The Eighteenth Issue of JEAN

東亞泉志

No. 18

2020. 04 / Issue 36

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

古巴

Cuba Macau

Arms Plaza, Cuba 古巴兵器廣場

Slave ships 奴隸船隻

澳 門

A 1997 issued medal confirmed the arrival of Chinese to Havana 古巴 1997 年發行的紀念華工抵達哈瓦那 150 周年紀念章

『本期專題 | FEATURES 』 澳門文件

Macau Document

川陝蘇區仿造的民國陝西二分銅幣賞析

Appreciation and Analysis of Shaanxi 2 Cents Copper Coins Counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces During the Republican Period

我心目中的錢幣學家杜維善 Numismatist Du Weishan In My Mind

JEAN

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學 專家史博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專

《東亞泉志》

業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢 幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

2020 免費訂閱

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了

18期。2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東

中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

No. 18

亞泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成 功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、 人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

2020. 04 / Issue 36

东亚泉 志 東亞泉志 No. 14 2019. 04 / Issue 32

THE ASIAN JOURNA NUMISMATICS L OF EAST ASIAN THE JOURNAL OF EAST 中英雙語 - 電子季刊

25

th 中英双语 - 电子季 刊

Bilingual (Engl

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

周年 ish -JEAN Chine 1994-2019 se) Digital Quart

No. 15

2019. 07 / Issue

25 th

周年

erly

JEAN 1994-2019

珍妮特号 航线图

Map of the USS

33

NUMISMATICS

Jeannet te Sailing

Route

北

新西伯利亚

群岛

冰

洋

沉没

Emperor Wu of Han

漢武帝時期鑄造

东西伯利亚

海

丽

南

河

罗

俄

白 令 海 峡

斯 白

令

美

国

阿拉斯加

加

海

拿 大

阿拉斯加湾

Dragon 『白金三品』龍幣

“ 中國最早發行的銀幣” Bai Jin San Pin - Dragon Pattern Cake Coin, 查尔斯 · 唐先珍妮特 号美国国会奖章Cake Coin. and Turtle-shaped Cake Horse PatternThe USSCoin Jeannette Charles Tong Sing Coin.

Silver Earliest Congressional China’sUS Medal

『本期专题 |

起点

美 国

旧金山

珍妮特号

USS Jeannett

e

FEATUR ES 』

| FEATURES 』 『本期專題 西汉海昏侯刘 贺墓出土的各

类钱币 Ingots and Coins Unearthed from Dynasty Marq the Tomb of the uis Haihun Liu “白金三品”銘文辨識與解讀 Western Han He of Inscriptions on Bai Jin San Pin Recognition and Interpretation 珍妮特

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 25TH ANNIVER SARY SHOW PANDA

号极地 远征记 ——华人唐先 荣获美国国会 Charl 奖章 年發行 ) 、1983 (1982 es Tong 第 24 屆首爾奧運會韓國申奧成功紀念幣 Sing and

the Arctic Exped (1982, ition1983) The 24th Olympic Games “Olympic Bid” Commemorative Coins of the USS Jeann ette

袁世凯像共和 纪念十文铜元 The Yuan Shih 《戳記幣簡史》第二章——淺談戳記的種類 Kai

Portrait 10 Cash Coins Chopmarked Coins - History Chapter 2 - Types of Chopmarks

《东亚泉 志》

25 周年纪念 章

往期電子雜誌 往期电子杂志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Welcome to contribute articles. 歡迎投稿 !

Chinese / 中文 / jeanzg@163.com English / 英文 / championghka@gmail.com

Advisor

Chinese Editor

Che-lu Tseng

Yuan Shuiqing

顧問

中文主編

曾澤祿

袁水清

Hans-Henning Goehrum 漢斯 · 亨寧 · 格魯姆 Technical Advisor

Ma rket i ng Adv isor

US Correspondent

European Correspondent

Gu Jun

Mark Sutton

J. Matthew Brotherton

Oliver Strahl

技術顧問

顧軍

市場顧問

馬克·修頓

美國通訊員

馬修 · 布拉澤頓

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Michael H. Chou

Esther Zhao

Senior Editor

Design Director

出版人、總編輯

趙婷婷

高級編輯

史博祿

奧利弗·斯特拉爾

廣告與發行經理

周邁可

Bruce W. Smith

歐洲通訊員

美術設計

Steve Feller

史蒂夫·費勒

Tan Wanmei 譚婉梅

「 中英雙語 · 電子季刊 | Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly」

臺北公司 Taipei Office

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（

FOREWORD

Our senior editor and close friend Bruce Smith has returned home after a long process, and we hope to see Bruce’s interesting news reports and articles again in the future journal, welcome back Bruce!

The recent outbreak of covid 19 has cause extremely difficult conditions throughout the world, with many countries closing its borders and shut down conditions.

Many coin show were cancelled like the March Baltimore, April Central States, May Tokyo International, and June Paper Fair Show. We hope everyone stay safe and we will be able see everyone again when conditions improve.

For this issue 18th, we have the third article from my dear friends William ho and Chinan ho, the Macau document. This article use the original document to trace the journey of Chinese laborer to Cuba, it was not until the trip of viceroy Li hung Chang in 1897, that this extremely unfair treatment of Chinese laborers was resolved.

Our Chinese editor mr yuan submits an article about the famous Chinese numismatist Du Wei Shen, who passed away this March. Former china numismatic

museum curator Mr Dai zhi qiang also writes about Mr Du Wei Shen. Our shanghai editor Zhou Bian submits an interesting article on coins of the floral festival.

Our German correspondence Oliver Strahl produced a report about the 2020 World Money Fair Berlin. Mr Wu Tao of Shaanxi submits a interesting article on Shaanxi 2 cents, and Mr Jiang Ming submits an article about Mexican 8 reals coins. Our friends Mr Ge Zukang and Mr Zhang Jun both submits article in the area of Chinese modern numismatics, 1988 Platinum 1 oz Panda coin and large size irregular brass medal. From the US, Mr Jeff Garrett’s article on long term prospects of collecting and Jay Turner’s article on Japanese dating system, are both very interesting.

Mr Jan Oav Aameld submits an interesting article about this invasion notes. Mr Bruno Collins reports on a Asian coins at French City museum. Mr Oley Kawani does excellent research on an extremely rare and important Japanese banknote.

Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS

FEATURES

56 74 85

Chinan Fan / Wei-Yu Ho〔USA〕

Macau Document

Appreciation and Analysis of Shaanxi 2 Cents Copper Coins Counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces During the Republican Period Numismatist Du Weishan In My Mind

Wu Tao〔Shaan Xi〕

Yuan Shuiqing〔XI'an〕

Book Reviews

08 09

The First Work to Uncover the Secret of Coins Minted by Secret Anti-Qing Societies at the End of the Qing Dynasty: Review on the Study on Coins Minted Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

by Secret Anti-Qing Societies at the end of the Qing Dynasty

Numismatics Newsletter

World-Class Collection Banknotes Available Online Smithsonian National Museum of history

20

Josiah K. Lilly Jr.josiah K. Lilly Jr. “Room of Gold”

22

Really Big Money

24 32 34 36

49th World Money Fair Berlin 2020 Impressions

44 48 52

Dragon Boat [Duan Wu] Festival and Related Chinese Numismatic Charms

Smithsonian National Museum of history

Think Long Term In Memorial of Du Weishan

Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕 Jeff Garrett〔USA〕

Dai Zhiqiang〔Beijing〕

A Study on the Hidden Marks on the Mexican 8 Reales [Eagle Dollar] Minted from 1848 to 1849 Jin Ming〔Anhui〕

Casilear Printing Specimen of 1-Yen National Bank Note A French City’s Asian Coin Collection

Newly-Discovered 1988 China Panda 1oz Platinum Sample The Attribution of Sino-Kharosthi Coins My View on Taiwan Coins

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Oley Kawani〔Japan〕

Bruno Collin〔France〕

Ge Zukang〔Hangzhou〕 Zhou Ti〔Urumqi〕

Chou Chienfu〔Taibei〕

Minting and Appreciation of the First Large Irregular Brass Medal Zhang Jun〔Shanghai〕 in Modern China Invasion Notes The Japanese Dating Systems for Coinage

Jan Olav Aamlid〔Thailand〕 Jay Turner〔USA〕

COLUMN

93 99 107 111 115 125

Smithsonian National Museum of history

DEPARTMENTS

14

An Essential Book for Professional and Amateur Collectors of Coins and Medals Made from Hand-Engraved Dies—Review of Inheritance: The Hand Engraving of Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Coin and Medal Dies

前言 yan

（

qian

許久不見的高級編輯、我們的好友史博祿先生身體經過

博物館前館長戴志強先生和我們的中文主編袁水清先生

表示熱烈的歡迎！希望在之後推出的雜誌上，能再次看到

花錢的有趣文章。我們的德國通訊員奧利弗 · 斯特拉爾則

了長時間的恢復，已經回到了家中。我們對其回歸編輯部 史博祿先生撰寫的有趣報道和精彩文章。

年末歲初爆發的新型冠狀病毒肺炎近期大範圍蔓延，全

球蔓延，多國關閉邊境。由於疫情嚴峻，錢幣交流和展 會也隨之停止，原定今年三月舉辦的巴爾的摩春季錢幣博

覽會、四月的中央邦錢幣學會年會、五月的東京國際錢幣 展覽會、六月的馬斯特裏赫特紙幣交易會等錢幣展會也均

均為之撰文以示紀念。上海的周邊先生也提交了一篇民俗 寫了一篇關於2020 年柏林世界錢幣博覽會的報告。陝西

的吳濤先生和安徽的金明先生向我們投來關於陝西二分

銅元和墨西哥8裏爾銀元的稿件，視野獨特、趣味盎然。 還有好友葛祖康先生和章軍先生所寫的中國現代錢幣的 文章，內容分別涉及1988年1盎司熊貓紀念幣鉑質樣幣和

異形大銅章。至於美國方面，傑夫 · 加勒特先生關於收藏

的長期主義和傑伊 · 特納先生關於日本硬幣紀年體系的文

被取消。我們期待世界早日戰勝災難，憧憬着在第一時間

章也都頗具可讀性，對現時錢幣收藏與瞭解一段歷史提

第18 期《東亞泉志》上，再次刊載我的好友何緯渝先生

除此之外，簡 · 奧拉維 · 艾姆利德先生所寫《二戰結束之

能與各位再次相見。

和範治南女士的文章⸺ 《澳門文件》。文章通過原始文

供了自己的看法與觀點。

際的泰國軍票》也頗具看點。本期還有布魯諾 · 科林先生

獻，追溯中國勞工到古巴的那段艱難歷史，直到1897年，

關於法國瑟堡博物館中亞洲硬幣收藏的報告，使大家瞭

待遇。

的精彩研究，這些紙幣不僅極為珍稀，而且價值巨大。

李鴻章總督訪美，才解決了當時對中國勞工極為不公的

中國著名錢幣學家杜維善先生於今年三月國十，中國錢幣

解展品後面的有趣故事 ；以及川仁央先生對日本紙幣所作

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人 ：周邁可

目錄 mu

專 題

65 79 89

lu

澳門文件

川陝蘇區仿造的民國陝西二分銅幣賞析

範治楠 / 何緯渝〔美國〕 吳 濤〔陝西〕

我心目中的錢幣學家杜維善

袁水清〔西安〕

書 評

11 12

手雕幣章專業人士與收藏愛好者的必備書： 《幣章手工雕刻的傳承》 揭開清末會黨鑄錢秘密的拓荒之作——《清末會黨錢幣研究》介紹

周 邊〔上海〕 周 邊〔上海〕

錢幣簡訊

17 21 23 28 33 35 40 46 50 54

96 103 109 113 120 128

線上鑒賞世界級的中國紙幣收藏

史密森尼國家歷史博物館

真正的大錢

史密森尼國家歷史博物館

禮來黃金屋

2020 年第 49 屆柏林世界錢幣博覽會——展會印象 長期主義——錢幣投資成功的秘訣 憶杜公維善先生

1848-1849 年間墨西哥鷹洋之暗記研究 端午節及相關花錢

卡斯萊爾所藏大日本帝國國立銀行壹圓紙幣印刷樣幣 法國港口城市瑟堡的亞洲硬幣收藏

新發現的 1988 年 1 盎司中國熊貓鉑樣幣 如何識別漢佉二體錢（和田馬錢） 臺灣貨幣之我見

一枚不規則異形大銅章的製作與鑒賞 二戰結束之際的泰國軍票 日本硬幣的紀年體系

史密森尼國家歷史博物館

奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

部 門

傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕

戴志強〔北京〕

金 明〔安徽〕 周 邊〔上海〕

川仁央〔日本〕

布魯諾·科林〔法國〕

葛祖康〔杭州〕

周 倜〔烏魯木齊〕 周建福〔臺北〕

章 軍〔上海〕

簡·奧拉維·艾姆利德〔泰國〕 傑伊·特納〔美國〕

專 欄

An Essential Book for Professional and Amateur Collectors of Coins and Medals Made from Hand-Engraved Dies

Review of Inheritance: The Hand Engraving of Coin and Medal Dies Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Inherit ance: The Hand Eng rav ing of Coin and Medal Dies (ISBN: 978-7-5642-3404-1/F.3404) was published by Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Press. The 223-page book, 787 x 1092 mm, is about 261,000 characters length and costs 88 RMB in China.

book about coins and medals made from hand-engraved dies, and for the nonprofessional, it is an introduction for them to develop a basic understanding of this field and learn how to appreciate such coins and medals. It is also an indispensable guide and textbook for amateurs to identify and collect these coins and medals.

The newly published Inheritance: The Hand Engraving of Coin and Medal Dies , written by Zeng Chenghu, a famous coin and medal designer and engraver of the Shanghai Mint and a third-generation heir of hand engraving technique. The book gives an introduction to the history of coins and medals made from hand-engraved dies from ancient Greece, Rome, and Byzantium to modern Europe. It also involves the development of domestic coins and medals of this kind. Since the Qing dynasty, domestic engravers have taken the place of foreign ones, and the hand-engraved dies by Chinese have taken the place of those purchased from overseas mints. Moreover, the book focuses on five generations of hand engraving craftmen from the Shanghai Mint and their works in the past 80 years.

Readers can gain a clear understanding of the history of coins and medals made from hand-engraved dies at home and abroad.

The book involves various coins and medals from handengraved dies from home and abroad, considered over a long span of years and a wide variety of subjects, which allows readers to enjoy the art of hand engraving and experience the profound culture behind it.

The representative works of Mr. Zeng include medals for the immemorial of Golgi, Chinese Ancient Tower medal, and Famous Painters of Modern China series; circulating commemorative coins for the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Song Qing Ling, the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Zhu De, the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Deng Xiaoping, the Hope Project, and the 50th Anniversary of the Founding of CPPCC. His Chinese 1988 Year of the Dragon 12 Ounce Silver Coin and 1993 Peacock 20 Ounce Silver Coin of Chinese famous painting series won the Best Silver Award of COTY; his 2008 10 Kilo Gold Coin for the 29th Olympics was nominated for the Best Gold Award of COTY; his 2008 Summer Palace 1 Ounce Silver Coin for the 29th Olympics (the 2nd group) took the second place in the evaluation for coins minted in 2008 by the German Coin magazine.

The book explains the origin of coins and medals made from hand-engraved dies, and it gives a systematic illustration of the differences between hand engraving and machine engraving and the differences between engraving and carving. It also introduces how to produce coins and medals made from handengraved dies and remarks on the representative works. For the professional numismatist, the book is an excellent reference 8

J

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A

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1 8

The First Work to Uncover the Secret of Coins Minted by Secret Anti-Qing Societies at the End of the Qing Dynasty

Review on the Study on Coins Minted by Secret Anti-Qing Societies at the end of the Qing Dynasty Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Guan Yuehui and Zhao Houzhen co-authored the Study on Coins Minted by Secret Anti-Qing Societies at the end of the Qing Dynasty (ISBN: ISBN978-7-5478-4139-6/G.824), and the first edition was published by Shanghai Science and Technology Press in October 2018. The 121-page hardcover book, 787mm x 1,092mm, is about 180,000 characters in length and costs 158 RMB in China.

Before the first Opium War, the Heaven and Earth Society [Chinese: Tian Di Hui] and the Ge Lao Hui, also know as the Hatchet Gang, were generally known as secret societies. After the head of the Revive China Society [Chinese: Xing Zhong Hui] met the head of the Tian Di Hui at the end of the Qing dynasty, they decided to use the term Secret Anti-Qing Society as the name of the organizations which aimed to overthrow the Qing dynasty and restore the Ming dynasty. These secret societies began to rebel nationwide under the influence of the Taiping Rebellion. Some large-scale societies made a great influence, including Xiao Dao Hui, or Small Swords Society

J

E

A

(a sub-branch of Tian Di Hui from Shanghai), in addition to smaller groups such as the Da Cheng Guo, Yan Ling Guo, Da Hong Guo, Sheng Ping Tian Guo, and Hua Qi Jun from Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, Tian Di Hui and Jin Qian Hui of Zhejiang, Bai Hao Jun of Guizhou. All of these secret anti-Qing societies started minting coins after their successful rebellion. However, there has been no in-depth study on the identification and appraisal of these coins due to their dispersed locations, short duration of mintage, rarity, and lack of historical records.

N

1 8

9

DEPARTMENTS

部門

appreciating, identifying, and studying coins of this kind. Most coins are from the collection of famous numismatists, and this book is the first time for some of these coins to be photographed and seen by the public. Therefore, it is a rare reference book about the study in this field.

The book by Guan Yuehui and Zhao Houzhen is the first book to make a systematic and specialized study on the coins minted by secret anti-Qing societies and is based on their years of experience studying these coins. It makes a introduction to the coins minted by the Xiao Dao Hui in Shanghai, the Tian Di Hui and the Jin Qian Hui of Zhejiang, the Da Cheng Guo of Guangxi, the San He Hui of Guangdong, and the Bai Hao Jun of Guizhou. It also covers the history of these societies, with abundant historical materials. All coins involved in the book are extremely rare, and some are accompanied by high-resolution photos. These coins fall into one of ten groups according to their rarity, and each group has two sub-groups. The book also indicates the denomination, size, version, composition, grade, price, and other information of these coins, and all these provide readers with a valuable reference for collecting,

10

J

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The book makes a clear introduction to coins minted by secret anti-Qing societies at the end of the Qing dynasty, which helps us to appreciate these coins. Readers can feel the difficulty the writers faced during the process of writing. It is a special field for collectors to collect coins minted by secret anti-Qing societies. The two writers chose to build such a collection and make relevant studies opening a new area for collecting. It is believed that their study results will be helpful to readers.

N

1 8

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K

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評

手雕幣章專業人士與收藏愛好者的必備書

《幣章手工雕刻的傳承》 周 邊〔上海〕

《 幣章手工雕刻的傳承 》， 上海財經大學出版社 2019年10月出版。787X1092mm, 1/16, 261千字， 223頁，15印張。定價人民幣88元。國際標準書號 ： ISBN978-7-5642-3404-1/F.3404。

新出版發行的《幣章手工雕刻的傳承》一書，由上海造幣有

本不可或缺的啟蒙書和案頭書。

編著。此書為我們展開了一幅從古希臘、古羅馬、拜占庭時

書中選用的手雕幣章年代跨度長，涉古今中外，題材廣泛，

清代以來幣章從聘請外籍到啟用本土雕刻師，購買外國模

文化的深邃與博大。

限公司著名幣章設計、雕刻師，手雕技藝第三代傳人曾成滬 期乃至當今歐洲手雕幣章的歷史長卷。為我們介紹了中國

琳琅滿目，使讀者在藝術享受的同時，也感受到手雕幣章

具到自行手雕的發展歷程。另外，重點介紹了上海造幣有限

公司80 餘年五代幣章手雕傳人和他們的作品，使讀者清晰

曾成滬先生手雕的代表作品有《高爾基》《中國古塔》以及

了解手雕藝術中外歷史與傳承的脈絡。

《中國近現代著名畫家》系列銅章等 ；流 通紀念幣《宋慶

書中用不少的篇幅介紹幣章手工雕刻的成因，系統闡述了手

年》《希望工程》和《全國政協成立50周年》等 ；金銀紀念

齡誕辰100周年》《朱德誕辰100周年》《鄧小平誕辰100周

工雕刻與機器雕刻，雕刻與雕塑如何區別，以及幣章手雕

幣《1988年戊辰龍年生肖12盎司銀幣》和《1993年中國名

作品。 《幣章手工雕刻的傳承》一書，對內行而言，是幣章

“最佳銀幣”獎， 《第29屆奧林匹克運動會10 公斤彩色金幣》

幣章手雕的敲門磚，欣賞幣章手雕的聚寶盆。尤其是幣章

奧林匹克運動會北京頤和園1盎司銀幣（第2 組）》獲《德國

的工藝流程，並細緻為讀者鑒賞和點評具有代表性的手雕 手雕學習的教科書，查詢的工具書。對外行來說，是瞭解

畫系列孔雀開屏20 盎司銀幣》，分別獲得世界硬幣大獎賽的 獲世界硬幣大獎賽“最佳金幣”獎提名 ；2007年《第29屆

錢幣》雜誌評選第二名。

收藏的愛好者，對於鑒識手雕幣章，收藏手雕幣章，是一

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揭開清末會黨鑄錢秘密的拓荒之作

《清末會黨錢幣研究》介紹 周 邊〔上海〕

《 清末會黨錢幣研究》 , 管月輝、 趙後振主編，上海科學技術出版社2018年10月第1版。180千字， 121頁，開本 ： 787mmx1092mm， 精裝， 國際標準書號 ：ISBN978-7-5478-4139-6/G.824。 定價 ：人民幣158元。 鴉片戰爭之前，天地會、哥老會等通稱會，自興中會與天

景全面敘述，史料充實。書中所載的清末會黨錢幣均極為

的民間秘密團體的稱謂。清末民間會黨受太平天國起義的

按珍稀程度分為十級，每級又分上下兩級，共二十級。每

地會首領聯絡後，始稱“會黨”；是清末以反清複明為宗旨

珍稀難得，一些稀有錢幣都配有高清大圖 ；並將會黨錢幣

影響，各地也爆發了大大小小的反清起義，規模和影響較

枚錢幣配有折值、規格數據、版式、金屬、等級、參考價、

大的有天地會分支上海小刀會 ；兩廣地區的天地會大成國、

相關資訊、備註等注釋。為讀者收藏、欣賞、辨偽與研究

延陵國、大洪國、升平天國、花 旗 軍等 ；浙江的天地會、

提供了珍貴的資料和資訊。書中“清末會黨錢幣精品鑒賞”

金錢會 ；貴州的白號軍等。這些會黨在起義成功後大都開

篇中的錢幣大部分為流傳有緒的名家藏品，不少藏品圖片

爐鑄錢。由於地域分散、鑄時短暫、實物珍稀、史籍缺軼，

是首次披露，殊為難得。

清末會黨錢幣的認定、鑒別與研究長期沒有得以深入。

此書為讀者展現了一幅清末會黨鑄錢的畫卷，使我們在領略

管月輝、趙後 振 先 生 主 編的《清末會 黨錢幣研究 》一書，

和欣賞清末會黨錢幣的同時，也體會到作者收藏研究中的

開系統專題鑒賞研究會黨錢幣之先河，作者將自己多年研

艱辛與不易。由於作者在錢幣收藏研究領域另闢蹊徑，選

究這一專題的經驗與心得編輯成冊，將上海小刀會、浙江

擇的會黨錢幣專題獨樹一幟，並取得了階段性的成果，相

天地會、廣西大成國、廣東三合會、浙江金錢會和貴州白

信會對讀者大有助益。

號軍的錢幣分類介紹，脈絡清晰。並對清末會黨的歷史背

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Numismatics Newsletter

It was a great pleasure to be working with the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of History in Washington. With an annual attendance of over 4 million visitors, it is one of the most visited museums in the Smithsonian Institute. NNC has over 2 million objects in its collection, and it likely holds the most important numismatic in the world. Working with NMAH director John Grey and NNC curator Ellen Feingold the past 3 years, we help set up the Howard Franklin Bowker research room. A select group coin from the Howard Bowker East Asian collection was donated and put on display in the Gallery of Money exhibit. With the Bowker Family Endowment, we funded 5 projects at the museum which includes digitization and removal of wax of numismatic objects from the NNC collection, the Catalog and digitization of the Chinese banknotes collection, the restoration of extremely rare numismatic books which includes United States Mint Reports , and now the upcoming Big Money exhibit focused on numismatic education for young people.

With the Bowker family, we look forward to the Opening of the Big Money exhibit this Fall, which should be a highlight of the new exhibits and will be on display for a minimum of 5 years on the first floor of the museum.

Michael Chou, Publisher and editor in chief JEAN

我很高興能與華盛頓史密森尼國家歷史博物館（以下簡稱 ：NMAH）的國家錢幣收藏集部門（以

下簡稱 ：NNC）進行合作。NNC 每年訪客逾400萬，是史密森尼學會下屬機構中訪客量最多

的博物館之一。NNC 的藏品數量不下200萬件，堪稱全球最重要的錢幣收藏。過去3年中，我

們和 NMAH 負責人約翰 · 蓋瑞先生（John Grey）和 NNC 負責人埃倫 · 芬戈爾德女士（Ellen

Feingold）一起，建立了霍華德 · 包克研究室。我從霍華德 · 包克東亞收藏品中挑選了一些硬幣 捐贈給 NNC，這些硬幣現展出於貨幣展覽館。在包克家族的幫助下，我們資助了 NNC 收藏的

5個項目，其中便包括錢幣的數位化和除蠟項目、中國紙幣收藏的編目和數字化項目、 《美國造幣 廠報告》等極為珍稀的錢幣數目保存項目，以及即將開展的大錢項目，該項目着重關注年輕人的 錢幣知識教育。

在包克家族基金會的支持下， “真正的大錢展”即將於今秋開幕，我們對此倍加期待，該展覽將 會是新開展覽中的一大亮點，並將在博物館一樓布展至少5年。

《東亞泉志》出版人及總編輯周邁可先生

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Numismatics Newsletter

World-Class Collection of Chinese Banknotes Available Online Smithsonian National Museum of history

Thanks to support from Friend of the NNC Michael Chou, 5,810 Chinese banknotes have been cataloged, digitized and made accessible to scholars, researchers and visitors around the world. Inspired by the advice of East Asian numismatist Howard F. Bowker, NNC curators Vladimir and Elvira ClainStefanelli collected more than 4,500 Chinese paper notes and banking documents from the late Alexander Pogrebetsky in 1969. Through the Chinese Banknote Project, these objects and many others are now accessible across multiple Smithsonian digital platforms for research by the public.

100 tiao note, China, 1918

undergraduate students to build language skills. Students of East Asian studies from the George Washington University, Georgetown University and the University of California San Diego are participating in the transcription of these banknotes.

They are already demonstrating how online accessibility makes the banknotes powerful teaching tools. See the collection here: https://s.si.edu/chinese-banknotes .

In collaboration with theSmithsonian Institution's Transcription Center, this project is engaging members of the public by asking them to help transcribe and translate the banknotes. As the Transcription Center's first project in Chinese, it is allowing the N NC to connect with individuals who can use their language skills to participate in the creation of Museum catalog records. The digitized Chinese banknotes are also helping

Source: NMAH Numismatics Newsletter. March 2020

100 tiao note, China, 1918

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About NNC China Banknote Digitalization Project In addition, the project covers some banknotes from Bowker collection.

The Chinese banknote project was a project that started in 2018

by Emily Seigerman and NNC and completed in August 2019, with a presentation in Kyoto of 2019 Icom: Bank and Money Museum Conference.

Bowker family and Michael Chou have made a great support to the project. On May 13th, 2017, Gordon Bower, Marilyn Dorman, Carolyn Bower, and Michael Chou attended the donation ceremony at NNC.

NNC has completed the cataloging and digital imaging of 5,810 Chinese banknotes—the total collection of Chinese notes and related financial documents, and over 4,500 of them are from Alexander Pogrebetsky.

Gordon Bowker, the grandson of Howard Bowker, is one

Emily Seigerman delivered the speech at the conference

Michael Chou, Emily Seigerman and Hillary York

On May 13th, 2017, Howard Franklin Bowker donation ceremony at presidential room NMAH

Gordon Bower, Marilyn Dorman, Carolyn Bower, and Michael Chou before plaque of Howard Franklin Bowker research room in NNC vaults

Howard Franklin Bowker donation

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of three founders of Starbucks coffee, and he designed the

In March, 2019, Michael Chou visited NNC for update of Chinese banknote project.

Starbucks mermaid logo.

Smithsonian Annual dinner with NMAH director John Grey and Bower family representative.

Michael Chou visited NNC

About Alexander Pogrebetsky Alexander Iliych Pogrebetsky was a Russian economist a n d f i n a n c ie r by t r a i n i n g.

Through his work and travels, Pogrebetsky was able to create a n i m p or t a nt c ol le c t ion of Chinese and Asian banknotes and coins. He also wrote many books and articles in economics and finance.

Since the Far East Republic was merged into Soviet Russia in November 1921, Pogrebetsky Alexander Iliych left for Harbin China to serve Pogrebetsky on the board of directors of the Chinese Eastern Railway. While on duty, he was in charge of the company's finance and accounting departments. It was during this period that the peak of his writing occurred. He wrote three books and more than 20 articles in 10 years.

Currency and Finance of China

In the 1960s and 1970s, part of Pogrebetsky’s collection was g iven to t he Sm it hson ia n's Nat ional Nu m ismat ic Collection (NNC) by his family, totally more than 4,500 Chinese paper notes and banking documents and including many unique sample prints. The rest of his collection was auctioned respectively in May and December 2015 at Archives International Auctions.

In 1924, Pogrebetsky wrote Money and Banknotes of the Far East during the Period of War and Revolution (1914-1924), which became one of the first reference books on Chinese banknotes and coins by a Westerner, currently valued at 40,000 to 50,000 rubles.

The Alexander I. Pogrebetsky family archives ( par t 1) consisted mostly of Chinese and Asian banknotes, including many extremely scarce examples that rarely come up for bid at auction. The collection has remained untouched since it was put together by Pogrebetsky between 1916 and 1949, prior to his immigration to Israel, and was then kept by his family, intact, over 60 years.

In 1929, Pogrebetsky wrote Currency and Finance of China.

It is an important document for studying modern Chinese currency and finance, currently valued at 35,000-40,000 rubles.

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[ 錢幣簡訊 ]

中國紙幣 史密森尼國家歷史博物館

在我們的朋友周邁可先生的支持下，NNC 已完成全 數5 810張中國紙幣及相關銀行券的編目和數字成 像工作， 現已向世界各地的學者、 研究人員及訪 客開放。NNC 負責人弗拉基米爾先生（Vladimir） 和 埃爾維 拉 · 克 萊 恩 · 斯 特凡內利先 生（ Elvira Clain-Stefanelli） 在東亞錢幣學家霍華德 · 包克先 1918年中國100吊紙幣 生（ Howard F.Bowker） 的 建 議下， 在1969年 從 已故的亞曆山大 · 波格列別茨基先生（Alexander Pogrebetsky） 處收藏了超過4 500張中國紙幣及相 關銀行券。 中國紙鈔數位化項目現已完成， 公眾可 者。 喬治華盛頓大學、 喬治頓大學和加州大學聖地 通過 NNC 的多個數字化平臺對這些紙幣、 銀行券 牙哥分校的的東亞研究專業本科生也參與到了這些 紙幣的轉錄工作， 而這也幫助了這些學生鍛煉自身 及其他藏品進行研究。 的語言技能。 他們這次經歷說明這些線上開放的紙 本項目是和史密森尼學會轉錄中心合作共同合作完 幣可以成為有效的語言教學工具。收藏詳情可參見 ： 成的， 採用眾包方式對紙幣進行轉錄和翻譯。 因 https://s.si.edu/chinese-banknotes 。 為這是轉錄中心的第一個中國相關項目， 因此 NNC 聯繫了能夠運用語言技能參與編目記錄工作的志願 來源 ：该館2020年3月錢幣新聞簡訊

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關於NNC中國紙幣數位化项目 由 NNC 艾米麗 · 皮爾斯女士負責的中國紙幣數位化 項目於2018年啟動， 於2019年8月完成， 並在當年 的國際博物館協會京都大會上做了相關的報告演講。

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生的藏品。

該項目共涉及5 810張中國紙幣及相關銀行券， 其中 的4 500多張是來自亞曆山大 · 波格列別茨基先生的 收藏。

包克家族基金和周邁可先生在這方面提供的大力支 持。2017年5月13日，包克家族基金代表⸺ 約頓· 包克先生、 瑪麗琳 · 多慢女士和卡羅琳 · 包克女士， 與周邁可先生共同參加了在 NNC 舉辦的包克收藏捐 贈儀式。

除此之外， 項目還囊括了諸多來自佛蘭克林 · 包克先

約頓 · 包克先生是霍華德 · 包克先生的孫子， 是知

艾米麗 · 皮爾斯女士在大會上進行演講

周邁可先生、艾米麗 · 皮爾斯女士、希拉裏 · 約克女士在大會 上合影

2017年5月13日，NMAH 舉行的佛蘭克林 · 包克收藏捐贈儀式

約頓 · 包克先生、瑪麗琳 · 多曼女士、卡羅琳 · 包克女士、周 邁可先生在捐贈銘牌前合影

捐贈的包克收藏

捐贈的包克收藏

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名連鎖咖啡品牌星巴克的三位創辦人之一， 現在隨 處可見的品牌標誌便是由他設計的。

DEPARTMENTS

周邁可先生還於2019年3月前往 NNC， 瞭解中國紙 幣項目的進展情況。

周邁可先生在史密森尼學會年會晚宴上與 NMAH 負責人約 翰 · 蓋瑞及包克家族代表合影

周邁可先生造訪 NNC 並合影留念

關於亞曆山大·波格列別茨基先生 亞曆山大 · 伊裏奇 · 波 格列別茨基先生是俄 國經濟學家、金融家。 由於工作原因和自身 的遊歷經歷， 他收藏 了一些中國和亞洲的 重要紙幣和硬幣， 並 且 撰寫過許多金 融、 經濟領域書籍和文章。 1921年11月， 遠東共 和國併入蘇俄。 次月， 波格列別茨基來到中 亞曆山大 · 伊裏奇 · 波格列別 國哈爾濱， 在中國東 茨基先生 清鐵路公司董事會任 職， 主管公司財務和會計部門。 在東清鐵路公司工 作期間， 波格列別茨基達到創作巔峰， 共撰寫專著 3部， 文章20餘篇。

1924年， 波格列別茨基撰寫的《 蘇俄內戰和革命時 期（ 1914-1924年） 遠東的貨幣流通與紙幣》 一書 面世。 該書是西方人筆下最早收錄中國紙幣和硬幣 的書籍之一，現估價為4萬 -5萬盧布。

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20 世紀60-70 年代，波格列別茨基的部分藏品由其 家人贈予美國史密森尼學會博物館，總計超過4 500 張中國紙幣及銀行券， 其中包括許多獨特的樣幣。 其餘藏品於2015年5月和12月在美國檔案國際拍賣公 司（Archives International Auctions）分兩次拍賣。

波格列別茨基的藏品主要為中國和亞洲紙幣， 其中 包括許多極其罕見的紙幣， 鮮少出現在拍賣會上。 這些藏品是波格列別茨基移民到以色列前（19161949年） 所收集， 之後由他家人保存了60多年， 至 今完好無損。

1929年， 波格列別茨基又撰寫了《 中國幣制考與近 J

《中國幣制考與近代金融》

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Numismatics Newsletter

JOSIAH K. LILLY JR.

“ROOM OF GOLD” Josiah K. Lilly Jr.

Smithsonian National Museum of history

The arrival of the Josiah K. Lilly Jr. Collection of gold coins 52 years ago in 1968 was a landmark moment in the history of the National Numismatic Collection.

On November 13, 2019, Friends of the NNC gathered at the Museum to see the magnificent collection reassembled to recreate a “Room of Gold.”

This awe-inspiring collection of 6,125 gold coins, cited by many as the inspiration for building their own collections, is now accessible online at https://s.si.edu/lillycollection.

Between October 2019 and February 2020, the entire Lilly Collection as well as the collections of Paul A. Straub and Grand Duke Georgii Mikhailovich were part of a mass coin digitization project that created digital records and high-resolution images for more than 25,000 coins. It is the NNC’s largest coin digitization effort to date, with more records going online daily.

We are deeply indebted to the Friends of the NNC, whose support created the readiness and momentum for this digitization project to be funded through the Smithsonian’s Digitization Program Office. We enjoyed sharing the collection with our Friends during this special opportunity!

Source: NMAH Numismatics Newsletter. March 2020

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[ 錢幣簡訊 ]

52年前，即1968年，小約西亞 · 禮來先生（Josiah K. Lilly Jr.）收藏的金幣送抵 NNC，這是 NNC 歷史中里程碑式的時刻。 2019年11月3日，NNC 的朋友們齊聚展館， 見證了這些精美 的藏品再次集結， 重現一個“黃金屋”。

2019年19月至2020年3月期間， 整個禮來收藏及保羅 · 斯 特拉布先生（Paul A. Straub） 和米哈伊洛維奇大公的收 藏作為大型硬幣數位化專案的一部分進行了數位化， 該專 案對超過25 000枚硬幣建立了數位化記錄並拍攝了高清圖 片。 這是 NNC 迄今為止最大規模的以此硬幣數位化工作， 每天都有新的記錄公佈於線上網站。

史密森尼國家歷史博物館

該收藏共有6 125枚金幣， 令人驚歎， 許多人稱其為自己建立收藏的靈感來源， 該展覽現在 https://s.si.edu/lilly-collection 。 可以線上訪問，網址 ：

禮來黃金屋

小約西亞 · 禮來

該專案由史密森學會的數位化專案辦公室提供資金支持， 我們非常感謝 NNC 的各位朋友， 他們為這個數位化專案 提供了相關準備和動力支持。 我們很高興能借此機會和朋 友們分享這些藏品！ 來源 ：该館2020年3月錢幣新聞簡訊

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Numismatics Newsletter

Really Big Money Smithsonian National Museum of history Tip ：

The exhibition will be delayed to February, 2021.

Something REALLY BIG is coming to the National Museum of American History! The new exhibition Really Big Money will be the Museum’s first gallery experience designed for pre-K to fifth-grade visitors, as well as their teachers and caregivers. This exciting project will feature the National Numismatic Collection’s (NNC’s) biggest and most arresting artifacts to surprise, engage and delight children. Key objects will be large in size, denomination or quantity, from a colorful quetzal bird (left) to a giant Congolese spearhead (right).

Cor responding engagement features and measurement activities will encourage our littlest visitors to interact with our collection, inspiring the next generation of numismatists.

With dedicated funding, the exhibition will reach large audiences through the creation of digital Learning Labs, customized lesson plans and an education cart with activities about collecting.

The Museum thanks Michael Chou, the Bowker Family Endowment and Bill Calderazzo for their early support of this project.

To learn more information and how you can help, contact Stephanie Johnson at (202) 633-0398 or JohnsonSt@si.edu .

Source: NMAH Numismatics Newsletter. March 2020

colorful quetzal bird

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Congolese spearhead

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DEPARTMENTS

[ 錢幣簡訊 ]

溫馨小提示 ：

展會延期 到2021年 2月！

真正的大錢 史密森尼國家歷史博物館

NMAH 即將展出一些“ 真正巨大” 的展品！博物館面向 學前班至5年級的孩子及其老師、 看護人推出了全新的 “ 真正的大錢”。這一激動人心的項目將會展出 展覽⸺ NNC 藏品中規格最大且最具吸引力的藏品， 以此來吸 引孩子們參與， 這些展品會讓孩子們大吃一驚， 並感 受到其中的樂趣。 展覽將聚焦於規格、 面額或數量龐 大的那些展品， 展品中還有長尾鳥（ 左） 和巨大的剛果 矛頭（ 右）。

長尾鳥

相應的展覽特色和測量活動將鼓 勵這些最小的訪客 與我們的藏品進行互動， 以此激發我們下一代的錢幣 藏家。 該展覽將會借助專項資金， 通過數字學習實驗 室、 定制課程計劃和收藏相關活動的教育啟蒙吸引大 量觀眾。

在此感謝周邁可先生、 包克家庭基金會和比爾 · 卡爾 德拉佐先生（Bill Calderazzo）對本項目的前期支持。 如您想 要 瞭解更多資 訊 或 提供相關幫助， 可以 致電 (202) 633-0398 ， 或發送郵件至 JohnsonSt@si.edu ， 聯繫史蒂芬妮 · 詹森女士 （ Stephanie Johnson）。 來源 ：该館2020年3月錢幣新聞簡訊

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Chinese Show Panda Catalogue Journal of East Asian Numismatics

January 31 - February 2 2020 Impressions

Berlin World Money Fair Panda 2020 Künker Auction Magnico.cn

This year's World Money Fair in Berlin was again a great success! In the following article I would like to present you my impressions of the fair on the points mentioned above.

The distribution of the new Show Panda Catalogue in a softcover from the editorial staff of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics was handled by the Künker auction house. Also, at the Künker booth, which was decorated with an eye-catching glossy advertisement and the image of a real panda, the 2020 edition of Berlin pandas was available for purchase. With a little luck, sometimes the Gilded-Panda special issue 2020 "Chinese Show Panda Catalogue Berlin Release" was sometimes given as a gift (Mintage: 1,000 pieces; Copper gilded; 40mm; OMP).

The panda medal exists additionally as a 30-gram silver version with a very small mintage of only 100 pieces. The gilded version will be available in China for around 50 Euros, while the silver version is an exclusive present and will hardly find its way into the collector's market.

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2020 〔 Germany 〕 Oliver Strahl

charming about the new medal is the depicted very cute motif of the rare first Show Panda medal from 1984 (3rd Hong Kong Coin Exposition; Mintage: 1,000 pieces; Market value: 1,000 Euro in NGC PFUC 69).

The Chinese Show Panda Catalogue celebrated its release on January 31, 2020 after a 5-year development period at the World Money Fair Berlin. The presentation and distribution took place punctually at 10:00 am at the Künker booth. The release price for the catalogue was 15 Euro. Those who bought the 1-ounce silver version of the Berlin Panda for 89 Euros could purchase the catalogue for 10 Euros extra in a set for 99 Euros at a reduced price.

The gilded version was distributed in Berlin as NGC "GemProof" (evaluation between PFUC65 and PFUC70) at the Coin of the Year Award Ceremony. On Sunday, at the booth of Journal of East Asian Numismatics , children present who wanted to fill their coin pass with a coin from Macau also received an NGC-Slab with the coveted special panda issue handed out by Michael Chou (CEO of Champion Auction). The joy about the gift was of course huge and the surprise about the value in retrospect makes the medal disappear from the market as a small investment for the future. At the first official Facebook group meeting organized by NGC International GmbH, Michael Chou presented us with several gilded "Chinese Show Panda Catalogue Berlin Release" medals in the special NGC Slab with the "Gem-Proof" grade and a hardcover edition of the catalogue for a prize draw. Especially

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WORLD MONEY FAIR BERLIN

The number of catalogues available was reduced to well under 100 examples due to a transport damage. This was probably caused by water damage, as some catalogues still had a bulge in the lower part. A reprint is not planned, so only a few catalogues for Europe remain. Only one single catalogue has been offered in free trade up to now for a proud 90 Euros.

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A TOTAL OF FOUR DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE CATALOGUE EXIST

Proof Reader Edition (Softcover, 11/2019) European Edition (Softcover, 2020)

Chinese Edition (Hardcover with Paper Envelope, Gold Lettering and Cloth Binding, 2020)

Premium Edition (Hardcover with Slipcase, Gold Lettering and Cloth Binding, 2020)

The Premium Edition was awarded to personalities with a leading role regarding the catalogue. These included Mr. Albert Beck (Managing Director of the World Money Fair), who received a premium catalogue from Michael Chou (Editor-inChief of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics) during the Coin of the Year Award Ceremony.

The 8-gram silver version of the Berlin Panda with a fantastic hologram effect was available at the Künker booth for 39 Euros, while the 1-ounce silver issue with the two illustrated panda babies from the Berlin Zoo cost 89 Euros. The two issues were each reduced to 500 pieces. The Berlin Show Panda 2021 could become even rarer next year.

The response to the new Show Panda Catalogue has been consistently positive. The magnificent pictures, current market prices and the many background stories make the catalogue extremely exciting. A dealer I know leafed through the catalogue with big and joyful eyes and simply said that this is by far the best he has ever seen on the subject and the issue price for such a standard work is usually around 80 Euros.

In addition, there are also the following variants, which were however strongly limited in the mintage figures:

50 Gram Gold Berlin Panda 2020 (Design of the 1 Oz AG Version)

Since the publication of the catalogue, an upswing in Show Panda medals has already been observed on auction platforms, as new collectors from China will push onto the market.

Finally, the topic is becoming more exciting again, because of the decreasing flood of issues of panda medals in inferior quality. In the future, collectors will again focus more on highquality releases. Official Show Panda issues should moreover be preferred, as the successful medals from the 1980s and 1990s already exemplify.

31 Gram Gold Berlin Panda 2020 (Design of the 1 Oz AG Version) 50 Gram Fine Silver Berlin Panda 2020 (Design of the 1 Oz AG Version, 300 Pieces) 16 Gram Fine Silver Piedfort Berlin Panda 2020 (Design of the 8 Gram AG Version, 100 Pieces)

The catalogue's issue price of 10 respectively 15 Euros just covered the transport costs from abroad. The development and production costs for such a catalogue are often well into the five-digit range. The objective was to preserve and attract new collectors for the special area.

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Copper & Brass Berlin Panda 2020 (Design of the 1 Oz AG Version)

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The 1-ounce silver issue of the Berlin Panda fetched a price of 159 Euro on eBay on February 12th, 2020. The special edition of the gilded version of the "Chinese Show Panda Catalogue Berlin Release" Medal is offered only very rarely and even reached an auction price of 223 Euros. The 8-gram silver panda still has a small cute detail, the depicted panda head has two different eye colors. By mistake the left eye was minted "Mirrored" and the right eye "Frosted".

Gold & Silver (50g, 1oz )

At the booth of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics some desirable items could be discovered in the showcase.

Among other things, the latest volume of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (Issue #17) and the corresponding 25th Anniversary Medal 1994-2019 were on display in an NGC-Slab (Mintage: 1,000 pieces; Silver-Plated Copper; 30mm; 2019).

In addition, the Show Panda Catalogue could be admired in hardcover with the matching Show Panda Catalogue Berlin Release Medal in gold-plated copper (NGC-Slab) and in silver with the Original Mint Packaging.

Silver (16g, 8g)

Furthermore, the latest publications of Magnico.cn were presented. These were the Space Panda (Mintage: 2,000 pieces; 5$ Cook Island; 45 Grams 90% Fine Silver in a combined alloy with 10% Titanium; 40mm; Ultra High Relief, 2019), the Nano Panda (Mintage: 1,000 pieces; 1,000 Shillings Tanzania; 1 Oz Fine Silver; 40mm; 2019) and the second release of the Polymer Panda "Ball" (Mintage: 1,000 pieces; 1,000 Shillings Tanzania; 1 Oz Fine Silver; 40mm; 2019).

ModernCoinMart secured the design rights for the 50-gram versions and will be offered in its own online shop. The other very rare variants serve as gifts and represent a longing dream of every enthusiastic collector of panda medals. Unfortunately, even I do not own any of the above-mentioned variants and therefore cannot provide you with any pictures.

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The Space Panda attracted special attention, which astonished

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Space Panda Coin

Space Panda Box

Nano Panda Coin

Polymer Ball Panda Coin

Chang'e Lunar Landing Craft

visitors with its successful design and immediately attracted at tention as if by magic with its ext remely impressive packaging. The unexpectedly huge packaging and the true-todetail metal spacecraft, which serves as an etui, would have been worth 100 Euros to some collectors alone.

due to the current Covid-19 crisis worldwide.

All three mintages are from the renowned B.H. Mayer's Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH.

All coins mentioned in this article were crafted by the famous designer Yu Min, who stands for highest quality and has already won many international awards.

The company Magnico.cn was founded for this and future new panda releases. The innovative coins can be purchased directly on the Magnico homepage.

The coins will probably not be available in Europe until May

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月 日 月 1 31 -2 日 2 展會印象

《東亞泉志》 2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會熊貓紀念章 昆克拍賣 Magnico.cn

2020年，柏林世界錢幣博覽會再次大獲成功！接下來，我 奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

想就上述幾點來談一談對此次博覽會的印象。

昆克拍賣展位在這屆柏林世界錢幣博覽會上的廣告佈置甚 是抓人眼球，尤其那只栩栩如生的熊貓。 《東亞泉志》編輯

部推出《中國熊貓紀念章目錄（1948-2019）》軟裝版便在 此由昆克拍賣負責發行。此外，這裏還有2020 年柏林世界

錢幣博覽會熊貓紀念章出售。一些幸運的藏家還可以遇到

作為禮物贈出的《中國熊貓紀念章目錄》柏林首發銅鍍金

紀念章（發行量 ：1000 枚 ；銅鍍金 ；直徑40 毫米 ；OMP）。

年第 屆 2020 柏林世界錢幣博覽會

《中國熊貓紀念章目錄》

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除了銅鍍金版紀念章，還有一款重30克的紀念銀章，限量

100枚。銅鍍金紀念章在中國的售價約為50歐元，而銀章

幣展覽會紀念 銀章 ；發行 量 ：1 000 枚 ；市場價 ：評 級為

則是精裝版目錄的獨家贈品，鮮有流入收藏市場。

NGC PFUC 69的紀念章為1 000歐元），1984 年發行的

展會熊貓紀念章極為稀有，而這一設計也讓這枚《中國熊

銅鍍金紀念 章在柏林世界 硬幣大獎賽 頒獎儀式上 正式發

貓紀念章目錄》柏林首發紀念章變得更具吸引力。

（ 評 分在 PFUC65至 行，評 級 均 為 NGC“ 精 美 精 製 級”

PFUC70之間）。周日，周邁可先生（冠軍拍賣 CEO）在《東

歷經五年， 《中國熊貓紀念章目錄》終於在 2020 年1月31日

亞泉志》展位上，向那些想要為自己的錢幣護照上再添一 枚澳門硬幣的孩子們送出了這款藏家們趨之若鶩的 NGC

的柏林世界錢幣博覽會上面世，目錄於上午10 點在昆克拍

不已，而回顧以往發行的熊貓紀念章，其價值增長更是令

89歐元購買1盎司柏林世界錢幣博覽會紀念章，他們再花

賣展位首發並銷售，發行價格15歐元。有些藏家已經花了

打盒特別版熊貓紀念章。收到這樣一件禮物無疑令人欣喜

10歐元便可以得到這本目錄，即99歐元一套。

人驚訝，以致於有些藏家將其作為一項小小的投資，因此， 這枚紀念章很快便難以在市場上覓得影蹤。在 NGC 組織

的第一次官方臉書小組會議上，周邁可先生帶來了幾枚“精

但是有些目錄可能是在運輸過程中有水損，下方有一個凸

柏林首發銅鍍金紀念章以及一本硬裝版的目錄，作為抽獎

100本。鑒於本書目前尚無重印計劃，現在在歐洲所剩的目

展會熊貓紀念章作為裝飾圖案（1984 年第三屆香港國際硬

單本報價為90 歐元。

起，造成了損壞，因此展會現場可以出售的目錄數量不足

美精製 級”的 NGC 打盒特別版《中國熊貓紀 念 章目錄》

錄數量不多。藏家若是希望通過自由貿易方式購買該書，則

獎品。這枚新推出的紀念章上面印刻了1984 年發行的首枚

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目錄共有四個版本

試 讀 版（ 軟 裝，2019年11月 ） 歐洲版（軟裝，2020年）

中國版（硬裝燙金布面帶紙 封，2020年）

精裝版（硬裝燙金布面帶書 套，2020年）

一些在目錄的成書工作中發揮了重要作用的朋友也收到了

昆克拍賣的展位還售有柏林世界錢幣博覽會8克幻彩熊貓紀

Beck，世界錢幣博覽會常務董事）便在世界硬幣大獎賽頒

刻有柏林動物園新出生的兩只熊貓幼崽形象，價格89歐元。

精裝 版目錄 作為 禮物，比 如阿爾伯特 · 貝克 先 生（Albert

念銀章，價格39歐元，此外還有1盎司熊貓紀念銀章，章上

兩個版本各限量500 枚。而明年推出的2021年柏林世界錢

獎典禮上收到了《東亞泉志》總編輯周邁可先生贈送的精 裝版目錄。

幣博覽會紀念熊貓章想必會更加珍稀。

自《中國熊貓紀念章目錄》推出之後，讀者們反響熱烈。書

除了上述兩個版本外，柏林世界錢幣博覽會熊貓紀念章還有 以下版本，但數量更為稀少。

中附有諸多精美圖片，並列出了當前的市場價格，同時也介

紹了很多背景故事，這些都讓讀者對目錄的內容更加興致盎

然。我認識的一位幣商也匆匆翻閱了此書，神情欣喜，並表

示這是他迄今為止在該領域看到的最佳作品，這種標準的

2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會50克熊貓紀念金章 （設

目錄出版之後，來自中國的新藏家必將湧入市場，這也導

2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會31克熊貓紀念金章（設

書籍通常售價要在80 歐元左右。

計同1盎司銀章版本）

致拍賣平臺上展會熊貓紀念章的價格節節攀升。最終，隨

計同1盎司銀章版本）

着劣質熊貓紀念章的發行逐漸減少，熊貓紀念章也再次變 得炙手可熱。將來，高品質的熊貓紀念章會再次成為藏家

2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會50克熊貓紀念銀章（設

們追逐的焦點，而官方發行的展會熊貓紀念章也將受到藏

計同1盎司銀章版本，限量300枚）

家們的青睞，20世紀80 年代到90 年代發行的那些熊貓紀念 章大獲成功，便是最好的證明。

2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會16克加厚熊貓紀念銀 章（設計同8克銀章版本，限量100枚）

目錄的發行價格分別為10 歐元和15歐元，僅相當於從海外

運輸至柏林的費用。而書的成書費用和製作費用通常為五

2020年柏林世界錢幣博覽會黃銅 & 紅銅熊貓紀念

位數，因此，出版這本目錄主要是為了留住並吸引這一收藏

章（設計同1盎司銀章版本）

領域的新藏家。

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金 & 銀 (50g, 1oz )

銀 (16g, 8g)

現代錢幣商店 (MCM) 獲得了50克熊貓紀念章的設計權， 展有《東亞泉志》發行 25周年（1994-2019）NGC 打盒紀

念章（發行量 ：1 000 枚 ；銅鍍銀 ；直徑30 毫米 ；2019年發

並將在自己的線上商店出售該紀念章。而其他稀有的版別

行）。除此之外，還可以看到硬裝版的《中國熊貓紀念章目

則作為禮物送出，想必會令每位充滿激情的熊貓紀念章藏

家都夢寐以求。但遺憾的是，我沒有上述任何一個版別的

錄》、NGC 打盒版柏林首發紀念銀章和造幣廠原裝的首發

2020年2月12日，柏林世界錢幣博覽會1盎司熊貓紀念銀章

此外，展位上還有 Magnico.cn 公司的最新產品，包括太

柏林首發特別版銅鍍金紀念章在售數量非常少，拍賣價格

含 90% 銀 和10% 鈦 ；直徑40 毫 米 ；超 高 浮 雕 ；2019年 發

紀念銀章。

熊貓章，因此無法在此向讀者展示相關圖片。

《中國熊貓紀念章目錄》 空熊貓紀念幣（發行量 ：2 000 枚 ；庫克群島5美元 ；45克 ； 在易趣網上售價已經達到159歐元。

行）、納米熊貓紀念幣（發行量 ：1 000 枚 ；坦桑尼亞1000

高達 223歐元。而8克熊貓紀念銀章上的熊貓左眼被誤做成

先令 ；1盎司純銀 ；直徑40 毫米 ；2019年發行）和再次發

了鏡面效果，右眼則是奶光效果，因此兩只眼睛呈現出兩

售的聚合物球熊貓紀念幣（發行 量 ：1 000 枚 ；坦 桑尼亞

種不同的顏色，這是一個非常有趣的細節。

1000先令 ；1盎司純銀 ；直徑40毫米 ；2019年發行）。

將目光轉向《東亞泉志》的展位，這裏也有一些非常值得

（第17期）。這裏還 擁有的展品，比如最新版的《東亞泉志》

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太空熊貓紀念幣

太空熊貓紀念幣包裝盒

納米熊貓紀念幣

聚合物球熊貓紀念幣

太空登陸器

者驚奇不已，猶如魔術般的包裝令人印象深刻，很快便吸

Magnico.cn 公司是為了今次及以後出售新款熊貓紀念幣而

引了大家的注意。太空熊貓紀念幣的包裝頗大，展示盒呈

成立的。這些創意幣可以直接在其網站主頁上購買。

仿真金屬太空登陸器造型，對一些收藏家來說，僅此便值

100歐元。

文中提到的所有紀念幣均由著名設計師余敏設計。余敏這

個名字就是最高品質設計的代名詞，曾贏得諸多國際獎項。

上述 3枚紀念幣均由著名的德國梅耶造幣有限公司鑄造。 因當下疫情影響，這些紀念幣可能要到5月才能在歐洲出售。

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Jeff Garrett〔USA〕

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investors seek tangible assets. Gold has performed strongly overall in the last several months and many predict further flights of capital to this safe haven. Other precious metals could finally see renewed interest. Usually, some percentage of these buyers become interested in numismatics.

you are like most Americans the last few weeks, you have been consumed by media coverage of coronavirus. The slow drip of bad news accelerated last week when the stock market plunged on fears of shut downs and deep economic damage.

Anyone with a retirement account is now trying to figure out how to react. For most of us, doing nothing is probably the best course of action. Mark Cuban stated this week “when you don’t know what to do, do nothing”. In general selling during or after a market crash is not a good idea.

One of my most important jobs as a professional numismatist is to know exactly what coins are worth at any given moment.

I am asked to make purchase offers or make major purchase decisions almost daily. Financial uncertainty such as has occurred in the last couple of weeks makes this a more difficult task.

One thing for sure however, is that I am not an economist or Wall Street trader. I can give excellent numismatic advice, but my investing advice is strictly based on personal experience.

My basic view on investing has always been to think long term and not be swayed by short term news events. By the time most of the general population (this includes me) hears news, the highly skilled professionals have already made their moves.

For now I am cautiously optimistic. When I am offered great coins, I plan to take advantage of the opportunity. I believe the market for attractive coins with good eye-appeal will continue to be solid. My personal plan is to cull my inventory and reposition my assets into great coins when they become available at favorable prices. Collectors can also take advantage of this opportunity to improve their collections for a better long term result.

Most major news events of the last several years had little or no impact on the numismatic market. This time is definitely different for several reasons. The spread of coronavirus and the fear associated with it, will have an impact on anyone trying to conduct business. A major numismatic coin convention was cancelled last week in Munich. Many dealers from around the world had already traveled to Germany for the show.

Nearly every great financial genius of the last century has encouraged investors to take advantage of market panics.

Warren Buffet has dozens of famous quotes about buying assets when there is blood in the streets. Hopefully, the current situation will not get that bad, but the same basic advice holdsbuys when others panic.

A lot of dealers in the United States are now making other plans as the anxiously awaited Baltimore and Central States Conventions have now been canceled.

Rare coin prices for many popular issues were already at their lowest levels in years before the current “black swan” event transpired. Proof type coins, High Relief double eagles, silver dollars, commemorative coins, generic gold and a host other issues are selling for less than they were thirty years ago.

Many world coins, including Chinese issues have also fallen considerably in the last few year.

Stacks Bowers has a major auction planned for next week, including an amazing group of coins from the collection of Brent Pogue. In April Heritage was hoping to conduct the Central States Numismatic Association auction in Schaumburg, Illinois.

The two sales probably contain over $50,000,000 worth of coins.

With the conventions canceled, the auction companies are now planning to hold the sales near their headquarters. The results of these sales will have economic consequences for the companies, consignors and potential buyers.

The downside for most of these issues is minimal at this point.

It is an excellent time to assemble an attractive collection of rare coins.

Despite the uncertainty that prevails because of coronavirus, one thing is certain- this will eventually pass into history.

Collectors should exercise patience when considering sales, and capitalize on this opportunity if they have a chance to buy great coins. In the long term I am optimistic about the World economy, and the hobby of numismatics. Thinking long term has always been the secret to the success of most great investors I have known.

(Courtesy of Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC). NGCcoin.hk )

The deep plunge in equity prices will undoubtedly cause a negative wealth effect for a large swath of the population and numismatic buyers. Even though the global stock market is not a lot lower than it was 12 months ago, many potential buyers will probably curb spending on everything in the short term.

This negative sentiment will probably spill over into our hobby.

There are however some silver linings to these recent events.

In the past, when financial uncertainty enters the picture, many

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長期主義—錢幣投資成功的秘訣 傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕

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在 過去幾周裏，如果你和大多數美國人一樣，那麼想必

但是最近的風波也會給錢幣市場帶來一些好的影響。過去，

大的經濟損失，而壞消息的蔓延也加速了股票市場的跌勢。

資金將進一步流向這個避險天堂。其他貴金屬也可能會重

你也一定看到了媒體鋪天蓋地的關於新型冠狀病毒肺炎的

當金融市場有不確定性的時候，很多投資者都會選擇投資

報道。股票市場暴跌，大量股票停牌，給投資者造成了巨

有形資產。過去幾個月中，黃金整體表現強勁，許多人預測，

所有人都正在試圖搞清楚該如何應對這種情況。對大多數

新吸引投資者的興趣。通常來說，這些貴金屬買家中，有

人而言，可能什麼都不做才是最好的應對方法。美國著名

一定比例的人會對錢幣感興趣。

“當你不 投資人馬克 · 庫班先生（Mark Cuban）本周表示，

知道要怎麼做的時候，就什麼都不要做。”總的來說，在市

我作為專業錢幣藏家，最重要的工作之一是瞭解錢幣在特

場崩盤的當下或是在崩盤之後進行拋售，並不是個好主意。

定時期的準確價值。每天都有人就購買報價或是重大購買

決定向我諮詢。諸如過去幾周內金融市場的不確定性，讓

然而我並不是經濟學家，也不是華爾街的貿易商。我可以

我的解答工作變得更為困難。

在投資錢幣方面給出很好的建議，但是我對這方面的建議 僅僅是基於個人經驗給出的。而我對投資的基本觀點是要

現在，我對市場持謹慎的樂觀態度。在看過很多硬幣之後，

而對於那些高水準的專業人士而言，在大眾（包括我）聽

而言，其市場仍然穩健。我個人計劃是趁此剔除部分庫存，

持長期主義，而非因短期內發生的新聞事件而左右搖擺。

我決定抓住現在的機會。對那些養眼又富有吸引力的硬幣

到消息的時候，他們應該早已採取了行動。

在價格最優時將我的資產轉換為大量硬幣。藏家也可以利用

這個機會，提升自己的藏品，以獲得更好的長期收藏效果。

在過去幾年裏，大多數重要的新聞事件對錢幣市場都影響

甚微，這一次則不然。而這主要是出於以下幾點原因。首先，

20世紀幾乎所有的金融大鱷都鼓勵藏家利用市場恐慌所帶

慕尼克原本於3月15-17日有一項重大錢幣活動，當時世界各

言都是鼓勵投資者在市場混亂時購買資產。所幸現在的狀

來的優勢。沃倫 · 巴菲特先生（Warren Buffet）有很多名

此次疫情大肆傳播，造成恐懼，這種情況會影響每一個人。

地的諸多幣商都已經前往德國準備參加，最終還是被取消了。

況還沒有那麼糟糕，但可奉行的基本建議還是一樣的⸺ 在其他人恐慌時買進。

而原本即將開始的美國巴爾的摩和中部州錢幣展也已經取 消，美國的眾多幣商現在正在另作計劃。

許多珍稀硬幣廣受藏家喜愛，在本次“黑天鵝”事件前，其

斯塔克 · 鮑沃斯（Stack Bowers）原計劃於下周舉行一場盛

紀念幣、普通金幣及很多其他硬幣的出售價格已經低於其

價格現在幾乎達到近年低位。精製幣、高浮雕雙鷹幣、銀元、

大的拍賣，拍品包括布倫塔 · 伯格（Brent Pogue）收藏中

30年前的價位。在過去幾年中，全球範圍內發行的硬幣價

的一些精美硬幣。遺產拍賣公司也原定於4月在伊利諾伊州

格大跌，中國硬幣也不例外。

紹姆堡舉行中部州錢幣協會拍賣會。這兩項拍賣會上所有 拍品的總價值可能超過5 000萬美元。

現在，這些硬幣大多跌勢甚微，正是入手這些極具吸引力 的珍稀硬幣的好時機。

拍賣公司在展會活動取消之後，計劃在公司總部附近進行

銷售，而這將對公司、發貨人和潛在買家造成了一定的經濟

儘管現在市場因新冠病毒影響而存在一定的不確定性，但

損失。

有一點是可以確定的，那就是這場疫情終將過去。藏家在出 售的時候要有耐性，如果有機會的話，應該抓住時機購入

股票價格大跌無疑將對民眾及錢幣買家產生了負面的經濟

硬幣。長期來看，我對世界經濟及錢幣收藏市場保持樂觀

影響。即使全球股市並未跌至12個月之前的水準，但是很

態度。就我所知，長期主義是很多投資者獲得成功的秘訣。

多潛在買家可能會在短期內會控制自己的一切花銷。這種 負面情緒可能也會波及到收藏領域。

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In Memorial of

Du Weishan

Dai Zhiqiang〔Beijing〕

Editor's note ：Mr. Du Weishan died on March 7th, 2020. Mr. Yuan Shuiqing, the Chinese editor of JEAN , invited

Mr. Dai Zhiqiang, a member of the National Cultural Relics Appraisal Commission and the former director of the China Numismatic Museum, to comment on Mr. Du's numismatic life. The comments by Mr. Dai are as below.

Manuscript by Mr. Dai Zhiqiang Mr. Du Weishan is a scholarly numismatic collector, and he has made a significant contribution to the study of modern numismatics. His death is a great loss to Chinese numismatics. I miss him so much and hope he rests in peace.

M r. D u w r ot e Col le c t i on of Wu z hu Coi n s a nd Collection of Kai Yuan Tong Bao Coins . He not only focused on their varieties but also did a comparative study of corresponding historical materials. He made textual research on the dates and places of diverse varieties of the same type. Mr. Du collected and studied the coins used along the Silk Road and donated these coins to the Shanghai Museum as a specialized numismatic display for the public. In addition, he compiled and published special numismatic works which has promoted the study of these coins and has carried the study of the culture of the Silk Road forwards.

Mr. Du worked to make an in-depth analysis of common coins and advance research of modern numismatics through academic practice, which distinguished him from ordinary coin collectors.

Manuscript by Mr. Dai Zhiqiang

Beijing, March 11th, 2020

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憶 維善先生 戴志強〔北京〕

編者按 : 杜維善先生於2020年3月7日在加拿大溫哥華去世後，本刊中文主編約請國家文物鑒定委員、中國錢幣博物館 前館長戴志強先生評議杜先生一生對錢幣收藏與研究的貢獻，戴先生即發來“好的，請允我略思，再複。”的短信。現 將戴志強先生發來的手稿連同識文一併刊發，以饗讀者。

杜維善先生是學者型的錢幣收藏大家，對於當代錢幣

學的研究，其功甚偉。他的西去，是中國錢幣界的一大 損失，我十分懷念他，願他仙途順達。

維善先生做過《五銖系年匯考》 《開元通寶系年匯考》 ， 他不僅注意古錢本身版別的變化，而且注重相應的考

古發掘資料的對比研究，對於不同版別的同類古錢，做 分期斷代和鑄地考證。

維善先生大力蒐集和研究絲路沿線的錢幣，把它們捐

獻給上海博物館，作為專門的錢幣陳列向社會公展。 在此基礎上編輯出版了專題的錢幣著作，既是對絲路 錢幣的研究成果，也是對絲路文化的宣傳和弘揚。

維善先生從普通錢幣入手，做深一層次的剖析，以學術

活動的實踐，來推進當代錢幣學的學科建設，這便是 他和一般錢幣收藏家的區別。

2020年3月11日字於北京

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A Study on the Hidden Marks on the Mexican 8 Reales [Eagle Dollar] Minted from 1848 to 1849 Jin Ming〔Anhui〕

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From 1848 to 1849, the fluctuating political situation in Mexico lead to social chaos. A number of counterfeit coins appeared on the market. In response to this situation, the Durango Mint hid some letters in the design. This paper aims to make an exploration of these marks.

The Durango Mint, Mexico

The Main Entrance of the Durango Mint in early times

The Durango Mint with the mintmark DO, was one of 14 mints engaged in the production of silver eagle dollars [8 reales] in the 1820s. Durango was under the jurisdiction of Nueva Vizcaya State when Spain colonized Mexico, and it was separated from Chihuahua State in 1823. Close to Mazatlan Port, Durango enjoys a superior geographic location, so it serves as a vital pivot for the economic corridor in northern Mexico. In 1563, Spanish explorer Francisco de Ibarra conquered what is now the Mexican state of Durango and named it after his hometown in the Basque Country, Spain. At that time, local people lived in Aeropuerto, a small town just across the river. Therefore, Durango means “water town” in Basque. Before 1810, Durango

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silver was mined and transported to Mexico City to meet the demand for coin production there. On October 8, 1810, the government ordered a mint to be built in Durango. The state governor Don Bernardo appointed Don Felipe Lopez and famous merchant Don Manuel lglesias to take charge of minting. On May 22, 1824, the Durango government took over the mint and started to strike silver eagle dollars [8 reales] which featured a Mexican eagle devouring a rattlesnake, and it was one of three major mints engaged in minting this kind of coin. Starting from 1825, the mint produced an eagle dollar with an ornamental edge until June 30, 1895. During the 71 years from 1824 to 1895, a total of 14 assayers were

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employed by the Durango Mint to assay ornamental edge eagle dollar, better known as the Cap and Rays dollar. From 1870 to 1873, the Durango Mint suspended the production of Cap and Rays 8 reales and minted the Balance Scale one peso. The mint has minted Cap & Rays dollars with several

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eagle patterns; however, very few of these dollars minted in the early production appeared in China. From 1875 to 1895, many Mexican dollars were transported to the Far East for use in international trade, so most eagle dollars available in the domestic market were minted in this period.

The hidden marks on eagle dollars minted from 1848 to 1849 and the story behind them 1

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fig. 3 courtesy Cui Guoping

fig. 5、 fig. 6、 fig. 8 courtesy Zhou Xiaohua

fig. 1、 fig. 2、fig. 4 & fig. 7 courtesy PCGS

In 1848, Carlos Stahlkuecht, the president of the Durango Mint, employed Ramon Mascarenas (RM) to be the assayer.

Mascarenas worked at the mint from 1830 to early 1848.

Clemente Moran (CM) served as the assayer of the mint from late 1848 to 1877. Since the time of Clemente Moran, the mint started to hide initial letters of assayers somewhere in the design to crack down on counterfeited coins.

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The RM eagle dollar issued in early 1848 hid capital letters “B” and “G” in the radiant cap on the reverse. However, except the extremely fine ones the hidden mark is unclear on those that have circulated for a long time. Counterfeited coins resulted in the depreciation of silver dollars minted by the Durango Mint, so the government investigated, causing the original leaser, Carlos Stahlkuecht, to transfer the lease to Bernardo Georgy.

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According the existing archives of the mint, the representative of the official investigation has a bad relationship with Georgy.

In response to the challenge, Georgy decided to take more responsibility for the minting by hiding the capital letters “B” and “G” in the earth below wreath on the obverse as well as in the radiant cap between 10 o’clock and 1 o’clock on the reverse.

Moreover, the capital letter “Y” is hidden in either the radiant cap at 7 o’clock on the reverse or in the right leg of the eagle on the obverse. However, the investigation representatives held that this was against regulations, which posed a direct influence on Georgy’s lease contract. Finally, Bernardo Georgy lost his lease to run the mint on June 6, 1849. His successor, Jose Maria Ramirez, who assumed the position of assayer in late 1849 and worked until 1852 designed another pattern of the eagle dollar [Cap & Rays 8 reales]. Therefore, there were two versions of the eagle dollar produced in 1849. Ramirez’s design first put the hidden mark “Y” in the radiant cap, but then later the mark disappeared from the design completely.

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The Durango Mint had used hidden marks on the coins before 1848. Its eagle dollars dated 1830 to 1832 included a capital “B” on the right claw of the eagle that represented the assayer’s initial, and the letter might be the initial of the president M. Bras. De. Fer. I have collected a complete set of eagle dollars minted during this period. However, most of them are not in good condition due to their circulation. Only one of them, which was issued in 1831, has a clear initial “B” on the claw of the eagle.

According to the photos of the 1848 Do-CM and 1849 DoCM, each of them has two to three varieties. As for 1848 DoCM, its hidden marks and the placing of the marks is diverse; as for the 1849 Do-CM, the patterns of the eagle and the snake are different. Through a long-term observation, it is found that the eagle dollars of the same version and date are still slightly different in detail, in particular the radiant cap on the reverse.

All these are related to the minting equipment and technologies, and we need to make further study.

The 1848/7 D O -RM and 1848/7 Do-CM/RM are slightly different from the standard version. The date and the initials of the assayers were required to be included in the die, and the revision may leave traces on the die, which resulted in such differences. Pressing is a machine process. As people knew little about minting and the process at that time, the dies often cracked in the process of stamping. To lower the cost of minting, mints used to revise or overdate dies for later usage.

Review of the history From the 1830s to 1850s, Mexico suffered an unstable political situation. In 1834, Mexican President Santa Ana abolished the state legislature established in 1824, and repealed anticlerical legislation. In 1835, American migrants rebelled in Texas. On April 21, 1836, Santa Ana’s troops were annihilated in the Texas Revolution. In March 1837, America officially recognized Texas as an independent republic. In November 1838, the French navy attacked the fortress of San Juan de Ulua. In August, General Mariano Paredes rebelled in Mexico City.

In autumn 1844, Paredes led the Conservative Party to make rebellion in Guadalajara. In March 1845, diplomatic relations between Mexico and America broke off. In the summer of 1845, American troops entered Texas; and on December 29, Texas was annexed to America. On May 13, 1846, America declared war against Mexico, and an anti-government rebellion took place in Guadalajara. In July, American troops entered New Mexico. In January 1847, Gomez Farias supported Mora's plan to sell all nonessential church property, and four months later, Puebla was occupied by American troops. On February 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe was signed. Mexico, who lost the war, had to cede to America Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México, which covers an area of 2.4 million square kilometers, over half of the territory of Mexico at that time. The United States paid

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$15 million to Mexico as compensation. Numerous military coups happened in Mexico from 1821 to 1850, and a total of 50 governments were established, 11 of which were led by General Santa Ana. Mexico government was in a depression, and numerous Caudillos emerged. Several civil wars for secession continued, and the government spent much of the time in chaos, the people living in coldness and with hunger.

As Napoleon said, for war, we need three things - money, money, and more money. There is no denying that war needs money. There are numerous examples that a government issues money excessively during a war which results in the circulation of counterfeited money among the public.

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Jin Ming, born in Wuhu City, Anhui Province, in 1956, worked as an orthopedic surgeon at Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and retired in February 2016. He is a member of the China Numismatic Society and has engaged in collecting for over 40 years. He focuses on the study of machine-struck coins, and he has released 39 articles about his numismatic research results. His specialized collections include ancient Korean coins and Mexican eagle silver dollars. are for counterfeited coins minted according to the coins struck by the Durango Mint in that period.

From ancient times to the present, the most fundamental motive for producing counterfeit money is nothing but profit. During the chaos in Mexico, counterfeiters started to counterfeit coins minted by almost half of the 14 mints. As for the design of these counterfeited coins, some have funny eagle and snake patterns, like a cartoon, and some use the wrong mint logo or assayers’ initials. Moreover, they were pressed weakly, their reeded edges are not sharp, and the weight is either light or heavy (some counterfeiters added lead to make it heavier).

The counterfeited coins influenced the reputation and profit of mints, government fiscal and tax revenue, and the profit of chambers of commerce and the public. When the Caudillos carved up the country, the power of the central government was weakened. Against such a backdrop, it was diffficul to implement a particular policy, especially when foreign forces were fighting the country. In the chaos, counterfeited coins caused considerable trouble for those in power and the general public who used these eagle dollar coins.

Conclusion Wang Wei, the president of the China Financial Museum, mentioned in chapter 16 which was entitled ‘The Mexican Eagle Dollar and the Globalization of Money ’ of his Finance can Reverse History , though we no longer use silver coins, there is no denying that the Spanish dollar and Mexican eagle dollar [Cap & Rays 8 reales] have posed a material influence on finance in modern China. Westerners not only brought opium, war, and colonization but also destroyed the natural economy of the feudal Qing dynasty . Mexican eagle dollars and Yuan Shi-kai “fat man” dollars both played a unique role in the establishment of modern financial markets in China. The circulation of the Mexican eagle dollar compelled China to officially abolish the tael system and replace it with the dollar system. Now, the renminbi of China is the currency used by many countries to make settlement or as reserve currency. It is truly a great historical transition. The Mexican eagle dollar holds a special position in the financial history of modern China so we need to know more about it. Based on my own experience and understanding, I wrote the paper only to communicate with readers. Please feel free to comment.

（All counterfeited coin pictures are from eBay）

A cou nter feiter usually st r i kes coi ns with an i nfer ior composition or lower weight to lower the minting costs, and there are also some coins plated silver. The counterfeiting approach varies from one person to another. The figures below

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1848-1849年間墨西哥鷹洋之暗記研究 金 明〔安徽〕

摘要 墨西哥在1848-1849年那段特殊時期，由於政局動盪造成社會混亂，偽造貨幣層出不窮。杜蘭戈 造幣廠對此採取相應措施，在鷹洋圖案多處部位設計不同字母暗記。本文對此進行一些探索。

墨西哥杜蘭戈造幣廠簡介

早期杜蘭戈造幣廠的正門 納維亞任命唐 · 費利佩 · 洛佩斯（Don Felipe Lopez）和著

杜蘭戈（Durango， “Do”標記）造幣廠是19世 紀 20 年代 中製造鷹洋銀元14個造幣廠其中之一。杜蘭戈州在殖民時

名商人唐 · 曼努埃爾 · 萊格裡西亞（Don Manuel lglesias）

1823年從奇瓦瓦州析置杜蘭戈州。其地理位置優越，靠近

幣廠開始 鑄造彎頸蛇 系列鷹洋銀元，這也是 鑄造該系列

期 屬 於 新比 斯 開（Nueva Vizcaya） 總 督 轄 區 的 一 部 分，

負責制造 錢幣。1824 年5月22日，杜蘭戈 州政 府接管了鑄

馬薩特蘭港口，是墨西哥北部經濟走廊上的重要樞紐。西

鷹洋的三大廠之一。翌年起開始鑄造正面張翅鷹型花邊鷹

班牙殖民者法蘭西斯科 · 德伊瓦拉於1563年來到這座新建

洋，並且一直持續到1895年 6月30日。在1824 ―1895的 71

年中製造花邊鷹洋時共有14位鑒定師擔綱鑒定工作。其中

的城市，以自己的家鄉⸺ 西班牙巴斯克地區的杜蘭戈為

其命名。當時，土族居民都居住在附近一個名叫阿納科的

在1870-1873年期間，暫停花邊鷹洋鑄造，轉鑄天平鷹洋。

語中的意義為“河的另一邊”。早在在1810 年之前，該地區

內涵極其豐富，但實物在我國鮮見。1875-1895年的產品

在杜蘭戈造幣廠歷史上，早中期鷹洋中鷹的造型變化多端，

小鎮，與新建立的杜蘭戈隔河相望，於是“杜蘭戈”在土著 就開採金屬運往墨西哥城進行硬幣生產。1810 年10月8日，

開始大批運往遠東地區用於國際貿易，所以在國內市場常

政府下令在杜蘭戈成立了造幣公司。該州州長唐 · 伯納多 · 博

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1848-1849年間鷹洋暗記和背後的故事 1

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圖片來源說明 ： 圖3來自泉友崔國平先生 圖5、 6、 8來自泉友周曉華先生

圖1、2、4、7來自 PCGS

1848年，墨西哥杜蘭戈造幣廠鑄幣廠廠長卡洛斯 · 斯塔爾

鑄幣史料表明，官方調查代表狄奧尼西奧 · 格雷羅 · 塔維森

蒙 · 馬斯喀雷納斯【Ramon Mascarenas 縮寫 ：RM）為

“B”“G”縮寫暗藏在正面連接花環絲帶礁石上的仙人掌

隆（西語 Clemente Moron 縮寫 ：CM）為1848年後期至

鷹的右腿凸起部位加上“ Y”字母，以強化對鑄造產品的責

庫切 特【Carlos Stahlkuecht】在 其任 職 期 間，曾聘用雷

該造幣廠在 1830 年至1848年前期的鑒定師。克萊門特 · 莫

與喬治之間的關係非常糟糕，為了回應質疑，喬治仍決定將 之中，和背面10 點和1點位射線中 ；在射線7點位元或正面

1877年的鑒定師。開始為了抵制假幣而在銀元中設計暗記。 任。但政府調查代表認為，這個舉措違反了相應規定，也

直接影響到了伯納多 · 喬治的租賃合同。最終導致在1849

在1848年前期的 RM 版的背面射線中光柱上大寫字母“B”

年 6月6日，伯納多 · 喬治失去了對杜蘭戈造幣廠的租賃權。

能看清楚。因為假幣出現而導致 Do 廠銀幣貶值，政府開

JMR】在 擔 任 該 廠1849年中 後 期 ―1852年 的鑒 定 師 後，

租賃合同給伯納多 · 喬治【Bernardo Georgy】。現存該廠

幣。前期模具中保留7點位元射線“ Y”，後期就完全消失了。

和“G”，在流通較久的鷹洋上往往看不清，只有極佳品才

繼任何塞 · 瑪麗亞 · 拉米雷斯【Jose Maria Ramirez 縮寫：

始介入調查，促使 Do 廠租賃人卡洛斯 · 斯塔爾庫切特轉讓

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1848/7 Do-RM 和1848/7 Do-CM/RM 是鷹洋銀元的

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騎字版別。何謂騎字版別？錢幣根據需要在原有的年號數

位或鑒定師縮寫字母中作出相應的疊壓或修模後製作的幣， 很多時候會留下修改後的痕跡，而這種與正常版別因存在 細微差別，故稱其“騎字版別”。金屬錢幣衝壓就是一個機

械工序。由於當時對材料學、熱處理學的知識所知甚少， 模具就很容易出現問題。為節約而將模具修補或改年號後 繼續使用是經常的。

有1831年可以清晰所見鷹爪中的“B”。

杜蘭戈造幣廠在銀幣中設計字母暗記並非自1848年開始，

在1848 Do-CM 和1849 Do-CM 實物圖片中，各自均有

1830 ―1832年在右鷹爪中間就有個大寫的字母“B”。這個

2-3種 ：前者防偽字母與設計部位不同 ；後者卻是正面鷹

“B”很可能代表了鑄幣廠廠長 M.Bras.de.Fer【M. 布拉斯 ·

蛇頭形迥然不樣。通過長期觀察，鷹洋的同版同年號的實

然作者已搜全這幾個年號，但多為流通貨而品相不佳，唯

這與當時造幣設備和技術有關，需要我們作進一步研究。

德費】的字母縮寫，這個暗記標識就是作為防偽標識。雖

物在其細節上也有輕度差異，尤其是背面的射線複雜多變。

歷史的回顧和認識 19世 紀 的30-50年代 的 墨 西 哥 政 局 接 連 遭 遇 許 多 問 題 ：

面積達 240萬平方公里，比當時墨西哥領土的一半還多。美

1833年的反教權主義法令。第二年又發生德克薩斯的美國

年，墨西哥30 年內經歷了無數的軍事政變和產生了50 個政

1834 年， 墨 西 哥 總 統 聖 塔 安 納 總 統 廢 除1824 年 憲 法 和

國付給墨西哥1 500萬比索作為補償。回首1821年到1850

移民叛亂。1836年 4月21日，聖塔 安納的軍隊在聖哈辛托

府，其中11個政府由桑塔安納將軍任總統。墨西哥依然精

法國軍艦轟擊聖胡安 - 德 - 烏盧阿要塞。1841年8月，墨西

政府工作混亂不堪，百姓生活饑寒交迫。

反動叛亂。1844 年秋，瓜達拉哈拉發生帕雷德斯領導的保

“昔有 梁啟超《飲冰室文集 · 敬告國中之談實業者》中言 ：

覆滅。1837年3月，美國承認德克薩斯“獨立”。1838年11月，

神不振。地方“考迪羅1”紛紛興起，導致割據內戰連綿不斷，

哥城發生馬里阿諾 • 帕雷德斯 - 伊 - 阿裡亞加將軍領導的

人問拿破崙以戰勝之術，拿破崙答之 : 一則曰金，再則曰金，

守派叛亂。1845年3月，墨西哥與美國斷絕外交關係 ；同年

”戰爭需要錢是一個不可否認的事實，由於戰 三則亦曰金。

夏季，美軍進入德克薩斯 ；12月29日，美國國會通過德克

薩斯併入美國的決議。1846年5月13日，美國對墨西哥宣戰，

爭使政府鑄錢無序，民間仿製與造假的例子舉不勝舉。

瓜 達 拉哈拉城 舉行反政 府起義 ；7月，美軍侵入 新墨西哥 州。1847年元月，戈麥斯 • 法裡阿斯政府通過出售教會貴

鷹洋銀元的仿鑄大多是成色上摻假或減重圖利、以次充好

羅佩條約於1848年2月2日簽署。戰敗國墨西哥只得向戰勝

下面圖示該段時期模仿杜蘭戈造幣廠假幣為證。

重物品的法令草案，四個月後美軍佔領普韋布拉城。瓜達

或採用民間翻砂鑄造後鍍銀，手段多種多樣且層出不窮。

國割讓德克薩斯、新墨西哥和新加利福尼亞的領土，該地

（ 假幣圖片均來自 EBAY 網）

1 考迪羅一詞是從西班牙字音譯而來，最早用於獨立建國後的阿根廷，原意為“地方軍事首領”。後通用於拉美各國，而且所含意義地引申為“獨裁者”。凡以暴力擭取政權並借暴力 維繫獨裁統治的人，統稱“考迪羅”。他們多數是軍人，但也包括掌握軍事力量的獨裁政客。

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乎大半被涉及。外觀圖案設計 ：鷹蛇如同卡通搞笑、造幣

廠標識和鑒定師縮寫錯誤、幣面壓力膚淺、邊齒含糊不清， 重量或輕或重（加鉛版）。

銀元私鑄不僅僅是銀元的問題，涉及了造幣廠的信譽和利

潤、政府財政和稅收、商會和民眾的財產利益等諸多因素。 在當時考迪羅割據和墨西哥中央政權削弱、外辱內弱的政 治結構下，每項政策很難得到徹底推行。混亂不堪的時間

段，私鑄問題與官鑄問題始終嚴重地困擾着當權者及從上 到下的官僚，以及使用銀元的普通民眾。

結束語 中國金融博物館理事長王巍先生在《金融可以 顛覆歷史》 第十六章談及“墨西哥鷹洋與貨幣的全球化”中強調指出 ：

儘管銀幣早已經退出歷史， 但西班牙銀元和墨西哥鷹洋

對於中國近代金融的影響還需要客觀認定。 西方不僅僅 帶來了鴉片、戰爭和殖民地，也同時摧毀了我們自我陶醉 的天朝夢幻、 愚昧和自然經濟。 墨西哥鷹洋、“ 袁大頭” 銀元等都在中國近代金融市場的購建中發揮了獨特的職 能。...... 從當年墨西哥鷹洋等迫使中國放棄銀兩制度， 廢兩改元， 到當下中國的人民幣正在成為許多國家的結 算和儲備貨幣， 這種歷史變遷自然令人感慨， 但個中的

大趨勢更令人關注。墨西哥鷹洋銀元在中國近代金融史具 有特殊的地位，缺乏對其應有的重視，普及鷹洋的基本知

假幣出現的最根本動 機，從古至今，不外是利潤的誘惑。

識是必要的。筆者將自己的體會和認識寫成文字與讀者交

在墨西哥混亂期間，貨幣偽造者橫空出世，14家造幣廠幾

流，敬請各位方家不吝指正。

簡介 作者 1956年出生於安徽蕪湖市。 原在蕪湖市中醫院從事一線醫療工作（ 骨科）， 2016年2月退休。 系中

國錢幣學會會員。收藏錢幣40餘年。以機製幣研究為主，發表錢幣研究文章39篇。目前收藏專題：

朝鮮古幣和墨西哥鷹洋銀元。

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Duan Wu

Dragon Boat of Festival and Related Chinese Numismatic Charms Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 The Duan Wu Festival（ 端 午 ）, or Dragon Boat Festival, is a traditional Chinese festival celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. It has many other alternative names such as the Summer Festival, Girl’s Festival, Mid-Day Festival, and Double Fifth Festival. Activities conducted on this day include eating rice dumplings, racing dragon boats, and drinking xionghuang wine, a special kind of rice wine that is believed to keep diseases and evil spirts away.

and xionghuang wine and burned herbs in dark corners in the house to kill pests and dispel bad smells. Driving the poisonous creatures away with the charms was deemed as magic. During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet of the State of Chu, committed suicide by drowning himself in the Miluo River when the capital of Chu was captured. From this point, the customs of the festival turned from sacrifice to the commemoration of Qu Yuan.

The festival has many alternative names because it has a long history with many different stories about its origins. For instance, it is known as Dragon Boat Festival as it is said that primitive tribes raced dragon boats as a sacrificial ceremony on this day. Ancient Chinese people believed that yang qi , or positive energy, started to turn from prosperity to decline, and yin qi , or negative energy, came into being from the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. Also, pests began to appear, so the day was regarded to be the “worst month and worst day.”

People used to hang a portrait of a Taoist master or a deity which was supposed to chase off demons, turn calamities into blessings, and remove bad fortune. In some regions, there was another custom to make charms with the pattern of five poisons (scorpion, centipede, toad, snake, and one other which varied in different periods). People also sprayed lime

The hua qian , or numismatic charm, has a similar shape to ancient Chinese coins, but it was not issued for circulation but for some other reason. It is also known as ya sheng qian （ 厭 勝 錢 ）, which means a coin for defeating evil. Hua qian was used for decorations, gifts, divination, kailu (opening the furnace) ceremony, and appreciation, with the themes of blessing, exorcism, and commemoration. There were also some numismatic charms for the Dragon Boat [Duan Wu] Festival.

For example, figure 1 and 2 are inscribed with “ 五 月 五 日 午 時 ” (high noon of the fifth day of the fifth lunar month) and “ 五 日 午 時 ” (high noon of the fifty day) on the obverse, and the reverse features the Taoist runes or five poisonous creatures.

Ancient Chinese people believed that such charms could drive away evil spirits. According to the fifth volume of Qing Jia Lu by Gu Lu from the Qing dynasty, “Xiao Rong numismatic

fig. 1-1 A numismatic charm inscribed with“五月五日午時”on the obverse and Taoist runes on the reverse from the Qing dynasty.

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Fig. 1-2 A numismatic charm inscribed with“五日五日午時”on the obverse and five poisonous creatures on the reverse from the Qing dynasty.

Fig. 2 A numismatic charm inscribed with“五日午時”on the obverse and five poisonous creatures on the reverse from the Qing dynasty.

Tian Festival” (the Mid-Day Festival), and the Duan Wu Festival may be simplified or have evolved from the Zhong Tian Festival. Ancient Chinese held that the metal utensils manufactured on this day with the highest positive energy would be imbued with the positive energy, which would endow these utensils with the magic power to defeat evil. According to the Chinese theory of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements, “the fifth day of the fifth lunar month” is the “the day and month of fire”, and the noon is also at the time of fire. As fire melts metals, it is a good day to melt metals to make utensils, and thus the numismatic charms struck on this day can drive away the evil.

charms are tied on one’s blouse or shirt to avoid evil.” The xiao rong numismatic charm mentioned above was believed to have the same function of driving away evil spirits as the fivepoison numismatic charm.

“High noon of the fifth day of the fifth lunar month” refers to the particular month, day and time. According to the first Chinese dictionary compiled by Xu Sheng in the Eastern Han dynasty, “ 耑 ” (Duan ) refers to the beginning，and it is the ancient form of “ 端 ”（duan ）. Another Chinese dictionary compiled by Wang Yun in the Qing dynasty indicates, “ 五 ” (wu ) and “ 午 ” are homonyms, and sometimes they are interchangeably used. Therefore, “ 端 午 ” corresponds to “ 耑 五 ”. According to the Record of the Year by Chen Yuanliang from the Southern Song dynasty, the fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the middle of a lunar year and the noon appears in the middle of the day. Hence, the day is also named “Zhong

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People wish to drive away evil spirits, be blessed, remove bad fortune, and recuperate from illness. Hopefully, these numismatic charms can bring you happiness and health.

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端午 節及相關花錢 周 邊〔上海〕 每年農曆五月初五端午節，是中華民族的傳統節日，又稱

一種形制與古錢類似，但不是流通錢幣，而專供某種需求

節、浴蘭節、女兒節、天中節、地臘節 , 等等。民間有吃粽

“壓”，壓制邪魔，取得勝利。 “花錢”涵蓋的內容和範圍為

黃酒等習俗。

庫與玩賞。端午內容的花錢也時有發現。如錢面“五月五

端陽節、午日節、夏五、重五等 ；它還有許多別稱，如 ：夏

子，賽龍舟，掛菖蒲、蒿草、艾葉，薰蒼術、白芷，喝雄

的用品，稱“花錢”；也稱“厭勝錢”。 “厭”字在此念 Ya, 通

祝福、辟邪或紀念等，用於配飾、饋贈、占卜、開爐、鎮 “五日午時”( 圖2)， ’背為道教符文或五毒 日午時” （圖1）、

端午節的別稱之多，間接說明了端午節俗起源歧出與歷史

圖案。古人認為這種錢都是具有辟邪功能的厭勝錢。清人

眼中，農曆五月初五那天是陽氣由盛轉衰之際，陰氣開始

“彩絨嫋銅錢，為五色符，謂之‘嫋絨銅錢’，皆系襟帶間以

逢凶化吉、禳除災殃的目的，人們就懸掛有張天師和鍾馗

一樣，都被賦予驅晦辟惡的功用。

悠久，如龍舟競渡考為原始部落圖騰祭祀的習俗。在古人 萌生。害蟲出來活動，所以被視為“惡月惡時”。為了達到

顧祿在《清嘉錄》卷五《五月 · 雄黃荷包嫋絨銅錢》中曰 ： 辟邪。”因此，上述“五毒”花錢和文中提及的“嫋絨銅錢”

像的道符，還有的地方做帶有五毒圖案的飾物， “五毒”是

指五種有毒有害的動物，除蠍子、蜈蚣、蟾蜍、蛇四種外，

如果將“五月五日午時”分成月、日、時三部分，則“五日

端午前後，為滅五毒、驅穢氣，人們於是在屋角及各陰暗

物初生之題也。”清人錢坫《論語後錄》雲： “‘端’即‘耑’。”

午時”是指日、時。端午，東漢許慎《說文解字》雲 ： “耑，

在不同時代和時期另一毒則有老虎、蜘蛛、壁虎等變化。

兩字讀音相同，意思也相同，都有初始的意思。清人王筠《說

處灑石灰和噴雄黃酒、燃藥煙。人們將五毒圖案用作驅邪

文釋例》雲： “‘五’ ‘午’同音，可借也。”說明“五”和“午”

的方法實際上也是一種巫術符咒，主要的原理是以毒攻毒。

不僅音同，有時可以假借通用。這樣“五”和“午”兩字也

後因楚國愛國詩人屈原於此日投汩羅江殉國，端午節的風

是相對應的。南宋陳元靚在《歲時廣記 · 趁天中》中引《提

俗也從祭祀避惡慢慢演變成一個紀念屈原的傳統節日。

圖1-1 清代“五月五日午時”背道教符文花錢

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端午

圖1-2 清代“五月五日午時”背五毒圖案花錢

圖2 清代“五日午時”背五毒圖案花錢

要錄》曰： “五月五日，乃符天數也，午時為天中節。 ”故“五

月五日午時”也被稱為“天中節”。 “五月五日午時” “五日午 時”大概是“天中節”在文化流傳中的簡化和演變。古人相

午亦代表火， “五月五日午時”即為 “火月火日火時”。火克金，

“五月五日午時”自然是熔煉金屬的良辰吉日。於此時鑄的 花錢可以驅邪克魔。

信，在一年之中陽氣最盛的時候鑄造器物，可將天地間的 至陽至剛之氣融入所鑄器物，使之產生克制邪魔鬼祟的神

驅邪降福、祛災除疾任何時候都是人們美好的願望。但願

奇力量。按陰陽五行的觀念， “五月五日”是“火月火日”，

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Casilear Printing Specimen of 1-Yen National Bank Note Oley Kawani〔 Japan〕

The Stub

Printing Specimen of 1-Yen National Bank Note with an Undetached Stub, 1877, 74.00×156.00 mm PMG 53 (About Uncirculated "SPECIMEN") Star ting Price: 2,000,000 JPY .

New 1-Yen National Bank Note specimen given to Edoardo Chiossone (1833-1898) by Japan’s Printing Bureau in 1891 when he was retired from the Bureau where he had been hired by the Japanese government and worked to introduce modern printing technologies, designing and engraving the very 1-Yen National Bank note in 1877.

Historical Item Likely to Be the Only Existing Example of its Kind.

The so-called “New 1-Yen National Bank note” (issued in 1877) is the very first banknote printed in Japan using the modern printing technologies introduced from the West.

The stubs were records which the Treasury kept when it handed printed notes to National Banks and the actual cutting of stubs was done by the Printing Bureau, an agency of the Treasury and the producer of the notes themselves. So National Bank notes with stubs undetached were never meant to go out of the Printing Bureau. The Bureau lost the most of its valuable historical relics in the two almost total disasters during the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 and the WWII. As a result,

T h is pr i nt i ng speci men w it h i ncompa r able h istor ical importance was recently found in the scrapbook of George Casilear (1825-1912), the chief engraver of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in the US. What is remarkable about this specimen is that the stub on the right side is not cut off. The only other known example with an undetached stub is in the collection of Chiossone Museum in Genoa, Italy. It is a printing

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The Stub

Printing Specimen in the Collection of Chiossone Museum in Genoa, Italy

No Stub

Specimen Note the Treasury Distributed to Other Government Agencies

only those two examples which happened to go overseas seem to have survived until today. Other than these two, no notes with undetached stubs have been found anywhere including in the archive of the Bank of Japan.

distributed 82 specimen notes to other related government agencies in 1877 but those specimen notes do not have their stubs undetached and also has “ 見 本 ” (Specimen) printed on its reverse side.

Unlike the Chiossone printing specimen, the Casilear printing specimen has the National Bank president’s and manager’s sample seals printed on it, making it unique and closer to the circulated note than the Chiossone’s. In addition, the Treasury

Detached stubs sometimes appear in the market. They are thought to be some of those stubs which were discarded and went outside probably after 1899 when the National Bank Notes went out of currency.

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卡斯萊爾所藏大日本帝國 國立銀行壹圓紙幣印刷樣幣 川仁央〔日本〕

存根

1877年大日本帝國國立銀行壹圓紙幣印 刷樣幣，帶存根，票幅 ：156毫米 x74毫 米 ，PMG 53（近於未流通“樣幣”）。起 拍價 ：2 000 000日元。

1877年大日本帝國國立銀行壹圓紙幣印刷樣幣

上圖中的這張舊紙幣可能是目前唯一一張近於未流通且帶

國立銀行壹圓紙幣印刷樣幣現藏於意大利熱那亞的奇奧松 博物館，是日本印刷局在愛德華多 · 奇奧松顯示（Edoardo

存根的大日本帝國國立銀行壹圓紙幣印刷樣幣。

Chiossone，1833-1898） 於1891年 退 休 時 贈 予 給 他 的。

“國立銀行新版壹圓紙幣” （發行於1877年）是日本從西方

奇奧 松曾受雇於日本政 府，他致力於引進現代印刷技術， 並在1877年設計雕刻了大日本帝國國立銀行的壹圓紙幣。

引進現代印刷技術後印刷的第一版紙幣。

這張印刷樣幣是在美國雕刻和印刷局首席雕刻師喬治 · 卡

大藏省（日本自明治維新後直到2000 年期間存在的中央政

斯萊爾（George Casilear，1825-1912年）的剪貼 簿中發

府財政機關）將紙幣交付國立銀行之前，一般會裁下存根

在於其右側的存根未被裁除。而除了這張在卡斯萊爾剪貼

產紙幣的印刷局完成，因此，所有國立銀行的紙幣絕不可

現的，具有無與倫比的歷史意義，而它最值得注意的一點

作為記錄，而存根的裁除工作實際上由大藏省下屬負責生 能在未裁除存根的情況下流出印刷局。而印刷局在1923年

簿中發現的樣幣外，唯一一張已知的帶存根的大日本帝國

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存根

意大利熱那亞奇奧松博物館藏品中的大日本帝國國立銀行壹圓紙幣印刷樣幣

無存根

大藏省發放給其他政府機構的大日本帝國國立銀行壹圓紙幣樣幣

關東大地震和第二次世界大戰這兩次巨大的災難中失去了

大藏省在1877年共向其他相關政府機構發放了82張壹圓紙

大部分珍貴的歷史文物。現在只有這兩張偶然流落海外的

幣樣幣，但是那些樣幣的存根均已被裁除，背面還印有“見

紙幣得以倖存，而除此之外，至今未曾在包括日本銀行檔

本” （樣幣）字樣。

案室在內的任何地方發現過帶存根的日本紙幣。

市場上有時也會見到被裁除的紙幣存根，我們一般認為這

些存根是在1899 年國立銀行紙幣不再流通後被丟棄，並流

卡斯萊爾的印刷樣幣和奇奧松的印刷樣幣有一點不同，即

出到市場上。

卡斯萊爾的印刷樣幣上加蓋了國立銀行行長和經理的樣印， 因此更加獨特，也更加接近流通幣。除了這兩張樣幣之外，

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A French City’s Asian Coin Collectionv Bruno Collin〔France〕

commander-in-chief of Canton, was given the mission, by the [French] Government, to assemble a collection of ancient Chinese coins during his stay, which must today be given to the Imperial Library [now the National Library of France]. Accompanying the collection is a descriptive catalogue prepared by Admiral d’Aboville, of all the ancient coins of that empire. […] Having procured many doubles, Admiral d’Aboville has given several of them to Cherbourg’s Museum. Each coin is accompanied by a number that refers to the catalogue forwarded to the Imperial Library with the collection.”

We will be discussing the Asian coin collection of the city of Cherbourg, a port city located at the northern end of Normandy coast, France.

This collection was brought to the attention of French nu mismatists when, in 1995, the Société Française de Numismatique (French Numismatic Society) held its annual convention in Cherbourg. It is traditional to publish a scientific catalogue of the public numismatic collections found in and around the city where the convention is held.

It was none other than François Thierry [ 蒂 埃 裏 , dì āilǐ], curator of the Cabinet des Médailles de la Bibliothèque Nationale de France (the French State’s collection) and France’s utmost specialist on Asian coins, who published the catalogue of the Asian coins found in that city’s collection.

Having found this letter, François Thierry searched for the coin collection and its catalogue in the holdings of the National Library, without success.

In fact, d’Aboville’s mission was given to him by the Minister of the Navy, on behalf of the Minister of Finance to benefit the collections of the Paris Mint.

Origin Although it may have similarities to the coin collections brought back by 19th-century travellers, missionaries, soldiers, and diplomats who had sojourned in the Orient, the origin of this collection is far from being commonplace: it was brought back—under orders—at the end of the 19th century by RearAdmiral d’Aboville.

To better situate these events in time, note that this was during the Second Opium War [ 第 二 次 鴉 片 戰 爭 , Dì'èrcì Yāpiàn Zhànzhēng] (1856-1860), which ended with the burning of the Summer Palaces in October 1860.

So, then [Naval] Captain d’Aboville had received the order to assemble the collection from Vice-Admiral Rigault de Genouilly, commander-in-chief of the fleet in the China seas.

François Thierry found in the archives of the Cabinet des Médailles a letter that sheds light on how this collection was procured.

D’Aboville sent back to France five small chests (sadly only four were received) between 1859 and 1860; the first one having been put on L’Audacieuse that sailed from Macao to France in April 1859.

Dated October 2, 1861, the letter from the mayor of Cherbourg to the curator of the Cabinet states: “Rear-Admiral d’Abovillej,

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The last counterfeit piece we would like to mention is a piece supposedly from Taiwan made of brass rather than the red copper used for the original pieces.

The collection’s movements, however, do not stop there. On January 14, 1863, an Imperial decree authorizes the Cabinet des Médailles de la Bibliothèque Nationale to take from the Currency Museum of the Paris Mint any coin that may be missing in the Cabinet’s collections.

Thierry pointed out that the counterfeit pieces were made long before Rear-Admiral d’Aboville acquired them, which, according to him, indicates that there were local coin collectors interested in scarce and rare coins.

Two hundred and fifty of the coins acquired by d’Aboville were thus transferred. The Paris Mint retaining only about 40 pieces that had, since their deposit in the collection, been deemed counterfeits of the Qin ding qian lu or fantasy pieces.

Finally, there are some 40 fantasy pieces in the collection, likely made for the curious and ill-informed collectors for the Occident. These are round or shaped like hoes and knives.

Content

Similar pieces, seemingly from the same molds, can be found in the Paris Mint’s collections. It has been determined that these counterfeit or fantasy pieces are based on the Qin ding qian lu, a numismatic publication dated from 1750 written by ten scholars and edited by Lian Shizheng.

The Cherbourg Museum’s collection (the doubles acquired by d’Aboville) consists essentially of coins in circulation in China in the 19th century as well as some older coins. These older coins had been purchased from Cantonese antique dealer or provided by Chinese interprets during visits of ancient sites.

These fantasy pieces were attributed to Fu Xi, Shen Nong, and Huangdi and to emperor Shao Hao, Zhuan Xu, Yao, and Shun. While the book was produced using the traditional wood engraving process, the images are quite different front any genuine piece, showing only a portion of the actual details; leading us to believe that the images were prepared by someone who had ignore the markings on the originals or that

The collection comprises 132 Chinese coins, 9 Vietnamese coins, 2 Japanese coins, 7 counterfeit Chinese coins, and 40 fantasy coins.

The oldest Chinese coins (often broken or diminished) are from the Northern Song (960-1127) and Southern Song (11271279) dynasties. The more recent are from the Qing Dynasty from Shunzi Emperor (r. 1644-1661) to Xiafeng Emperor (r.

1850-1861).

the original were well-worn pieces.

Thierry indicated that “these sovereigns and emperor are from Chinese lure and legends and that attributing coins to them is like attributing Roman coins to Remus and Romulus.”

There are very few from the Ming Dynasty, mainly due to that dynasty’s conservative approach to coinage. But there is a nice coin from Hong Wu tong bao (GQP II 37, p. 340), issued at the beginning of the Dynsdty (1368-1644) and whose reverse bears the value wu qian (5 qian).

There are also two Tenpo tsuho coins from the Tokugawa shogunate (1835) in Japan and nine Vietnamese coins (one from the Later Lê Dynasty [981-1010], three of the Nguyên Dynasty [1802-1945], and five Chinese copies).

Another interesting piece is a wuzhu (Ding 215a) from the period of the Three Kingdoms, more specifically from the Western Jin dating from the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 4th century C.E. Thierry believes it to be relatively rare and of a scarce variety.

While the Cherbourg Museum’s Asian coin collection is not as important as the one assembled for the Paris Mint, it does ref lect what any 19th-century traveller to the Far East, and particularly to China, would bring home.

Among the counterfeit pieces, five interesting ones are from the Kangxi period, two of which are supposed to be from mints in Hunan and Yunnan (rare mints). However, their design is quite different than that of authentic pieces.

Although not a nu mismatic t reasu re, it does —li ke all numismatic item—reflect an interesting period in history.

Two other pieces imitate coins from the mints at Zhangzhou and Gu angz hou; however, i n an ef for t to create ra rer specimens, the counterfeiters added the character Xi, which is found of very special coins issued in 1713 to mark Emperor Shenzong’s 60th anniversary.

* At the time of this letter, d'Aboville was major-general

of Cherbourg ; post he assumed upon his return from

China.

Ref: Ding : DING Fubao : Gu qian da cidian, Shanghaï 1938.

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法國港口城市

瑟堡 的亞洲硬幣收藏 布魯諾·科林〔法國〕

務，要求其留居廣東期間收集中國古代硬幣，現在，這些

法國瑟堡是一座港口城市，位於諾曼第海岸北端。下麵，

藏品必須交付皇家圖書館（現法國國立圖書館）。隨收藏附

讓我們來看一看這座城市中收藏的亞洲硬幣。

有一份德阿博維爾少將所寫的關於所有大清古幣的介紹目

1995年，法國錢幣學會在瑟堡舉行年會，自此，這裏的錢

錄……德阿博維爾少將獲得了很多重複的藏品，因此將其中

幣收藏開始引起法國藏家們的注意。年會每年都會出版一

的一些贈予了瑟堡博物館，裏面的每一枚硬幣都有一個編

份目錄，列出年會舉行城市及其周邊地區發現的公共錢幣

號，該編號與隨藏品一起交付給皇家圖書館的目錄中的編

收藏。

號一致。”

法國國立圖書館下屬獎章收藏館館長、法國最為知名的亞

蒂埃裏先生發現這封信後，便在國家圖書館中尋找這些亞

洲硬幣專家弗朗索瓦 · 蒂埃裏先生（François Thierry）為

洲硬幣收藏及目錄，但並未找到。

瑟堡收藏的亞洲硬幣出版了一本目錄。

事實上，德阿博維爾少將的任務是由海軍大臣代財政大臣 下達的，旨在豐富巴黎造幣廠的硬幣收藏。

淵源 19世紀時，曾有旅居東方的法國旅行者、傳教士、士兵和

為了讓讀者更好地理解這次任務是在何時發生的，我們在

它們有些相似，但其淵源卻頗為傳奇 ：19世紀末，德阿博

期間（1856-1860 年），而第二次鴉片戰爭以1860 年10月火

外交官帶回來收藏的一些硬幣，收藏於瑟堡的亞洲硬幣與

此提示，這次收藏亞洲硬幣的任務發生在第二次鴉片戰爭

維爾少將（Rear-Admiral d ’Aboville）在收到法國政府

燒圓明園而告終。

的命令後，搜集了這些亞洲硬幣並帶回法國。

因此，海軍德阿博維爾少將是收到了（法國遠征軍）的艦隊

蒂埃裏先生曾在獎章收藏館的檔案中發現一封信函，這封

總司令熱那利海軍中將的命令，要求其收集亞洲硬幣藏品。

信函揭示了藏館究竟是如何獲得這些亞洲硬幣藏品的。

德阿博維爾少將在1859年至1860年間共寄送了5個小箱子至

1861年10月2日，瑟 堡市長在寫給 時 任館長的信中說 道 ：

法國（遺憾的是，只收到了其中的4個箱子）；其中的第一個

箱子是通過勇敢者號從澳門海運至法國，於1859年4月抵法。

“（法國遠征軍）德阿博維爾少將收到法國政府（下達）的任

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但是法國收藏亞洲硬幣的腳步並未就此停下。1863年1月14

本是用採用紅銅鑄造。

巴黎造幣廠的貨幣博物館中拿走任何藏館中可能缺少的硬幣。

蒂埃裏先生指出，這些贗品的鑄造時間遠早於德阿博維爾

德阿博維爾少將從巴黎造幣廠拿到了250 枚硬幣，而造幣廠

藏家對珍稀及稀有的硬幣很感興趣。

日，皇家法令授權國家（博物館）下屬獎章收藏館，可以從

少將開始收藏亞洲硬幣的時間，因此他認為，當地的硬幣

方面僅保留了大約40 枚，因此拿走的部分藏品被認為是根

最後，藏品中有約40 枚臆造幣，似乎是針對那些對此好奇

據《欽定錢錄》而鑄造的贗品或是臆造品。

但缺乏足夠資訊的西方藏家而鑄造的。這些藏品或是圓形、 或是形同鋤頭和刀。

藏品內容 瑟堡博物館中收藏的硬幣（即德阿博維爾少將獲得藏品中

巴黎造幣廠的收藏裏還有一些相似的硬幣，這些相似的硬

重複的硬幣）大部分在19世紀以及更早之前在中國流通。

幣似乎是出自同一模具。經測定，這些贗品及臆造品是根

據《欽定錢錄》而鑄造的。 《欽定錢錄》於1750 年出版，由

藏品中有132 枚中國硬幣、9枚越南硬幣、2 枚日本硬幣、7

10 位學者共同編寫，再經梁詩正編輯而成。

枚中國硬幣贗品和40 枚臆造幣。

這些臆造幣被 認 為是在伏羲、神農、黃帝，以 及堯、舜、

藏品中中國最早的硬幣的年代是北宋（960-1127年）和南

禹時期鑄造。儘管該書採用傳統木版印刷，書中的圖片和

（這些硬幣現在通常都有損壞或磨損）。 宋（1127-1279年）

錢幣實物還是頗為不同，僅展示了一部分真實的細節 ；因此

而年代更近一些的則是清朝順治帝（1644-1661年）至咸豐

我們認為，負責書中圖片的人忽視了原版硬幣上面的標記，

帝（1850-1861年）在位期間鑄造的硬幣。

或是原版本本身就非常破舊。

還有極少數 來自明朝的硬幣，而 明朝 硬幣 數 量偏少則是

蒂埃裏先生指出， “這些君主和皇帝出自中國的神話和傳說，

（1368-1644 年）的洪武通寶（《古錢譜》II 37，第340頁），

由羅馬城祖先雷姆斯和羅穆盧斯下令鑄造。”

因為其鑄幣方法更為保守。但是藏品中還是有發行於明初

認為這些硬幣由他們下令鑄造，就像是認為有些羅馬硬幣

品相較好，背面刻有幣值五錢。

收 藏中有兩枚日本德川幕府時期（1835年）的天保 通寶， 和9枚越南硬幣（一枚為981-1010 年的後黎朝時期，3枚為

藏品中另一枚比較有意思的硬幣是三國時期的五銖錢（丁 福保， 《古錢大辭典》，215a），更具體地說是公元 3世紀末

1802-1945年的阮朝時期，還有5枚為仿製的中國硬幣）。

對稀少，且種類也很少。

儘管瑟堡博物館中的亞洲硬幣收藏沒有巴黎造幣廠中收藏

在所有的贗品中，有5枚康熙時期的硬幣也頗為有趣，其中

東遠行的人，尤其是前往中國的那些人，都為法國帶回來

至4世紀初西晉時期的五銖錢。蒂埃裏先生認為五銖錢相

的那些硬幣重要，但這些收藏確實反映了19世紀時前往遠

兩枚應該是來自湖南和雲南的造幣廠（兩地造幣廠所造錢

了些什麼。

幣均不常見）。然而，藏品中這兩枚硬幣的設計和真品出入 很大。

這些硬幣在錢幣界算不得珍寶，但它們確實和其他錢幣藏 品一樣，反映了一段有趣的歷史。

另外還有兩枚贗品乃是仿造漳州和廣州造幣廠的錢幣。造

假者為了仿造更為稀有的硬幣，便在幣上添加了“熙”字，

(* 德阿博維爾寫這封信時是瑟堡的少將， 他是從中國回來

以此仿造為紀念1713年康熙六十大壽而發行的特殊錢幣。

後開始擔任該職務的。)

我們提到的最後一個贗品是臺灣鑄造的黃銅幣，其原始版 參考資料 : 丁福保， 《古錢大辭典》，上海，1938 年。

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MacauDocument Chinan Fan / Wei-Yu Ho〔USA〕

Before we discuss the Macau document, we need to mention Cuba, the archipelago in the western hemisphere that lies on the same latitude, near the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N), as Macau.

The island of Cuba in the Caribbean Sea was inhabited by Amerindians when Columbus landed in the fifteenth century.

Most anthropologists believe that the indigenous culture had some similarities to that of the Mayans of Mexico and Central America. Although Cuba became a Spanish colony, it did not appear to have many natural resources, so the Spanish did not pay much attention to it at that time. But, in the 17th century, a large increase in European immigrants to the New World during a period of intense competition for maritime superiority and the rising demand for cash crops resulted in a need for a large labor forces to work on the land. The slave system in the New World was born. The city of Havana became a location where British and Spanish traded and transferred slaves.

An American silver tea service set

The set in Greek revival style was made by Wood and Hughes in 1860. It includes a tea kettle, two teapots (right and left of the back row), a covered sugar container (front right), a creamer, and a waste bowl. It sits on a large tray which was made by Gorham. The set is similar to that of the famous Lincoln set purchased by Mary Todd Lincoln in New York City in 1860. Notice the large size of the sugar container, which is about the same size as the two tea pots.

La rge nu mbers of Af r ican slaves were broug ht to the Americas by Portuguese, Spanish, and English ships between 1500 and 1866 (when the last recorded illegal slave ship, the Clotilda, brought 110 slaves to the Americas). In all, Europeans took nearly 12.5 million slaves from Africa, but about two million died during the journey. Of the slaves that were brought to Cuba, the majority were sold at auction in the coastal city of Havana.

included large sugar containers.

Cane sugar from Cuba soon became the favorite of the upper class in the New World, and the use of slaves, steam engines, and handcars (railroad cars powered by people) transformed Cuba into the kingdom of sugar (the development of the sugar industry in Taiwan under the governance of the Japanese in 1930s saw the use of similar handcars). At this time, the majority of the slaves in Cuba were from Africa and a small number were South American Indians. Slaves made up the majority of the population in Cuba, and Havana also became a large city. More than one third of the world's sugar in the midnineteenth century was exported from Cuba.

Following the United States' independence in 1776, trade took off between the U.S. and Cuba. In order to satisfy the growing demand for sugar during the 1800s, Cuban plantations expanded along with the number of slaves. By the nineteenth century, the upper class of the New World had incorporated tea drinking into daily life. The slightly muddy taste of beet sugar could not compete with cane sugar. The use of cane sugar became a symbol of wealth and social status. This could be observed in the expensive silver tea sets of the time, which

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Importation of Slaves." This was followed by the passage of a similar British statute in the same year. Therefore, it became illegal to bring slaves from West Africa to the New World after 1808. Although this did not stop the illegal slave trade, by 1830, the number of slaves entering the Americas was greatly reduced. The American Civil War finally ended the illegal slave trade. To look for laborers for the sugar plantations, the slave ships moved to Asia. Coolies were born (The word “coolie” has Cantonese origins and refers to those who did labor on the plantations after the end of slavery).

The figure shows a cargo ship in Hong Kong harbor around 1850.

Most cargo ships at that time were wooden-hulled with steam engines.

In the Spanish colonies, following the passage of 1807’s “American Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves," Spain had abolished slavery in all its colonies in 1811. However, the laws were not enforced in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the West Indies. It was not until the “Constitution of 1845" of Spain during the reign of Queen Isabella the 2nd (1830-1904) from 1843 to 1868 and the issuing of a Royal Decree in 1854 that the laws were enforced.

An oil painting of a cargo ship by J. C. Head, c.1850

Off the coast of China, there are two small islands on the west side of the Pearl River Estuary, Taipa and Coloane. These two small islands were like "double doors" to the coast. Based on this, the Chinese named the place “Aomen,” translated as “bay gate.” Today, these two islands are connected. They became Chinese territories in the early Qin Dynasty (221-227 BC). At the end of Song Dynasty, when Genghis Khan invaded southern China, many people escaped to these islands, and a famous article written by Wen Tian-Xiang ( 文 天 祥 過 零 丁 洋 記 ) in 1278 spoke of this place. Because it is along the "southern silk road, " people on the islands had been dealing with foreigners since ancient times. But, for the most part, the islands were quiet, with small fishing villages. They were called “Macau" after the small temple of "Mazu," or the Hokkien deity( 客家語 馬祖 ) Lin Moniang( 林默娘 ), who was the goddess of the sea.

The Portuguese rented Macau for 500 reals (the Portugese unit of currency during the Age of Exploration) in 1557. However, it was only officially included on a Portuguese map after 1887. In 1999, it was returned to China, marking the end of colonization in the region.

The cargo ship

The painting shows an English merchant ship (another name for a cargo ship or container ship) named The John Wood approaching Bombay (Mumbai), India.

The 1807“Act Prohibiting Importation of Africans to be Enslaved”

However, the slave trade was prohibited in the middle of the 19th century due to international developments and changing views. In 1807, the United States passed the “Act Prohibiting Temple of "Mazu" J

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Xianfeng Emperor from 1856 to 1860, followed by nearly half a century of control by the Empress Dowager Cixi from 1861 to 1908( 咸 豐皇帝 和慈 禧太 后 ). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom( 太 平 天 國 ), an oppositional state, rose in southern China. Instability, riots, and poverty were common there. In Japan, the beginning of the Meiji era and the end of feudalism led to modernization. The seas were still under the control of the British in the west, but the abolition movement and the industrialization of the cotton industry, among other factors, led to the American Civil War (1861-1865).

The illegal slave trade slowed down in the 1830s due to high costs and opposition to slavery, and the Civil War brought the

Wen Tianxiang

The Coolie Imports from 1847 to 1874 to Cuba

The Duke of Wen Xin（ 文 信 公 ）was a Chinese poet and politician in the last years of Southern Song Dynasty. His famous articles included "Zheng Qi Ge,"（ 正 氣 歌 ）meaning “positive song,”and“Crossing the Ling-Ding Ocean” （ 過零丁 洋）. His most famous lines were from the Chinese version of this article written in 1278.

The official records of the Cuban government f rom 1847 to 1874 show the direct relationship between sugar produc t ion and the numbers of impor ted A f r ican slaves and Coolies.

The slave trade ended in 1866 and the coolie trade ended in 1874.

The Portuguese established a navigation school during China's Ming Dynasty in the sixteenth century to teach missionaries and businessmen about the Chinese language and culture.

Gradually, Macau became the connection between China and the western world. Today, the islands are connected by land and make up the world's largest gambling center.

The mid and late nineteenth century was a very eventful time in China. The first Opium war lasted from 1840 to 1842 and the second from 1856 to 1860. The country was ruled by the

Profile of a slave ship

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The slaves were usually transferred during the“middle passage”across the Atlantic Ocean in a cargo ship. To prevent the possibility of riots, the slaves were chained in cramped quarters and given limited food and water. They were forced to dance on the deck for an hour daily to keep them fit.

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Slave Ship Diagram

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Discipline Aboard Slave Ships

A 1997 issued medal confirmed the arrival of Chinese to Havana

end to such trade. Yet, there was still a high demand for labor, so the British and the Spanish slave ships moved to the socalled coolie market in Southern China to look for laborers for the sugar plantations in Cuba. Since transferring slaves by sea was illegal, a “contract worker” system was created. The workers were indentured laborers who were exploited and treated poorly. As early as 1830, a small number of indentured laborers from China entered Southeast Asia and the Americas through this system. But amid the social unrest of China due to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the mid-to-late 1800s (when China was controlled by the Xianfeng Emperor and the Empress Dowager Cixi), a great number of Chinese workers were sold from Macau to Cuba, Peru, and Southeast Asia between 1852 and 1874.

large number of suicides of Chinese workers resulted from the abuse and breaches of contracts by plantation owners. Along with the queen's decree, the Carlist Wars of Spain, Cuban Independence, and the Ten Years’ War, the coolie trade was legally prohibited in 1873. However，historical documents revealed that the trade continued beyond this.

From 1868 to 1878, the Ten Years' War was fought Cuba. This was the first of a series of liberation wars fought by Cuba that ultimately ended with independence after the SpanishAmerican War in 1898. Cuban employers sent their workers out to fight for their own interests. After the Ten Years’ War, some coolies who fought obtained freedom and became citizens.

After the war, the amount of sugar exported by Cuba was greatly reduced as well. After gaining freedom, some former coolies were eager to return to China, but because of the high travel expenses, most stayed in Cuba and continued to work in the fields.

According to the official records of Cuban government, at least 250,000 Chinese workers, mostly from coastal areas like Guangdong, Fujian, Hong Kong. and Taiwan, were sent to Cuba. About half of these workers were sent to the sugar plantations of Cuba. Less than ten thousand survived life on the plantations and obtained official residence. Laborers faced cruel living environments from the moment they boarded the ships. They were chained together and given very little water and food. At least ten to fifteen percent died during the 130day journey. After their arrival in Havana, they were auctioned off, much like African slaves were. The majority died on the plantations as a result of the dangerous work, mistreatment, poor living conditions, lack of food, and diseases such as malaria, dysentery, and influenza. Many were forced to work beyond the years in their contract.

At the end of 19th century, the Spanish-American War began, and Cuba gained independence and became a U.S. protectorate and the Philippines became a U.S. territory. There are still

Although first 800 Chinese arrived Cuba in 1847 to serve the booming sugar industry and 571 worked on the plantations, the issuing of the decree in 1854 prohibiting the import of slaves played a role of the increasing number of coolies after 1858.

Many coolies were treated similarly to the African slaves. The situation became so concerning that the imperial China sent investigators to Cuba in 1873 to examine the circumstances. A

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Ten Years’War of Cuba

The war (1868-1878) was also known as the Great War of 1868 and was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain.

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some American military and maritime bases in these two countries today.

obtained higher social status through marriage to locals.

W hen the British introduced the steam engine into the manufacturing of sugar, some coolies and former coolies were able to master this machinery and manage other workers. Some of the former coolies who gained independence were classified as white and were able to get higher salaries. And some

But, for most coolies, independence did not come until after Mr. Li Hung Chang’s visit to the American Congress in 1891 and the Spanish-American War in 1896. Mr. Li and his student Mr. Yu Shi Yi, the Chinese Counselor in Cuba at that time, raised awareness of the exploitation of Chinese laborers (refer to the 13th issue).

Spanish-American War of 1898

Li Hung Chang and American President Grant（left) Reference to the 13th issue of JEAN

The conflict between Spain and the United States started with the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana in 1896. It ended in American victory and the signing the Treaty of Paris of 1898.

Macau Start

Cuba

a cc ala fM o t rai St

End

Mauritius Cape of Good Hope

The route of the Coolie trade from Macau to Cuba

many Chinese people, most of whom were Hakka, immigrated from Cuba to Florida and settled in the Miami area.

Af ter the Spanish-A mer ican War, Cuba f inally gained independence. America gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands. To this day, Puerto Rico and Guam are U. S. territories.

From today’s perspective, we think that it is our responsibility to discuss the past and the pa r t coolies played i n the development of Cuba and share the Macau document.

When Cuba was first under the control of Castro in 1950s,

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Macau Document Document 1 & 2

Macau Document (front and reverse side)

The Document number 37 was issued on March 13, 1855 and signed by the Macau Council General in China, Nicasio Canetey Moral, the coolie recruiting agent, Ignacio Fernandez de Castro, and the employer B.de Pereda.

The Coolie contract was stamped and signed in Macau. It placed a man named Lin-Sun, 18 years of age, on a coolie ship to Cuba, and subsequently into servitude for eight long years. According to the official record of Cuba, Chinese first arrived in large groups to Cuba in 1847. The first documents issued were the Macau documents. These were typically started in China but completed in Cuba. As a result, they are written in both Chinese and Spanish, with Chinese on one side and Spanish on the other. Most of these contracts were issued in the 1840s and 1850s and surviving documents are quite rare. The documents outline the rations the Chinese individual was to receive (food, clothing, etc.) and describes the medical treatment that might be allowed. Note that the pay was extremely low for the time and they were only given minimal rations. Although some Chinese arrived expecting to work as regular laborers, many were treated like slaves, far worse than the terms in the contract.

Document 3&4

Statement to Abide the Cuba Law (front and reverse side)

This is a document stating that the individual would abide by the laws of Cuba. This was not written by Lin-Sun but by the agent as it is believed that Lin-Sun was illiterate. Sometimes the documents were written by the coolies.

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(The notarization paper of a witness)

Document 5

Reference Letter from Employer

This is a statement of the work performed by a coolie.

It says Lin-Sun worked on a farm and describes his work performance. Documents like this served as work references for those looking for jobs after they finished their eight-year contract.

Document 6

The Baptismal Certificate

The document describes the baptism of a 27-year-old Chinese man and gives him the name Mr. Laureano Gaston.

This was recorded in Book number 8 page 170, entry number 1454. The official seal was from 1862 to 1863, signed by the Priest (Cara) Don Jose Casimir Martinez.

Baptismal certificates were typically issued after the eightyear contract was fulfilled. This document is dated 1863, meaning the individual's eight-year contract would have begun in 1855. Religion was a large part of the lives of the Chinese in Cuba in the 19th century.

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Document 7

Petition to "Captain General" to receive his nationalization identification

This is a petition the individual made to the "Captain General ” to receive the Cuban identification document (the "cedula"). This was made after the eight-year contract was fulfilled and after the individual was known to have "embraced" the Catholic religion.

Document 8

Cedula

The Cedula was issued in 1862, saying that the 27-yearold single Chinese man Laureano could stay in Cuba and work legally. This was a Cuban identification document.

The document is called a "cedula." It is different from the identification issued by the Chinese Consulate in Havana.

given to each individual and 12 yuan would be deducted from the salary in the future for this. However, the deduction should not be more than one yuan per month. The monthly salary would be 4 yuan. However, we know that, in reality, workers were often given little or no medical care, worked around the clock and while ill, and were given very little food, clothing, or necessities. Oftentimes, workers were not paid and they were forced to work beyond the years in their contract.

This rare document sheds some light on the coolie system. The document was purchased at auction. It includes six sheets, with a total of eight pages. The first sheet is printed on both sides and is an official contract. The first side is in Chinese and was done with hot lead typesetting. The back side was written in Spanish and included the signatures and seals of officials. The Chinese contract was dated February 15 of the fifth year of the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor. The worker was Lin-Sun, who was eighteen years old at the time and born in Songhua in Guangdong province. The agent who signed the contract and his employer are named. The contract stated that work would begin eight days after arrival in Havana and last for eight years.

The type of work was up to the employer, according to Spanish Imperial Law signed on March 22, 1854. Those who required medical treatment should be treated until recovery, according to the contract. It also states that the salary should not be cut unless sick time lasted more than 15 days. Workers did not have to work on Sundays and during sick time. Workers would be given two meals a day including 8 ounces of salted meat and two and a half pounds of grains. The agent was supposed to give 8 yuan to each potential worker to shop for necessities.

Before departure, four pieces of clothing and 4 yuan would be

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The document shows how an illiterate 18-year-old man named Lin Sun completed the work in the contract after 8 years. He gained the trust of his employer and the pastor. He was able to continue to work and stay in the country with the given name Laureano.

Based on an incomplete document from 1856 (number 87 document), two years after the Macau contract described in this article was signed, it appears that the most important purchaser of coolie labor was the Campbell family. The Campbells were one of the biggest plantation owners in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the West Indies, and Guyana. For centuries, the Campbells were a major clan in the Scottish Highlands. According to the records of John Campbell Sr., we know that they owned the largest fleet

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of cargo ships in Hong Kong ranging in size from ten tons to 150 tons. These ships sailed around the world carrying spices, incense, tobacco, sugar, herring, tea, silk, and opium. They also traded slaves, coolies and glass beads (trade beads were used as decorations and money and they were given to Africans, Amerindians and Taiwanese aborigines in exchange for goods, slaves, and services). The ships also sold salted fish for food, making a fortune all over the world.

After signing contracts, laborers would be transferred from Macau to Hong Kong and then shipped to Cuba. There was no Suez Canal at that time, so they could only reach the Atlantic via the South China Sea, Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, and then go north to Cuba and other islands in the Caribbean Sea. Slaves and coolies were often not treated like humans. If they passed away, they would be thrown into the sea and eaten by sharks. As for those who survived, they would be auctioned off.

The antique African trade beads

The Official Seal of the Spanish Council General in China

It is impor t ant to point out t hat t he of f icial seal was used throughout the document.

The stor y of Lin-Sun revealed in the contract and later documents suggests that he was luckier than most of the coolies that were transported to the Caribbean. The illiterate young man from China survived the eight years of hard labor on a farm and was able to gain the trust of his employer, church, and local government officials. The "Cedula" that was issued after his eight years of labor were completed gave him the right to stay and work in Cuba permanently.

Trade beads were used to purchase African resources by Europeans.

These beads were made at a low temperature and t hey were decorat ive.

They were used between t h e 16 t h a n d t h e 20 t h cent u r y a s t oken s t hat were exchanged for goods, slaves, and services.

Most of the coolies were not as lucky as Lin-Sun, as 90 percent of them died before they could complete the eight years of work. They faced inhumane conditions from the moment they boarded the ships, where they were treated as cargo, chained, and given very little food and water.

History is full of stories like that of coolies, where systematic exploitation and abuse of an entire group of people occurs.

It is worth mentioning that around a century ago, the English merchant ships also bought many Chinese contract workers to Mauritius to work on the sugar plantations. The island lies northeast of Madagascar in the southwestern part of the Indian Ocean, slightly north of the Tropic of Capricorn. It has very similar weather to Cuba, which is also in the Southern Hemisphere. This happened during the 20th century, shortly after World War One, and Mauritius not a Spanish colony. These workers were treated much more humanely than the coolies in Cuba. Today, many of their descendants are successful government officials and business owners in Mauritius.

Note:

There are many stories about young men from China who did not have chance to be educated due to poverty. Another story about young men from Canton, China in the New World during the 19th century appeared in the 15th issue of this journal. That story looked at Charles Tung Sing and his friend Arsam, who worked on the Jeannette, a naval exploration vessel. Note that one of the reference letters for Lin-Sun mentions that he was illiterate and was referred to as "Chinaman Arsam" before he was given the Spanish name Loreano. lt appears that the name "Lin-Sun”simply means a person from the Lin family or "Mr. Lin." His nickname was likely Arsam. Although the word“ sam”means three in Chinese, the nickname Arsam is sometimes given to children who are not the third child in the family in the hopes that the child could grow and live to adulthood. In the Chinese Book of Chang,“sam”means to breed everything, so Cantonese used to name their child Arsam, wishing that their child would grow up in a happy environment.

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Lin-Sun was fortunate as he finally got this cedula. He was lucky to be sold to an employer that let him get the reference letter.

The cedula allowed him to live and work in Cuba. However, most coolies were not so fortunate, and over 90% of them failed to survive. After reading the story of the Campbells, we know that they made a great fortune off of slave and coolie labor and the properties and fame they accumulated at that time were enjoyed by many generations.

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Finally, looking at Chinese history, we think that many of the events discussed in this article were partially caused by trade tensions related to the high cost of silk and tea. Unfortunately, similar dynamics exist today. We must learn from past experience and examine these issues carefully. Our international relations must be handled carefully, while developing the“ One Belt One Road”policy. The adoption of Confucius’ sDa-Ton World idea has benefits for mankind. At the same time, we need to continue to develop Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau.

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Finally, we would like to show our greatest appreciation to those who helped us understand this document. Especially to Mr. George Kaub and Pastor Dennis Bradshaw. It was their help that made it possible for us to understand this 170-yearold document and publish it.

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范治南 / 何緯渝〔美國〕

在講述澳門文件之前，我們必須把眼光投向和澳門在同一

條北回歸線 （23.5° N）上，位於西半球的另一群島⸺ 古巴。 古巴這個坐落在加勒比海中的島嶼國，在15世紀哥倫布登

陸時，只有很少的土著人。一般人類學家相信它和南美洲 的土著是同屬於瑪雅人的一支，因為島上並沒有太多的礦

產，無金礦又無銀礦，所以並不十分受西班 牙人的重視。 但是到17世紀之後，北美洲的移民漸漸増多，因為需要大 量的人工開發。英國人和西班牙人在海上爭奪霸權之餘，把

古巴變成了黑奴買賣和轉運中心。如此也造就了一個大城市 叫哈瓦那，他們在這裡販賣人口。

1860年代一套完整的銀制美國茶具

黑奴貿易從1500年持續到1866年，最後一艘不法私運黑奴

圖片是一套希臘復古形的茶具， 在1860年由 Wood and Hughs 製造， 它包括了一個熱水壺、 兩個茶壺、 一個裝 糖的容器、 一個盛牛奶的容器， 還有一個盛廢水的碗， 託盤是 Gorham 製造的。 這一套茶具和在1860年美國總 統林肯的妻子所購買的極其相似， 如今這一套茶具已經 在國家博物館中存放。 請注意， 在這一套茶具中裝糖的 容器和茶壺的大小幾乎是一樣的。

的船 Clotilda 在1866年帶了110名非洲黑人到美國的阿拉 巴馬州。大約有1 250萬黑人先後由葡萄牙、西班牙還有英

國等歐洲國家被賣入古巴，拍賣後再運送到新大陸。至少 有200萬人死於運送路程中。

美國在1776年實現獨立，隨之開始和古巴進行貿易。19世

軌人力車和臺灣如出一轍） 。當時全世界三分之一的糖都是

隸數量的增長而擴大。到了19世紀，歐美的上流社會已經

人口的主流，哈瓦那也成了一個大都市。早期輸入古巴的工

紀初，蔗糖的需求量不斷增長，而古巴的種植業也隨着奴

由古巴出口的。為了甘蔗田勞工而大量輸入人口，成為古巴

把喝茶融入了生活的必需。帶有泥土氣味的甜菜糖遠不如

人，多是和美洲大陸一樣，是由非洲輸入的黑奴，也有少

加了蔗糖的紅茶能帶給人們的滿足感。蔗糖的使用成了地位

數是南美洲土著。

和財富的象徵，這可以從應之而起的昂貴茶具的製造和加大 了的裝糖容器看出來。

到了19世紀的中期，由於國際形勢和世風的轉變，黑奴的

販賣進入歷史。1807年，美國通過了禁止販奴的法令，同年，

古巴的蔗糖很快成為歐美人的最愛。黑奴、蒸汽車和有軌

英國也通過了一個類似的法案。1808年之後，從西非將奴

道的人力車把古巴帶入了蔗糖的王國（這和1930年代的臺灣

隸輸送至新大陸已經成為了一項非法貿易。儘管這並沒有完

在日本人統治下的糖業發展史極其相似，他們所使用的有

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奴隸數量已經大幅度減少。直到後來的美國南北戰爭，最

終禁止了奴隸貿易。但是農場仍然需要大量的工人， “苦力” 也就應運而生。 （ “苦力”一詞起源於廣東話，指勞苦工作

之人，之後廣泛地被西方人作為除了非洲奴工外，東方包括 印度雇傭或買賣的勞工或奴工的代名詞。 ）

1807年，美國通 過了禁 止 販 奴 的 法 令，西班 牙 也隨 之 於 1811年在其本土和所有殖民地廢除奴隸制度。然而這法令

並沒有在其殖民地上強制執行，當時古巴、波多黎各和西

印度群島從奴隸制度中獲益頗多。直到西班牙在伊莎貝拉

奴隸船

二世（1830-1904年）統治期間，在1843年到1868年間建

，並且在1854 年頒佈皇家法令， 立了《西班牙王國1845憲法》

圖中是一艘在1850年代停在香港港口的貨物船（cargo ship）。 大多數的貨物船在那個時候都是木制的。

才開始頒佈並實施勞工合同法。

在 北 半 球 的 另 一 端 珠 江 口 的 西 側 有 兩 個 小 島 Taipa 和

Coloane。這兩個小島就如同海岸線上的一扇門，澳門這個 地名也就應運而生⸺ 意為“海灣門戶” 。自秦以來，這個

地方就已經納入中國的版圖。在南宋末期國家患難的時候， 這個地方更是人們棲息逃生之處（參考文天祥1278年《過零

丁洋》 ） 。但是大多數的時候，這個地方在1850年前只能算

是一個不起眼的小漁村。因為是南方絲綢之路可以經過的

一個地方，所以自古以來就有一些和外人交流的經驗。葡 ，媽祖即客家 萄牙人用媽祖閣為這個地方命名為“Macau”

語中對海之女神林默娘的稱呼。早在大航海時代，在1557

J. C. Head1850年所畫油畫

年葡萄牙人就以每年500 Reals（葡萄牙1430年至1911年所

使用的貨幣單位）租用這個地方，直到1887年才正式劃入

圖片顯示一艘英國的商船（merchant ship） 這只是貨船的另一 名字，今天叫 container ship 停泊在印度的龐貝港口（今天叫孟 買）。

葡萄牙人的版圖（由開始的賄賂到最後轉為正式的租金） 。

1999年，澳門成為最後一块還給中國領土的土地，也正式

結束了列強在整個世界的殖民時代。

1807年美國頒佈的禁止買賣奴隸法

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第二次從1856年到1860 年），清咸豐上臺，慈禧時代也開 始了。在中國的南方太平天國興起，民不聊生。在日本剛剛

結束了將軍時代，走進了明治維新的時代。在西方，英國 人仍然擁有海上的霸權。但是在北美洲的美國，民權運動

和棉花工業的工業化，加上南方和北方意見的不和，終於 導致了一場改變歷史的南北戰爭（1861-1865年）。

因為價錢和人道的關係，非法的黑奴買賣在1830 年代已趨

從1847到1874年苦力輸入古巴的記錄

文天祥

文天祥《 過零丁洋》 中的名句 ： “ 惶恐灘頭說惶恐， 零丁 洋裏歎零丁。 人生自古誰無死？留取丹心照汗青。” 詩中的 零丁洋就是澳門附近的海域，汗青就是歷史、史冊的意思。

從 官方 記 錄 可 以看出來，古巴 輸出的蔗糖直接 和 輸 入 的黑 奴 和 苦 力人 數 成 正比。同時可以 看出，官方記錄 中， 黑奴的輸入 在1866年停止， 苦 力的 輸 入 也 在1874年停止。

在明朝的時候（16世紀），葡萄牙人在這兒設立了航海學校， 教授國外的傳教士和商人們中國的文化和語言。澳門也逐 漸成為了一個中西文化、經貿的轉換中心。今天這兩個小島 已經成為了一個島，而且成了世界博彩業的中心。

19世紀中葉（1850-1861年）之後的近半個世紀（1861-1908 年）可以說是一個風雲際會的時代。在東方的世界，中國

人剛剛經 過了兩次 鴉片戰爭（第一次 從1840 年到1842年，

貨船的側面圖和它中間夾層

平常奴隸們就睡在中間夾層，還有捆綁奴工們的腳鐐手銬，奴工們在甲板上每天要強迫跳動一小時維持身體的狀態。

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奴隸船艙內示意圖

奴隸船上綁住奴隸所用的手銬腳鐐

古巴1997年發行的紀念華工抵達哈瓦那150周年紀念章

緩慢，這場南北戰爭終於徹底地結束了奴隸的買賣，但是

大量中國工人因受欺淩和植物園主毀約而自殺，因此清廷

人在海上用來買賣黑奴的船就很自然的在買賣鴉片之餘轉

二世女王被廢黜，爆發了西班牙卡洛斯戰爭、古巴獨立運

為海運奴隸是非法的，因此最初這些人被稱為“合同工人”，

事實上，根據歷史文件可以知道，苦力貿易仍然在繼續。

人被賣往東南亞和美洲。咸豐和慈禧掌政期間，因為國內

1868年到1878年，古巴爆發十年戰爭，這是古巴一系列獨

於1873年派遣調查人員前往古巴進行調查。隨著伊莎貝拉

在古巴的農場上仍然需要大量的勞動力。英國人和西班牙

動和美西戰爭，苦力貿易最終在1873年被法律終止，但是

入了中國所謂的勞工市場，也就是當時所謂的苦力市場。因 也就是雇主和雇員的關係。早在1830 年代，就已經有少數

的太平天國運動，導致社會的不安，又因為黑奴的價格增

立戰爭的開端。戰爭期間，古巴的雇主讓他們的工人參戰，

輾轉的賣到了古巴、秘魯和東南亞等地。

並成為公民。戰後，古巴出口的蔗糖大幅度減少，而苦力

高，大量的苦力從1852年到1874 年之間都經由澳門賣出再

以維護自己的利益。十年戰爭之後，一些苦力獲得了自由， 獲得自由之後也希望返回中國，但是因為其無力支付回國

根據古巴官方記錄，至少有25萬的中國勞工多由中國沿海

的費用，只能繼續呆在古巴工作。

城市，包括由廣東、福建、香港和臺灣的工人前往。在這 期間至少有半數人進入了甘蔗田工作。當時的甘蔗田多為

英國人或者是西班牙人控制的。末了，能生還而且得到居 留權的大約萬人而已。勞工們在登上運奴船上後就面臨殘

酷的生活環境。在船艙中，工人們被用鐵鍊綁住。在缺水、 缺空氣又缺食物的環境中經過130天的旅程，至少有10%

到15% 的工人喪失了生命。上岸後，輪船公司在哈瓦那以

拍賣的方式出售工人，這和從前拍賣黑奴的方法如出一轍， 合同則由雇主保留。因為瘧疾、痢疾和重感冒等亞熱帶疾 病，加上辛勞的工作、雇主的剝削，大多數的人都未能在

獲得自由前存活下來。還有很多人在合同年限過了之後，仍

古巴的十年戰爭

然被迫工作。

1868年到1878年的古巴十年戰爭，是古巴一連串的獨立運動的 開始。

1847年， 第一 批800名中 國 人 到 達 古 巴， 進 入 蔗 糖 工 廠

工作。其中的517人在農莊工作。而1854 年頒佈的法 令對

在19世紀末期，美國人和西班牙人產生了爭執而發生了一場

1854 年苦力數量的逐漸增長起到了重要的作用。

美西戰爭。戰後，美國人也接受了西班牙人在古巴和菲律賓

的殖民地。一直到今天，美國仍然在菲律賓和古巴擁有軍

很多苦力受到了和黑奴一樣的對待。當時的情況十分嚴峻，

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當英國人把蒸汽機引入製造蔗糖後，很多苦力以及原先是

雖然部分苦力在十年戰爭結束後就獲得了自由，但是大多

甚至在獲得自由後，通過和當地人結婚獲得了更高的社會

獲得的自由。這些中國勞工是在李鴻章及其時任中國駐古

1898年的美西战争

李鴻章和美國總統格蘭特（左）

在1898年美國的 USS Maine 號在哈瓦那和西班牙的船隻衝突 所產生的戰爭，戰爭以簽訂了巴黎條約而終止。

李鴻章訪美請參考本雜誌第13期

數的苦力都是在美西戰爭結束，李鴻章於1896年訪美後才

苦力的中國人得以在白人身旁管理廠房及其他工人。有些

巴領事的學生余思詒的幫助下才能夠免受剝削。

地位。

澳門 起點

古巴 終點

峽 海 甲

六

馬 毛里求斯 好望角

苦力們由澳門乘船航行到古巴的路線

美西戰爭結束後，古巴終於獲得了自由，美國控制了波多黎

他們的祖籍多為客家人，他們稱自己為哈卡人。

美國的領土。

由今天的眼光看，這種慘無人道的往事和先一代的移民們

卡斯楚政權在1950 年代控制古巴的時候，很多中國人從古

建設所付出的貢獻，我們認為，有責任把它記錄下來，並

各、關島和菲律賓群島。直到現在，波多黎各和關島仍是

在大時代下吃苦耐勞和奮鬥的精神，和他們對古巴的開發

巴遷徙到了美國的佛羅里達州，尤其是靠近 邁阿密附近，

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澳門文件 文件1 & 2

澳門文件（正反兩面） 第37號文件是由在澳門的西班牙公使在1855年3月13日發下來的，文件上有西班牙公使、代辦和雇主的簽名，文件上有當時 西班牙政府的官印。 文件在澳門簽署蓋章， 其中說明這個18歲的青年人林先將前往古巴， 在雇主處工作8年。 根據古巴官方的記錄， 中國人最 早在1847年就前往了古巴工作， 工作許可就是這種澳門文件， 這種文件在中國發出， 但是在古巴完成， 因此用中西雙語書 寫。 但是能夠完整存放至今的文件實在很少。 大多數的文件多是在1850年中間給予的， 文件中說明給這些中國勞工分發合 理的食物和工資醫療及假期。 值得一提的是， 當時的工資非常低， 並且只給予最少量的食物配給。 儘管一些中國人是希 望作為正常工人工作， 但是他們大都遭到了和奴隸一樣的對待， 待遇遠不如合同中描述的那樣。 我們知道勞動法在1854 年3月才頒發通過，而且我們也知道，給予他們的工資遠遠少於黑奴的工資。

文件3 & 4

勞工願意遵守西班牙勞工法的證明（正反兩面） 這是一張由勞工簽署，願意遵守所有西班牙勞工法證明。因為林先不認識字，所以這張不是他本人寫的，是由代辦所書。但 有的文件確實是由勞工所書。

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（反面為見證者之說明及簽字）

文件5

農場雇主的推薦信 這份工作表現聲明說明了勞工林先在古巴完成了8年的 工作，而且工作很賣力，是一個很好的工人 。這樣的文 件在勞工完成8年合同後，可以在其找工作時作證明之 用。

文件6

受洗為天主教教徒的證明書 這份文件是由牧師為他寫下的證明，說明這名27歲的中 國人完成了8年的工作，如今已經加入天主教，而且有 了一個西班牙的名字勞里安諾（Laureano），受洗書記 錄在第8本書171頁的1454號證明，文件上的官印說明是 1862年到1863年所寫下的證明。受洗證明書通常在8年

合同期滿之後發放。這份文件可以追溯到1863年，說明

該人8年合同開始自1855年。19世紀時，宗教占了那些在

古巴的中國人生活的很大一部分。

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文件7

地方首長請願申請合法的工作及居留權 這份文件是向地方首長申請古巴身份文件（Cedula）的 請願書，文件說明中國人林先在古巴完成了8年的工作， 而且信奉了天主教。

文件8

合法的工作居留證 這是一份名為“Cedula”的證明可以工作的執照，書於 1862年，勞工的名字是勞里安諾（Laureano），單身，年 27歲。這是發放給中國人的古巴身份證明，並不同于中

國駐哈瓦那領事館發放的證明。

這份珍稀的文件向我們揭示了苦力制度的真實面目，包括

有時甚至沒有報酬，在超出合同年限後依然被迫工作。

面中西文合同（第31號，從拍賣獲得），寫下了立合同人的

這是一份十分完整的文件，不僅說明當事人林先當時的情

有官員的簽名和印章（圖10）。林先是廣東從化人，包括他

個當時在中國不識字的平民 小孩 所受的約束是不言而喻

共 6份 8張文件。第一份是在咸豐五年二月十五日定下的雙 身份。合同一面是中文，採用鉛字印刷，背面則是西班牙文，

況，更說明了西班牙政府對於奴工制度的完整性，這對一

的姓名、年齡、籍貫。當時他是18歲，合同上寫明了代辦

的。當事人林先在完成了合約中規定的八年工作期限，又

人和雇主的姓名，合同中說明工作以8年為 期，由船到哈

瓦那八日後算起，無論做任何工作，一切皆聽從雇主所言， 工作期間，無論身體狀況如何，皆依當時大呂宋國女皇在

得到了雇主的和牧師的推薦，有了一個西班牙的名字勞里

安諾（Laureano），在天主教的保護下，又得到了地方主管

（Capital General）的請願，因而得到了居留權和新的工作

1854 年3月22日頒發的勞工法的27條和28條。工資以第43、 證明。 44、45條款計算，不可有所拖欠，每日工資以4元計算。疾

病用醫用藥到治癒為止。若因病而無法工作到15日以上者，

重新檢視這份完整的文件，讓我們又看到了一個半多世紀

上兩磅半的雜食。出發前，勞工們先由代辦人發 8元準備購

1807年通過的禁止奴隸買賣的制度，一直到1866年才真正

照哈瓦那勞工條款的第七條，12元日後由工資中逐漸扣除，

所付出的代價不能說不多。在感慨之餘，記下此事也為我

不發工資，生病或周日方可放假。每日食物應有鹹肉八兩加

前的中國和世界，也讓我們知道世事的不易。就算是美國，

物，船出發前，代 辦處發 給衣 服4件並 給4元，共計12元。

實行。中國和中國人在這期間，為了求生存和爭取自由奮鬥

但不得多過每月1元，到扣完為止，每月工資為 4元，不可拖

們中華民族共勉。

欠。雖然合同中做出了規定，但是我們可以知道，工人事

實上缺醫少藥，不斷工作，缺少食物、衣物和生活必需品， 72

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1856年的一份不完整的文件中（第87號），我們知道最 主

比海中的古巴和其他島嶼。奴隸工人們只能算是貨物或者

多黎 各、西印度群島、圭亞那地區最大的農莊莊主之一。

就丟入鯊魚肆虐的海中，不到一分鐘，就可以把整個人搶

要 的 苦力買 主 是 Campbell 家 族。Campbell 是古巴、波

他們賺錢的工具之一。並沒有把他們當人看待，若不幸去世，

在 過去幾個世 紀中，該家族 是 蘇格蘭高地 最 大的氏 族 之

食而空，就算有幸能到達目的地，經過拍賣過後，他們往

一。John Campbell Senior 故 事 中， 我 們 知 道 在1850 年

往只能拿到比黑人還要少的工資，他們拿到的大約30 分錢

到1870 年 代， 當 時 在 香 港 最 大 的 船 家 都 是 由 Campbell

一天，而黑人可以有50 分錢一天，不能不說是殘酷的。

family 控制的。他們是古巴、圭也納、西印度群島中最大

的農莊擁有者，他們有無數大小的船隻，行走於七海之中。 他們販賣黑奴苦力還有玻璃珠（當時叫貿易玻璃珠，用來裝

從披露的這份合同和其他

洲的印第安人還有臺灣的山地人交換商品、奴隸和服務）。

大多數被運往加勒比地區

文件中可以知道，林先比

飾或者作為金錢使用，他們使用這些貿易珠與非洲人、美

的苦力更為幸運。這個目

他們也販賣絲 綢茶葉和鴉片，他們更是販賣煙草、蔗糖、

不識丁的中國年輕人在農

香料，還有從北歐洲買得的小臭鹹魚作為給奴隸工人們的

場 度 過了8年 辛 苦 的 勞工

食物，可以說是賺盡天下的財富。

生涯，才給予了他工作居

在澳門和工人們簽下合約之後，再把工人運送到香港，搭

西班牙駐中國的公使的官印

船到古巴。當時還沒有蘇伊士運河，要經過南海、印度洋， 然後從非洲南方的好望角再到大西洋，再往北航行到加勒

這個官印在整個文件中都有使用

留證，讓他有權在古巴永 久居住和工作。

但是大多數勞工並沒有林

先那麼幸運，90% 都在完成8年工作 前就去世了。他們從

非洲貿易珠

登船開始便面臨非人的處境，被當作貨物捆綁、對待，幾

歐洲人向非洲人 購買物 品所使用的貿易珠， 貿易 珠是一種用低溫燒出來 的玻璃珠。 直到16世紀 至20世 紀中葉， 歐洲人 用它換取貨物、 奴 隸 還 有勞力。

乎沒有水和食物。

歷史中還有很多像苦力這樣的事件，諸多掌權者和商人系

統地剝削並欺淩一群人。而令人遺憾的是，這樣的事情在 現在的世界中仍然可見。

注： 在大時代中， 在動亂不安的社會裡， 南方中國一些沒有機會受

一直到今天仍能享用。

教育的貧苦年輕人為生存而拼命的故事， 一而再的呈現在我

在非洲馬達加斯加島東北上方的 Mauritius 島， 坐落在南半球

們眼前。 從苦力的行程和唐先和阿三的故事（ 請參考本雜誌15

的西印度洋近南回歸線上，氣候環境和古巴相似，也正是當年

期） 以及本文中的林先的故事都告訴我們， 他們的過往由默默

英國貨船經過之處， 大約在100年前， 許多中國契約工人也被

吃苦耐勞到有所成就。 林先因為是文盲， 不能自己簽名， 又沒

英國人帶上去種植甘蔗， 但是因為並非西班牙人殖民地， 而且

有名字， 在推薦信中， 有用中國人阿三稱之的， 一直到教會給

已經進入了20世紀， 這些人收到較為合理的待遇， 今天在第

了他一個西方西班牙的名字才算真正的有了名字。 林先是林先

三第四代的華人中， 已經能夠打入社會的中間。 回顧我們的歷

生在廣東的簡稱， 阿三是一個常用的稱號， 不一定是家中的老

史， 本文中提到的諸多事件可以說部分出於昂貴的絲綢和茶葉

三。在中國的易經中，三代表了滋生萬物之意，廣東人尤其喜愛，

所致的貿易的緊張。 加上未能跟上時代和腐敗的朝政和經濟

小名阿三是希望能在沒有憂慮的環境中快速的長大。

結構， 以及一連串不平等條約的簽訂， 帶給中國150年的苦難。

有這份文件來終結林先的故事， 他算是幸運的， 因為他在西班

今天我們在發展一帶一路的同時， 這些過往的經歷必須作為警 惕。 在複雜的國際形勢下， 慎重地審視我們的貿易， 謹慎處理

牙女皇剛定下勞工法的同時就簽下這份合同， 而且他賣給了可 能是一個很有人性的雇主， 方能在8年後得到各方的推薦信，

國際關係， 更要用大同世界的思想為輔， 為中華民族， 也為全

因而得到賴以生存的居留權和合法工作的權利和證書 , 而我們

的祝福。

有如此的幸運， 至少有九成以上的工人們未能存活。 在研讀

在結束本文時， 我們希望能對幫助我們完成這份文 獻的許

Campbell 的故事之後， 更讓我們相信當時這些殖民者靠着國

多人 至 上崇高的 謝 意， 尤 其是 Mr. George Kaub 和 Dennis

人類共同利益而共勉，也為今後港珠澳三地的發展許下了長遠

今天也能有幸看到這份完整的文件。 但是大多數的苦力們並沒

家的堅船利炮航行于七海之間， 通過販賣奴隸和苦力賺得了

Bradshaw 牧師， 是因為他們盡心地幫助， 才使我們對170年

前地這份文件有了充分的瞭解， 而得以公諸於世。

不可一世的利益。 他們累積了巨大的財富、 家產和名望， 家屬 J

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Appreciation and Analysis of Shaanxi 2 Cent Copper Coins Counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces During the Republican Period Wu Tao〔Shaanxi〕 coins, it also counterfeited some Shaanxi copper coins for the economic commune to purchase in Shaanxi Province.2

The style of Shaanxi copper coins minted during the Republican period is quite complicated, and there is not much historical material about this issue either. Therefore, before the Study on Shaanxi Copper Coins Minted During the Republican Period co-authored by Wu Tao and Zou Baohong was published, Shaanxi copper coins minted by the Hanzhong Mint were not clearly defined, those by the Zhenba Mint could not be correctly identified, and few collectors knew about Shaanxi 2 cent copper coins counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces during the Republican period.

Based on the study on Shaanxi copper coins, the history of Shaanxi copper coins minted by the Hanzhong Mint has been discovered; the specific series and format features of Shaanxi copper coins minted during the Republican period by the Hanzhong Mint were identified; the mixed usage of public and private minted coins was first found; the particular series and format features of Shaanxi copper coins minted during the Republican period by the Zhenba Mint were defined.

Moreover, the series and format features of Shaanxi copper coins counterfeited in the Soviet area in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces during the Republican period were discussed and concluded, which has enriched the information about the money issued in Sichuan and Shaanxi Revolutionary Base.3

The Fourth Army of the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants advanced in Sichuan and built the Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base in the middle of December 1932. The army stayed there for two years and four months, and they left in April 1935. In February 1933, the First Congress of Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers of Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces was held in Tongjiang County, Sichuan Province, where the Democratic Government of Workers and Peasants of Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces (or the Soviet Government of Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces for short) was formally established.

Once the Red Army entered Sichuan in 1932, Zheng Yizhai, the leader of the Management Department of the Fourth Army, started to gather printing and minting machines, recruit workers and prepare to set up minting and printing plants. From January to February 1933, these plants set out to produce Soviet coins and banknotes, which were officially issued in Sichuan and Shaanxi during March and April. On December 4th, 1933, the Worker and Peasant Bank of the Soviet Government of Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces (or Sichuan and Shaanxi Worker and Peasant Bank for short) was inaugurated. Before the Red Army left the base in October 1935, these Soviet coins and banknotes played an important role in supporting the revolutionary war, as they guaranteed a supply of money for the local army and people, stabilized the market [and finance], and advanced local development. 1

Fig. 1

The five-petaled flower series is the first series of Shaanxi 2 cents copper coins counterfeited in the Soviet area in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces during the Republican period, and it covers two subseries, namely, the solid-flag series and hollowflag series. This is a well-known series from the Hanzhong region. In terms of its features, its upper flag poles are single, and the lower flag poles are double on each side; the tassel on the straw is a solid rectangle; the outer square of the Chinese

During the 22nd and 23rd years of the Republic of China (19331934), the Soviet Government of Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces minted silver and copper coins in Tongjiang, County, Sichuan Province. In addition to a body of counterfeited Sichuan silver

1 The Monetary History of Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base , page 1 and 3.

2 The Worker and Peasant Bank of Soviet Government of Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces , page 140.

3 For more details, you may refer to the article Shaanxi 2 Cents Copper Coins Counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces During the Republican Period issued in China Numismatics.

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and left have no stamens, and the braids of the flags are long.

The outer square of the Chinese character “ 圓 ”（yuan）is either closed or unclosed, and there are some changes in the calligraphic style of the Chinese character “ 幣 ” (coin). As for the reverse side, the tassel on the straws is a solid rectangle, and the grain and wheat are integrated to be four triangles on each side, with an outline of the hollow leaf below.

character “ 圓 ”（yuan）is either closed or unclosed; the braids of the flags are long; the coins are generally dark red, with simple characters and patterns. The series is characterized by a unique design and minting style, and its average weight is slightly larger than the coins of the same kind minted by the Hanzhong Mint.4 In terms of the solid-flag series, the observe features two convex flags, with only a ring of wide teeth. Both flowers on the right

Five-Petaled Flower Coin with Solid - Flag Pattern

Obverse

Fig. 2

Reverse

Five-Petaled Flower Coin with Hollow - Flag Pattern

Obverse

Fig. 3

Reverse

These two series feature the same pattern and the character on the reverse, while the flags are either hollow or solid, which is quite distinctive.

As for the hollow-f lag series, it is the same as the solidflag series except that the outline of flags on the observe is relatively thin.

4 The Study on Shaanxi Copper Coins Minted During the Republican Period co-authored by Wu Tao and Zou Baohong was published.

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surface, and some even have the consistent teeth of an inverted triangle shape. All these can prove that these two series were designed and minted by the same mint.

The five-petaled flower series has the same technical features as the Soviet small 200 and 500 cash coin minted in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces. There is no difference in the feature of the

Superficial wire drawing

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Five-petaled flower coin

The Soviet small 200 cashes coin

Inverted-triangle teeth

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Five-petaled flower coin

The Soviet large 500 cash coin

Some books classify the five-petaled flower series as the coins minted by the Hanzhong Mint in early times. However, there is a huge difference in the pattern and character details between

the five-petaled flower series and Shaanxi copper coins minted by the Hanzhong Mint.

1. The Difference in the Designing Style

Shaanxi 2 cent copper coins counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces during the Republican period, its pattern is simpler, and the calligraphic style of its characters is also different. All these make them similar in appearance but different in spirit, so they are distinctly different.

In terms of the Shaanxi 2 cent copper coins designed and minted by the Hanzhong Mint during the Republican period, its pattern is relatively elegant and well-arranged, and the character follows official calligraphic style; when it comes to

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Fig. 8

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Fig. 9

Shaanxi 2 Cent Copper Coins minted by the Hanzhong Mint with a solid ring pattern

Shaanxi 2 Cent Copper Coins counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces with a five-petaled flower pattern official calligraphic style. The press down at the last stroke of the character “ 幣 ” has a visible trace of a pause, and some of the characters are even italic.

2. The Difference in the Features of Character and Pattern Details ① The Difference in the Character

The five-petaled flower series counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi Province is characterized by simple and thick characters rather than an official calligraphic style. Hence, their styles are completely different.

The cases are characters “ 省 ”(province), “ 幣 ”(coin), and “ 圓 ”(yuan). The solid-ring series minted by the Hanzhong Mint is characterized by regular and elegant characters, and every stroke shows a strong sense of up and down. It follows the

The Solid Ring Coin Minted by the Hanzhong Mint

Fig. 10-1

Fig. 10-2

Fig. 10-3

The Counterfeited Five-Petaled Flower Coin

Fig. 11-1

Fig. 11-2

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② The Difference in the Pattern Details

As for the five-petaled flower series counterfeited by the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces, its pattern is simpler, and its outline is thicker. Its pattern style is unique, and its details are simplified. It can show the complicated design with the simplest lines.

In terms of the “wheat, leaves and knot” on the Shaanxi 2 cent copper coins, the pattern of the solid ring series minted by the Hanzhong Mint is more elegant, and its outline is more fluent, with a strong three-dimensional effect.

The Solid Ring Coin Minted by the Hanzhong Mint

Fig. 12-1

Fig. 12-2

Fig. 12-3

The Counterfeited Five-Petaled Flower Coin

Fig. 13-1

Fig. 13-2

Shaanxi copper coins minted during the Republican period were mainly circulated in local areas, and were little known in other regions of China, so the collection and study by collectors has been limited. Since wars burst out during the Republican period, these areas lacked talented workers and good striking techniques to produce better coins. Adding to the scarcity of related historical materials, the Shaanxi 2 cent copper coins counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi

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Fig. 13-3

provinces during the Republican period were not defined and identified for a long time. Based on the author’s collection, the article makes a distinction between Shaanxi copper coins minted during the Republican Period and Shaanxi 2 cent copper coins counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces during the Republican period by assembling a body of related materials.

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川陝蘇區仿造民國的陝西二分銅幣賞析 吳 濤〔陝西〕

民國陝西銅幣版式極其繁雜，相關歷史資料嚴重缺失，在

陝革命根據地的貨幣又增添了新的內容。3

版之前，諸多資料和書籍對漢中造幣廠製造的陝西銅幣一

五瓣花系列就是筆者首次推斷並確定的川陝蘇區仿造的民

正確地鑒別，對川陝蘇區仿造的民國陝西二分銅幣更是無

是漢中本地公認已久的大名譽品。這個系列的具體特徵是：

吳濤、鄒寶红合著的《民國陝西銅元研究》（圖1）正式出

國陝西二分 銅幣，它包括實心旗 和空心旗兩個小的系列，

直未能明確地確定，對鎮巴造幣廠製造的陝西銅幣也無法

旗杆上部單旗杆，下部雙旗杆，穗結呈實心的長方形，圓有

人知曉。

封口、閉口之分，纓結長而高，銅質偏暗紅色，文字和圖案

中國工農紅軍第四方面軍於1932年12月中旬入川，建立川

稚拙淳樸，設計和製造風格獨樹一幟，平均重量略高於漢

陝 革命 根 據 地，至1935年 4月撤 離，歷 時 兩年 零 四 個 月。

中造幣廠製造的同類貨幣。4

1933年2月，在四川通江縣召開了川陝省第一次工農兵代表

大會，正式成立了川陝省工農民主政府（簡稱川陝省蘇維埃

政府）。從1932年紅軍入川伊始，紅四方面軍總經理部部 長鄭義齋就注意印鈔、造幣機器的收集和工人的招募，籌

辦造幣廠和印鈔廠。1933年1至 2月，開始印刷、製造川陝

蘇幣，3至4月，川陝蘇幣開始發行。1933年12月4日，川陝

省蘇維埃政府工農銀行（簡稱川陝省工農銀行）正式成立。 直至1935年10月紅軍退出川陝根據地。川陝蘇幣在支持革

命戰爭，保障軍民供給，穩定市場金融，促進根據地的發 展方面，發揮了重要的作用。1

民國二十二至二十三年（1933-1934 年），川陝省蘇維埃政府

在四川通江生產銀幣、銅幣，除了大量仿造“川版”銀幣， 還仿造過一些陝西銅幣，通過經濟公社組織的人就近拿到 陝西去買貨。2

通過對大量民國陝西銅幣實物的研究，筆者首次發現了漢

圖1

造民國陝西銅幣的具體系列和版式特徵 ；公私混配的首次

五瓣花系列之實心旗，正面雙旗凸起，單一粗馬齒，左右

版式特徵。在這些重要研究成果的前提下，推斷並確定了

的寫法有多種不同的變化 ；背面穗結呈實心的長方形，麥穗

中造幣廠製造陝西銅幣的傳承脈絡 ；確定了漢中造幣廠製

邊花沒有花心，纓結長而高，圓字有開口、閉口之分，幣字

發現 ；確定了鎮巴造幣廠製造民國陝西銅幣的具體系列和

。 粒與穗芒合二為一，呈三角形，穗葉較空，呈勾勒狀（圖2）

川陝蘇區仿造民國陝西銅幣的具體系列和版式特徵，使川

1 《川陝革命根據地貨幣史》第1、3頁。 2 《川陝省蘇維埃政府工農銀行》第140頁。 3 詳細的論述請參考《川陝蘇區仿造民國陝西二分銅幣》，發表於《中國錢幣》雜誌，2020 年第2 期。 4 相關數據來源於吳濤、鄒寶红合著《民國陝西銅元研究》。

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五瓣花系列之實心旗

正面

圖2

背面

五瓣花系列之空心旗，正面雙旗旗邊勾勒線較細，餘同實心旗版（圖3） 。

五瓣花系列之空心旗

正面

圖3

兩種版別背面圖案和文字完全一致，正面雙旗圖案一實一

500文完全一致，它們的拉絲紋特徵如出一轍（圖4、圖5）；

空，相映成趣。

， 部分馬齒的倒三角形特徵具有高度的一致性（圖6、圖7） 這些相同的製造工藝特徵可佐證五瓣花系列和川陝省蘇維

五瓣花系列的製造工藝特徵與川陝省蘇維埃銅幣小200文、

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埃銅幣是同一個造幣廠設計製造。

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拉絲紋特徵

圖4 五瓣花

圖5 蘇維埃小200文

倒三角形馬齒特徵

圖6 五瓣花

圖7 蘇維埃大500文

有的書將五瓣花系列歸入漢中造幣廠早期製造，從圖案的

漢中造幣廠設計製造的民國陝西二分銅幣，圖案相對細緻

的細節特徵上與漢中造幣廠製造的陝西銅幣有天壤之別。

陝蘇區仿造的民國陝西二分銅幣，圖案稚拙淳樸，文字缺

規整，文字的隸書氣息濃厚，有自己獨特的傳承脈絡 ；川

設計風格，還是製造工藝特徵，五瓣花系列在圖案和文字

乏隸書韻味，與漢中造幣廠設計製造的銅幣形似而神不似， 。 二者的區別明顯（圖8、圖9）

1. 設計風格的區別

圖8 漢中造幣廠製造之實心環

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圖9 川陝蘇區仿造之五瓣花

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2. 文字和圖案細節特徵的區別 ① 文字的對比 以陝西二分 銅幣上面的“省、幣、圓”三個字為例，漢中

捺，收筆處明顯頓筆，部分文字的字口具有拔模度特徵（圖

美，筆劃的起伏感極強，隸書氣息濃厚，尤其是幣字的一

。 粗，完全沒有隸書味道，二者的文字風格截然不同（圖11）

造幣廠製 造的 實心環 系列，文 字相對規 整，字體 纖 細秀

10）；川陝蘇區仿造的五瓣花系列，文字稚拙淳樸，字體較

漢中造幣廠製造之實心環

圖10-1

圖10-2

圖10-3

川陝蘇區仿造之五瓣花

圖11-1

圖11-2

圖11-3

② 圖案細節的對比 以陝西二分銅幣上面的“麥穗，穗葉，穗結”為例，漢中造

川陝蘇區仿造的五瓣花系列，圖案渾樸厚重，線條較粗，

力，立體感極強。

單的線條勾勒出比較複雜的圖案。

具有獨特的制模特征，細節方面更加簡單化，往往以最簡

幣廠製造的實心環系列，圖案相對細緻精美，線條流暢有

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漢中造幣廠製造之實心環

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川陝蘇區仿造之五瓣花

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民國陝西銅幣的地域性極強，外界知之甚少，部分泉友的收

區仿造的民國陝西二分銅幣一直未能被發現和確定。筆者

匱乏，製造工藝較差，相關歷史資料又嚴重缺失，川陝蘇

與川陝蘇區仿造民國陝西二分銅幣兩者區分，望大家指正。

藏和研究不可避免地帶有局限性。因為連年戰爭造幣人才

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Numismatist Du Weishan In My Mind Yuan Shuiqing〔Xi’an〕 In the early Spring of 2019, 87-year-old Du Weishan, in frail health at the time, completed his new work A Review on the Coins along the Maritime Silk Road: A Collection of Southeast Asian Coins in his study, Si Gu Lou (recalling the past). “I hope to finish the catalogue of ancient Vietnamese coins and Indian coins.” “Due to my illness, I could hardly fulfill all my will. I want to do a lot of things, but I don't have enough time.” 1 In July 2019, Shanghai Bookshop Publications published The Oral History From Du Weishan compiled by Dong Cunfa. However, God didn’t give him a life long enough to accomplish his task. Du had a sudden myocardial infarction due to asthma, and died on March 7th, 2020, at 11:16. Struggling against disease for over twenty years, Du put all his heart into numismatics and he was still modifying and polishing the book Thai Tokens in the moments before he slipped into a coma.

This confirms his commitment to numismatics and his death is a great loss to domestic numismatic field. Many collectors are sorry to learn of his death, and I also cherish the memory of this great numismatist.

Fig.1 Du Weishan delivering speech at Chang'an Forum

was delegated to the commanderies (jun) and principalities (guo)], chi ze wu zhu [ 赤仄五銖 , the wu zhu featuring a red edge], and san guan wu zhu [ 三官五銖 , the wu zhu produced by the Three Offices of Shang Lin]. Du assumed that, some commanderies and principalities in the Western Han Dynasty must have minted the mian si jue wu zhu [ 面 四 決 五 銖 , the wu zhu featuring four lines radiating outward from the four corners of the square center hole] from B. C. 115 to B. C. 113. Still, its relationship with the san guan wu zhu should be further discussed. (Fig. 1) On that night, Yang Huai, Xu Bo, and I did a two-hour interview with Du on behalf of the Shaanxi Numismatic Society and Collection magazine, and I was deeply impressed by his excellent memory and elegant manner.

Du mentioned that he once explored the age of a wu zhu when

When I served as the editor-in-charge of the Western Finance: Numismatic Study and Collection magazine , I met Du for four time when he came from Shanghai to Xi’an for investigation and academic exchanges. When he first came to Xi’an from Nov. 14-15, 2008, the Shaanxi Numismatic Society organized the Chang’an Forum for the Study and Academic Exchanges of Chinese Coins for his arrival. 32 attendees shared their views on the age, feature, and variety of wu zhu [ 五銖 ] cash coins, such as jun guo wu zhu [ 郡國五 銖 , the minting

Fig. 2-1 Du Weishan appreciating ban liang coins Fig. 2-2 Du Weishan appreciating ban liang and wu zhu coins in Lin Wenjun's (right) collection

Fig. 2-3 Photo taken after the visit. From left: Yang Huai, Wang Lijun, Han Yangpin, Li Hong, Du Weishan, Zhang Jibao, and Yuan Shuiqing (Photo Lin Wenjun) F i g . 2- 4 D u Wei sh a n a t t he Xianyang Museum of Shanhe Ancient Bridge Historic Site from the Qin and Han Dynasties

Note: 1 Du Weishan, Review on the Coins along the Maritime Silk Road , The Ancient Coin Book Series, 2019.

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Jiaji of Taipei who introduced him to the field of numismatic study. Four to five years later, he decided to dedicate himself to collecting ancient Chinese coins. Du focused his collection and research on cash coins such as ban liang [ 半兩 ], wu zhu , and kai yuan tong bao [ 開元通寶 ], and the age of these coin is hard to be identified. Then, his interest turned to coins from ancient countries along the Silk Road.2 On the second day, we visited the Xianyang Numismatic Cultural Institute founded

by Lin Wenjun with Du. He appreciated the ban liang from the State of Qin and purchased some coins from the early Warring States period. He also paid a visit to the Xianyang Museum of Shanhe Ancient Bridge Historic Site from the Qin and Han Dynasties. (Fig. 2) From May 3 to 7, 2009, Du visited Xi’an for the second time in ccompany of Li Hong from Macau.

The academic visit was designed to collect materials and opinions for his Amended Catalogue of Wu Zhu . He called on numismatic celebrities in Shaanxi and went to the Baxian’an Cultural Relics Market. The Shaanxi Numismatic Society organized an academic forum around the dynastic research of wu zhu for him. (Fig. 3) Du came to Xi’an, “the hometown in his mind”, for the third time from May 13 to 16, 2010, and he was writing a monograph about the monies used along the Silk Road for the Shanghai Museum at that time. He looked thinner but he was still vigorous. The Shaanxi Numismatic Society invited some senior collectors from Shaanxi and Hena to attend a forum about ancient coins, and Du presented us with his new work, Catalogue of Wu Zhu , complete with his signature.

With the book in my hand, I envision him rubbing 4129 pieces of wu zhu , and his work deserves my admiration and appreciation. When he heard that the Shaanxi History Museum was exhibiting coins of the Tang Dynasty unearthed from the cellar of the Hejia Village in Xi’an in 1970, he said it was a rare opportunity and he took the time to visit the show. On May 14th, Mr. Du visited the Xianyang Numismatic Cultural Institute again. He appreciated wu zhu and other coins along the Silk Road and purchased some mian si jue wu zhu and jun

Fig. 3 Photo taken after the academic forum on May 6th.

First row from left: Wang Lijun, Yang Fushan, Du Weishan, Dang Shunmin, Yang Huai, and Zhu Qinghua

Second row from left: Yuan Shuiqing, Wang Taichu, Zhang Jibao, Xue Hui, and Li Hong

Fig. 4 Catalogue of Wu Zhu (Volume 1 & 2) signed by Mr. Du Weishan and sent to the writer engaging in the geological work in Taiwan in his 30s, and he came to be interested in ancient coins since then. It is Sun

2 D ic t ated by D u Wei sh a n , recorded and col lated by Xu Bo, Coins along the Silk Road: Scholar and Col lector Du Wei sh a n , We ster n F i n a nce: Study Supplement for Coins in the Past 200 Years , p. 238.

Fig. 5 Du Weishan examining the stone die of jun guo wu zhu in Li Wenjun's collection J

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guo wu zhu . On seeing the stone die of jun guo wu zhu (Fig. 5), Du was quite excited, and he even identified the type of the stone. We wondered how he knew it, and he told us that he once engaged in the related work. His last visit to Xi’an was April 13 to 14, 2011, and it was also my last time to see him. He invited Shi Gang, director of the China Numismatic Society, who has about 5,000 coins in his collection, from Xinjiang to make academic exchanges about coins along the Silk Road. On the first day, he attended a forum held by the Xi’an Administration of Cultural Relics, on which he put forward the idea of setting up a small gallery of coins from along the Silk Road in the Small Wild Goose Pagoda Museum. Then, he went to the museum for investigation together with the director of the administration.

On the second day, he visited the Shaanxi Numismatic Society and held an appreciation banquet for the society, during which I communicated with him about the coins along the Silk Road.

(Fig. 6) We had four more communications in four consecutive years. He had a clear goal and he kept moving forward toward it, which made him a giant figure in my mind. He never ceased exploring and he made outstanding achievements with great persistence. On June 6th, 1996, Wang Qingqing, the former director of the Shanghai Museum, appraised him as “an outstanding scholar with great accomplishments in the numismatic collection and academic study.” 3

Fig. 7 Genghis Khan gold coin (Obv. & Rev.), 24mm, 4.2 g

Fig. 8 West Turks, a silver coin minted by Hephthalite after the Sassanid Empire destroyed the Katkhan

kai yuan tong bao , and ban liang . Around 1977, he moved to Hong Kong to do business where he knew some coin dealers and scholars and saw many ban liang coins. Together with those purchased in the mainland, he had 10,000-plus pieces of ban liang in his collection, and his collection has great value.

He donated over 2,000 pieces of coins from ancient countries along the Silk Road in his collection. Such donation was second to none in domestic numismatics, and all of the gold and silver coins he donated are quite rare. (Fig. 7 & 8) Du gave some suggestions for the collection. ● Collectors should learn more about history and archaeology

to lay a good foundation for building a systematic collection. ● Collectors should be persistent in pursuing great and rare

coins. Du even mortgaged his house to the bank to purchase a ban liang coin. Moreover, he said that “I once spent three years in purchasing a Genghis Khan gold coin exhibited in the Shanghai Museum. The coin originally belonged to a well-known ancient coin researcher and collector, and he was reluctant to sell it for its great rarity and value. He lived in America while I lived in Canada. I connected with him for a long time, calling him a few times a week. Finally, he agreed to sell the coin to me, and I flew to take the coin immediately.” 4 As for those rare ancient coins along the Silk Road, it may take 5 to 6 years for one of them to appear on the market. ● The collection should be systematic, as it allows collectors to

Fig. 6 The writer (middle) communicating with Du at the meeting. Right: Shi Gang

Du Weishan, born in Pudong, Shanghai on December 16th, 1933, left his hometown in 1947 and then came to engage in ancient coin collecting and study in his spare time for over 50 years after he served at a geological department in Taiwan in 1966. His remarkable numismatic achievements are highlighted in the following three aspects.

First is his abundant collection. Du is a famous coin collector with a high reputation at home and abroad. He told us that he had collected coins in Taiwan for ten years, but he didn’t see any ban liang in good condition there. However, Du kept looking for coins of this kind. He mainly purchased wu zhu ,

Fig. 9 Du Weishan and his monographs. Photo Yang Huai

3 Foreword for Du Weishan and Gu Xiaokun's Chronological Catalogue of Kai Yuan Tong Bao by Wang Qingzheng, Shanghai Calligraphy, and Painting Publications, 1996, edition 1.

4 Interview with Ancient Coin Collector Du Weishan, Oriental Morning Post , 2006.

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position their collection. Taking wu zhu as an example, there is a systematic development from jun guo wu zhu , to chi ze wu zhu , to san guan wu zhu . Such development is quite important, as it ref lects the history, which is another highlight of coin collecting and study.

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[ 冥 錢 , coins burned for the dead], and some circumstantial evidence. With abundant materials and fresh opinions, the book will definitely blow readers away.” In May 2006, the Catalogue of Ban Liang Coin from the Warring State Period Collected in Si Gu Lou was published, and it shares some views from the Study on Ban Liang Coin with amendments. It makes a discussion of the features of ban liang in early, middle, and late Warring State period, and it assumes that the ban liang from the middle Warring State period must have been put into circulation in the economic reform by the government.

His Catalogue of Wu Zhu (Volume 1 & 2) was published in December 2009, and it makes a dynastic study on wu zhu based on unearthed material and coin dies and learns from the experience of experts from Xi’an. His Coins from Kushan Empire , published in 2012, makes a collation and study of the monetary issues of the ancient Kushan Empire in mid and west Asia, and it plays an essential role in the survey of the cultural exchanges between the central plains and the western region in the Qin and Han dynasties. His Review on the Coins along the Maritime Silk Road: A Collection of Southeast Asian

● The newcomer should work to develop their ability to

distinguish real coins from counterfeit ones rather than focusing on rare coins. “Rare coins cannot provide systematic information, and they are much more expensive. If you are told what you have bought is counterfeit, you will be discouraged, and the emotion will pose a negative influence on your ensuing collection. Therefore, when collecting ancient coins, whether ancient Chinese coins or coins along the Silk Road, the ability to identify the coins is of the utmost importance.” 5

Moreover, I am also impressed by Du’s profound study results. He has made a great accomplishment of research on ban liang , wu zhu qian, and other coins from ancient countries along the Silk Road. Persistence is the most important quality for study.6 Du kept making a study on coins, and he collected for studying his coins and donating instead of making money.

He published the Oral History from Du Weishan before his death, and had compiled, co-authored, and dictated a total of eight numismatic works since 1992. His works contain sufficient information, abundant photos, and rigorous textual research, and all these can broaden the readers’ horizons. As a result, Du is highly regarded by collectors and scholars. His Coins from Ancient Countries along the Silk Road (published in 1992) ushered in a new level for the domestic study on coins of this kind. Li Hong remarked that “Du’s study on coins from ancient countries along the Silk Road takes the coin as the main body, and it also makes a careful analysis from comprehensive aspects, such as the emperor’s reign, the type of coin, the statue, etc. All these help to extend the monetary study from China to the world.”7 His Chronological Catalogue of Kai Yuan Tong Bao (published in October 1996), is based on the abundant collection of Gu Xiaokun, and Du rubbed the coins in person.

He made full use of unearthed materials and archeological results to make scientific collation and analysis. In April 2000, he released two volumes of a Study on Ban Liang , and the book covers nearly 1200 rubbings. It proposed the idea that ban liang were put into circulation earlier than B.C. 378 as previously recorded. Wang Qingzheng indicated in the foreword of the book, “Du lived in Vancouver and led a secluded life. He dedicated himself to the study on ban liang . Dependent on his rich collection and unearthed material, he collated and grouped ban liang from the Warring State period and Qin Dynasty. The book also involves ban liang from the Han Dynasty, min qian

Fig. 10 Manuscript of Catalogue of Tai Ping Bai Qian by Du Weishan, 24 pages, 7,200 characters

5 Dictated by Du Weishan, recorded and collated by Xu Bo, Coins along the Silk Road: Scholar and Collector Du Weishan, Western Finance: Study Supplement for Coins in the Past 200 Years , p. 238.

6 Li Zhongfu, Er Qu Ji , volume 16, p. 6, 1936.

7 Li Hong, Du Weishan: Numismatic Collection, Study and Donation, Finance Times , 2015.

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from maritime Silk Road is much more complicated than that of coins from the Silk Road on land. Du produced both monographs and articles, and I once read and compiled his Study on Tai Pin Bai Qian, Discussion on Monetary Standard Issue by Shang Yang: Patterns of Ban Liang Coin in Middle Warring State Period , etc. All these papers feature fresh opinions, precise demonstration, and clean manuscript. (Fig. 10)

Coins was published in March 2018. Du wrote in the foreword, “the catalog covers coins from ancient countries along the maritime Silk Road, including Pyu, Siam, Laos, Angkor, Malaysia, Jameson and Indonesia, and all those countries and regions once engaged in maritime trade. They were influenced

by Chinese and Indian culture to a certain extent and minted various coins with their characteristics.” The study on coins

Fig. 11 The gallery of ancient coins along the Silk Road donated by Du Weishan and Tan Duanyan in the Shanghai Museum. Photo Zhou Xiang.

Du is also a generous donor. As the collector who owned the largest number of coins from ancient countries along the Silk Road in China, he donated over 2000 pieces of coins and over 200 foreign books to the Shanghai Museum in seven installments since 1991.8 He explained his motivation for donating, “I would like more people to appreciate these coins, and it is my wish to donate these coins from the ancient countries along the Silk Road to the Shanghai Museum.”

These coins in good condition are of great value. The Shanghai Government even presented their “Magnolia Award” to him, and the museum set up a gallery for the Silk Road coins donated by Du Weishan and Tan Duanyan (Fig. 11); the

museum published the Shanghai Museum Collection of Coins from Ancient Countries along the Silk Road and held the first Silk Road Coins and Silk Road Cultural Forum which had a profound international influence in 2006; the Kushan Coin Exhibition was held in 2014. I do admire Du’s generous donations. In terms of the significance of his contributions, Chen Xiejun, the director of the Shanghai Museum, remarked, “Du donated a large number of coins from ancient countries along the Silk Road, and the donation has built a world of ancient foreign coins for us.” “Collecting and study were the happiest things for him, and he passed that happiness to us through his donations.”

8 Yuan Shuiqing: Most of China Monetary History , Sanqin Press of Shaanxi Publications Group, 2012, p. 584.

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我心目中的錢幣學家杜維善 袁水清〔西安〕 中國農曆己亥（2019 年）孟春太簇之月，87歲的杜維善抱

病在杜氏思古樓編完新著《海上絲綢之路錢幣要覽 東南亞

編》後， “希望可以把安南圖錄和印度圖錄寫完。”“本人因

為在病中，所以許多時候力不從心，想做的事情很多，但

時間太少。”1同年7月，由董存發撰稿的《杜維善口述歷史》 由上海書店出版社出版。天不假年，未想到先生因哮喘猝

發心梗，竟於2020 年溫哥華時間3月7日11:16撒手人寰，遽

然西歸。這位與病魔抗爭20多年，傾全部心血於錢幣收藏

研究的耆 宿，至病發昏迷前一刻，還在為《泰國籌 碼錢 》 一書修改潤色，足見他對錢幣學的執著。杜老的離世，是 中國錢幣界的一個重大損失，使瞭解他的無數泉友沉浸在 無限哀思之中，而我則更加懷念他。

圖1 杜維善在長安論壇上發言

杜老為古錢幣考察和學術交流，多次不遠千里從上海來西

藝超 網對杜老 進行了長達兩小時的專訪，他驚人的 記憶，

任編輯，有幸與杜老在西安謀面4 次。第一次是 2008年11

自己30多歲在臺灣做地質工作時因探討一枚五銖是西漢還

儒雅的談吐，對錢幣的精深研究給我留下深刻印象。他講

安。我當年作為《西部金融 · 錢幣研究》和《收藏》雜誌責

月14-15日，在陝西省錢幣學會14日為杜老到訪組織的“中

是東漢的，而與古錢結緣。啟蒙老師是臺北的孫家驥，相

和杜老一起重點圍繞郡國五銖、赤仄五銖、三官五銖的始

並把收藏、研究重點放在半兩、五銖、開元通寶這些最難

處四五年之後， “就決定我終生走收 藏中國古錢的路子”，

國錢幣觀摩、研討學術交流會長安論壇”上，32位與會者

斷代的錢幣上。後來又把興趣轉向絲綢之路古國錢幣的收

鑄年代、特徵和版別發表觀點。杜老推測認為，元鼎二年

藏和研究。2次日，我們還陪杜老一行參觀了林文君先生創

到元鼎四年，西漢郡國一定在鑄面四決五銖，但它是什麼

辦的咸陽 錢幣文化研究所，他仔細看了研究所的秦 半兩，

樣子，與之後的三官五銖有什麼關聯，需要探討（圖1）。當

選購了十幾枚戰國早期半兩，還參觀了咸陽秦漢沙河古橋

晚，我和楊槐、徐博代表陝西省錢幣學會和《收藏》雜誌

圖2 -1 杜維善在選看半兩

圖2-2 杜 維 善鑒賞林文 君 （右）收藏的半兩、五銖 圖2-3 參觀合影 左起 ：楊 槐、 王 立 君、 韓 養 平、 李 洪、杜維善、張吉保、袁水 清（林文君先生攝） 圖2-4 杜維善照於咸陽秦漢 沙河古橋遺址 注釋 ：

1 杜維善《海上絲綢之路錢幣要覽》自 序，古泉書庫 2019 年3月版。 2 杜維善口述、徐博錄音並整理 ： 《方 寸 之 間 絲 路 泉 緣 ⸺ 訪 學 者 型 錢 幣 收 藏 家 杜 維 善 先 生 》，載《西部金 融 · 2009 年錢幣研究增刊》第238頁。

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界知名人士，參觀了八仙庵文物市場，陝西省錢幣學會為

。第 杜老組織了一次“五銖錢斷代分期”學術座談會（圖3） 三次是 2010年5月13-16日，杜老借上海博物館整理絲綢之

路貨幣準備推出專著的空閒時間，又一次到訪自認為是“我

的老家”的西安，與前兩次相比，他看上去雖然清瘦了許多， 但精神依然矍鑠，笑聲依舊爽朗。陝西省錢幣學會特邀陝 西、河南省杜老的幾位老泉友一起座談了古錢幣方面的話

題。杜老贈送大家由他親筆簽名的新著《五銖圖考》 ，手捧 墨蹟香飄的佳作，我仿佛看到他親手拓4 219枚五銖錢系的

。得知陝西歷史博物 情景，敬慕和感激之情油然而生（圖4）

館在館內舉辦有1970年西安何家村出土唐代窖藏錢幣展時，

他說機會難得，居然不辭勞頓，前往觀看了兩個多小時。此 行14日，杜老又一次到咸陽林文君辦的錢幣研究所主要看

圖3 學術座談會（5月6日）後合影（左起）前排：王立君、閻福善、 杜維善、黨順民、楊槐、朱清華 ；後排 ：袁水清、王泰初、張 吉保、薛輝、李洪

五銖錢，選購了一些西漢面四決五銖、郡國五銖，還看了絲 ，杜老很激 綢之路錢幣。當看到西漢郡國五銖石範時（圖5） 動，並說出是什麼石質，我們問他怎麼認識的，他說自己以

前就是搞這方面的專業。第四次也是我最後一次見到杜老， 是 2011年4月13-14日，他邀請中國錢幣學會理事、收藏有

四五千枚絲路古錢幣的新疆石剛先生來西安進行絲綢之路

錢幣學術交流。先一天參加了西安市文物局為他們安排的座 談。座談中，杜老對向德局長提出能否在小雁塔博物館內開 闢小型絲綢之路錢幣展館的設想，並一同前往小雁塔博物

館考察。第二天又到陝西省錢幣學會進行訪問，杜老特設 。 答謝宴，期間我曾與他就絲路錢幣研究簡短交流（圖6） 圖4 杜維善贈送本文作者的簽名書《五銖圖考》（上、下）

與杜老連續四年四次交流與接觸，他在我的心目中樹立了

遺址博物館（圖2）。第二次是 2009 年5月3-7日，杜老在澳

超出常人的堅韌毅力取得的成就令同道難望其項背。正如

高大形象，他為自己的既定目標艱辛踐行，不懈探索，以 “他是 上海博物館汪慶正前館長1996年 6月6日的中肯評價 ：

門李洪先生的陪同下，專程到西安進行學術訪問，為他的

融錢幣收藏和學術研究於一身的當代傑出學者 ”。3

《五銖圖錄補正》收集素材，聽取意見。他拜訪了陝西錢幣

於民國二十二年（1933年）12月16日出生於上海浦東的杜維

善，1947年離開上 ；1966年在臺灣地質部門工作之餘開始

圖5 杜維善對林文君（ 左 起第一） 收藏的西漢郡國 五銖石範很感興趣

3 汪慶正為杜維善、顧小坤《開元通 寶系年匯考》所作《 序》，上海 書畫 出版社1996 年10月第1版。

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圖7 成吉思汗金幣（正、背）直徑24毫米，重4.2克

圖8 西突厥⸺ 薩珊聯軍滅嚈噠汗國後，嚈噠 · 涅紮克部所鑄之 銀幣 ● 開始收集錢幣時千萬不要買大珍品，要有識別真偽的眼

力。 “因為大珍品不能夠提供一個系統的資訊。”“它的價格 一定很貴，如果你買的大珍品，別人告訴你是個贗品，你

圖6 本文作者（中）在宴席上與杜老交流，右為石剛

會灰心，這個灰心會影響你。所以收藏古錢，不管是絲綢

涉足古幣收藏和研究，50多年從未間斷。他在錢幣學上的

之路錢，或是中國錢，首先你要認識這個錢的真假。”5

卓越成就突出地表現在以下三個方面。

另外是研究精深。杜老於半兩、五銖及絲路古國貨幣之研

其一是收藏宏富。杜老是享譽海內外的錢幣收藏大家。我

究，均有極高的造詣。 “學問最怕持志不堅。”6杜老研究錢

們採訪時杜老講，他在臺灣集幣10 年，當時在臺灣看不到

幣能持之以恆。他收集錢幣是為了補充歷史，為了研究，為

好的半兩， “但是我還是一直追下去，我一方面買五銖看，

了捐獻，而不是為賺錢。從1992年至逝世前出版的《杜維

收開元通寶，主要目標是放在半兩上面”；1977年前後搬到

善口述歷史》，由他撰著、合著、口述公開出版的錢幣著作

香港做生意， “接觸了幾位錢商和研究錢幣的人，並看見很

8部，如圖9 所示。

藏的半兩錢可謂富甲天下。他收 藏並捐獻的2 000多枚絲

讀杜老的著作，資料豐富，圖書有據，考證嚴謹，令人眼

（圖7、圖8）。杜老的收藏體會是 ：

年出版的《絲綢之路古國錢幣》，開了國人研究絲路錢幣之

● 要大量讀歷史、考古方面的書，為系統收藏打好基礎。

究上，以錢幣為主幹，綜合多方面研究，從帝王系、錢幣

多半兩，加上在國內買到的很多半兩，合計1萬多枚。”收

綢之路古國錢布在泉界首屈一指，其中金銀幣實屬世所罕見

界頓寬。這些著述，已經並將持久嘉惠藏家和學界。1992

先河，李洪先生評價說， “杜先生在絲綢之路古國貨幣的研

的型式、神像等角度作了細緻整理”，以此為引領， “將貨幣

● 要有恆心追求精品、珍稀品。杜老曾為買一枚半兩把房

研究領域由中國本土延伸向世界”。71996年10月出版的《開

子抵押給銀行。 “正在上海博物館展出的成吉思汗金幣是我

元通寶系年匯考》，杜老以顧小坤先生的豐富收藏為基礎，

用了3年時間收到的。他原來的主人是一位知名的古幣研究

員和收藏家，因為格外珍貴，他一直捨不得買。他住在美國， 我在加拿大，我長期跟他‘糾纏’，一個禮拜給他打幾次電 話，最終他同意轉讓給我，我當天就坐飛機去取了。”4有些

比較稀少的絲路古幣，五六年才會出現一個，別讓它擦肩 而過。

“因為有了個系統，你就可以還原到歷史上面。 ● 要系統化。

比如說五銖，從武帝的郡國五銖、赤仄五銖、三官五銖一

直下來，它有個系統性，這是非常重要的。系統性往往是 反映歷史的，也是收藏錢、研究錢很重要的一點。”

圖9 杜維善及其相關著作，楊槐先生提供

4《專訪古錢幣收藏家杜維善》，載《東方早報》2006 年12月6日。 5 同2 。 6 周至李中孚先生著書，《二曲集》正編卷之十六第6頁，民國二十五年版。 7 李洪 ： 《杜維善 ：錢幣收藏、研究和捐獻》，載《金融時報》2015 年2月10日。

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親手墨拓開元打本，充分利用出土資料和考古的成就，進

行梳理排比、科學分析。2000 年 4月出版的《半兩考》（上、 下），收集半兩拓片近1 200 枚，提出半兩開始行用的年代

比史書記載的秦獻公七年“初行為市”還要早的見解。汪

慶正館長在《序》中指出，維善先生“近年來僑居溫哥華， 深居簡出，專力於半兩的研究，憑藉其豐富的藏品，參照

出土資料，梳理出戰國半兩、秦半兩，進行分式分期，並 配以漢半兩和冥錢，旁證博引”， “引用檔資料之豐富，所持 理論觀點之新穎，均不能不使人折服”。而2006年5月出版

的《思古樓藏戰國時期半兩圖系》，是對《半兩考》修正後

的看法。書中對戰國早期、中期、晚期半兩的特徵進行了 探討，提出“戰國中期的半兩只能在一個政府實行經濟改

革時期才會出現”的推斷。2009 年12月出版的《五銖圖考》

（上、下），對行用了739 年的五銖錢，利用出土資料和五銖 錢範，以及西安專家的研究心得，對五銖的斷代研究作了

推進。2012年出版的《貴霜帝國之錢幣》，對這個古代中、 西亞地區建立的大國發行的貨幣進行整理與研究，對研究 秦漢時期中原與西域的文化交流有重要作用。2019 年3月出

版的線裝本《海上絲綢之路錢幣要覽 東南亞編》，杜老在《自 序》中介紹， “本譜所錄海上絲綢之路古國錢幣，涵蓋東南 亞一帶驃國、暹羅、寮國、吳哥、馬來西亞、占城和印尼

等歷史上經營過海上貿易的國家或地區，它們在一定程度

圖10 杜維善先生《太平百錢考略》手稿，共24頁，7 200字

上受中國與印度文化的影響，並鑄造過各具特色的錢幣。” 並且指出對它的研究，要比對陸上絲綢之路錢幣的研究困 難的多。

杜老對錢幣的研究，不僅有專著，也有宏文。我拜讀並編 輯過他 撰 寫的《 太平百錢考略》《商 鞅 頒佈貨幣標準之探

討⸺ 戰國中期半兩之形式》等文，觀點新穎，論述嚴謹， 且手稿文字工整，十分漂亮（圖10 ）。

其三是慷慨捐獻 。從1991年起，杜老先後7次向上海博物 館捐贈絲綢之路古國錢幣2 000多枚、相關外文圖書200多

冊。是中國“收集並捐贈絲路錢幣最多的藏家。”8他對捐贈

圖11 上海博物館杜維善、譚端言舊藏絲路古幣陳列室場景照， 周祥先生提供

大家都來欣賞。”“將多年來收集的絲綢之路古國貨幣交給

化研討會”；2014 年舉辦了“貴霜錢幣展”。杜老夫婦慷慨

相上乘，價值連城。上海市政府為之頒發“白玉蘭獎”。上

所言，杜先生捐贈的大批“絲綢之路古錢，完全為我們搭

義舉動因淡定一笑 ： “與其放在家裏我一個人看，還不如讓

捐贈之精神令人景仰。其意義正如上海博物館館長陳燮君

上海博物館，這是我的心願。”這些錢幣藏品體系完整，品

建了一個古代域外錢幣的世界”， “對維善先生來說，收藏

海博物館基此開闢“杜維善、譚端言舊藏絲路古幣專室” （圖

11 ），於2006年出版了《上海博物館藏絲綢之路古代國家

和研究就是最幸福和快樂的事情。然後他又通過捐贈的善

錢幣》、舉辦了影響深遠的國際第一次“絲路古幣和絲路文

舉，將這種快樂傳遞給我們大家。”

8 袁水清 ： 《中國貨幣史之最》，陝西出版集團 三秦出版社 2012 年5月第1版第584頁。

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Newly-Founded 1988 1oz China Platinum Panda Pattern Ge Zukang〔Hangzhou〕 Due to its great rarity, oxidation resistance and favorable ductility gold has been a natural currency and a symbol of wealth since its discovery.

The panda, a unique and rare living fossil from China, has been sent to many countries as a national gift, popular among people all over the world. It is even used as the logo of the World Wildlife Fund.

In 1982, the People's Bank of China issued the first set of mint state gold coins with the giant panda pattern on its reverse, which became the ‘panda’ coin for short. Since then, China’s precious metal panda coin has been independently graded and certified, coveted by collectors worldwide. The 1983 mint state China gold and silver panda coins won the “Best Gold” and the “Best Silver” awards of the 1985 Coin of the Year Award [COTY], respectively. Since the mint state gold panda coin has won numerous awards at home and abroad, it has become the most popular among the six major gold investment coins in the world.

Panda

Since the success of gold panda coin, China has been one of the few countries that issue gold coins that trade across the world.

150 mm, and weigh from 1 gram to 5,000 grams. These gold and silver commemorative panda coins as well as proof coin sets have been coveted by coin collectors since their first issue.

Since its first issue, the People’s Bank of China has issued panda coins with various patterns, scales, and materials. There are platinum coins, palladium coins, copper coins, bi-metallic coins, colored coins, etc. Their diameters range from 10 mm to

According to the issuing process, a pattern of the coin should be submitted for approval. Then, it will be put into production after approval or be approved after revising; some projects may be rejected and fail to pass the approval for various reasons.

China Gold Coin Inc., founded in 1987, introduced a pattern bidding system in 2000 where the winning pattern would be finally put into production and the corresponding mint would have the rights of production.

were also melted according to Document 20 issued by the People’s Bank of China. Therefore, all inventory patterns which had not been put into production before 2012 were melted after being confirmed by China Gold Coin Inc.

On October 13th, 2005, the company rolled out the pattern management policy based on the original pattern management approach, and it strengthened the management of the inventory patterns by introducing a dual-management system. In addition, the company started to check inventory patterns at the end of the year (including patterns produced after the year 2000).

The only exception is those patterns of the coins produced for overseas sales in the first twenty years of panda coin production, as these coins required the approval of international distributors. Hence, their patterns were sent overseas for the opinion of major foreign distributors, and the patterns which have not been returned are now in the overseas market.

On October 20th, 1995, China Gold Coin Inc. decided to melt all precious metal patterns which had not been approved for production. In 2002, those unissued silver and gold patterns

Because there are so many patterns of coins selling overseas, few distributors focus on such patterns except for a few dealer such as Martin Weiss of Panda America and Lin Wenhu from

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patterns produced in early times were not recovered, some of which were sold on the market. The cases are the 1983 19 gram silver panda pattern sold to Lin Wenhu of Singapore and the 1984 gold panda pattern to Martin Weiss of Panda America.

Three examples of the 1985 gold patterns issued for the 10th anniversary of Women’s Day of the United Nations were sold at the 1994 Beijing auction jointly held by Singapore's Taixingge and Quanyouzhai and two shops of Quanyouzhai at Beijing and Shanghai. Moreover, there were examples of the 1991 2 ounce dragon and horse gold and silver patterns, the 1992 5 ounce Macro Polo gold and silver patterns, 1984 1/3 ounce Qin Shi Huang gold and silver patterns of China outstanding historical figure series, the 1986 Binyin Year of the Tiger 15 gram 5 yuan silver coin, the 1986 World Cup 1/2 ounce mint state silver panda pattern and the 1982 Renxu Year of the Dog 250 yuan gold patterns found overseas. Maybe there are many other precious metal patterns reserved at the gallery and the warehouse of China Gold Coin Inc, but managers have not noticed that these are patterns. Hence, their photos appear in the catalogs of issued coins from time to time.

Singapore. Therefore, most panda patterns are in the hand of foreign collectors. At present, a dozen rare patterns in the collection of Chinese modern precious metal coin collectors are from the international market except for some copper patterns.

Recently, an oversea collector shared a photo of the 1988 China 1oz platinum panda pattern, and he purchased this pattern at a price much higher than its initial price from Robert Mish, a famous dealer engaged in the China modern precious metal business in America. On seeing the photo, I congratulated him on obtaining such a rare China platinum panda pattern.

When I wrote China Modern Precious Coin Patterns in 2009, I made a careful study on this platinum pattern. According to a CD from China Gold Coin Inc. and many other sources, the 1988 China 1oz platinum panda pattern by the Shenyang Mint has proven to be an extremely rare one.

On May 18th, 2002, I was invited to the forum for the 2nd anniversary of the founding of China Gold Coin magazine organized by the Promotion and Information Department of China Gold Coin Inc. After the forum, I suggested Meng Qingzhou, the director of the department, that the company should build a photo gallery for the precious metal coins it has issued and issue a CD for a complete set of China gold coins, so as to promote the development of China modern precious metal coins.

As the department in charge has no idea about patterns of precious metal coins issued before 2000, it is an indisputable fact that these precious metal patterns have circulated in the market, traded among dealers, and exchanged among collectors for many years.

Some photos of patterns were mistaken for issued coins in the Catalogue for the 35th Anniversary of China Panda Gold Coins and Catalogue of China Panda Gold Coins by China Gold Coin Inc. in 2018. Shining 10 Years, published by the company even put photos of the 1988 panda gold coin and 1989 panda gold coin in the wrong order. All these indicate that the compiler does not have enough knowledge about these coins.

My suggestion was adopted. They collected a variety of China’s modern precious metal coins and finally produced a CD through years of effort. Meng said that they only made 3 CDs and the CD would not be released to the public, but he sent one of them to me.

I compared photos in the CD with coins in kind and referred to pictures of precious metal panda coins which I have taken and the books and materials published by China Gold Coin Inc. I found that the CD covers some unissued patterns, including the 1988 1oz China platinum panda pattern produced by the Shenyang Mint.

In the history of the numismatic collection, the rarest and most precious collections are not those founded or identified by manufacturers or government authorities but those by professional numismatists. Up to now, there has not been any patterns of Chinese modern precious metal coins confirmed by issuers.

I have not seen this pattern in Beijing, Shanghai, or the Guangzhou numismatic markets or in any auction catalogs.

According to books issued by China Gold Coin Inc., all 1988 China panda 1oz platinum patterns share the same obverse pattern of the Temple of Heaven designed by the Shanghai Mint, except that the Catalogue of Precious Metal Commemorative Coins of the People’s Republic of China issued by Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Press in 2006 replaces the obverse with the pattern of the platinum pattern. Hence, I came up with an idea of making a study on China's modern precious metal patterns and publishing a reference book.

Now, let's talk about the 1988 1 oz platinum panda pattern by the Shenyang Mint.

It is commonly known that the Shanghai Mint produced the first set of mint state gold panda coins in 1982. Its obverse features the Temple of Heaven designed and engraved by Sun Qilin from the Shanghai Mint, and the pattern is known as the Temple of Heaven with three gates and four columns. The reverse was designed and engraved by designer Chen Jian.

The Shanghai Mint designed and produced mint state gold panda coins from 1982 to 1984. As the China Gold Coin Inc. wanted to balance the production between the Shanghai Mint and the Shenyang Mint, the 1985 mint state gold panda coin

Due to the incomplete information and imperfect system, some

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1988 1 oz panda platinum pattern

set was co-designed and co-produced by two mints. Its obverse still used the Temple of Heaven pattern designed by Sun Qilin, while its reverse was designed and engraved by designer Wang Fudi from the Shenyang Mint.

Temple of Heaven pattern with four gates and one column as the obverse. As the pattern of the Shenyang Mint was not put into production, there were only a few patterns kept in the warehouse of China Gold Coin Inc.

The 1986 mint state and proof gold panda coin sets were designed by the Shenyang Mint and co-produced with the Shanghai Mint. They share the same obverse pattern, namely the Temple of Heaven pattern designed and engraved by Li Xiaochuan and Shen Xianzhang from the Shenyang Mint. This pattern is known as the Temple of Heaven pattern with four gates and one column. The reverse is the panda designed and engraved by Yan Jingkui.

Most panda coin collectors focus more on patterns on the reverse, so they may have not noticed the change of obverse patterns. Therefore, it took a long time to find this extremely rare 1988 platinum panda pattern with four-gate and onecolumn Temple of Heaven pattern on the obverse.

I have paid attention to this platinum pattern for a long time, inquiring both domestic and foreign panda coin collectors and referring to a lot of materials. However, I have not found any relevant report. Even the most famous Chinese and American panda coin collectors do not have this pattern in their collections, which proves its great rarity.

As for the 1987 version, both obverses of the mint state gold panda coin set and the first platinum panda coin took the use of the Temple of Heaven pattern with three gates and four columns designed by Sun Qilin from the Shanghai Mint.

It has been ten years since this rare platinum panda pattern has been found in America. It is another extremely rare platinum pattern in addition to the 1983 19 gram silver panda pattern, the 1984 mint state gold panda pattern set, and the unissued 1997 5 ounce bi-metallic panda coin.

The 1988 mint state and proof panda gold coin sets were mainly designed and minted by the Shenyang Mint, and the Shanghai Mint helped to produce the mint state one. Therefore, the Temple of Heaven pattern with four gates and one column was taken as the obverse. The second example of the 1 oz platinum panda coin was also issued this year. It was thought that the Shenyang Mint would produce the platinum coin, so the Shenyang Mint submitted the pattern with four-gate and one-column Temple of Heaven pattern on the obverse to the China Gold Coin Inc. However, the project was finally given to the Shanghai Mint, so the Shanghai Mint used the

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The picture of the 1988 1 oz panda platinum pattern is copied from the CD of China Gold Coin Inc. You may refer to the picture on page 30 of the 1986-1990 volume of Catalogue of Precious Metal Commemorative coins of the People's Republic of China issued by Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Press printed in 2006.

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新發現的1988年1盎司中國熊貓鉑樣幣 葛祖康〔杭州〕 金燦燦的黃金，自從被人類發現，就以稀有、不氧化和極 好的延展性，成為天然的貨幣與人類財富的象徵。

大熊貓是中國獨有的古老珍稀動物，一度被作為中國政府 的國禮贈送多國，深受世界人民的喜愛 ；還被世界野生動 物基金會選作會標。

1982年中國人民銀行發行了世界上第一套背面圖案為大熊

貓形象的普製金幣，簡稱熊貓幣。自此，中國熊貓貴金屬 幣成為一個獨立的類別，立即受到全世界錢幣收藏愛好者

的熱 烈追 捧，1983年版普製中國熊貓金 銀幣 就分別榮 摘

1985年世界“最佳金幣 ”“最佳銀幣 ”大獎的兩項桂冠。由 於熊貓普製金幣在國內外連續獲獎，也就成為世界六大投 資金幣中最受歡迎的熱門品種。

大熊貓

熊貓普製金幣的成功發行，使中國順理成章地進入了世界 發行國際貿易金幣國家的行列。

些已成為錢幣收藏愛好者追求的珍品。

繼而，中國人民銀行又相繼發行了姿態各異、規格多種的

各國發行的貴金屬幣，按錢幣發行流程要求，立項後，每

毫米重量1克，大到直徑150 毫米重達 5 000克的熊貓紀念

樣幣，經審核批准生產，或需修改後再申報，有的因各種

熊貓鉑幣、鈀幣 、銅幣 、雙金屬幣 、彩色幣 ，和小到直徑10

種幣在最初都有樣幣報上級和有關部門審批，這些報審的

金幣 以及各種規格熊貓金銀幣 和精製套幣 ，琳琅滿目，有

原因沒有通過審核而被否決。

1987年中國金幣總公司成立，2000年以後才引入樣幣競標

司確認的未投入生產的庫存樣幣全部被返熔銷毀了。

評審機制，以樣幣中標來決定生產權。

例外的是，中國現代貴金屬幣最初的20 年是以外銷為目的

2005年10月13日在原有樣幣管理工作的基礎上，中國金幣

而生產的，國際經銷代理商的意見是很重要的。一般情況

理，採用雙人共管制，每年年終對庫存樣幣（2000 年後的

有的因此沒有及時收回，則樣幣就留在了國外。

總公司制定了樣幣管理辦法，並且加強了對庫存樣幣的管

下，這種報批的審核樣幣都要送國外主要經銷商徵求意見，

樣幣或也在其中）進行盤點核實。

由於這類的樣幣太多，除極個別的如美貓公司的馬丁先生

1995年10月20日中國金幣總公司辦公會議上決定 ：貴金屬

和新加坡林文虎先生外，其他經銷商很少關注這類樣幣，

樣幣未批准生產的全部熔化。根據中國人民銀行銀貨金髮

因此絕大多數樣幣都流入國外收藏家手裡。目前中國現代

〔2002〕20號文件，2002年又對未發行的金銀幣樣幣等產

貴金屬幣收 藏家手裡的十幾種珍稀樣幣，除少數銅樣外，

品進行了返熔。由此可以推知，2002年前被中國金幣總公

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星閣、泉友齋聯合舉辦的1994 年北京拍賣會與北京、上海

2019年有國外收藏家發來一枚1988年1盎司熊貓鉑幣的照

泉友齋兩家直銷店各售出1枚，1991年2盎司龍馬金銀樣幣，

片，這位收藏家真是獨具慧眼，他是從美國經營中國現代

1992年5盎司馬可 · 波羅金銀樣幣、1984年1/3盎司中國傑 出歷史人物秦始皇金樣幣、1986丙寅（虎）年15克5元面額 銀樣幣、1986世界盃足球賽1/2盎司單人傳球普製銀樣幣， 以及1982壬戌（狗）年250元面額金樣幣等，都在國外陸續

貴金屬幣著名幣商羅伯先生那裡，用高於該幣發行價很多 倍的價格買入的。一看照片我立即回復他，祝賀他得到了一 枚非常珍貴的中國熊貓鉑樣幣！

發現。可能還有很多貴金屬樣幣被保管在中國金幣總公司的

2009年我着手編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣樣幣》一書時，就

仔細研究過這枚1988年熊貓鉑樣幣，各種資料提示，在中

展廳和庫房內，但管理者並不知道是樣幣，很多樣幣的圖

國金幣總公司的現代幣光碟中，都驗證了這枚1988瀋陽版1

片時不時地出現在發行幣的圖冊裡。

盎司熊貓鉑幣是一枚極其罕見的熊貓鉑樣幣。

由於主管部門不知道 2000 年前發行的貴金屬幣中有些是樣

2002年5月18日，我應邀出席了中國金幣總公司宣傳資訊部

幣，多年來這些貴金屬樣幣在市場流通，在經銷商之間買

召開的《中國金幣》創刊2周年紀念座談會，會後我向當時

賣，在收藏家之間交流，已是不爭的事實。

的宣傳資訊部主任孟慶洲提出，建議中國金幣總公司能把

中國金幣總公司出版的2018版《中國熊貓金幣三十五周年

所發行的貴金屬幣建立圖庫，出版發行中國金幣大全光碟，

圖冊》和《中國熊貓金幣圖冊》，都把一些樣幣圖片當作發

以便於宣傳中國現代貴金屬幣。

行幣圖片編在書中，更不要說1997版中國金幣總公司出版

的《閃光的十年》，除了用錯圖片，居然把1988年的熊貓金

我的建議被採納。他們經過幾年的努力，終於收集了許多

中國現代貴金屬幣並製成光碟，據孟慶洲主任說只刻了3張

幣和1989 年的熊貓金幣圖片放反了。可見，編撰者相關知

光碟，不發行，他給了我一張。

識欠缺。

我將光碟裡的圖片對照了各種實物，查了很多我實拍的各

從世界各國和中國的收藏歷史來看，最珍貴、最稀有的收

書籍和資料，發現光碟中有些是未發行的樣幣，1988年瀋

的收藏家發現並推舉的。所以中國現代貴金屬幣的樣幣至

種熊貓貴金屬發行幣照片以及中國金幣總公司出版的有關

藏品並不是製造商或政府機構發現並認定的，而是由專業

陽版1盎司熊貓鉑樣幣就在其中。

今沒有一枚是發行方認可的。

北京、上海、廣州錢幣市場和各拍賣公司錢幣圖錄等資料

再來談談1988年瀋陽版1盎司熊貓鉑樣幣。

版發行的書中，1988版1盎司熊貓鉑幣正面圖都是用正式發

眾所周知，1982年上海造幣廠生產了世界上第一套大熊貓

經大學出版社發行的2006版《中華人民共和國貴金屬紀念

工藝美術師孫奇齡先生設計並雕刻的，俗稱三門四柱天壇。

上，我都沒有發現這枚樣幣的蹤跡。從中國金幣總公司出

行的上海版天壇圖案，只有中國金幣總公司編纂，西南財

普製金套幣，其正面最終採用的天壇圖案是由上海造幣廠

幣圖錄》用這枚樣幣的正面圖片替代了正式發行的上海版

背面圖案是工藝美術師陳堅先生設計雕刻。

天壇圖。因此，我萌發了研究中國現代貴金屬樣幣和出版

中國熊貓普製金套幣從1982 年至1984 年 都是由上海造幣

中國現代貴金屬樣幣書籍的想法。

廠設計生產的。為了平衡兩廠的生產任務，1985年熊貓普 製金套幣就由上海造幣廠和瀋陽造幣廠聯合設計生產。孫

由於資料不全和制度不完善。早期一些樣幣沒有收回，有 的就當商品出售了。最明顯的就是1983年19克熊貓銀樣幣售

奇齡的三門四柱天壇正面圖案一直延用至1985年，1985年

予新加坡林文虎先生，1984 年熊貓金樣幣售予美貓公司馬

背面熊貓圖是由瀋陽造幣廠工藝美術師王福德先生設計並

丁先生。1985年聯合國婦女十年紀念金樣幣，由新加坡泰

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1988版1盎司熊貓鉑樣幣圖

1986版熊貓普製、精製金套幣項目則由瀋陽造幣廠設計并

絕大多數 熊貓幣收 藏者玩幣大 都關注和欣賞幣的背面主

正面都用瀋陽造幣廠工藝美術師李小川、申憲章設計雕刻

1988版四門一柱天壇正面圖的熊貓鉑樣幣流落海外，很久

和上海造幣廠聯合生產，1986版熊貓普製、精製金套幣的

題圖案，很少注意正面圖案的變化。就使這枚極其珍稀的 才被收藏家發現。

的天壇圖，俗稱四門一柱天壇。背面用宴井奎設計雕刻的 熊貓圖。

由於筆者一直在關注這枚鉑樣幣，問遍國內外熊貓幣收藏

1987版熊貓普製金套幣正面天壇圖又採用了上海造幣廠孫

家，查閱很多的資料，均未見有實物報道，連聞名遐邇的 收藏家“中國貓王”和“美國貓王 ”都沒有此枚1988版四門

奇齡的三門四柱 天壇圖。1987版發行了第一枚 熊貓鉑幣， 正面採用了上海造幣廠孫奇齡的三門四柱天壇圖。

一柱天壇圖的熊貓鉑樣幣，可見其珍稀程度。

1988版熊貓普製、精製金套幣的設計生產以瀋陽造幣廠為

從 2009 年起等了十年，如今它終於在美國現身，在熊貓幣

採用了四門一柱天壇圖。1988年發行第二枚1盎司熊貓鉑幣，

製金套樣幣，1997版熊貓5盎司雙金屬未發行幣之後，又

圈內初露崢嶸。繼1983版熊貓19克銀樣幣，1984版熊貓普

主，上海造幣廠配合生產普製金套幣，所以正面天壇圖均 原以為會由瀋陽造幣廠生產，瀋陽造幣廠將四門一柱天壇

為中國熊貓幣收藏圈增添了一枚極其珍貴的鉑樣幣。

公司把鉑幣的項目給了上海造幣廠，上海造幣廠就用三門四

這枚1988版1盎司熊貓鉑樣幣的正、背圖（如圖），是筆者

圖為正面圖案做成樣幣報中國金幣總公司。但中國金幣總

柱天壇圖做了1988版鉑幣的正面圖案。因此瀋陽造幣廠的

從中國金幣總公司光碟中複製的，讀者可參看西南財經大

司的庫房裡。

圖錄》1986-1990小冊第30頁圖。

學出版社發行的2006年版《中華人民共和國貴金屬紀念幣

四門一柱樣幣就沒有生產，僅存幾枚樣幣在中國金幣總公

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The Attribution of Sino-Kharosthi Coins Zhou Ti〔Urumqi〕 The Sino-Kharosthi coin, or Khotan horse coin, is the most famous coin among all Sinkiang coins, and is popular with collectors.

Khotan horse coins fall into seven groups, and these groups are distinguished by the shape or structure of the Chinese character inscription on the reverse. There is also a camel coin that features a camel on the obverse.

Fig. 1

Part Ⅰ Distinguished by the shape of the Chinese character inscription.

According to the shape of the character inscription, the coins are classified as 1. the xue zi liu coin(its Chinese character inscription liu [ 六 ]has a similar shape as the Chinese character xue [ 穴 ], 2. the yuan zi liu coin (liu has a similar shape as yuan [ 元 ] and 3. the da zi liu coin (liu has a similar shape as da [ 大 ].

Fig. 2

Part Ⅱ With a camel pattern on the obverse.

4. The ‘Camel’ coin.

Part Ⅲ Distinguished by the structure of the Chinese character inscription.

As for those distinguished by the structure of the Chinese character inscription, they are grouped into: 5. the ping zi liu coin (the liu has a flat structure), 6. the zhong zi da qian coin (the Chinese character zhong is relatively large) and 7. the xiao zi liu coin (the liu character is relatively small).

Fig. 3

was simplified from four points to two points. (Fig. 1 & 2) 2. The Yuan zi liu coin

Part Ⅰ

Its Chinese character liu looks like yuan, and it is composed of a point, a horizontal line, a left-downward sloping line, and a right-downward sloping line. Besides, its inscription, zhu, is also special, as its sloping line on the top left is downward sloping to the left. (Fig. 3)

1. The Xue zi liu coin

The character liu , which means six, on the reverse looks like the Chinese character xue, and its style is closest to the lesser seal calligraphic style. Moreover, the Chinese character zhu [ 銖 ], which refers to the unit of currency, also has the same calligraphy style as that on Chinese wu zhu qian coin.

3. The Da zi liu coin

Its Chinese character liu looks like da , and the character is composed of three strokes, a horizontal line, a left-downward sloping line, and a right-downward sloping line, all clean and straightforward.

The xue liu zi coin has two different varieties in calligraphic styles of the characters qian zhu [ 錢 銖 ], especially the character zhu . The right part of zhu was simplified from zhu [ 朱 ]to wei [ 未 ], and the right part of qian was simplified from jian [ 戔 ] to ge [ 戈 ]. Also, the left part of these two characters

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6. The Zhong zi da qian coin The zhong zi da qian coin is inscribed with six Chinese characters zhong nian si zhu tong qian [ 廿 四 銖 銅 錢 ], which means the copper coin weighs 24 zhu. It can be regarded as a special variety. Among the six characters, only the character zhong is in the correct direction regardless of the starting direction.

Distinguished by features of the inscription, this coin falls into several varieties, namely an anti-clockwise inscription starting at 5, 8, or 12 o'clock, a clockwise inscription starting at 6 o'clock, a clockwise inscription and starting at 2 o'clock, and a clockwise inscription starting at 12 o'clock. In addition, it has a symbol on the reverse. Some hold that it is the western clan insignia, and some hold that it is the Chinese decoration pattern. Considering the currency function of the horse coin, we tend to agree with the second opinion. (Fig. 6-7)

Fig. 4

which is relatively smaller, is on the upper half of the coin.

The Chinese character zhu qian features a small top and big bottom, elongated vertically. Most overstruck horse coins are of this group. (Fig. 4)

Part Ⅱ 4. The Camel coin. This coin has two sizes. Since I do not have a camel coin in good condition, the figures below are from two published books (the cover of A Monetary History of Sinkiang by Wang Yongsheng, and a sketch from The Sino-Kharosthi Coins of Khotan written by Joseph Cribb of England and translated by Yao Shuomin).

As for the symbol in the middle of its reverse, there has not been a reliable interpretation. Some hold that it is a clan insignia, while some believe that it is the Chinese character yu [ 於 ]. We assume that it is derived from ‘maha ’ in Kharosthi script. Maha originally meant ‘sublime’ and ‘respect’ in Kharosthi, and it may refer to da, which means big in Chinese, of the da zi liu coin.

Fig. 6

Part Ⅲ 5. The Ping liu zi coin

7.“Xiao Liu Zi”

Its character liu features a long horizontal line parallel to two short horizontal lines, and its shape is a flat square. Ping liu zi coins are exquisite, and most horse coins in good condition are of this variety. (Fig. 5)

The style of liu [ 六 ] is the same as that of modern handwriting style. Since the size of the Chinese character liu is much smaller than the other two characters, it is named xiao liu zi , or small ‘6’.

(Fig. 8)

Fig. 5 100

Fig. 7

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Now, let’s talk about Kharosthi, the other script on the Khotan horse coin.

Tiesheng, the Kharosthi letters on the horse coin can be clearly identified. The alphabet is attached at the end of this article.

The first word is maharaja in Kharosthi script, and it means “great king.” The word is composed of four letters or syllables, and it is the easiest word to be identified from the horse coin.

As for the second word, there are some differences in the first letter of the word. Since it is either in the shape of “ ＋ ” or the shape of an umbrella, its transliteration can be ‘tha’ or ‘sha’.

In most cases, it is transliterated as ‘sha’. The transliteration of the second letter is ‘di’ or ‘ti’, and we tend to take it as ‘ti’.

Therefore, the second word should be ‘shatiraja’. (Fig. 9)

According to the Kharosthi alphabet on page 333 of the Coinage of India (6th Century B. C. – 19th Century A. D.) by Mr. Li

Fig. 9

liu zhu is the core of the horse coin, as it is the keyword which can identify its function as money.

Shati may refers to the state of Shache, so these two words mean the great king of Shache. The language used in the west of China at that time had disappeared, while the words on the horse coin reserve some information about this ancient language. The related Chinese record serves as an important tool for us to understand the language used there.

The horse coin follows a Chinese coin style, but it also makes some innovations based on imitation. The inscription liu zhu [ 六銖 ] in Chinese characters was used to identify its currency function and value of the horse coin, and it reminds us of the wu zhu qian coin from the Han dynasty.

The third word is composed of two letters, and they look alike.

These two letters are relatively complicated among all letters inscribed on the horse coin, and their English transliteration is ‘gugra’ or ‘gurga’. Because both ‘gra’ and ‘rga’ are polysyllabic, they cannot be found in the alphabet directly and we can only use the transliteration by western researchers. As for these two transliterations, we tend to adopt ‘gurga’.

On the whole, ‘maharaja’ and ‘gurga’ in Kharosthi script are the keywords of the inscription on the coin, and the importance of these two words can also be ref lected from the design of the coin, as they can always be easily identified regardless of the variety.

The following two Kharosthi words are more complicated, as they are diverse in different varieties. Based on the research, they have similarities as well as differences. First, let’s compare the xue zi liu coin and the xiao liu zi coin.

Westerns scholars hold that ‘gurga’ is the family name of the royal family, and most west scholars agree with this opinion.

However, what’s the actual meaning of the word?

Gurga may refer to liu zhu [ 六 銖 ] in Chinese, which is the denomination of the coin. The syllable ‘gu’ may be the transliteration of Chinese character zhu [ 銖 ], and ‘rga’ may be the ancient pronunciation of liu. Since there is no corresponding phoneme in Kharosthi, the polysyllabic word is used to express accurate pronunciation.

Both western and Chinese scholars agree that the xue zi liu coin was issued earlier, and we may take it as the original variety. As for the xiao liu zi coin, it should have been issued at a later period according to its writing style. The xue zi liu coin has a suffix, while xiao liu zi does not. Both two varieties use ‘sa’ as the end of the word. Since we do not agree with the western scholars that ‘gurga’ is the family name of the royal

In addition to the words which mean the great king of shache,

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family, what is the meaning of ‘dama’ in Kharosthi script after ‘gurga’ on the xue zi liu coin?

(2) maharaja

The writing style of the inscription on large horse coin zhong zi da qian is similar to the small coin ping liu zi , so it is presumed that the large horse coin was struck in the later period. The characters on large coins are much smaller than that on small coins on the whole. Besides, the large coins have some new features. For instance, their inscriptions are either clockwise or anti-clockwise, and most of them have a decorative symbol in the center of the coin.

The other four varieties were minted in either earlier or later periods. The Yuan zi liu and da zi liu were minted earlier, and the inscription after ‘gurga’ is ‘moa’ in Kharosthi script; the ping liu zi was minted in the later period. As for the ping liu zi, zhong zi da qian and xiao liu zi coins, the inscription after ‘gurga’ is ‘moya’ in Kharosthi script. The pronunciations of moa and moya are similar. It is speculated that the manufacturer of the horse coin replaces the concept of qian [ 錢 ] (coin) in Chinese with the classifier mei [ 枚 ] (piece) or wen [ 文 ] (cent) as the unit of the currency. Hence, there is a difference between moa and moya.

The Kharosthi script on the large horse coin which starts at 11 o’clock can be transliterated as maharaja rajatiraja shatiraja gurga moya. Though western and Chinese scholars hold different opinions on the meaning of the second word, which might mean “king of kings,” there is no problem in identifying these words.

Inscriptions on the small horse coin are as follows:

Early period: shatiraja

gurga

dama

great king the king of Shache six zhu copper (2) maharaja

shatiraja

gurga

moa

great king the king of Shache six zhu one piece

Later period: (1) maharaja

shatiraja

gurga

moya

great king the king of Shache six zhu one cent

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gurga

great king the king of Shache six zhu

From the view of numismatics, it may be the material or the appellation of the coin. This word doesn’t inf luence its function as currency. Therefore, we suppose that dama is the transliteration of tong [ 銅 ], or copper, in its Chinese character.

(1) maharaja

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如何識別漢佉二體錢（和田馬錢） 周 倜〔烏魯木齊〕 和田馬錢作為新疆古錢幣中的名譽品，喜愛它的人自然不在 少數。

以漢字來對和田馬錢分類，一種是形似某個漢字的字形，另

一種是類似於某個漢字的結構，中間再以漢佉二體錢的另一 種動物圖案即駱駝將其隔開，可分為前半部分和後半部分。 前半部分 圖1

按漢字的字形分為：1.“穴字六”，2.“元字六”，3.“大字六”。 中間部分 動物 ：4. 駱駝錢。 后半部分 按漢字的結構分為 ： 5.“平六字”，6.“重字大錢”7.“小六

字”。

圖2

一 前半部分 1.“ 穴字六”： “六”字猛一看，以為是“穴”字，故名“穴字六”。“穴字六” 上的漢字，是最接近小篆體的一個版別。尤其“銖”字與漢

“五銖”的銖，筆劃幾乎一致。

圖3

“穴字六”的名下，存在著兩種不同的樣式。雖然，兩者的

“六”字寫法大致相似，但“錢銖”的書寫，差異極大。以

在小錢中也算一個特例，朱邊是唯一的左彎“朱” （圖3）。

上下彎曲的“朱”改換成簡寫式樣的“未”，而“錢”字，由

3.“大字六”

（圖2）。 變成了兩點式樣。如 ： （圖1）、

“六”的寫法就如今人手寫的“大”字，故命名“大字六”。

2.“元六字”

沒有停頓和分開。

“銖”尤為特別。 “六錢銖”的“銖”已從“五銖”小篆式樣， “戔”變為 “戈”部。 “錢銖”的金字旁由“六銖錢”四點式樣，

這個“六”字就三筆，一橫一撇一捺，第一和第二筆之間

““六”的書寫略像今人寫的元字，故命名“元字六”。一點

“大字六”的排列，一般“大”字置頂，字體較小。而“銖錢”

一橫，然後，很圓滑的兩筆左彎、右彎。 “元字六”銖字，

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特徵，就是域外錢幣複打的馬錢，絕大多數集中在這個版

6.“ 重字大錢”

別內。 （圖4）

“重字大錢”即為“重廿四銖銅錢”大馬錢，我們將它看作

一個整體版別來看待。六個漢字中，只有古漢字“重”字， 無論順時針、逆時針，都保持著正確的方向性。

以“ 重 ” 字 的 特 徵， 分為 幾 個 大 的 版 式。 ①“ 順 重 字 ”。 ②“順重反字”。③“逆重字”。④“逆重反頭”等等。背面

有一個符號，有族徽說與貝符說兩種觀點，從馬錢的貨幣 （圖7） 。 屬性來說，我們比較傾向“貝符”說。 （圖6）、 圖4

二 中間間隔部分 4.“ 駱駝錢” 漢佉二體駱駝錢，有大、小錢之分，因為手中沒有好品相 的的實物，故采信公開發表的刊物的圖片為基準。 （王永生

著《新疆歷史貨幣》封面，英 · 克力勃著，姚朔民編譯《和

圖6

田漢佉二體錢》手繪圖） 。

漢字面中間的圖形，以往一直沒有一個可信的解讀，有族徽

說，有漢字“於”說，我們推測它是佉盧文的變體，是佉

maha 藝術化的變形。ma 與 ha 相連，帶有“崇高” 盧文“大” 與“敬意”原意，是佉盧文式的“大六字”“大”的翻版。

三 後半部分 圖7 5.“平六字” 7.“小六字” “六”字的寫法，猶如一長兩短的平行線， “六”字整體扁 方，故命名“平六字”。 “平六字”馬錢鑄造精美，絕佳品相

“六”字的寫法與今人的手寫體完全一致。 “六”字與其他兩

圖5

圖8

字相比，在錢幣上所占空間很少，故命名為“小六字” 。 （圖8）

的馬錢大部分屬於這個版別。 （圖5）

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我們再試著瞭解馬錢上的另一種文字佉盧文。

佉盧文的字母。 （附圖表1）

佉盧文首個稱號是“大王” ，maharaja，由四個字母或是音節

這個稱號的第一個字母，在錢幣上，有小小的不同，類似於

組成，是馬錢最易辨別的辭彙。

“+”形和弧形“傘”頭，也就是說可以轉寫成 tha 和 sha，綜

根據李鐵生先生編著的《印度幣（西元前6世紀⸺ 西元19世

sha。第二個字母可以轉寫成 di 和 ti，我們更傾向於轉寫成

合各個版別來看，多數情況下可以看作是 sha，我們就取其

紀） 》333頁，所附錄的佉盧文字母表，很容易查找到馬錢上

ti。那麼，這第二個稱號，就應當轉寫成 shatiraja。 （圖9）

圖9

Shati 很可能是漢語根據音譯記錄的西域“莎車國”，組合

音準意達。

馬錢上佉盧文的這個稱號，完整地保留了胡語古老的、原

除胡語兩種王號外， “六銖”就是馬錢的核心。是馬錢的鑄

起來就應該是“莎車王”。當時的胡語已湮滅沙漠下，也許

造者借用漢語辭彙，將馬錢固化為“錢”的一個關鍵字匯。

始的資訊。而漢語的記錄和傳承，成為語言學上破譯中古 時代胡語的一個重要支點。

總之，馬錢透著濃濃的漢風味道，既是創新、又有模仿痕

跡。胡語因借用“六銖”將馬錢的貨幣功能和內在的價值，

第三個辭彙是由兩個字母組成，他們的形象很接近，轉寫

成 gugra 或 gurga，主要在西方學者中有爭議，也是馬錢

與漢五銖有機地聯繫起來，是一次了不起的探索和嘗試。

上比較複雜的兩個字母，gu 可以在字母表中查到。而 gra

或 rga，是一個複音節字母，在字母表中不可以直接查到，

從馬錢整體情況來看，大王 maharaja 和六銖 gurga 是佉

音為 ：矩伽羅或矩拉戈，我們更傾向於 gurga 。

什麼版別，這兩個辭彙都是最易辨認的。

只能接受西方學者比較成熟的轉寫。gugra 或 gurga，譯

盧文的重中之重。這在錢幣上，也能充分的反映出。無論

西方學者認為，這是王族的姓氏，在這一點上，西方學者

接下來的兩個佉盧文字母，情況就比較複雜。它們有很大

的認知高度的統一。那麼，這個詞究竟是什麼意義呢？

的不同。那麼，我們按版 別逐一來梳 理，既能發現共性， 又能找出它們的異處。首先，我們把版別1.“穴字六”與版

Gurga 很可能是胡語用佉盧文拼寫的一個漢語辭彙，即 ：

別7.“小六字”進行比較。

（lu， 個音節是漢字“銖” （zhu）的譯音。rga 是古漢語“六”

“穴字六”，中西方都認為是馬錢早期的版別，姑且把它

六銖。借用漢語的貨幣單位確 立胡語的貨幣概 念。gu 這

六 ：力竹切）的譯音。因音素欠缺而採用複合音，以達到

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看作是初始版。而“小六字”，我們從漢字的風格來看，應

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該是 末期的版別，姑且把它看作末尾版。 “穴六字”有尾

（2）maharaja shatiraja gurga

碼，而“小六字”沒有。而且，有沒有尾碼都可以使用尾詞

sa 。既然我們不認可西方學者的姓氏說。那麼早期的“穴字

大王

六”gurga 之後的 dama，是何意呢？

莎車王

再來談談大馬錢“重廿四銖銅錢”。從漢字與佉盧文的書寫

從錢幣角度來分析，它可能是材質標識，也可能是對錢幣

習慣和用詞來看，大馬錢與小錢“平六字”很接近，因而推測，

的稱謂。從兩個版別對比來看，有無這個尾碼，不影響馬

大馬錢屬於馬錢的後期製作的。漢字的整體狀態要比小錢

錢的使用功能。這樣，我們推測 dama 是漢語“銅”字的

上的漢字小許多。 出現新的狀況是順時針書寫和逆時針書寫。

譯音。

中心部位多“貝符”標記。

大 馬 錢 的 佉 盧 文 起 首 在 11 點 的 方 位，可以 轉 寫 成：

剩餘的幾個版別，我們前面說過，有前後之分。即“元字六”

maharaja rajatiraja shatiraja gurga moya 。排在第二位

和“大字六”屬於前期， “平六字”和“扁六字”屬於後期。

的稱號是“王中之王”，關於 rajatiraja 稱號，也引起了中西

2號、3號版別 gurga 之後佉盧文字母是 moa，5號、6號、

方學者的不斷猜疑，就其本身的辨識沒有問題。

7號 gurga 之後是 moya，從發音上看，它們有些近似。也 許，馬錢的製作者無意中“偷換”了關於“錢”的概念，將 量詞“枚” “文”當作錢的單位。若是 這樣，moa、moya

是不是可以解釋通了。

那麼，小馬錢就有如下幾種情況 ：

早 期 （1）maharaja shatiraja gurga dama

大王

莎車王

六銖

銅質

（2）maharaja shatiraja gurga moa

大王

莎車王

六銖

一枚

後 期 （1）maharaja shatiraja gurga moya

大王

106

莎車王

六銖

圖表1

一文

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Taiwan was first discovered in the Sui dynasty. It didn’t begin to open up virgin land for farming until the end of the Ming dynasty, and before that, it was the place where Fujian fishermen fished. It is said that native inhabitants of the Gaoshan tribe used beads as currency for trade, but there are no records to prove this.

My View on

At the end of the Ming dynasty, people started to immigrate f rom t he m ai n la nd t o Taiwa n. Soon af t e r, t he D ut ch and Spanish introduced their goods to Taiwan. With the introduction of currencies of different countries, a wide range of coins circulated in the market, which made the currency circulation a mess. At the end of the Qing dynasty, during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, the Sino-Japanese War of 18941895 took place. After Japan won the war and occupied Taiwan, a new coin system was introduced, which brought Taiwan to a systematic “age of coin.”

Taiwan

There is almost no information about the currency in circulation before Taiwan was occupied by Japan from 1895. At that time, silver ingots, foreign silver dollars, Taiwan silver dollars, and copper coins all circulated in Taiwan. Without clear exchange rates all these currencies were exchanged according to the unstrict “scale system” rather than by their denominations.

Chou Chienfu〔Taipei〕

During the Qing dynasty, Taiwan was far left behind the mainland economically, and its living standard and prices were much lower. Since it was more convenient to use silver coins with the small denomination of 20 cents rather than one dollar coins, the 20 cent coins were used foremost. As for the 50 tael ingot, people hardly used it except for bulk purchases. Hence, foreign silver coins became the most commonly used currency in people’s daily lives.

the silver ingots in its Treasury. The so-called “six-eight silver dollar” refers to the silver dollar which weighs 6 mace and 8 candareens.

However, in the Taiwan Record writer Lian Yatang once mentioned that it was inconvenient to carry hundreds of thousands of ingots in the Treasury, so these ingots were struck into coins. However, these coins were not minted to pay the military. The government struck these coins for the public which used [to use] silver coins such as the old man silver

In 1851, the Taiping Rebellion started in mainland China, but Taiwan was also in chaos. The authorities purposed to pay for military services by minting the “six-eight silver dollar” with

Lotus Coin J

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Old Man Silver Cake Coin

7 mace and 2 candareens, and the latter coins of one 7 mace and 2 candareens and 3 mace and 6 candareens. When Taiwan was ceded to Japan after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japanese currency became the major currency in use.

dollar, paint brush silver dollar, and lotus silver dollar, and these coins still appear on the auction today.

It is said that the old man dollar was minted officially during Daoguang’s reign when a rebellion had burst out in Taiwan.

Its obverse features the Chinese God of Longevity with a walking stick in his hand, inscribed with its denomination (7 mace and 2 candareens), year (in Daoguang’s reign) and the Chinese characters “ 足 文 銀 餅 ” (fine silver cake coin). Its reverse is inscribed with Manchu characters to indicate that it is minted in Taiwan, and there is a treasure bowl at the center.

It is stamped with an official chop of “ 訟 .” The paint brush dollar was minted by the government when Dai Chunchao was leading the rebellion. On the obverse, two paint brushes cross each other. The coin weighs 6 mace and 2 candareens. Its reverse features a cornucopia and Chinese characters “ 軍 餉 ” (military pay) and “ 足紋通行 ” (universal fine silver coin), with an official chop of “ 糧 .” As for the lotus silver coin, it is said to be minted during the Fengshan Rebellion. There is a pair of lotuses and the Chinese characters “ 足紋通行 ” on the obverse, and a cornucopia and the Chinese characters “ 府庫 軍 餉 ” on the reverse. Such coins have chops of “ 平升 ” and “ 六 .” These official chops are the critical mark to identify these coins.

There was a large number of silver coins minted in Taiwan, but there are few Taiwan silver coins now.

It is a consequence of Gresham’s Law, or “bad money drives out good”. The silver content of the “six-eight silver cake coin” and “Taiwan silver dragon” was as high as 98%. As for foreign dollars, their silver content was around 90%. If we melt these coins to get pure silver, we can get 6.664 maces of silver from a Taiwan silver coin which weighs 6 mace and 8 candareens, while 6.48 maces of silver from a foreign silver coin which weighs 7 mace and 2 candareens. Therefore, many merchants melted Taiwanese silver coins to get more profit.

In addition to the coins melted, the small silver dragon coin minted in Taiwan was just issued for two to three years, and it was no longer issued after the Sino-Japanese War. After Taiwan was ceded to Japan, all currencies in the market were replaced

by Japanese ones. Most small silver dragon coins left were made into buttons or hairpins. Moreover, local people used to identify silver coins according to the chop, so most existing small silver dragon coins are in bad condition, and very few are in good condition.

In 1890, Guangdong province minted a silver coin with a dragon pattern which is now known as a Chinese silver dragon coin. Such coins were also used in Taiwan. From 1892 to 1893, the Taipei Mint struck silver dragon coins inscribed with “ 臺 省製 造 ” and “ 臺灣 製 造 ” (“minted in Taiwan”). The former had the two denominations of 1 mace and 4 candareens and

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(Originally published in the Journal of East Asian Numismatics , Issue 1,1994)

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而在未墾殖前，臺灣地區早就已經是福建沿海漁民活動之

地，當時原住民“高山族”之經濟狀況，傳說曾以“珠貨” 為交易貨幣，但至今尚未有任何記載得以證明。

明末漢民族紛紛遷入臺灣，後又有荷蘭人與西班牙人統治 臺灣，引進其本國之貨幣佛頭銀等，爾後各國貨幣也漸漸

入侵，在市場混合使用，致使臺灣的貨幣流 通 雜亂無章。 直到清末光緒年間，中日甲午戰爭，日本佔據臺灣之後，推 行幣制，才使臺灣進入系統的“幣制時代”。

日本佔據臺灣（1895年）前之貨幣流通情形，幾乎沒有考 據的資料，當時臺灣市場上大致有銀錠、外國銀元、臺鑄

銀元及銅錢等共同流通，而各種貨幣間的換算都缺乏明白

周建福〔台北〕

的秩序，並非以面額計算，而是以不嚴格的“秤量制”為主。 清朝時期，臺灣的經濟發展遠落後於中國大陸，生活水準 低落，物價也十分便宜。貳角的小面額銀幣由於比壹圓銀

元好用，遂成為當時市場上的“主幣”。五十兩重之大元寶， 則除了從事大宗貿易使用之外，一般民眾是用不到的。於

貨 幣 之我見

臺 灣

歷史上最早發現臺灣是在隋朝，但從事墾殖，則始於明末，

是外國銀元就成臺灣民眾日常交易最常使用的貨幣了。

在清咸豐元年（1851年），大陸發生“太平天國”運動，臺

根據史料，連雅堂撰寫臺灣通志時曾提及這段歷史， “府庫

南府庫存的紋銀（大元寶）提出來，令工匠改鑄為“六八銀

事實上，當時清政府在臺灣鑄錢並非僅以支付軍餉為目的，

灣地區也亂象頻生，臺灣當局為了平亂，不得已之下，將臺

存元寶數十萬，滯重不易行，即為權宜之策，召匠鼓鑄之”。

元”以支付軍餉支用，而所謂“六八銀元”是指這種銀元

而是民間慣用銀元，也就是流傳至今仍能得見的老公銀、

的淨重為六錢八分。

筆寶銀、如意銀。

如意銀餅

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壽星銀餅

據傳，老公銀是道光年間，南臺動亂時官方所鑄，正面鑄

至今的數量會如此稀少呢？

樣，背面則有“臺灣府鑄”四個滿文字，中心則為聚寶盆，

其實，這是 “劣幣驅逐良幣”所產生的效果，因為 “六八銀餅”

方所 鑄，正面為雙筆交叉、府庫六八足 重，背面聚寶盆、

七錢二分，但其含銀量卻只有90% ，如果將銀元熔解提煉

有持拐壽星像，下有庫平七二、道光年鑄、足文銀餅等字

及“臺灣龍銀”的含銀量高達98% ，如果外國銀元雖然為

均有一“訟”官方的鏨印。筆寶銀為彰化戴潮春起義時官 軍餉、足紋通行，常見有“糧”官方鏨印。而如意銀則傳為

出純銀的話，臺灣銀餅雖重六錢八分，但純銀含量為 6.664

背面為聚寶盆及府庫軍餉四字，均有“平升”與“六”之官

有許多臺灣銀餅就在商人套利下，走進了熔爐。

錢 ；而外國銀元雖重七錢二分，但純銀只有6.48 錢。因此，

鳳山動亂時，官方所鑄，正面為如意一對、足紋通行四字， 方鏨印。臺鑄六八銀元上之官鏨印，通常為現在判真偽的 重要指標。

除了大量熔毀之外，臺灣小龍銀因發行不久即遭遇甲午戰

到了清光緒十六年（1890 年），大陸內地廣東省機鑄有龍紋

臺灣後，即全面消滅市面上原有的流通貨幣，改為日本幣

爭而停發，所以其真正發行期間僅僅兩三年，在日本佔據

的銀元，俗稱“中國龍銀”，也流入臺灣貨幣市場 ；清光緒

制，而留存下來的臺灣小龍銀，則大多被製成紐扣或是發

十八年、十九年（1892年、1893年），在臺北機局鑄有“臺

簪。再加上當時民間習於使用“鏨印法”來鑒定銀元的真假，

省製造”及“臺灣製造”的龍銀，前者的規格有一錢四分、

以致倖存下來的臺灣小龍銀或銀餅，品相大多很差，全新

七分二厘，後者則分為七分二厘及三分六厘。在甲午戰爭之

品相更是一幣難求。

後，臺灣割讓給日本，臺灣市場上即為日本貨幣的天下了。

臺灣土產的銀元、銀餅當時的鑄量相當多，但為什麼流傳

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（本文原刊載於1994年《 東亞泉志》 第一期）

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Minting and Appreciation of the First Large Irregular Brass Medal in Modern China Zhang Jun〔Shanghai〕

The Obverse of the Large Irregular Brass Medal to commemorate the 2nd Congress of the Association for Science and Technology of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd.

The Reverse of the Large Irregular Brass Medal to commemorate the 2nd Congress of the Association for Science and Technology of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd.

The Association for Science and Technology of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. was founded on July 18th, 2003. It is a large organization of scientific and technological professionals as well as a people’s group under the guidance of the party committee of the mint. Moreover, it also serves as a bridge that links the party committee and the management department with the engineering technicians, and acts as an important source of technological support for the development of minting technology in the Shanghai Mint. In December 2009, the second Congress of the Association for Science and Technology of the Shanghai Mint was held and the second commission of the association was elected. The association struck a medal, which is the first irregular large brass medal in China, to commemorate the congress.

characteristics. However, limited by the processing facilities and technologies, large brass medals used to be round, with a small number of square medals. The large brass medal to commemorate the second Congress of the Association for Science and Technology of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. was designed with an irregular shape, breaking the traditional concept of large brass medals. The medal is partially hollowed out and 1/3 ounce of silver is inserted on one side. The silver makes use of pad printing technology, which is commonly used to strike gold and silver commemorative coins, and the emblem of the China Association for Science and Technology is color printed, which highlights the theme of this medal. With all these efforts, this large brass medal is simple, unsophisticated, and innovative, leaving a deep impression on those who have seen it with their own eyes.

Large brass medals are a favorite item for collectors. In past decades, commemorative medals have been popular among collectors due to the wide variety of themes, which include history, Chinese characters, cultural relics, drama, art, zodiac animals, architecture, scenery, and plants.

As this 160 mm x 70 mm medal is much larger than round brass medals whose diameters are commonly no larger than 80 mm, its minting process was quite difficult. To strike the large

Yu Min

Large brass medals, commonly minted by national mints with advanced minting techniques and facilities, are commemorative medals designed to commemorate specific figures or events.

Since they are not legal tender, there are many medals minted by non-governmental organizations. Usually large brass medals feature a variety of themes, using a range of techniques and diverse sizes, which enables them to have stronger artistic

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Famous Chinese coin designer Yu Min designed and engraved both the obverse and reverse of this large brass medal. Mr. Yu was also the winner of the “ Lifetime Achievement Award ” of the Coin of the Year Award.

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The main body of the large medal is H85 brass, and its surface is sulfurated to show a bronze color. It is designed to be an irregular shape to manifest the front elevation of the Gold and Silver Commemorative Coin Building vividly. The design of this is elegant, and has a limited mintage of 500. Each large brass medal is packed in am imitation padauk box which can display the medal from an oblique angle. In addition, a certificate with a serial number is included in the box.

The Obverse of the Semi-finished Irregular Large Brass Medal to commemorate the 2nd Congress of the Association for Science and Technology of the Shanghai Mint

The Reverse of the Semi-finished Irregular Large Brass Medal to commemorate the 2nd Congress of the Association for Science and Technology of the Shanghai Mint irregular brass medal, the technical personnel of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. worked hard and pulled together. They kept adjusting the processing techniques through several attempts.

First, after annealing, they re-printed for the medal’s color part times until they achieved the ideal effect. After the pattern was successfully printed on the medal, the medal went through a series of processing approaches such as punching, line cutting, sulfur coloring, pad printing, and inserting. After all these processes, the medal was finally completed.

Introduction to the Irregular Large Brass Medal to Commemorate the 2nd Congress of the Association for Science and Technology of the Shanghai Mint

The reverse features the Gold and Silver Commemorative Coin Building of the Shanghai Mint. The obverse is engraved with the Chinese and English legend, “To Commemorate the 2nd Congress of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. Association for Science and Technology”, and decorated with a pattern derived from the shape of a ball, with a 1/3 ounce silver medal inserted in the top middle on the reverse. The composition of the 20 mm inserted medal is 99.9% silver, on which the emblem of the China Association for Science and Technology is color printed, with a chip built in to read and identify information (including security information).

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The imitation Padauk Package for the Irregular Large Brass Medal to commemorate the 2nd Congress of the Association for Science and Technology of the Shanghai Mint

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一枚不規則異形大銅章 的製作與鑒賞 章 軍〔上海〕

上海造幣有限公司科技協會第二屆代表大會紀念大銅章 不規則異形 正面

上海造幣有限公司科技協會第二屆代表大會紀念大銅章 不規則異形 背面

上海 造 幣 有 限 公司科 學技 術 協會成 立 於2003年7月18日，

這枚上海造幣有限公司科學技術協會第二屆代表大會紀念

共產黨上海造幣有限公司委員會領導下的人民團體，也是

不規 則形狀，採用局部鏤空、並一面鑲嵌1/3盎司銀章的

是上海造幣有限公司科學技術工作者的群眾組織，是中國

大銅章，大膽地突破了大銅章傳統的理念，設計成為異形

上海造幣有限公司黨委和經理部聯繫科學研究、工程技術

做法，銀章上又採用金銀紀念幣生產上的移印工藝，彩印

術的重要技術力量。2009 年12月，上海造幣有限公司科學

使這枚大銅章就顯得格外古樸和新穎，給人眼睛一亮的衝

了中國科學技術協會會徽，從而點出了大銅章的主題內容，

人員的橋樑和紐帶，是上海造幣有限公司發展造幣科學技 技術協會召開第二屆代表大會並選舉產生第二屆科學技術

擊力。

協會委員會，為紀念這次科技大會，上海造幣有限公司特 設計製作了一枚不規則異形大銅章。

由於這枚不規則異形大銅章外形規格較大，突破了圓形大

說起紀念大銅章，錢幣收藏界喜歡大銅章的收藏家人人喜

毫米，加工難度很大。為了鑄造出這枚不規則異形大銅章，

銅章一般直徑為80毫米的所限，其最大外形尺寸為160×70

上海造幣有限公司的工程技術人員想方設法、群策群力，

形於色、愛不釋手。那些琳琅滿目、品種繁多，涉及歷史、

不斷修正加工工藝，一次壓印不成，就採取多次壓印、多

人物、文物、戲曲、藝術、生肖、建築、風景、動植物等

次退火再壓印的方法，終於成功地把大銅章的圖紋完美地

等題材的紀念大銅章，是錢幣界部分人士近幾十年的收藏

壓印出來了。然後再通過沖孔、線切割、硫化着色、移印、

新寵。

鑲嵌等一系列加工手段，終於完成了這枚大銅章的鑄造。

大銅章其實就是為了紀念某些特定的人物或事物而鑄造的 大規格的紀念銅章，通常由國家造幣廠利用造幣工藝、技

術、設備鑄造而成，但由於其不屬於法定貨幣，故民間也

設計師 ：余敏

多有鑄造。由於大銅章題材的多樣性、工藝技術的特殊性、

上海造幣有限公司科技協會第二屆 代表大會紀念大銅章設計師

形制的恢弘性，往往可以呈現出較強的藝術特性。而以往

各類題材的大銅章，由於受到加工設備和工藝技術的限制， 其形制絕大多數是圓形，偶爾有少量方形大銅章出現。而

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上海造幣有限公司科學技術協會第二屆代表大會紀念大銅 章主體材質為 H85黃銅，表面進行古銅色硫化處理，外形

為不規則異形，真實地呈現了金銀紀念幣大樓的正立面建

築外形，設計鑄造極為精美，限量鑄造500 枚。每枚大銅 章採用仿紅木木盒包裝，亦可斜豎放觀賞，隨附印有鑄造 編號的說明書。

上海造幣有限公司科學技術協會第二屆代表大會 紀念大銅章半成品 正面

上海造幣有限公司科學技術協會第二屆代表大會 紀念大銅章半成品 背面 上海造幣有限公司科學技術協會第二屆代表大會 紀念大銅章收藏說明書 上海造幣有限公司科學技術協會第二屆代表大會紀念大銅

章正、背面圖案均由榮獲世界硬幣大獎賽“終身成就獎”的 中國著名錢幣設計師余敏設計雕刻，由上海造幣有限公司 精工鑄造。

上海造幣有限公司科學技術協會第二屆代表大會紀念大銅 章背面圖案為上海造幣有限公司金銀紀念幣大樓的正立面 建築 ；正面圖案為“上海造幣有限公司科學技術協會第二屆 代表大會”中、英文，並飾圓球狀變形圖案，圖案中間上

方鑲嵌一枚1/3盎司的銀章，成色為99.9% ，直徑為20 毫米，

銀章上彩印中國科學技術協會會徽，內置有 RFID 晶片， 可進行多種資訊（包括防偽資訊）的讀寫和識別。

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上海造幣有限公司科學技術協會第二屆代表大會 紀念大銅章仿紅木包裝盒

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INVASION NOTES Jan Olav Aamlid 〔Thailand〕

One of the currency notes, which stands out from the other series, is the 1-Baht note, which was announced June 3, 1946.

The note was produced by Thomas de da Rue & Company Limited, London (TdlR) and ordered by St. Luke’s Printing Works (Bank of England) on behalf of the War Office.

50 Satang

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30 million pcs

60 million pcs 15 million pcs 1 million pcs

The face value for all the planned notes printed amounted to Baht 1,108,500,000. - (Over 1 Billion Baht).

These quoted numbers are validated by of a letter dated January 16, 1946 written by St. Luke’s Printing Works to Thomas de da Rue & Company Limited.

Though photographic gravure for all the denominations (except for 50 satang) were produced and approved by the British War Office, as far as I know the original artwork was produced for the 1 Baht and 100 Baht note only.

10 million pcs

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10 Baht

100 Bahts

On August 20, 1945, the War Office planned to produce 7 different denominations.

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100 million pcs

20 Baht

This plan was kept secret from the Siamese Government, as they did not want their invasion strategy leaked to the Japanese.

25 Satang

1 Baht 5 Baht

During that period the Japanese Imperial Army controlled the economy in Siam which also included the circulation of banknotes. So, in 1945 the Allied Forces set a plan in motion to print new 1-Baht notes which would look very different to the ones in use. They would then circulate these new banknotes in those areas that they seized back from the Japanese as a symbol of liberation.

12 million pcs

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25 Satang

1 Baht

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5 Baht

10 Baht

20 Baht

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100 Bahts

the plan was put on hold.

On August 10, 1945 St. Luke’s Printing Works (Bank of England)gave instructions to Thomas de da Rue& Company Limited, London (TdlR) to print 10 million 1-Baht notes.

After the war, the Siamese Government was in urgent need of banknotes, but TdlR was unable to print any notes for Siam at that time. Sadly, during the war, their building in London, where the printing press was located, was heavily damaged by aerial bombardment, incapacitating their production capabilities immensely. Another reason was, they had a prior commitment to fulfil a very large order from China.

The other denominations were never printed. Thus the 1-Baht note is the only note that was actually printed.

On January 24, 1946 TdlR presented a quotation for the printing of 1, 5, 10, 20 & 100 baht notes, but apparently because the war had ended, there was no more need for the Invasion Notes, so

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1 Baht

The Siamese Government learned that there were already 10 million 1-Baht Invasion Notes printed. They requested the British War Office to give them the notes, which were put into circulation on June 3, 1946.

References:

The archives of Thomas de da Rue & Company Limited, London.

But before the notes were put into circulation, a small change was made. The words, ‘Thai Government ’ were superimposed over the words ‘Issued in Siam ’. Below that, the words ‘This note is legal tender in accordance with the law ’ were embossed.

Bank of Thailand“ Centenary of Thai Banknotes: 1902-2002”

Somchai Saeng-ngern,“ Thai Banknotes Catalogue, Complete and Updated Edition” .

Thank you to Pratheep S. Malhotra and Bank of Thailand Museum.

All illustrations from Jan Olav Aamlid collection.

Copyright© 2020 All rights reserved by Jan Olav Aamlid.

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二戰結束之際的泰國軍票 簡·奧拉維·艾姆利德〔泰國〕

1946年6月3日發行的1泰銖紙鈔在眾多泰國紙鈔系列中尤

為與眾不同，它是由聖盧克印刷廠（英格蘭銀行）代英國戰 爭辦公室訂購，托馬斯德納羅印鈔公司負責印刷。

5泰銖

6 000萬張

20泰銖

1.5億萬張

10泰銖

日軍的控制。因此，1945年時，盟軍計劃印刷新的1泰 銖

紙鈔，而這種新的紙鈔與正在使用的紙鈔看起來完全不同。 盟軍將在從日軍手中奪回的地區流通這些新版紙幣，以此

100泰銖

象徵解放。

1億張

3 000萬張 1 000萬張

計劃印刷紙鈔總價值達11.085 億泰銖（超過10 億泰銖）。

但是暹羅政府不希望通過軍事手段進入日占地區的策略洩 露，因此對印鈔計劃進行保密。

1946年1月16日，聖盧克印刷廠曾致信托馬斯德納羅印鈔公

司，該信可以驗證上述引用數字的真實性。

1945 年 8月20日，英國戰爭辦公室 計劃生產 7 種不同面額

的紙鈔。

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1.2億萬張

1泰銖

在日本陸軍掌控暹羅經濟期間，其紙鈔流通也同樣受到了

25撒當

50撒當

儘管各面額紙鈔（除了50 撒當）的印刷凹版都經英國戰爭 辦公室批准製作，但是就我所知，其僅為1泰銖和100泰銖

1 000萬張

紙鈔製作了原始印刷凹版。

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25撒當

1泰銖

“經戰爭辦公室批准 - 見張伯倫先生1945年 7月24日函”

“經戰爭辦公室批准 - 見張伯倫先生1945年 7月24日函”

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5泰銖

10泰銖

20泰銖

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100泰銖

1945年 8月10日，聖盧克印刷廠（英格蘭銀行）要求托馬斯

當時戰爭已經結束，不再需要軍票，計劃也就此擱置。

德納羅印鈔公司印刷1 000萬張1泰銖紙鈔。

戰爭結束之後，暹羅政府亟需紙鈔，但當時托馬斯德納羅

而其他面值的紙鈔都未曾印刷，因此只有1泰銖紙鈔真正投

印鈔公司無力為暹羅印製任何紙鈔。一方面，戰爭期間的

入了印刷。

空襲嚴重損壞公司印鈔機所在的大樓，極大地削弱了公司 的生產能力。另一方面，該公司已經收到了中國的大筆訂

1946 年1月24日，托馬斯德納羅印鈔公司給出印刷1泰銖、 單委託。 5泰銖、10 泰銖、20泰銖和50泰銖紙鈔的報價，但是因為

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1泰銖

暹羅政府在知道已經印刷了1 000萬張1泰銖軍票後，便要

Government ” （泰國政府）字樣所疊印，而下面的“This

這些紙鈔正式投入流通。

法律規定，本紙鈔為法定貨幣）也經壓印浮凸。

但 是 這 些 紙 鈔在 投 入流 通 之前經 過了一 些小的改 動。原

在 此 感謝馬霍特 拉先 生（Pratheep S. Malhotra）和泰國

（根據 求英國戰爭辦公室將這些紙鈔提供給他們。1946年 6月3日， note is legal tender in accordance with the law ”

（暹 羅 發 行）字 樣 被“Thai 先 紙 鈔上的“Issued in Siam ”

銀行博物館為攥寫本文所提供的幫助。

參考資料 ： 倫敦托馬斯德納羅印鈔公司檔案 ； 泰國銀行所著《百年泰國紙鈔 ：1902-2002》； 頌猜 · 聖昂所著《泰國紙鈔目錄更新完整版》； 所有闡述來自簡 · 奧拉維 · 艾姆利德 ； 所有版權歸簡 · 奧拉維 · 艾姆利德所有。

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The Japanese Dating Systems for Coinage Jay Turner 〔USA〕

(1903) M36 1Yen JNDA 01-10A, Japan, PCGS MS68.

For the machine-struck coinage of Japan (1870 to date), the dating of the coinage has been for the most part based off the reigning year of the emperor. Beginning with the coinage of 1870, the date that was stamped on the coins was the Japanese character combination for Meiji (enlightened peace), denoting Emperor Mutsuhito. Emperor Mutsuhito began his reign in 1868 and the first machine-struck coinage started in 1870 with year

three appearing on the coin, signifying the commencement of the Mutsuhito reign. When Mutsuhito passed in 1912 it was the 45th year of his reign, thus ending the Meiji coinage. The dating then returned to year one with the character for Taisho (great righteousness) appearing upon commencement of the reign

of Emperor Yoshihito.

(1870) M3 1Yen Type 1 w/Border JNDA 01-9, Japan, PCGS MS66. the characters for Showa (enlightened peace) designating the com mencement of the reig n of Emperor Hi rohito.

Hirohito’s year one was 1926, and that dating convention

Emperor Yoshihito year one equates to 1912, as it was the first year of his reign, and that dating system continued until 1926. After Yoshihito, coinage dates were reset again with

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continued until year 63, which was 1989. The Japanese characters Heisei (achieving peace) for Emperor Akihito

started again with year one in 1989 and continue to 2019.

(1912) T1 20 Yen JNDA 01-6, Japan, PCGS MS65.

(1926) T15 50 Sen JNDA 01-17, Japan, PCGS MS65.

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(1944) 2604 10 Sen JNDA 08-1 Occupation, Japan, PCGS MS63.

(1943) 2603 1 Sen JNDA 08-3 Occupation, Japan, PCGS MS64.

Common Era calendar.

For the Japanese Occupation Coinage of World War II, a different dating system and dates appear on the coinage. The Japanese Shinto Dynastic Calendar starts with the year zero, equating to 660 BCE – this is the year Japan is believed to have been founded. For the coinage struck by the Osaka Mint for use in the East Indies under Japanese occupation, the dates 2603 and 2604 were used and equate to 1943 and 1944 in the

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Japanese dating for coinage is very straightforward as long as the characters are read correctly.

(Courtesy of Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS). pcgs.com )

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日本硬幣的紀年體系 傑伊·特納〔美國〕

（1903年）M36，一圓，日本幣商協會編號01-10A，日本，PCGS MS68 自明治時代以來，日本便一直採用“一世一元”制，即一個

誕生，硬幣加印日文紀年“明治三年”，標誌着明治天皇統

機生產硬幣，通常根據在位天皇的年號來紀年。1868年，

治紀年幣也停止了生產。隨後，皇太子嘉仁繼位，改元“大

天皇在位期間只用一個年號。日本從1870 年開始使用鑄幣

治時代的開端。1912年，即明治45年，明治天皇逝世，明

皇太子睦仁即位，改元“明治”。1870 年，日本首枚機製幣

正”，硬幣紀年歸於“大正一年”。

(1870年 ) M3，一圓，版別1，齒邊，日本幣商協會編號01-9，日本，PCGS MS66 昭和時代由此開始，硬幣紀念也從“昭和一年”開始重啟。

大 正一 年即1912年，是 大 正天 皇即 位 的 第一 年。1926年

昭和紀年幣的時間跨度從1926年直至1989 年（昭和63年 /

（大正15年 / 昭和元年），大正紀年幣正式退出歷史舞臺。

1926年，大正天皇逝世後，其子裕仁繼位，改元“昭和”， 平成元年）。1989年，昭和天皇逝世後，皇太子明仁繼位，

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改元“平成”。2019 年，年事已高的明仁天皇退位於其子德

COLUMN

成 紀年幣始於1989 年，於2019 年（昭和63年 / 令 和元 年）

仁，改元“令和” ，硬幣紀年再次從“令和一年”開始。平

落下帷幕。

(1912年 ) T1，二十圓，日本幣商協會編號01-6，日本，PCGS MS65

(1926年 ) T15，五十錢，日本幣商協會編號 01-17，日本，PCGS MS65

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E

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129

COLUMN

專欄

(1944年 ) 2604年日占印尼時期10錢，日本幣商協會編號 08-1，日本，PCGS MS63

(1943年 ) 2603年日占印尼時期1錢，日本幣商協會編號08-3，日本，PCGS MS64

二戰期間，日本侵佔別國時鑄造的硬幣又採用了一套不同的

只要正確識得硬幣上的日文漢字，日本硬幣的紀年體系就

紀年體系。據《日本書紀》記載，日本的歷史起於西元前

十分簡潔明瞭。

660年。日本侵佔印尼時期，大阪造幣廠曾依照建國日分別

在硬幣上 紀年“2603年”和“2604 年”，相當 於公元1943 年和1944 年。

130

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（本文原刊載於 PCGS）

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HICC852 公眾號 HICCAWF

Stack’s Bowers and Ponterio Now Accepting Consignments for our Official Auction of the Hong Kong Coin Show

August 17-20, 2020 • Consignment Deadline: June 9, 2020 Recent Highlights Include:

BURMA. 1/4 Pe, CS 1227 (1865). Mindon. PCGS MS-64 Red Brown Gold Shield.

Realized: $19,200 USD

CHINA. Kweichow.

Auto Dollar, Year 17 (1928).

PCGS AU-58 Gold Shield.

Realized: $132,000 USD

CAMBODIA. 1/4 Tical (Salong), CS 1208 (1847). Ang Duong.

PCGS MS-64 Gold Shield.

Realized: $9,600 USD

JAPAN. 20 Yen, Year 3 (1870). Meiji.

PCGS MS-64+ Gold Shield.

Realized: $72,000 USD

ND (After 1923). PCGS Genuine-Graf-

CHINA. Silver - Mint Sport - Dollar,

MALAYSIA. 500 Ringgit, 1976.

NGC PROOF-70 Ultra Cameo.

Realized: $12,000 USD

fiti, Unc Details Gold Shield.

Realized: $84,000 USD

TAIWAN. “Old Man” Dollar, ND (1838-50). NGC AU-50.

Realized: $72,000 USD

HONG KONG. Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China. 10 Dollars, 1924-29. P-50. PMG Very Fine 30.

Realized: $10,200 USD

CHINA-PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC. People’s Bank of China.

10,000 Yuan, 1951.

P-858Aa. PMG Very Fine 25.

Realized: $186,000 USD

Contact Us for More Information Today!

CALIFORNIA OFFICE Email: Consign@StacksBowers.com Tel: 949.253.0916 Website: www.StacksBowers.com 1231 E. Dyer Road, Suite 100 Santa Ana, CA 92705

HONG KONG OFFICE Email: InfoHK@StacksBowers.com Tel: +011.852.2117.1191 Website: www.StacksBowers.com Unit 1603, 16/F Mira Place Tower A, No.132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, HK

PRESS RELEASE:

Artist Yu Min was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by Krause Publication Coin of the Year Award Committee

Editor of World Coin News David C. Harper (L.) and Chinese Embassy Culture Department Secretary Dr. Li Gang

Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. senior designer Yu Min is watching CCTV News live

A Lifetime Achievement Award in Coin Design was given to Yu Min of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Feb. 4 at the Coin of the Year Award ceremony at the World Money Fair in Berlin, Germany.

He began designing and engraving coins in 1980 and participated in the entire development process of gold and silver Pandas as a designer and engraver since the first gold panda coin was issued in 1982.

The trophy was accepted by Dr. Li Gang, Secretary of the Culture Department of Embassy of People’s Republic of China to the Federal Republic of Germany.

Yu Min is the first Asian Designer to win the award, the previous three edition of the award went to Herbert Wähner of Austria, Maria Carmela Colaneri of Italy, and Heinz Hoyer and Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer of Germany.

Giving the award was David C. Harper, editor of World Coin News, founding sponsor of the award. The award is also sponsored by the World Money Fair.

The publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Michael Chou, introduced Dr. Li. His publication is the third sponsor of the Coin of the Year Awards and it prepared a biography of Yu Min. Yu Min graduated from Shanghai Arts and Crafts School in August 1980 and entered the Shanghai Mint (now known as the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd.) to design and to engrave coins in the design and pattern shop at the same year.

From February to June 1996 he went to Russia and studied in the Sculpture Department of Repin Academy of Fine Arts. He was enrolled as a member of the China Sculpture Institute in July 2004.

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

His 1983 silver Panda won the Best Silver Coin award in the 1985 Coin of the Year competition. He has designed and engraved over 200 Modern Chinese coins including over 40 commemorative Panda coins, including the 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 gold and silver commemorative Panda coins, over the years. Mr. Yu Min may hold the world record for the number of coins designed/engraved by a artist for a modern mint.

The 2009 Panda coin designed by Yu Min was named the Best Commemorative Coin by a German magazine.

Among commemorative coins, he designed and engraved the portrait of Chairman Mao on the circulating coin to mark the 100th birthday of Mao Tse-tung. It was very difficult to engrave a raised image of the chairman to be struck on a very hard nickelclad steel coin. Yu Min accomplished this after repeated trials.

In the selection process of the 2008 Beijing Olympic coins, Yu Min’s design was one of the finalists and his four joint engraving designs (the fencing, pentathlon, archery and soccer coins) were adopted by the head office of Bank of China.

Champion Shanghai Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China Tel: 86-21-62130771 championghka@gmail.com

余敏榮獲克勞斯出版社世界硬幣大獎評委會頒發的 終身成就獎

《世界錢幣新聞》主編 David C. Harper（左）和中國駐德國大使館文化部秘書李剛

上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏在觀看 CCTV 新聞頻道

本屆世界硬幣大獎賽頒獎典禮於2017年2月4日在德國柏林的世

1993年獲工藝美術師任職資格，並被聘為工藝美術師。2004 年7月，被中國雕塑學會吸收為會員。

界錢幣展上舉行。本屆的世界硬幣大獎賽錢幣設計終身成就獎 的獲得者是上海造幣有限公司的設計雕刻師⸺ 余敏。

余敏從1980年從事錢幣設計雕刻至今已30年，從1993年聘為 中華人民共和國駐德意志聯邦共和國大使館文化部秘書—李剛

工藝美術師至今也已23年。從1982年發行第一枚熊貓金幣起，

代表獲獎者領獎並發表獲獎感言。

至今已有近三十年歷史。余敏作為設計雕刻人員參與並見證了 熊貓金銀幣發展的整個過程。

余敏是首位獲得這項大獎的亞洲錢幣設計師，前三屆終身成 就 獎 的 獲 得 者 分 別 是 ：奧 地 利 的 赫 爾 伯 特 •韋 納、 義 大 利

由余敏設計雕刻的1983版熊貓銀幣獲得了1985年世界硬幣大

的 瑪 利 亞•卡 梅 拉•柯 蘭 納 瑞以 及德 國 的 Heinz Hoyer 和

獎賽最佳銀幣獎，這些年，余敏一共設計和雕刻了40多枚紀

Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer 夫婦二人。

念 熊 貓， 包 括2005、2006、2008、2009、2010、2012和 2013熊貓金銀幣。余敏為現代造幣廠設計和雕刻的錢幣數量之

獎項由《世界硬幣新聞》主編及世界硬幣大獎賽的發起人之一

多，很可能在當今世界範圍內也無出其右。

的大衛•C• 哈珀負責頒發，而世界錢幣展也是本屆獎項的贊助 商之一。

他所設計的2009版熊貓幣被德國錢幣雜誌評為最佳紀念幣。

《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可先生為李博士做了一下介紹。周先生

紀念幣方面，余敏設計並雕刻了毛澤東誕辰100周年流通紀念

的《東亞泉志》不僅贊助本次的世界硬幣大獎賽，同時也準備了

幣中的毛澤東頭像一面。在非常堅硬的鎳包鋼產品上製作浮雕

一篇余敏的生平簡介。

是一個近乎苛刻的任務，經過多次實驗之後，余敏最終圓滿完 成任務。

余敏1980年8月畢業於上海工藝美術學校（中專）。同年進上海 造幣廠（上海造幣有限公司前身）設計製模車間從事錢幣設計雕

在2008北京奧運幣的競標中，余敏的設計成為了入圍了最終的

刻工作。

決賽圈。余敏與他人合作的設計（擊劍、五項全能、射箭、足球） 也在競標被中國銀行選中。

1996年2月至6月期間，赴 俄羅斯列賓美 術學院雕塑系進修。

冠軍拍賣有限公司 地址 ：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室 電話 ：86-21-62130771 传真 ：86-21-62130773 Email ：championghka@gmail.com

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

由余敏負責設計、上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心形紀念熊貓 母親節特別收藏加厚版紀念熊貓（50g），鑄造量 300 枚

50 克的峨眉山面有金頂 佛光

30 克

30 克的峨眉山面沒有金 頂佛光

50 克

余敏此次設計的母親節紀念熊貓是上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心

熊貓，附帶原包裝盒及證書，每人限購一枚。購買事宜請聯繫

形紀念熊貓。其中銀質熊貓共生產1000枚，品質為30克 ；金質

冠軍公司美國經銷商 Jerica，電話 ：941 952 0100 ；郵箱 ：

熊貓為100枚，重8克，另外還有特別收藏版50加厚克銀質熊貓，

jericainternational@gmail.com。

鑄造量為300枚，每枚熊貓上均打有編號。正面圖案為母親節 康乃馨、熊貓母親和倆個熊貓寶寶 ；背面圖案為熊貓故鄉—四

地 址 ：佛 羅 里 達 薩 拉 索 塔34236，1650大 道，Estate Coin

川峨嵋山金頂及佛光。峨眉山是中國四大佛教聖山之一。

and Jewelry Galleria 公司。

每枚母親節熊貓均有單獨編號，並附有上海造幣有限公司特製

此前由冠軍公司出品、上海造幣有限公司工藝美術師余敏設計

包裝盒。紀念熊貓由冠軍拍賣出品，上海造幣廠資深工藝美

的展會熊貓曾在2014年6月的澳門錢幣學會年展、2016年7月

術師余敏負責設計，並由上海造幣有限公司負責生產。有意購

的柏林世界錢幣展以及2016年美國錢幣協會展覽上取得過巨大

買者可以499美元的價格購得這種母親節特別收藏加厚版紀念

的成功。

2016年澳門錢幣學會國際年展紀念熊貓

2016年美國錢幣協會安娜海年會紀念熊貓

2017年柏林世界錢幣展覽會三色銅紀念熊貓

2017年柏林世界錢幣展覽會三色銅紀念熊貓

AUCOFFRE.COM AUCOFFRE.COM 成立於 2009 年，其創始人兼法國總裁是讓·弗朗索瓦·福爾。 AUCOFFRE.COM 是一家為全球私人投資者提供庫存金銀幣交易的網上平臺。 公司大約有 2 萬名顧客，4 噸黃金庫存，11 噸白銀庫存，25 名員工。2015 年 成交額達到 3500 萬歐元。 2011 年底，AUCOFFRE.COM 決定自鑄錢幣—1 盎 司純金金幣 Vera Valor（意為“真實的價值”，含 金量為 999.9%°）。2012 年，在法國、比利時和瑞 士，Vera Valor 已成為銷量最大的金幣。該金幣自 發行起，銷量已超過 35,000 枚。 此後，AUCOFFRE.COM 決定使產品多樣化，開始鑄造各種版別的 Vera 錢幣— 1/10 盎司 Vera Max 金質收藏幣、1 盎司 Vera 銀幣等。Vera 錢幣自誕生以來， 鑄造量已超過 400,000 枚，VeraValor.com 因此成為法國的第一私營造幣廠。 2015 年，AUCOFFRE.COM 決定打造一個宣傳小塊領土的地圖幣收藏集， 開始鑄造第一種法定貨幣—桑吉巴 1 盎司 Vera 銀幣，面值為 1000 坦尚尼 亞先令，鑄造量為 50,000 枚。這些 Vera 銀幣很快被搶購一空，很多顧客 甚至還想購買這種幣的更多版別。具有代表性的第二塊領土是直布羅陀， 也 將 鑄 造 此 種 法 定 貨 幣 —50,000 枚 1 盎 司 Vera 銀 幣 和 5,000 枚 1 盎 司 Vera Valor 金幣。 2013 年，AUCOFFRE.COM 發行了 VeraCash 金卡— 唯一也是首個消費實物黃金 Vera Valor 的借記卡。 和其他的借記卡不同，其他的借記卡消費的是加密數 位貨幣或虛擬貨幣。對於 VeraCash 金卡來說，按照 黃金價格， 用實物黃金來確定用戶所花費的確切金額。 通過 VeraCash 金卡和移動應用，將 VeraCash 的金 額發給另一用戶，也能成為一種支付方式。一個單位 的 VeraCash 錢幣等於一個單位的該國貨幣。 不論是作為實物錢幣，還是一種支付方式，VeraValor.com 和 VeraCash.com 都希望體現實物黃金和白 銀的真實價值。

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Mish International Monetary Inc. Mish 國際錢幣公司 Specialists in 專營 Pandas since 1982 1982年起發行的熊貓幣 China Modern since 1979 1979年起發行的中國現代金銀幣 World Coins since 1964 1964年起專營世界錢幣

Looking To Buy?想買？ Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979. 自1979年中國現代金銀幣首次進入國際市場後，Mish 國際的員工及其藏家客戶積累了豐富的庫存和專業 的錢幣知識。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution. 想買中國幣？我們或許恰好有；也許多年前我們賣過，現在或許還能從原始買家手中買回來。

Looking To Sell?想賣？ In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息萬變的市場環境，Mish 國際仍是助您銷售錢幣的最佳選擇。雄厚的資金實力，專業的錢幣知識，出 色的協調能力，我們同時收購單枚幣和大型收藏，價格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始於1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 攜手今日 共贏明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish國際錢幣公司 1154 University Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 美國加州門羅帕克大學路1154號，郵編94025 Phone(電話):(650) 324-9110 Email(郵箱):robert@mishinternational.com

East Asia Journal 1984 Issue 《东亚通宝》第 1 期 1984 年发行

First Issue of JEAN digital edition January 2016 Issue 《东亚泉志》电子杂志第 1 期 2016 年 1 月发行

August 16th, 2020 Champion Macau Auction HIGHLIGHTS Preview: August 15th

6/F Promenade, Sofitel Macau

Auction Consignment Deadline: June 30th

Bowker Collection

Empire 1911 Long Whisker Dollar, NGC MS64

Empire 1911 50 Cents, NGC MS62

Peking 1900 20 Cents, Original Strike, NGC MS60

Chili Province 1899 Dollar, NGC MS65

Kirin 1882 One Tael Silver, NGC MS63, Fantasy

Taiwan ND (1838-1850) One Dollar Silver, NGC AU55

Empire 1910 Dollar, NGC MS64

Chihli Undated One Tael Copper Pattern, Reeded Edge

Chihli Undated One Tael Copper Pattern, Plain Edge

Chihli (Arsenal) Undated 10 Taels Copper Pattern, Reeded Edge

Chihli (Arsenal) Undated 10 Taels Copper Pattern, Reeded Edge

Chihli Undated One Tael Copper Pattern, Reeded Edge

1903 Hupoo 5 Mace, PCGS SP66

Chekiang 1898 50 Cent, NGC MS63

1868 Fukien Ration Dollar, NGC AU Details

1936 Republic Spade Dollar in Nickle, NGC MS64

Chinese Family Collection

1898 Hunan Heaton pattern 50 cents, PCGS SP66+, Finest known

NC Collection

1858 Taiwan Lotus Dollar, NGC AU details

Asure Champion Hong Kong

Room 907 Silvercord Tower 2,30 Canton Rd, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon Tel: 852-2150-5744 Fax: 852-3007-4311 championghka@gmail.com

Champion Shanghai

Ro om 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Road, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China Tel: 86-21-62130771 Fax: 86-21-62130773 championghka@gmail.com

Champion U.S. Partner Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 Tel: (+1) 941-952-0100 Email: jericainternational@gmail.com

2020-8-16 冠軍澳門拍賣會 拍賣亮點 /HIGHLIGHTS 預展時間：8 月 15 日

地點：澳門十六浦索菲特酒店六樓會議室

委託截止時間： 6 月 30 日

包克收藏

1911 年大清長須龍壹元銀幣 NGC MS-64

1911 年大清伍角銀幣 NGC MS-62

1899 北洋造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 NGC MS-65

1882 年吉林機器官局造廠平壹兩臆造幣 NGC MS63

1838-1850 年臺灣老公銀壹圓 NGC AU55

宣統年造大清壹元銀幣 NGC MS-64

北洋造一兩齒邊銅質合背樣幣

北洋造一兩光邊銅質合背樣幣

北洋機器局十兩齒邊銅質樣幣

北洋機器局一兩齒邊銅質樣幣

1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分 樣幣 PCGS SP-66+

1903 年戶部光緒元寶五錢光緒元寶 PCGS SP-66

1844 年福建漳州軍餉銀餅 NGC AU Details

中華民國二十五年孫像布幣壹元鎳質硬幣 NGC MS-64

北洋機器局十兩齒邊銅質樣幣

庚子京局製造一錢四分四厘初鑄幣 MS-60

NGC

華人家族收藏

1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分 樣幣 PCGS SP-66+

NC 收藏

1853 年臺灣如意軍餉 NGC AU Details

愛秀冠軍拍賣香港

冠軍拍賣上海

冠軍拍賣美國聯絡處

尖沙咀廣東道 30 號新港中心 907 電話 : 852-2150-5744 傳真 : 852-3007-4311 Email : championghka@gmail.com

上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室 電話 : 86-21-62130771 傳真 : 86-21-62130773 Email : championghka@gmail.com

Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 Tel: (+1) 941-952-0100 Email: jericainternational@gmail.com

2019 Champion Macau Auction Successfully Concluded AUCTION/HIGHLIGHTS

Lot073 CHINA-QING Dynasty 1853 Hsien-feng Yuan-pao 500 Cash, Board of Revenue Diameter: 57.3mm, Weight: 54.7g,Height ： 3.6mm, GBCA VF78(03), Howard F.Bowker Collection Estimate：US $300-600 Realized：US $3,500

Lot160 CHINA-CHEKIANG 1897 20 Cents Silver, L&M273, OTTO BEH Pattern Extremely Rare， NGC PF62 Estimate：US $20,000-40,000 Realized：US $4,560

Lot081 CHINA-QING Dynasty 1853 Hsien-feng Yuan-pao 100 Cash, Board of Revenue Diameter: 52.2mm, Weight: 50.7g, Height: 4mm, GBCA EF85, Howard F.Bowker Collection Estimate ：US $100-200 Realized： US $2,640

Lot181 CHINA-KIAU CHAU 1909 10 Cents Copper-Nickel, NGC PF66, NGC highest graded population 2 Estimate：US $3,000-6,000 Realized：US $3,960

Lot094 CHINA-KIRIN 1885 3 Maces Silver, L&M506, K918a, PCGS AU58, Finest known example and only 1 graded by PCGS, Chinese Family Collectionn Estimate ：US $20,000-40,000 Finest known 1885 Kirin province 3 mace PCGS AU-58 , only 1 graded by PCGS , 1 other graded by NGC AU-55. Graded by PCGS in 2006 of China's first machine struck coinage from Kirin Province. Chinese Family Collection. So far only two graded.

Realized： US $70,000

Lot182 CHINA-KIAU CHAU 1909 5 Cents Copper-Nickel, NGC PF67, NGC highest graded population 3 Estimate：US $3,000-6,000 Realized：US $4,800

Lot128 CHINA-EMPIRE ND(1908) Central Mint One Dollar Silver, L&M11, Y14, PCGS MS64 Estimate ：US $10,000-20,000 Realized：US $31,200

Lot304 CHINA 1995 Pig 100 Yuan 1 Oz .9995 Platinum Proof, Mintage 300, CC-670, PCGS PR69DCAM Estimate：US $6,000-12,000 Realized：US $9,000

Asure Champion Hong Kong

Room 907 Silvercord Tower 2,30 Canton Rd, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon Tel: 852-2150-5744 Fax: 852-3007-4311 championghka@gmail.com

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Champion U.S. Partner Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 Tel: (+1) 941-952-0100 Email: jericainternational@gmail.com

2019 年冠軍澳門拍賣會圓滿成功 成交亮點 /HIGHLIGHTS

Lot073 清代 1853 年咸豐元寶當五百，寶泉局，直徑：57.3mm，重量：54.7 克， 厚度：3.6mm，公博 美 78(03)，Howard F. Bowker 藏品 估價：$300-600 成交價：$3,500

Lot160 1897 年 浙 江 省 造 光 緒 元 寶 庫 平 一 錢 四 分 四 厘，L&M273，OTTO BEH Pattern Extremely Rare，NGC PF62 估價：$20,000-40,000 成交價：$4,560

Lot081 清代 1853 年咸豐元寶當百 , 寶泉局 , 直徑：52.2mm, 重量：50.7 克 , 厚度：4mm, 公博 美 85, Howard F.Bowker 藏品 估價：$100-200 成交價：$2,640

Lot181 1909 青島大德國寶壹角鎳幣，Y2，NGC PF66，NGC 最高分，共評 出 2 枚最高分 估價：$3,000-6,000 成交價：$3,960

Lot094 1885 年 吉 林 造 光 緒 10 年 庫 平 三 錢，L&M506，K918a，PCGS AU58，PCGS 只評級過 1 枚，樣品中最好的，華人家族藏品 估價：$20,000-40,000 1885 年吉林省造三錢，2006 PCGS 評分為 PCGS AU-58，目前是品 相最好的一枚。另一枚 NGC 評分為 NGC AU-55。這枚幣是吉林省造 的第一批中國機制幣。華人家族收藏。目前只有這兩枚評級幣。 成交價：$70,000

Lot182 1909 青島大德國寶伍分鎳幣，Y1，NGC PF67，NGC 最高分，共評 出 3 枚最高分 估價：$3,000-6,000 成交價：$4,800

Lot128 1908 年造幣總廠光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣，L&M11，Y14，PCGS MS64 估價：$10,000-20,000 成交價：$31,200

Lot304 1995 年乙亥豬年生肖紀念鉑幣，面值 100 元，重量 1 盎司，成色 99.95%，發行量 300 枚，CC-670，PCGS PR69DCAM 估價：$6,000-12,000 成交價：$9,000

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亚洲藏品拍卖 Collectibles Auction Asia Coins, Banknotes, Philatelic and Collectibles Items Auction 15 / 2020 【29 August 2020】 Date & Venue

Sat. 29 August 2020 Morning Session 9.00am Afternoon Session 12.30pm

Landmark Room, Level 6, Landmark Village Hotel 390 Victoria Street Singapore 188061

Public Viewing Fri. 28 August 2020 9.00am to 6.00pm

Landmark Room, Level 6, Landmark Village Hotel 390 Victoria Street Singapore 188061 Buyer’s Premium 15% (20% for internet bid) www.liveauctioneers.com

Collection Dickson Niew Collection

No.58 Jalan SS14/2 SS14 47500 Subang Jaya Selangor Malaysia Tel: +60 179796337 Email: dicksonniew33@gmail.com

Funan Stamp & Coin Agency 福南邮票钱钞社 101 Upper Cross Street #B1‐17L People Park Centre Singapore 058357 Tel: +65 65323588 Hp: +65 92355539

Buyer’s Premium 15% LIVE INTERNET BIDDING Please bid live online at

www.liveauctioneers.com

www.liveauctioneers.com/Collectible-Auction-Asia Registration is required in order to bid online Buyers Premium via internet bidding is 20%

Consignments accepted throughout the year for: Coins, Banknotes, Philatelic and Collectibles Items.

Contact 联络: Mr. Wong Hon Sum 黄汉森先生 +65 98793237

《东亚泉志》电子杂志 《东亚泉志》为冠军拍卖公司总裁周迈可和著名钱币学专家史博禄于1994年创办， 是一本学术性钱币研究专业杂志。旨在让广大钱币收藏家、研究学者更深入地了解钱 币知识，让世界各地的读者更好地了解中国深厚的钱币文化。 杂志高级编辑史博禄1951年生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯市，为密苏里大学历史系学 士，哈佛大学中国研究专业硕士。1974-1977年在克劳斯出版社任《世界钱币新闻》 助理编辑，参与《世界硬币标准目录》与《世界纸钞标准目录》编辑工作。史博禄拥 有30多年的收藏和研究中国钱币的丰富经验。他在《东亚泉志》上发表的研究文献极 大地丰富了中国钱币的知识内涵。 《东亚泉志》于1994年7月份问世，在20多个国家发行，广受欢迎，长期占据许多重 要图书馆书架的显著位置，包括美国国家博物馆史密森尼学会、大英博物馆、哈佛燕 京图书馆、哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、哥伦比亚大学、斯坦福大学、康奈尔大学和美国钱 币学会、美国钱币协会。杂志刊发过不少有重要学术价值的文章，如詹姆斯•史威尼 写的《1900年京局银元》、史博禄写的《徐世昌刻字纪念章》和《民国二十五年和 民国二十六年之中国银元故事》、汤姆•基纳写的《1897年浙江三分六厘样币和1899 年安徽三分六厘流通币的关系》以及曾泽禄写的《台湾老公银伪品》等。 2015年5月，周迈可决定于2016年1月复刊《东亚泉志》为电子季刊，中英双语。内 容以披露最新钱币收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事迹为主。主要栏目有学术研 究、人物专访、鉴赏争鸣、拍卖回顾、重要信息等。聘请著名钱币研究学者袁水清担 任中文主编。袁水清，1948年生，大学金融专科毕业，从事银行工作30多年。中国 钱币学会会员，陕西省钱币学会常务理事，西安市收藏协会常务副会长。同时聘请国 内外知名的钱币学者、收藏家及专业人士加入，如美国华人钱币学者曾泽禄、美国纸 钞专家弗雷德·施万、美国东南亚钱币专家霍华德·丹尼尔、德国中国现代币研究学者 塞巴斯蒂安·威斯霍夫斯基、香港中国现代金银币研究学者陈景林、台湾钱币学者周 建福、《戳记币简史》作者台湾东吴大学加拿大籍高林教授等。 从2017年起，《东亚泉志》加盟由克劳斯在德国柏林世界钱币展览会期间举办的 “世界硬币大奖”颁奖活动。

《东亚泉志》2017年免费订阅，如果需要，请把您的邮箱发到 jeanzg@163.com！ 《东亚泉志》第一期在线阅读：issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean

TOP CHINESE COINS 2nd Edition 《中国近代机制币精品鉴赏》第二版 Price( 售价 )：US $100 Plus Postage( 不含邮费 )

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese Coins Survey, a landmark event held in winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. It will also add summaries from auction sales that list pricing, degree of rarity, pedigree and grades.

2010年6月，爱秀集团和《东亚泉志》出版了《中国

版的基础上出版第二版。第二版于2011年6月发行，相比

近代机制币精品鉴赏》第一版。该书对60枚中国最顶级

第一版60枚钱币囊括金币、银币和铜元，第二版专注于

的近代机制币进行了全面、深入、系统的研究与展现。

60枚中国近代机制银币，定名为《中国近代机制银币精

其内容涵盖高清钱币图像、流传脉络、拍卖纪录、市场

品鉴赏·银币版》 (简称《银币鉴赏》)。

趋势、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在钱币业界引起巨大 的轰动和反响，备受赞誉，被誉为“全景式展现中国珍 稀机制币的重要鉴赏书籍”。

由于页面所限，第二版刊载60枚中国银币精品的重 要信息，在第一版的基础上有多方面改进和加强。《银 币鉴赏》在最受欢迎和好评的照片拍摄和排版下更多功

尽管因时间苍促、经验不足，书中存在一些缺陷和

夫，并提供更多详细、准确和丰富的近期拍卖成交价格

错误，但仍得到读者的肯定和欣赏。由于该书仅限量印

记录、历史评估、珍稀度和谱系说明。所有内容均为中

刷1000本，无法满足广大钱币爱好者的需求。经多位资

英双语，彩色精装印刷。第一版中有关钱币背景的“故

深钱币专家、学者、收藏家建议，爱秀集团决定在第一

事阅读”部分将以附件方式另行印刷成册。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要请联系冠军拍卖公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

Shanxi Sycee 《陕西银锭》

By Li Jiong

作者：李炯 Price (售价)：RMB ￥398

Shanxi Sycee was published by Shanxi Media Group’s Sanqin Press in July 2015. It was written by Mr. Li Jiong, a collector and researcher of Shanxi sycee from Yulin, Shanxi. Mr. Li collected 600 varieties of Shanxi sycee over a ten–year period and after comparing and analyzing many collections of Shanxi sycee, he decided that there was a need for a professionally researched book on the subject.

the silver currency of Shanxi Province. Mr. Dai remarked that “This book is a professional work of research of Shanxi sycee. Mr. Li has taken advantage of local sources in his research and has made a great achievement in numismatic research. It covers all development stages of Shanxi sycee including its infancy, development, widespread adoption and its final discontinuation.”

Mr. Li has classified Shanxi sycee into six categories: 50 taels boat-shaped ingots, officially minted sycee, commercially minted sycee, Shanxi stamp remittance ingots from other provinces, odd-shaped sycee, and a sixth ‘other’ group of sycee. This book comprehensively shows the conditions of the circulation of Shanxi silver currency in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic Period. This book also examines the social conditions including politics, economics, culture, and customs of that period. The president of the Xi’an Branch of The People’s Bank China Guo Xinming and prominent collector Dai Zhiqiang both wrote prefaces for this book. They remarked that this book was a masterpiece of Shanxi numismatics and filled a space in the research of

The book is A4 size and is 260 pages long with two additional trifold pages. It is printed in full-color and is illustrated with good quality graphics of Shanxi sycee. It was published by Shanxi Media Group’s Sanqin Press in July 2015.

Buy from website: www.coinsky.com/htm/shop/show. cgi?id=1648 (Note: the book is signed by the author) Contact: Mr. Li Jiong Cell Phone: 15529990006; 15667811786 Email: 1327978511@qq.com 五十两船形银锭、官铸银锭、商铸银锭、外省陕槽、陕 西异形银锭、存疑待考银锭六大类，全面展示了清末民 国时期陕西省白银货币的通行现状，侧面反映了这一时 期政治、经济、文化、民俗等方面的社会面貌。本书由 中国人民银行西安分行行长郭新明、 著名钱币学家戴志 强先生并序。郭序指出：《陕西银锭》的出版，恰逢我 国 “一路一带”战略构想提出之际，是陕西钱币研究的 又一力作，填补了陕西白银货币研究的空白。戴序认为 《陕西银锭》是一部有关陕西地方银锭的专谱、专著， 李炯先生立足本乡本土，充分利用和发挥地域优势，十 年磨一剑，扬长避短，求实务实，走了一条钱币集藏研 究的“快捷方式”，一条成功之路。全书采用以文为主， 以图为辅的串联方式，揭示陕西银锭产生、发展、兴盛、 衰落的全过程。 该书大 16 开本，126 克雅粉全彩精印，币图清晰逼真， 共计 26 万字，260 余页，亦附三折拉图两帧。作者首次 在银锭图片旁附陜槽铭文复原印章一方。图文并茂，值 得珍藏。 钱币天堂网发售

2015 年 7 月《陕西银锭》由陕西出版传媒集团三秦 出版社正式出版发行。作者李炯先生是陕西榆林本乡本 土的银锭收藏、研究者，他用十年时间，收藏了 600 余 种陕西银锭。通过大量实物藏品的比对分析，作者首次 提出建构陕西银锭分类学研究，将陕西银锭分类为：

登录 www.coinsky.com/htm/shop/show.cgi?id=1648 可获得作者签名书 联络人：李炯 购书电话：15529990006；15667811786 邮箱：1327978511@qq.com

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), edited by Wang Shihong, a famous Chinese gold and silver coins collector has been issued recently. This series of books were published by Encyclopedia of China Publishing House (ECPH), supervised by Coin Collection Committee, the branch of China Association of Collectors(CAC), and printed by Shanghai Artron Graphic Arts Company Limited. Ma Delun, former deputy governor of the People’s Bank of China, wrote the forward, and Dai Zhiqiang, the first curator of China Numismatic Museum, wrote a report for this series.

When it comes to the main purpose of this book, the chief editor Wang Shihong says, “It is hoped that this series of books can provide relevant knowledge of modern gold and silver coins in China comprehensively and systematically and carry forward the excellent culture of our motherland, so that readers can have a more particular knowledge of the history and connotations of gold and silver coins, and better appreciate their artistic value.”

He also hopes to attract more enthusiasts to participate in the investment and collection of gold and silver coins, gradually expand the size of collecting team, improve the brand effect of Chinese gold and silver coins and enhance their influence at home and abroad in order to realize a faster development of Chinese gold and silver coin industry.”

Writing this series of books, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), is a systematic project, so we set up the expert advisory committee and the editorial board. It took the Chinese professional elite team more than five years to compile these books. This series of books reveal the development of modern precious metal coins in China through the exclusive interviews with the decision-makers, designers, carvers, and coin collectors, as well as a large number of firsthand information rarely known by the people.

This series of books is an encyclopedia of modern precious metal coins in China. With unique academic perspective and simple words, this series gives a full explanation of processes of project selection, design, production and so on, and also

Contact Information (for purchasing purposes): Domestic

Shanghai Hong’an Culture Communication Co. Ltd. Pay before delivery.

Payment should be remitted to Hongkou subbranch of Shanghai branch of the Bank of Communications.

The post office remittance is also acceptable. Account Number: 310066030018170238495 Contact Person & Phone Number: Luo Fei, 17717536767

International Price: 160USD (without postage)

Contact Person: Champiom Auction Phone Number: 021-62130771 Email: championghka@gmail.com

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5)

Wang Shihong, chief editor of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China

make an intensive study of their cultural value, collectiing characteristics of precious metal coins.

As a combination of authority, historical events, groovy knowledge, artistry, technicality, and readability, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China, not only serves as references for academic researchers and financial workers, but also as a standard work showing modern precious metal coins in China from an overall perspective for collectors of gold or silver coins.

This series is 235mm X 290mm in size, octavo, with, composed of 5 volumes, containing about 2.5 million words and 2,000 pictures which are all exquisitely printed according to the original drawings. All the Chinese modern precious metal coins issued by People’s Bank of China from 1979 to 2014 are included in these books. Besides, related materials, such as the development history of modern precious metal coins in China, comparison table of classified catalog of modern precious metal coins in China, and materials about gold or silver coins, are also recorded in appendix.

In order to promote the spread and popularization of professional knowledge of gold or silver coins and to release the readers’ economic burden, the chief editor, Wang Shihong takes the compilation, publication of this series of books as a public welfare undertaking. Expenses, such as compiling and management expenses, all come from selfless devotees who are interested in Chinese gold or silver coins. Therefore, the price of these 5 books is 160 USD (without postage), containing only costs of publication, printing, and issue. At the same time, the brass commemorative medal designed by the famous designer Luo Yonghui for the issue of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China will also be issued at the price of 450RMB for each.

學術性和可讀性於一體，不僅是學術研究者和金融工作者完 整的參考資料，也是金銀幣收藏者全面瞭解中國現代貴金屬 幣全貌的權威著作。 《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》叢書的尺寸為 235mm X 290mm，8 開，全套共 5 本，約 250 萬字，累計有近兩千餘幅圖片 ( 所 有金銀紀念幣圖譜均按原大精印 )。 《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》 收錄了 1979——2014 年中國人民銀行發行的所有中國現代貴 金屬紀念幣，而且還在附錄部分刊載了“中國現代貴金屬幣 發展簡史”、中國現代貴金屬幣分類目錄對照表及金銀帀相 關資料等。

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主編王世宏先生 由中國大百科全書出版社出版，中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委 員會監製，上海雅昌藝術印刷有限公司承印，中國人民銀行 讀後感，中國著名金銀幣收藏家王世宏主編的《中國現代貴 金屬幣賞析》( 第 1—5 冊 ) 已經出版發行。

負擔，王世宏主編把該書的編寫與發行當作一項公益事業來 做，所有編寫費用、管理費用等，全部由熱心中國金銀幣事 業的無私奉獻者捐贈解決，書價只含出版、印刷、發行等費用， 全書五冊定價僅 950 元（國際售價 160 美金，不含郵費）。同時， 還發行由著名設計大師羅永輝設計的《中國現代貴金屬帀賞 析》發行紀念大銅章，每枚定價 450 元。

王世宏主編在談及組織編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主要 目的時表示：希望通過本書全面、系統地介紹中國現代金銀 幣的相關知識，弘揚祖國優秀文化，使廣大讀者能進一步瞭 解金銀幣的歷史和內涵，提高大家對其藝術價值的賞析能力， 以吸引更多的愛好者參與金銀幣的投資與收藏，逐步擴大金 銀幣的集藏隊伍，提高中國金銀幣的品牌效應和海內外影響 力，促進中國金銀幣事業的更快發展。 編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》是一項系統工程，為此，成 立了專家顧問委員會、編輯委員會，由中國專業精英團隊耗 時 5 年多時間精心編著。全書通過對決策者、設計師、雕刻師、 以及錢幣收藏家們的專訪，以大量鮮為人知的第一手資料， 揭示了中國現代貴金屬幣的發展脈絡與軌跡。 《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》以其獨特的學術視角，樸素的敘 述文字，多角度、全方位地展示了中國現代貴金屬幣的選題 立項、設計雕刻、工藝製作等過程，同時在文化價值、收藏 屬性等方面做了較為深入的探討，是中國現代貴金屬幣資訊 資料的百科大全。

國內 欲購者請與上海宏盎文化傳播有限公司聯繫，款到發貨 書款請匯交通銀行上海分行虹口支行或郵局匯付 賬號 310066030018170238495 聯絡人：駱 飛 電話：17717536767 國外

售價：160 美元（不包含郵費） 欲購者請與冠軍拍賣上海辦事處聯繫 電話：15000120957 郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

冊）發行 1—5

原副行長馬德倫作序，中國錢幣博物館首任館長戴志強撰寫

為了利於金銀帀專業知識的傳播和普及，降低廣大讀者經濟

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》 第 (

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》集權威性、史料性、知識性、藝術性、

Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province

By Xu Anmin Price ：RMB ￥298 Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province was written by prominent paper money collector Xu Anmin, and was published in December 2014 by Jiangxi People’s Press, with the support and planning of the Jiang Xi Banking Industry. The unofficial banknotes cataloged in this book were issued by local administrative agencies, banks and organizations (such as local armed forces, cooperatives) etc. The face value of these paper notes was the same as that of the national legal currency which was circulated in some defined regions. The book is illustrated with pictures of 185 of the banknotes issued in Jiangxi Province, of which 25 were issued in the Qing Dynasty, 11 by local administrative agencies, 15 by local armed forces, 19 by chambers of commerce, and 88 by money houses and business houses. In addition, there are 21 local gold dollar coupons, 4 silver coupons, and 2 special money.

Additionally, there are about 30 printing blocks and anticounterfeiting seals. The 200 physical coupons are from the author’s collection. This is the first time these precious coupons, some of which are unique, have been published.

comments were mainly on the collectors’ errors, value,

The book is divided into the following sections:

star-rating, collection methods, current existing condition and personal target.The postscript presents author ’s 20

the foreword, brief introduction, catalog, comments,

years collecting experience, his star-rating and calculating

references and postscript.The guide defines the scope

method, which will help collectors.The references include

and the time of the research and collecting and the

the relative historical resources, monographs and research

definition of unofficial banknotes. This is the first time

articles from modern times.In additional, the author

these banknotes have been categorized according to their

verified the authenticity of physical bonds which need to

different features. A brief introduction was also given

be proved. He also wrote another two articles about the paper money: “The Research of Banknotes Issued by Wu

to each chapter of the book.The General Introduction includes features, the development of unofficial banknotes, the rise of collecting these notes and the research achievements for unofficial banknotes. The pictures of the banknotes, local gold coupons ( 金圆券 ), local silver coupons ( 银 圆 券 ), special money, printing blocks and anti-counterfeiting seals are illustrated in the book. The book comprehensively describes each physical coupon of the banknotes. Many ancient stories were discovered such as the words of celebrities, family rules, poetry and prose from the script and pattern of the banknotes.The

Zheng-Yuan Private Bank of JianYi (Feng Cheng City) ”, and “Remark on 1896 Banknotes Issued by Kiangsi Official Silver Bank Again ”. This book is 281 pages long and has more than 300 colorful pictures of the banknotes.

It is printed in A4 size on colorful bronze paper with a fine binding. It is a professional book for collecting and researching the unofficial banknotes issued in Jiangxi. It is sold by Xinhua Book Stores all over the country at a price of 298 yuan.

《江西民間鈔票》 作者：徐安民 售價：RMB ￥298

在江西省銀行業的精心策劃和組織下，由國內著名

特點、發展階段、民間鈔票收藏的興起及研究成果；圖

纸币收藏家徐安民先生撰寫的《江西民間鈔票》2014

錄，囊括清代錢莊鈔票、行政機構鈔票、地方武裝鈔票、

年 12 月由江西人民出版社出版發行。該書收集的實物

商會鈔票、錢莊商號鈔票、地方金圓券、地方銀元券、

函括清代至民國時期江西省境內地方行政機構、團體組

特殊幣、鈔版及印章等實物。本章節還對各不同時期民

織及各錢莊商號等發行的紙幣。主要包括錢莊、地方基

間鈔票進行了扼要綜述，對收錄的每張實物券進行了專

層行政機構、地方武裝組織、合作社、商會、商號及其

業點評，并根據鈔票上的各類文字圖案挖掘出大量中國

他機構組織發行的紙幣，且在一定社會區域與國家法定

古代名人格言、家訓及詩賦等歷史典故；收藏感悟，梳

貨幣等值流通的鈔票。全書共收集到江西民間鈔票圖片

理了民間鈔票收藏者的誤區、民間鈔票的收藏價值、星

185 張，其中清代鈔票 25 張，基層行政機構鈔票 11 張，

級評定、收藏模式與現狀及個人定位。收藏感悟係作者

地方武裝鈔票 15 張，商會鈔票 19 張，錢莊商號鈔票

20 多年收藏實踐經驗的親身感悟和思想提煉，并創造

88 張，地方金圓券 21 張，地方銀元券 4 張，特殊幣 2 枚。

性的提出了“星級別評定”的方法和計算方式，對收藏

另有，鈔版及防偽印章 30 余件。書中所錄選的 200 多

愛好者有着極大的啟發和幫助；參考文獻，主要收錄近

件實物券，均來自作者 20 多年的私人收藏品。在這些

代江西民間鈔票相關的史料、專著以及研究文章等。此

紙幣實物券中絕大多數為首次披露，極其珍貴，有些實

外，作者對收藏圈里頗有爭議和影響的實物券進行詳細

物券屬孤品或僅見品。

考證，并專門撰寫《劍邑吳正元錢號票考略》和《光緒 丙申年“江西官銀號”銀錢票再議》等文章，提出作者

全書主要由凡例、概述、圖錄、收藏感悟、參考文

觀點，供讀者參閱。該書圖文并茂，大 16 開本，全彩

獻及後記等構成。凡例，確定了本書收集和研究的範圍

銅牌紙印刷，精裝幀，281 頁，300 多幅實物原大彩圖，

及上下年限，完整地闡述了民間鈔票的科學定義，首次

是一本集史料性、實物性、知識性、專業性為一體的近

按照民間鈔票的不同性質進行分門歸類，并對各章節進

代江西民間鈔票收藏與研究的工具書。該書由全國新華

行了簡要介紹和說明；概述，包括江西民間鈔票的主要

書店經銷，定價 298 元。

Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 ): US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的 戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡 史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm， 四色印刷，闡述了1600年至 1935年間中國流通的外國戳記 銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用 第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有 關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有 某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃 描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清 圖片。本書是1990年之後的第 一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有 史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專 著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔—中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。 印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊， 平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多 種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清 末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十 多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯 體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷 史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係 統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹 了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產 生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙 幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書 是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述 的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

8/16/2020 冠軍澳門拍賣會 拍品截止時間 ：06/30/2020

www.cghka.cn

往年澳門冠軍拍賣會亮點 冠軍澳門拍賣（11/2014）

冠軍澳門拍賣（11/2014）

冠軍澳門拍賣（12/2015）

lot 446

lot 447

lot 382

2014 年澳門錢幣學會金質

2014 年澳門錢幣學會銀質

紀念熊貓【加厚】，錢幣號 #1，重量 62.208 克（2 盎司）， 直徑 40mm，成色 99.9%， 精製鏡面，發行量 10 枚

紀念熊貓【加厚】，錢幣號 #1，重量 62.208 克（2 盎司）， 直徑 40mm，成色 99.9%， 精製鏡面，發行量 1000 枚

估價： US $3,000 成交價：US $43,700

估價： US $100 成交價：US $24,150

2015 年澳門錢幣學會鉑金 紀念熊貓【加厚】，錢幣號 #01，重量 62.208 克（2 盎 司），直徑 40mm，成色 99.9%，精製鏡面，限量發行 10 枚，帶盒帶證。

冠軍澳門拍賣（12/2016）

冠軍澳門拍賣（11/2017）

lot 324

lot 292

lot 346

2016 年澳門錢幣學會銀質紀 念熊貓，錢幣號 #01，重量 1 公斤，直徑 120mm，成色 99.9%，精製鏡面，發行量 20 枚，帶盒帶證書

2016 年世界錢幣展覽會·柏

2018 年澳門錢幣學會 30 周 年年會銀質 2 公斤紀念熊貓， 直徑 150mm, 成色 99.9%， 精製鏡面，發行量 15 枚，錢 幣編號 #1，帶證書

估價： US $1,000 成交價：US $6,900

林⸺德制幣模柏林特別展 鈀金紀念熊貓，錢幣編號

#05，直徑 40mm，精製鏡面， 發行量 10 枚，NGC PF69 ULTRA CAMEO 估價： US $8,000 成交價：US $9,200

估價： US $3,000 成交價：US $27,600

冠軍澳門拍賣（11/2018）

估價： US $5,000 成交價：US $24,000

冠軍澳門拍賣（11/2014）

冠軍澳門拍賣（12/2015）

冠軍澳門拍賣（12/2016）

1900 年（庚子）京局製造光 緒元寶銀幣一套 5 枚，原模後 鑄品，均為 Kann、Sweeny

1912 年袁世凱像大鬍子開國

Lot203

紀念壹圓銀質樣幣，齒邊，

舊藏

估價： US $180，000 成交價： US $345,000

1928 年（民國十七年）貴 州省政府造貴州銀幣壹圓， 俗稱“汽車幣”，三根草， L&M610，PCGS MS61。

估價： US $ 250,000 成交價： US $ 414,000

NGC AU58

估價：US $30,000 成交價：US $115,000

8/16/2020 Champion Macau Auction Auction Consignment Deadline: 06/30/2020

www.cghka.cn

Champion Macau Auctions Highlights Champion Macau Auction (11/2014)

Champion Macau Auction (11/2014)

Champion Macau Auction (12/2015)

lot 446 CHINA-MACAU 2014 Macau Numismatic Society 62.208g (2 Oz) .999 Gold Proof, diameter 40mm, Commemorative Show Panda [Piedfort], Serial number 1, Mintage 10

lot 447 CHINAMACAU 2014 Macau Numismatic Society 62.208g (2 Oz) .999 Silver Proof, diameter 40mm, Commemorative Show Panda [Piedfort], Serial number 1, Mintage 1000

lot 382 CHINA-MACAU 2015 Macau Numismatic Society 62.208g (2 Oz) .999 Platinum Proof, diameter 40mm, Commemorative Show Panda [Piedfort], Serial number 01, Limited Mintage 10

Estimate: US $3,000 Realized: US $43,700

Estimate: US $3,000

Realized: US $27,600

Estimate: US $100

Realized: US $24,150

Champion Macau Auction (12/2016)

Champion Macau Auction (11/2017)

Champion Macau Auction (11/2018)

lot 324 CHINA-MACAU 2016 Macau Numismatic Society 1000g .999 Silver Proof, diameter 120mm, Commemorative Show Panda, Serial number 01, Mintage 20, with Box and Cert

lot 292 CHINA-BERLIN 2016 World Money Fair Berlin - Otto Beh Dies Berlin Special Exhibit Palladium Proof, Commemorative Show Panda, 40mm, Coin Number 05, Mintage 10, NGC PF69 ULTRA CAMEO

lot 346 CHINA-2018 Macau Numismatic Society 30th Anniversary Expo 2 kilo .999 Silver proof,diameter 150mm,Serial Number#1,Mintage 15,with certificate

Estimate: US $1,000

Realized: US $6,900

Estimate: US $5,000

Realized: US $24,000

Estimate: US $8,000

Realized: US $9,200

Champion Macau Auction (11/2014)

Champion Macau Auction (12/2015)

Champion Macau Auction (12/2016)

CHINA-PEKING 1900 Sliver Restrike Set (5)

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1912 Yuan Shi Kai Large Beard One Dollar Silver Pattern, NGC AU58

Lot203 CHINA-KWEICHOW 1928 Auto Dollar Silver, with 3 blades of grass, L&M610, PCGS MS61. Highest graded coin by PCGS

Estimate: US $ 250,000 Realized: US $ 414,000

Estimate: US $180,000 Realized: US $345,000

Champion Leilao Lda.

Add: Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd.,

Add: Avenida Da Praia Grande No.371 Edif. Keng

Shanghai. People's Republic of China 200060

Ou 22 Andar, A Macau

Tel: 86-21-62130771

Tel ：+853 2886 8808

Fax: 86-21-62130773

www.cghka.cn

Email: championghka@gmail.com

Estimate: US $30,000 Realized: US $115,000

創

新

創

造

價

值

B.H. Mayer´s Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH

Minted in Germany 德国铸造

1盎司 999纯银 硬币

Nano technology applied to the surface of this unique coin 这枚独一无二的硬币表面，采用了纳米技术 Exclusive limited mintage 1000 独家限量发行 1000枚 2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings 2019年 坦桑尼亚 1000 先令

2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings

Coin Designed by: Yu Min

CBPMC Senior designer Winner of 2017 COTY “Lifetime” Achievement Award in Design

设计师： 余敏

中国印钞造币总公司高级工艺美术师 曾获得“2017年克劳斯世界硬币大奖赛年度终身成就奖”

Magnico

Room 1808, Baohua Mansion, No. 1211, Changde Rd., Putuo District, Shanghai Tel:0086(21)-62130772 www.magnico.cn

上海冠坤文化发展有限公司

上海市普陀区常德路宝华大厦1211号1808室 电话：0086(21)-62130772 网址：www.magnico.cn

德国铸造 德国梅耶造币厂

2019 年 7 月

1994

中国铜元研讨会 特·别 ·版

2019

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS · 中英双语 - 电子季刊 · Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

2019 铜元研讨会纪念章

，NGC MS63BN，极珍稀，NC 藏品 1913 年袁世凯像共和纪念十文铜币样币（大面）

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND (1913) Yuan Shi Kai 10 Cash Copper Pattern, Yuan of Large Face, NGC MS63BN, Extremely Rare, NC Collection

袁世凱像共和纪念十文銅元

CHENGDU

The Yuan Shih Kai Portrait 10 Cash Coins 中国近代造币业引进国外先进设备技术的一个缩影⸺ 周汉伦钱币及文献资料藏品捐赠仪式在蓉城举行

The Donation Ceremony of Coins and Documentary Collection Given by Michael Chou was Held in Chengdu, Capital of Szechuan Province

2021

《東亞泉志》

免費 訂閱

簡介

電子季刊 中英雙語 出版人 周邁可

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史

物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大

博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在讓廣

學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學會、美國錢

大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者

幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如托馬斯 · 烏爾曼寫

更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

的《1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機制幣⸺ 德國專家相助創建現代造幣

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，

廠》 、史博祿寫的《袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣》 、範治南與何緯渝寫的

為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-1977

《欽差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行》 、湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897

年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準

年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤

目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987年全職進行錢幣

祿寫的《明代天啟通寶和崇禎通寶銅錢加蓋戳印 VOC/C 探析》等。

交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘

1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998年任《東亞泉志》總編。史

請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電

博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞

子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功

泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。

顧、重要資訊等。

雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣 受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博

從2017年起， 《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽 會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

閱讀

東亞泉志

25 周年紀念章

No. 18

2020. 04 / Issue 36

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE

1984—2019

25 th

周年

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

JEAN 1994-2019

古巴

Cuba Macau

Arms Plaza, Cuba 古巴兵器廣場

Slave ships 奴隸船隻

澳 門

A 1997 issued medal confirmed the arrival of Chinese to Havana 古巴 1997 年發行的紀念華工抵達哈瓦那 150 周年紀念章

『本期專題 | FEATURES 』 澳門文件

Macau Document

川陝蘇區仿造的民國陝西二分銅幣賞析

Appreciation and Analysis of Shaanxi 2 Cents Copper Coins Counterfeited in the Soviet Area in Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces During the Republican Period

我心目中的錢幣學家杜維善

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》線上閱讀

紀

第

念

18

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章 目 錄

東亞泉志出版 JEAN Publications

Numismatist Du Weishan In My Mind

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The Journal of East Asian Numismatics Bilingual (English-Chinese) Digital Quarterly In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded

by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history.

Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 19741977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins.

The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-chang Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars” by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》在線閱讀

1st Issue 2nd Issue 3rd Issue 4th Issue 5th Issue 6th Issue 7th Issue 8th Issue 9th Issue 10th Issue 11th Issue 12th Issue 13th Issue 14th Issue 15th Issue 16th Issue 17th Issue 18th Issue

between 1897 Chekiang 5 Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei 5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng.

In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chinese chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin BowkerNumismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Chelu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote societ y editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quar terly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 1,000, including over 3,000 in Greater China region.

Starting in 2017, Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in Berlin with World Money Fair.

You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2021 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg@163.com.

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Contact JEAN Shanghai Office Tel: 021-62130771 Email: jeanzg@163.com Add: Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd.

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東亞泉志 電子季刊 · 中英雙語

讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘 請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948年生， 大學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作30多年。中國錢幣學會會員，澳

的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

門錢幣學會學術顧問，陝西省錢幣學會第六屆常務理事，西安市收

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，

幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史 博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在

為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-

1977年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世 界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987 年全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修 中國研究課程。1991-1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998 年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中 國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐 富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

藏協會常務副會長。退休後，歷任《收藏》 《古泉園地》 《西部金融 · 錢 力於中國貨幣史和錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章 ；

2012年，出版了彙集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨制《中國貨幣史之最》。 同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍 華德 · 富蘭克林 · 包克—錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳 記幣簡史》作者高林先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、國 際紙鈔收藏協會前任總編輯 Steve Feller、香港中國現代金銀幣資 深研究學者陳景林先生、臺灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國東南 亞錢幣專家亞當 · 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網總裁郭嘉華先生等。

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。 雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發 行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美

復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢 幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術 研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。

國國家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛 大學、耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國

從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽

錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，

會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

如詹姆斯 · 史威尼寫的《1900年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌 刻字紀念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、 湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六

《東亞泉志》2019年免費訂閱，如果需要，請把您的郵箱發到

jeanzg@163.com ！

厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《臺灣老公銀偽品》等。

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》線上閱讀

第1期 第2期 第3期 第4期 第5期 第6期 第7期 第8期 第9期 第 10 期 第 11 期 第 12 期 第 13 期 第 14 期 第 15 期 第 16 期 第 17 期 第 18 期

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Add: AV. DR. RODRIGO RODRIGUES. 600E-P105 FIRST INTERNATIONAL COM. CENTER, MACAU Tel: (853)2833 4556 Fax: (853)2830 4772 Email: dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

地址：澳門羅理基博士大馬路 600E-1 樓 P105 室 電話：(853)2833 4556 傳真：(853)2830 4772 Email：dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

坦桑尼亞聚合物環熊貓紀念幣 帶 LED 燈的收藏盒 照亮你的錢幣 2019 World Money Fair Berlin Polymer Ring Silver Commemorative Panda with Ring of Light Box

Price 價格

USD 150 / EURO 129 / RMB 998 Design by Yu Min (China Shanghia Mint) / 餘敏設計 Produced by B.H. Mayer Mint / 德國梅耶造幣廠 1 oz / 40mm / 99.9% Silver Total 1000 pieces / 發行量 1000 枚

外包裝

內盒

內盒

聚 | 光 | 寶 | 盒 底座內置 LED 燈

LED 燈底座 讓聚合物環更明亮

Ring of Light Box with light inside box to show the Red Polymer Ring

購買請聯繫

Please Contact

European Distribution Fritz Rudolf Kuenker Inja MacClure (+49) 541 96202801 inja.macclure@kuenker.de

Asia Distribution Champion Auction Michael Chou (+86) 021 62130771 championghka@gmail.com

United States Distribution Estate Coin and Jewlery Rick Stelzer (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com