1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在

為密蘇里大學歷史係學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。19741977年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界 硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987年 全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國 研究課程。1991-1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998年任《東 亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的 豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國 錢幣的知識內涵。

協會常務副會長。退休后，歷任《收藏》《古泉園地》《西部金融 • 傾力于中國貨幣史和錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章 ；

2012年，出版了匯集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨製《中國貨幣史之最》。 同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍 华德 • 富兰克林 • 包克——錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、 《戳記幣简史》作者高林先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、 國際紙鈔收藏協會前任總編輯 Steve Feller、香港中国现代金银 币资深研究学者陳景林先生、台灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國 東南亞錢幣專家亞當 • 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網总裁郭嘉華先生

《東亞泉志》于1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。雜 誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行， 廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國 家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、

等。 復刊后的《東亞泉誌》為電子季刊，中英双语。內容以披露最新錢 幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事跡為主。主要欄目有學術 研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。

耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學 會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如詹

從2017年起， 《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽

姆斯 • 史威尼寫的《1900年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌刻字

會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

紀念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、湯姆 • 基納寫的《1897年浙江三分六釐樣幣和1899年安徽三分六釐流通 幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《台灣老公銀偽品》等。

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》在線閱讀

第1期 第2期 第3期 第4期 第5期 第6期 第7期 第8期 第9期 第 10 期 第 11 期 第 12 期

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2019-2020 年《東亞泉志》的廣告現在接受預定！ 2019-2020 年

發行時間

廣告截止時間

1頁1期

第 14 期

4 月 30 日

4 月1日

US $500 (¥ 3,500) US $1,600 (¥ 11,000) US $300 (¥ 2,000)

US $1,000 (¥ 6,500)

第 15 期

7 月 31 日

7月1日

US $500 (¥ 3,500) US $1,600 (¥ 11,000) US $300 (¥ 2,000)

US $1,000 (¥ 6,500)

第 16 期

10 月 30 日

10 月 1 日

US $500 (¥ 3,500) US $1,600 (¥ 11,000) US $300 (¥ 2,000)

US $1,000 (¥ 6,500)

第 17 期

1 月 31 日

1月1日

US $500 (¥ 3,500) US $1,600 (¥ 11,000) US $300 (¥ 2,000)

US $1,000 (¥ 6,500)

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1頁 4 期

* 分辨率 ：300

1/2 頁 1 期

* 1页 (A4) ：210×297mm

1/2 頁 4 期

* 1/2页 ：210×148mm

2 0 17

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P 10-20

The Winners in Each of 10 Categories of 2019 Coin of the Year 2019 年世界硬幣大獎賽十項單項獎獲獎幣公佈